Hakhnasat Or'him

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โ€ซื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ฌ

โ€ซื”โ€ฌ

โ€ซืชื•ืจื” ืžื™ื™ื—ืกืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื™ื ืžืชืืจืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืจื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืช ื”ืชืžืกืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื โ€“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจืโ€ช .โ€ฌื ืจืื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ื™ ื”ืชืืžืฆื•ืชื• ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืืฉืจ ื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”'โ€ช .โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื” ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื•ื™ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื›ื ื™ืก ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ึตโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืช ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื• โ€“ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืงื‘ืœืช ืคื ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืกื‘ืจ ืคื ื™ื ื™ืคื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืชืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฅ ื•ืœื ื•ื—โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืขื ืงืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ื ื‘ืžืื›ืœ ื•ื‘ืžืฉืชื” ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื™ื•ื•ึผ ื™ึทื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืชืโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื“ืจืšโ€ช .โ€ฌืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื›ืจ ืฉืฉืžื•ืจ ืœืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื•โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืชโ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชIIโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชIIโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชIIโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชIIโ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ื•ืœืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื?โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื”ื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื?โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื” ื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื?โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื”ืŸ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื•?โ€ฌ

โ€ซืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจโ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื—ืœืง ืจืืฉื•ืŸโ€ช :โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ืโ€ฌ

โ€ซื—ืœืง ืฉื ื™โ€ช :โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ฌ

โ€ซื—ืœืง ืฉืœื™ืฉื™โ€ช :โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซ โ€ฌ โ€ซ โ€ฌ โ€ซ โ€ฌ โ€ซ โ€ฌ โ€ซ โ€ฌ โ€ซ โ€ฌ โ€ซ โ€ฌ

โ€ซื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืคืจืง ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื•ืงื‘ืœืชื ื‘ืกื‘ืจ ืคื ื™ื ื™ืคื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืคืจืง ื‘โ€ช .โ€ฌืžืชืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื ื•ื— ื•ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฅโ€ฌ โ€ซืคืจืง ื’โ€ช .โ€ฌืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืคืจืง ื“โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื’ืฉืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื‘ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืคืจืง ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžืงื•ื ืœื™ื ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืคืจืง ื•โ€ช .โ€ฌืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืœื“ืจื›ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืคืจืง ื–โ€ช .โ€ฌืœืื™ื–ื” ืžืจื—ืง ื™ืฉ ืœืœื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื?โ€ฌ

โ€ซื—ืœืง ืจื‘ื™ืขื™โ€ช :โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ฌ

โ€ซื—ืœืง ื—ืžื™ืฉื™โ€ช :โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื”ืฉื›ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ืโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช1โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•โ€ฌ


โ€ซื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ฌ

โ€ซื—ืœืง ืจืืฉื•ืŸโ€ช :โ€ฌืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœื’ื™ืฉืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื‘ื” ื ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ื”ื‘ืโ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ื ืกืข ืœืžื–ืจื— ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ืืจื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืœื” ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื™ืช ื•ื™ืคืืกื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืืกื˜ืจื™ื ื˜ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืขืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ืžื•ืจื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื”ืจื™ื ืขื ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื”ื•ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ื”ืชื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืœืžืฉืš ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื›ืœ ืžืชื ื”ืœ ื›ืฉื•ืจื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืคืจ ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื‘ื‘ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ื‘ื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืฉืจ ื ืกืข ืœืžื–ืจื— ืœืฉื ื”ื”ืจืคืชืงื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจืคืชืงืชื• ื™ืฆืื” ืžื›ืœืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” โ€“ ืงื•ื‘ื™ ืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ืžืคืชโ€ช-โ€ฌื”ืจื™โ€ช-โ€ฌื˜ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฉืœืงื— ืขืžื• ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืœโ€ช-โ€ฌื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœื•โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื•ื ื”ืœืš ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืžื™ืžื™ื• ื•ืžื–ื•ื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœื•โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื™ื™ืฃ ื•ืจืขื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืš ืžืื•ืฉืจ ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ื ื•ืกืฃโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืจืกืง ืงื•ื‘ื™ ืืช ืฉืชื™ืงืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ื•ืื•ืžืจโ€ช" ,โ€ฌื”ื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื—ื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืฉื™ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซืคื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื•โ€ช ...โ€ฌืชืฉืžืขโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื™ืฉ ืœืš ืื™ื–ื” ืคืกืงโ€ช-โ€ฌื–ืžืŸ ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”? ืื™ื–ื” ื—ื˜ื™ืฃ ื˜ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•โ€ช".โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืžื–ื•ืขื–ืขโ€ช" :โ€ฌืคืกืง ื–ืžืŸ! ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจื•ืื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”?! ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืคืกืง ื–ืžืŸ?!"โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื ืฆื•ื“ืง ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“? ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืช ืงื•ื‘ื™ ืœืืจื•ื—ืช ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื•ืœื™ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืงื•ื‘ื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“?โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคืกื•ืง "ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืœืจืขืš ื›ืžื•ืš" (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื˜โ€ช:โ€ฌื™ื—) ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžืขืฉื™ ื—ืกื“ (ืจืžื‘"ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืื‘ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌื™ื“โ€ช:โ€ฌื)โ€ช .โ€ฌืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช (ืจืื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืจืฉื” "ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืœืจืขืš ื›ืžื•ืš")โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื ื• ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื•ืœื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื–ื•โ€ช .โ€ฌืฉืชื™ื ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืขื ืขื–ื™ื‘ืชืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช "ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืœืจืขืš ื›ืžื•ืš" โ€“ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื โ€“ ืžื•ื“ื’ื ื‘ืžืœื•ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื ืงื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืชืื™ื–ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื“ืชื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ืฉืจื”โ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช .1โ€ฌื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ื—โ€ช:โ€ฌืโ€ช-โ€ฌื— โ€“ ืฉื•ืจืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื”ื ื• ื”ืื‘ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื ึตืขื™ื ึธ ื™ื• ื•ึท ึผึทื™ืจึฐ ื ื•ึฐ ึดื” ึผึตื ื” ื ึฐืฉืœื ึธึนืฉื” ึฒืื ึธ ื ึดืฉื™ื ื ึด ึธึผืฆ ึดื‘ื™ื ึธืขืœึธ ื™ื• ื•ึท ึผึทื™ืจึฐ ื ื•ึท ึธึผื™ืจึธ ืฅโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ึท ึผึตื™ืจึธ ื ึตืืœึธ ื™ื• ื”โ€™ ึผึฐื‘ ึตืืœึนื ึต ื™ ึทืž ึฐืžืจึต ื ื•ึฐ ื”ื•ึผ ื ื™ื ึตึนืฉื‘ ึผึถืค ึทืชื— ึธื”ื ึถึนื”ืœ ึผึฐื›ื—ึนื ึทื”ื™ึผ ื•ึนืโ€ช :โ€ฌื•ึท ึผึดื™ ึธึผ ื‚โ€ฌ โ€ซืืชื™ ึตื—ืŸ ึผึฐื‘ ึตืขื™ื ึถ ื™ืšึธ ึทืืœ ื ึธ ื ึทืช ึฒืขื‘ึนืจ ึตืž ึทืขืœ ึทืข ึฐื‘ ึผึถื“ืšึธ โ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซึนืืžืจ ึฒืื“ึนื ึธ ื™ ึดืื ื ึธ ื ึธืž ึธืฆ ึดโ€ฌ โ€ซืืชื ึดืž ึผึถืค ึทืชื— ึธื”ื ึถึนื”ืœ ื•ึท ึผึดื™ื ึฐืฉ ึผึทืชื—ื•ึผ ึธืืจึฐ ึธืฆื”โ€ช :โ€ฌื•ึท ึผื™ ึทโ€ฌ โ€ซืœึด ึฐืงืจึธ ึธโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ ึผึทึปืงื— ื ึธ ื ึฐืž ึทืขื˜ ึทืžื™ึด ื ื•ึฐ ืจึท ึฒื—ืฆื•ึผ ืจึท ื’ึฐ ืœึต ื™ื›ึถ ื ื•ึฐ ึดื”ื ึธึผืฉ ึฒืขื ื•ึผ ึผึทืช ึทื—ืช ึธื” ึตืขืฅโ€ช :โ€ฌื•ึฐ ึถื ึฐืง ึธื—ื” ึทืคืช ืœึถ ึถื—ื ื•ึฐ ึทืก ึฒืขื“ื•ึผ ืœึด ึผึฐื‘ื›ึถ ื ึทื ึทื—ืจ ึผึทืช ึฒืขื‘ึนืจื•ึผ ึผึดื›ื™ ึทืขืœ ึผึตื›ืŸ ึฒืข ึทื‘ืจึฐ ึผึถืชื ึทืขืœ ึทืข ึฐื‘ ึผึฐื“ื›ึถ ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื” ึผึทื› ึฒืื ึถืฉืจ ึผึดื“ ึผึทื‘ืจึฐ ึธึผืชโ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซึนืืžืจื•ึผ ึผึตื›ืŸ ึผึทืช ึฒืข ึถ ื‚โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ึท ึผื™ ึฐโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ ืขึป ื’ื•ึนืชโ€ช :โ€ฌื•ึฐ ึถืืœ ึทื” ึธึผื‘ ึธืงืจ ืจึธ ืฅ ึทื ึฐื‘ืจึธ ึธื”ื ื•ึท ึผึดื™ ึผึทืงื— ึผึถื‘ืŸ ึธึผื‘ ึธืงืจโ€ฌ โ€ซึนืืžืจ ึทืž ึฒื”ืจึด ื™ ื ึฐืฉืœืึนืฉ ึฐืก ึดืื™ื ึถืง ึทืžื— ืกึนืœึถ ืช ืœื•ึผ ื ึดืฉื™ ื•ึท ึฒืข ึด ื‚โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืจึธ ื” ื•ึท ึผื™ ึถโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ึท ื™ึฐ ึทืž ึตื”ืจ ึทื ึฐื‘ืจึธ ึธื”ื ึธื”ื ึฑึนื”ืœึธ ื” ึถืืœ ึธ ื‚โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื” ื•ึท ึผึดื™ ึผึตืชืŸ ืœึด ึฐืคื ึต ึถื™ื”ื ื•ึฐ ื”ื•ึผ ื ืข ึตึนืžื“ ึฒืขืœึต ึถื™ื”ื ึผึทืช ึทื—ืช ึธื” ึตืขืฅโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื•ึนืช ืึนืชื•ึนโ€ช :โ€ฌื•ึท ึผึดื™ ึผึทืงื— ึถื— ึฐืž ึธืื” ื•ึฐ ึธื—ืœึธ ื‘ ื•ึผ ึถื‘ืŸ ึทื” ึธึผื‘ ึธืงืจ ึฒืื ึถืฉืจ ึธืข ึธ ื‚โ€ฌ โ€ซืจึท ืšึฐ ื•ึธ ื˜ื•ึนื‘ ื•ึท ึผึดื™ ึผึตืชืŸ ึถืืœ ึทื” ึผึทื  ึทืขืจ ื•ึท ื™ึฐ ึทืž ึตื”ืจ ืœึท ึฒืข ื‚โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ึท ึผื™ึนืื›ึต ืœื•ึผ โ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื–ื™ื›ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื‘ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืกื™ืคืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื” ืขืฉื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ื™ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืžื™ืœืชื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื•ืื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืœ ื—ืœืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืจืฉ"ื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ื—โ€ช:โ€ฌื)โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื—ืกื•ืš ืžืื‘ืจื”ื ืืช ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื—ืžื” ืžื ืจืชื™ืงื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื•ืโ€ช .โ€ฌืืš ื ืคืฉื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื—ืฉืงื” ื‘ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืฉื•ื ืฉืฆื“ื™ืง ืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืข ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌืœื›ืŸ ืฉืœื— ืœื• ื”' ืฉืœื•ืฉื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•โ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช2โ€ฌโ€ฌ


โ€ซื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ฌ

โ€ซืื ืฉื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืื‘ืจื”ื ืจืฅ ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ืืœื™ื• ื•ืœืฉืจืชื ืื™ืฉื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขืœ ืืฃ ื’ื™ืœื• ื•ืžื—ืœืชื• (ื”ืจื‘ ื ืชืŸ ืฉืจืžืŸโ€ช ,The Stone Chumash ,โ€ฌื‘ืจืืฉื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื—โ€ช:โ€ฌื)โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืšโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืœืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืงื‘"ื” ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขื ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌืขืœ ืืฃ ื–ืืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžืืœื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืื•ืจื—ื™ื! ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื ื• ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ื™ืฉืงื•ืœ ื”ืคืกืงื” ืงืœื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืงื•ื‘ื™โ€ช...โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืžื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื•โ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซืคืขืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื ืกืข ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืื—ื“ ื“ืจืš ืืจื•ื›ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืขื•ื“ ืืช ืกืขื•ื“ืช ืœื™ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืืฆืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื™ืจ ื›ื’ืŸ ("ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื"โ€ช ,โ€ฌืจืื“ื™ืŸโ€ช-1838 ,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช .)1933โ€ฌื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืชืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉื™ื ื•ื— ืœืคื ื™ ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจื™ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื‘ื•ืฉืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ื™ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฅ ืืช ืชืคื™ืœืช ืœื™ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืชโ€ช" .โ€ฌืืœ ืชื“ืื’โ€ช ,โ€ฌืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืคื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชโ€ช",โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืืžืจ ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ืคืชืข ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืœืชื” ืขืœ ื™ืฆื•ืขื”โ€ช" .โ€ฌื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื™ื™ืคื” ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื ืืœืฆื” ืœืฉื›ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ืโ€ช ",โ€ฌื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืกืขื“ ืขื ืจื‘ื•โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื ืฉืจื• ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื•ื—ื—ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื›ื‘ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื ืœื‘ ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืœืงืœ ื•ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืขื” โ€ช .3:00โ€ฌืืš ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื—ื“ืจื” ื‘ื• ื”ื”ื›ืจื”โ€ช :โ€ฌื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื˜ื‘! ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื•ื“ื ืขื“ โ€ช 2:00โ€ฌื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืกืขื•ื“ืชื• ืขื ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืขื” โ€ช!3:00โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืฉืืจ ืขืจ ืœืžืฉืš ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืคื ื™ื ื›ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืœื ื•ื— ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ื›ืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื›ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉ! (ืžืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ ืžื•ื ืฆื•ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ; ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจ โ€ช ,The Chofetz Chaim Biographyโ€ฌื”ื•ืฆืืช ืืจื˜ืกืงืจื•ืœ)โ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช . 2โ€ฌื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื’โ€ช:โ€ฌื” โ€“ ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื”ื›ืœโ€ช-โ€ฌื™ื›ื•ืœ ืงื•ืจื ืœืื“ื ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืืœื™ื• ื•ืœื“ื‘ื•ืง ื‘ื•โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ?โ€ฌ โ€ซึทื ึฒื—ืจึต ื™ ื”โ€™ ึฑืืœ ึตึนืงื™ื›ึถ ื ึผึตืชืœึต ื›ื•ึผ ื•ึฐ ืึนืช ึนื• ึดืชื™ืจึธ ืื•ึผ ื•ึฐ ึถืืช ึดืž ึฐืฆื•โ€ ึธึนืชื™ื• ึผึดืชื ึฐืฉืžึนืจื•ึผ ื•ึผ ึฐื‘ืงึนืœ ึนื• ึดืชื ึฐืฉ ึธืžืขื•ึผ ื•ึฐ ืึนืช ึนื• ึทืช ึฒืขื‘ึนื“ื•ึผ ื•ึผ ื‘ ึนื• ึดืช ึฐื“ ึผึธื‘ืงื•ึผ ืŸโ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื”' ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืื“ื "ื•ื‘ื• ืชื“ื‘ืงื•ืŸ"โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื” ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื•โ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช .3โ€ฌืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืœื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืกื•ื˜ื” ื™ื“โ€ช โ€“ .โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืื“ื ืœื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื”ื (ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”)โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื•ืชื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืื“ื ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”' ื•ื“ึธ ึตื‘ืง ื‘ื•โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ืžื ื‘ืจ ื—ื ื™ื ื ืžืื™ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”โ€™ ืืœืงื™ื›ื ืชืœื›ื• ื•ื›ื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœืื“ื ืœื”ืœืš ืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื™ื ื”? โ€ช...โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืืœื ื”ืœืš ืื—ืจ ืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘โ€ื”โ€ช :โ€ฌืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžืœื‘ื™ืฉ ืขืจื•ืžื™ื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื™ืขืฉ ื”โ€™ ืืœืงื™ื ืœืื“ื ื•ืœืืฉืชื• ื›ืชื ื•ืช ืขื•ืจ ื•ื™ืœื‘ื™ืฉืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืฃโ€ฌ โ€ซืืชื” ื”ืœื‘ืฉ ืขืจื•ืžื™ื;โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงื‘โ€ื” ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื™ืจื ืืœื™ื• ื”โ€™ ื‘ืืœื•ื ื™ ืžืžืจืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืฃ ืืชื” ื‘ืงืจ ื—ื•ืœื™ื;โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงื‘โ€ื” ื ื™ื—ื ืื‘ืœื™ื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ื™ื‘ืจืš ืืœืงื™ื ืืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ื ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืฃ ืืชื” ื ื—ื ืื‘ืœื™ื;โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงื‘โ€ื” ืงื‘ืจ ืžืชื™ื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื™ืงื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื’ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืฃ ืืชื” ืงื‘ื•ืจ ืžืชื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช .4โ€ฌืฉืœื—โ€ช ,โ€ฌืคืจืฉืช ื•ื™ืจืโ€ช" ,โ€ฌื ืจ ืžืฆื•ื”" (ืคืกืงื” ืฉื ื™ื”) โ€“ ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”' ึดื•ืž ึผึทื“ ึผึถืžื” ืœื•โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืฉื ืฉื”' ืžืืจื— ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœืืจื— ืื—ืจื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื ืจืื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜โ€ช ...โ€ฌืžืฆื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ื“ื•ื”ืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื• ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืขืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืžืขืœืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืชโ€ช ...โ€ฌื•ื–ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืงื‘โ€ื” ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืขื™ื“ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืขื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืขโ€ช .โ€ฌื›ื™ ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืจื’ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืžื™ืžืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื‘ื“โ€ช .โ€ฌืจโ€ืœ ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื™โ€ืช ื›ืื•ืจื— ื ื˜ื” ืœืœื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื’ึต ืจื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื ื™ืกโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช3โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•โ€ฌ


โ€ซื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ฌ

โ€ซื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืœื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”' ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืจืฉื” "ืœื”ื™ื“ืžื•ืช ืœื”'"โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื‘ืกื•ืฃโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืื“ื ื—ืกื“ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ึผ ื ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื›ื™ "ื›ืš ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช"โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื•ื ืžืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช "ื•ืขืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจ ื•ื˜ื•ื‘"โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช .5โ€ฌื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•โ€ช:โ€ฌื™ื— โ€“ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช "ื•ืขืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจ ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื‘"โ€ช....โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉ ึธื™ืช ึทื” ึธึผื™ื ึธืฉืจ ื•ึฐ ึทื” ึผื˜ื•ึนื‘ ึผึฐื‘ ึตืขื™ื ึต ื™ ื”โ€™ ืœึฐ ึทืž ึทืขืŸ ื™ึด ึทื™ื˜ื‘ ืœึธ ืšึฐ โ€ช...โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ึฐ ึธืข ึด ื‚โ€ฌ

โ€ซื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืžืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื“ืœืขื™ืœโ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช .6โ€ฌืจืžื‘"ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•โ€ช:โ€ฌื™ื— โ€“ ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื›ื™ ื™ืชืคืจืฉื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืจืื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื”' ื”ื ื—ื™ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืชโ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซ"ื•ืขืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจ ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉื"โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื›ืœื•ืœื” ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื–ื•โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช ...โ€ฌื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ื–ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ื™ ืžืชื—ืœื” ืืžืจโ€ช :โ€ฌืฉืชืฉืžื•ืจ ื—ืงื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืขื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืืฉืจ ึดืฆื•ึฐ ืšึธ โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืขืชื” ื™ืืžืจโ€ช :โ€ฌื’ื ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื ึดืฆื•ึฐ ืšึธ ืชืŸ ื“ืขืชืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ื™ืฉืจ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื‘ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื™ืฉืจโ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื–ื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœืคื™ ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืขื ืฉื›ื ื™ื• ื•ืจืขื™ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื›ืœ ืžืฉืื• ื•ืžืชื ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืชืงื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืœืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืžื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœื ืชืœืš ืจื›ื™ืœ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื˜ ื˜ื–)โ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื ืชืงื•ื ื•ืœื ืชื˜ื•ืจ (ืฉื ืคืกื•ืง ื™ื—)โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืœื ืชืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื ืจืขืš (ืฉื ืคืกื•ืง ื˜ื–)โ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื ืชืงืœืœ ื—ืจืฉ (ืฉื ืคืกื•ืง ื™ื“)โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชืงื•ื (ืฉื ืคืกื•ืง ืœื‘)โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื”ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื—ื–ืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ืขืฉื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื™ืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืื“ื ื”ืžื ื—ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช "ืื“ื ื˜ื•ื‘" ื”ื™ื ื ื›ืก ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“โ€ช .โ€ฌืžื” ืฉื”' ืžื‘ืงืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืืชื ื• ื”ื•ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช "ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื™ืฉืจ" ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืฃ ืื ื”ื•ื ืœื ืืžืจ ืœื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ื™ืฆื“โ€ช .โ€ฌืœื›ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื›ื™ ื–ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืจืื•ื™ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช "ื•ืขืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจ ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื‘" (ืžืคื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅโ€ช ,โ€ฌื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื)โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื‘ืขื˜ื™ื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื—ืกื“ ื•ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื•ืœืช โ€“ ืฉื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœื”ื โ€“ ื”ื ืชื ืื™ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืโ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช .7โ€ฌืคืจืงื™ ืื‘ื•ืช ื’โ€ช:โ€ฌื™ื–; ืจื‘ื ื• ืฉืžื—ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืคืจืง ืชื›ื• ืฉืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ืจื‘ ืคื ื—ืก ืงื”ืชื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืืจื•ืช ืฉื โ€“ ืื“ื ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื“ืจืš ืืจืฅโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื—ื•ื›ืžืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื™ื” ืื•ืžืจโ€ช :โ€ฌืื ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืกื™ืžืŸ ืชื›ื•โ€ช :โ€ฌืื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืฉืื ืื™ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืื“ื ืœื ื”ื’ ื›ืฉื•ืจื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจืชื• ืžื•ืขืœืช ืœื• ื›ืœื•ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืื™ื ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื™ื“ื•โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืจโ€™ ืคื ื—ืก ืงื”ืชื™โ€ช :โ€ฌืื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ โ€“ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ ื™ืคื” ืขื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” โ€“ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจืš ืœืชื•ืจืชื•โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืชื—ืœืœืช ื•ื ืžืืกืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื•โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸโ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชI Iโ€ฌื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื›ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืชืื™ื–ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื“ืชื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ืืช; ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืืช ื‘ื•ืจืื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืœื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืฉืงื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืโ€ช-โ€ฌืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื–ืจื– ืœืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืœ ื–ืืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืชืืจืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื•ืฉืœ ืฉืจื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ื—ื•ื ื”ื›ื‘ื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ืœื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืจืฅ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื”ื•ืœื›ื™โ€ช-โ€ฌืžื“ื‘ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื–ืจื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฅโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœืื›ื•ืœ ื•ืœื ื•ื—โ€ช .โ€ฌืืช ื–ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืฉื‘ื—ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•โ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช4โ€ฌโ€ฌ


โ€ซื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ชI Iโ€ฌืžื” ืžื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื? ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืš ื›ื™ ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื˜ื•ื‘โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื–ืžื ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืฆืจื›ื™ื”ื ื”ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืื™ืคื” ื–ื• ื•ื›ืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ โ€œื•ืขืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจ ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื‘โ€ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื™ืชืจื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื–ืืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช โ€œื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืœืจืขืš ื›ืžื•ืšโ€โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชI Iโ€ฌืœื‘ืกื•ืฃโ€ช ,โ€ฌื™ืฉ ืžื ื™ืข ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื ื”ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ช :โ€ฌืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืืœื•ืงื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ื ื”ืžืืจื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช โ€“ ื”ืžืขื ื™ืง ืžื–ื•ืŸ ึฐื•ืžืงื•ืโ€ช-โ€ฌืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื ืชื•ืŸ โ€“ ืื ื• ึดืž ึผึทื“ ึผึดืžื™ื ืœื”โ€™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื—ืกื” ืœืจืขื ื•โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื“ืื’ื” ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื•ืœืช ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื”โ€™โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืคื•ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืžืื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™โ€ช :โ€ฌื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ื”ื–ื•ืœืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงื‘โ€ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื”ื•ื โ€œื”ืžืืจื— ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸโ€โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื—ืœืง ืฉื ื™โ€ช :โ€ฌื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื˜ืจื ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื• (ืจืื” ื—ืœืง ืฉืœื™ืฉื™)โ€ช ,โ€ฌื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ื•ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืงื™ื•ืžื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช .1โ€ฌื”ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ืโ€ช" ,โ€ฌืื”ื‘ืช ื—ืกื“" ื’โ€ช:โ€ฌื โ€“ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืืฆืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื–ืจืขื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืชื•โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื™โ€ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืคืจืฉื” ืฉืœื™ืžื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืžืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ื™ื ืœืื•ืช ืœื ื• ืฉื ืชื—ื–ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื–ื” ื’โ€ื› ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉืชื™ื›ืฃ ืื—ืจ ืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ืฉื™ื‘ื— ืื•ืชื• ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฆื•ื” ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื’โ€ื› ืœื™ืœืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฆื“ืงื•ืชื™ื•โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช .2โ€ฌืฉื ื’โ€ช:โ€ฌื‘ โ€“ ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื•ืœื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืงื™ื•ืžื• ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื–ื›ื” ืœื“ื’ืฉ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื ื” ืจืึนื” ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืœืกืคืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื™ืš ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื” ืฉืœื ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื›ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉืกื™ืคืจื” ืจืง ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ื—ืกืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืื—ืจื•ืชโ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช . 3โ€ฌืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืœื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื‘ืช ืงื›ื–โ€ช โ€“ .โ€ฌื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื“ืจื’ืชื” ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื›ื”ืฉื›ืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉโ€ช...โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืขืจื™ื›ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืŸ (ืจืื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืจืฉื” "ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”โ€ช :โ€ฌื™ืกื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื")โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉื•ื•ื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”โ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช .4โ€ฌืžื”ืจ"ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืื’ื“ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื โ€“ ื”ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื ืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืฆืœื ืืœืงื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืืœืงื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืžื• ืžื™ ืฉืžืฉื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืชื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืืœืงื™ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ืื‘ื•ืช ืงืืžืจ โ€œื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืฆืœื ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื›ืœื™ ื—ืžื“ื”โ€ช โ€,โ€ฌืืœื• ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืฉื•ื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช5โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•โ€ฌ


โ€ซื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ฌ

โ€ซื•ื”ื ื” ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืืžื™ืจื” โ€“ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ืžื‘ืืจ ื–ืืชโ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช .5โ€ฌืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืœื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื‘ืช ืงื›ื–โ€ช โ€“ .โ€ฌื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืจื‘ ื“ื™ืžื™ ืžื ื”ืจื“ืขื ืืžืจโ€ช :โ€ฌื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืฉื›ืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซ(ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื‘ืกืคืจ "ืื”ื‘ืช ื—ืกื“" ื’โ€ช:โ€ฌืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื”ืขืจื” ื”ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื—ืชื” ืžืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื• ื”ื—ืžืฆืช ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžืขืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืงืจื” ืฉื‘ื• ืื“ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืจื—โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืš ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืœื ื”ืชืื™ืžื” ืœืžืขืžื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจื—โ€ช).โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช .6โ€ฌืžื”ืจ"ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืื’ื“ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื โ€“ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืขืฆืžื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืื“ื ื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืฆืœื ืืœื•ืงื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืงืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื“ื™ืžื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืฉื›ืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื–ื”ื• ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืืœืงื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื”ืื“ื ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืื•ืชื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื ื‘ืจื ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฆืœืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืืœ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ืชื ื ืžืงื“ื™ื ึดื—ื‘ื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืฉื”ืื“ื ื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืฆืœื ืืœืงื™ื ืœืžื” ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื›ืœื™ ื—ืžื“ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื‘ืกื•ืฃโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืžื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืžืฆื”ื™ืจื” ื›ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืงื‘ืœืช ืคื ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœโ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช .7โ€ฌืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืœื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื‘ืช ืงื›ื–โ€ช โ€“ .โ€ฌื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืงื‘ืœืช ืคื ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืžืจ ืจื‘โ€ช :โ€ฌื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืงื‘ืœืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืื“ื ื™ ืื ื ื ืžืฆืืชื™ ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ืš ืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื ืชืขื‘ื•ืจโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช .8โ€ฌืžื”ืจ"ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืื’ื“ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื โ€“ ื™ืฉ ืœืื“ื ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ืฆืœื ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืื“ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืขืฆืžื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืžืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืงื‘ืœืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžื˜ืขื ืฉืืžืจื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืฆืœื ื™ื•ืฆืจื•โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืงื‘ืœืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืจืื ื™ ื•ื—ื™โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื›ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื”ื•ื ืžื›ื‘ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื›ืืฉืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืื• ืืœื™ื• ืคื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืื“ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืจืื” ืืœื™ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืœ ืฆืœื ืืœืงื™ื ื”ื–ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืงื‘ืœืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืœ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช .9โ€ฌืฉื โ€“ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืฆืœื ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ื ืฉื‘ืื“ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžืœื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื“ืข ืœืš ืฉื“ื•ืงื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืงืืžืจ ืฉืคื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืคื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ื”ื ื” ื–ื”ื• ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฆืœื ืืœืงื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืืœื™ื• ืคื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื‘ื“ ืื•ืชื•โ€ช..โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซืžืกืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื ืœืžื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื›ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืขืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื™ ืฉืœื• ืžื”' ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ (ืžืงื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช 7โ€ฌืœืขื™ืœ)โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืŸโ€ช-โ€ฌืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืงืœื˜ืฆืงื• ืžืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื“ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืฉื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ื“ืชื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื”ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื”ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืขืจืš ื”ื ืขืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืงืจื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ืœืืœื•ืงื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื™ื ื“ืช ื”ืืžืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื™ื™ื—ืกืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื™ื” ื•ืœื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ื”' (ืจืื”โ€ฌ โ€ซ"ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžืืœื™ื”ื•" ื›ืจืš ื‘'โ€ช ,โ€ฌืขืž' โ€ช.)179-180โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช .10โ€ฌื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื•โ€ช:โ€ฌื’โ€ช-โ€ฌื“; ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื โ€“ ืžื˜ืจืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื•ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉ ึถื“ื” ื™ึด ึผึตืชืŸ ึผึดืคืจึฐ ื™ื•ึนโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉ ึถื™ืชื ื ึธึนืชืโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ึฐ ื ึธ ึทืช ึผึดืชื™ ื’ึด ื ึฐืฉ ึตืžื™ื›ึถ ื ึผึฐื‘ ึดืข ึธึผืชื ื•ึฐ ื ึธ ึฐืชื ึธ ื” ึธื” ึธืืจึถ ืฅ ื™ึฐ ื‘ื•ึผ ืœึธ ึผื” ื•ึฐ ึตืขืฅ ึทื” ึธึผ ื‚โ€ฌ โ€ซึดืื ึผึฐื‘ื—ึป ึผืง ึทึนืชื™ ึผึตืชืœึต ื›ื•ึผ ื•ึฐ ึถืืช ึดืž ึฐืฆื•โ€ ึทึนืชื™ ึผึดืชื ึฐืฉ ึฐืžืจื•ึผ ื•ึท ึฒืข ึด ื‚โ€ฌ โ€ซืจืฉโ€ื™โ€ช :โ€ฌืื ื‘ื—ืงืชื™ ืชืœื›ื• โ€ช ... -โ€ฌืฉืชื”ื™ื• ืขืžืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื”โ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•โ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช6โ€ฌโ€ฌ


โ€ซื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ฌ

โ€ซื•ืืช ืžืฆื•ืชื™ ืชืฉืžืจื• โ€ช -โ€ฌื”ื•ื• ืขืžืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื•ืœืงื™ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืžื• ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื” ื) ื•ืœืžื“ืชื ืื•ืชื ื•ืฉืžืจืชืโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืขืฉื•ืชืโ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื™ื“ืจึต ืฉ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื "ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื’ืช ืงืจื‘ืช ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื•ื›ืžืชื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ึธโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื ืช ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ืฆืขื• ืื•ืชื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช .11โ€ฌืจืžื‘"ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื’โ€ช:โ€ฌื“ โ€“ ืื ืื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืงื•ื“ืžืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื” ึธืขืฉื•ืช ืขโ€ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ืคืกื™ืง ืชืœืžื•ื“ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืื ืœืื• ื™ืขืฉื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ื• ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžืฆื•ื” ื•ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื” ึตโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชืœืžื•ื“ื•โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™โ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชI Iโ€ฌืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื“ื’ืฉืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื™ืฉ ืžื˜ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืืฆืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•โ€ช :โ€ฌื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ื•ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืžื•ืชื•โ€ช .โ€ฌืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื•ืจื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืชืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื—ืกื“ ื•ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืื›ืŸโ€ชโ€œ ,โ€ฌื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืœื”ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื•ืช ืฆื“ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœืฆื“ื™ืง ื–ืจืข ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•โ€ (ืจืžื‘โ€ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื™ื“ ื”ื—ื–ืงื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืžืชื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™โ€ช:โ€ฌื)โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชI Iโ€ฌื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืšโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื›ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืœื•ืงื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื•ืจื— ื”ื•ื ืื“ื ืฉื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืฆืœื ืืœื•ืงื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌืœื›ืŸโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื (ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ ื–ื•ืœืชื• ืฉื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”) ืฉืงื•ืœื” ื›ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”; ืื ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื›ืจืื•ื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื• ืืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ืื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชื• ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื—โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืฆืœื ืืœื•ืงื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื–ื™ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื• ืžื›ื‘ื“ ื”ืื“ื ืืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื”ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชI Iโ€ฌืœื‘ืกื•ืฃโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืžื™ืจื” ืžื”ื“ื”ื“ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”โ€ช :โ€ฌื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืงื‘ืœืช ืคื ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื ื”!โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืื—ืจ ืฉืžื”ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”โ€™ ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขืžื• ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื ืฉืžืชื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืคื•โ€ช .โ€ฌืืšโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื™ืŸ ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ื›ื–ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืฆืœื ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื ืฉืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื•ืœืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืื•ืจื—!โ€ฌ

โ€ซื—ืœืง ืฉืœื™ืฉื™โ€ช :โ€ฌื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืœื”ืœืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื’ื™ืฉืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžืงื™ืคื” ื•ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ืžืื•ื“ โ€“ ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืงื‘ืœืช ืคื ื™ื”ื ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืชืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฅ ื•ืœื ื•ื—โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืชืŸ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื ื•ื—ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื’ืฉืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืฉืงื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืฆืืชื ืœื“ืจืšโ€ช .โ€ฌื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™โ€ช-โ€ฌืื“ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌืืฃ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืงื‘"ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืืช ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื™ืคื” ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซืคืจืง ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ืคื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืกื‘ืจ ืคื ื™ื ื™ืคื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช .1โ€ฌื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ืโ€ชโ€œ ,โ€ฌืื”ื‘ืช ื—ืกื“โ€ ื’โ€ช:โ€ฌื‘ โ€“ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื—ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืื“ื ืขืฉื™ืจโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆืคื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืžื ื• ืกื›ื•ื ื›ืกืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืกื™ืคืจื” ืœื ื• ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืœื” ืžืžืฆื•ืช ืžื™ืœื” ืฉืœื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืืขืคโ€ื› ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืคืชื— ื”ืื•ื”ืœโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช7โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•โ€ฌ


โ€ซื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ฌ

โ€ซื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื•ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืจืื” ืžืจื—ื•ืง ืื™ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื•ืฉื‘ ื•ื™ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืื ืจืฅ ืœืงืจืืชื ื•ื ืฉืชื˜ื— ืœืคื ื™ื”ื ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื›ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืกื ืœื‘ื™ืชื•โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืืขโ€ืค ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื“ืจื’ืชื ื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืขื›โ€ืค ื ืœืžื•ื“ ืžื–ื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชื•ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ื•ืœืงื‘ืœื ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื” ื™ืชื™ืจื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืงื‘ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืฉื™ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื•ื™ื— ืžืžื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืžื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื•ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ืโ€ช-โ€ฌืขื•ื–ืจ ื’ืจื•ื“ื–ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืชื•ืจื” ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœืโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื’ื™ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซืื•ืจื— ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืกื•ื›ืชื•โ€ช .โ€ฌืจ' ื—ื™ื™ืโ€ช-โ€ฌืขื•ื–ืจ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืืช ืกืœื™ื—ืชื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื• ื›ื™ ื’ื™ืœื• ืžืงืฉื” ืขืœื™ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืกื•ื›ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืœื›ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซ"ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืกื•ื›ื”" (ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืชืจ"ืžโ€ช:โ€ฌื“)โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ื™ืชื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืš ื”ืื•ืจื—โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆืขื™ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื ื”ื™ื” ืคื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื ื•ืชืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืกื•ื›ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื™ืฆื ืจ' ื—ื™ื™ืโ€ช-โ€ฌืขื•ื–ืจ ืžื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ื—ื–ืจ ืœืฉื‘ืช ืขื ื”ืื•ืจื— ื‘ืกื•ื›ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืื•ืจื— ืชื”ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืจ' ื—ื™ื™ืโ€ช-โ€ฌืขื•ื–ืจ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจโ€ช" :โ€ฌื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืื•ืžืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื”ืื“ื ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื˜ืขืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื!" (ืžืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืื™ืชืŸ ืคื™ื™ื ืจโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื)โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช .2โ€ฌื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ืโ€ช" ,โ€ฌืื”ื‘ืช ื—ืกื“" ื’โ€ช:โ€ฌื โ€“ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื“ืข ืขื•ื“ ื“ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ ืืฃ ื‘ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืโ€ช ...โ€ฌื•ืืฃ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื• ืืคโ€ื” ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื™ืคื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืžืฉืชื“ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉื ื•ืœื›ื‘ื“ื ืœืคื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื ืขื ื™ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืงื‘ืœืชื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืืฃ ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฆื“ืงื” ("ืื”ื‘ืช ื—ืกื“" ืคืจืง ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื”ืจื™"ืœ)โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื ื• ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืคืš ืžืŸ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืชืงื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื ื•ืžืจืขื™ืคื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื—ืœื›ืื™ื ื•ื”ื ื“ื›ืื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืชืงื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืคื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ("ืื”ื‘ืช ื—ืกื“" ืฉื)โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซืคืจืง ื‘โ€ช .โ€ฌืžืชืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื ื•ื— ื•ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฅโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช. 1โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ื—โ€ช:โ€ฌื“โ€ช-โ€ฌื” โ€ช -โ€ฌืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืฆื™ืข ืœืื•ืจื—ื™ื• ืจื—ืฆื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื ื•ื—ื” ื•ืกืขื•ื“ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื•ืงื— ื ื ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื ื•ืจื—ืฆื• ืจื’ืœื™ื›ื ื•ื”ืฉืขื ื• ืชื—ืช ื”ืขืฅโ€ช :โ€ฌื•ืืงื—ื” ืคืช ืœื—ื ื•ืกืขื“ื• ืœื‘ื›ื ืื—ืจ ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื•โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช .2โ€ฌื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ืโ€ช" ,โ€ฌืื”ื‘ืช ื—ืกื“" ื’โ€ช:โ€ฌื‘ โ€“ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื™ืฉ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฅ ื•ืœื ื•ื— ืžื™ื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื ื”ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื›ืšโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืื—โ€ื› ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื โ€ช -โ€ฌืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืฉื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืื™ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ โ€ช -โ€ฌื™ืฉืขื ื• ืชื—ืช ื”ืื™ืœื ื•ืช ื›ื™ ืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฆืœ ื•ื™ื ืคืฉื• ืฉื ืžื˜ื•ืจื— ื”ื“ืจืšโ€ช .โ€ฌืžื–ื” ื ืœืžื•ื“ ืฉื˜ืจื ืฉื™ื›ื™ื ื• ืœื”ืื•ืจื— ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื™ื‘ืงืฉื• ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืขืŸ ื•ืœื”ื ืคืฉ ืžื˜ื•ืจื— ื”ื“ืจืšโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื™ื–ื“ืงืงื• ืœืจื—ืฆื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื™ืฉ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ื›ื™ ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืจื—ืฆื” ื ืงื™ ื•ื ืขื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื (โ€ช ,Journey to Virtueโ€ฌื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืื”ืจืžืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื ื•โ€ช:โ€ฌื˜)โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•โ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช8โ€ฌโ€ฌ


โ€ซื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ฌ

โ€ซืคืจืง ื’โ€ช .โ€ฌืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช .1โ€ฌื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ื—โ€ช:โ€ฌื— โ€ช -โ€ฌืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืขืžื“ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื•โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ื•ื ืขืžื“ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืชื—ืช ื”ืขืฅ ื•ื™ืื›ืœื•โ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช .2โ€ฌื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ืโ€ช" ,โ€ฌืื”ื‘ืช ื—ืกื“" ื’โ€ช:โ€ฌื‘ โ€“ ืืœ ืœื• ืœืžืืจื— ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืœืฉืจืช ืืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื•โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืขืžื“ ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ืœืคื ื™ื”ื ื›ืœ ืขืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื”ื•ื›ืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื›"ื ืฉื™ื ืืœื•ืงื™ื"โ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื ื ืื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืœืฉืจืช ืืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉืคืœื™ื ื•ื—ืกืจื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌืื‘ืจื”ื ืœืžื“ ื–ืืช ืžื”ืงื‘"ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื“ื•ืื’ ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ืจื™ื” (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœื‘โ€ช .):โ€ฌืœื›ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืื—ืช ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ืžืืจื— ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ (โ€ช ,Journey to Virtueโ€ฌื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื”ืจืžืŸโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื•โ€ช:โ€ฌื™ื‘)โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซืคืจืง ื“โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื’ืฉืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื‘ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช .1โ€ฌื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ืโ€ช" ,โ€ฌืื”ื‘ืช ื—ืกื“" ื’โ€ช:โ€ฌื‘ โ€“ ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืกืคืง ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื• โ€“ ืžืื›ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืฉืชื”โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฅ ื•ืœื ื•ื—โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื›ื•' โ€“ ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืš ื•ื‘ื ืขื™ืžื•ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืโ€ช :โ€ฌื›ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื ื‘ืกื‘ืจ ืคื ื™ื ื™ืคื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื™ื“ ืœืคื ื™ื”ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื›ื™ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืขื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืจืขื‘ ื•ืžืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืื•ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื–ื•ืขืคื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืืฃ ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ืœื‘ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ืื’ื” ื™ื›ืกื ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ืโ€ช ...โ€ฌื•ื™ื ื—ืžืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื‘ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืœืžืฉื™ื‘ ื ืคืฉโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืืœ ื™ืกืคืจ ืœืคื ื™ื”ื ืชืœืื•ืชื™ื• ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื‘ืจ ืืช ืจื•ื—ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ืื•ืžืจื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื›ืžืขื˜โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืžืื‘ื“ ืฉื›ืจื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื™ืจืื” ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ืขืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืœื™ืชืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ืชืคืง ืœืจืขื‘ ื ืคืฉืšโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืื™ืชื ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื•ื™ืงื”ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง โ€œื”ืœื•ื ืคืจื•ืก ืœืจืขื‘ ืœื—ืžืšโ€ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœื—ืชื•ืš ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืื•ืจื— ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืœืโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื›ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืื ืจื•ืื” ื”ืžืืจื— ื›ื™ ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชืขื›ื‘ ืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื“ืจื›ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื”ื ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืขื›ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ื” ืžืœืื” ("ืื”ื‘ืช ื—ืกื“" ื’โ€ช:โ€ฌื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ื—โ€ช:โ€ฌื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื“ืจื›ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœืื—ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ืื›ืœื• ืืจื•ื—ื” ืงื˜ื ื”)โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืŸ ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื ื•ื—ื” ืœืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื—ื” ื ืขื™ืžื”โ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซืคืขืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืœืš ืื“ื ืœื”ืชืืจื— ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” โ€“ ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื ื” โ€ช -โ€ฌืืฆืœ ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ืžืกืœื•ื ื™ื (ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœื•ื ื ื—โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืจื–ื•ื‘ืกืงื™)โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืื•ืจื— ื”ืชืจื’ืฉ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืฆืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื›ื ื–ื” ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื“ื‘ืงื•ืชื• ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืœืื” ื‘ืชื•ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืชื”ื” ืืœื• ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื™ื—ืฉืคื• ืœืคื ื™ื•โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืืš ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืœืกืขื•ื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืชืื›ื–ื‘ ื”ืื•ืจื—โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื•ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืืจื•ื—ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื•ื—ื— ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ื‘ืขืจื ื•ืช ืขืžื• ื•ืขื ืื•ืจื—ื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€“ ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸโ€ช :โ€ฌื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื•ื—ืชืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชืโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ืคืจื ืกืชื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื”ื ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืจืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืื’ ืœื”ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืื•ืžื ื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื’ื™ืœื•ื™โ€ช :โ€ฌื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืื”ื‘ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืกื“ ื•ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื•ืœืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ืขืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืชื™ืืจ ืœืขืฆืžื• (ืžืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืคืœื“ืžืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื)โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช9โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•โ€ฌ


โ€ซื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ฌ

โ€ซืคืจืง ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžืงื•ื ืœื™ื ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช .1โ€ฌื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ืโ€ช" ,โ€ฌืื”ื‘ืช ื—ืกื“" ื’โ€ช:โ€ฌื‘ โ€ช -โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจ ืื•ืจื— ืœืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืขืœ ื”ืžืืจื— ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืฉื™ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื™ื“ืื’ื• ืœื•โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืื ื™ืœื™ื ื ืืฆืœื• ื™ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ึดืžื˜ื•ืชื™ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืคื™ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื ื•ื—ืช ืขื™ืฃ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉื•ื›ื‘ ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื•ืฉื” ืœื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื›ื™ืœื• ื•ื”ืžืฉืงื”ื•โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื™ืืžืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื• ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืชืืจื— ืืฆืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื™ื›ื‘ื“ื ื™ ื•ื™ืื›ื™ืœื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื™ืฉืงื™ื ื™ ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืœื™ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”; ืืขืฉื” ืœื• ื›ืŸ ื’ื ืื ื™ ื•ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœืโ€ช...โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซืคืจืง ื•โ€ช .โ€ฌืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืœื“ืจื›ืโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช .1โ€ฌื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ืโ€ช:โ€ฌืœื’; ืจืฉ"ื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืกื•ื˜ื” ื™โ€ช ,.โ€ฌื“"ื” ืคื•ื ื“ืง โ€“ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื›ืœืœื” ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืœื“ืจื›ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ึท ึผึดื™ ึผึทื˜ืข ึถืื ึถืฉืœ ึผึดื‘ ึฐื‘ ึตืืจ ื ึธืฉ ึทื‘ืข ื•ึท ึผึดื™ ึฐืงืจึธ ื ื ึธืฉื ึผึฐื‘ื ึตืฉื ื”โ€™ ึตืงืœ ืขื•ึนืœึธ ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืจืฉโ€ื™โ€ช :โ€ฌืคื•ื ื“ืง โ€“ ืœืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืืฉโ€ืœ ื ื•ื˜ืจื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื›ื™ืœื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉืชื™ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื•ื™ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช .2โ€ฌื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ืโ€ช" ,โ€ฌืื”ื‘ืช ื—ืกื“" ื’โ€ช:โ€ฌื‘ โ€“ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื™ืขื“ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืื ื”ืื•ืจื— ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ื“ืจืšโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ื“ืจืš ืžืชืคืจืฉ ืœื›ืžื” ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืฆื•ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื™ืœืš ืืชื• ื•ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื• ืื• ืขื›โ€ืค ืœื‘ืจืจ ืœื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื”โ€ช...โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช .3โ€ฌืžื”ืจ"ืœโ€ช" ,โ€ฌื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื"โ€ช ,โ€ฌื ืชื™ื‘ ื’ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืกื“ื™ื ืคืจืง ื”' โ€“ ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืื•ืจื— ื”ื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืฆืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซืืœื•ืงื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื“ืจืš ื•ื‘ื โ€ื ืžืœื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•โ€ช ...โ€ฌื“ื ื•ืชื ื™ืŸ ืืœ ืฆืœืžื• ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื ื™ื—ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ืŸ ืœื• ืœื•ื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื“ืจืšโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืœื›ืš ื ืฉืืจ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“โ€ช ...โ€ฌื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ืžืœื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื•ืคืš ื“ืžื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืฆืœืžื• ืืฉืจ ื”ืื“ื ื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืฆืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ื‘ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืฆืœื ื–ื” ืขืฆืžื• ืฉืคื™ื›ื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืืœืงื™ืโ€ชึด ,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื›ื™ ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืื•ืจื— ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื›ื™ ื”ืื•ืจื— "ืœื ื™ื™ื ื–ืง" (ืกื•ื˜ื” ืžื•โ€ช.):โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช .4โ€ฌืžื”ืจืฉ"ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืกื•ื˜ื” ืžื”โ€ช - :โ€ฌืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืกืคืง ืœืื•ืจื— ื”ื’ื ื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื•ื”ื’ื ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืœื•ืชื• ื“โ€™ ืืžื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืขื™ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืจื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ื•ื“ืขืชื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื• ื‘ื“ืจืšโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื• ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืžื”ื ื™ ืœื™ื” ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ืฆื™ืœื•โ€ช... .โ€ฌืื• ืฉืžืœืื›ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื•ื” ื’ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื• ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื™ืœืš ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ืขื ื”ืžืชืœื•ื” ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื• ืžื”ื™ื–ืงโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซืคืจืง ื–โ€ช .โ€ฌืœืื™ื–ื” ืžืจื—ืง ื™ืฉ ืœืœื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื?โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช. 1โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซืจืžื‘"ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ื™ื“โ€ช:โ€ฌื’ โ€“ ื™ืฉ ืœืœื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื— ืœืคื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœื•โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืœื•ื™ื” ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื“ื ื‘ื”? ื”ืจื‘ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ ืขื“ ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื”ืื™ืฉ ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืขื“ ืชื—ื•ื ืฉื‘ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืœืจื‘ ืขื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืคืจืกื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืื ื”ื™ื” ืจื‘ื• ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืขื“ ืฉืœืฉื” ืคืจืกืื•ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช .2โ€ฌืกืž"ืขโ€ช ,โ€ฌื—ื•ืฉืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜โ€ช ,โ€ฌืชื›ื–โ€ช:โ€ฌื™ื โ€“ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืื•ืจื— ืคื•ื˜ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืืจื— ืžืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืœืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื• ืœืขื™ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืžืกืชืคืง ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ื›ืฉื ื™ ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžื“ืœืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืจื—โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืžื”ืจโ€ืฉ ืžืฆืืชื™โ€ช :โ€ฌื”ืื™ื“ื ื ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ืŸ ืœืœื•ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืœืจื‘ื• ืขื“ ืคืจืกื” ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ืœืš ืขืžื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืื• ืขื ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืขื“ ื”ืฉืขืจ ืื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื“โ€™ ืืžื•ืช ืขื›โ€ืœโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•โ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช10โ€ฌโ€ฌ


โ€ซื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช .3โ€ฌื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ืโ€ช" ,โ€ฌืื”ื‘ืช ื—ืกื“" ื’โ€ช:โ€ฌื‘ (ื”ืขืจื”) โ€“ ื”ื™ื•ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ื™ ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืœืžืจื—ืง ืงืฆืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืกื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกื›ื ื” ื›ื‘ืขื‘ืจโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขืœ ื”ืžืืจื— ืœืœื•ื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืจื—ื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžื˜ืจื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืื‘ืœ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžืžืฆื•ืช ืœื•ื™ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื›ื™ ืžื’ืžืจื ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืกื’ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืžืชืœื•ื” ืฉืœื ื™ืืจืข ืœื• ืืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืšโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืœื•ื™ื” ื ื’ืžืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ื›ื™ ืืฉโ€ืœ ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ืฉืชื™ื” ืœื•ื™ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซ[ื•ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืจื— ืื—ื“ ืฉืฉืœื˜ ืืฉ ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ื• ื•ืชืžื”ื• ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขืœื™ื• ืขืœ ืžื” ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœื™ื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืชื•? ื•ืืžืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืื—ื“โ€ช :โ€ฌืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžื ื”ื’ื• ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืชื™ื” ื•ืœื ืœืœื•ืชื ื›ืœืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืชื™ื” ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€œืืฉโ€ ื•ืจโ€ืœ ืฉืขโ€ื› ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื— ื‘ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• โ€ช]...โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™โ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชI Iโ€ฌื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืฉืจื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื ื•ื‘ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉื• ื‘ื ื•ื— ื•ื™ื—ื•ืฉื• ืจืฆื•ื™ื™ื โ€“ ื”ื—ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืงื‘ืœืช ืคื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื•ืขื“ ืœืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื“ืจื›ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชI Iโ€ฌืœื›ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื—ื•ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืื™ืœื• ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื™ืจ ืืฉืจ ืžืžื ื• ื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื”ืื“ื ืจื•ื•ื—โ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื“ื•ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื™ืฉ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฅ ื•ืœื ื•ื— ืžื™ื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ื”ื ืœื›ืšโ€ช .โ€ฌื™ืฉ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซืจืง ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื; ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืจื‘ื™ื ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืœื”ืฆืขื” ืžืชื•ืš ื ื™ืžื•ืก ืื• ื‘ื•ืฉื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืš ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืžื—ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืžืืจื— ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืจื—ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช; ื›ืœื•ืžืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉืœื ื™ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืžืงืจื•ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืื›ื™ืœืชื ื•ืœื ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื•ื—ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืœื‘ืกื•ืฃโ€ช ,โ€ฌื™ืฉ ืœืœื•ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืœื“ืจื›ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื™ืขื“ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื—ืœืง ืจื‘ื™ืขื™โ€ช :โ€ฌื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช .1โ€ฌื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื”ื‘ืช ื—ืกื“ ื’โ€ช:โ€ฌื‘ โ€“ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื—ื ืš ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื• ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื•โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืฉืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ื™ื—ื ืš ืื“ื ื’ื ื‘ื ื™ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ โ€œื•ื™ืชืŸ ืืœ ื”ื ืขืจโ€ ื•ื›ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืจืฉโ€ื™ ืฉื–ื” ืงืื™ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ืœื—ื ื›ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืฆื•ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืžื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ื–ื•ืœืชโ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซืื•ืจื— ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ืช ืœืกืขื•ื“ืช ืฉื‘ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืื•ืจื— ืฉื ืœื‘ ื›ื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ โ€“ ื”ืžืืจื—โ€ช ,โ€ฌืจืขื™ื™ืชื•โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื•โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื•ื ื’ื ืฉื ืœื‘ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื’ืฉื• ื—ืžืฉ ืžื ื•ืช ืขื•ืฃ ื‘ืœื‘ื“โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืžืืจื— ื ืชืŸ ืžื ืช ืขื•ืฃ ืœื›ืœ ืกื•ืขื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืœืื•ืจื—โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื—ืฆื” ืœืฉืชื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืœืง ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืื•ืจื— ื—ืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื‘ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื“ืœืช ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื โ€“ ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืืฃ ืฉื ื“ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื—ืฉ ื›ืš โ€“ ื•ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœื”ื–ืžื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœื”ืชืืจื— ืืฆืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื–ื•โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื‘ืกื•ืฃโ€ช ,โ€ฌืงื™ื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืฆืœืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ืคืขื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื›ืžืชื ื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืžืืจื—ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌืื– ืืจืข ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™โ€ช :โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื• ื•ืžื™ื“ ื™ืฆืื• ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆื” ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช! ื“ืงื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื—ื–ืจื• ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ืชืฉืขื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืจืฆืคืช ื”ืกืœื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื™ืœืงื• ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืฉื—ื™ื•ื›ื™ื ื ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื”ื!โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืื– ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืจื—โ€ช :โ€ฌื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื—ื•ื ื›ื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœื”ืชื—ืœืง ืขื ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื ื”ื ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืฉืœื”ื โ€“ ื•ืืฃ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืฃ โ€“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื—ืœืงื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืื•ืชื• ืขื ื”ื–ื•ืœืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืืฉืจ ืื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื“ื! (ืžืชื•ืš ืกื“ืจืช โ€ช ,The Maggid Speaksโ€ฌื”ืจื‘ ืคืกื— ืงืจืื”ืŸ)โ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช11โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•โ€ฌ


โ€ซื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ฌ

โ€ซื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื—ื–ืจ ื”ืื•ืจื— ื•ืจืื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืืจื—ื™ื• ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ื ื”ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื ืžื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌืื•ืœืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืฉ ื”ืื•ืจื— ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื‘ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจโ€ช .โ€ฌืžื›ืืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื’ืžื•ืœ ื—ืกื“โ€ช .โ€ฌืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืืจื— ื”ื”ื•ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœืžืฉืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืขืฆืžื•โ€ช" ,โ€ฌืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชืืžืฅ ืœืชืช ืœืื•ืจื— ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืš ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืื™ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช?" ืžื•ืฉื’ ื–ื” ื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื "ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืขื•ืœ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•" (ืคืจืงื™ ืื‘ื•ืช ื•โ€ช:โ€ฌื”; ื”ืจื‘ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื;โ€ฌ โ€ซืจืื” ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื•ืœื‘ื”โ€ช" ,โ€ฌืขืœื™ ืฉื•ืจ" ื›ืจืš ื'โ€ช ,โ€ฌืขืž' โ€ช ,253โ€ฌืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื–ื”)โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื•ึนืช ึฐืฆ ึธื“ ึธืงื”โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€œื›ื™ ื™ึฐ ึทื“ ึฐืข ึผึดืชื™ื• ืœึฐ ึทืž ึทืขืŸ ึฒืื ึถืฉืจ ื™ึฐ ึทืฆ ึผึถื•ื” ึถืืช ึผึธื‘ื ึธ ื™ื• ื•ึฐ ึถืืช ึผึตื‘ื™ืช ึนื• ึทื ึฒื—ืจึธ ื™ื• ื•ึฐ ื ึธืฉ ึฐืžืจื•ึผ ึผึถื“ืจึถ ืšึฐ ื”โ€™ ืœึท ึฒืข ื‚โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชI Iโ€ฌื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื’ืœื” ื›ื™ ื”โ€™ ืื”ื‘ ืืช ืื‘ืจื”ืโ€ชึดึผ ,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ึผ ึดืžื ึฐืฉ ึธึผืคื˜โ€ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ื—โ€ช:โ€ฌื™ื˜)โ€ช .โ€ฌืื“ื ืžื’ืœื” ืืช ืขืจื›ื™ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ืœื“ื™ื•โ€ช .โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ืืš ืื™ื ื• ืžื—ื“ื™ืจ ื–ืืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉืคื—ืชื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ื›ื™ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืื™ื ื ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจ ืžืกื›ืžืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืช ื’ื“ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื•ืžืจ ื”ืงื‘โ€ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ืœื›ืš ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืœืžื“ ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื•โ€ช .โ€ฌืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืื‘ื™ื ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ื ืš ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื• ืœืื”ื‘ืช ื—ืกื“ ื•ืœื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื—ืœืง ื—ืžื™ืฉื™โ€ช :โ€ฌื”ืฉื›ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืžืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉ"ืื“ื ืื•ื›ืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื•ื”ืงืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืœื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื" (ืฉื‘ืช ืงื›ื–โ€ช.).โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช .1โ€ฌื”ืจื‘ ืื”ืจืŸ ืจื•ื˜โ€ช" ,โ€ฌื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจ" ืขืž' ืงืโ€ช โ€“ .โ€ฌืงื‘ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉืžืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื–ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ ื–ื•ื”ืจโ€ช ...โ€ฌื›ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ืื“ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ืื™ ืขืœืžื ื›ื›ื” ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื ืฉืžืชื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช .2โ€ฌืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืœื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื›ื–โ€ช ;.โ€ฌืจืฉ"ื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื โ€“ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืœื›ืคืจ ืขืœ ื—ื˜ืื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื›ืชื™ื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืžื–ื‘ื— ืขืฅ ืฉืœืฉ ืืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื•ืืจื›ื• ืฉืชื™ื ืืžื•ืช ื•ืžืงืฆืขื•ืชื™ื• ืœื• ื•ืืจื›ื• ื•ืงื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืขืฅ ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ ื–ื” ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืืฉืจ ืœืคื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”โ€™โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืคืชื— ื‘ืžื–ื‘ื— ื•ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื•ืจื™ืฉ ืœืงื™ืฉ ื“ืืžืจื™ ืชืจื•ื™ื™ื”ื•โ€ช :โ€ฌื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืงื™ื™ื ืžื–ื‘ื— ืžื›ืคืจ ืขืœ ืื“ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขื›ืฉื™ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœื—ื ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืžื›ืคืจ ืขืœื™ื•โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืจืฉโ€ื™โ€ช :โ€ฌืฉื•ืœื—ื ื• ืžื›ืคืจ ืขืœื™ื• โ€“ ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ืŸโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช . 3โ€ฌืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืœื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืกื•ื˜ื” ืžื•โ€ช - :โ€ฌืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื›ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืจืง ืžืจืื™ื ืœืื“ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื”; ืื ื›ืšโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื›ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืื•ืจื—โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช...โ€ฌืฉืฉื›ืจ ื”ืœื•ื™ื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉื ืืžืจ โ€œื•ื™ืจืื• ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ื”ืจืื™ื ื• ื ื ืืช ืžื‘ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืจโ€ช ...โ€ฌื•ื™ืจืื ืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื‘ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืจโ€ช .โ€...โ€ฌื•ืžื” ื›ื ืขื ื™ ื–ื” ืฉืœื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคื™ื• ื•ืœื ื”ืœืš ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื• ื’ืจื ื”ืฆืœื” ืœื• ื•ืœื–ืจืขื• ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืœื•ื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื• ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืžืจืื” ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช "ืžืืจื—" ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช "ืœื•ื™ื”"โ€ช .โ€ฌื›ืœ ืื“ื ื”ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืื• ืœื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ 'ืื•ืจื—' ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื• ื•ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื• ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• (ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื”ืจืžืŸโ€ช ,Journey to Virtue ,โ€ฌื ื•โ€ช:โ€ฌื›ื‘)โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•โ€ฌ

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โ€ซื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช .4โ€ฌืจืžื‘"ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ื™ื“โ€ช:โ€ฌื‘ โ€“ ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ืจื•ื—ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื›ืจ ื”ืœื•ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืง ืฉื—ืงืงื• ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืกื“ ืฉื ื”ื’ ื‘ื” โ€“ ืžืื›ื™ืœ ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืงื” ืื•ืชืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืžืœื•ื” ืื•ืชืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืžื”ืงื‘ืœืช ืคื ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื ื”โ€ช ...โ€ฌื•ืœึด ื•ื•ึผ ื™ึท ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื›ื ืกืชืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืœื•ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื•ืคืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืžื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื“ื•ืข ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ืจื•ื—ื?โ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช .5โ€ฌืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ื•ืœืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื โ€“ ื”ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื—ื•ืœืง ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€œืขื’ึฐ ืœึธ ื” ึฒืขืจื•ึผ ึธืคื”โ€โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืืžื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื‘โ€ืโ€ชโ€œ :โ€ฌื›ืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืœื•ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื•ืคืš ื“ืžื™ืโ€ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›โ€ช:โ€ฌืโ€ช-โ€ฌื˜โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืคืจืฉืช ึถโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืœืžื“ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื ืžืฆื ืžืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืขืจื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื™ ื”ืจื’ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื–ืืช ืœื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžืœื™ื•ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื—โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืชืœืžื•ื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืกืคืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืœืœ ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืขืœ ืขื’ืœื” ืขืจื•ืคื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ื›ืคืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื โ€œื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื ื”ื–ื”โ€โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืื•ืžื ื ื—ื•ืฉื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื›ื™ ื”ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื—?!โ€ฌ โ€ซืจืฉโ€ื™ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืื•ืจื— ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ืœื• ืื• ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื ืขืฆืžื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ืฉื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื›ื ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš ื ืจืฆื—โ€ช .โ€ฌืื ื›ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื ื• ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื— ืžืฉืชื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืชโ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซ(โ€ช )1โ€ฌืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื• ืืช ื”ื“ืจืšโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•(โ€ช )2โ€ฌืœื›ื‘ื“ ืื•ืชื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื•โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™โ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชIโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชIโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชIโ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ชIโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชIโ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ชIโ€ฌื”ืฉื›ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืชโ€ช-โ€ฌื˜ื•ื•ื—โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชIโ€ฌืงื™ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื›ื™ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื•ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืžื›ืืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื›โ€ืื•ืจื—โ€ ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชIโ€ฌืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื›ืื•ืจื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ื’ื•ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื™ืœืš ื”ืื•ืจื—โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืœื™ื•ื•ื™โ€ช .โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจ ื ืขืฉื” ืžืขืฉื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื–ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ืจืื•ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืจึต ึทืข ื•ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”โ€™โ€ช .โ€ฌืœืžืขืฉื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืจ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืชืืจโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชIโ€ฌื•ื‘ื›ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืžืืจื—ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื”ืžืืจื—ื™ื ืœืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌืขืœ ื›ืŸโ€ชโ€œ ,โ€ฌืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชื•ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื”ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœืงื‘ืœื ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื” ื™ืชื™ืจื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื•ื™ื— ืžืžื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื”โ€ (ืื”ื‘ืช ื—ืกื“ ื’โ€ช:โ€ฌื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌื—ืœืง ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืขื™ืœ)โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชIโ€ฌืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืœื“ืจื›ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ืจื•ื—ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช13โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•โ€ฌ


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