NUS LANDSCAPE: LANDSCAPES OF NECESSITY

LANDSCAPES OF NECESSITY ENVISIONING A WATER RESILIENT HEBBAL KEMPAPURA

NUS SCHOOL OF DESIGN AND ENVIRONMENT | DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE LA4702 MLA STUDIO: CITY, 14 JAN - 29 APR 2019 | Mitali Kumar | Elsa Sim Rui Jia | Dai Yuke | Yang Xiaowen | Tang Mengjiao Zhang Qinqin | Muhammad Rahmat Bin Khairudin | Isabel Villegas Molina | Chen Nan Manasi Venkatesh Prabhudesai | Chan Wing Fai | Liu Ye | Hou Yanru Tutor: Hwang Yun Hye

As a studio product, which is not censored, this publication may contain mistakes or deficiencies.

Editor and contributors do not warrant or assume any legal responsibility for the publication’s contents. All opinions expressed in the book are of the contributors and do not necessarily reflect those of the National University of Singapore.

Published by CASA Centre of Advanced Studies in Architecture Department of Architecture School of Design and Environment National University of Singapore 4 Architecture Drive Singapore 117566 Tel: +65 65163452 Fax: +65 67793078

Copyright © 2019 Hwang Yun Hye (ed.)

ISBN:

LANDSCAPES OF NECESSITY ENVISIONING A WATER RESILIENT HEBBAL KEMPAPURA

NUS SCHOOL OF DESIGN AND ENVIRONMENT | DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE LA4702 MLA STUDIO: CITY, 14 JAN - 29 APR 2019 | Mitali Kumar | Elsa Sim Rui Jia | Dai Yuke | Yang Xiaowen | Tang Mengjiao Zhang Qinqin | Muhammad Rahmat Bin Khairudin | Isabel Villegas Molina | Chen Nan Manasi Venkatesh Prabhudesai | Chan Wing Fai | Liu Ye | Hou Yanru Tutor: Hwang Yun Hye

Published by CASA Centre of Advanced Studies in Architecture Department of Architecture School of Design and Environment National University of Singapore 4 Architecture Drive Singapore 117566 Tel: +65 65163452 Fax: +65 67793078

Copyright © 2019 Hwang Yun Hye (ed.)

ISBN: 978-981-11-6460-6 Student editors: Mitali Kumar I Elsa Sim Rui Jia I Chen Nan Manasi Prabhudesai I Zhang Qinqin

FOREWORD I Harini Nagendra Ecologiest and Professor of Sustainability at Azim Premji University

We live in challenging times. With global warming on the rise, and widespread biodiversity loss, the world is truly in the era of the Anthropocene. Cities are ground zero for the global change crisis. Environmental disasters such as floods, cyclones and heat waves, as well as everyday challenges of drought, pollution and disease, are becoming increasingly widespread. While it is well known that coastal cities will face severe challenges of sea level rise and flooding, we less recognize that interior cities such like Bangalore, embedded in semi-arid environments, will face equally severe challenges of heat, drought and pollution.

Solutions to these crises must be systemic, understanding that sustainable cities demand reconfigurations that keep society, culture, economics and equity in mind while they work on incorporating new technologies, landscape designs, and retrofits of existing spaces. A common challenge with many design interventions in cities of the global South is the fact that they draw on “universal” approaches that have largely been developed in the urban North, and attempt to fit such blueprints into contexts which are ill suited. Thus, for instance, many green landscaping and eco-restoration projects lead to gentrification and exclusion of the poor as a consequence.

In this background, it is encouraging and refreshing to see the work from the studio project, Landscapes of Neccessity, focused on water in Hebbal Kempapura, a peri-urban region at the periphery of the rapidly expanding global mega-city of Bangalore, which exemplifies many of the possibilities and challenges of cities of the global South.

Through a series of four proposed designs – Thrive Hebbal, which seeks to integrate wastewater treatment with livelihood opportunities for residents through floriculture; Drop by Drop, which integrates household, community and neighbourhood water flows for resilience; Save the Stream, which aims to revitalize a lost local rainwater-fed stream to increase physical and cultural connections, and Better Lake than Never, which re-visions a lake captured by private interests for recreation, back into a thriving commons – the 13 students of the Landscape Architecture Program at the National University of Singapore have attempted to integrate cultural and physical contexts into alternative visions for a thriving city. In doing so they provide approaches that can be used to stimulate much-needed local conversations around urban revitalization.

FOREWORD II Sriganesh Rajendran Principal Landscape Architect, FICUS, Bengaluru Contemporary Bangalore can be regarded as an instant city. Triggered by economics, the once slowpaced city has been rapidly shaped by a consumptive development streak within a very short period of time, at the cost of significant erasure and irretrievable loss of its landscape layers. Bengaluru city sits on one of the oldest landforms on earth-a rolling terrain of granitic gneiss of semi-arid disposition that benefitted immensely from factors like altitude, soil fertility, rainfall patterns and resultant microclimate.

Since prehistoric time, settlements here have met their primary necessities like food in the naturally fertile shallow valleys while the low ridges afforded territorial organization, defensibility and prospect.Rivers, as a determinant of settlement patterns, are conspicuously absent even in the immediate fringe of present day Bengaluru city. This created the second ‘landscape of necessity’: a skillfully articulated system of holding ponds and tanks in shallow, inconspicuous valleys, whose interconnections and management ensured year-round flows in a semiarid, drought-prone landscape. These water systems sustained domestic water needs and irrigation requirements well upto the end of the nineteenth century. A favorable altitude and climate made Bangalore a landscape of necessity for the third time, as an acclimatizing station for introduced crops and plants, especially during British occupancy. Since then, the city has reveled in its fame as a ‘garden city’- a sobriquet which is highly contestable now given the rapid depletion of its green cover. Today, as the city rides on elevated roads into the twenty-first century, it faces existential dilemmas regarding holistic approaches towards revival of its green cover and groundwater. Its remnant tank systems have either become backyard cesspools or stand the danger of becoming exclusive places where they have been revived, often as scenic spots. The edges along these erstwhile landscape commons have conceded important riparian edges to transport infrastructure in the recent past. Now, they often absorb incoming waves of migrant populace that the city is otherwise unwilling to take in, but needs them to meet its daily functioning.

The theme ‘Landscape of necessity” is therefore an important optic for re-reading Bengaluru. The study area of Hebbal Kempapura is a good representative of the interaction and interface between nature, economics, people and the city. The studio illustrates that landscape architecture can very capably address the interstitial ground between urbanism, economics and ecology. Given the short window of direct engagement, the preparation and follow-through is very commendable. The strategies outlined by the students emerge from a deep reading of these places and may be regarded as possibilities in other locales in the city, and by extension, other cities. The solutions proposed are tightly woven around the people for whom they are proposed, with an eye on achieving some greater common good. It is hoped that such studies help the city authorities, professionals and citizens in seeing the tight link between the landscape we occupy and the factors that shape it.

On behalf of the landscape architects’ group (Rahul Paul, Maithily Velangi and myself) I thank the students for their effort to understand a different cultural milieu and commend them for the professional and articulate work and fine ideas. Thank you Professor Yun Hye Hwang for bringing your studio to Bengaluru, and for the engaging conversations. Hope to see more NUS Landscape Architecture studios in Bengaluru and India soon.

THE FIFTH SERIES OF LANDSCAPE OF NECESSITY Hwang Yun Hye

LANDSCAPE OF NECESSITY studios pay attention to the radical role of landscape architects in issues of everyday landscapes in rapidly growing cities, where everyday landscapes are defined as ecological and socio-cultural spaces in which urban dwellers live and which they experience on daily basis. The series of studios began with an understanding of the need to make everyday landscapes more resilient to environmental change and healthier and more inclusive places to live. In the context of the compact tropical city where land is overpopulated because of massive urban developments, disrupted and disconnected urban ecosystems are major issues. Through a community-engaged process, the studios develop new design strategies integrating blue-green infrastructure into the built, ecological and social urban systems with the aim of envisioning better work, live, and play environments.

IN THE STUDIO described in this book, 13 students in the Landscape Architecture program, part of the National University of Singapore, worked to develop a water resilient blue-green infrastructure for the Hebbal kempapura district in Bangalore over a 14-week period (January – May 2019). Work included preliminary research to understand the site context, in-depth field trips to identify problems and challenges within the assigned community, and design activities producing relevant solutions and techniques.

MANY THANKS to the following collaborators: Jessica A. Diehl who framed the structure of the studio together; Harini Nagendra (Azim Premji University) who provided fundamental understanding of the nature of Bangalore; Dr. Annapurna (Jala phoshan) who guided us in the community movement saving lakes of the city; local landscape architects Sriganesh Rajendran (FICUS), Rahul Paul, and Maithily Velangi who gave insightful talks on the blue-green infrastructure of the city; local volunteers Niranjan, Satish, Sandhya Adi, and Sangeetha, who made it possible for us to engage the residents of Hebbal community; and Tan Puay Yok, Herbert Dreiseitl (NUS), Amit Prothi (100 Resilient Cities), Ryan Shubin (RSD), Helen Smith-Yao (STX) who gave guest criticism and offered valuable advice.

THIS BOOK is a compilation of work from the studio. The first half of the book documents the sequential studio process with the studio chronology and the group’s site analysis to explain the context and motivate subsequent design topics. It goes on to describe field trips and ends with design suggestions. Four distinct design outcomes appear in the second half of the book under the following headings: thrive Hebbal; drop by drop; save the stream; better lake than never. The book concludes with reflections on the process. We hope the book will launch new discussions of alternative blue-green infrastructures for resilient cities.

STUDIO INTRODUCTION P12 - 15

CHRONOLOGY P16 - 29

PRELIMINARY RESEARCH P30 - 83

PROPOSALS P84 - 251

REFLECTIONS P252 - 267

LANDSCAPES OF NECESSITY ENVISIONING A WATER RESILIENT HEBBAL KEMPAPURA Hwang Yun Hye

PREAMBLE/ISSUE Bangalore is water stressed. The water source in Bangalore, apart from the Kavari River, is a hole in the ground.

Increase water demand is emptying the city’s lakes and drying up aquifers. At the same time, the central part of the city is struggling with frequent flooding because of the loss of natural flood storage areas and leaks in hydrologic engineering systems. Students design blue-green infrastructure for the district of Hebbal Kempapura where the area contains various urban landscape typologies within a dense urban village context. These typologies have potentials to be successfully transformed from mono functional spaces into water- resilient landscape infrastructure for integrated water management that could address water-related environmental issues in the city scale. The key issues will be: draught and flooding on a nested scale; associated environmental issues (e.g. wetland degeneration, waste disposal, environmental pollution); water consumption and everyday landscapes; participatory community development against the projected water crisis.

SITE This studio project used the context of Bangalore, one of the most rapidly urbanizing cities in India [1]. Greater Bangalore is the administrative, cultural, commercial, industrial, and knowledge capital of the state of Karnataka with an area of 741sq. km. The city administrative jurisdiction was redefined in 2006 by merging the existing area of Bangalore city with 8 neighbouring Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) and 111 Villages of Bangalore Urban District. It is currently the fifth largest metropolis in India with a population of about 7 million. Population density has increased from 10,732 (2001) to 13,392 (2011) persons per sq. km. The per capita GDP of Bangalore is approximately $2,066 USD. Hebbal Kempapura, in north Bangalore is selected for this studio, representing an unplanned formal settlement with a culturally diverse and vibrant population experiencing environmental degradation and loss of vital ecosystem services.

PROJECT Disrupted and disconnected urban ecosystems (water, agriculture, flora and fauna) resulting from rapid urbanization have detrimental impacts on the health and wellbeing of urban citizens; particularly disadvantaged social groups. Through a community-engaged process, new design strategies were developed to integrate bluegreen infrastructure and/or productive landscapes into the built, ecological and social urban systems with the aim of envisioning better work, live, and play environments.

This studio-based module develops an appreciation for design skills in landscape architecture within a city-scale context. Interdisciplinary requirements from planning guidelines, architecture design, engineering limitations; as well as understanding existing natural land and urban systems is introduced into the design process. This studio aimed to address design and planning practices towards the establishment of a liveable city and propose ways to integrate them into Bangalore's urban environment. We capitalized on the academic nature of the studio to develop ideas and schemes free of restrictions commonly faced in practice, and beyond any constraints of political correctness. Multiple issues, such as environmental sustainability, water scarcity, water pollution, biodiversity health and community economic sustainability was examined.

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Students were expected to develop their ability to read existing landscapes, to assess the environmental impact of design and planning decisions, and to convert their vision into a feasible landscape architectural form.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND APPROACHES This course aimed to enable students to: - Develop and apply advanced skills in design research and strategic design thinking with a focus on investigating, documenting, and interpreting the landscape across multiple scales.

- Demonstrate effective teamwork strategies throughout the design process.

- Differentiate and apply different methods for community engagement and integrate findings in the design development.

- Learn and apply skills to design landscapes that provide critical resources for urban citizens, meet community needs, and improve/repair/restore urban ecological systems.

- Communicate new knowledge that bridges the social and ecological landscape through creation of technically competent, aesthetically pleasing, economically sustainable, culturally and environmentally sensitive, and innovative design solutions at multiple scales.

To facilitate the studio objectives, several learning outcomes will be emphasized throughout the semester. A high degree of invention, pragmatism, and practicality is expected in the planning and design proposals. Students will: - Be able to define different types and functions of green-blue infrastructure - Gain an appreciation for integrating complex social and ecological systems into landscape design - Be able to work effectively as part of a team and individually.

- Develop skills to engage communities in the design process.

- Apply interdisciplinary thinking to real world problems.

ACTIVITIES OVERVIEW This was the second studio in Master Programme of Landscape Architecture, with participants from NUS architecture and graduates from other universities with a Bachelor of Landscape Architecture or a degree in an associated field. The 14-week period included three weeks of preliminary research to understand site context, with in-depth input sessions from professionals and field trips to identify problems and challenges. The next three weeks was devoted to applied research activities (including site observation & measurements, surveys and detailed mappings) to acquire knowledge relevant to creating design strategies. The last eight weeks focused on design application, culminating in a convincing design solution for the issues identified as a team member on each of the four subgroups. A group of experts, including landscape architects from Bangalore, founding members of lake revitalization programmes, and researchers in Bangalore's water issues helped students avoid the pitfalls of shallow and superficial interventions in this academic exercise. They offered immediate and accurate perspectives on the challenges of and the opportunities inherent in increasing mobility in high dense cities, propose scientific methods to measure water supply and demand, and explain how collected data can be applied to address these issues. Students were tasked to work in subgroups according to the requirements of each stage of the studio. They ended up with four sub group projects after discussing it with the tutor.

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CHRONOLOGY

14 January - 24 April 2019

17

The studio started off with an introduction to the semester’s project brief by studio tutor, Hwang Yun Hye. The students organized themselves into 6 teams to collect related research materials and resources, concerning mainly land use & planning, structure & infrastructure, green space & biodiversity, water & geology, economics & social demography, and culture & community of Bangalore.

14 Jan | Studio Orientation

17 Jan | Site Research and Group Discussion To prepare for the field trip to Bangalore, the students started research for background information and discussed things to do when in Bangalore. Students also discussed key questions to ask the communities, firming up the survey questionnaire.

18

After a week of research, the students presented their preliminary findings of Bangalore according to their assigned topics. They also started to compile their findings into a field trip booklet for reference during the trip.

21 Jan | Group Presentation and Discussion

24 Jan | Field Trip Management and Tool Management Apart from the field trip booklet, various types of equipment are assigned to students to conduct site investigations during the field trip. Students also discussed about field trip management before their departure.

19

The field trip started off with a guided tour to the Jakkur Lake given by Dr. Annapurna, founding member, Satya Foundation. The students have learned about how she built the local community through Jalan Poshan Trust to protect the lake from various urban disturbance.

26 Jan | Arrival to Bangalore

27 Jan | Jakkur Lake Guided Tour

27 Jan | Seminars about Blue-Green Infrastructure in Bangalore A group of local landscape architects, including Aparna, Sriganesh, Rahul, and Maithily conducted seminars on different landscape architecture related topics. The students learned a lot and gained inspiration from their works.

20

To better understand Bangalore, the studio joined a walking tour to Malleshwaram, a neighborhood in Bangalore Urban orgainzed by the Unhurried, a local NGO. 27 Jan | Walking Tour of Malleshwaram

28 Jan | Group Site Visit The studio visited Hebbal, the designated project site, with the local translators to have a general overview of the neighbourhood.

21

Four groups of three to four students conducted their site survey in various locations, namely an informal settlement, a middle-income village, along the stream, and the Nagawara Lake. Observations, measurements, and interviews were conducted to fully understand the area and to gather feedback from people living in the area.

28-31 Jan | Site Survey

30 Jan | Seminar about Urban Farming Dr. Rajendra Hegde, a member of the Garden City Farmers gave us an inspiring lecture about urban farming in Bangalore. This lecture also prepared the students to anticipate the different possibilities and approaches for their upcoming studio projects.

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After a few days of detailed site surveys and investigations, the studio presented a short presentation of their findings to our guests. Various landscape architects and practitioners were invited to attend the sharing session, where the studio received feedback to spur their projects.

1 Feb | Sharing Session

2 Feb | Terrace Garden Visits The studio visited two terrace gardens guided by Dr. Rajendra Hegde from the Garden City Farmers and Vani Murthy, a composting crusader. Vani Murthy introduced different composting methods that are suitable for terrace gardens, which equipped the studio with more knowledge on composting, demonstrating sustainable strategies for making urban farming possible in an urban context.

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The studio joined a biking tour to explore Bangalore.

Various places were visited including KR Flower Market and Cubbon Park, to understand the city’s rich cultural heritage and history.

3 Feb | City Biking Tour 4 Feb | Departure

11 Feb | Subgroup Pin-ups & Discussion After returning from Bangalore, the four subgroups constructed physical models to better understand their individual site conditions, while presenting their findings during the trip.

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The studio continues to work on site analysis and collating information collected in Bangalore. Students from different subgroups exchanged ideas with one another to exchange findings and ideas.

18 Feb | Site Analysis & Subgroup Disscussion

4 Mar | Subgroup Presentation Every group went through and discussed key issues and project statements with Prof Hwang. Project narratives were refined and made clearer with each consultation.

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We were very honored to have invited 3 reviewers from different backgrounds who listened critically to our mid-review presentation and gave students opinions and suggestions to counter our respective site issues.

11 Mar | Mid Review

Reviewers： Amit Prothi, Associate Director, 100 Resilient Cities Ryan Subin, Associate Director, Ramboll Studio Dreiseitl Mayura Patil, Research Assistant, National University of Singapore

11 Mar | Mid Review After the mid-review, Prof Hwang gave further constructive comments on the presentations and advice for further design development.

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The studio attended a seminar on research and presentation skills given by Mayura Patil, Research Assistant, National University of Singapore. She shared the importance of presentation skills and gave some tips on how to work on the studio projects given the feedback gained from mid-review.

14 Mar | Seminars on Research and Presentation Skills

21 Mar | Design Development Disscussion Each subgroup begun brainstorming for design ideas and strategies. Some subgroups decided to generate a collective masterplan for their site and work on individual interventions afterwards. Others decided to work on collectively on a single masterplan.

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Each group has generated detailed design strategies, according to their respective site issue and problem statements. Prof Hwang provided guidance and proposed alternative suggestions, challenging the studio to further develop the ideas.

1-22 Apr | Design Development

1-22 Apr | Design Development

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After more than three months of hard work, it was time for the final review. We invited mostly tutors and professionals to join our presentation. Students presented their projects and proposed designs in a professional manner. After each group presentation, reviewers commented on the projects. All reviewers affirmed our design achievements and expressed their own visions towards the respective topics.

23 Apr | Final Review

Reviewers： Helen Smith-Yeo, Principal, STX Landscape Architecture Bronwyn Tan Yung Siang, Landscape Architect, Camphora Herbert Dreiseitl, Partner and Founder of Atelier Dreiseitl Gmbh

23 Apr | Final Review

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18

PRELIMINARY RESEARCH LAND USE & PLANNING HISTORY STRUCTURE & INFRASTRUCTURE

Transportation Network Urban Grain Distribution Housing Typology Water Supply and Demand Water Sewage Treatment Drainage System History of Water Infrastructure Existing Water Infrastructure Open Space Solid Waste Management

GREEN SPACE & BIODIVERSITY Impact of Urbanization on Green Space Flora Distribution Vegetation Density Flora and Fauna Matrix Habitat and Green Space

WATER & GEOLOGY

Soil, Topography, Landform Water Source Climate, Rainfall Trends and Flood Risk Case Studies and Techniques Watershed Regional Water Pollution Source Ground Water Qaulity

ECONOMICS & SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHY Poverty Economic Development Timeline Population Density Population Growth and Distribution Working Population and Labour Force

CULTURE & COMMUNITY Religious History Historical Place Distribution Religious Festivals

This chapter includes the work of the students in Prof. Jessica’s studio, whom we teamed up with during the first two weeks of site analysis: Vinamra Agarwal, Bao Lixia, Chen Beifei, Dong Yitong, Jiang Jiahang, Eingeel Jafar Khan, Li Ziheng, Toh Zi Gui, Shanika Tuinder, Yu Xi, Radha Waykool 19

LANDUSE

Revised Master Plan 2015

10,000m

Source: Bangalore Development Authority 32

33

LANDUSE

Hebbal (Existing)

5,000m Source: Bangalore Development Authority 34

N

Hebbal (2031)

5,000m Source: Bangalore Development Authority

N

35

PLANNING HISTORY

Founding, Colonisation, Urban Encroachment, Future Trends

36

37

38

39

40

41

TRANSPORTATION NETWORK

Bangalore Scale

LEGEND

15,000m

N

BMR is intercepted by 2 National Expressways and 3 National Highways and 12 state highways connecting major towns and cities within BMR and beyond. The radial road network in the BMR converges into the core and contains centre-periphery traffic, as well as the transit traffic which asphyxiates the city center. The city is plagued by decreasing travel speeds and increasing travel distances.

Source: http://bmrda.karnataka.gov.in/Documents/Revised%20Structure%20Plan%20Report-ilovepdf-compressed.pdf Source: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor 42

Hebbal Scale

LEGEND

5,000m

N

Typology Of Road Section

43

URBAN GRAIN DISTRIBUTION

Bangalore Scale

LEGEND

5,000m

Fine Grain Urbanism

Fine Grain Urbanism

Coarse Grain Urbanism

Implies: Diverse Ownership Low Cost More destinations within walking distance

Implies: Single ownership High Cost Less destinations within walking distance

Coarse Grain Urbanism

Source: http://opencity.in/documents/bda-revised-master-plan-2031-existing-proposed-land-use-maps-planning-district-20-yelahanka/ district-7-rt-nagar-hebbal-gkvk

44

N

HOUSING TYPOLOGY Urban House Typology In Bangalore

Categories of housing and settlement development and provision Group housing Formal Individual

Initiators and actors of housing development and provision Government and Private developers (develop housing for a large group of people sharing resources and amenities together) Bungalows, Private Dwellings (Private houses built by a single land owner)

Legal

Individual, Community groups (Houses built on legal land but having insufficient infrastructure)

Illegal

Houses or settlements on an illegal Piece of land.

Informal

Formal

Informal

Individual

Legal

Group

Illegal

Source: https://fineartamerica.com/featured/slum-sumit-jain.html

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Background of Water Supply and Demand for Bangalore

WATER SUPPLY AND DEMAND Map of water source of Bangalore Water Source for Bangalore Supply and Demand for Bangalore Hessaraghatta Tank

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T.G.Halli WTP and Pumping Station BANGALORE

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Projections:Sdadevanahalli Bengaluru’sPumping Population and Water Station 20.6

saraghatta Tank

2021

2031

2041

2051

T.K.Halli WTP and Bengaluru’s Water Woes:Demand- Supply Gap R

Pumping Station ive r Projections: Bengaluru’s Population and Water Netkal Balancing Reservoir

20.6

1579

2314 1800

water sup (in million water dem (in million demand-

1433 1464 1459 Forbes Sagar 17.1 4100 water supply 14.3 va Anicut 3400 824 923 Water Treatment Plants Gravity Channel LEGEND (in million litres per day) 647 Water Treatment Plants Gravity Channel LEGEND 10.5 3300 Roads water N Kabini Reservoir Pump Stations demand 372 Roads Pump Stations 50,000m Rivers (in million litres per day) N 2100 BANGALORE Rivers 2070 2070 2070 N Dams and Reservoirs Dams and Reservoirs Water Bodies Water Bodies 1991 2001 2007 population 2011 2025 (in million) 1450 Transmission Pipelines Conurbation /Spotted Area Conurbation /Spotted Area Transmission Pipelines Forbes Sagar Sdadevanahalli Pumping Station LEGEND

Shiva Anicut

Shimsha River

Hulluhalla River

Shimsha River

Hulluhalla River

Cauvery River

r

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As much as 49% of this waterBengaluru’s supplied is million 20.6 non water loss is the second highest among Indian metros. As much as 49%water of this water supplied is domestic (5%) Hessaraghatta ”WTP or “unaccounted and Tank for water”, i.e. water lost in distribution.

49%2314 17.1 4100 is called “non-revenue water” orPumping “unaccounted for water”, i.e. water lost in distribution.

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In addition, Bengaluru’s demand non domestic Shiva Anicut 923 (4%) unaccoutend for 824 49%LEGEND of this water supplied isPlants 647 non domestic (5%) Water Treatment Gravity Channel lead to water partial 372 Roads Pump Stations water lost in distribution.

49% Rivers N Dams and Reservoirs Water Bodies Total:42,223ml domestic 40% 1991 2001 2007 2011 2025

Stage 4(Phase 1)

Transmission Pipelines Unauthorised water connections Conurbation /Spotted Area

msha River

uhalla River

r Bangalore is from Cauvery River and Arkavathy River, 300MLD, 1900mm 400 MLD which Bengaluru’s Monthly Water Consumption, By Ca Stage 4(Phase 2)every Bangalorean—8.5 million people live in India’s ectively.

First, TK Halli WTP Source: http://archive.indiaspend.com/cover-story/bengaluru-wastes-nearly-50-water-supply-from-cauvery-53879 sanitary conditons (0%) 600 MLD 700MLD,2600mm d get 150 lt of equiv46 water per day. But what the city gets is 65 lt, the 1974-1981 135MLD industries, BIAL,others non-revenue water/ The situation in Bengaluru is likely to worsen. InStage addition, 1&2 Bengaluru’s non domestic (4%) 1982-1991 270MLD unaccoutend for 270MLD,1750mm t among Indian metros. As much as 49% of this water supplied is water partial non domestic (5% Stage 3 540MLD ter” or “unaccounted for water”, i.e. water lost in distribution. 1992-2001 49% 270MLD,1950mm

Background of Sewage Treatment in Bangalore WATER SEWAGE TREATMENT

The Water-Waste Portrait in Bengaluru

Waste Water Production

Hesaraghatta Ganayakanahalli tank Kere

Boundary under BDA Waterbodies

Sewera

N

Waterways Yelahanka tank Yelahanka

vath i riv

er

Sewage treatment plant (STP) Sewage pumping station Disposal of sewage Nagasandra

er

Ark a

Malttikere tank

at udv kum

iv hi r

Jakkur tank

Hebbal

Doddagubbl tank Rampur tank

Project

Jakkur Raja canal

thi r

va Arka

745 K R puram Ulsoor Byrasandra Cubbon park tank ment in Bangalore 323 tank Sewerage Service Area in theKadabeesananhalli Core Area 190 Background of Sewage Treatment in Bangalore Sewerage Service Are Kempambudhi Mylasandra 2016 Lalbagh K&C valley Bellandur tank The Water-Waste Portrait in Bengaluru V-valley N LEGEND Summar aghatta Ganayakanahalli N existing Madivala Blomananalli tank Hesaraghatta Ganayakanahalli Kere Boundary under BDA

tank

iver

Waterbodies

Kere

Hulimavu tank

Begur tank

Percen

i ath udv m u k

rive

r

Ark ava

thi

rive

r

Waterways connec Yelahanka tank Sewage treatment plant Yelahanka tank Yelahanka (STP)tank Jakkur N Yelahanka Doddagubbl 20,000m Jakkur tank Sewage pumping Hebbal Doddagubbl tank Muttanalli Kere station Hebbal tank Rampur tank Projection of sewage generation in Bengaluru Disposal of Rampur tank Malttikere Projection of sewage g sewage Jakkur 9611005 Nagasandra storm-waterMalttikere tank Low Sewage Treatment Rate Jakkurlakes856 Summary: Sewage-riddled drains and smelly, frothy are a reality in Bengaluru.Two Raja canal 792 tank 762 R puram Number of STP reasons causes it: Killegal sewage dumping745 and badly-functioning STP. Bengaluru produces 1,440 MLD Raja canal 792 745 762 Sewage production per day K 634 R puram 587 Bengaluru Ulsoor of sewage but the BWSSB has the capacity to treat only 1,057 MLD of sewage.

While the BWSSB has 447 North Byrasandra Ulsoor tanksewage treatment plants in the city, none 323 366 the wastewater according 372 of them treat to the norms preCubbon park 24 447 Byrasandra tank tank 263 217 Not all Cubbon parkreasons: Coresewage area 323 But 366 Summa scribed Kadabeesananhalli by the Central Pollution Control board. 190 Two of Bengaluru’s homes have tank BWSSB sewage treatment per day 2 Urban local bodies217econom 190 connection; Lackwater experts to tell how to use the STP. (phase 3) Kadabeesananhalli mpambudhi Source: Bengaluru supply and sewerage project Final Report && https://www.thenews 110 villages 2016 2019 2024 2034 2049 Kempambudhi Lalbagh K&C sewage Mylasandra valley Bellandur tank Sewage treatment rate minute.com/article/why-bengalurus-sewage-treatment-plants-may-never-be-enough-city-93663 Treat wastewater according to the norms2016 of CPCB 2024 Lalbagh K&C valley tank sewage is being treated in the 2019 Summary: Only 60%Bellandur of Bengaluru’s V-valley Insufficient Sewage Connections Summary: Only 60% of Be existing STPs. Madivala Blomananalli tank existing STPs. Madivala Blomananalli tank Begur tank Hulimavu tank Percentage Begur of households with adequate drainage tank Percentage of households with adequate drainage connectivity of househo Hulimavu tank Percentage

1440 MLD

24

1057 MLD

0

i riv

vath

Arka

60%

er

connectivity in Bengaluru

100% Only 50% of Bangaluru economically poor communities do not have toilets,Kere let alone sewage Muttanalli connections.

connectivity in Bengalu

Muttanalli Kere

No drainage ns and smelly, frothy lakes are a reality in Bengaluru.Two Open drainage Summary: Sewage-riddled storm-water drains and smelly, frothy lakes are a reality in Bengaluru.Two nd badly-functioning STP. Bengaluru produces 1,440 MLD Closed drainage 0% reasons causes it: illegal sewage dumping and badly-functioning STP. Bengaluru MLD Bengaluru Bengaluru Bengaluruproduces Anekal 1,440 Not under o treat only 1,057 MLD of sewage. While the BWSSB has Bengaluru Bengaluru Bengalu North South East and sub-district of sewage but the BWSSB has the capacity to treat only 1,057 MLD of sewage. While the BWSSB has North South East of them treat the wastewater according to the norms pre24 sewage treatment plants in the city, none of them treat the wastewater according to the norms preSummary: The report by JICA found that 50% of Bengaluru Source: https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/why-bengalurus-sewage-treatment-plants-may-never-be-enough-city-93663 d. Two reasons: Not all of Bengaluru’s homes have sewage Summary: The report by J scribed by the Central Pollution Control board. Two reasons: Not all of Bengaluru’s homes have sewage 47 economically poor communities do not have toilets, let alone the STP. (phase 3) Final Report && https://www.thenews project economically poor commu connection; Lackwater experts to tell how to use the STP. (phase 3) Final Report && https://www.thenews Source: Bengaluru supply and sewerage project sewage connections. eatment-plants-may-never-be-enough-city-93663 sewage connections. minute.com/article/why-bengalurus-sewage-treatment-plants-may-never-be-enough-city-93663

DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Stormwater Flow

1000m LEGEND

Source: https://homemantra.co/bangalore-bbmp-rajakaluve-maps/ & OpenSteet Map of Bangalore 48

N

HISTORY OF WATER INFRASTRUCTURE

Timeline of Water Infrastructure

Source: https://gubbilabs.in/bengaluruscape/water & Bengaluru water supply and sewerage project (phase3) Final Report

49

EXISTING WATER INFRASTRUCTURE

Water Infrastructure in Hebbal

Outlet: Yalahanka Inlet: Sahakara Nagar Sump Outlet: Yalahanka GLR

Inlet: RT NAGAR OHT

Inlet: Sahakara nahgar

Rachenahalli Lake

Amrutahalli Lake

Sahakar Nagar Water Tank -Type: OHT -Volume: 10,000 ml

Coffee Board Layout Water Tank -Type: GLR

Hebbal Lake

Nagavara Lake Hebbal Sewage Treatment Plant -Capacity: 60 MLD -Level of Treatment: Secondary -Process for treating sewage: Activated Sludge Process

LEGEND

Anand Nagar Water Tank -Type: OHT -Not in working condition

1000m Sahakar Nagar Water Tank

Hebbal STP

Source: BWSSB website & Bengaluru water supply and sewage project (phase3) Final Report 50

Anand Nagar Water Tank

N

OPEN SPACE

Open Space Map and Typology

LEGEND

1000m

Hebble Lake Park

Playground

School Yard

N

Public Plaza

Source: https://www.google.com/maps/place 51

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Bangalore Decentralized Processing & Disposal

20,000m LEGEND

Waste Generation

City Statistics

Waste Composition (Approximate)

Source: City Statistics New Microsoft Office Word Document, BBMPDepartmentsSolid Waste Management 52

N

Waste Management in Hebbal

1500m

N

Domestic Waste Mangement

Biomedical Waste Mangement

10 % is Bio-medical Waste 50% is brought back into circulation after treatment 60 % of sharp waste are melted and reused as part of stainless steel products all glass waste are recycled after treatment Source: Biomedical waste management manual

53

VEGETATION MAP AND REDUCTION BANGALORE IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON GREENOF SPACE

Land Classification of Bangalore in 2000 and 2018

2018

2000

Legend NDVI_Clip

Legend <VALUE> Legend -1- -0.1 NDVI_Clip

Legend

-0.1-0.1 <VALUE> NDVI_Clip

1

Legend LEGEND -1- -0.1 0.1-0.5 <VALUE>

N

31 117

-0.1-0.1 0.5-0.9 -1-0.1 NDVI_Clip Water

0.1-0.5 0.9-1 <VALUE> -0.1-0.1 Greenery Legend

0

0

150,000 Meters

-1-0.1 0.5-0.9 0.1-0.5 Agriculture

181

150,000 Meters

209

0

-0.1-0.1 0.9-1 0.5-0.9 Urban 0.1-0.5 0.9-1 0.5-0.9 0.9-1

Bangalore Scale

FOREST RATIO: URBAN BANGALORE

0

150,000 Meters

NOTIFIED URBAN FOREST AREAS

FOREST RATIO: BANGALORE RURAL AND RAMANAGAR DISTRICT

Forest (2%)

Forest (17%)

Forest 2%

150,000 Meters

300,000m

150,000 Meters 150,000 Meters

0

FLORA DISTRIBUTION

0

Forest 17%

Bangalore (16%)

Anekal (1%) Anekal 1%

Bangalore 16%

Kaggalipura (59%)

K.R Puram (12%) K.R. Puram 12%

Kaggalipura 59%

Yelahanka 12%

Urban Area 98%

Other (98%)

The geographical area of Bangalore Urban district is 217,410 ha, out of which the forest area is 4,198 ha.

54

Other (83%)

Other 83%

The Geographical area of Bangalore Rural and Ramanagar districts is 5,85,431 ha, out of which the forest constitutes 1,01,117 ha.

Yelahanka (12%)

Forest area comprises mainly scrub and grasslands with miscellaneous species.

Eucalyptus and Acacia auriculiformes are found over most of the area.

VEGETATION DENSITY

Bangalore's Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

Legend NDVI_Clip

LEGEND <VALUE> -1- -0.1 -1--0.1 -0.1-0.1 -0.1-0.1 0.1-0.5 0.2-0.5 0.5-0.9 0.6-0.9 Legend 0.9-1.0 0.9-1 NDVI_Clip

0

<VALUE> -1- -0.1

What do NDVI values suggest?

-1 - -0.1 Waterbody -0.1 - 0.1 Barren Rock, Sand 150,000 0.2 - 0.5 Sparse Vegetation, Shrubs Meters 0.6 - 0.9 Dense Vegetation, Forest 0.9 - 1 Maximum Value

N

-0.1-0.1 0.1-0.5 0.5-0.9 0.9-1

300,000m 0

150,000 Meters

Source: Earth Explorer, USGS LANDSAT NOV 2018

Hebbal's Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

Legend NDVI_Clip

LEGEND <VALUE>

-1- -0.1 -1 - -0.1 -0.1-0.1 -0.1 - 0.1 0.1-0.5 0.2 - 0.5 0.5-0.9 0.6 - 0.9 0.9-1- 1 0.9

2,000m 0

0

Source: Earth Explorer, USGS LANDSAT NOV 2018

N

150,000 Meters 1 Kilometers

55

FLORA AND FAUNA MATRIX

Bangalore Scale

Fauna High Flying Birds

Habitat Area Canal

Flora Macrophytes

Eagle

Water hyacinth

Kite

Common duckweed

Falcon

Common water meal

Low lying Birds

Reservior

Sparrow

Water Primrose Coontail

Owl Shrub Duck

Mudflat

Pigeon

Peacock Flower

Pollinator

Lantana

Bat Bee

Parks/Gardens

Ground Animals

Trees Urban

Ants

Village Snake

Indian elm Cuban royal palm

Rat

Mango

Lizard

Indian laburnum River

Pangoin

Guava Lythraceae

Monkey Boar

Coconut palm Australian wattle

Frog

Squirrel

Ixora Hibiscus

Butterfly

Turtle

Golden Dewgrop

Nile Tulip tree Forest

Source:https://www.rarebooksocietyofindia.org/book_archive/196174216674_10153799215096675.pdf 56

Caribbean trumpet tree

HABITAT AND GREEN SPACE

Hebbal scale

1,500m

N

LEGEND Public parks Residential Industrial Recreational Institutional Brownfield Agriculture

Barrenland Scrubland Grassland Wooded Grassland Forest Lake River and riverine

Source: Satelittle data from Open Street Map, Google Earth

57

HABITAT AND GREEN SPACE

Managed Typologies Public Park

3m Roadside Greenery

5m Institutional

10m Industrial

20m Residential

12m

58

Orchard

25m Agriculture

12m Canal and Drainage

10m Playground

10m Open Plaza

15m

Source: Satellite Images from Google Earth

59

HABITAT AND GREEN SPACE

Unmanaged Typologies Barren Land

Scrub Land

Wooded Grassland

Fragmented Forest Patch

50m

50m

50m

Lake

40m

River

200m

Source: Satellite Images from Google Earth 60

10m

SOIL, TOPOGRAPHY, LANDFORM

Bangalore Scale

947

861

1

851 947 843 823

2

936

3

939

4

940

782

5

923

738

6

961

728

7

944

696

8

926

660

933

690 938

782 949

878

10 11 12

943

867

941

854 933

833

Bangalore contours at 20m interval

LEGEND

9

13 14 15

980 m 940m

20,000m

860m

N

800m 760m 700m

1 2 3 4

Bangalore is located at heart of the Mysore Plateau at an average elevation of 920 m (3,020 ft). It is positioned at 12.97°N 77.56°E and covers an area of 1741 km² (673 mi²).

5 6

Highest point in Hebbal Kempapura is 925m and lowest at 890m.

7 8 9

10 11

12

13

14

15

Source: Elevation data from Google Earth 61

SOIL, TOPOGRAPHY, LANDFORM

Hebbal Scale

Hebbal Kempapura contours at 5m interval 943 886 921 887

10

919 886

11

920 885

12

926 883 905

9

883

13 14

909 883

15

920 892

16

935

LEGEND

891 928

940m

890

800m 922

760m 700m 912 919

17 18 19 20 21

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Source: Elevation data from Google Earth 62

18

887

19

887

20

885

2,000m

9

17

21

N

Soil Characteristics Soil Types The following soil types are found in Bangalore: 1 . M e d i u m d e e p , R e d c l a y e y s o i l - Ve r y P o o r Groundwater Potential 2. Deep alluvial clayey soil - Very Poor to Poor Groundwater Potential 3. Deep lateritic clayey soil - Poor Groundwater Potential 4. Deep, Red clayey soil - Poor to Moderate Groundwater Potential 5. Medium deep, Red gravelly clay soil - Moderate Groundwater Potential 6. Deep lateritic gravelly clayey soil - Moderate to Good Groundwater Potential 9. Rocky land associated with shallow red gravelly clay soil - Good Groundwater Potential Hebbal Kempapura- has Deep Lateritic clay soil which has poor groundwater potential.

Yelahanka - has Deep Lateritic clay soil and which has groundwater potential.

LEGEND Deep red clay soil Deep Lateretic clay soil Deep Gravelly clay Medium deep red clay Medium deep gravelly red clay

20,000m

Deep alluvial clay Rocky land associated with shallow red gravely clay

N

Zonal Division

Soil Profile

Zone 1 Zone 3 Silty sand with clay 0-3m Medium/dense silty sand 3-6m Weathered rock 6-17m

Zone 2

Zone 4

Hard Rock below 17m

Silty sand with gravel 0-1.7m Clayey sand 1.7m-3.5m Weathered Rock 3.5m-8.5m

Silty sand with gravel 4-15.5m

Hard Rock below 8.5m

Weathered Rock 15.5-27.5m

Filled-up soil 0-1.5m Silty clay 1.5-4.5m Sandy clay 4.5-17.5m

Clayey sand, 0-1.5m Clayey sand with gravel 1.5-4m

Weathered Rock 17.5-38.5m

Hard Rock below 27.5m

Hard Rock 38.5m

Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 3

Zone 4

Hebbal coming under Zone 1 of the study has silty sand with clay as top soil till a depth of 3m Source: Muilti-criteria seismic hazard evaluation for Bangalore city, India by P.Anbazhagan, K.K.S. Thingbaijam, S.K. Nath, J.N. Narendra Kumar, T.G. Sitharam 63

WATER SOURCE

Cauvery River Basin

BANGALORE

50,000m

N

Actual water system in bangalore is inefficient. 100km to an overhead of 540 meters to the water distribution system located at Bangalore after treatment consumes more energy and involves high operational and maintenance costs. BWSSB incurs electricity costs to about 65% of its revenue for pumping the water to the city.

Before the British

After the British

How the system of water worked in the past

How it works now

Lake series

Todays ystem depends mainly on the cauvery river. lakes are so polluted they are only ornametal or to worship.

Borewells Dugwells

Sewage

Stepwell Aquifers Water Harvesting

Borewells

Canals Source: Making water flow in Bengaluru: planning for the resilience of water supply in a semi-arid city. Hita Unnikrishnan 64

.

Watershed Regional Arkavathi Source

LEGEND

BANGALORE

Water Flow Water treatment plants Transmissions Pipelines Roads Water bodies Tataguni Puming Station KRS Resevoir on Cauvery TK. Halli WTP

30,000m

N

Kabini Resevoir

Previous and existing Hebbal Lake series Batkondanahalli Lake Which joins South Pinakini River Amanikere, Singanayakanahili Yelahanka Doddakere

Kattigenahall Lake

Kogilu Lake

400m

Gramadakere Allalasandra

N

Jakkur Lake Kodigehali Lake

Rachenahali Lake Kalkere Lake Ramapura Lake

LEGEND Chikkamaranahali Lake Water Flow No longer existent water body Water bodies

Yellamallappa SettraKere

Seegehall Lake Kacharakanahali Lake

Basavanapura Lake

Source: Muilti-criteria seismic hazard evaluation for Bangalore city, India by P.Anbazhagan, K.K.S. Thingbaijam, S.K. Nath, J.N. Narendra Kumar, T.G. Sitharam 65

WATER SOURCE

Hebbal Valley

Vrishabavathi Valley

Koramangala challaghatta Valley

LEGEND Drainage directed to lakes

20,000m

Aquifers

N

Dugwells Lakes Series/Canals Borewells: 7,000 BWSSB 80,000 Private Borewells

Borewells

Dugwells

Aquifers

Canals

Sewage

Lake series

Valleys

Source: Groundwater informaion Booklet, Bangalore Urban District, Karnataka by GOI, Ministry of Water Resources, Central Ground Water Board.

66

Water Pollution Source

LEGEND

Pollution source Lanfill Landfill Industrial Industrialareas areas Future Future industry Industry Water Waterresource resource

20,000m

N

Polluted lakes Main Pollution Sources •Sewage Entry from Human Settlement in Catchment Area •Effluents entry from industries in up stream of the lakes •Erosion of soil carrying nutrients from upstram •Ingress of Sewage and Industrial effluents which contain nutrients •Run-off from surrounding which carries silt and nutrients •Disposal garbage on banks of Lake •Dumping of Debris •Draw off of water from Lake •Immersion of Idols during Festivals

LEGEND Polluted Lakes Highly lakes Highlypolluted-34 Polluted-34 Lakes Moderately polluted-22 lakes Moderately Polluted-22 Lakes Less lakes Lesspolluted-24 Polluted-24 Lakes

20,000m

N

Source: K.V. Shivakumar, "Water quality monitoring of lakes in Bangalore-central laboratory KSPCB", Proceedings of Taal, 2007: The 12th world lake conference, pp 1908-1915.2008.

Ramachandra, T V & K. S., Asulabha & Varghese, Sincy & Bhat, Sudarshan & Aithal, Dr. Bharath. (2015). Wetlands: Treasure of Bangalore.

67

Main Pollution Sources for Water Resources are as follows: Sewage Entry from Human Settlement in Catchment Area Effluents entry from industries in up stream of the lakes Erosion of soil carrying nutrients from upstram Ingress of Sewage and Industrial effluents which contain nutrients Run-off from surrounding which carries silt and nutrients Disposal garbage on banks of Lake Dumping of Debris Draw off of water from Lake Immersion of Idols during Festivals

WATER SOURCE

Source : K.V. Shivakumar, "Water quality monitoring of lakes in Bangalorelaborattory central laboratory KSPCB", Proceedings of Taal, 2007: The 12th world lake conference, pp 1908-1915. 2008.

Hebbal Valley

LEGEND Streams/Canals Tanks Borewells Water body

POLLUTION RESOURCE : HEBBAL KEMPAPURA

STP Zone

STP ZONE LAKES

Lakes

Pollution source of Hebbal

Main Pollution Sources for Water Resources are as follows:

Allalasandra Lake Jakkur Lake

Sewage Entry from Human Settlement in Catchment Area Effluents entry from industries in up stream of the lakes Erosion of soil carrying nutrients from upstram Ingress of Sewage and Industrial effluents which contain nutrients Run-off from surrounding which carries silt and nutrients Disposal garbage on banks of Lake Dumping of Debris Draw off of water from Lake Immersion of Idols during Festivals Source : K.V. Shivakumar, "Water quality monitoring of lakes in Bangalorelaborattory central laboratory KSPCB", Proceedings of Taal, 2007: The 12th world lake conference, pp 1908-1915. 2008.

Doddabommasandra Lake

Amrutahalli Lake

Rachenahalli Lake

LEGEND

Pollution Source : Hebbal Industrial Industrialarea area Stp Stp zone zone Lakes Lakes Possible Possiblesource sourceareas areas

Hebbal Lake

Lumbini Garden POLLUTION RESOURCE : HEBBAL KEMPAPURA

1000m

INDUSTRIAL AREA STP ZONE LAKES

POSSIBLE SOURCE AREAS

68

N

Ground water quality

LEGEND Ground Water Quality Map

Alternate Water Resource Alternate Potable Water Ground Water Quality Map Non-potable Water Non-potable Non-potablewater Water Water Resource Alternate Potable Water Roads Map Potable otable Water Water Resource Potablewater Water Roads Water Waterresource Resource otable Water Roads Road er Resource Roads

Roads

20,000m

LEGEND Metal Concentration in Ground water Nitrate >45Mg/L Nitrate >45Mg/L Chloride 250-1000Mg/L 250-1000Mg/L Chloride

20,000m

N

N

Fluoride > 1.5Mg/L Fluoride >1.5Mg/L Source: Ground Water Information Booklet, Bangalore Urban District, Karnataka - March 2013 Source:https://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/hydrology-and-quality-groundwater-and-around-bangalore-city-review-and-excerptsreport 69

CLIMATE, RAINFALL TRENDS AND FLOOD RISK

Climate Trend & Spatial Rainfall Distribution Pattern

Max Normal Min

Temp in Degree Celcius

35 30 25 20

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Apr May Jun Jul

Mar

Jan

Feb

15 Avg Temp per Month

February

January

March

August

July 5-10

<5

<50

50-100

June

May

November 100-150

December 150-200

Water flow of Hebbal Kempapura

Supply

Demand

October

September >25

10-25

Water Supply Gap Trend 2500

April

Annual Rainfall

Gap

2000 1500 1000 500 0

1991

2007

2001

2011

2025

12 9 6

Apr

Mar

Jan

Feb

Dec

Oct

Nov

Sep

Aug

July

May

0

June

3

Source: Frequent floods in Bangalore: Causes and Remedial Measures; T V Ramachandra, Vinay S, Bharath H. Aithal 70

>200

CASE STUDIES AND TECHNIQUES Case Study 1: Jakkur Lake, Bangalore, India

2 2

3

Jakkur lake ecosystem constitutes of a lake filled with water, a sewage treatment plant (STP) near the lake site which disposes the treated water into the lake helping in maintaining the water balance, a constructed wetland, numerous open wells, fishermen and farming community using the lake for fishing, irrigation, and other domestic uses.

5 6

LEGEND

Jakkur Lake

1. Drain 1 Overflow inlet

Fish Breeding

2. STP Treated water Recharge openwells 3. Drain 2 Inflow inlet Separate ceremonial pond

1

4. Drain 3 Inflow inlet 5. Wetland 6. Outlet 3

Constructed Wetland schematic section

4

Water flows through wetland to be cleaned

Clean water Output

Stormwater Inlet

6 6

Wetland

The Process

Sewage Treatment Plant

Stormwater Inlet

A 10 MLD STP uses an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), a secondary level of treatment. An average of 7-8.5 MLD of treated water is discharged

Plants used

Alligator Weed

Outlet Jakkur Lake

Constructed Wetland The wetland in the urban lake uses up nutrients in the treated water for plant growth enhancing water quality Typha

Water Hyacinth

Sources: http://biometrust.blogspot.com/2018/05/wetland-maintenance-jakkur-lake.html

Duck Weed

71

CASE STUDIES AND TECHNIQUES

Case Study 2: Osho Teerth Park, Pune, India

Turning a narrow strip of wasteland 850m long and 75m wide into a zen inspired japanese garden was undertaken in phases. It has been designed to handle a normal flow of 21000- 24000 gallons per hour. At the source of entry the water is an unclean stream with oil- waste. With help of natural filter process the water is 80% purified and is thus now naturally inhabited by biodiversity.

THEN

NOW

The Process Green Bridge

Metal screens The drain is first systematically guided through a metal gate provided with a screen/ mesh to separate the floating garbage

Water cascades Wa t e r c a s c a d e s o f level drops of just 200300mm at various points induce oxygen into the current, and eliminate odour.

It is a natural root zone filtration system, which activates by means of plants such as water hyacinths, bulrushes and alocacias

It uses filtration power of biologically originated cellulosic /fibrous material in combination with sand and gravels and root systems of green plants.

Series of ponds

Fish Breeding Fish known as 'gambusia' have been specially bred in the ponds to clean water of mosquito larvae

It is then guided through a series of 4 ponds, created on natural bedrock which serve as settling tanks and filteration tanks for sludge

Green Bridge Technology Filtration, biodegradation and Biosorption: The cellulosic /fibrous materials like coconut coir or dried water hyacinth or aquatic grasses are compacted and woven to form a bridge/ porous wall like structure strengthened by stones and sand with various consortia of microorganisms All the floatable and suspended solids are trapped in this biological bridge and the turbidity of flowing water is reduced substantially. The green plants growing there help in absorption of soluble substances including heavy metals.

Coconut coir mat

Plants To p l a y e r o f soil about 1530 cm Sand layer Rubble & gravel layer

Stones in the stream course

Source: http://www.ecoideaz.com/innovative-green-ideas/nullah-parks-of-pune; http://www.thealternative.in/society/garden-developed72 across-a-nullah/

ECONOMIC

Poverty

LEGEND 1-620 621-1400 1401-2700 2701-6600 6601-20000

Sources: GROWTH OF SLUMS IN BANGALORE CITY Karnataka economic survey

20,000m

N

73

ECONOMIC

Bangalore’s ecomomc development timeline

Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Bangalore 74

SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHICS

Population Density

25,000m

LEGEND NICE NICE-EXPRESS-ROAD Major road Railawy

PRR centreline BMA-boundary BBMP

N

<50 50-100 100-150 >150

Sources: http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/242-bangalore-.html

75

SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHICS

Population Growth and Distribution

Bangalore Population Bangalore Population

20000000 18000000 20000000 16000000 18000000 14000000 16000000 12000000 14000000 10000000 12000000 8000000 10000000 6000000 8000000 4000000 6000000 2000000 4000000 2000000 0 0 1940 1940

1960

1980

2000

2020

2040

1960

1980

2000

2020

2040

0 1940

1960

1940

1960

1980 2000 2020 2040 Source: Revised Plan for Bangelore 1980 2000 Master 2020 2040 - 2031 (Draft)

7

Bangalore Population Growth Rate (%) Bangalore Population Growth Rate (%)

67 65 45 34 32 21 01

Source: Revised Master Plan for Bangelore - 2031 (Draft)

Age and gender distribution in Bangalore （%） Age and gender distribution in Bangalore （%） 0-6

2011 2021 2011 2031 2021 2031

0-6 7-15 7-15 16-24 16-24 25-44 25-44 45-59 45-59 60-79 60-79 80+ 80+

Age Distribution Age

0-6 Distribution 7-15 0-6 16-24 7-15 25-44 16-24

50

40

30

20

10

0

10

50

40

30

20

10

0

10

Description Description Infants Education Aspirant Infants Children Higher Education Aspirat Children Education Aspirant Children Young Job Seekers/Employed Higher Education Aspirat Children

20

30

40

20 30 Age Distribution Age

40

45-59 Distribution 60-79 45-59 80+ 60-79

50 50 Description

Description Middle Aged Skills Aged And Dependents Middle Aged Skills Aged Dependents Aged And Dependents

Aged Dependents 80+ Young Job Seekers/Employed Source: Revised Master Plan for Bangelore - 2031 (Draft) Sources: Revised Master Plan for Bangalore -2031 (Draft) Source: Revised Master Plan for Bangelore - 2031 (Draft) 76 25-44

Distribution of Workers by Age and Gender in Bangalore (2011) Working Population and Labour Force Distribution of Workers by Age and Gender in Bangalore (2011) >80 F Legend Distribution of Workers by Age and Gender (2011) Male Female in Bangalore M

>80 70-79 >80 70-79 60-69 70-79 60-69 50-59 60-69 50-59 40-49 50-59 40-49 30-39 40-49 30-39 20-29 30-39 20-29 10-19 20-29 10-19 5-9 10-19 5-91.5

Male

M

Female

F

M

Female

Male

Main workers Legend Main workers Marginal workers LEGEND F Legend Marginal Seeking/Available Mainworkers workersfor work Seeking/Available for work Non-workers Marginal workers Non-workers Seeking/Available for work

Gender Employment Non-workers Ratio of Bangalore Gender Employment Ratio of Bangalore Gender Employment Ratio of Bangalore Female 26.6% Female 26.6% Female Male

26.6% 73.4% Male 73.4% Male

1.0 1.0

1.55-9

1.5

0.5 0.5 1.0

0.0 0.0 0.5

73.4% 1.5 Population in Millions 1.0 in Millions 1.5 Population 1.0 Source: Census of India (2011), IIHS Analysis Population Millions 1.5 1.0 Source: Census of India (2011),inIIHS Analysis

0.5 0.5 0.0

0.5

Labor force participation rate (LFPR) among females in India states in 2015 (%) (2011), 60% Labor force participation rate (LFPR) among females Source: in IndiaCensus statesofinIndia 2015 (%) IIHS Analysis 54.3 54 53.6 Females LFPR 60% Labor force participation rate (LFPR) among females in India states in 2015 (%) Females LFPR 50 54.3 54 53.6 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0

60%

46.7 46.6

54.3

5446.7 53.6 46.6

44 39.2 37 46.7 46.6 39.2 44 37

50

Females LFPR

44

33

32.8 32.7

31.4 30.8 30.4

39.233 32.8 32.7 Bangalore LFPR rate=26.6% 40 31.4 30.8 30.4 37 24.6 Bangalore LFPR rate=26.6% 33 32.8 32.7 31.4 24.6 21.5 30.8 30.4 30 Bangalore LFPR rate=26.6% 21.5

20.4 20.4 19.5 19.2 18.8 18.6 17.4 17 20.4 20.4 19.5 14.5 14.2 19.2 18.8 18.6 24.6 12.2 11.2 11.1 17.4 17 10.5 21.5 20.4 20.4 14.5 14.2 19.5 19.2 18.8 18.6 12.2 11.2 11.1 17.4 17 10.5 14.5 14.2 12.2 11.2 11.1

20 10

10.5

0 Source: https://www.statista.com/statistics/654242/female-labor-force-participation-rate-india-by-state/ Source: https://www.statista.com/statistics/654242/female-labor-force-participation-rate-india-by-state/ Unemployment rate in India states in 2015-16 (%) 25% Source: https://www.statista.com/statistics/654242/female-labor-force-participation-rate-india-by-state/ Unemployment rate in India states in 2015-16 (%) Unemployment rate 25% Unemployment rate in India states in 2015-16 (%) 19.7 Unemployment rate 20 25% 19.7

18.1

Unemployment rate

20 18.1 15 20 19.7 18.1 12.5 15 10 15 10 5 10 5 0 0

5 0

12.5 10.6

9.6 10.6 12.59.6

8.9

8.5 7.7 7.4 7.2 7.1 7 8.9 8.5 6.1 6 10.6 7.7 7.4 7.2 7.1 7 9.6 8.9 8.5 6.1 6 7.7 7.4 7.2 7.1 7

6.1

6

5.7

6

5.7 6

6

5

4.9

4.8

4.7

4.3

4.2

3.9

5

4.9

4.8

4.7

4.3

4.2

3.9

5.7

5

4.9

4.8

4.7

4.3

4.2

3

2.8

3

2.8 3.9

3

2.1

1.9

1.5

2.1

1.9

1.5

2.8

2.1

1.9

0.9 0.9 1.5

0.9

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_unemployment_rate Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_unemployment_rate https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_unemployment_rate Sources:Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_unemployment_rate

77

RELIGION AND CULTURE

Religious History

1.Indian pre-history including Indus Valley Civilisation (until c. 1750 BCE); 2.Iron Age including Vedic period (c. 1750 BCE–600); i.Indian religions begins with the historic Vedic religion.

According to Sundararajan, Hinduism is also known as the Vedic religion. ii.700-500BCE, the rose of Jainism and Buddhism. (a)Jainism peak time in 9th century BCE -6th century BCE (b)Buddhism establish 558 BCE-491 BCE 3.“Second Urbanisation” (c. 600–200 BCE); i.Silk road transmission of Buddhism (start from 1th or 2th century BCE)

Indigenous Religion

Foreign Religion

Hindu Swastika

Symbol of divinity and spirituality in Indian religions.

Left: Symbol in the Bon and Buddhist traditions Right: Appears commonly in Hinduism and Jainism

Fig. 1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism 4.Classical period (c. 200 BCE-1200 CE); (Conflict and destruction period) i.The disintegration of central power also lead to regionalisation of religiosity, and religious rivalry. ii.Buddhism lost its position, and began to disappear in India. iii. Innitially introduced by Thomas the Apostle,Christianity was rooted in India by the 3rd century AD. 5.Pre-Classical period (c. 200 BCE-320 CE); 6.“Golden Age” (Gupta Empire) (c. 320–650 CE); i.Between 400 and 1000 CE Hinduism expanded as the decline of Buddhism in India continued.

7.Late-Classical period (c. 650–1200 CE); i.Early Islamic rule (c. 1100–1500 CE) Turks and Afghans invaded parts of northern India and established the Delhi Sultanate. Lead to “Indo-Muslim” fusion of cultures 8.Medieval period (c. 1200–1500 CE); i.Sikhism originated in 15th-century Punjab, Delhi Sultanate.

9.Early Modern (c. 1500–1850); i.Christianity in India was expanded in the 16th century by Catholic Portuguese expeditions and by Protestant British and US missionaries in the 18th century.

10.Modern period (British Raj and independence) (from c. 1850). i.Ghettoisation among Indian Muslims began in the mid-1970s when first communal riots occurred. ii.19th century-20th century renaissance of Buddhism. Calling for Dalits converse from caste-based society to Buddhism.

Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_religions 78

Historical Timeline

Time Line

Hinduism

Jainism

Buddhism

Sikhism

Islam

Christianity

1750 BCE

800 BCE Begans 558-491BCE

600 BCE

200 BCE

PEAK TIME ---Silk road transmission

100 BCE

200 CE

Begain to disappear Rooted in India by the 3rd century

400 CE 400-1000 CE Expanded

1000 CE

1100-1500 CE Early Islamic rule

1200 CE

1500 CE Expand in 16th century and 18th century

Conflicts among Indian Muslims

1850 CE Renaissance of Buddhism

2000 CE NOW Percentage

78.87%

13.9%

5.61% 79

¯

RELIGION AND CULTURE

Bangalore historical places distribution

3

Kilomete

Historical_Place

Hebbal_outline

Type_of_Place

Buildings

A A.Government waterways B Vidhana Soudha----1956---The 1.

Karnataka_Natural_Feat largest legislative building in India C Heritage_Zone D 2. Attara Kacheri---1868---the Karnataka High Court. Attara Kacheri reflects the Greco-Roman style of architecture, because it was built at the zenith of British colonialism in India.

D6

¯ ¯ ¯

3. Bangalore Palace---1878

3

4. Seshadri Iyer Memorial Hall---1901

3

B.Civic

Kilomete

Hebbal_outline Kilomete Historical_Place 1.Lalbagh Botanical Garden---1889

Type_of_Place

Buildings

3waterways Hebbal_outline

A Historical_Place C.Historical

Kilomete B Buildings Type_of_Place 1.Tipu Sultan’s Summer Palace---1791 Karnataka_Natural_Feat

AC D

A3

waterways Heritage_Zone

B Hebbal_outline Historical_Place D.Religious (popular one)Karnataka_Natural_Feat C Type_of_Place 1. Kote Venkataramana Buildings Temple---

Heritage_Zone D 1689---Hinduism A waterways B Karnataka_Natural_Feat C St. Marks Cathedral---1812 2.

Heritage_Zone D

D8 D7 A1

3. Infant Jesus Church---1971 A2

D2

A4

4. St. Patrick’s Church---1899 D5

D10

5. C.S.I East Parade Church---1863

D3

6. Bethel AG Church---1995

D1

7. St. Mary’s Basilica---1882

C1

8. St. Francis Cathedral---1932

D4 B1

Xavier’s

9. Saint Anthony’s Friary Church---1952 10.Rice Memorial Church---1917

D9

¯

LEGEND

3

¯

Historical place Historical_Place

Hebbal_outline Hebbal_outline

Type of place Type_of_Place

Buildings Buildings

80

AA BB CC DD

Kilometers

Waterways waterways Historical_Place

3

3,000m Kilometers

Hebbal_outline

Karnataka_Natural_Features Karnataka_natural_feture Buildings Type_of_Place A Heritage_zone Heritage_Zone B C D

waterways Karnataka_Natural_Features Heritage_Zone

N

Bangalore historical places distribution A1

A2

A4

B1

A3

C1

D1

D2

D3

D5

D4

D9 D6

D7

D8

Sources: A.1.https://evac.com/cn/reference/suvarna-vidhana-soudha-assembly-india/ D10 2.Reference:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_High_Court 3.Reference:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore_Palace 4.https://www.nativeplanet.com/bangalore/seshadri-iyer-memorial-hall/photos/ B.1.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Bagh C.1.https://www.beerandcroissants.com/tipu-sultans-summer-palace/ Reference: D.1.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kote_Venkataramana_Temple,_Bangalore 2.https://bangaloretourism.in/st-marks-cathedral-bangalore 3.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_Jesus_Church,_Bangalore#/media/File:InfantJesus_Church_Blr1.jpg 4.https://www.mangalorean.com/launch-st-patricks-coffee-table-book-mark-175-years-milestone-church/ 5.https://www.facebook.com/EPMCBLR/ 6.https://www.justdial.com/photos/bethel-ag-church-international-worship-centre-hebbal-bangalore-churches-2m9acdw-pc-62392223sco-15idbr2u 7.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary's_Basilica,_Bangalore 8.https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Francis_Xavier_Cathedral,_Bangalore_oblique.jpg 9.http://www.trip2blr.com/st-anthonys-friary-church-bangalore/st-anthonys-friary-church/ 10.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaluru_Pete 81

RELIGION AND CULTURE

Religious Festivals Hinduism festivals

Makar Sankranti (Jan) Customs: Bath, fly kites, feast, burnfire, dance Landscape space: rivers and lakes, open space

Vara Mahalakshmi (Agu)

Customs: ceremony Landscape space: indoor space

Karaga festival (Mar-Apr)

Customs: Water, Dance, Music Landscape space: waterfronts

Ganesh Chaturthi (Agu-Sep) Customs: worship clay status in water, feast Landscape space: rivers and lakes

Vijayadashami (Sep-Oct)

Groundnut Festival (Nov-Dec)

Customs: carry clay statues into water, burn Landscape space: river or ocean front

Customs: celebrates the first groundnut crop Landscape space: open space

Islam festivals

Mawlid an-Nab (Mar)

Customs: ceremony Landscape space: open space 82

Eid al-Fitr (Sep-Oct) Customs: fasting Landscape space: open space

Eid al-Adha (Dec) Customs: ceremony Landscape space: open space

Religious Festivals

Christianity festivals

Good Friday (Mar-Apr)

Customs: fasting, carry the cross Landscape space: open space

All Souls Day (Nov)

Customs: prayer for the dead Landscape space: restricted space

Easter (Mar-Apr)

Customs: light candles, pray beside the graves Landscape space: restricted space

Harvest festivals (Apr/ Jun/Oct-Nov) Customs: feature feasting Landscape space: open space

Christmas (Dec)

Customs: light candles, pray, distribute sweets Landscape space: open space

Religious distribution map of Hebbal

Site boundry Hinduism Islam Christianity Green space

3,000m

N

In Hebbal, there are about 22 religious buildings, 10 Hindu buildings, 3 Islamic buildings, and 9 Christian buildings. Religious buildings are basically distributed in densely populated communities or in waterfront areas.

Source: http://www.indyatour.com/india/festivals/major-christian-festivals-in-india

83

Can you tell us about a memorable experience where it flooded in the neighbourhood? How did you deal with the flooding? What did you do during the floods? How did you feel? When was the biggest flood that you remember? Has flooding occured more frequently nowadays compared to the past?

Where are the commonly flooded areas? How often does flooding occur?(Noted on Map)

Flooding Issues

Are you involved in cleaning up any pollution (wastes on the street...cleaning lake...)? How did you clean up the water pollution?

Do you think the water is polluted in your neighbourhood? Have you experienced any water related pollution in your everyday life? If yes, how has it affected your overall wellbeing?

Water Pollution

Do you reuse water?How do you reuse water?

Can you tell us more about key water related activities? (For example, washing dishes, laundary, swimming, fishing, festivals?) How often and where?(Noted on Map)

How much water do you use daily by function of use? (shower, drinking, cooking, laundry...)

Do you mind showing me your household water bill?

Water usage & Consumption

Do you buy drinking water and how much does it cost?

Where do you get water from?

Water security

Where is your favourite place to hang out in this neighbourhood?(Note on Map)

What do you think is the biggest and most pressing issue in this neighbourhood?

Issues & Preferences

Hum Samudaay mein sudhar kar rahe hai!

Hebbal---We are improving the community!

Address: Income:

street,

Occupation: Years Stayed in Bangalore:

block.

year(s)

(This questionnaire is for student research only. Your information will not be used for other purposes.)

Religion: Hinduism / Buddhism / Jainism / Islam / Sikhism / Christianity

Your Information

Thank you for your participation!

Bhaag lene ke liye aapka dhayanwaad!

How often do you visit this place (depending on your site - a waterbody/park/greenspace) and why? Why do you like it? How do you think this space can be improved?

Environmental Preference

What is your daily routine? How do you travel around? How long time spend specific place for what?(Noted on Map)

Daily Routine

How has the landscape changed over time? What do you feel about these changes? Can you describe the landscape in the old days?

Landscape Change

What are your major community festivals and activities and where it happens?(Noted on Map)

Festivals&Activities

Do you grow vegetables by yourself? Where do you grow vegetables?(Noted on Map)

Where do you buy produce/food? What percentage of vegetables are bought (in comparison to grown)? How much is spent on buying vegetables?

Productive Landscape

INTERVIEWS Questionnaire

Conclusion from the interview The village group collected over 30 questionnaire in the surveyed area. From these the group concluded that water insecurity is the biggest problem within the community.

Main sources of water Rainwater, Cauvery, Private borewell, CMC Private Borewell CMC

7%

7%

7% 43% 36%

Cauvery, Private borewell, CMC

Cauvery,CMC

The group also found types of main water cources and indentified challanges on usage of multiple water sources.

Main sources of water

Do people have to rely on multiple water sources?

Rainwater, Cauvery, Private borewell, CMC Private Borewell CMC

7%

4 Sources 7%

7%

3 Sources

7% 43% 36%

Cauvery, Private borewell, CMC

1 Source 14%

22%

57%

2 Sources

Cauvery,CMC

The Lake group found that the major issue in the lake area is the water scarcity. The people who live in the area are deeply influenced by the issue.

MAJOR ISSUES ON THE LAKE AREA Do people have to rely on multiple water sources?

Wasted Water

4 Sources 7%

Bad Smell

3 Sources

Dislocation of Residents

1 Source 14%

22%

Road Infrastructure Water Scarcity

57%

2 Sources

Hygine and Maintenance Security Lack of Grazing Areas Mosquitoes Open Drains Lake Infrastructure Water quality 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

PROPOSALS PROJECT 1. THRIVE HEBBAL Chan Wing Fai Hou Yanru Liu Ye PROJECT 2. DROP BY DROP. EVERY DROP COUNTS Chen Nan Isabel Villegas Molina Manasi Venkatesh Prabhudesai

PROJECT 3. WATER RESILIENT HEBBAL 3.1. Connected Water-Resilient Park I Tang Mengjiao and Zhang Qinqin 3.2. Ecological Revival of Stream I Yang Xiaowen 3.3. Matrix Sanctuaries I Muhammad Rahmat Bin Khairudin

PROJECT 4. BETTER LAKE THAN NEVER 4.1 Existing Industrial and Residential | Mitali Kumar 4.2 Lake Nagwara | Dai Yuke 4.3 Prospective Residential District | Elsa Sim Rui Jia

N 200m

92

PROJECT 1:

THRIVE HEBBAL

TRANSFORMING AN INFORMAL SETTLEMENT FROM A NEGLECTED LAND INTO AN ECONOMICALLY RESILIENT COMMUNITY

Chan Wing Fai, Hou Yanru, Liu Ye

Nearly 25 percent of the total population in Bangalore is living in more than 2000 informal settlements. The Hebbal informal settlement is one of the most vibrant communities which contribute to the development of the city for manpower and garbage collection. However, there are livelihood problems due to a lack of economic activity and insufficient basic infrastructure. This project aims to create an alternative model of informal settlement that improves the living environment of the low-income community. As the Hebbal informal settlement is situated in the buffer zone near the stream according to the future planning, the informal settlement is transformed with various blue-green infrastructures and value-added economic activities to enhance people’s quality of life, empowering the community.

To begin with, several integrated water systems are designed to collect, purify and reuse the water (including rainwater, grey water, and black water) in an around the informal settlement. Rainwater and grey water are collected from the catchment of upper streams, and the black water generated in the informal settlement will be treated locally before discharge. After purification through different bioswales and biotopes, treated water can be used for toilet flushing, irrigation, and washing clothes and dishes, which improves the quality of nonportable water to reduce the risk of illness and other diseases.

Besides, the open space in the informal settlement will be utilised with various functions. A house yard is made for every 3-5 households, each house yard consists of a community farm, bathroom and other basic infrastructures, to encourage residents to exchange resources and knowledge. The rainwater harvesting system at every household helps to provide more clean water for showering and irrigation. Besides, the open space also provides opportunities for more economic activities but also act as an open space for people living in the informal settlement and surrounding neighbourhood to enjoy as to facilitate social interaction.

Furthermore, various value-added economic activities will be introduced to equip low-income communities with additional skills to generate more income. A tree nursery, marigold farm, coconut plantation, and compost techniques will be proposed and plant species that suitable for the local climate are suggested to the residents to achieve sustainable growth of the informal settlement. The proposed value-added economic activities also benefit the city as the tree nursery and marigold farm generates supply for the city, while protecting the buffer zone from urbanization threats.

This project is meant as a model for other informal settlements to demonstrate that informal settlements can contribute more to the society in environmental, social, and economic aspects.

93

INTRODUCTION

Distribution of Informal Settlements in Bangalore

LEGEND 1km

Population 1-620 621-1400

Population Growth

Number of Informal Settlement

1401-2700 2701-6600 6601-20000

• • • 94

More than 25% of Bangalore’s population living in informal settlement Rapid increase of informal settlement and its population New migrants settlement is in poor living condition and usally lack of resources and basic facilities

N

TYPES OF INFORMAL SETTLEMENT

Low-Income Settlement Kodigehalli (>250 household)

100m

N

Very Low-Income Settlement Khata Nagar (>150 household)

100m

N

New Migrants Settlement Manjunatha (<100 household)

100m

N

Hebbal (96 household)

100m

N

LEGEND Multi-Storey House (Concrete)

Single Storey House (Wood/Plastic Sheet)

Vacant Land

Single Storey House (Concrete)

Tent (Plastic Sheet)

Unpaved Road

Original Green Land

Green Space

Paved Road 95

LANDSCAPE CHANGE

Landscape Change of Hebbal Informal Settlement

• •

2000

2008

2018

2031

More agricultural land transformed into residential area Informal settlements scattered across the city and a lot of them near the stream and other water bodies

LEGEND

Buffer Zone

Green Space Water Bodies Informal Settlement Residential Area Buffer Zone Road Railway 96

• • •

New zoning introduced in the 2031 zoning plan Creates a 30m-75m from water bodies National Green Tribunal’s (NGT) orders to protect the waterbodies from urban development

1km

N

SITE CONDITION

Location

Bus Stop

New Residential Development

Esteem Mall

Private School

Hebbal Lake

Stream

Nagavara Lake Church

Water Treatment Plant

200m

Overall Environment

Economic Activities

N

Living Condition

Water

97

COMMUNITY PROFILE

Total Area:

5.21ha

(include roads, stream and grove)

Density:

96 families

(157 households)

Population:

>380

(96 families * 4 members)

Interview:

39

98

interviews were conducted

Person Interviewed

20m

N 99

ISSUE 1

Limited Water Resources

100

N

20m LEGEND Person Interviewed

Water from Borewell A & B Water from Well C & F Water from Well D & F Non-Residental Potable Water Source Non-potable Water Source

101

ISSUE 1

Limited Water Resources

Greywater Catchment

50m LEGEND Forest and wooden area

0.05

Meadow area

0.18

Forest and wooden area:

10116m2

Compacted soil

0.30

Meadow area:

1784m2

Uncompacted soil

0.50

Compacted soil:

27649m2

Water-tight roof area

0.85

Water-tight roof area:

13192m2

Asphalt pavements area

0.95

Asphalt pavements area:

3609m2

Rainwater harvest area Rainwater collect point

Rainwater can be harvested:

Drainage

25000m3 / year

Underground pipe Surface flow

102

or

68.5m3 / day

N

Rainwater Catchment

50m

N

LEGEND Industrial area Residential area (collect)

Total population:

Excess grey water:

Residential area (uncollect)

2240

28% (=62%-26%-2%-6%)

Per capita water consumption:

Per capita excess grey water:

147L / day

41.16L / day

Rainwater collect point Drainage Underground pipe

Total excess grey water:

Domestic Water Consumption for Drinking and Cooking 4%

Toilet Gardening/ House Bath and Flushing Others Cleaning Shower 26%

2%

6%

31%

Hand Basin 4%

Kitchen/ Laundry Dishwashing 17%

Grey water = 62%

10%

92,198L / day or

92m3 / day 103

ISSUE 2

Pollution Activities in Open Space

Landscape Experience

LEGEND Comfortable Dense Forest

Less Comfortable Agriculture

Uncomfortable Mass Forest

Public Park

Truf with Vegetation

Car Park

Private Park

Street Landscape

Sparse Landscape

Maintain Landscape

Sports

Mass Bare Land

Institution Landscape

Public Plaza

Bare Land Construction Land

104

Inaccessible Land

100m

N

Vegetation Density

LEGEND Vegetation Density Very Dense Forest Dense Vegetation Turf with Little Vegetation Bare Land Hardscape without Vegetation

100m

N 105

ISSUE 2

Pollution Activities in Open Space

Connection with Other External Services

200m LEGEND

• •

106

The community is isloated from the community because a lot of public services are far from the neighborhood Low mobility of affect the residents cannot access to public infrastructure easily

N

Open Space Analysis •

Various activities happening in open spaces generate a lot of pollution that brings negative impact to the living condition of the residents

50m

N

LEGEND Playing Space

Cooking

Trashing Collection

Laundry

Water Storage

Construction Waste

Bath

Trash

Wood Storage

Empty Space

Wood Cutting Gathering Space 107

ISSUE 2

Pollution Activities in Open Space

Activities Create Pollution and Activities in Polluted Area Copper Burning

Bath/Washing Dishes/Washing Clothes

Human Waste

50m

N

Pollution & Activities

50m

N

LEGEND Bath Tent

•

Toilet

•

Washing Dishes/Clothes Copper Burning

108

Many open spaces are occupied by activities that creates a lot of pollution Leads to the negative effect of the environment and residents living in the informal settlement

Potential to Utilize the Empty Dwellings and Open Spaces

Demand of recycle activities decreased

Empty dwellings Dwellings in poor condition Empty dwellings

Dwellings in poor condition

Potential threats near the stream

50m

LEGEND Empty Space

•

N

I want to have more enclosed space for various kind of household activities to benefit my family.

- Bhagya (16)

Empty dwellings / Dwellings in poor condition

109

ISSUE 3

Low-skill Economic Activity with Insufficient Income

Recycling Work - Work Flow Collection & Distribution Location: Open Spaces in front of the house

Plastic

Glass

Paper

Copper

Rubber

Coconut

Stakeholders: •

Low Income Community

Mini storage space waiting for sell

Distribute different types of recyclables

Size: 10m * 7m

Storage Sell to Recycle Store

Location: Recycle Store Stakeholders:

Plastic Bottles

• •

Glass Bottles

Store Owner Workers

Other Recyclables Coconut Shells Size (Recycle Partition): 6m * 5m (Open Space): 7m * 5m Resell to Vendors or Recycle Factory

Package and Resell Location: Recycle Store Stakeholders: • • •

110

Store Owner Workers Vendors

Export to other parts of India or China

Income Low Income Community (Informal Settlement) Earnings: (Recycle)

Household Income: (4 family members)

₹ 500/time

Middle Income Community (Village House) Household Income: (4 family members)

₹ 30000-50000/month

₹ 4500-5000/month

Concerns and Wishes

Existing/Potential Economic Activities

111

STRATEGY 1

Utilize Water Resources to Facilitate the Livelihood of Residences

Purification of Different Types of Water Water Source

Rain Water

Collection/Purification Method

Usage

Drainage

Volume:

Rainwater collected from drainage

Biotope

Rainwater from house roof

Collect rainwater through roof pipes

Irrigation Pipe

From Drainage:

68.5m3/day From House Roof:

0.056m3/day

Black Water

Daily use

SOLID Carted away

Volume:

7.7m3/day

Toilet sewage

Separation

LIQUID

Irrigation

Biotope

Stream Water

Existing channel New channel

Stream

Floating Wetland

Tap new channel

Irrigation

Grey Water Pipeline

Grey water collected by pipeline

Bioswale

Biotope

Biotope

Irrigation

Bioswale

Volume:

92m3/day Discharge into bioswale Grey water from household

112

Filtration bed

Biotope

Daily use

Water System

LEGEND

50m Bath Tent

Floating Wetland

Gray Water

Rainwater

Filtration Bed

Bioswale

Black Water

Stream Water

N

Water Purification Tools Floating Wetland

Bioswale

Biotope Sedimentation Pond Filtration Bed Treating Bed Polishing Bed

113

STRATEGY 2

Maximize the Potential of Public Space within the Neighborhood

LEGEND

114

Public Activity Space

Grey Water System

House Yard

Rainwater Purification

Working Space

Stream Water

Dispersed Planting Area

Black Water Purification

Centralized Planting Area

New Built Houses

115

STRATEGY 2

Maximize the Potential of Public Space within the Neighborhood

Type A Backyard Style

Rainwater Volume:

1975m

3

=

Catchment Area:

2304m

Number of Household:

96 Daily Household Water Collection from Roof:

56L

116

2

*

Rainfall Height:

857mm

*

0.001

Type B Enclosing Style 1 Rainwater Harvesting Pipe 2 Water Collection Tank 3 Bath Area 4 Filter Pool 5 Vegetable Growing Area 6 Rabbit Hutch 7 Chicken Cage 8 Working Area 9 Stove 10 Woodpile 11 Seedling Cultivation 12 Bioswale

2m

N

Jackfruit 12m*12m

Mango 10m*10m

Lemon 5m*5m

Papaya 5m*5m

117

STRATEGY 3

Introduction of the Value-added Economic Activities

A. Marigold Farm Marigold Habitats

Cultural Value

Growth Period

90 Days (from seed)

Marigold in Hinduism

Sun Exposure

Full Sun

•

The flower auspiciousness

•

The orange colour signifies renunciation and hence is offered to God as a symbol of surrender

•

A very hardy flower that symbolizes a trust in the divine and a will to overcome obstacles.

Soil pH

Neutral

Soil Condition

Moderately fertile, well-drained soil

Plant Spacing

40cm with 20cm row gap

Pests/Diseases

Few (Mites and Aphids)

symbolizes

Toran

40cm*40cm (20cm gap) 5 plants/m2

•

Means gateway in Sanskrit

•

Made of Marigold or other flowers

•

Commonly found at the main door of Hindu homes

•

Need to be changed on every festive occasion

Types of Marigold African Marigold

Workflow

Mexican Marigold

SEED PROCUREMENT

MIX MEDIA PREPARATION

PREPARE NURSERY BEDS

Seed Collection

Procurement of Soil

Preparation of Manure

Seed Selection & Handling

Soil Filtering

Drying and Filtering of Manure

Preparing Nursery Beds

Size:

Water for irrigation:

0.64ha

128,000L

Temporary Seed Storage

Mixing Media

(every 10 days)

(20L/1m2)

SEED SOWING

Yield Rate:

Market Price:

3800-6300kg

₹ 70-80/kg

30 days

TRANSPLANTING 40 days

(6000-10000kg/ha)

PINCHING

Earnings:

20 days

₹ 266,000-504,000

HARVESTING

(per 3-4 months)

PACKING

Flowering Seasons • •

FLOWER MARKET

LOCAL COMMUNITIES

Sowing

Transplanting

Jan

Feb

118

Market Price:

₹70-80/kg

Three times a year (Rainy, winter and summer seasons) Maximum flower yield can be obtained from September Pinching Harvesting

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul Sowing Period

Aug

Sep Acclimating Period

Oct

Nov Harvesting Period

Dec

B. Tree Nursery •

Tree nursery is a growing industry in India and the demand of seedling is increasing, therefore it is a good opportunity to introduce this industry to the residents 6m

3m

2m

60cm 2-3 months

20L

1-2 year

2-3 years

75L

200L

300*250mm

460*460mm

700*625mm

₹300-400

₹5000-10000

₹10000-20000

6-10 years

Soil

Workflow SEED PROCUREMENT Seed Collection

Seed Selection & Handling

Temporary Seed Storage

Seed Sowing

MIX MEDIA PREPARATION Procurement of Soil

Soil Filtering

PREPARE NURSERY BEDS

Preparation of Manure

Drying and Filtering of Manure

Preparing Nursery Beds Shading

Mixing Media

Fill in Media into Polybag / Air-Pot

Sapling & Polybag / Air-Pot Placement

MAINTENANCE Transplanting, Shading Control, Irrigation, Fertilization, Pest & Disease Control

SELL TO BUYERS

Source: Fransiskus Harum & Søren Moestrup (2010)

119

STRATEGY 3

Introduction of the Value-added Economic Activities

B. Tree Nursery Size:

0.52ha

0.23ha

(75L)

0.28ha

(200L)

Water for irrigation:

Market Price:

15,600L

₹ 10000-20000

(30kL/ha/day)

•

200L Tree Pot

Tree Species Bauhinia x blackeana

Callistemon viminalis (Soland. Ex Gaertn.) G. Don

Cassia fistula

Rainfall:

>700mm

Rainfall:

500-2700mm

Full Sun/Half Shade

Light:

Full Sun

Light:

Full Sun

6-8m

Growth Form:

8m

Growth Form:

10-18m

Fast

Growth Rate:

Moderate

Growth Rate:

Moderate

Rainfall:

500-2550mm

Light: Growth Form: Growth Rate:

Lagerstroemia speciosa

Michelia champaca L.

Pongamia pinnata

Rainfall:

Moderate

Rainfall:

Moderate

Rainfall:

500-2500mm

Light:

Full Sun

Light:

Full Sun

Light:

Full Sun

Growth Form:

6-15m

Growth Form:

16-30m

Growth Form:

16-30m

Growth Rate:

Moderate

Growth Rate:

Fast

Growth Rate:

Moderate

Grevillea robusta Cunn. Ex R. Br. Rainfall:

700-1700mm

Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv.

Rainfall:

800-2000mm

Light:

Full Sun

Light:

Full Sun

Growth Form:

15m

Growth Form:

10-15m

Growth Rate:

Fast

Growth Rate:

Fast

Compost Area Open Area for Plants (with Tree Pot)

120

(with cow dung and dead leaves)

C. Coconut Plantation • • •

Not yet utilized the existing coconut tree Easy to manage A lot of benefit and possible to produce other by-product

Water for irrigation:

Size:

0.55ha

(97 trees)

4365L

(45L/tree/day)

Yield Rate: Coconut:

4850-7275 nuts

(50-75 nuts/tree/year)

Coconut Oil Production:

Coconut Flour Production:

439-659L

336-504kg

Market Price: Coconut:

Coconut Oil:

Coconut Flour:

₹30/nut

₹260/L

₹200/kg

Life Span:

First Fruiting:

60-80 year

6-10 year PROPAGATION

GERMINATION

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT 6-10 years

COCONUT FRUITING 1 years

COCONUT HARVESTING

Coconut 7.5m*7.5m

COCONUT

COCONUT OIL

177 plants/ha COCONUT FLOUR 121

STRATEGY 3

Introduction of the Value-added Economic Activities

D. Aerobic Composting • • • • • •

Decomposition of organic matter via microorganisms that require oxygen Simplest way of contributing positively to waste management Provide compost for other economic activities (Tree Nursery, Marigold Farm, and Coconut Plantation) Easy to do in informal settlement Requires sunlight and natural moisture to perform well Requires little management

Cow Dung:

29.5L/day/cow Market Price:

₹25-30/kg

Workflow Input

Output Water, Heat, CO2

Dead Leaves

10

+

:

Water

3

+

:

Cow Dung

1

(Output)

1

Organic Compost

Composting Container

Oxygen

122

(Input)

1-3 Month(s)

Economic Flow - Regional Scale • • •

Hebbal is well connected by two major highways Landscape tree can be exported to the surrounding neighbourhoods Marigold can be sold in the biggest flower market in Bangalore - KR Flower Market

YELAHANKA

SITE HEBBAL MALLESHWARAM SUNKADAKATTE

KR FLOWER MARKET

1km

N

123

STRATEGY 3

Introduction of the Value-added Economic Activities

Economic Flow - Site Scale

LEGEND Marigold Farm Tree Nursery Coconut Compost 124

Recycle

•

Different kinds of economic activities are interrelated

•

Marigold farm and tree nursery provides marigold and landscape trees to the surrounding neighbourhood

•

Possible to extend the existing coconut plantation to add value to the coconut industry

•

Composting could provide resources for the plantation activities

•

Existing recycle activity is kept because it could also benefit the community 20m

N 125

MASTERPLAN

1 Toilet 2 Trash Recycling Centre 3 Board Games 4 Compost 5 Tool Room 6 Greenhouse Seedling 7 Marigold Farm 8 Transit Centre 9 Church 10 Night Cinema 11 Coconut Product Factory 12 Community Activity Plaza 13 Sports Field 14 Planting Nursery 15 Coconurt Forest 16 Slope Protection 17 Environment Education Centre 18 Music Alley

126

20m

N 127

INFORMAL SETTLEMENT AS A SYSTEM

128

129

CONNECTION WITH EXTERNAL COMMUNITIES

MARKET

WATER CATCHMENT AREA

MARKET

HEBBAL LAKE SITE

INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS

130

NAGAVARA LAKE

HEBBAL

PHASED DEVELOPMENT Phase 1 Water: • •

Introduction of stream water Create household rainwater collection system

Open Space: •

Houseyard for greywater treatment

Economy: • • •

Produce coconut oil using the existing coconut tree in site Fruit tree, chicken and rabbit in houseyard Keep two existing recycling point

Phase 2 Water: •

Introduction of grey water collection and treatment system

Open Space: •

Use the empty space to develop new value-added economic activities

Economy: •

Develop Planting Nursery

Phase 3 Water: •

Increase the scale of rainwater collection system

Open Space: •

New community activities and new settlements

Economy: •

Develop Marigold Farm

50m

N 131

THRIVE HEBBAL

Together we thrive for a better Informal Settlement.

132

133

134

PROJECT 2:

DROP BY DROP. EVERY DROP COUNTS

DIVERSIFYING THE WATER SOURCE TO GENERATE A WHOLE SELF-RELIANT NEIGHBOURHOOD.

Chen Nan , Manasi Prabhudesai, Isabel Villegas

Situated in Hebbal Kempapapura, a typical middle-income neighborhood faces a severe problem of water insecurity due to the dispute for Cauvery water and the fact that borewells are drying up. Water distribution from the different authorities did not evolve with the development, resulting in a complex substandard water network.

The lack of infrastructure related to water supply, drainage, and sewage systems lead the community to exploit the resources inappropriately. In addition, the housing centered development left the unconstructed spaces as a residue. Through reconnecting the age-old relationship with water resources and eco-friendly practices, this project intends to minimize the dependency on the urban water supply and foresees a whole self-reliant neighbourhood.

The overall goal is to understand the whole cycle of water, addressing the problem in 3 scales. Private home yards and rooftops, vacant lots and streets, and the canal are the main components of the cycle in the neighbourhood. By diversifying usage and mitigating pollution of the black, gray, rain, and canal water, we will design an integrated recycling process for re-use, addressing each as a different independent system.

Rainwater will be collected in rooftops to reduce external water consumption. In open areas, rainwater will be drained in a Jhalara (a traditional rainwater harvesting structure) and will be used to recharge underground water in order to provide sufficient water in the dry season through open wells. Grey water will be purified and reused for agricultural irrigation and toilet use, reducing 30% of the overall demand. Blackwater will be used for creating biogas to cook at households. Consequently, the interventions will restore the river's natural selfpurification capacity. At a larger scale, we aim to rejoin the canal with the lake system, forming a connected river corridor and restoring the lake ecosystem network.

This project aims to reunify the ecological flows with social activities. The different cycles of water will be linked together by a series of landscape spaces, like productive rooftops, green streets, community gardens, holy plazas, stepwells, and wetland parks. Jhalaras redesigned will evoke functions of cleaning, storing and act as a place for worship. Productive landscapes will reunite people with the land through sustainable activities.

The Jhalaras, together with the agriculture lands, will be tied up with an organized open space system for the exchange of goods and gathering space. Therefore, reconnecting people with water will encourage the community to respect and be aware of the importance of water.

In the aim to conserve the proposed system and the natural growth of the city, we extract out of the project a coefficient that is directly related to the amount of m2 that represent the consumption of a person water footprint in our system. This is part of the plan to create a policy for the new development of a neighborhood. By creating this formula, we plan to replicate and secure the approach of the project with the inevitable growth of the city.

135

DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

LANDUSE FOR HEBBAL DEVELOPMENT

LEGEND

Settlements

HEBBAL 2018

HEBBAL 2031

Vacant 16.94%

Residential 32.55%

Water Bodies & Streams 3.99%

Water Bodies & Streams 3.84%

Transport 9.62% Open Space 2.58% Public Utility 0.58%

Residential 43.68%

NGT Buffer 7.35%

Commercial 3.85%

2002 2002 2002

Transport 14.28%

Commercial 1.66%

Industrial 5.12%

Open Space 2.47%

Industrial 4.53%

Public & Semi Public 24.77%

Public Utility 0.54%

Public & Semi Public 21.65%

2007 2007 2007

2018 2018 2018

Income demogprah demogprah Income 50% 50% 40% 40%

28 28%

30% 30%

N

20% 20%

1000m

17% 17%

10% 10% 00

136

Settlements Settelments Settelments

Unpaved Un paved pavedroad road Un

Paved road Paved road road Paved

Canaliced canal Canaliced canal canal Canaliced

Openwell Openwell

Drainage Drainage Drainage

Water Water

Slums Slums

Lo Low

INCOME DEMOGRAPHICS

Income demogprahics

HEBBAL CHANGE OVER TIME

50%

45% 40%

28%

30%

17%

20%

The current developent process has ignored the traditional water systems and as the rapid urbanization happens, demand-supply gap between households and BBMP water resources increased the dependency on other sources of water.

10%

10% 0

Water

Slums

Acient

Low

Middle

High

Lake Series Dugwells

Stepwell

Aquifers Water Harvesting

Canals

1960

1970 Cauvery River BBMP

1

TK Hali WTP Water flow Water treatment plants Transimission Pipelines Water bodies

Hesaraghatta Reservoir Arkavathi River

2 Chamaraja agar Reservoir

From WTP to homes

Karnataka Tamil nandu

Now Cauvery

Private Borewell

Tanker

CMC Goverment Water Unit Borewell

CHANGE IN THE USE OF RESOURCE

Over explotation of ground water resources.

Soak Pit

Recharge structures, recharge wells, percolation pits

Drainage

Borewells

Stormwater drain Lake

Lake

Slowly recharging ground water

20-25m

Deep aquifers

Slowly recharging ground water

Top soil

Openwell

Shallow aquifer

Top soil

Openwell

Weathered zone spongy layer

20-25m

Shallow aquifer

Deep aquifers

Weathered zone spongy layer

Fractured zone

Fractured zone

Bed Rock

Bed Rock

Bangalore’s WATER TABLE is SHRINKING from 76-91m to 10-12m in the past two decades.

Sources

Estimated number

Out take in MLD

BWSSB Borewells

7,000

282

Private Borewells

80,000

120

MLD = Million Liters per day

http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/bangalore-population/ Bangalore water supply sewerage project.

137

ACTUAL SYSTEM

Cauvery CMC Private Borewell Sewage Drainage

138

Main sources of water. Do people have to rely on multiple water sources?

Rainwater, Cauvery, Private borewell, CMC

CMC Private Borewell

4 Sources 7%

7% 7%

7% 43%

7%

Cauvery, CMC

1 Source 14%

3 Sources 22% 2 Sources 57%

Cauvery, CMC

139

WATER SYSTEMS

9 33%

8 7 25%

6 5 4 3 8%

2

8% 4%

1

4%

ue iss No

po llu tio n Ca na l

ric e W at er P

ns ec ur ty W at er I

ua lity W at er Q

Se wa ge

Clo gg ed

Flo od in g

0%

1 Dr ain ag e

We collect 30+ questionnaire in the area. From these we conclude that water insecurity is the biggest problem in our area.

16%

903m 902m 901m 900m 899m 898m 897m 896m 895m

894m

893m

892m

890

m 891m

893m

889

m

892m

890m

891m 890m Our system Our system

Systems of systems Systems of systems

Park Park

Commercial area Commercial Borewells Borewells

889m

area

Water unit Water

888m

unit Flow of drainage Flow of drainage

As BBMP water recources is not enough, each neihborhood has a side system in relation to potable water and 890.5m undergournd water that makes the neihborhood a system of systems.

N 50m 140

RAPID URBANISIM WITHIN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD

Insufficient water sources

Decontextualized to immediate surroundings

Underutilized Open space

Insufficient water sources

Decontextualized to immediate surroundings

Underutilized Open Space 141

INSUFFICIENCY

WATER SOURCE

Storage Bangalore

From WTP to homes

Goverment WTP

Pipe

500L500L

500 liters

Monday and Thursday

Household

55Ru = 1Sd

CAUVERY RIVER

“Unlimited”

“Free”

Goverment Borewell CMC

UNDERGROUND WATER. BOREWELLS

25liters

25L

500 liters

500L

15 - 60 Rs 0.50Sd - 1Sd Rs

Goverment Borewell FILTER WATER

300-400Rd 5-7Sd

Private for Selling Borewell

“Unlimited”

Private individual borewell

“Free”

Drilling: 1 foot = 1sgd Pipe: 280 foot = 5sgd

After the cost of opening

Drilling 1F

Pipe 280F

Hebbal S

Capacit

Water availability

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Cauveri Mon AM

Cauveri CMC Water Tanker Privte Individual Borewell Water Unit

142

Tues PM

Thursday

Friday

Water Tanker

AM

Wed PM

AM

Tues PM

Saturday

CMC

AM

Fri PM

AM

Sunday

Water Unit Sat PM

AM

Sun PM

AM

PM

TYPES OF HOUSES AND THEIR WATER SOURCE

Type A

Type B

Type C

Type D

Water source within the neihbourghood

Roof Tank Connection

Cauvery Ilegal CMC

Underground water tank

Openwell Sewage system

Borewell

143

INSUFFICIENCY

WATER ANALYSIS IN RELATION TO THE PEOPLE IN THE AREA 3 38

3

441

12

12

4

10

4

8 6

8

8

7

1900

7

6

890

7

882

15

1176

882

6

1029

960

960

1600 588

882

588

892m 1176

960

882

1200

588

1200 960

800

1029

882

882

1100 882

10

891m

4

80L/person/day

735

960

1029 882

1360

882

882 960

882

588

m

6

1100

882

441

882

588 1029

441 882

890

7

6 22

588

147L/person/day

800 882

441

735

882 735

12

10

6

882 1029 1176

15

5 4

12

6

4

m

1200

882

1176

4

6 8

588

800

893m

1176 1176

20

12

4 12

882

17

6

6 6

6 3

12

6 6

7 5

6

4

960 588

3

3

4

6 8

960

882 588

1850

12

5

441

1029

6

6

8

1900

22

6

15

6

1850

10

7

4 38

894m

960

12 37

37

800 588

1500

30

50L/person/day

890m

588

4

3000

889m

60 12

2

960

4

294 4

5

735 960

12

882

6

882

6

4

6

5

735

588

15

960

12

1200

15 8

1176

3

441

588 4

882

1200

735 5

588 588

4

4

588

588 441

3

2500

50

890m

890m 1015px 9177m2

967 people (204 units)

Live in the area

890

m

1 storey 2 storey 3 storey 4 storey

1015px 9177m2

Water demand in890.5m neighbourhood: 89397 L/day

400-800L/day 800-1200L/day 1200-1600L/day 1600+L/day

890

m

Cauveri water Supply time: Twice a week: Tue&Thurs 7:00am-10:00pm People will fulfill their underground tank & rooftop tank for a whole week use 500L*2 Rooftop tank 890m 2500L (average) Underground tank

84 neighborhood* 3500L* 2times a week/ 7days=84000L/day

Amount of Cauvery water supply:84000L/day

144

890m

Cauveri water

Cauveri water Private borewell Water unit Water tanker CMC water

Extra underground water supply: 89397-84000=5397L/day

Demand

4000 MLD 3000

Supply

2000 1000 2016

2034

2049

WATER CONSUMPTION OF EACH TYPE OF HOUSEHOLD

TYPE A:

TYPE B:

Location: Main street

Location: near the cannel

Ownership: Landlord+Tenent

Ownership: Landlord

Job: Landlord & office worker

Job: Bank Manager

Settlements: 2017

Settlements: 1993

Number of people:

Number of people:

Per Capita water usage: 147L/day

Per Capita water usage: 147L/day

Drinking: 2L/day

Drinking: 2L/day

Cooking:2.5L/day

Cooking:2.5L/day

Washing&Bathing:132.5L/day

Washing&Bathing:132.5L/day

Others(washing cars&plants):10L/day

Others(washing cars&plants):10L/day

Cost on water:

641rs/month

Cost on water:

(drinking + Cauveri)

641rs/month

(drinking + Cauveri)

TYPE C:

TYPE D:

Location: near the cannel

Location: next to main street

Ownership: Landlord

Ownership: Tenent

Job: IT analyist (30,000-40,000*2rs/month)

Job: Security guard (10,000-15,000*2rs/month)

Settlements: 1999

Settlements: 2005

Number of people:

Number of people:

Per Capita water usage: 138.4L/day

Per Capita water usage: 50L/day

Drinking: 1.4L/day

Drinking: 1.4L/day

Cooking: 2L/day

Cooking: 2L/day

Washing&Bathing:125L/day

Washing&Bathing:46.6L/day

Others(washing cars&plants):10L/day Cost on water:

1241rs/month

Cost on water:

(drinking + Cauveri+tanker) WaterWater cost:Income Water cost:Income cost: Income Water cost:Income

70,000

1.7% 1.7% 1.7%1.7%

of ononwater: Percentage of Percentage Percentage cost on water: ofcost cost water: Percentage of cost on water:

(drinking) 70,000 70,000 70,000

200rs/month

Water cost:Income cost:Income Water cost: Income Water Water cost:Income 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000

70,000 70,00070,000

Percentage of oncost water: Percentage of cost oncost water: of 1.6% on1.6% water: 1.6% Percentage ofPercentage cost on water: 1.6%

70,000

145

DECONTEXTUALIZATION

ANCIENT METHODS RELATED TO WATER

Jhalaras

Upstream reservoir or a lake

Direct collection + Indirect collection

Used For Religious rites

Surface runoff

Kund

Rain water

Community use

Used For

Direct collection

Harveest water for drinking Built aroun open welll

Rain water

Bawadi

Surface runoff

Direct collection + Indirect collection

minimise water loss

Used For

Water from hills

Taanka

Rooftop Water & Courtyards

Shallow Aquifer

Deep Aquifers

StormWater Drain

Recharge deep aquifer

Indirect collection

Used For Washing

Bathing

Surface runoff Ground water springs

Panam Keni

Direct Collection From feilds & forest

146

Used For Harveest water for drinking

Agriculture

DEVELOPMENT OF KEMPAPURA

Before 2000

2000 Mud Ground with construction Paved Area Slums Mud ground with wild grass Mud ground Construction Land 2007

Polluted water Ground covered with grass Cultivation land Wetland Open well Trees Coconut Plantation Lake/Canal Water Building

2019

Ground G+1 G+2 G+2 National Highway Primary Roads Secondary Roads Tertiary Road Mud Road

N 200m 147

DECONTEXTUALIZATION

DEVELOPMENT OF KEMPAPURA

SECTION AA’

Farm Coconut land Plantation

Wetland

Farm land

Connected wetland

Site

Wetland

Nagavara Lake

Coconut Plantation

Year: Before 2000

Farm land

Wetland

Coconut Plantation

Settlements

Lake In summer

Year: 2000

Disappearing Wetland

No coconut plantations and farm land

Wetland covered with soil to increase settlement area

Construction land

Increase in dwellings, sewage discharged in canal

Polluted Lake

Year: 2007

High rise Dense Construction settlement Constructed canal

Disconnected restored lake used for tourism

Year: 2019

A 148

A’

URBANIZATION PROCESS

SECTION BB’ Year: Before 2000

Year: 2000 Settlement

Garbage Dumping

Canal As Source

Wetland

Change in Year: 2007 relationship

Covering the wetland with construction soil

Canal As Sewage

Dumping soil

Year: 2019

Flood line

Year: Before 2000

Soil Type Sand

Year: 2019

Soil Type Sand

Clay

Clay

Silt

Silt

B

B’

149

UNDERUTILIZATION

LAND USE

903m 902m 901m 900m 899m 898m 897m 896m 895m

Current space hasn’t been fully used by people since land has been divided by plots and started 893m different levels of construction.

894m

892m

Managed

891m

Condo

890m

School

889m

Commercial

890

m

893m

892m 889

m

891m

Regional Industrial

888m

Residential with homeyard Residential

890m

Managed

Ingrastructure typology

Unmanaged

890.5m

Condo

N

School

50m

Wooded grassland Barren land

Commercial Open space

Water infrastructure

Road & Drainage

Regional Private homeyard

Dried openwell 20

30

20

30

Industrial

Covered drainage

0.5

0.6

3.35

0.4

Residential with homeyard Residential 20

20

Kaveri&CMC supply tap

30

Private borewell 20

30

20

30

30

Idle private land(adjacent to building)

Sewage 20

5.5

Uncovered drainage

0.3

0.4

3.65

0.6

3.35

0.5

0.4

20

0.5

10

0

150

No drainage

Idle private(adjacent to road)

0

10

Public space

Uncovered drainage with plants

OPEN SPACE TYPOLOGY 903m 902m 901m 900m 899m 898m 897m 896m

Much of the land in possession was left idle because the landlord did not have enough money for construction which make it become negative now.

Open space has been regarded 894m as a negative place hence no 893m activities happen there.

895m

892m

Managed

Waste typ

891m

Public open space

Trash

890m

Private home yard

Construction

Road

Discard soil

Waterbody

Car type

890

m

893m

892m 889

m

891m

889m

888m

890m

Managed

Waste type

Public open space

Trash

Private home yard

Construction material

Road

Discard soil

Waterbody 890.5m

Private car

Water tanker

Car type

N

Private car Water tanker

890m

50m

Construction work

N

MaintainanceChildren work play

Chatting Take in water

Burn rubbish

Tutu drop off

Drink coffee Worship

Wash utensil

151

UNDERUTILIZATION

INSUFFICIENT DRAINAGE SYSTEM IN THE AREA 903m 902m

Covered drainage

0.5

901m 0.6

900m

3.35

0.4

Covered drainage

899m 898m 897m 896m

No drainage

895m 5.5

No drainage

894m

Uncovered drainage

0.3

893m 0.4

3.65

0.6

3.35

0.5

Uncovered drainage

892m 890

m

891m

893m

889

m

892m

890m

891m

Uncovered drainage with plants

0.4

890m 889m

0.5

Concrete

Concrete Mud

0.4

Asphalt

Asphalt

3.65

3.35

Asphalt

Concrete

0.5

888m

0.6

0.5

Mud

Insufficient drainage system make houses have

more potential to get

50m 903m 902m

Coefficient:

901m 900m 899m 898m 897m

Uncovered drainage

N

Mud Uncovered drainage with plants

890.5m

0.3

0.4

Uncovered drainage with plants

flooded.

STREETS: Street(concrete): 0.8 Informal road(compacted soil): 0.75

896m 895m

LAWNS: Open space & home yard(compacted sandy loam): 0.3 Green space(unimpacted sandy loam,2%): 0.2 Green space with tree: 0.1

894m

893m

892m

AGRICULTURAL LAND: Farmland(Sandy soil with vegetation):0.2

890m 891m

893m

892m

890m

891m

889m

RESIDENTIAL: Roofs: 0.9 Drainage(Filled with soil): 0.3 Parks: 0.25

Paved surfaces in the city

890m

N

890.5m

100m 152

78%

have increased up to due to years of unplanned urbanisation. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-floods-because-it-is-78concrete-iisc-study/articleshow/60300957.cms

WRONG VEGETATION CHOICE AND UNDERUTILIZED ROOFTOP 903m 902m 901m 900m 899m 898m 897m 896m 895m

15\ 19: Edible or Medicinal plants

894m

893m

892m

Papita (Papaya)

Carica papya

Banana Musa acuminata

Neem

Peru (Guava)

Arandi (Castor bean) Moringa Tree

Indian Almond

Bougainvillea

Terminalia catappa

Bougainvillea sp.

Coconut tree

Azadirachta indica

Psidium guajava

Ricinus communis

Moringa oleifera

Edible Fruit

Edible Fruit

Medicinal/ pest control

Edible fruit and leaves

Ornamental

Ornamental

Edible Friut

High water

Low water

Low water

Spontaneous/Medicinal plant Low water

Medicinal plant

Medium water

Medium Water

Medium Water

Low water

Low water

891m

Cocos nucifera

890m

Neem

889m

Papita (Papaya) Carica papya

Lemon Scented Gum Brown Pine

Avocado Papita (Papaya)

Singapore cherry Neem

Graminaceae Peru (Guava)

Podocarpus neriifolius

Quararibea cordata

Mangifera indica

Citrus limon

Persea americana Carica papya

Nispero Banana

Corymbia citriodora

Oranamental

Ornamental

Edible Fruit

Edible Fruit

Edible Leaves & Friut

Edible Friut Fruit

Edible Friut Fruit

Edible Friutpest control Medicinal/

Fake EdibleCorn fruit and leaves

High Water

Medium high water

Medium water

Meidum\High water

Medium water

Extreme high water Medium water

Medium water High water

High Water Low water

Fake Corn Low water

Sapote

Indian mango

Lemon Tree

Eriobotrya japonica Musa acuminata

Muntingia calabura Azadirachta indica

Fake Corn Psidium guajava

Banana Musa acuminata

Neem

Peru (Guava)

Azadirachta indica

Edible Fruit Indian Almond

Medicinal/ pest control Bougainvillea

Edible fruittree and leaves Coconut

Cassia Ricinusfistula communis

Terminalia High watercatappa

Bougainvillea Low water sp.

Cocos nucifera Low water

Moringa Mediumoleifera water

Low\Medium Water Low water

Arandi (Castor bean) Moringa Tree

Psidium guajava

Edible Fruit Golden shower bean) tree Moringa Arandi (Castor Tree Medicinal Spontaneous/Medicinal plant

Medicinal plant

Ornamental

Ornamental

Edible Friut

Medium Water

Medium Water

Low water

Low water

Indian A

Ricinus communis

Moringa oleifera

Spontaneous/Medicinal plant Low water

Medicinal plant

Ornamenta

Medium Water

Medium W

Terminalia

Lemon Tree

Avocado

Nispero

Citrus limon

Neem

Neem

b Garden* 890.5m

Corn field Papita (Papaya)

Banana

Carica papya

Musa acuminata

Neem

Peru (Guava)

Arandi (Castor bean) Moringa BrownAlmond Pine Lemon Tree Scented GumIndian

Bougainvillea sp.

Quararibea cordata

Coconut tree Indian mango

Psidium guajava

Ricinus communis

Moringa oleifera Corymbia citriodora

Edible fruit and leaves Indian mango

Ornamental Ornamental Nispero

Ornamental Edible Fruit Singapore

Quararibea Low water cordata

Mangifera Low water indica

Persea americana Medium Water High Water

Eriobotrya japonica Medium MediumWater high water

Muntingia calabura Low waterwater Medium

Fake Corn Low water Meidum\High water

Ornamental

Edible Fruit

Edible Fruit

Spontaneous/Medicinal Lemon Tree plant Citrus limon Low water Edible Leaves & Friut

Medicinal plant Oranamental Avocado

Podocarpus High water neriifolius

Oranamental

Edible Friut

Edible Friut

Edible Friut

Fake Corn

High Water

Medium high water

Medium water

Meidum\High water

Medium water

Extreme high water

Medium water

High Water

Fake Corn

Fruit Brown Pine Gum Edible

Terminalia catappa Podocarpus neriifolius

Bougainvillea Sapote

Azadirachta indica Medicinal/ Sapote pest control

Corymbia citriodora Medium water

Edible FruitScented Lemon

cherry

Cocos nucifera Mangifera indica Edible EdibleFriut Fruit Graminaceae

Neem

Persea americana

Eriobotrya

Edible Leaves & Friut Golden shower tree

Edible Friut

Edible Friu

Cassia fistula Medium water

Extreme high water

Medium w

Medicinal Low\Medium Water

TERRACE CONDITION Terrace condition Fenced rooftop Terrace Fenced condition rooftop Sloping roof Sloping roof Fenced rooftop

Herb Garden*

Terrace condition

Fenced rooftop

Herb Garden*

Sloping roof

Terrace use Sloping roof Corn field Corn field

Caricia papya

Caricia papya

Lemon Scented Gum Brown Pine Caricia papya Corymbia citriodora Caricia papya Oranamental

High Water

Sapote

Indian mango

Lemon Tree

Caricia papya Avocado

TERRACE USE Dry the clothes Rainwater harvest harvest Rainwater harvest Rainwater Graminaceae Solar pannel Golden shower tree Dry thethe clothes Dry clothesclothes Dry the Disposal Solar pannel Solar pannel Construction material Solar panel Disposal Rooftop watertank Disposal Disposal Construction material Construction Construction Rooftop watertankmaterial Rooftop watertank material Terrace Terrace useuse

Rainwater harvest

Caricia papya

Nispero

Singapore cherry

Podocarpus neriifolius

Quararibea cordata

Mangifera indica

Citrus limon

Persea americana

Eriobotrya japonica

Ornamental

Edible Fruit

Edible Fruit

Edible Leaves & Friut

Edible Friut

Edible Friut

Edible Friut

Fake Corn

Medium high water

Medium water

Meidum\High water

Medium water

Extreme high water

Medium water

High Water

Muntingia calabura

Fake Corn

Herb Garden*

Fake Corn

Cassia fistula

Medicinal

Low\Medium Water

Target area Corn field Caricia papya Caricia papya

N

20m

890m

Caricia papya Caricia papya Caricia papya

Caricia papya

I never use my rooftop to harvest rainwater because the cost of maintaining infiltration facilities is high.

6157sq meter potential rooftop area 990mm(average) amount of annual precipitation 6095.43 cubic meter(6095430L) water can be catch for

the area every year= 16699L/day

This will take up 18.67% water demand in the neighbourhood.

153

STRATEGIES OBJECTIVE

ISSUE

ACTION COLLECT

DIVERSIFY

INSUFFICIENT The lack of water infrastructure related to water supply, drainage, and sewage systems.

Collect water in the household and unutilized open spaces for community use.

REUSE Reusing the grey and rain water for household and vegetation land.

DECONTEXTUALIZED The lack of water infrastructure relate to water supply, drainage, and sewage systems.

PURIFY Create the decentralized water purification system in the neighbourhood by using vegetation and natural resources.

REUNIFY

UNDERUTILIZED The lack of water infrastructure relate to water supply, drainage, and sewage systems.

REVITALIZE Recreating the Genius Loci through ancient and local wisdom.

WATER CALCULATION FOR THE OVERALL SYSTEM TOTAL WATER USED IN ONE DAY = 59,002 L/DAY DRINKING WATER: GREY WATER:

94%

154

6%

3,575 L/DAY

94%

55,426 L/DAY

55%

BLACK WATER: 30,394 L/DAY

39%

GREY

100%

25,031L/DAY

RAIN 60,543 L/DAY

TYPES OF WATER WITH THEIR TYPE OF USE

HOUSEHOLD

STREET

Cauvery Cook

Rain water

Grey water

VACANT LAND

BUFFTER CANEL

Drink

Wash

Car washing

Rain water

Bath

Watering plants

Black

Worship area

Underground water recharge

Grey water

Produce gardens

Rain water

Grey water Open market

Holy plazas

Agriculture land

Wetland

STP Toilet

Worship area

Underground water recharge

Biogas

Rain water Drinking water Grey water Black water Canel

Strategies HOUSEHOLD & HOMEYARD Coarse filter

STREET

Anoxic limestone drain

Grey water purification system

Agriculture land Grey circle

Reuse system

Grey circle

Grey circle

Water tank

Productive landscape

Bioretention Vegetated swale swale

Bamboo drip

STREAM

VACANT LAND & BUFFER

Cistern

Jhalara open well

Vegetated swale

Productive landscape: Community, market, rituals

Watering the agriculture land Sediment battel Bio

Floating island

Stung wall

Built island

Naturalized river

Varying river bank

155

DIVERSIFICATION

RAIN WATER SYSTEM

420

140 42

42

620

170

42 42

Household & Homeyard

Vacant Land Buffer

Street Anoxic limestone drain

Coarse filter

ld & old & ard yard

mm

42

180

Household & 100% Homeyard Household Use:&

Reuse:

Grey water purification system

Vacant Land Buffer Vacant Land Stream Stream Grey water purification systemBuffer

Street

59,002 L/dayStreetVacant VacantLand Land

Homeyard limestone Coarse filter Street Street In the household: Purify and Anoxic drain Buffer use Grey circle Agriculture land Cistern Buffer

Grey circle

Reuse system

Anoxic limestone daily.

Grey water Greydrain waterpurification purificationsystem system Clean with bioswale, and collect it with ancient methods of storage.

Street

Coarse filter

Household & Homeyard Coarse filter Grey circle GreyWater circletank

Anoxic Anoxiclimestone limestone In the street: drain drain

Grey circle

Reuse system

Reuse system

Grey Productive landscape Greycircle circle

Household & Homeyard

Water tank Grey circle Reuse system Coarse filter

Grey circle

OPEN WELLS to recharge Anoxic limestone Grey circle Grey circle undergrond Agriculture land Cistern Bioretention swales water.

Vegetated swale drain Agriculture land Cistern

Stream

Cistern

Grey circle

Grey water purification system

Vacant Land Agriculture land Buffer

Grey water purification system Cistern Grey Jhalara open wellcircle Grey circle

After cleaning the stream, it will be used also to recharge under Street ground water.

Stream Grey circle

Agriculture land

Grey circle

Vegetated swale

Vacant Land Buffer

Stream

N 390

Productive landscape Bioretention swales Vegetated swale Jhalara open well Grey circle Agriculture land Grey circle Cistern Anoxic limestone Grey water purification system Street Vacant Areas Canal drain Productive landscape: Bioretention Vegetated Vegetated Jhalara open Water tankswales landscape Bioretention Vegetated swaleswale Jhalara open well Vegetatedswale swale Bioretention swales Productive Vegetated swale Jhalara openwell wellswales Community, market, rituals.

Vegetated swale

30m

Household

Productive landscape Productive landscape Bamboo drip

Reuse system Water tank

p

Grey circle

Productive landscape Bamboo drip

Grey circle Bioretention swales

Productive landscape

Agriculture land Jhalara open well

Grey circle Productive landscape: Vegetated Community, market,swale rituals.

Watering the plants Productive Productivelandscape: landscape: Community, Community,market, market,rituals. rituals.

Bamboo drip

Water tank

Cistern Vegetated swale

Bioretention swales

Vegetated swale

Jhalara open well Productive landscape: Community, market, rituals.

Bamboo drip Biogas

Sediment battel

Bamboo drip

95% from rooftop and 15% Biogas private daily use Runoff and 5% Evaporation evaporation

swale Watering the Vegetated plants

Sediment Sedimentbattel battel

85% Gathered in Jhalara and holy plazas

Sediment battel Floating islands

Watering the plants

Stung Stungwall wall

Watering the plants Community, market, rituals.

Sediment battel Floating Floatingislands islands

156

Built Builtisland island

Sediment b

Naturalized Naturalizedriver river

Stung wall

Varying Varyingriver riverbank ban

Floating isla

Watering the plants

Biogas

Naturalized river

Floating islands

15% Runoff and evaporation Productive landscape:

Biogas

Biogas

Stung wall

Productive landscape: Community, market, rituals.

Watering Wateringthe theplants plants

85% Drainged into Jhalara.

Vegetated swale

Sediment Floating islands battel

Floating islands

Stung river wall Naturalized

Naturalized river

GREY WATER SYSTEM 620

60

10 10 42

10

10

10

42

42

10

42

10

10

10

42

250

70 60

300

730

700

Comes from rain water After use it becomes grey water.

Use: 130

From household (coarse filtration) to street (ALD), sedimentation pond, shallow mash, polishing pond, agriculture land.

30

Reuse:

sehold & meyard

e filter

30m

d& rd

system

N

Street Anoxic limestone drain

Street Household Household & Street Homeyard

Anoxic limestone drain Grey circle Coarse filter Grey circle

ehold & HouseholdStreet & Street meyard Street Grey circle Grey circle Cistern Homeyard Reuse system Anoxic limestone Coarse filter drain Productive landscape tank filter

55% for toilet 39% for grey water cleaning system.

Vacant Land Buffer 25,031 L/day

40

Grey water purification system

280

Vacant Land Buffer

Vacant Land Buffer

Vacant Areas

Street

Grey water purification system CisternAnoxic limestone Agriculture land drain

Stream Stream

Grey water system Greypurification circle

Land Vacant LandVacant Vacant Land Buffer North street: Buffer Agriculture land Grey circle Buffer

Stream

Stream Stream

10% in household garden and homeyard Grey circle Grey circle Grey circle Anoxic limestone GreyCistern water purification system Agriculture land Grey water purification system Grey water purification 10% insystem street irrigation and absorbtion Anoxic limestone drain Vegetated swale Vegetatedprocess swale Bioretentiondrain swales Jhalara open well 20% cleaning and to irrigate agriculutre

land 43% banana circle 13% outermost circle cleaning water system ends in canal Buffer: (with relocation)

Grey circle system Grey circle Agriculture land circle Cistern 10% in Grey household garden and homeyard BioretentionCistern swales Grey landscape Vegetated Vegetated swale Jhalara open well cle Productive Agriculture land Grey circle Grey circle Grey circle Reuse system circle swale Agriculture land Grey circle Cistern 10% in street irrigation and absorbtion Productive landscape Vegetated swale Vegetated swale Water tank Bioretention swales Jhalara open well

20% cleaning process and to irrigate agriculutre land banana circle

Productive landscape: Community, market, rituals.60%

oo drip

South street: 10% in household garden and homeyard 20% inVegetated street irrigation and absorbtion ank Productive landscape Bioretention swales Vegetated swale swale Jhalara open well Productive landscape: ve landscape Vegetated Bioretention swale Vegetated Bioretention swales JhalaraVegetated open wellswale Water tank Productive landscape swales Vegetated swale Jhalara openswale well 70% cleaning process and to irrigate agriculutre land Community, market, rituals.

Bamboo drip

Watering the plants

Productive landscape: Community, market, rituals.

Sediment battel

Stung wall

Bui

Watering the plantslandscape: Sediment battel Stung wall Built island Productive Productive landscape: landscape: Community, Productive market, rituals.

Watering the plants Sediment battel St Community, market, rituals.

Community, market, rituals.

Floating islands Naturalized river Var

o drip Bamboo drip

s

157

Biogas

Watering the plants Watering the plants Watering the plants

Floating islands Naturalized river Varying river Sediment battel Stung wall Buil Floating islands Na Sediment battel Stung wall Built Stung island wall Sediment battel

DIVERSIFICATION

BLACK WATER SYSTEM

42 42

42

42 42

CalculationsHousehold &

Use: 30,394L/day Homeyard

Reduce 30,394/day of the water demand by reusing grey.

Street Anoxic limestone drain

Coarse filter

Grey water pu

Reuse 55% of gray water for toilet.

Reuse:

- Biogas for cooking and boil cauvery water.

Reuse system

Grey circle

Grey circle

Cistern

Water tank

Productive landscape

Bioretention swales

Vegetated swale

Agriculture la

-Residue solid: ferlitizer for productive landscape.

20.8% -Residue gas: cooking.

-Residue water: grey system.

79.2% Can be fertilizer for the productive landscape. (After proper treatment) - Last option and backup plan STP

N

Jhalara open

30m

Bamboo drip

Productive lan Community, m

Watering the

Biogas

158

CANAL WATER SYSTEM

42

42

42

42 42

Vacant Land Buffer

Stream

Grey water purification system

Calculations Agriculture land

Use:

Grey circle

Recharge undergorung water Reconnect with the lake systems

0% Black water inlet 0% Grey water inlet 100% Rain water inlet

Vegetated swale

Jhalara open well

N

30m Productive landscape: Community, market, rituals.

Watering the plants

Sediment battel

Stung wall

Built island

Floating islands

Naturalized river

Varying river bank

159

REUNIFICATION

LINKING SOCIAL ACTIVITIES WITH WATER

42

42

42

42

Res New Agri Set Rive

42

42 42

42

42

Residential New development Agriculture land Set back River

42

42 42

42 42 42

42

42

42

42

Residential New development Residential Agriculture land New development Set back Agriculture River land Set back Residential River New development Agriculture land Set back River

N

30m

42

Residential New development Residential Agriculture land New development Set back Agriculture River land Set back River

Rooftops and homeyards

Jhalaras

Open spaces

160

Residential New developmen Agriculture land Set back River

Productive landscape

Stream

42

42 42 42 42

PLANTING PLAN

42

42

42

Rooftopand andHomeyard Homeyard Rooftop Rooftop and Homeyard

42 42

Grey GreyCircuit circuit Grey circuit STREET SYSTEM Street System

Street System ALD ALD ALD Swales Swales Swales

Grey water system GREYwater WATER SYSTEM Grey system Sedimentation Pond Rooftop and Homeyard Sedimentation SedimentationPond Pond Grey circuit

ShallowMarsh Marsh Shallow Shallow Marsh

Street System ALD

Jhalara Jhalara Jhalara

Swales

Agriculture Land Agriculture Land Agriculture Land

Grey water system

Sedimentation Pond Shallow Marsh Jhalara

Floating Islands Floating Islands Floating Islands

Agriculture Land

Built Island Built Island Built Island

Floating Islands

N

Built Island

RiverBand Bank River River Bank

River Bank

30m

STREAM

GREY CIRCUIT

AGRICULTURE LAND GREY WATER SYSTEM

JHALARA

STREET SYSTEM

161

MASTER PLAN

N

162

20m

LAYERS OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND ACTIVITIES

Grey water

Rain water

Productive landscape

Grey water Grey water

Rain water Rain water

Productive landscape Productive landscape

Pedestrian circulation Pedestrian circulation

Social Socialgathering gathering Social gathering

Stream system Stream system Stream system

Pedestrian circulation

163

Grey water

REUNIFICATION

Rain water

Agriculture

WATER SHED

Rain Harvesting Rain Harvesting

Purification system

Grey water

Water Purification

Purification system Grey water

Grey water

Rain water Pedestrian circulation

Productive landscape Rain water Pedestrian circulation

Grey water Pedestrian circulation Productive ProductiveLandscape landscape

Productive landscape

Social gathering

Connected system

Rain water

Pedestrian circulation

Grey water Agriculture land Social gathering

Connected system Grey water Agriculture land Social gathering

Rain water Rain water Stream system

Rain water Pedestrian circulation Stream system

Agriculture land Productive landscape Social gathering

Agriculture land

Social gathering

Pedestrian circulation Stream system

Connected Connected system system Pedestrian circulation

Social gathering

Stream system

Social gathering

164

Stream syste

Stream system

Agriculture

Stream syst

COEFFICIENT FOR NEW DEVELOPMENTS

12 3 37

38

3

12

12

4

10

10

7 4

22

6

15

6

6

4

37 38

6

8

3

3

12 8 6

8

8 4

6

7

8

6

7

4

7

6

15

5 4

15 12

12

6

7

4

6 8

12

4

20

12

6 4

3

17

6

6

5

6 6

5

12

6

10

6

7

6

6

42

10

42

30

Agriculture/Wetland Buffer

Agriculture/Wetland Buffer Canal Buffer

Canal Buffer

4 60 12

2

4

Jhalara =20%

4 5

12

6

105 People relocated do due to their poor living conditions

42

Development Buffer

4

42

Development Buffer

42

6

22

Agriculture Land = 61%

6

4

6

5

Grey Circuit = 11% Grey system = 8%

15

5

Units of 60m² \6px

12

15 8

HOUSEHOLD

3

4

4

4 3

CAUVERY

50

24 person per building of 4 floors. = 648 new persons.

RAIN WATER

STREET

RAIN WATER

9177m2

GREY WATER

Contextualized Evoking ancient structures to clean, store and worship water.

BLACK

Productive Gardens

BUFFER

CANAL

1person = 3.8m² for our system RAIN WATER

Underground water recharge

1015px

Interconnected Renew relationship of water with future developments.

VACANT LAND

Worship area

GREY WATER

Underground water recharge

GREY WATER Open market

Holy plazas

Worship area

Ra

Drinkin

Agriculture land

Gr

Fully-utilized Creating connected porous network of system in city scale.

Wetland park

165

Bla

BEFORE 1

AFTER 2. RECHARGE UNDERGROUND

WATER

Conversion from groundwater to rainwater.

1.

WATER SEPARATION AND REUSE SYSTEM

Reducing the water demand by 30%.

Separate grey black and rain water.

1.

SECTION 1-1

166

Harvest Benefits

2.

Prohibit borewells, protect undergorund water

1

4. REUNIFY Social gathering space during water related festivals.

3. PHYTOREMEDIATION Rebuild social relationship through farming activites.

Street policy for the new types of drains and circulation

3.

Canal Protection

Policy coefficent for new developments

4.

167

PHASES AND PROJECTION

Purification and collection system.

Reconnecting people with water and productive landscapes.

168

PHASE 1

PHASE 2

Restore and recharge water system to convert the community into self reliant neighbourhood.

PHASE 3

169

et

Water tank

INFRASTRUCTURE PHASES

circle VegetatedCister BioretentionGrey swales swa

CAUVERY

Water tank

Street

POLICY 2 UPDATE STREET INFRASTRUCTURE

GreyCistern circle

Productive landscape

Bamboo drip

Stream filter Coarse

Rooftop and home-yards

Bamboo drip

Bamboo drip Household & Vacant Land Vacant Land Homeyard Buffer Buffer

Cistern Agriculture land

Agriculture land Grey circle

Stree

Stream

Stream

Grey circle

Street

Anoxic limestone Grey circ drain

Grey circle

Vegetated swale

Biogas

Home-yard

Reuse system

10% in household garden and homeyard

Grey circle

eion swalesBioretention Vegetated swales swale Vegetated swaleopen well Jhalara open well Vegetated swale Vegetated swale Jhalara

Watering the plants

Productive landscape

Bioreten

Biogas

Biogas

Sediment market, battel rituals. Stung wall Community, market, Community, rituals.

POLICY 4 ZONE SPECIFIC Water BUFFER FROM Watering the plantsWatering the plants Floating islands THE CANAL

43% banana circleGrey circleALD Grey circuit

Water tank

BLACK WATER Productive landscape: Productive landscape:

Built island

tank Productive landscape swales battel Varying Sediment Stung battel wall Stung wallBuilt island Bioretention Built island NaturalizedSediment river river bank Bamboo drip

CANAL WATER

DIVERSIFY 170

RE-UNIFY

Veget

Bioretention sw

Anoxic l 95% from rooftop and private dailydrain use

Coarse filter Reuse system

POLICY 3 Productive landscape: HARVEST Community, market, rituals.

BENIFITS

Bioretention sw

Bioretention swales

Productive landscape

Biogas Grey circle Grey water purification Greysystem water purification system

GREY WATER

Jhalara open well

Productive landscape

Household & Homeyard

RAIN WATER Vacant Land Buffer Grey water purification system

Water tank

Bamboo drip tank Water

POLICY 1 NO DIGGING BORE WELL

Agriculture land mestone Anoxic limestone drain

le

Grey circle Reuse Productive system landscape

Floating island Floating islands FloatingNaturalized islands river NaturalizedVarying river river bank Varying river bank

2019

89,400 L/Day Approx.

Bamboo drip HOUSE HOLD PRODUCTIVE GARDENS

2030

WATER DEMAND COMMUNITY GATHERING SPACES AROUND WATER

wales

Cistern

Agriculture land

Vegetated swale

Jhalara open well

usehold & omeyard

&

Vegetated swale

Produc

Vacant Land Buffer

Anoxic limestone landscape: Anoxic limestone Vacant Stream Stream Land Productive Vacant Stream Land Community, market, rituals. drain Street drain Buffer 85% Drained into Jhalara.

Swale Buffer

Vacant Land Vacant Land BufferBuffer

85% Gathered in Jhalara and holy plazas

Bamboo drip Agriculture land

y circleAgriculture Grey Grey circle land Grey circle Cistern Grey circle land Grey circle Watering the plantsAgricultureCistern Sediment battel circle Agriculture land Grey water purification system use system Anoxic limestone Grey circle GreyGrey watercircle purification system Cistern drain

ductiveJhalara landscape Vegetated Vegetated swale swale open well Bioretention swales

Jhalara open well

Grey wat

Grey water purification system Stream

Grey water purification system

Jhalara

Street

Water tank

Street

arse filter

ALD

Grey ci

Grey circle

Street

Anoxic limestone Grey water purification system drain

Reuse system

Grey c

Stung wall

Agricultu

Vegetated swale

Floating islands

Grey circle Agriculture land Cistern Agriculture Cistern 60% banana circle Productive landscape Bioretention swales land Vegetated swale

Naturalized river

Grey circle

Grey circle Jhalara open well

20% cleaning process and to irrigate agriculture land Productive landscape: landscape: 70% cleaning process and Productive to irrigate agriculture land

rituals. terCommunity, tank market, rituals.Productive landscape Community, market, Bioretention swales

Vegetate

Agriculture land

Vegetated swale

Jhalara o

Biogas Watering the plants Stung Sediment Sediment battel battel Stung wallwall

Bioretention swales

s

Vegetated swale

Floating Floating islands Builtislands island

Watering the plants Sediment battel Stung wall BuiltBuilt island island

Vegetated swale

Naturalized Naturalized riverriver

Naturalized river

Canal bank

Sediment battel

Stung wall

Varying river bank Floating islands

Naturalized river

LAKE ECO-CORRIDOR CLEAN CANAL WATER Built island

Productive landscape:

2040Community, market, rituals.

WATER DEMAND

Productive landscape:

COMMUNITY FARMING COMMUNITY MARKETS Community, market, rituals.

Built island

Vegetated swale Productive landscape: Community, swale market, rituals.

Vegetated

Jhalara open well Varying Varying Floating riverriver bank islands bank

mboo drip Varying river bank

Built island

Jhalara open well

Varying river b

Productive Communi

Watering the plants

2050

55,426 L/Day Approx.

CLEAN CANAL WATER AS SOURCE Watering 171

Watering the plants

Sediment batte

PERSPECTIVE

HOMEYARD AND STREET

Proposed self-sufficient water system enable the area to grow productive landscape. Specifically, the phytoremediation plants purify the water for irrigating economic plants, and the economic benefits can be used to maintain the entire system.

172

173

PERSPECTIVE

PUBLIC SPACE

The redistribution of space enable all segments of the community to access. Rewiring people with land and tradition daily activities such as worship in the Jhalara, collect water and sale of agriculture produce.

174

175

176

PROJECT 3:

WATER RESILIENT HEBBAL

A REVITALIZED BGI* TOWARDS WATER RESILIENT HEBBAL *BGI -Blue Green Infrastructure

Tang Mengjiao, Zhang Qinqin, Yang Xiaowen, Muhammad Rahmat Bin Khairudin

Reshaping Urban Infrastructure Towards Water Resilient Hebbal District Situated in the northern core of Bangalore, Hebbal is currently facing rapid urban expansion. At the same time, Hebbal faces many issues such as improper land use, disconnected urban infrastructure and natural matrix, causing a series of social and environmental problems. Located at the most significant transportation node and water system connector of Hebbal district, our site's interventions focus on three vitall blue-green infrastructure issues from a different point of views.

Project 3.1 —— Connected Water-Resilient Hebbal Urban Forest Park To resolve issues of disconnected infrastructure and underutilized resources, a connected water-resilient Hebbal urban forest park with the utilization of on-site unmanaged resources is proposed. Located in the transport hub surrounded by the major road infrastructure, the site suffers urban issues like water pollution, air pollution, urban flooding, etc. Learning from forest typologies of Bangalore Science Institution, the proposed forest park with local vegetation selection carefully can provide different types of habitats to alleviate urban issues mentioned above, while establishing itself as a key landscape landmark.

Project 3.2 —— Economic Revitalization of Highway Roadside by the Ecological Revival of the Stream The current land use and unmanaged wastewater discharges have negative impacts on the local water system and economic development. With rapid population growth and high-polluted industries, poorly performing infrastructure and unmanaged waste discharge end up along the stream.This project is focused on mitigating the water pollution, while promoting eco-friendly economic revitalization of the Bellary Highway area. By redefining land use and applying phytotechnology, the design purifies the highly polluted water through vegetation remediation.

Project 3.3 —— Matrix sanctuaries through the stream "Matrix sanctuaries" is an adaptive habitat and civic space in response to the rapid urbanization in Hebbal, Bangalore. It focuses on revitalizing the degrading and imbalanced habitat along the stream through rehabilitation of habitats, improving accessibility and visual connectivity for both fauna and people.

Rehabilitation involves conserving specific current habitat, regenerating the landscape within the stream and improving wildlife flow for seamless transition along the stream, through interventions such as the introduction of mudflat banks to replace existing walls. This aims to reconfigure the existing matrix along the stream, promoting the landscape as a connector to the segregated communities through creation of accessible pedestrian networks as corridors linking parts of community amenities and social nodes.

177

SITE INTRODUCTION

Natural of bangalore: shrinking and fragmented during urbanization

Problems &challenges

Hebbal site: rapidly developed hebbal district

178

ISSUE STATEMENTS AND PROJECTS

FOUR ISSUE STATEMENTS AND THREE PROJECTS

ISSUE 1- Disconnected Infrastructure ISSUE 2- Underutilized Natural &Human Resources

PROJECT 1 Connected Water-Resilient Hebbal Urban Forest Park

Reorganize and make use of unutilized resources in Hebbal site with connection of blue-green infrastructure, making it an water-resilient urban forest park with tight community connection.

ISSUE 3- Increased Water Demands and Contamination Improving polluted water system and landscape productivity by reshaping land use form and inserting phytotechnology towards an eco-friendly economic hub.

ISSUE 4- Decontextualized Open Space Usage Utilizing the stream as an agent for connectivity links the segmentation between

PROJECT 2 Remediated Stream Landscape From Pollution To Value

PROJECT 3 Matrix Sanctuaries Through Stream

communities, nature and fauna.

Boundary of three projects

PROJECT 3: Matrix Sanctuaries Through Stream

PROJECT 2: Remediated Stream Landscape From Pollution To Value

PROJECT 1: Connected Water-Resilient Hebbal Urban Forest Park

LEGEND Project 1 boundary Project 2 boundary Project 3 boundary

300m

N 179

WATER RESILIENT HEBBAL URBAN FOREST PARK

Issue 1-1: improper drinage and road infrustructure

300m

Road infrustructure: rapid development but placed inconsiderately

Improper drainage system causes flooding and mixed sewage

180

N

PROJECT 3.1 Connected Water-Resilient Hebbal Urban Forest Park Issue 1-2: stream canalization causes invisibility and disconnection Development of Stream Canalization

Stream Typologies and Problems

50m

N 181

Issue 2: Underutilized Natural &Human Resources

1. manpower Residential Commercial building School

Total Population:6465

Church Factory

2.vegetation Canopy cover Vegetation desity Very dense

Total canopy cover:610535.796m³ Total vegetation:2659

Dense

3.discharged water

Less dense

Total discharge wastewater:891006.3L Main grey water resource Main black water resource

Grey water/d:732083.7L(82.16%)

4.stormwater Water area: 0.00 Forest & wooden area: 0.05 Meadow area: 0.18 Uncompacted soil: 0.30 Compacted soil: 0.50 Brick pavements area:0.80 Water-tight roof area: 0.85

Total area:905904.32 ㎡ High runoff area:426603.14 ㎡ (47.1%)

Asphalt pavements area: 0.90 Concrete pavements area:0.95

5.soil External uncompacted soil External compacted soil

182

Total volume :610535.796m³= *42540 Total area:111916.42 ㎡

PROJECT 3.1 Connected Water-Resilient Hebbal Urban Forest Park

POTENTIAL AND CHALLENGE

Government land use change

Existing land use

Proposed 2031 land use

500m

N

Three strategies in response to the two highlighted issues VISION Reorganize and make use of unutilized resources in Hebbal site with connection of blue-green infrastructure, making it an water-resilient urban forest park with tight community connection.

ISSUE STRATEGY 1 Reshape the landform and water flow ISSUE 1- Disconnected Infrastructure

ISSUE 2- Underutilized Natural & Human Resources

with unutilized resource STRATEGY 2 Employ blue-green infrastructure for connenction

STRATEGY 3 Retrofit functions into blue-green infrastructure

183

Design Sustainable Water Flow

Before

RUNOFF

COLLECTION

INTO LARGER WATER SYSTEM

Unmanaged Area Near The Transportation

1A

1B

Basin runoff

1C

Concrete drainage/ pipe

The stream

Stream

2A

2B

2C

Captured runoff Concrete stream Discharged water

WATER CATCHMEN UNDER FLYOVER

ROAD DRAINAGE

The lake

STREAM

After

RUNOFF

COLLECTION/ BIO-PURIFICATION

REUSE

INTO LARGER WATER SYSTEM

Unmanaged Area Near The Transportation

1A Carbon forest

1B Bio-swale

1C Dry creek/ Bus station

1D The stream

Stream

2A WATER CATCHMEN UNDER FLYOVER

184

ROAD DRAINAGE

2B

2C

Captured Runoff Hydroponic filtration Orchard/ Discharged water wetland Aquaculture/ Residential area

STREAM

2D The lake

PROJECT 3.1 Connected Water-Resilient Hebbal Urban Forest Park

STRATEGY 1: RESHAPE THE LANDFORM

Detail design: water treatment of natural catchment near the transportation

300m

N

Detail design: Water Treatment Of Stream A. RUNOFF

C. REUSE

1.Mound runoff

B. COLLECTION/ BIO-PURIFICATION 1.Orchard 2B

1.Hydroponic filtrration wetland 2.Residential area

2A

2B

2.Settling basin 3.Acquaculture 2C

3.Refiltration

2C

2D

2B 2C

2B

INTO LARGER WATER SYSTEM

300m

N

4.Botanical wetland

185

Landform change Before

After

500m

3D model of changing the landform

LEGEND

Hebbal lake Stream Hebbal flyover Main road

186

N

PROJECT 3.1 Connected Water-Resilient Hebbal Urban Forest Park

STRATEGY 1: RESHAPE THE LANDFORM

Stream restoration

187

Insert connection accessibility Before

Before

Unmanaged area

Road drainage

Unmanaged area

Stream

Residential area

After

Bio-swale

188

Carbon forest

Bio-swale

Forest screen

Stream

Residential area

PROJECT 3.1 Connected Water-Resilient Hebbal Urban Forest Park

STRATEGY 2: EMPLOY BGI FOR CONNECTION Stream restoration

Before

After

189

A Water-Resilient Urban Forest Park

Users- Land Use- Demand- Functions

190

PROJECT 3.1 Connected Water-Resilient Hebbal Urban Forest Park

STRATEGY 3: RETROFIT FUNCTIONS INTO BGI

Hebbal urban forest

Benefits of urban forest

191

A Revitalized Blue Green Infrustructure toward water resilient Hebbal

19 18 20 17 21

22 27

16 24

15 14 5

25

12

10 11

4

1

13

26

23

6 2

7

27 9

3

8

200m LEGEND 1 Roadside bio-swale

11 Children playground

21 Stone connection

2 Forest path

12 Campground

22 Waterfall

3 Carbon forest

13 Edibal forest

23 Refiltration

4 Rest area

14 Farm market

24 Water point

5 Dry creek

15 Neighborhood forest

25 Botanical wetland

6 Bio-swale

16 Sport field

26 Simple bridge

7 Vegetation screen

17 Open forest

27 Planning residential area

8 Main entrance

18 Research forest

9 Culture exhibition 10 Educational forest

19 Hydroponic filtrration wetland

192

20 Industrial forest buffer

N

PROJECT 3.1 Connected Water-Resilient Hebbal Urban Forest Park

STRATEGY 3: RETROFIT FUNCTIONS INTO BGI

Different vegetation strategies for different habitats

LEGEND Ecological forest habitat Educational forest habitat Tourism forest habitat Bio-swale habitat Purification wetland habitat Stream habitat

500m

N

193

REMEDIATION OF POLLUTED STREAM

Boundary of the project 2

Contamination migration and economy insertion of Bellary Highway roadside area of Hebbal District

194

PROJECT 3.2 Remediated Stream Landscape From Pollution To Value

SEVERLY POLLUTED STREAM

Water pollution macro and micro site analysis

Pollution Source Located in high-dense urban area, the water system of Hebbal has been highly polluted. In site, current improper land use layout and unmanaged waste discharge severely pollute the local system. Polluted industries, poorly infrastructure and direct wastewater discharge are found along the stream.

Site Context: issues Polluted stream water/ Unmanaged waste disposal/ Unbalanced vegetation/ Poor performed infrastructure

Waterflow velocity

Solid waste distribution

Tree with big canopy

Drainage discharge flow

Water edge hardening 195

WATER CONTAMINATION ISSUE RESEARCH

Pollutant components and migration of site programs

Road and car debris Nutrients; Metals; Petroleum Lawn and landscape care Pesticides; POPs; Metals; Nutrients Grey water discharge and air conditioning units Nutrients; Metals; Petroleum; Suspended solids; Bacteria; CFCs Electrical cemetery Nutrients; Metals; Salt; Embalming fluids Graveyard Nutrients; Metals, Petroleum; POPs Public toilet Nutrients; Metals; Petroleum; Suspended solids; Bacteria Laundry Nutrients; Metals; Suspended solids; Salts; Chlorinated solvents Illegal dumping All contaminants possible Outfall Nutrients; Metals; Suspended solids; Petroleum Flower market Pesticides; Nutrients; Metals; POPs Vacant lots Petroleum; Metals; Chlorinated solvents; POPs Debris and wastes Nutrients; Petroleum; Metals; Chlorinated solvents Open spaces and lawns Pesticides; POPs; Metals; Nutrients Gas station Petroleum; Metals; Nutrients; Salts Bus washing Petroleum; Metals; Salts; Chlorinated solvents Bus repairing Petroleum; Metals; Salts; Lead Bus sevice house Nutrients; Petroleum; Metals; Chlorinated solvents

STRATEGY 1 IMPROVE CURRENT WATER POLLUTION High-polluted source replacement and phytotechnology installation Replace electric burning with bio-urn cemetery

Floating wetland Multi-mechanism buffer

Air-flow buffer

Stabilization mat

Degradation hedge

Surface-flow wetland

196

PROJECT 3.2 Remediated Stream Landscape From Pollution To Value

STRATEGY 1 IMPROVE CURRENT WATER POLLUTION Vision: Migrate current water pollution by introducing phytotechnology to the site Before intervention

After intervention

197

POTENTIAL OF THE STREAM 1: WATER CONSUMPTION AND WATER SHORTAGE

Site water consumption and water use efficiency

Site water consumption statistics Existing land use

Top 6 water-consuming programs

Water supply threat

POTENTIAL OF THE STREAM 2: HIGHWAY AS THE ECONOMIC BACKBONE

Case study of land use in developed commercial hub of Koramangala

National Highways form the economic backbone of the country and have often facilitated development along their routes. Many new towns have sprung up along major highways.

Koramangala highway roadside area land use

Proposed land use programs of site

Development of Koramangala

Koramangala is the second posh locality in Bangalore, India. Roads near Airport Road and the residential areas in Koramangala were dug up for renovation for over two years.

Situated in the south-eastern of the city, it is one of the largest neighborhoods and is a highly sought residential locality with wide, tree-lined boulevards and a mix of luxury apartments, commercial structures, and posh bungalows as a commercial hub.

198

Plant Nursery

Truck Stop

Flower Market

Cafe

Small Restaurant Organic Food Shop

Laundry

Hotel

PROJECT 3.2 Remediated Stream Landscape From Pollution To Value

STRATEGY 2: INSERT AND DEVELOP ECO-FRIENDLY LOCAL ECONOMIES Masterplan of environmentally friendly economy re-establishment

Water-related productive economic programs

As water gets purified along the secondary stream, it will be reused during flowing area. A series of eco-friendly economic industries and water-related productive landscape will generate in the potential area with different water quality requirements.

150m

N 199

Water redistribution and reuse Proposed programs water reuse scenario Water sources equally quantitative distribution

Laundry

Plant Nursery

Bus depot

Car wash/ repair/ trade shop

STRATEGY 3: UTILIZE AND RECONNECT EXISTING PHYSICAL AND CULTURAL CONNECTIONS Vision for site design: Use blue-green infrastructure to remediate site landscape from pollution to value Dhobi Ghat Laundry Area

200

PROJECT 3.2 Remediated Stream Landscape From Pollution To Value

STRATEGY 3: UTILIZE AND RECONNECT EXISTING PHYSICAL AND CULTURAL CONNECTIONS

Vision for site design: Use blue-green infrastructure to remediate site landscape from pollution to value Before reconnection

After reconnection

Vision for big scale: Integrated ecosystem service and economic transformation for Hebbal district

201

Boundary of the project 3

Accessibility between community and stream

202

PROJECT 3.3 Matrix Sanctuaries Through Stream Biodiversity Rehabitation +Habitat Study

203

204

PROJECT 3.3 Matrix Sanctuaries Through Stream Biodiversity rehabitation +habitat study

205

206

PROJECT 3.3 Matrix Sanctuaries Through Stream

EXISTING BIODIVERSITY MAPPING

207

EXISTING VIEW ANALYSIS

208

PROJECT 3.3 Matrix Sanctuaries Through Stream Section analysis

209

Section analysis

Matrix Sanctuaries through stream

Strategy 2: Accessibility between communities and stream

210

PROJECT 3.3 Matrix Sanctuaries Through Stream

MASTERPLAN

ACCESSIBIITY RECONFIGURATION

LEGEND New Connector Existing Urban Matrix

The landscape will also be a connector to the segregated communities by introducing accessible pedestrian networks as nodes linking another part of community amenities.

Matrix sanctuaries is an adaptive habitat and civic spaces in response to the rapid urbanization in Hebbal, Bangalore. It focuses on revitalizing the degr adi ng and i m bal anc e habitat along the stream through rehabilitation of habitats, accessibility and visual connectivity (views) for both fauna and peopl e. T hr ough thi s approach, the project will buffer the changing urban landscape by empowering the existing b l u e a n d g r e e n c o r r i d o r.

Utilizing the stream as an agent for c onnec ti v i ty links the segmentation between communities, natur e, and fauna.

Old connector 211

BIODIVERSITY

Rehabilitation involves conserving specific current habitat, regenerating the landscape within the stream and improving wildlife flow between habitat for seamless transition along the stream such as the introduction of mudflat banks to replace the existing walls.

This will reconfigure the existing matrix along the stream that will layer over the different habitat zones.

212

PROJECT 3.3 Matrix Sanctuaries Through Stream

PEOPLE POINT OF VIEW

WILDLIFE POINT OF VIEW

Views and visibility study will improve and allow the exploration of potential views for both people and wildlife. Designed walkways and open spaces will replace the existing walls from school, residential and commercial areas which will encourage people and nature to be close with a clear sense of place.

213

INTERVENTION 01: VIEW PEAK

INTERVENTION 02: VIEWING ORB

214

PROJECT 3.3 Matrix Sanctuaries Through Stream INTERVENTIONS (SETIONS + PERSPECTIVES) INTERVENTION 03: GRASSLAND VALLEY

INTERVENTION 04: SCHOOL WATERSTAGE

215

216

PROJECT 4:

BETTER LAKE THAN NEVER

RE-WEAVING BANGALORE’S NATURAL-BUILT ENVIRONMENT NEXUS Dai Yuke, Elsa Sim Rui Jia, Mitali Kumar Bangalore used to be the “City of Lakes”. However, due to rapid urbanization, development and growth now take precedence while man lose their symbiotic relationship with these water bodies. Our project looks at Lake Nagawara, which lost ecological significance in 2005, when it was transformed to a gated recreational facility, where urbanization and privatization resulted in disconnection of Lake Nagawara from its lake series and its people. As a water stressed city, the precinct continues to face water supply issues, struggling with inefficient water management. Mono-functional and underutilized spaces serve little function while the ecological health of the area deteriorates with increased pollution and destruction of natural habitats for wildlife.

This project then envisions an alternative possibility for the lake and its surroundings - a precinct where citizens are exposed to and interconnected with nature in everyday landscapes, capable of being self-sustainable in terms of water supply and having access to a wide range of public open spaces for recreation and social activities. With these aims as an overarching goal, three areas of interest for intervention were identified: Project 4.1 —— Existing Industrial and Residential The existing developments adjacent to the wetland are retrofitted and improved with an approach towards cleansing and maximising resource potential of water through water sensitive urban design. The project aims to use water as a catalyst to reintegrate the community to the lake- reinstating lost values while re-creating Bangalore’s traditional habitats.

Project 4.2 —— Lake Nagawara Lake Nagawara is transformed from a private recreational facility into a shared urban common with enhanced habitats for biodiversity. Through reintroduction of water flow, the lake has been injected with new vitality and the urban lake ecosystem has been set up. Also, with redistribution of habitat and human flow, the accessibility of the lake banks are increased as biodiversity and connectivity are improved. The boundary of the lake will be softened to integrate it as an ecological zone in the city.

Project 4.3 —— Prospective Residential District A prospective residential development situated right beside the lake is designed to interweave nature into residents’ daily landscapes, with utmost importance on open space planning, integrated water management to capture stormwater for on-site re-use and alternative streetscape and construction phased hierarchy for sustainability. Strategies explore how land, a highly sought after resource in Bangalore, can be effectively utilized as multi-functional landscapes.

In conclusion, this project aims demonstrate alternative city infrastructure that is focused on reintegrating people back to the lakes and showing how water and land can be efficiently managed through blue-green infrastructural design.

217

SITE CONTEXT

Lake Nagawara and Its Surrounding Neighbourhood

LEGEND 1 2 3 4

5 Unclaimed Open Space Lake Nagawara and Lumbini Park Adjacent Wetlands and Grazing Fields 6 Concrete Drainage and Major Roads 7 Industrial High Rise Residential Low Rise Residential

Site Conditions 1

2

3

4

5

6

6

7

218

250m

N

ISSUE 1 LOSS OF SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN MAN AND NATURE

Loss of Traditional Dependence and Daily Interactions with Nature

The lake ecosystems before had significant impact on the livelihoods of people and communities living in its vicinity - be it cultural, ecological, economical, etc.

This significance saw a drastic change in the 20th century - when the lakes were viewed just as sources of recreation - with no connection with its precinits.

Disconnection of Lake Nagawara from the Lake Series

Bangalore Lake Series

Unplanned rapid urbanisation during late nineties - led to encroachment of lakes and storm water drains. During the last four decades there has been 79% reduction in water bodies and the number of lakes in Bangalore.

Lakes Lost Connections Connections Watershed Boundary

Our study site- Lake Nagawara is a part of Yellamallapa Shetty Kere lake series in the Hebbal Valley of Bangalore. Comprising of a total of 51 major lakes , the series has lost over 35 major water bodies over the last 20yrs.

Source: 1)Vanishing Lakes: A study of Bangalore City; P Thippaiah 2) Status of Water bodies, Drainage Network and Water Management in and around Bangalore by Dr.T.J. Renuka Prasad

Vegetation Built-Up Others Waterbodies

Yellamallapa Shetty Kere Watershed

Before 1800s

Existing

219

ISSUE 1 LOSS OF SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN MAN AND NATURE

Loss of an Urban Common - Privatization of Lake Nagawara Original Lake Catchment Area: 300 Ha

Originally connected as a single lake with Lake Hebbal, a change was brought upon due to urban outgrowth and requirement of connectivity to the outskirts of the city.

Current Catchment Area: 23 Ha A transport corridor was built across, dividing the lake into 2 separate entities, with Lake Nagawara becoming an isolated water body.

Dwindling Lake Area and Green Cover

Lake Area % of Green Space Landuse Change Over Time

LEGEND UNMANAGED

Residential

Agriculture

Industrial

Forest

Institutional

Wetland

Construction

Water

Barrenland

2000 Landuse

220

MANAGED

Grassland

2006 Landuse

50m

2012 Landuse

N

Ecology and Lack of Diversified Habitat

Tree Cover Density

The area has a relatively high vegetation density in comparision to Bangalore city due to the presence of a 22Ha associated wetland and several private lands.

These vegetation patches are under a risk of harm due unplanned future developments by real estate authorities.

N

200m

1

LEGEND High Medium

Vegetation Density: 1 Tree for Every 7 People

Sparse None

1. Existing Industrial and Residential 2. Lake Nagawara 3. Prospective Residential District

Vegetation Quality

Risk Zone

Though the area has a relatively high tree density, vegetation here is struggling to grow due to lack of availability of water, and lack of care, degrading soil quality - which leads to several diseases, termite infested vegetation, etc.

200m

N

N

200m LEGEND High Medium Low Very Low

Flora and Fauna

Decline in health and prevalance of flora and fauna is a clear indication of the deteriorating environmental conditions and health of the urban ecosystem.

221

ISSUE 2 WATER STRESSED CITY

Unbalanced Water Supply and Demand

Survey Results - Major Concerns in Hebbal

Water Supply and Demand Gap

Water Demand Per Day: 4.08MLD

1600

It is estimated that there's a loss of 45% of supplied water to the canal due to leakages and mismanagement I.e for 4.08MLD demand a supply of 5.9MLD is required.

LEGEND

Extreme Demand High Demand

Moderate Demand

200m

N

The natural resources are depletingwith depth to ground water being around 30m on avg. in the region.

Due to irregular supply of water from the Municipality, resident communities have to buy water from water sharks providing water tankers of 7000 litres capacity at Rs 650 almost every alternate day.

222

Pollution and Underutilized Resources Water Contamination

Best value of TDS for drinking is 150-250. The lake has TDS value ranging from 516528.8ppm which is poor quality for drinking. The sewage canal has TDS value ranging from 912.8 -1015.2ppm which is least acceptable for drinking.

Surface Water Quality

Distribution of Waste and Soil Contamination

223

ISSUE 3 UNPLANNED OPEN SPACE SYSTEM

Lack of Open Spaces for Recreation

Underutilized open spaces are often used by people as dumping grounds for garbage- leading to issues such as upleasant sight, smell, lack of sense of belonging and reduced quality of life

LEGEND Xxxxxx Xxxxxx Xxxxxx

LIQUID WASTE

SOLID WASTE

ORGANIC WASTE

HAZARDOUS WASTE

Xxxxxx

50m

Xxxxxx

N

DESIGN VISION

Improved Accessibility to Nature BEFORE

AFTER

224

Entrance Activity Nodes

Pedestrain Elevated Walkways

DESIGN VISION

Better Flow of Water Resources BEFORE

AFTER Surface Runoff

Overflow Lake Watershed

Canal Flow

Water Catchment

Overflow

Water Flow

DESIGN VISION

Re-inventing the Open Space System BEFORE

AFTER

225

PROPOSED DISTRICT MASTERPLAN

Identifying Potential Sites for Intervention

LEGEND A Existing Development B Lake Nagawara C Prospective Residential Development

226

100m

N

227

228

PROJECT 4.1 Existing Industrial and Residential Development Site Conditions and Issues Nagawara region has a complex urban fabric. The settlement comprises of several landuses and associated activities; with the prime being: Industrial Zone: Car Service Spaces, Paint Production Factory, Woodwork ;Commercial: Small shops, food restaurants and stalls; Residential: High Rise residential and Low rise residential and Unallocated Landuse: Currently an unutilized wetland, used by cows as grazing field.

With the 2030 landuse plan suggesting a complete removal of the insustries to change the landuse to residential, efficient management of this new residential development alongside maximising potential of the existing conditions for efficient water management is the need of the hour.

ROAD LINKAGE Major connections via a high traffic motor road and lack in pedestrian linkages

HIGH RISE RESIDENTIAL High water demand - aprox.

0.35MLD Intensively managed landscape Area comes in 50m buffer from storm water drain

SEWAGE CANAL Polluted sewage water - with EC levels as high as 1400 μS

WETLANDS Uderutilized as blocked green space - under risk of exploitation by developers

LOW RISE RESIDENTIAL Independant water management lack of efficient water management 20,250 litre/day water requirement INDUSTRIAL Genereation of aprox. 40,000lts polluted water daily Posses threat to adjacent wetlands

Suggested Strategies: STRATEGIES

1

RECTIFY

Proposing policies for sustainable neighbourhood development

2

ENHANCE

Creating a resiliant community by developing storm water and grey water treatment landscapes

3

ACTIVATE

Integrating community with landscapes by creating active edges and introducing urban nodes

4

NURTURE

Conserving natural woodlands and introducing habitats to foster health flora and fauna

229

PROPOSED MASTERPLAN

230

PROJECT 4.1 Existing Industrial and Residential Development

60m

N

LEGEND A - RETAINED PLAY FIELD B- RAIN GARDEN C- BIO RETENTION POND D- BIO-POOL E- RESIDENTIAL SQUARE F- OLD RESIDENTIAL DEV. G- FRUIT ORCHARD H- URBAN AGRICULTURE I - URBAN PLAZA J- RELIGIOUS TANK K- FLOWER FIELD L- LINK BRIDGE M- NATURE TRAIL N- GRAZING PASTURE O- COW ACCESS ROUTE P- WASTE WATER TREATMENT Q- NEW RESIDENTIAL R- COMMUNITY GREEN S- COMMUNITY WELL T- NEW COMMERCIAL U - WASTE MANAGEMENT V - DETENTION POND 231

1. RECTIFY

Rectifying Landuse and Setting Targets to enhance capacacity Sensitive space allocation for efficient resource management: The intervention aims to reallocate the space based on the Propesed 2030 masterplan. Removal of the industrial zone to shift it to the new industrial zone will reduce the water demand and pollution. Another major issue noticed on site is the waste generated.

To handle this a waste handling centre for the region is proposed to collect and transport the waste from households and sewage canal to the Integreated waste management facility proposec adjacent to the Sewage Treatment Plant.

New Development - On site Rainwater harvesting UN Habitat Guidelines: More than or equals 15,000 people per km2 for Sustainable Urban Living ++ Capture 100% Rainwater +++ 100% Greywater reuse ++++ 40% site area green

Retained Existing Residential interlinked with proposed water management system ++ Capture 75% Rainwater +++ 100% Greywater reuse New water System through naturalizing the canal

Upgrading Existing Landscapes to encourage spontaneous vegetation ++ Capture 75% Rainwater +++ 100% Greywater reuse

Nature Park To attract fauna associated with lake to the utban setting and create urban habitats

Waste Management System Collected waste to Proposed Integrated waste management facility Surplus Energy Waste Collection Unit

Regenerated material

Waste from Households and bridge filter Waste Management Facility Source: https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/waste-management/waste-management-infrastructure/integrated-wastemanagement-facility

232

PROJECT 4.1 Existing Industrial and Residential Development

2. ENHANCE

Designing an efficient natural water infratructure for efficient resouce management TREATMENT CAPACITY - 1MLD SIZE: 1.5 Ha

Residential Greywater Reuse in toilets

Treated water recirculated for use in irrigation/ flushing 210,000lts of grey water/day

BRIDGE FILTER FOR SLUDGE COLLECTION

2

1

Storage

3 PHYTOREMIDIATION FOLDS - 0.33 Ha

20,000lts of greywater/day

4

1. Sewage Canal 2. Bridge Filter 3. Phytoremidiation Folds 4. Sedimentation Basin 5. Overflow swale 6. Deep and shallow wetlands 7. Subsurface treatment 8. Deep and shallow wetlands 9. Oulet Pond 10. Nagawara lake

5

6

SEDIMENTATION BASIN 0.25 Ha

8

7

WETLAND 1- 0.25Ha

SUB-SURFACE- 0.09Ha

10

9

WETLAND 2- 0.25Ha

OUTLET POND- 0.33Ha

N 60m 1

2

3

7

8

Lake

G r e y w a t e r a n d C a n a l Wa t e r Treatment: As the existing site consisted of a 22.3 Ha wetland currently utilised solely as a grazing field for catte the idea of the design is to utilize the wetland as an integrated system for treatment of water from the storm water canal as well as the grey water from adjacent communities.

The Wetland was designed using design standards of a treatment wetland proposed for Bellandur Lake in Bangalore.

10

5 6

4

Treatment Wetland

9

A

C

C

B

A

D

B

A

E

E

E

a) Rain- gardens b) Bio-Pools c) Bio- Retention Ponds d) Detention Fields e) Stepped Terrace Treatment Belts d) Tank g) Bioswales

E

G

F D E

N 60m On Site Stormwater and Roof colledted Rainwater Treatment: At present the storm water on site is lost as run-off through the drains, ending up as a lost resource - combined with sewage water in the canal and terminating in the STP, increasing its load. The idea is to fully utilize the storm water through multi-functional blue green infrastrucuture, to instigate the community and make them aware of its value.

Several water management strategies are incorporated to reduce the 65% stormwater lost as surface run-off on site for 75% catchment in existing and 100% in new developments.

233

3. ACTIVATE Instigating Genius Loci

N

60m

Selective opening of the residences towards the wetlands and lake: 1

Bioengineered Slope

2

Green Boundary

3

Interactive Boundary Park Access Nodes

1

2

3

Currently the locality is completely segregated from the lake ecosystem by means of fences - which kills the character of the space. While fences are important for measures of security a n d p r i v a c y, t h e d e s i g n a i m s t o naturalize the fences to create natural diversions - to safegaurd along with instigate the community to be a be aware of their surroundings.

Several Activity nodes are created alongside to pique the participants interests and serve as access points for the people to explore the Nature Park and Lake.

Activity Nodes:

Recreating Traditional Kalyanis -stepped wells for cultural festivities

Urban Agriculture Community Plaza

Recreating Traditional gundathopes - associated woodlands with the lake ecosystem

Nature Trail Community Plaza Community Plaza

Meditation Plaza Fruit Orchard Urban Agriculture

Residential Entry

Kalyani Educational Walk

234

PROJECT 4.1 Existing Industrial and Residential Development 60m

4. NURTURE

N

Creating enhanced ecosystems for encouraging fauna After studying the major 47 bird species visiting Nagawara lake and the 150 bird species visiting lake Hebbal; the site coming in between both is an important link in between the two patches of flora.

For the 15 selected fauna -appropriate habitats are created site wide to enhance urban fauna.

Grassland Decidous Forest Fruit Orchard Shallow Water Habitat Deep Water Habitat Phreatophyte Trees Urban Green

Urban Green

Deep Water Habitat

Shallow Water Habitat

Grassland

Fruit Orchard

Phreatophyte Trees

Decidous Forest

235

236

PROJECT 4.2 Lake Nagawara

LAKE NAGAWARA Vision Northern bank- Eastern bank- Southern bank- Wetlands- Lake

Strategies Open 1. Removing fences and increasing accessibilities to the lake 2. Reshape six common landscape types of waterfront space to create a variety of biological habitats and spatial feelings.

3. Build a well-organized transportation system- A 15-kilometer multi-purpose pedestrian road will stretch along the lake's shore and circle the lake, while the vehicle lanes on the street level will provide more rapid and convenient traffic space.

Naturalize 1. Rearrange lakeside habitats.

2. Wetlands and meadows along the lake's shore will create a biofiltration system that also provides natural habitats for wildlife.

3. Remodeling and expanding bird sanctuaries and setting up a central island.

Connect 1. Redefine lake banks of human and nature.

2. Crosswalks and specific paths are used to connect the lake district with all the residential communities along the lake.

3. Increase the water affinity space, including the north side of the public houseboat, wooden walkway, overlook and fishing area.

237

STRATEGY 1 OPEN LAKE TO THE PUBLIC

Issue 1: Underutilized lake banks

Issue 2: Insufficient lake banks area

Issue 3: Obstructions of the lake banks

238

PROJECT 4.2 Lake Nagawara

STRATEGY 1 OPEN LAKE TO THE PUBLIC

Step 1: Rearranging human activities

Step 2: Extanding lake banks

Step 3: Removing fences Adding more accessibilities

239

STRATEGY 2 NATURALIZING THE LAKE

Existing lake habitats Hydrophyte 7 species Fish 26 species

Shrubs 22 species Reptiles 9 species

Birds 47 species

Trees 29 species Mammals 12 species

Connection between targeted birds and habitats Habitats Targeted Species

Deep Water Habitat

Shallow Water Habitat

Wetlands

Great Cormorant Eurasian Coot Indian Cormorant Oriental Darter Little Cormorant Pale-billed Flowerpecker Spot-billed Pelican Indian Spot-billed Duck Gray Heron Little Egret Cattle Egret Indian Pond-Heron

Herbs 26 species Amphibians 14 species

Weeds 6 species Insects 34 species

FOOD Fish

Plants

Fruit

Eurasian Coot Jungle Myna Indian Silverbill

240

Woodlands

White-browed Wagtail Gray-headed Swamphen Common Sandpiper Eurasian Marsh-Harrier Paddyfield Pipit

Meat

Forest

Rose-ringed Parakeet White-cheeked Barbet Shikra Large-billed Crow Eurasian Kestrel

Leftover Food

Urban Green

Black Kite Brahminy Kite Spotted Dove

Insects

PROJECT 4.2 Lake Nagawara

Habitat Typologies

Hydrophilic Platform

Wetland

Lakeside Trail

Upland Garden

Floating Islands

Aquiculture ponds

Eastern lake bank -Before Ornamental Flora Poor-condition Flora

Water Eutrophication

Lake

Deep Water Habitat

Traffic Roads

Exposured Soil

Barren Land Habitat

Shrubland Habitat -After

Shrub Planting Lake

Rain Garden

Big Trees Planting

Traffic Roads

Algae Control Area

Deep Water Habitat

Shrubland Habitat

Woodland Habitat

241

STRATEGY 2 NATURALIZING THE LAKE Southern lake bank -Before Fence Handrail Hard Surface pathway Stone Slope

Lake

Shallow Water Habitat

Deep Water Habitat

Parkside Green

Traffic Roads

Urban Green Habitat

-After

Shallow Water Restoration Lake

Stone Slope

Deep Water Habitat

Wetlands

Meadow With trees

Shrub Planting Area

Shallow Water Habitat

Traffic Roads

Urban Green Habitat

Northern lake bank -Before Unutilized Jungle Lake

Stone Slope

Deep Water Habitat

Shallow Water Habitat

Urban Green Habitat

-After

Secondary Forest Floating Island

Deep Water Habitat 242

Lake

Water Plants Growing

Shallow Water Habitat

Forest Habitat

PROJECT 4.2 Lake Nagawara

STRATEGY 3 CONNECTING HUMAN AND NATURE

Relationship between human activities and habitats

Lake

Wetlands

Living Shoreline

Upland Slope

Milvus migrans Streptopelia chinensis

Acridotheres fuscus

Pethia Egretta manipurensis garzetta Mystus ngasep Darshan

Plegadis falcinellus

Ecotone

Ecotone

Ecotone

Phalacrocorax carbo

Columba livia

Schistura periyarensis Lake

06.00 am

Hydrophilic Platform

Multi-use Lakeside Trail

Major Activity Space 09.00 am

12.00 pm

15.00 pm

18.00 pm

Relationship between human and flora Forest Area

Hig

h-D

Ra

ens

eF

in G

ore

st

De

ep

Wa te

rH

at

nse

Sha

llow

Lak e /Mu side M lti-u ea se dow Tra il

ep

gW etla

nd

Wa te

rH

abit

at

Forest Area: Habitats: High-dense woodlands/ Aquiculture ponds/ Deep water habitats/ Wetlands Human activities: Jogging/ Bird watching/ Photography Constructed Wetland Area: Habitats: Low-dense woodlands/ Shrublands/ Deep water habitats/ Shallow water habitats/ Wetlands Human activities: Walking dogs/ Jogging/ Walking

Fore

st

en

De

atin

Constructed Wetland Area

-De

ard

abit

Flo

Low

Fishing Area

Wa te

Ma abit rshla nd/W at etla

rH

nd De

ep

Wa te

rH

abit

at

Fishing Area: Habitats: Urban green belts/ Shrublands/ Lawn/ Deep water habitats Human activities: Walking dogs/ Jogging/ Walking/ Fishing 243

MASTER PLAN 1 16

2

14

4 3

15

13

5 12

11

10 9

8

6 7

N

0

1. Natural Connection 2. Fishing Market 3. Fishing Platform 4. Rain Garden 100m 5. Wooden Bridge 6. Swimming Pool 7. Leisure Square 8. Fittness Square

9. Multi-use Loop Trail 10. Lakeside Lawn 11. Community Garden 12. Outdoor education 13. Wetland 14. Secondary Forest 15. Birds Sanctaury 16. Waterway

ANALYSIS OF MASTER PLAN

Revetment

244

Overview: Over 90% of revetments are open.

The area of greenery and habitat has tripled.

More access to the lake.

Including fast pathway and slow-visiting walking ways.

PROJECT 4.2 Lake Nagawara

ANALYSIS OF MASTER PLAN Shallow water habitat

Habitat

Deep water habitat Wetlands /Marshlands Rain Water Garden Urban Green Community Garden High-dense Forest

Water flow

Surface Runoff Water Flow Lake Watershed Biofiltration

Water flow Human Activities Stepping Predestrain Roads Elevated Walkways Natural Trails Hardsurface Roads Vehicular Roads

245

246

PROJECT 4.3 Prospective Residential District

PROSPECTIVE RESIDENTIAL DISTRICT

Strategies Thoughtful Open Space Planning 1. Restoring and enhancing green infrastructure 2. Open space planning as part of stormwater management plan 3. Encouraging productive landscapes in the neighbourhood Stormwater Management 1. On-site capture and reuse of rain and stormwater for non-potable use 2. Restoring natural hydrology of the site 3. Creating public spaces around water bodies Activating the Public Realm 1. Variating streetscapes by incorporating different activities 2. Designing for suitable scale of street network 3. Encouraging activites to spill out onto the public realm Phased Construction 1. Shifting the focus from built environment to completing blue green infrastructural elements first 2. Efficient use of land and space for construction materials and administration 3. Staggered construction process with natural growth of site greenery

247

PROJECT 3 PROSPECTIVE RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT

Site Condition

Opportunities and Challenges Historical Topography and Waterflow

Dividing Site into 4 Sub-water Catchments

Slope

B D A

C

Existing Streetscape 10m Arterial Street

4.5m Residential Street

4m Secondary Street

4m Secondary Street

4m Secondary Street

2m Residential Street

248

PROJECT 4.3 Prospective Residential District

PROPOSED MASTERPLAN

Prospective Lakeside Residential Development

N

100m LEGEND

PROGRAMME POCKET PARK 1 Cricket Court 2 Basketball Detention Court 3 Event Lawn 4 Community Stepped Seating 5 Outdoor Seats

LINEAR PARK 6 Streetside Cafe 7 Commercial Productive Landscape 8 Interactive Water Feature 9 Community Garden 10 Shaded Lawn 11 Stepped Plaza 12 Informal Recreation Lawn 13 Allotment

DISTRICT PARK CONNECTOR 14 Carpark 15 Fodder Patch 16 Food Forerst 17 Tree Nursery 18 Constructed Wetland 19 Retention Pond 20 Nature Water Play

DISTRICT PARK 21 Viewing Lawn 22 Forest Trial 23 Lakeside Boardwalk 24 Coconut Plantation 25 Retention Pond

249

ENVISIONING OPEN SPACE AND WATER FLOW

250

PROJECT 4.3 Prospective Residential District

STRATEGY 1 THOUGHTFUL OPEN SPACE PLANNING Bringing People Closer to Nature

GREEN SPACE HIERARCHY Conservation Park and Greenways Stormwater Strategies Productive Landscape

50m

Recreational

N

Residential

INJECTING NATURE AS EVERYDAY LANDSCAPES Long Section of Nestled Houses Through the Coconut Plantation, Linear Park and Park Connector

N

40m

ACCOMODATING OPEN SPACE WITH HOUSING TYPOLOGIES Placement of Houses In Relation for Opportunities for Semi-Private Spaces BACKYARD Opened up to stream, with intercropping between existing coconut plantation. Restored traditional sense of space for cattle raising and water management techniques.

COURTYARD AND ALLEYWAYS Green strip with small fruit trees and green setbacks from apartments. Shade tolerant plants might be more suitable. Natural hedge used for edible fence.

SIDE YARD, FRONT YARD, ALLOTMENTS Household private productive landscapes become semi-private spaces. Provides streetscape character and forms boundary.

251

STRATEGY 2 STORMWATER MANAGEMENT

Integrated On-site Harvesting and Re-use Approach Based on Sub-Water Catchment Analysis

MANAGEMENT COMPONENTS Collect & Infiltrate Detain & Reduce Treat Storage Convey Use Subwatershed Basin Stormwater Management Flow

252

50m

N

PROJECT 4.3 Prospective Residential District INTERLINKED AND NESTED-SCALE STRATEGIES Integrating Household Water Management with the Streets

LAKESIDE AND FOREST TRAIL Perspective of Integrating Lake Side as a Community Space

253

STRATEGY 3 ACTIVATING THE PUBLIC REALM Creating Multi-functional Streetscapes and Social Nodes

CONNECTIVITY NETWORK Jogging Loop Nature Trail Secondary Greenways Shared Living Street

50m

Residential Woonerf

N

Main Vehicular Street

VARIATING STREET TYPOLOGIES

Innovative Street Hierarchy Focusing on Walkability and Spill Out of Activities ARTERIAL STREET One-way through road with one sided on-street parking.

12 meters

LINEAR PARK Pedestrian only street with spill out of activities.

11 meters

SHARED LIVING STREET Reduced demarcations between vehicular and pedestrian for greater activation of streetscape.

6.5 meters

RESIDENTIAL WOONERF To encourage playing and gathering on the streets as semi-private realm.

5 meters

254

VEHICULAR ROAD One-way through road with one sided on-street parking.

7 meters

PROJECT 4.3 Prospective Residential District MULTI-FUNCTIONAL STREETSCAPE Perspective of Shared Living Street, Residential Woonerf and Main Arterial Road

STRATEGY 4 PHASED CONSTRUCTION Site Sensitive Development Proess STAGE 0 Existing site.

STAGE 1 District nature parks enhanced with park connector.

Forest regeneration - Legumes treat contaminated soil by burning activities.

- Function as forage.

STAGE 3 Linear park is built together with housing development in sub-watershed B and C.

Road infrastructure constructed accordingly.

STAGE 2 Pocket park and civic amenities built first, providing open spaces.

Supplementary plantings.

Canal naturalized. Tree nursery located on lake bund.

Topsoil removed for compost.

Treated on-site for future plants.

STAGE 4 Remaining parcels developed with low impact design around existing blue-green infrastructure.

Construction buffered from established BGI. 255

NAGAWARA NOW The Lake as an isolated lake ecosystem; disconnected from the adjoining communities

Isolated by Fence and Barriers

Illplaced Industrial Zone and Underutilized Wetland

Mismanaged vegetation and stormwater canal

Roads acting as a barrier for pedestrian connectivity

256

OUR VISION

Nagawara Lake as a part of the community Integrated water management (Storm water and Grey water) interlinked with opportunities for community spaces

Instigating a community green corridor to enhance the ecological value of the urban fabric

Joint public-private usage of the lake banks and promoting habitat restoration

The Broader Perspective: creating a system to be reciprocated across the city, to make Bangalore water resilient

Strategies for 1 lake ecosystem

Reciprocated through the lake series

To enhance resource utilization and reestablish lost connections 257

262

REFLECTIONS

263

'... Bangalore is the most complex city that I have never worked on before! I used to pay close attention to generating “pretty shapes” in design, but this studio made me realize the importance of understanding and analyzing the site, with the form serving the function' -Liu Ye

' This studio taught me a lot, especially in learning about what constitutes a well-thought design. A sensitive design requires detailed and rigorous analysis. Now I began to understand how to make my design more practical and real, rather than just exploring beautiful forms.'

- Hou Yanru

' This studio broadened my horizon to explore the complexity of the urban environment and how it can connect by landscape interventions and how we, as landscape architects, can contribute to the low-income communities.'

-Chan Wing Fai

' By traveling to a completely different setting to study and quantify site conditions, I experienced the severity of the problem and how challenging and relevant it is. ... It made me understand the importance of the landscape in the daily needs of human beings by widening its range of action and complexity.'

-Isabel Villegas

'This semester was challenging and offered an approach to design that required detailed analysis and awareness of many aspects of the site, with quantification of data to be mindful of what we were trying to achieve with our design interventions. We as a group tackled both, city scale and a smaller scale sites, which gave exposure to how good landscape projects are nested in multi-scales.'

-Elsa Sim Rui Jia

'The most exciting learning point was, how to build a strong design statement from critical analysis and indepth research about the region of Bangalore. This studio allowed me to improve graphical representations of my ideas, especially to concisely represent detailed analysis into simple, understandable graphics. ' -Manasi Prabhudesai

'This studio gave us an insight as to how our profession as landscape architects can have a significant impact in making a city resilient. Though challenging and intimidating, this semester allowed me to learn a lot from the engaging faculty and insightful peers.'

-Mitali Kumar

This ‘blue-green infrastructure’ focused studio offered me a great opportunity to understand how to manage extremely complex site elements with landscape architecture interventions. The studio enabled me not only to have full preparation for future blue-green infrastructure related projects, but also taught me to make full use of our site.

-Tang Mengjiao

This studio provided me with a completely unknown overseas experience and an even more complex ecological and human context. It has also trained my design logical thinking, from large scale to small scale and efficient data analysis representation.

-Yang Xiaowen

'In this studio, I uncovered a matrix of undesirable habitat for both wildlife and people. This allowed me to analyze and design in a way I have not done so before. Through the continuous process, as the design got clearer and deadline got nearer, I got more motivated to see the create a project worthy of the site in Hebbal.'

-Rahmat Khairudin

We analyzed different aspects of our site to understand it further, which made me understand the complexity of landscapes. The most important thing I learnt is the significance of calculation and quantification to design for the shape and size of our design, so that we are able to give a strong justification.

-Zhang Qinqin

'I learnt a lot of the need to collect and analyze information collaboratively; not only for site conditions or during the design process, but also to support design strategies with research. Landscape architecture is interdisciplinary.'

-Chen Nan

I am very proud that I could complete this research, and it was necessary to do this before proceeding with the design. By working in groups, I was exposed to a completely different way of thought process and design thinking, which helped me understand a more comprehensive approach of landscape design. I gained insights on the many considerations required when working on a diverse and complicated scale.

-Dai Yuke

Published by Department of Architecture School of Design and Environment National University of Singapore 4 Architecture Drive Singapore 117566 Tel: +65 65163452 Fax: +65 67793078 Copyright © 2019 Hwang Yun Hye (ed.)

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