Islander Issue 22

CHANGE

SOOMIN OH

JUDY PARK

YONG JUN CHOI

RACHEL SEO

JESSICA JEONG

JULIE KIM

NLCS Jeju is establishing its own tradition in acknowledging the work of departing Principals. Starting with Mr. Peter Daly, a competition has been initiated to paint a portrait with the work depicting Mr. Daly on display in the PAC foyer. This time Ms. Kennington organised a competition with the winning portrait being published on the front of The Islander. The winning entry is that of Julie Kim.

IT’S ALL ABOUT :

HISTORY P 16

p 44

SOCIETY

ECONOMY P 110

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TECHNOLOGY P 138

ARTS P 150

SPORTS

P 158

FICTION P 168

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INTRODUCTION 序言 머리말 2019 , Mr. Friend

Portrait by Soomin Oh

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Change is a fascinating concept that has been thoroughly researched by social scientists in recent decades. How people react to change is well understood and, whether it’s a combination of anxiety, fear and nervousness, or whether it’s excitement, and optimistic energy at the notion of “improvement”, we can be sure that change provokes emotional reactions.

As these emotions, both positive and negative, intensify and escalate, so the need for leadership becomes more prevalent. We’ve seen this on a macro scale in recent times as the world contends with change, some drastic and some more subtle, but all inspiring much emotion. The effect that leaders have on that dynamic is fascinating and we have lots of ground for further exploration, considering President Trump, North Korea and Brexit, but I’ll deliberately bypass any further investigation for fear that I’ll become too political.

At a much smaller scale, the same principles still apply. Our school enjoys a relatively low (when compared to international school norms) staff turnover rate – but even at 16-18%, that is a sizeable number of new staff joining the school each year. When a school replaces 30 of its teachers each year, it’s inevitable that some ‘change’ will take place. Throw into that mix the usual adjustments to the school programme, updates to policies and procedures, and new priorities as a result of the school’s development plan, and it’s easy to see that the school is not simply contending with change, but actually exists within a culture of change. It follows that the previously mentioned emotional reaction (both positive and negative) becomes a fixed and permanent challenge for the various forms and types of leadership in the school to contend with.

This year our school will experience a significant change as I hand over the Principal’s baton to Ms. Oldfield. The last 5 years have been challenging and rewarding but there is a new trajectory, new focus, and new set of priorities that come with a new Principal. The challenge for all members of our school community is to consciously embrace the change with positive emotion. That sense of excitement and optimism will be essential in helping the school make the most of the change ahead.

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The following students were involved in bringing you this edition of The Islander:

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Adrienne Yoon Y12 HE

Eileen Kwak Y10 G

Juhyun Jay Kim Y9 M

Aileen Lee Y10 G

Elysia Bae Y10 N

Jun Woo Y10 G

Alex Kim Y10 N

Emily Jo Y7 S

Jusang Kim Y9 G

Anabella Hadley Y9 M

Frank Fang Y7 M

Kevin Kim Y8 J

Angelina Lee Y10 N

Freesia Kim Y7 S

Ki Myoung Andrew Cheon

Barry Lee Y9 M

Gabriella Kim Y13 HE

Y10 N

Benjamin Ko Y10 N

Hyena Yeom Y10 M

Lana lee Y7 J

Bonnie Hyun Y10 G

Hyeonki Kim Y8 N

Lisa Lee Y8 S

Brian Ha Y12 HN

Ian Chung Y8 J

Louis Chang Y8 M

Claire jo Y8 S

Irene Lee Y8 J

Michael Ham Y11 S

Daniel Lee Y9 N

Jenna Yu Y12 HE

Minseo Cha Y10 G

DJ Balik Y8 S

Jiho Ha Y10 S

Noah Lee Y12 HN

Do Hyun Kim Y12 HN

Jihwan Kim Y10 G

Ryan Bang Y8 S

Dongha Kim Y8 J

Jinu Chun Y8 J

Ryan Pak Y12 HN

Seyfried Sung Y10 G

Ms. J. Freeman

Design Consultant:

SM Chung Y9 S

Mr. P. Friend

Daniel Son Y12 HE

Sooyeun Kim Y8 N

Mr. A. Han

Stella Yeom Y10 M

Ms. S. Kennington

In the previous edition of

Sunghee Kim Y13 HE

Dr. R. Levett

The Islander a story titled

Sunny Baek Y10 M

Mr. R. Maher

Uncomfortable Story was misattributed. The author of

Tom Lee Y11 J Tisha Shin Y8 S

Layout and design:

the story is Seyfried Sung

Vivianna Kim Y8 S

Junior Islander:

Y10 G.

Warrick Kwon Y8 N

Seyfried Sung Y10 G

Woojae Lee Y8 J

Islander: Ginger Kim Y10 S

Yechan Jeon Y8 J

Staff involved:

THEROLL-CALL/ BROUGHT TO YOU BY :

Layla Bu Y10 S

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The following poem was the winning entry in the LGBTQ+ History Month writing competition. The author is Anabella Hadley, Year 9, Mulchat.

i. or when lady hope stands among us do not get me wrong there will still be nights where the pillow is stained with tears and you wake up with heavy eyes and a heavier heart wondering if we will ever reach a point where marches aren’t needed and we don’t have to paint signs with our blood ii. yet i will not allow you to forget the tears flowing freely down the faces of warriors those who held bloody signs for years as they walk up the steps of the courthouse the fireworks going off as songs of victory flow off lips and for every loss remember those who would cry with joy to see us now iii. so for those who never made it and for when your heart aches too much to bear so for those who lived hundreds of years too early and for times we need each other like the stars need the sky let us keep smearing our blood on signs

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“LOVE IS LOVE, AND LOVE IS LOVE!” - 5 year old Alfie , From OliverVlogss

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ALUMNI INTERVIEW :

Brinan Hwang, Class of 2017

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Bryan Hwang, currently a student at Cambridge University in the UK, attended NLCS Jeju for 6 years until he graduated in 2017. He is now in his second year of studying Engineering. In the first of what we hope is a series of interviews and articles with our graduates, I interviewed Bryan for The Islander. I started by asking about his personal life.

Q. Have you got married or had babies?

A. (Laughs) I’m only 20, so it might be a little too early for me to answer that question… My answer would be no.

Q. Have you survived the army or been to it yet?

A. Not yet- I’m currently a student at Cambridge university, and you can’t pause during the course so I’ll have to wait until I graduate to go to the army.

Not that he is looking forward to it.

Onto more enjoyable things then.

Q. Are you enjoying your university life? What are you studying?

A. I’m in my second year of studying engineering, and I sure am enjoying my life here at Cambridge, mostly because I get to learn new things and study what I like. You also get to meet a lot of people from all over the world, so in that part it’s enjoyable. At the same time it is more stressful than when I was in sixth form because you have more work but less time, and sometimes it’s quite a work centered stressful environment and it puts you under a lot of pressure.

Q. Do you think the IB actually helped you get prepared for university?

A. In terms of the contents covered, not really. In terms of time management and organisation, definitely yes. Most of the people at my university did A-levels before coming here, and they had no idea how to write a report or manage a lot of work in such short period of time. By doing IB, you get prepared for

university- you get to write a lot of reports like IAs and EEs, so you’re used to doing research on your own and writing reports and managing your time efficiently. So I think in that aspect, the IB helped me a lot. It sounds like a boring, typical answer that the school would want, but it’s actually true!

Q. Any fun memories from school?

A. I think I just did a lot of things- I did all the things that I could possibly do, all the societies and playing in a band. From that (band) experience I also joined a band in Cambridge as a bassist. I’m playing in May Ball, which is like the equivalent of Arts week at NLCS. Q. Any societies joined?

A. Rowing is what I am into for the moment. It’s physically demanding because you have to wake up at 5:30 in the morning to get to the boat house to row for a day, but although it’s pretty tiring, it feels like I get a lot of exercise from it and I can feel that I have gotten fitter than before. The only thing with rowing is that it’s time consuming.

The band I joined is called ‘The Groove Theory’- yes, I’m not a part of ‘Minsu and the Oppas’ anymore - as a bassist. I’m enjoying it very much, and we even get paid! Did I mention, we will be performing in the May Ball, which is the equivalent to Arts Week in NLCS.

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Q. Any tips or comments for current and future IB students?

A. I know it may sound obvious - it’s a lot of work, but make sure you get used to the workload quickly. Despite the heavy workload I think what’s important is for you to find some time to keep doing what you enjoy, like being

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a part of a sports team, leading a society and participating in drama productions. Those experiences will help you assimilate as part of the society when you move onto university as well, and it will last long enough to help you later in life. It’s really important that you manage your time.

Moving on to a new stage in life can be a challenging process. We wish you the best of luck in all of your future endeavors, Bryan!

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HISTORY

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Yesterday is history, Tomorrow is a mystery, Today is God’s gift, That’s why we call it the present.

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THE TRANSFORMATION OF

A B

U C

Gabriealla Kim Y13, Halla East 18

Fidel Castro was the political leader and the prime minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976, and he is known to be the longest-ruling non-royal national leader since 1900: he possesses a record of 52 years and 101 days before he handed all his presidential duties to Raul Castro, his brother, in July 2006.

Under his leadership, Cuba experienced numerous changes through his economic policies on businesses and industries as well as socialist reforms.

His achievements impacted various groups within Cuban society: the sugar workers, farmers, women, and minority groups.

access to free healthcare, whereby the Cuban citizens found it easier to visit hospitals to receive professional medical treatment; this is shown in the change in the number of rural hospitals, which increased from one to 62 during Castro’s rule. This decreased infant mortality rates by more than half and reduced the occurrence of diseases related to poverty - this included tuberculosis and diarrhoeal diseases. Consequently, the changes Castro brought to society generated a positive atmosphere, although there were certain limitations including the threats from America.

One of the major changes Cuba went through during the 1960s and the 1970s resulted from Castro’s social policies. One of his key aims was to improve the general living standards for the Cubans. Since 60% of all Cuban wealth was concentrated in Havana, people living in rural areas had limited access to public infrastructure.

Castro’s policies to redistribute wealth were initially successful. The prices of goods were kept low while the rationing of basic products was dominant in Cuba. The system was designed to be as fair and just as possible - this helped improve the living standards for the poor, who found it difficult to get basic needs. Furthermore, providing the unemployed Cubans with jobs finally ended unemployment. Therefore, although there was a brief reappearance of unemployment in the 1970s reaching 5.4% in 1979, Castro was able to decrease societal problems involving unemployment and living conditions.

It is undeniable that Castro not only made significant improvements to Cuban healthcare but also to the economy. For instance, Castro concentrated on agriculture for the poor immediately after he rose to power as the prime minister of Cuba. During the period from 1959 to 1968, Castro’s policies mainly involved the reformation of land and the development of industries including the sugar plantations. Despite the fact that the Cuban industry was largely dominated by the exportation of sugar cane, the workers in the plantations were subject to poor and harsh conditions basic rights being denied. Therefore, Castro introduced a policy that enforced the minimum wage for sugar cane cutters in March 1959. The Agrarian Reform Laws of Cuba, implemented in May 1959 broke up large landholdings to redistribute them to the peasants who worked the fields, the cooperatives, and the state itself. The policy also limited the size of farms to 3,333 acres and real estates to 1,000 acres. Holdings that went over such limits were expropriated by the government to be given to the peasants, but some of the large plantations were run as state farms. Other changes included the nationalisation of all US-owned proper-

Another social reform Castro implemented was the improvement of healthcare in areas outside Havana.

Prior to Castro’s policies, those living in rural areas significantly lacked access to healthcare services, such as hospitals. Hence, Castro increased

ties in Cuba in 1960 as well as the policy that prevented foreigners to own sugar plantations located in Cuban territory.

Castro also had a significant impact on women as well as minority groups. Before Castro’s rule, only 12% of women in Cuba worked and only 5% attended universities. Furthermore, about one-quarter of the Cuban population was illiterate and over half of them comprised of women. However, Cuba under Castro faced numerous changes that granted women more freedom compared to the past. For example, women were guaranteed equal pay - the Women’s Commission on Employment monitored hiring and workplace practices for discrimination. By 1961, most of the populace was literate, while more than 80% of university students were women. However, such forms of change were indeed limited in that the jobs that paid higher wages, such as the construction and fishery industries normally went to men. Nevertheless, many female prominent figures started to appear in Cuba after Castro’s rule, such as Vilma Espin, who was the wife of Raul Castro. Espin founded the Federation of Cuban Women and was a key member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party. Cuban society before Castro became prime minister was also both socially and racially lined with people being discriminated against due to their ethnicity and hometown. One significant change Castro brought to Cuba was repealing the pre-1959 laws, which encouraged racial discrimination. He also worked to improve living standards for the racial minorities, which earned him a strong following. However, such developments were limited in that only several of the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC) were black people.

Overall, Castro did bring important and notable changes to Cuban society, most of which transformed Cuba.

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Actions of KKK vs Monkey trial in American history

Snghyun Tom Lee Y11 Jeoji

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The majority of the historians argue that incidents caused by KKK, a group of extreme nativists, was more important than the Monkey Trial based on the effect on American society. They point out that KKK started lynching and beating people from minority races, such as African-American people, for the purpose of campaign and Nativism. This created over four thousand victims around America between 1882 and 1968. KKK claimed that they have more than 5 million members in 1925. KKK was mainly lynching any people from minority races, who were suspected of causing serious crimes, such as murder or stealing money.

This resulted in people from minor races pleading with the government to help them and to feel protected in the society, while the members of KKK are only working hard to justify their action and to block any news spreading out to the public about their violent actions.

Moreover, KKK also caused a various political change in American society during that time period. This can be seen as the number of immigrants started to increase in America in the 1920s to 14 million people along with the rise of Nativism. These were one of the backgrounds aims of KKK. One of the essential groups of members in the KKK worked in the government, police, and Congress in a high position. They only focused on passing laws which fitted to ideas

raised by KKK, which were to divide the immigrants and pure Americans.

This caused the citizens in America only to have the extreme idea of Nativism and to support the violent actions caused by KKK. Newspapers only contained praise for KKK and portrayed KKK as the heroes who defend the pure American race from the immigrants. It also made Americans think lynching wasn’t a serious crime, as police officers wouldn’t arrest them. Thus, actions of KKK was more important in the political sphere with Nativism members in government and Congress blocking various anti-lynching laws.

However, some historians argue that the Monkey Trial was more important on the social side. Fundamentalists tried to block the theory of evolution from being taught. They also used quotes from the Bible to gain support from a majority of the citizens who believed in Christianity.

However, during the Monkey Trial, fundamentalists who accused a teacher of teaching evolution were ridiculed by other people while they tried defending the quotes from the Bible.

This indicates that the basic idea of people had changed from supporting the Bible to thinking about evolution.

By considering how long the idea of the Bible was with citizens, it can be mentioned that the Monkey Trial has remarkably changed the basic spread of ideas about evolution. As a result,

the Monkey Trial was more important in social terms, as it introduced the citizens a theory of knowledge and the weakness of the fundamentalists.

Furthermore, the Monkey Trial was also claimed to be more important, as it changed the basic education of the citizens. Before the trial happened, fundamentalists prohibited the teaching of the evolution in six states. Thousands of people believed that people were created by God, as fundamentalists have taught them since that was the theory they learned.

However, the Monkey Trial happened as one teacher refused to accept this.

This caused the people to become curious about this new theory of evolution along with becoming aware of the importance of education and the consequences that can happen when people manipulated facts. As a result, it can be said that Monkey Trial was more important as it introduced the importance of education to the public.

In conclusion, actions of KKK was more important than the Monkey Trial, as actions of KKK have influenced various factors, such as the social side and political side, an increased number of casualties by lynching or members being on political important positions can suggest, while the Monkey Trial was effective only in few areas, which are introduction of the new theory of evolution and importance of education.

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According to John Maynard Keynes “ideas shape the course of history.� In other words, humanity came up with different ideas and beliefs that were powerful enough to change history right from the first wave of humans.

For instance, ideas such as heliocentrism which is basically the idea that the sun is the centre of the universe, supported by Galileo Galilei, dramatically changed human history. In one perceptive, heliocentrism caused religious institutions to express outrage at the pioneers of heliocentrism. Some were even excommunicated from the Catholic Church. Consequently, it is not an exaggeration that the emergence of this single idea triggered the age of enlightenment and Renaissance since people thought outside of the bubble; humans were the most perfect figures and everything is human-oriented. Therefore, Keynes was correct when he claimed that sets of different ideas are the crucial factor moving the flow of history.

However, especially in the twentieth century, there were dubious ideas which became established due to the massive number of events that happened. Despite this, some events that happened during the twentieth century resulted in both progress and decline of humanity, this topic is especially important because many of these events occurred during the twentieth century are also closely linked to current affairs. For instance, the Nakba, which is a great Palestinian exodus, occurred during the twentieth century and this conflict between recognizing Palestine as a nation or Israel as a national home for Jews is

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prolonged even to the twenty-first century. The twentieth century was so widely scattered in terms of progress and change that this paper cannot comment on every single concept and development that took place during the twentieth century. Thus, this essay will focus on significant events that happened during the twentieth century and evaluate their contribution to the progress of humanity.

To begin with, the twentieth century had positive social changes. Firstly, the twentieth century was an era of nationalism due to post-war circumstances. The two world wars destroyed most European empires and certain global-scale treaties, such as the Treaty of Versailles, mandated the Central Powers to free their colonies.

Therefore, many European empires lost control of their colonies and the colonies seized power. Secondly, the twentieth century was a century of social activism. The two main types of social activism pursued were gender and racial equality. This social movement demanded women’s suffrage and, in 1920, the US granted women voting rights. Also, more women were involved in society outside the home in the twentieth century. Additionally, people fought against racial inequality. Renowned social activists, such as Malcolm X and Nelson Mandela, fought for racial equality and, in the end, the infamous Jim Crow laws in America and apartheid in South Africa were overthrown. Finally, the Holocaust. Of course, the Holocaust itself was a watershed event in human history. However, humanity could

think about genocide. For instance, the Nuremberg trial, held in 1945, punished war criminals and showed that government officials who commit crimes against humanity such as genocide will be harshly punished regardless of their actions being ordered by the government. Also, a UNheld Genocide Convention in 1948 took precautions regards genocide after facing the Holocaust by banning genocide. It is true that even after the Genocide Convention there have been quite a number of instances of genocide. However, while before the twentieth century the international community had no accountable measure to blame or criticise them, after the second world war the world came up with global peacekeeping measures. This enabled us to sanction and collaborate as a bloc to resolve the humanitarian crisis in a faster and an efficient way. To illustrate, the Burundi ethnic crisis was successfully resolved by the leaderships of the United Nations which was composed of delegations from over 100 nations.

Together, they were able to cope with huge-scale ethnic conflicts leading to genocides. In the end, after the twentieth century, the world was able to come up with necessary peacekeeping measures. To sum up, there was social progress that took place during the twentieth century; it is true that there were tragedies aswell.

Despite some progress, there were also negative events. Primarily, the twentieth century was a century of warfare. There was a tremendous amount of conflict that took place so

nations enhanced their weaponry to win wars. People used crueler weapons such as chemical weapons and atomic bombs. As a result, the number of casualties in WW1 and WW2 reached an enormous total of 40 million. This is enormous compared to the 620 thousand casualties which were created in the US Civil War. This arms race intensified when the cold war commenced. The US and USSR developed technology especially in atomic engineering. Some claim that this promised Mutual Assured Destruction and brought peace through the balance of force, but actually this was caused by worldwide fear and this itself decimated the balance of power between nations.

In conclusion, the twentieth century was a complicated century. Many events were highly beneficial to the progress of humanity. Events such as social activism and the rise of patriotism in colonies enabled more and more people living during the twentieth century to live better lives. Of course, for people living in nations such as Sierra Leone and Sudan they faced civil wars as a post-colonial circumstances. However, in the long run, decolonisation will enable citizens to live lives featuring more liberty and independence. Therefore, decolonisation is going to beneficial for all nations in the long term. Conversely, there were events that sometimes delayed progress. Events such as largescale world wars caused a massive number of people to suffer due to warfare. There were a lot of people who were dead due to bombings and

some also suffered human rights violations which happened due to war crimes. For instance, genocide which happened during the second world war, the Holocaust, was a watershed event in human history. Millions of people were murdered just because of the fact that they were minorities.

These were harmful for many people and certainly did not contribute to the progress of humanity.

Still, humanity learned its lesson through such negative events. People came up with restrictions and precautions to prevent the recurrence of such tragedies. Humanity gathered together in various conventions which varied from prohibition of genocide to chemical and biological warfare. Yes. All of these events which occurred during the twentieth century weren’t beneficial for human progress. It is also true that events which are considered beneficial for human progress aren’t perfect. That is why humanity is continuing to develop themselves, learning by looking back from the past. If everything was perfect and negotiations which took place during the twentieth century was not flawed, there would be no conflicts or controversies. That isn’t the case; humanity still faces confrontations and conflicts.

That is how humanity will progress because we aren’t perfect. However, since the twentieth century has given humanity peacekeeping measures and progressed with social activist issues, it is more likely that the twentieth century was a century of progress, not decline.

Was the 20th Century a Century Of Change?

Warrick Kwon, Y8, Noro

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r a W n a e r o K e h T

HYEONKI KIM YEAR 8, NORO

Referred to by many as being “the forgotten war”, the Korean War played a fundamental role in shaping the cold war. It began with the North Korean attack in June 1950. The reasons for that attack are still a mystery until now. After WW2, Korea was divided into two sections, North and South, by the 38th parallel. The Soviet Union occupied North Korea and a communist government was established under the leadership of Kim Il Sung. The United States, on the other hand, occupied South Korea and a democratic government was set up there under the leadership of Syngman Rhee. After failing to agree on the fate of Korea and the type of government that was to be established, both superpowers contented with the 38th parallel and thus Korea was divided between a communist North and democratic South. Many explanations were given to what caused the North Korean attack.

Some suggested that Stalin wanted to create problems for China because of Mao’s refusal to head Stalin’s authority. Others suggest that Mao was seeking to expand his influence in East Asia and started with Korea. And finally, some suggest that the Korean War was an internal affair, in which the North wanted to incorporate the South into its authority. These are possible, but unlikely explanations. The one reason, which a lot of historians seem to favor is

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that the attack that caused the war, was a probing action by the Soviets to test the West. This is a perfectly reasonable explanation considering the developments that occurred in Europe before the war. Setting aside the causes of the North Korean attack, the development of events after it was truly amazing.

The day following the invasion of South Korea by the North, the American government was already working on the crisis. What’s even more fascinating is the American immediate resolve to settle the conflict in Korea through the infant United Nations. The crisis was immediately raised in the UN Security Council where the American-sponsored resolution was adopted; North Korea was to be driven out of South Korea by force. A coalition of UN forces, largely American, under the command of General Douglas MacArthur was sent to help the South Koreans drive back the North Koreans behind the 38th parallel. What’s most surprising was the Soviet absence from the meeting, which was probably in favor of the US and its supporters in the Security Council. If the Soviets were present, they would have surely vetoed the resolution, thus making any intervention in Korea under UN heading impossible. It seems that the war in Korea was for the most part caused by the North Korean invasion of the South. Though the US decision

to intervene, under the heading of the United Nations, is another major cause of the Korean War. The Americans were hasty to intervene; though at the same time the Truman administration was truly committed to the UN, and sought its cooperation before any action was taken. The UN followed the lead of the US, who were given control of the UN military forces that would drive back the North Koreans behind the 38th parallel.

In less than a month after the North invaded the South, UN forces started arriving and engaging North Korean forces. The daring landing at Incheon on September 15th, 1950, orchestrated

by General MacArthur, turned the tide of the war. UN forces, made up largely of Americans and South Koreans, were now on the offensive and the North Koreans were on the run. In a couple of weeks, the North Koreans were driven behind the 38th parallel. What followed was one of the most controversial decisions made by the Truman administration and General MacArthur himself.

The UN forces crossed the 38th parallel heading North in full pursuit of the retreating North Koreans. The UN forces were approaching more and more the Chinese border at the Yalu River which caused the Chinese to finally enter the war. This proved devastating to the UN forces, especially American regiments, who were decimated. General MacAr-

thur and the policymakers had underestimated the Chinese’s capabilities.

The Korean War had some big effects on the early stages of the Cold War. Though they suffered heavy casualties (between 1.5 and 2 million), the Chinese were no longer regarded as a normal country, they now became a world power and a force to be reckoned with They emerged as the leader in East Asia. The war had also ended the American “illusion” of the historical Chinese-American friendship. To the shock and disappointment of the Americans, the Chinese were no longer “our friends”, but another communist regime that poses threat to democracy. Another effect of the Korean War was “the loss of the UN’s power to be a truly neutral mediator in Korea”.

“The UN became a party to the war and remained identified with one side, the American one, in the conflict to the end”.

The Korean War ended in a draw. No side was ultimately victorious, and the fighting stopped due to the exhaustion of both sides. The 38th parallel was re-established as the separating line between North and South Korea. Korea is still until this day separated by the 38th parallel.

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Industrial Revolutions EILEEN KWAK YEAR 10, GEOMUN

The term ‘Industrial Revolution’ was first used by Arnold Toynbee, an economic historian, to explain Britain’s economic development in the 18th century. This term was later on used when there was a significant turning point referring to industry. Through the revolutions, the world has fundamentally changed, not only in industrial aspects but also in other fields such as society, economy and agriculture.

There were three industrial revolutions: the first, second and the third.

The First Industrial Revolution The First Industrial Revolution began in the 1800s in Britain. The First Industrial Revolution is the age of mechanical production, the first step of manufacturing. The First Industrial Revolution is well known for the steam industry begun by the steam engine.

The ‘Atmosphere Steam Engine’ was invented by a British engineer Thomas Newcomen. Before the steam engine was invented people had to spend considerable money to pump water out of mines. After the invention lower costs were incurred to pump water from mines. Afterwards, the steam engine

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evolved and took over a major portion in the industrial world, not only in mining but also in other categories of the industry as well. In addition to the steam industry, the cotton industry was developed during the First Industrial Revolution. The cotton industry began with James Hargreaves’ invention of the ‘Spinning Jenny’. This revolutionized the spinning of cotton. This machine enables people to spin eight threads at once by turning the wheel once. The number later increased to eighty threads.

The First Industrial Revolution was the start of altering the lifestyle of people.

The Second Industrial Revolution Approximately half a century after the First Industrial Revolution, the Second Industrial Revolution began. The Second Industrial Revolution is the age of mass production and science. This revolution includes new ways of utilizing electricity, petrol, telegraph and metal works. The most significant utilization was the use of electricity. Before electricity was publicly introduced, candles and gas lamps were used; most activities were done during the daytimes. Electricity changed humanity’s lifestyle and led

to numerous electrical inventions. One of the most famous invention created during the Second Industrial Revolution with the help of electricity was Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan’s light bulb.

People’s daily lives have dramatically improved from new electric products, such as lamps, washing machines, radios, electric vacuum cleaners, irons and much more. Other developments in the Second Industrial Revolution include automobiles, aircraft and telegraphs.

The Third Industrial Revolution The Third Industrial Revolution began in the middle of the 20th century.

The Third Industrial Revolution is the age of the digital revolution. Analogue mechanical devices are transferred into digital technologies. The new digital technology collaborated with the formal analogue system to furthermore revolutionize the industry. Remarkable technologies were developed during this period: the computer, artificial intelligence, three-dimensional printing, the internet and much more. Another main focus of the Third Industrial Revolution was to use renewable energy. During that time, people expected to produce their own

renewable energy in their homes, companies and factories and share ‘green electricity’ with each other in the future.

As they expected, in the 21st century, people can generate energy in houses, not necessarily in factories. From the 20th century to today, the world is operated within the third industry.

Conclusion It is recognisable that the majority of industrial development was made in Europe. The reason behind this is that European countries used their scientific knowledge to develop their industry.

For example, China discovered gunpowder centuries before the European countries did. However, China didn’t use the gun powder for industrial uses, unlike how a Swedish scientist, Alfred Nobel, used an explosive material to invent dynamite, which was usefully utilized in mining. Throughout the 18th, 19th and 20th century industry has changed dramatically from agriculture to modern digital technology. The world that people live in know wouldn’t exist without the industrial revolutions.

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A DIFFERENT CENTURY, A DIFFERENT PLACE TO LIVE EMILY JO, FREESIA KIM, AND LANA LEE ALL YEAR 7, SARAH AND JEOJI INTRODUCTION The place of comfort, the place of security, and the place of diversity. Houses have developed and changed throughout the history. Once, it was a shelter for a hunting man, then an apartment, and it will develop into much convenient place.

PAST by Emily Jo Since people appeared on Earth, they looked for places to stay. Lots of features of houses developed from humble beginnings and they have benefited from better facilities over time. But we all had to start somewhere. People in the past lived in unconstructed houses such as painted caves, hide tents, domus, and cob houses to mention a few.

When technology was in its infancy, people lived in caves. The first man, called Australopithecus, appeared on Earth in about 40,000 BC and people started living in the caves from 25,000 BC. They had to move to a different place to live when there were no more animals or food in the area, so they lived under the cave, under the stars or, as they developed the technology, under a tent near the river. They hid from danger, such as bad weather or predators, by sheltering in a cave.

According to the paintings on the wall, scientists deduced that the tribe made fire, not only to keep themselves warm but also to cook the meat or fish they hunted and to ward off predators like wild dogs or wolves. The picture was a drawing of humans hunting the animals.

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People lived in a hide tent from 12,000 BC. The weather became warmer and the seawater rose.By rising sea water, people started to live near the sea or the river and ate fish. They started farming, so that people stopped moving their house and stayed in one place for a long while. This hide tent had a wooden trunk to stand the tent.

People put some huge leaves on it to prevent things coming in. The floor of the hide tent was about 10cm deep.

Romans lived in houses called domus. The technology developed a lot, so domus had lots of the features of developed houses we see today. Romans lived in domus in 500 BC. They had vestibulum- the mosaic art on the floor you will see after you enter the house, impluvium- the pool to hold the rain (they had a hole on their roof), compluvium- the rectangle hole on the roof that let people see the sunlight, peristylium- the garden they had in their home, latrinae- the toilet, tabernae- shops that were next to the house, cubiculum- bedroom that people

rooms, triclinium- place where people ate their food, trabs- on the second floor, people kept their possessions or had extra space for other things. Quite a number of these features we still see today, though replacing the mosaic art with our wall tiles might be an aesthetic step backwards.

A cob house is a house made out of mud. People stayed in cob house in 11th century. It took less time to build the cob house than building the ordinary houses and it was also very warm because of the mud. It was also very hard and not easily broke n. People used windows since that time and they responded to tax on their windows by making them narrower. Also glass, as new technology, was expensive, though it was made of tiny pieces of glass put together in a trellis pattern. People put grasses on the roof because it made the air quality better in the house. Also, people designed chimneys. Chimneys let the smoke escape from the fireplace. This improved the standard of living because with it the air quality got better slept in, culina- the kitchen, opus and it was healthier for the inhabitants. musivum- mosaic art on some of the

PRESENT by Freesia Kim From the start of the 20th century, lots of modern houses started to be built, compared to the past. And the systems for housing improved to suit a different kind of people. In 1937, the public housing system began. This system provides housing for people with low incomes, subsidized by public funds. It helps more people to live in more convenient and comfortable places in urban areas rather than in rural areas. If people are only living in the rural areas, the price of the house will suddenly shoot up which will give financial pressure for the citizens. So it is much more beneficial for the people to spread out into the urban areas. And because of this, the public housing system began.

Also, people started to recognise modern prefab houses. Simply, they are prefabricated buildings which are divided into sections that can be shipped and assembled easily. Some people prefer to live in a prefab house than in apartments, because it is 10~20% cheaper than the traditional houses, and it takes 1~4 months less to build it. However, there are some opposing opinions that the house itself is cheaper, we still have to pay for the lands meaning that just buying a normal house is less complicated. Although there are people who have negative opinions about prefab houses, it is still popular for misers.

A house called the Geodesic dome was built in 1954 by an American engineer and architect R.Buckminster Fuller. It is a dome constructed with triangles or polygons with short struts of lines. This dome-shaped house is best if we use it as a greenhouse because it receives consistent heat from the sun during the day. Also, the dome shape has approximately 35% less surface area touching the ground which means that the air will circulate more

efficiently than the rectangular houses, Furthermore, having 35% less surface area also means 35% fewer materials used in the construction. However, the geodesic domes can be expensive depending on the design that people use.

Lastly, in 2015, 3D printed houses have appeared. This uses huge programmed robots to build coded houses with different materials. Approximately, a 3D printed house costs $10,150, which is about 10 million won, which is it’s notably cheap compared to normal households. This house includes foundation, roof, inner and outer finishing, wall insulation, windows, floors, and a suspended ceiling. Recently, a French family became the world’s first people to live in a 3D-printed home. The development took 54 hours to build and cost 20% cheaper than the identical construction using the original method.

FUTURE by Lana Lee Even though we can’t see the future, we can try to predict it. Many predictions would have us believe that houses will change drastically. As we continuously develop technology, it is evident that our accommodation will become enhanced.

It is predicted that numerous features would enlighten and improve the house.

The bedroom will be illuminated with smart mirrors and contain a smart bed. Smart mirrors are convenient mirrors that shows time, date, current weather, apps in phones, as well as the 24 hour forecast and even recent news headlines while also performing the intended task of showing a reflection of yourself. We have also seen predictions that these mirrors would be only several millimeters thick.

We wake up everyday, in a drowsy mood, we do not bother to tidy our bed.

Smart beds would be further development for the future. It is confidently pre-

dicted, by the army of mothers and matrons who currently do the job, that beds would be capable of tidying themselves.

Rollers would flatten the surface of beds and chords would neaten the pillows.

After a long holiday in winter, as soon as we step into our house we feel a bitter cold atmosphere that hits us.

The smart thermostat is predicted to match the relevant temperature for us.

With this everyone would have a warm welcome on returning to their home.

We have many different lightings.

Dim light helps creativity, blue light helps meticulousness, and red or pink light makes it easier to sleep. By a single tap, we would be able to switch lighting to suit the task we want to achieve.

Many of us find watering plants every single day irritating. Therefore, they use sprinklers. But, the real problem comes here, the current sprinklers can’t control the amount of water they spray and can’t turn off automatically when it rains. Also, it is hard to find lots of sprinklers that spray the huge gardens which some of us have.

The robotic lawn care is available for shutting off when it rains, moving, and matching the relevant amount of water to the climatic conditions.

These are some features that are predicted to be added in future houses. \CONCLUSION Houses were one of the most significant aspects for keeping humans safe and warm throughout history. They have evolved to make a convenient life for us. Although, they started off as simple shelter, they have evolved to suit our human’s life routine. Based on tremendous improvements to now, we can predict things that will enhance our future.

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ALUMNI ART

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HEEYEON CHI S L A D E S C H O O L O F F I N E A R T, U C L FINE ART BA2

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TA S T I N G ( S E R I E S ) O I L O N C A N VA S 33

J E O N G H WA C H O I FA S H I O N I N S T I T U T E O F T E C H N O L O G Y C O M M U N I C AT I O N D E S I G N

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PERSPECTIVE DENIM JEANS 35

S U B I N PA R K PA R S O N S S C H O O L O F D E S I G N FA S H I O N D E S I G N

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2019 S/S OSAKA COLLECTION 37

CHAE YUN LEE CARNEGIE MELLON COLLEGE OF FINE ARTS ARCHITECTURE

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FINAL OUTCOME DURING COLLEGE 39

KYEONG MIN KIM RHODE ISLAND SCHOOL OF DESIGN GRAPHIC DESIGN

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INSIDE OF FOLDER

TYPE AND IMAGE I L L U S T R AT O R / P H O T O S H O P / I N D E S I G N 41

SEONG MIN AN SCHOOL OF THE ART INSTITUTE OF CHICAGO (SAIC) INTERIOR DESIGN

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S K8: A S K AT E B O A R D R A C K M E TA L A N D W O O D

A D E V I L’ S W I N G 3D MODELING 43

We are all in the gutter, but some of us are looking at the stars.

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SOCIETY 45

RESISTANCE TO CHANGE

Barry Lee, Y9 Mulchat

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Change can occur anywhere, at the workplace, lifestyle and habits, new environments and more.

Change may just seem like a simple journey from point A to point B, but dealing with change can be very unsettling and uncomfortable. Even in extreme situations, people still resist change, knowing the consequences. An example of this is a study showing that heart disease patients are told that if they do not change their lifestyle and habits, their health will be in critical condition, possibly leading to death. Despite knowing this, only 9% of patients succeeded in changing their lifestyle.

Why do people find it so hard to adapt to and accept change even when they know it can be better for them? People are obviously very reluctant and not very open to change but what is the reason for people resisting change?

The fear of the unknown is a common reason for resistance to change because it stops you from taking any action at all. People cannot take steps to create change confidently if they do not believe; it can be hard for people to believe in some-

thing they cannot trust or something they lack knowledge of. Change can feel very abrupt and requires a lot of mental commitment, not knowing what to expect is caused by not having enough information about the change. This can lead to people thinking that they have to take a leap of faith and feeling anxious and hesitant. Despite people knowing that change will lead to something better, it is difficult to get past the fear of not knowing what will happen.

Change is meant to bring something different. People begin to make habits and routines become automatic. However when change is put into our lives, everything we do uses our consciousness, we have to change what feels familiar to us. If people are used to the way they do something and are connected to it, It can be difficult to leave behind the traditional way and start something brand new. People prefer feeling safe in their comfort zone and secure doing the same thing rather than making changes and risking it all. Losing all the connections you have with what you did before can be difficult and can make change more difficult to commit to. The world is moving very fast and changes are made rapidly. It is difficult for people to settle or move on and people may feel overwhelmed.

have to start from absolutely nothing.

Sometimes organizing changes can require a level of skill and some people will believe that their lack of skill will not be adequate for the changes.

What drives us people forwards is motivation. If there is no reward or benefit in going through change, there will not be any motivation for people. When people are faced with whether or not they should embrace change and the rewards are not seen as satisfactory for the trouble involved they will have no reason in taking the risk and facing change. Sometimes the reward is not worth it, however a lot of the time a combination of all these reasons could be why people believe that the reward doesn’t compensate for the trouble.

Feeling hesitant against change is a normal reaction to have. Resisting against the change is most likely better than ignoring it or being in denial. Resisting against the change is the first step towards conquering the change. There are many reasons why you may fear change such as fear of the unknown, being familiar with the old ways, lack of confidence and lack of motivation. However, accepting change will make you feel better.

Lack of competence and skill is a fear that many people will recognize and sometimes acknowledging this can become a problem. People will resist change when it makes them feel less competent. They fear that their skills will become obsolete and that they will

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what’s your ideal way of celebrating :

Stella Yom, Y10, Mulchat

CHRISTMAS

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When it comes to Christmas, everyone immediately becomes excited. Christmas is known to be the most widely celebrated holiday all around the world, as it merges towards the end of the year, and the New Year is mentioned. It is common for families and friends to gather all together and have a great time. But recently, a lot of critics are criticizing the way Christmas is celebrated and the issues that it has brought.

Each country has its own unique custom or culture, and this is reflected in the holidays they celebrate. For instance, South Korea regards being polite to elders as very important.

Chuseok or the Lunar New Year are traditional Korean holidays where children bow to their grandparents to show respect towards their elders.

People respect these holidays, and tend to say “Today is Chuseok” even though they do not celebrate that day or believe in that particular idealism.

This is quite normal though as one might say, because it is the most fundamental etiquette that one should pay to others. However, when we ponder upon the holiday of Christmas, we tend to think that everyone must celebrate Christmas. People stress the fact that celebrating Christmas is essential. But is Christmas actually more important than any other holiday celebrated around the world?

When someone unexpectedly asks this question, most people would be stupedified and say coldly, “No, other holidays are just as important as Christmas. Our family always celebrates Thanksgiving and Halloween, which we think have the equal value as Christmas.” But why do we regard

people who do not celebrate Christmas so lavishly compared to others as strange? Think of it. Suppose we turn the clock back to 2018 December. You were very excited about the upcoming Christmas holidays, and bragged to your friend that you and your family were going to a extravagant hotel and having a meal in the buffet there. Curious of what plans your friend had, you asked what she was going to do in Christmas. Her answer was substantially different from what you expected: she replied that she was just going to visit her cousin and watch movies together. She added that her family does not really celebrate Christmas, and are merely having a family meeting. You thought of your friend weirdly as she didn’t really think of Christmas as a big deal, and was very neutral about it. Likewise, our instincts may lead us to the point where we exaggerate upon the fundamental meaning of Christmas. We tend to think that every family must spend huge amounts of money and go somewhere fancy. Therefore, it is quite evident in society today that people act according to others’ preferences and tastes, rather than their own beliefs.

These stereotypes can stress some people, as they may want to use those expenses in other areas. We’re all aware of the social phenomena, ‘keeping up with the Joneses’, where we feel like we have to be better than those around us. It’s human nature to be competitive – we want the fastest car, the most attractive partner and the most luxurious house. At Christmas time, the competition gets fiercer than at any other time of year. Businesses are to blame for this wave of consumerism sweeping the nation – adverts

on TV for Black Friday, discount deals on the latest e-readers, tablets and televisions, billboards advertising the next toy craze or the newest games release. Christmas has become more about what you get than what you give.

Nonetheless, it is important to acknowledge the fact that some people will view Christmas in a different manner. There may be families that prefer to spend Christmas modestly, as they can’t afford to spend hundreds of pounds on gifts. It takes an average of ten pounds to buy a decent gift for one person, and for families that have a custom to purchase gifts for all their relatives including their own son, daughter, husband etc, the total amount they have to spend will be quite immense. And this may be a burden for some families.

In conclusion, we should not be swayed by the stereotypes of society when making our decisions on how to celebrate Christmas. Christmas is more about how much fun we haveabout how we spend time with our family and friends laughing rather than trying to show others what we did by putting on lavish decorations that are of no use. So what seems right to you- overspending and getting yourself in debt or being able to impress your family and friends with a great gift without breaking the bank?

It is important to remember Christmas may come only once a year, but it does come every year so spend it in your own best version.

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YOU DON’T ALWAYS HAVE TO BE WHO THEY WANT YOU TO BE, YOU KNOW.

Which part of yourself do you like the most? Most South Koreans will state a part of their body as their answer. Beauty in South Korea is significant. This is why South Koreans have the image of being obsessed with their physical appearance which even popularised the word k-beauty. Lookism is a controversial issue in South Korea. Lookism is negative discrimination towards people with a lack of facial beauty. People easily judge others with their appearance, but this is wrong. Although giving good impressions is important, too much emphasis can be harmful. So what are the causes that make a society dominated by beauty? South Korea seems to be controlled by beauty due to the low self-esteem of individuals, unequal employment systems, and even socializing difficulties.

First of all, people in Korea are not satisfied with their physical appearance. The reason why a lot of Koreans get plastic surgery and spend a huge amount of money on cosmetics is large because Koreans have low self-esteem. According to Yoon Tae Hee in 2015 in Nownews, only 34% of Korean men and women were satisfied with their appearance. This is a problem because being satisfied with themselves increases the determination and confidence of an individual.

Since South Koreans possess such low self-esteem, people will lack signifi-

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cant skills to accomplish much in their lives. So what can people do? People should be educated on how to have high self-esteem. The government should make an effective move to educate Korean children through school.

By changing the younger generation it will influence the future of Korean society.

Second of all, to be employed in South Korea, facial beauty matters. In most resumes, a photo of the applicant is required. This suggests that attractive appearance acts as an advantage in being selected. If not, why would the companies need a photo of the applicants? A photo of the volunteers gives unnecessary information which makes it harder for the judges to make a fair decision. Since employers are people, they may have a chance of being unfair. It is the nature of humans to judge others. Ironically, people know it is wrong, but in many cases, people can not control it. The government should step in and prohibit companies from requiring a photo by law. The appearance of a person has nothing to do with his or her ability to work. To promote equality within Korean society, the government, as well as companies, should think of how to employ workers without lookism.

Lastly, unattractive appearance affects friendship. For children and teenagers, lookism has become a part of their culture. People think that

beautiful people are kinder as well.

This thought discriminates against people who are not physically attractive. Since children are easily affected, we need to look where this culture came from. In Korea, idols and actors are extremely popular. However, the media spreads lookism. Idols and stars are displayed as a perfect figure.

Naive children are influenced to believe that being physically attractive can make himself or herself more likable. Children feel that they need to have the same qualities to be accepted in the group. As a side effect, they are afraid of being different. This is why there are children being bullied due to their physical appearance. To promote friendship based on personalities should be the focus. Therefore the media should change to alter perceptions of beauty.

In conclusion, there is a lot of discrimination still going on in Korea due to lookism. This is shown in individuals, and in our societies. People recognize the existence of lookism, so they need to take steps to solve the problem. Everyone, including the government, media, and individuals, needs to unite and put a lot of effort into shaping Korean society.

JINU CHUN, Y8, Jeoji

LOOKISM IN KOREAN SOCIETY

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How to Develop Your Self Esteem

Seoyoon Kim, Y8, Noro

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Right now, there are lots of people who have low self-esteem. They are not proud of themselves, and do not feel like they are special which prevents them from trying something new. However, self-esteem is essential for all human beings, and no one can manage themselves without confidence. Life is full of challenges and trials. Though some seem impossible and unachievable at first, everyone can achieve it by encouraging themselves and having confidence in themselves. So, for people who lack their self-esteem, I would like to tell them that they are precious and suggest some ideas that I used to develop my self-esteem.

First, when you start thinking that you are useless, then stand in front of the mirror and start finding something to praise. If you start to realize that there are good things about you, then it is the level of accepting yourself. It is the most important thing to know your own strengths. It will be good to start with little things like, “Your hair looks nice”, or “You look really happy”, which are easy to find. If you cannot say it out loud, then it is okay to keep

it in your mind. When you become familiar with praising yourself with trivial things, then start to get more specific and deeper. For example, you can say, “I love your sociability”, “I like your bright personality”. The final step is, to praise yourself. To take some examples, you can say “It is okay to make some mistakes! It is not that serious”, or if you fought with your friend, you could say “It was not totally your fault.

You apologized, and that’s it!”. After this step, maybe 60% of your self esteem gauge will be filled.

Now, 40% of your self esteem gauge is left to be filled. The next step is to stop comparing yourself to others.

There are lots of students who compare their achievements with those of others. However, it is one of the most dangerous thing to do in a friendship.

If you keep comparing and criticising yourself, then your mental life will be full of negative thoughts on how to win other friends. On the other hand, if we do not compare ourselves to other people, then we will start to satisfy ourselves, and think about how to improve more of ourselves.

Finally, the most important thing to do, accept that you can be confident of your advantages. Sometimes, there are people who have many advantages and potential but cannot express their abilities because they are not able to accept their strengths. However, it is okay to show that you have strengths. It will be a bad circulation of self-esteem if you are not available to show that you are capable. Your peers will not be able to know your ability. When you hear that rumors around you, then your hesitation will get more and more which gives you no choice of challenging. So, please express that you can do it.

This is all I can suggest for you to do to develop your self-esteem. Now, it is time for you to try this and achieve your goal. You can do this and my method will help you a lot. Also, I want to tell you that you do not have to follow this manual. It is your choice to find out your new method or use this method. If you have better ways to improve your self-esteem, then I will suggest you to use that way. I wish you to get rid of negative mindsets and thoughts quickly and find happiness.

IF TOMORROW BRINGS NEW HOPE, I HOPE IT BRINGS YOU. -Perry Poetry

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Minseo Cha Y10, Geomun

g n i p p i T The : nt Poi How Little things can make a big difference 54

A few decades ago, in the desperately poor New York City neighbourhoods of Brownsville and East New York, the streets would turn into ghost towns after sunset. Ordinary people wouldn’t walk on the sidewalks, children wouldn’t ride bicycles on the streets, old men wouldn’t sit on park benches. The drug trade was rampant and gang warfare was so pervasive in that part of Brooklyn that most citizens would stay in their apartment at dusk. In 1992, there were 2,154 murders and 626,182 serious crimes in New York City. Police officers who served in the 1980s and early 1990s say that their radios were full of chatter between the officers about every conceivable type of dangerous criminals. But then something strange happened. At some mysterious point, the crime rate began to decrease rapidly.

Just over five years, cases of murder had dropped to 64.3% and the total number of crimes had fallen by almost half to 355,893. The crime rate had “tipped.”

The tipping point is a magical moment when an idea, trend, or social behaviour crosses a threshold, tips, and spreads like wildfire. It is how big changes occur - how fashion trends emerge, how unknown books transform into bestsellers, how teenage smoking rises, or any other mysterious changes of everyday life become epidemics.

In his debut book, The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference, Malcolm Gladwell seeks to explain and describe the cryptic sociological changes of our everyday lives. He states that “Ideas, products, messages and behaviours spread as viruses do”, and introduces

“The Three Rules” of the tipping point.

makes an impact on people. It sticks in their memory.

The Law of the Few The Power of Context The success of any kind of social epidemic depends heavily on the involvement of individuals with a specific rare set of social gifts. Epidemics tip because of the extraordinary efforts of these people; a tiny percentage of people affects the majority. The Law of the Few says that when one of the exceptional people discover a idea and spread it through social connections, energy and enthusiasm, the idea can easily become a trend.

According to Gladwell, economists call this the “80/20 Principle”. It is the idea that in any situation, roughly 80 per cent of the work will be done by 20% of participants. These people are connectors, maven and salesmen.

Connectors are the people who know a large number of people in a community and have a social network of over a hundred people. They are able to spread the trends due to their curiosity, self-confidence and sociability. The Mavens are people who rely upon to connect us with new information; they gather, share and trade their knowledge. The Salesmen are persuaders who make others agree with them. The role of these people is critical for a concept to “tip”.

The Stickiness Factor The Stickiness Factor says that there are specific ways of making a contagious message memorable; there are relatively simple changes in the presentation and structuring of information that can make a big difference in how much of an impact it makes.

Stickiness means that a message

While the other two rules focused on the kinds of people who spread ideas, and the characteristics of successful ideas, the subjects of this rule are the “conditions and circumstances”. The behaviour of humans is highly sensitive to and influenced by the environment, and “the Broken Windows theory” would be the most exemplary explanation. The Broken Windows theory says that if a window is broken and left unrepaired, people walking by will conclude that no one is in charge of it. Therefore, the surroundings of the window might continue to be destroyed by people passing by.

The power of context and the broken window theory are both epidemic theories of crime. Crime is contagious - just as fashion is contagious - and it can start with one broken window but spread to an entire community.

The three rules of the tipping point can be concluded as the following; starting epidemics requires concentrating resources on a few key areas.

Some extraordinary people, a catchy phrase and specific circumstances are essential for a “tipping point” to occur. Making a concept largely accepted might be difficult and volatile.

After all, what must underlie before successful epidemics is, the changing one’s belief that it is possible, that people can transform their beliefs.

The world around you might seem implacable and immovable. However, it isn’t. With a subtle change in just the right place, anything can be tipped.

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ARE PEOPLE CAPABLE OF CHANGE?

Elisia Bae Y10, Noro

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A leopard cannot change its spots is a true and common saying about people who are not able to change their personality and behaviour. But can we really limit human nature to a saying about a leopard? Unfortunately, the answer to the question ‘Can people change?’ is not that simple.

An online psychotherapist, Joseph Burgo, claimed that most people did not change, they only found ways to become more of who they are. Still, people constantly undergo changes in other senses.

Scientists proposed that our body is ‘renewed’ every seven years as that is the time that is required for every single cell in your body to change.

That means that we go through physical changes all the time. However, it seems to be harder to change who you are — your personality, for that matter. Even so, studies on neuroscience revealed that the human brain’s neuroplasticity, the ability to form and organise neural connections, enables people to change their habits and behaviours.

If we are capable or change, what are some of the factors that lead to that? There are multiple reasons for changes in behaviour, with internal and external situations being the most prominent ones. Internal factors include determination, skills, and knowledge that could change habit or personality. External factors could lead to a more drastic change with injuries, acquired disabilities, therapy sessions as well as interacting with influential people around you, and your background.

There are a few famous incidents

of ex-cons changing completely. Of course, there is no way of telling if they truly changed, but these people are really trying their best to live a completely different life.

was as important as physical capacities; a sport that tested the participant’s ability to undergo paramount pain.

Take John McAvoy for example: John McAvoy, a former criminal, is now aiming to become the best Nike triathlete there is. From the very start, it was hard for McAvoy to live a normal life as his uncle was a member of a robbery gang, while his stepfather was serving a life sentence for armed robbery. At the age of 18, he had already been given a five-year sentence but he decided to take an even bigger plunge into the world of crime.

Even though he couldn’t swim nor could he ride a bicycle properly, he managed to complete his first Iron Man in eleven hours — a very respectable time for someone who only had six weeks to prepare. Two years after that, he is pulling his times closer to the world record: 7 hours 45 minutes.

He doesn’t waste one moment in his pursuit for the goal, either. He trains everyday, starting from 4:30am, as he wishes to make up for the lost time he spent in prison.

The heist that he was recruited for went stumbling downhill when he was caught in the act. His partner-incrime had kept quiet of the fact that he was being tracked down by the Flying Squad. Unlike last time, where he was sentenced to a few years of prison life, he was sentenced to life for the conspiracy to commit armed robbery.

After proving that he was determined to become a better person by pursuing what he did best, McAvoy was given another chance at life. He is now on a mission, not only to become the best long-distance triathlete there is, but also to deliver a message about the ways that determination changes lives.

John McAvoy admitted that he wanted to be the best among everyone -- whether it was being the most notorious thief or the most famous triathlete. He explained that prisoners throw themselves into either education, drugs, or the gym.

Now that we know for a fact that people are indeed capable of change, another question arises: how do you change yourself for the better? There are a few simple ways to ensure your change is beneficial in life.

“It’s all to do with escape.”

He told The Telegraph during his interview. He was enlightened by a prison officer who told him that McAvoy was fit, and he could also endure suffering — and that was his gift. Thankfully, McAvoy was able to use this gift by participating in the Iron Man. This was a sport in which mental resilience

First of all, you need to look into your past and address the choices you have made. If the results of your choice didn’t satisfy you, consider what you would do differently the next time you encountered a similar situation. Your life may be full of regret, but once you’ve learnt something from it, they won’t be setbacks anymore. The ‘wrong choices’ will turn into ‘experiences’.

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You could change your life by surrounding yourself with things you care about. A life, without passion, is more like death. If you don’t have a reason to get up or get your eyes sparkling, you wouldn’t feel like you’re achieving something. If you are unsure of what your passion is, or if your passion had faded away, it would be a good time to bring in change to your life and try to pursue a different passion. The same goes for relationships with other people. We don’t get second chances in life, so if you believe that someone around you is not appreciating you enough, you may as well find new people.

Even if you were to change for the better, it’s no secret that life still won’t be perfect. Once you have realised that, you will be able to enjoy life more. There will always be times when you see a million mistakes in the past; but as long as you are willing to set them right, you won’t be failing. Change your perspective — being yourself, flaws and all, will make you and the people around you see the real you. All of our imperfections come to-

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gether to achieve something bigger.

That’s how we change the world, one step at a time.

Also, in order for change to happen, you need to step out of your comfort zone. There is no possibility of success if you don’t even try. It’s like multiplying your chance of success by zero — no matter how good your chances are at achieving that goal, if you get scared and never start, nothing will change.

A great question to ask yourself is: “What would happen if I did?” along with “What would happen if I didn’t?”.

These questions will help you ask yourself if you should take action. No more waiting for the ‘prince in shining armour’. You have to save yourself by taking risks.

The human mind is a very powerful thing that allows us to adapt and change our behaviour to suit the life we are living. Although the path to bringing change may be hard and requires our undivided determination, in the end, you will be surprised to see how different a person you are.

Carpe diem.

Seize the day, boys.

Make your lives extraordinary.

-John Keating, Dead Poet’s Society 59

Do Civil Rights Movements Require Heroic Leaders?

Do Revolutions?

Sunghee Kim Y13, Halla East 60

As unpredictable as it may be, people revolt like lightning strikes, enabling them to express what they want and be free from oppression. The desire for change is the binding force of a society for revolution and every revolution has its own heroic leaders. Some of them are Russian Revolutionary Vladimir Lenin, the Haitian Revolution leader L’Ouverture, and American Revolutionary George Washington.

Firstly, individuals will have the courage to make things better for others and change the current system through their leadership. People will revolt if they have a strong leader and a strong belief that there is a viable plan for achieving a successful change to their situation. Such an heroic leader has the challenging role of empowering others and carrying their vision while, at the same time, making sure that the revolution moves in the desired direction and delivers the expected results. Vladimir Lenin, for

example, strongly expressed his desire for a Communist society and with that he was able to create a compelling vision that the Russian Party followed him. Successful revolutions depend on heroic leaders who have direct authority with people going through the revolt to support and execute change in their span of influence.

Secondly, decision making is vital for movements and revolts, hence a leader is essential for a firm outcome.

Heroic leaders have the authority to make decisions that affect the movements within their span of control. In the Haitian Revolution for instance, with the leadership of the great L’Ouverture, African slaves were freed from the Westerners and were empowered to establish their own country. Was it not for leaders who take over decisions, the goal for change would have been unachievable.

Lastly, people would be unable to continue their quest for revolution

without the motivation from their leaders. Conversely, the leader cannot do everything on their own without the help of many others. Leaders realize that their quest for change can be difficult, and understand the need for people to be motivated to reach their goals and, importantly, stay alive. As the people’s motivator, such leaders are energetic and empathetic.

They have will and utmost determination upholding their movement’s agreements while concomitantly making sure that all the people do the same.

Therefore, a revolution is impossible without heroic leaders who hold the key role for a movement’s success. Eventually, even after a successful revolution that has no leaders, someone will ultimately rise up to power. One great example is Vladimir Lenin, who rose up to power even if the Bolshevik Party vied for a Communist Society.

“Not being heard Is no reason for silence.”

-Les Miserables, 2012 61

CHANGES IN BODY AFTER WEIGHT LOSS

Angelina Lee, Y10, Noro

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In the Naver Webtoon, Yumi’s Cells, each person has something called the ‘Prime Cell’, the cell that indicates the person’s biggest desire. Of various types, for example, sexual desire or the desire to sleep, I may assume that for most people, their Prime Cell is the ‘Appetite’. It is, certainly, necessary for humans to bear the desire for the consumption of their energy source, but due to the inconsistency in the supply of food in the past times, the desire has grown to such an extent that compels people to not only provide sufficient energy for this current instance but also to store a lot for the future. Although it may seem ignorant to discuss the problem caused by too much food when more than a quarter of the world is known for starving, we also have to consider that obesity has become a major problem concerning more than 2 billion people around the world. Being one of the ‘dieters’ who have tried to lose weight for a million times but never happened to reach the goal, I provide you with some photos that show the before and after of some successful individuals that may awaken your ‘Beauty Cell’.

Seolhyun, a member of K-Pop group AOA, is well-known for her ‘hot body’. However, she was not born with it; she ‘made’ it.

Ailee, a K-Pop female singer, revealed her diet menu for one meal: 100g of protein, 2 cups of vegetables, and a fruit. This is not to put you under any pressure to eat as little as she did; standards for celebrities should be different to those for the public.

However, this example is just to show you that some people are more than determined to make big sacrifices in order to achieve their goal, and that no one says you can’t.

Diet is never restricted to women!

Daniel Kang, a previous member of Wanna One, a K-Pop idol group, has shown dramatic changes in weight over the shooting course of the programme Produce 101 Season 2.

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BIG IMPACT OF INCIDENTS IN SOUTH KOREA LISA LEE YEAR 8, SARAH

South Korea has experienced diverse developmental changes so far.

So, what is a developmental change?

According to the definition provided by google, it “is the process of change that occurs in human beings throughout development.” Developmental change is the first step of making massive changes to business which helps people to meet the demand of their market. When business makes developmental changes, it is really important to explain the rationale for the change, skill out staff to use new processes and technology, and finally show staff commitment to minimising the impacts of change on business. Then, what developmental change did South Korea experience?

First, In the 1950s, South Korea ranked one of the world’s poorest states because of the 6.25 (Korean Civil war).

After that, South Korea became very tough and poor. The 6.25 war also made South Korea even poorer by separating Korea apart into South and North.

It took time for people to make South Korea stronger than before. With lots of effort, which was given by almost everybody in South Korea, they were able to make unbelievable results for a long period of time. There was a rapid economic development in between 1960 and 1980 in South Korea. Peo-

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ple exported things to other countries.

Through exporting activity, South Korea learned advanced country’s product development, product production, and marketing. People also put lots of effort into re-allocating resources. The result of these efforts was very successful.

Second, In 1997, a serious event called the Asian Financial crisis occurred in South Korea. At that time, South Korea was in crisis at the national level, and the President of South Korea has agreed and signed to the memorandum of understanding to receive funding from the IMF. As the companies from South Korea had collapsed, the foreign exchange reserve had rapidly decreased, so South Korea requested urgent financing to the IMF. The IMF provided 19.5 billion dollars to South Korea. In December 1998, the payment of $1.8 billion to the IMF’s emergency storage finance helped South Korea to slowly escape from the financial crisis, and in December 2001, the IMF management system for South Korea finally ended. With the immense help of the Korean citizens themselves, South Korea was able to get rid of the financial crisis. There was an activity called “Gold-collecting campaign” which almost everybody in South Korea who was interested in eliminating the financial crisis has participated in, and that

was a huge success. The purpose of this activity was to increase the foreign exchange reserves. The method of it was first, gather domestic gold and earn some money by selling the gold and changing it to dollar. People’s high patriotism led to 3.5 million people participating in the gold-collecting campaign in two months, 227 tons of gold were assembled and money paid back to South Korea.

To conclude, South Korea has experienced many developmental changes so far. South Korea overcome the tough life of the past and have come so far. 6.25 was the most severe thing to experience in everyone’s life because it takes risk and of course it’s dangerous. War takes many people’s lives. Also, the financial crisis was a deadly striking for a country. If there was no participation of the people to overcome the hard time, than South Korea could not develop as it is now. So, developmental change is an essential thing for the country to improve, however it will not come without an effort. Despite everyone noticing that it requires lots of effort to make a country develope, South Korea had made it. South Korea made the development of itself rapidly and the result was successful.

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ONCE APON A

TIME Alex Kim Y10, Noro

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The most common household tales in the world would be stories such as Little Red Riding Hood, Cinderella, or Rapunzel. But, despite the fact that the stories are often called ‘The Grimm Brothers’ fairy tales, the Grimm brothers did not actually write any of those many stories. When Germany, like all European countries at that time, started to industrialise, the oral tradition passed down from their ancestors were starting to become extinct. Fairy tales were no exception. To stop this from happening, the Grimm brothers interviewed their parents, friends, grandparents, co-workers to collect the stories and keep on the tradition. This collection was then published under the title ‘Nursery and Household Tales’. Sadly, the title of the book was very misleading.

The book itself was not written for children and the brothers view their stories as an anthology and the works of ancient scholars. The stories often contained heavy violence, incest, and sex. Many footnotes were included for extra information and there were no illustrations, making it even more difficult to read along. Although this was the case, the title invited parents from all over Germany to buy the book for their children. Due to this, the Grimm brothers were harshly criticised forcing the Grimms to change their stories.

One of the major clichés in the stories is that of the ‘Evil stepmother’. In many stories where the parent is the villain, the evil stepmother is used.

Hansel and Gretel, Snow White and many more stories were changed due to this fact. Surprisingly, these ‘Evil stepmothers’ were originally the characters’ biological mothers meaning that for most of the stories, the children’s own mothers try to murder, abandon and do horrible things to their children. However, the Grimms changed this into the stepmothers not only because of the anger of their potential readers but for many reasons.

During an interview with the Guardian, Jack Zipes, the translator of the English version of the stories, said “ the Grimms made the change in later

editions because they ‘held motherhood sacred,’” but not only that, there was an input from the social state at their time where “many women died from childbirth in the 18th and 19th centuries, and there were numerous instances in which the father remarried a young woman, perhaps close in age to the father’s eldest daughter,” This is even more exaggerated when watching the Disney version of the stories such as Snow White. The Evil Queen, as the name suggests, is the villain of the story shown as an evil witch. The dark and evil nature of the Queen is exaggerated in the story, but what would viewers think of the film if this was Snow White’s biological mother?

By getting extra information about the stories and adding some extra bits and pieces themselves, the Grimms were able to lengthen their stories. In the first edition, while some stories are very well finished and tidied up, some did not even have an ending or some parts of the stories were completely missing. Some were not even stories, they were merely outlines or faint ideas of stories. This was because the Grimms highly respected the voices and versions of the storytellers and collectors that provided the stories for them. The Grimms, in their first edition, insisted on only printing what they heard and collected. But, as time went on, the public and the Grimms started to fill in the gaps. These made the stories fuller and hugely lengthened the stories themselves.

When the title led parents into buying these books for their children rather than a short tale they met violence, references to sex, and the lack of religious images. The Grimms were forced to make changes to a few of the stories. For example, in the original story of Cinderella, the stepsisters’ feet were cut off to fit the glass slipper, failing in the end. This was changed in different shapes and forms, taking out bits and pieces or even erasing whole stories, it was also helpful when a third brother, Ludwig Emil Grimm, drew them illustrations of Little Red Riding Hood with references to the

bible. Rapunzel, in the original stories, also says some shocking things. Due to her naive nature, she says to the witch, “Tell me, Mother Gothel, why are my clothes becoming too tight?

They don’t fit me any more” obviously indicating the time she spent together with the prince has impregnated her.

These features were and are not appropriate for the younger population and were changed by the Grimms.

Not many people would be surprised if I were to tell you that the ‘fairy tales’ consisted of fairies such as the fairy godmother of Cinderella.

When reading the first edition, we can see that the ‘harbingers of magic’ were almost always fairies. However, it is noticeable that there are limited situations where the fairies are used as the ‘harbingers of magic’. This is because the Grimms, in the end, decided to change this, not because fairies were considered too violent, blasphemous, or erotic, but because fairy was a French term. Not that the Grimms had personal feelings towards the French people, but due to the rising and the actions of the famous Napoleon Bonaparte. The fairies were changed into many different beings such as the witch of Rapunzel.

Although many changes were made altogether, it does not change the fact that the work of the Grimm brothers was a mysterious yet wonderful act of literature and that they should be remembered in history. Next time when you’re looking for a good book, why not ignore the stereotype suggesting that fairy tales are childish and pick up one of the earlier copies of the ‘Grimm Brothers’ fairy tales’.

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HOMELESSNESS ISSUE in

Hong Kong WARRICK KWON YEAR 8, NORO

The financial hub of Asia along with London and New York. The renowned sanctuary for shopaholics and foodies.

The former British colony which has grown to a state of one of the most developed nations whose GDP per capita is over $40000. Yes. The nation is Hong Kong. However, Hong Kong is also known for a very different title: the nation with one of the highest real estate prices in the world. In fact, about 40% of the population live in public housing and among the other 60% of the population, around 100,000 live in “coffin homes” and on rooftops. An estimated 1,400 homeless people live in Hong Kong, with the primary cause being a lack of affordable housing. Therefore, this article will be discovering the severity of the homelessness issue in Hong Kong along with its causes.

Before this article moves onto the premise of the issue, readers are to find out the severity of this issue. Firstly, the price of average housing in Hong Kong is 12 times the local GDP. Such figures portray the astronomical amount of mortgages present. As mentioned before, most people live in public housing provided by the government and others live in coffin homes or cage homes.

The name of these homes speaks for itself; these homes are very small areas where each flat is the size of one small room. In these houses, people who

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cannot afford larger houses, but who do not receive government help reside.

Now, as this article provided the basic understanding of this homelessness issue in Hong Kong, the article will now proceed to discovering the causes of this crisis. Superficially, this problem in Hong Kong is a mere consequence of demand and supply. According to the conventional supply and demand theory, the only reason for market prices to increase is due to decreased supply while the demand remains the same levels or even higher. The other can also be the case; the supply remains the same or does not increase proportionately to the speed of the increase in demand. In the case of Hong Kong’s real estate market, the case is the former. Hong Kong’s real estate market is currently short of supply when the demand for housing is actually increasing. However, other than the idea of supply and demand, there are factors which influence the deadly prices of Hong Kong real estate.

Then why is the demand currently increasing in Hong Kong? There are mainly two factors. First is due to the explicit rise of foreigners. Recently, Hong Kong faced a major boom in Foreign Direct Investment. This was because Hong Kong was renown for its legal security.

Government intervention within domestic markets were significantly low compared to foreign markets and legis-

lative procedures required to establish global branches and new enterprises were extremely simplified. These triggered many investors to reside in Hong Kong. Furthermore, Chinese people are coming to Hong Kong for political and financial issues. Overall, this incredibly increased demand, but the supply of housing did not increase accordingly.

Certainly, it is common sense for supply to naturally increase when demand increases. This is impossible in Hong Kong for two reasons. The first reason is that Hong Kong’s land is already saturated with buildings. Originally, Hong Kong has a small portion available for housing. Among that small portion, people managed to construct houses to maximum capacity so that the city ranks as the fourth most densely populated among sovereign states or territories, with more than seven million residents spread across 1,106 square kilometers (427 sq miles). Now that the housing capacity reached its limit, housing prices are steadily increasing. Secondly, in Hong Kong, real estate supply cannot increase despite the increasing demand. Of course supply would increase if demand increases if this market is a free market economy. The problem is that Hong Kong’s real estate market is not a free market economy. The Hong Kong government has a monopoly on the real estate market of Hong Kong.

But then why doesn’t the Hong Kong government increase the supply? This is because first of all, 0.2 of all of the public revenues the Hong Kong government receives is through real estate. In a nutshell, it is absurd for the Hong Kong government to increase supply when they are the ones who will benefit if the price of real estate increase. Now let’s look at how the government-controlled real estate system is managed. Apart from government officials and departments who are in charge of coping with real estate supplies, there are other people who are in charge. They are people such as multi-billionaires who maintain close relationship between governmental officials. To them, their interests are for real-estate prices to remain at similar levels or even increase so that they could earn more money through real estate business. Ultimately, these various factors contributed to the severe homelessness issues in Hong Kong.

Now that we understand the problems in Hong Kong, let’s compare the situation with different nations. Our object today is a similar ‘Asian Tiger’, Singapore. Why doesn’t Singapore have a severe homelessness problem? The direct cause of this is due to the characteristics of each market. Despite one nation suffering from homelessness issues and the other does not, both nations’ real estate market originated from

a market monopoly. However, the cause of present problems in Hong Kong and absent in Singapore is because government policy directions. Singapore’s real estate monopoly faced rapid growth during the Lee Kwan Yew regime. As well as any other welfare policies implemented by the Lee administration, he aimed to provide as much housing as possible to its citizens as a form of a welfare policy. In the end, most of the citizens residing in Singapore own their own housing and maintain low homelessness rates. In contrast, Hong Kong has a wishy-washy stance upon real estate policies. The government is always debating consistently about providing people housing. In a nutshell, while Singapore is stern and bold enough to carry out a house-owning society, Hong Kong is always having debates over the validity of the policy which intensifies the homelessness problem even more.

This paper has been examining the causes and the status quo of this homelessness issue in Hong Kong. It has been obvious that Hong Kong is suffering from some selfish motives of government which is forcing thousands of people to live in agony. In case if readers were frustrated, this article purposely did not mention possible solutions for this crisis. That is, to make readers consider available policies or breakthroughs. Now that individuals gained comprehensive

insight towards the Hong Kong homelessness issue, they are determined to find out policies which will be changing the lives of thousands of people.

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CHANGES in the

Gec

and

Jeju Island

SUNNY BAEK YEAR 10, MULCHAT

There has been continuous change in the GEC since 2011, when KIS Jeju and NLCS Jeju first opened their doors to pupils. Ever since the Korean government passed the legislation that allowed Korean students to attend international schools in Jeju, 3,300 students, 678 staff and 3,326 families have moved to the GEC, resulting in a total of 7,605 migrants. This rapid increase in population has brought about massive development in the GEC. When the GEC was first formed, NLCS, CU, KIS,`and Canons Village were four lonely structures standing in the middle of a gotjawal forest. The abundance of centipedes and pill bugs in the area gave the perception that there were more bugs than humans in the GEC. There were very few restaurants or cafes and the GEC was a small, quiet community with few people.

Now the GEC contains four international schools, numerous apartment complexes, and over twenty three thousand people. Migrants, international and internal, make up approximately a third of the current population of the GEC and new facilities have been built to accommodate the growing needs of the GEC population. The influx of migrants has led to more economic investment and the establishment of international schools is seen as effective in preventing a brain drain as four out of ten parents have stated that without international schools they would have chosen to send their children to schools overseas.

However, economic development is

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not the only change the GEC has experienced. The centipedes that seemed to be everywhere are now gone. Few traces of the gotjawal forest that surrounded the GEC only a few years ago can be found. The economic development in the GEC seems to have been accompanied by environmental destruction Are the benefits of economic development worth the environmental problems the GEC may be causing? Jeju island is a world heritage site formed through multiple volcanic eruptions, known for its singular ecosystem and stunning beauty. The gotjawal forests unique to Jeju are home to many endangered plants and they provide Jeju island with oxygen and valuable groundwater. Studies from 2012 show that 31.9% of original gotjawal land has been destroyed due to mass development. Without the gotjawal forests, many plant species will become extinct. Is economic development worth the price we may have to pay?

The GEC is not the only area in Jeju affected by the increasing influx of migrants and rapid economic development. Jeju is experiencing water shortages and its seas are being polluted. A study in 2017 showed that groundwater levels in Jeju were the lowest that they’ve ever been since 2003, which is when they started monitoring water level, due to the overuse of water. Last year, 1400 tons of waste were removed from the beaches of Jeju. Tourism has brought about destruction of ecosystems and landscape. A recent statistic illustrated that the population of Jeju produce the

most waste per capita (1.92kg) within Korea. This is partly due to the fact that tourists tend to use single use items.

Unlike expectations that more jobs will be created as the economy develops and the influx of migrants increases, unemployment rates have risen (2.9% in Jeju, 2.5% in Seogwipo). Although islanders agree that there has been more jobs created, they say that most of the newly created jobs have been taken by people who’ve migrated to the island for the job.

Jeju has been nominated by the BBC as one of the top five cities suffering from over-tourism along with Machu Picchu, Peru and Maya Bay, Thailand. Also, residents have continually accused tourism and urbanisation of destroying Jeju’s traditional culture and environment.

Although the Minister of Tourism in Jeju has recently released a statement promising more investment in infrastructure in terms of waste disposal, traffic, water, and sewage systems, we must stay alert and ensure that these promises are kept. Additionally, tourist facilities such as hotels and restaurants that receive a lot of tourists should be closely regulated on how they dispose of waste products. It is crucial that the residents of Jeju take an active stance in the protection and conservation of the island.

Economic development must never be an excuse for environmental and cultural destruction.

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A NEW GENERATION OF consumption NOAH LEE YEAR 12, HALLA NORTH

The inequality of wealth occurs everywhere whether or not it is a developed or underdeveloped country.

Even in western countries, where welfare services are generalized, it is inevitable to escape from this system and I can say that this is a characteristic of the 21st century. As only the top class of the society dominates the whole opportunity and wealth of the world, it is the aspect which shows that the rich gets richer and poor gets poorer.

Even in a country where the GDP per capita is over $20,000, an unequal consumption occurs. This unequal consumption is not something which is directly related to wealth inequality. It is not something where the rich spend massively or poor spending little. Young generations are purchasing luxurious items which do not fit to their earnings or their family background while living in poor housing. However, they cannot stop the massive spending because it is almost their daily routine and has

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been generalized into their lives. Plus, the people around them are also engaging in a similar consumption pattern to them making them think as if it is the normality. We could even call it keeping up with the Jones’ or the Kims. Moreover, it is not something that happens amongst those in their 20s. It is a phenomenon which is happening right now in Korea, mostly by the 10s, the 20s, and 30s, which is the young age group.

Clothing made by top designers and brands, which costs thousand US dollars, and clothing made by SPA brands (firms which do design, producing and selling by themselves) are the ones which up most of the sales for the department stores whereas lower brands are facing a dark era.

So future income prospects affect the consumption of young people. As a result, it proves very difficult to change the level of consumption in society by changing taxes and government spending.

Aliens in Jeju ANDREW CHEON TEAR 10, NORO

Currently, there has been an intriguing debate, whether to accept Yemeni refugees to South Korea. This controversy was brought up as a result of the influx of immigrants flocking into Jeju island.

About 550 Yemeni refugees landed on the resort island of Jeju. The majority of Yemeni refugees, recent graduates from either high school or college, are having to choose between two pathways: coerced to participate in war or expatriate themselves from their country.

But no one would want to pick up guns and risk their lives. This eventually led to expansion in number of foreigners in Jeju. This sudden upheaval was a definite change for Jeju citizens. South Korea’s government still argues if it should welcome refugees coming to our country.

People opposed to accepting refugees are worried that some terrorists might sneak into the country. Due to unchecked migration, there is high possibility of criminals entering the country clandestinely. As demonstrated by the attack in Nice, France, “even a single terrorist can do horrific damage” to one nation. Inhabitants want safety and who knows whether one out of more than 550 refugees is an extremist? Even though all the refugees are not terrorists, they will later ask for their rights and then will start to demand for more rights in the end. Such incidents have

happened frequently in Europe when extremists started attacking local areas.

Not only will the immigrants daunt the natives, but also they will beget more burdens to the nation’s economy. Since settling refugees is not cheap, the government will confront a situation, requiring more money to be spent to the refugees - more tax will be needed and the complaints from the citizens will mount. Why would the citizens want to pay their own money for the establishment for the immigrants? These taxes could be used for amenities and ameliorating the infrastructures for the native people. According to the CIA World Factbook, with average poverty rate of 17% in 2011, South Korea is not in a situation to squander it’s capital for resident aliens, while homeless people are sleeping in the streets.

But despite these feasible detriments, there are still some people who want to accept Yemen refugees to South Korea. They dispute the opinion that the probability of refugees infiltrating as a terrorist is very low. They state the fear that the citizens are feeling is exaggerated and in fact there were more incidents in South Korea, when terrorists entered the country on a student or tourist visas, not as refugees. The fact that there is a low chance of extremists actually making their footsteps into Jeju might relax

some citizens. Furthermore, the current situation in South Korea is very alarming. Due to labor scarcity, industries are lacking workers; however by allowing immigrants, who just graduated the school could be reinforced into the Korean workforce and help maintain the development of the economy. There are also numerous things that we can learn from the refugees, they bring new cultures and skills from native countries and give us opportunity to promote further in the era of globalisation.

Considering all these aspects, I think it is righteous to not welcome any refugees to South Korea. The biggest reason is the infiltration of terrorists due to unchecked migration. Granted, the possibility of terrorist invasion is very low; nevertheless, terrorists might manipulate that point and trespass all the while Korean government overlooks such breach off its guard. If such transgression is made, it will generate more risks in national security and damage South Korea’s system. Also, there will be too much money wasted to help refugees to settle down as mentioned before. It will be better to use the money for homeless people and enhance our economic system. Moreover, even for the Yemen refugees themselves, I think it will be rather more effective for them to settle down in Syria or other countries with

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similar language and cultures. There is no reason for them to come to South Korea where no one could understand their language; hence, it will be such an arduous time for them to adapt in completely different society as Korean.

Some might say that it is humanitarian duty to help refugees, who do not have anywhere to go. But our economic status does not have enough spares to help other people. Even though if we think in their shoes, it is our own choice to whether accept them or not.

Who will take the responsibility for all the unfavorable calamities that might happen after we accept immigrants?

There is no one to blame; thus, it is no one’s obligation to welcome them.

In conclusion, from my perspective, I believe that South Korea should not accept any kind of refugees from any foreign countries. Korea will need to take many risks to settle them down.

But who knows there might be terrorists among the refugees and damage our nation like Sweden. Even if we accepted Yemen immigrants, it would be tough for them to assimilate, since the language and culture are utterly different.

Therefore, I believe not accepting refugees is the best way for both us and them.

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RESILIENCE : THE REBIRTH OF THE ROSE JIHO HA YEAR 10, SARAH

‘Too big, too strong, too fast, too good.” Vanishing through the players, left to right swerving around the opponents. Leaping up, dissecting the air, skitter by the backboard swooshing the net. Nobody, nothing could stop him. Until, that moment.

Derrick Rose was selected by the Chicago Bulls in 2008 with their first round, 1st overall pick. Dominating in college, everyone had great expectations.

As predicted, he shocked the world with incredible numbers of 16.8 points per game, and 7 assists per game. People often called him the second Michael Jordan, Mr. Basketball and the Red Rose. After his rookie season, re-signing a 4 year maximum length contract with Chicago Bulls everyone had great expectations.

Looking at the history of the NBA, usually it is the forwards who are the big men, dominating the game of basketball with their superior height. Examples abound with Shaquille O’Neal, Yao Ming, and Wilt Chamberlain to name but three.

By the year of 2010, Derrick has reshaped the whole NBA playstyle to a guard dynasty; Guards usually refers to small players who handle the ball most of the game time. Derrick plays as a point guard, and matches a won-

derful pair with Kirk Hinrich(another guard) driving the game at a fast pace.

This style of play influenced the other teams to start a guard dynasty. After that, best duos such as Stephen Curry and Klay Thompson, Kyrie Irving, and Jr. Smith were created due to the kick start influence their style of play.

“Derrick, you had a career year so far. You lead the Bulls team the best record in the NBA. You are the youngest MVP in NBA history. In a league of very valuable players, it’s an honor to award you NBA 2010-11 MVP trophy “ 2011 - MVP award ceremony Derrick once more shocked the world with the record of the youngest MVP at the age of 22. He showed stunning numbers of 22 points per game and 8.3 assists per game. All the other basketball players respected him despite his young age. For Derrick, it seemed like pride, money, and fame would be the only way.

Until that moment.

During Game 1 of the 2012 first round of the playoffs against the Philadelphia 76ers, Derrick injured his left knee trying to jump. He was immediately helped off the court. The injury occurred when the Bulls were leading by 12 points with 1:22 left on the clock

to play. An MRI scan later revealed that Rose tore the Anterior Cruciate Ligament in his left knee and would miss the rest of the playoffs. Rose had surgery performed on May 12, 2012, with an estimated recovery period of 8–12 months.

He missed the whole 2012- 13 season and rejoined the team in 2013-14 season.

Upon rejoining the team, Derrick was never the same Derrick he used to be. His figures dropped to half those he achieved in the 2011-12 season and, repetitively, he got injured. His ability seemed to decline over time and everyone lost faith in Rose. His fans, his coach and even his teammates.

However, he never quit. Despite everyone turning their back on him, there was one person left standing by his side.

His wife Mieka Reese.

After giving birth to Rose Jr. in 2012, she kept supportively encouraging him.

As Mieka Reese pointed out in her interview, she said “If you are going to fail, fail big. Fail to the lowest and the toughest rock bottom. While you are struggling, that bottom is a great foundation to build”. Mieka never gave up on Rose, kept on being supportive, eventually leading him to a new start. In 2016 Rose was traded from the Chicago

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Bulls to New York Knicks. Not much has changed to Derrick, but he kept on going. 2017, Derrick was force traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers. Once more, the answer was clear. After his 2017-18 season, something started to change.

Minnesota Timberwolves’ former coach Tom Thibodeau had faith in Derrick, which led to an unexpected move.

Tom Thibodeau, requested a trade from the Minnesota Timberwolves for Derrick Rose. For the first time, Derrick was offered a trade which spouted a new dream. Derrick snatched the opportunity he and his family had waited for. Derrick grasped the opportunity to train, putting in twice his previous hours to achieve his full potential and reboot his career. Then finally, his effort responded to him with phenomena two digit number on the 31st of October 2018.

50 points.

That day, he yowled and cried with happiness all night. He finally rewrote the end of the story with a new start. All the NBA fans around the world cheered and celebrated for the rebirth of the Rose.

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IS SINGLE PERSON HOUSEHOLD A TREND? Aileen Lee Y10, Geomun One in four Koreans lives alone. Of the world’s two billion households, 300 million, approximately one in six people are living alone, either voluntarily or circumstantially. The proportion of people who live alone has grown steadily over the recent past.

Statistically, Europe is a union which possess the most single person-households all over the world.

According to Eurostat, four countries out of twenty eight countries in the EU, Denmark, Finland, Germany and, Norway have 40 percent or more Single-Person Household. In addition, there are other European countries with a high rate of single-person households, including Sweden (38 percent), Austria (37 percent), Netherlands (36 percent), and France (35 percent). Not only EU countries, the countries that has moderately high level of single-person households were Japan (32 percent), the United States (28 percent) and, South Korea (27 percent). Consequently, the levels of one-person households tend to be substantially higher in developed

countries than in developing countries. The only country that has notably lower proportion among MEDCs was Russia (19 percent).

now stands at 36 years, up from 33.4 years, for men and for women the increase was by 3.2 years with women now marrying at 33 years.

So, why do so many people tend to live alone? Various factors account for the rapid rise in single-person households.

In general, there has been a stereotype that the increase in the number of single-person households is due to the avoidance of marriage by the younger generation. A report released by KB Financial Group last year showed that 3.31 million households in their 40s or older accounted for 63.6 percent of the 5.2 million households in Korea as of 2015. As people get higher incomes we know they want less children. This trend might now be developing to account for some of the single person households throughout the world.

People are living more individual lives and are less willing to make a commitment and start a family. In a report in 2017, the dating website Dup reported that the average age of marriage had risen over the preceding ten years and

Nonetheless, the ageing population is still one of the biggest factors. The rise of younger people choosing to live alone is another, and it’s historically and distinctively a new phenomenon. The proportion of single-person households is expected to grow to 3040% or more of households in most developed countries, including Australia, by 2030. At the same time, more people are dying alone. The reason that the number of pension-aged people living alone has grown is that the population itself has also increased.

Evidence suggests that these trends have significant health, sociocultural, economic and environmental implications. More single households are made up of older women whose husbands have died and the children have flown the nest. People are less likely to live in their older years with their children and, thanks to modern medicine, can live longer so they may not

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need the services of an elderly home till much later in life. Hence, older women make up a growing share of the single person households.

Divorce may account for a growing number of single-people heading a household. When there is a divorce and the mother is given custody of the children a new single-person household is created when the husband moves out of the family home to set up for himself somewhere else.

At this point, we can’t ignore the problems of single - person households. There are psychological problems caused by emotional loneliness resulting from living alone. The possibility of a depression cannot be ruled out. In addition, the problem of ageing due to low birth rates is now a serious problem in society, which is directly linked to future socio-economic problems. At the same time, the number of single-person families over the age of 60 is increasing, the indifference

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to the solitary elderly, the economic problems of the solitary elderly are also serious. Furthermore, there is a small housing shortage problem for single-person households. Living alone and with relatively low economic demands, smaller houses were preferred, resulting in poor conditions such as single-cand rooms. Therefore, if the population decreases after many years, small dwellings created by the effects of single-person households are likely to fall into empty houses.

It is not surprising that poorer developed countries like Russia rank low on the sing-person household ladder.

As countries get richer we are likely to see a further change in the makeup of society with single-person households becoming a more popular option. This will have ramifications for the way we organize society, the care of the elderly in their homes more by strangers rather than family members and the size of accommodation we have to build.

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IB ART

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For those of you lucky enough to attend the IB Art Exhibition, you will no doubt have your own vivid memories of the evening. For those that did not make it, look around the school in the run up to the end of term and you will see pop-up exhibitions of the work. For all of us, included in this section is one piece of work by each artist to remember them by.

This year there were a record number of students exhibiting and some of the memorable pieces included Yechan Kim’s grey covered sculpture of a dead body and Oliver Davidson’s bicycles piled on top of each other in China. Ha Neul Kim’s double take portrait was one of a number of interesting portraits including Hyeseung Hyun’s work with video installation. Han Jun Cho’s exhibition cleverly drew in the focus of the viewer while Ghy Ryang Chung’s dappled light from his architectural piece cast evocative shadows. We hope you enjoy viewing again one piece from each student.

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FANGRAN LI

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HA NEUL KIM

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YECHAN KIM

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HYESEUNG HYUN

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ALICIA CHO

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HYEON SEUNG LEE

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O L I V E R D AV I D S O N

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MINJI KIM

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JIHYUN KANG

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SEONJEONG LIM

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JUNWOO YOON

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HOKYUM KIM

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HYUN JI KIM

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G H Y R YA N G C H U N G

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GEON WOO KIM

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JOOYOUNG KIM

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HYERIM KIM

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YEOMYUNG CHOI

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DA EUN LEE

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HOGEON LEE

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H W AY O U N G J E O N G

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HAN JUN CHO

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CHAEYOUNG LEE

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DA YON LEE

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UN YOUNG KIM

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GEON YEONG KIM

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GEEIN KIM

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ECO

MEMORIES ONLY CAN BE PURCHASED. -73 year old, MakRye Park

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NOMY

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Jun Woo Y10, Geomun

RAINBOW COLOURFUL CITY DAEGU 112

The sunset’s longer Where I am from Where dreams go to die While having fun Suburbia - Troye Sivan

Hello, I am the representative of Daegu. Today, I will talk about my fabulous hometown, Daegu.

First, I am going to talk about the geography of Daegu. Daegu is geographically valuable because it is basin surrounded by the Palgong and Ap mountains. Also, there are three big rivers Nakdong, Guemho, and Sincheon which cross Daegu. Daegu consists of seven sections such as the centre of education Susung-gu, ecofriendly Dong-gu, the capital part of Daegu Jung-gu, the traditional region of Daegu Buk-gu, the tourist centre Dalsung-gu, the cultural centre Seogu, and half of Daegu Dalsung-gun.

As mentioned above, Daegu has special geographical features, therefore Daegu has diverse transportation such as train, bus, and subways. Daegu has a special subway called line number 3 which goes above Daegu in the air. This is the first urban monorail in Korea which goes through the longest length of Daegu. Because Daegu

is a basin circulatory roads are more developed than highways, as they are used more often. Also, Daegu has an international airport and three train stations Seo Daegu which is being planned at the moment, Daegu, and Dong Daegu stations.

Due to the diverse transportation developed, Daegu has fabulous landmarks such as the tallest tower in Daegu, the 83 tower, the highest mountain Palgon, and lots of markets.

Also, Daegu is famous for it’s foods.

The hottest food in Korea, chicken, is almost a saying from Daegu. A person from Daegu made the spicy sauce for chicken and the best friend of chicken, cubed pieces of radish that come with it. There are four major chicken brands Kyochon, Pelicana, Hosik, Cheogajip that are from Daegu. When the local market became popular, Daegu started to activate Daegu’s local market first. Therefore, there are many famous local markets in Daegu.

The big reason why Daegu is a good

city for tourism is because Daegu has a good climate for people. Usually, Daegu has good weather but during the summer Daegu becomes really hot. Because Daegu is in a basin, high humidity and the temperature can’t escape Daegu making people feel that they are in Daefrica, the local combination of Daegu and Africa. However, Daegu has very low amount of precipitation. Because Daegu is very hot, the water in the atmosphere evaporates quickly preventing a huge amount of precipitation

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How money has changed and will change in the future

Dongha Kim, Woojae Lee Y8, Jeoji

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Money has existed over 40,000 years and will stay as long as we exist but may change its form radically as it has over time. The concept of tangible ‘money’ started in the forms of shells or metal pieces used in the form of countable tokens. Money has evolved to take on the forms of coins and bills, going as far as to become a non-tangible unit in the modern world of technological advancements. Today it is numbers on a computer screen.

Money started influencing our lives when we developed dedicated jobs instead of trying to get everything people needed themselves or when we shared everything as tribes. You could not trade a pig for a carrot or rather you could not harvest enough carrots to make the opponent satisfied with the transaction. Moreover, the double coincidence of wants was a big problem as well. This is when you have a need and goods that your trader, who can fulfill your needs does not want.

For example, you might want a box of apples for a slice of pork, but your opponent wants a carrot. These problems have been fixed with the ‘invention’ of money. Money is so important that you use it every day. How did they invent money and helped people use them?

A long time ago, the story goes, people would swap goods for other goods (chickens for pigs, or blanket for pots) at a generally agreed upon rate. But because people couldn’t always find someone else to swap exactly what they needed for the exact amount they want, people would come up with a convenient thing that was rare enough, durable so that the currency would not rot or break while transported like beads, shells or metal coins and prices for pigs, chicken, blankets, and pots would be translated into a given number of this special thing.

At this time the currency was worth exactly what the currency was worth as an object. Before capitalism came into existence, our ancestors relied on bartering (swapping system) to secure the goods and services they needed the essential items for survival and

some entertainment. But it wasn’t long before they realized the need for a currency system.

Historical evidence suggests that something similar to what we call money emerged around 5000 years ago in Mesopotamia. The bureaucrats running the royal palace needed a unit of account to measure wages, calculate taxes or fines, and settle debts between traders and landowners. In the middle ages, religions were what powered the country. At this time churches were very corrupt meaning that they took people’s money for ‘his forgiveness’. They used small silver or gold coins. This was more efficient since silver and gold actually was worth something rather than just a representation like pieces of bone or shells. Metal coins could have different values since gold, silver etc were rarer than some other metals. Making a value system inside of it.

The History of Chinese currency dates back to 3000 years. Government officials used to be paid in hundred-weights of rice. For many centuries, remote communities bartered crops at markets rather than using what is now so-called ‘money’. Cowrie shells were one of the most prevalently used currencies in the past.

Metal coins had some clear flaws.

Metal was too heavy to carry around a lot of them for buying expensive things and too risky to carry around a lot of them. Another problem was that the value of these metal fluctuated heavily over time. For example, when the silver mines of Harz were opened the areas close to the mines experienced the value of silver dropping significantly. There were paper currencies invented from China from the Tang dynasty (618~907) which started from traveling merchants writing how much they have and depositing the writing for as sort of a promise like the modern banks. In the start of Song dynasty (960~1279), the government issued these ‘paper currencies’ as a government-printed currency. These

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new type of currency were much more efficient than coins and things like shells. Paper is considerably lighter than any currency(until a huge invention was made) and much cheaper as a physical object. Moreover, paper can be folded to carry around lots of it easily.

After the invention of electronics like phones and computers, out came one of the biggest yet the smallest invention, the Internet. This helped people communicate with other people that are on the other side of the world. A lot of things could be done with a tiny device that fits in the back pocket of your jeans. People started wanting a safe place to store money while being able to access it anytime, anywhere. This problem was solved with an invention by the name of digital currency or cryptocurrency. This can be used like physical money. For instance, you can buy drinks from Starbucks and have a burger at McDonalds, or you can use it for things that are not physical. As an example, you can reserve a seat for the latest movies and go grocery shopping in the comfort of you bed. This was revolutionary that you inputted your mon-

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ey to an invisible system and use it for anything you want.

One of the most used items for a long time is currency. Currency has been developing since we lived in small huts. It started as pieces of metal, beads, and shells to metal coins to pieces of paper to things that we cannot even see. The development of currency shows the change to the society’s development as we started as small villages of huts to huge cities with people that can access things that are not even close to them. We believe that currencies will keep representing our evolution into something that is as close to perfect as possible. For something to be successful as money we have to have trust that other people will accept it in return for the goods and services we actually want. Society need so trust each other so, over time, while money has changed its form the trust has had to be established and remain constant.

“Take My Money!”

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LANDFILLS KEVIN KIM YEAR 8, JEOJI

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A landfill is a place that gets rid of refuse and other waste material by burying it and covering it with soil, especially as a method of filling in or extending usable land. Landfills in today’s society are our cheapest solution to getting rid of waste produced. Although it is the easiest way to rid the land of everyday waste, it can also cause substantial dangers to our environment and health. There are several ways landfills can damage our environments such as toxins, leachate, greenhouse gases, and health. Yet, we don’t yet have a solution for them.

One of the problems with landfills is the toxins it produces. The main toxins produced in a landfill are mercury, arsenic, and cadmium. These toxins leach into groundwater and soil and become a hazard. But how are they dangerous?

They may affect water and land-living animals’ organs badly. Also, the fish will be seriously damaged and predators like eagles will lose their main source of food, and when the infected fish goes into the human body, the consequences are worse. The main symptoms are blurred vision, memory loss, central nervous system disorders, unexplained weight gain, back pain, low testosterone in men, Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), joint inflammation, stiffness, and increased risk of colon cancer. If we replace landfill and make an eco-friendly system to get rid of the waste, many of the problems will be solved.

Secondly, leachate from the landfill may cause several problems. Leachate

is the liquid from landfills, mainly rain water. The leachate from the landfill goes through the pipe and then to its storage. Ground water entering the landfill can also cause leachate since landfills are usually placed underground or surrounded by dirt. Leachate is dangerous because of the toxins in it. Leachate usually includes methane, carbon dioxide, alcohol, and greenhouse gases. There will be a dangerous consequence following if you touch it.

Last but not least, as I’ve mentioned before, greenhouse gas is the most dangerous toxin landfill produces. Many climate scientists agreed that the biggest cause of global warming is greenhouse gas. The sunlight passes through the atmosphere and warms the Earth’s surface. This heat is radiated back toward space. However, most of the outgoing heat is absorbed by greenhouse gas molecules and re-emitted in all directions, warming the surface of Earth and the lower atmosphere. There are some different types of greenhouse gases and only part of them are very harmful. Those are mainly water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas, but importantly, it acts as a feedback to the climate. Water vapor increases as the Earth’s atmosphere warms, but so does the possibility of clouds and precipitation, making these some of the most important feedback mechanisms to the greenhouse effect.

Carbon dioxide is a minor but

very important component of the atmosphere, carbon dioxide is released through natural processes such as respiration and volcano eruptions and through human activities such as deforestation. Humans have increased atmospheric CO2 concentration by more than a third since the Industrial Revolution began. This is the most important long-lived “forcing� of climate change.

Here comes the dangerous greenhouse gases. Methane is a hydrocarbon gas produced both through natural sources and human activities, including the decomposition of wastes in landfills. On a molecule-for-molecule basis, methane is a far more active greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, but also one which is much less abundant in the atmosphere.

But how would we solve these problems? What can we change by way of getting rid of the waste? First, donate clothes. Believe it or not, the throwing away of clothing is one of the biggest contributions we make to landfills today.

Second, reduce food waste. Food is another item that we often just carelessly toss away without thinking twice about it. Third, purchase items made from recycled products. Consider buying items made from recycled products so that you can help the environment in making it clean and green. Finally, but perhaps foremost, we should consider reducing the amount of goods we buy so that there is less to go into landfill. If we make sure these things happen, we will face much more greener environment in our future and actually feel better about it.

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KOREA’S ENVIRONMENT, BOTH STEPPING FORWARDS AND BACKWARDS VIVIANNA KIM YEAR 8, SARAH

Let me ask you a question. Do you feel that there is a change in our environment? I’m sure that all people do feel that there are many changes in our environment. Air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, ocean pollution, radiation pollution, noise, and odour are the main reason and cause of our earth’s sickness. South Korea is an example of a country where the environment is getting worse. Then, how did Korea’s environment change from the past and what was the exact reason?

Industry and manufacturing in South Korea skyrocketed in the 1970s.

Unfortunately, during this time, improving the nation’s economic development was more important than protecting the ecosystem. In particular, the air quality in Seoul and its surrounding areas has deteriorated significantly during this period of rapid industrialization.

Environmental change is a change or disturbance of the environment most

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often caused by human influences. It can include any number of things, including natural disasters, human into natural ecological processes references, or animal interaction. Then how did humans affect Korea’s environment?

Population growth is the biggest potential factor that negatively affects the environment. Nowadays, South Korea is the 26th most populous country in the world. The population growth trend increased from 45.9 million in 1995 to 48.7 million in 2005, recording an annual growth rate of 0.59%. As the population has increased this much in a small country like Korea, Korea’s environment has suffered great and small damage. This sudden increase in the number of people has begun to urbanize the nation at an alarming rate. The high urbanization rate is causing great damage and pressure to the environment of urban and metropolitan cities.

LOST : WHERE IS OUR JEJU? SEYFRIED SUNG YEAR 10, GEOMUN

Green is the colour of Jeju, the island of nature. Under the shadow of the dark trees, cars rarely passed by. The forest seems to be sliced with a razor, and a cement road stretches along the trees. The missing forest was planned to be a part of the road, and the road under the shade of the tree was once the part of the forest. This road, called Bijarim street, runs between two oreums in Gujwa-eup, Songdang-ri, Jeju Island. Last August, 915 Redwood trees along the Jeju road were all cut down for development. Blue paint was violently sprayed on every tree stump.

Currently, the construction of the road expansion is temporarily suspended because of the rise of opposing opinions.

15 million tourists visit Jeju each year. The number is more than 20 times of the Jeju population. Experts point out that tourism in Jeju Island has achieved rapid expansion in a short period of time. However, city infrastructure, such as roads and water supply, is now unable to keep up with the breakneck speed of expansion. “The capacity of Jeju tourism has now reached its limit. These incautious developments are causing various side effects such as traffic congestion and lack of resources” said Youngpyo Seo, a sociology professor at

Jeju University. Low-cost flights, which appeared in the 2010s, have stimulated the explosive increase of Chinese tourists. This led to the ‘saturation’ of Jeju Island. Excessive tourism is destroying the environment, society, and culture all at once. We need to remember that Jeju Island is a place of life before it is a tourist destination. If expanding the road from two lanes to four increases the average speed by 10 km/h, we can assume that 20 seconds will be reduced.

Sacrificing 2000 trees and investigating more than 20.7 billion won (14.29m pounds) for 20 seconds seems irrational.

The destruction of the greenland is not the only problem in Bijarim street.

Our school in the Global Education city, is built along Gotjawal Provincial Park.

We had to sweep off 3.8m2of the deep forest, which was once the edge of Gotjawal. Gotjawal is a highly valuable area where a variety of plants and animals cohabit on an unusual geography left behind by lava. Since it remains cool in the summer and warm in the winter, it is the only place in the world where northern distributional limit plants and southern distribution limit plants can coexist. In this peaceful land of Gotjawal, ‘Safari World’ has recently appeared, as well as quarries and golf resorts. Dis-

posal of waste from more than 1000 wild animals and the development of quarries are causing irreversible damage to nature. The increase in population of residents in GEC has resulted in traffic congestion, noise pollution, and a large amount of waste produced. Jeju no longer approaches a favorable place to live.

The title, ‘a good place for people to live is a good place to travel’ might be inapplicable now on Jeju island. The happiness of Jeju residents seems irrelevant to the rise in popularity of Jeju tourism. As a citizen in Jeju Island and as an assailant, our duty is to reflect back the traces of muddy residues!

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IGCSE ART

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In this section we present a sample of work from across the range of iGCSE students and we look forward to viewing their work as they make their way on their artistic journey through to exhibiting in two years time.

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KYURI KIM

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KAE KANEKO

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JIHO IM

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JIEON SUNG

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JOOHE KIM

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HYEONJUN SHIN

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JUYEON AHN

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Y O O N J AY S U H

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YOON KIM

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MINSUNG KANG

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KYURI KIM

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HYEONSEO NOH \

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OK, I WILL DESTROY HUMANS. -AI ROBOT SOPHIA, AT CNBC

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TECHNOLOGY

ROBOTS CAN DO

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IS TECHNOLOGY NECESSARY Irene Lee, Claire Jo Y8, Jeoji

FOR CHILDREN?

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Two-thirds of the world’s population owns a smartphone. This specific technology enabled dubious features which previously could not been done. According to a New York Post article, Americans check their phone every 12 minutes which means they look at their phone at least 80 times a day. Moreover, people usually struggle to not look at their phones over 10 minutes. In my own experience, I started to possess a phone when I was in year 6 and I could not use my phone frequently compared to my friends. However, now I feel quite grateful for my parents for giving me a phone in a mature and later age because there are actually side effects as well as advantages by owning a phone.

According to the CNN article

by Christina Bonnington, she claimed that 20% more students were confronted with improved grades when they

used phones rather than paper textbooks while studying. This clearly illustrates that technology actually helps children to develop their grades which can provide abundant amount of information to expand their knowledge.

Moreover, technology often helps children to find interest in studying. With reference to a statistic, a number of 5th graders solved math problems which included some fun games so the students can enjoy it. After playing this game for 20 minutes everyday, the students were able to increase their grades by 15%. The students can find their interest or improve their weak subjects by doing games which are associated with academics and this will entertain them as well as improving their grades. These data and statistics suggest that

the use of technology is beneficial for the education of students.

On the other hand, 91 schools in the UK banned the use of phones in school because they believed phone uses damaged their students’ academic abilities. It was shown that cells acted as a distraction which motivated children to look into their mobiles. Furthermore, according to a CNN article, published in May 18th of 2015, students’ grades increased by 6.4% when they were banned to use phones in school. This significantly shows that banning phones has a positive influence on students’ grades. Also, students are not the only ones who are concerned about their use of smartphones.

80% of the parents did not want their kids to use phones in schools, claimed in a CNN article by Delaney Ruston.

Even though phones can provide a wide range of sources

and useful information, children are not yet mature enough to control themselves to use the technology effectively. Therefore, students should be prohibited from using their phones in schools because there are more ways that can affect children in a negative way.

Usually, people save others’ phone numbers in their phones rather than memorizing them.

Moreover, people engage in financial practices with their phones.

Since technology can do everything we need, some people state that technology made humans dumber and lazier. However, by using the phones, we can save our time to work out the answers. Furthermore, when people want to call others, people just go into their contact

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list and just press their names. This makes it convenient because people do not have to memorize all the phone numbers of their acquaintances. Nevertheless, this can diminish people’ memorizing abilities. On the other hand, some people wonder if those abilities are necessary in our current lives, where people do not have any difficulties without the technology.

When it is inappropriate to use smartphones in schools, then what about in your home? Nowadays, smartphones are the most common and convenient object to communicate with other people and it often makes people’s relationships closer. However, it can also exclude people who do not own a phone by making it difficult for them to join the conversation. Especially in the teenager years, students feel isolated easier which leads to buying a phone so as not to be isolated in school. Moreover, technology helps children to complete their homework to a high quality by researching different articles and sources. This can expand children’s knowledge and improve their grades. Nevertheless, children can be easily addicted to the phone. Most of the phone owners

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would have experienced the emptiness and anxiety without having a phone next to you, a sign for phone addiction. When students are addicted to phones, they won’t be able to concentrate on their work and they will waste a great amount of time on their phones because children can not control themselves to use their phones with a time limit.

In addition, cyberbullying can occur more frequently while having a conversation with your friends on your phone. The number of cyberbullying cases has been rapidly increasing and lots of students are suffering. According to a Comparitech article, children in most countries including Britain, South Korea, Germany, and the United States have experienced more cyberbullying in 2018 compared to 2011.

Also, students can feel an inferiority complex by having SNS. According to an article, Marketing Land by Greg Sterling, 94% of teenagers has Facebook account and teens have over four hundred friends on average. However, not all of those four hundred friends are their real friends. Students tend to just accept the friend request even though they do not know about that

person very well. Students can be in a danger where strangers know about your privacy such as your face, friends, home, and school On SNS, people upload their pictures and videos which shows their lives and personalities. Some people might like to show their lives to other people and feel proud of themselves. However, it makes the observers compare themselves to other people which can make them feel depressed or think that they are less important than other people.

This can damage students’ mentality and personality.

Lastly, smartphones take away the precious time to have a conversation with families. By using smartphones, students will only look at their phones and will not have a sufficient amount of time to communicate with their families. This can enlarge the gulf in the relationship between parents and children. Thus, children should not use their phones at home.

To use the phone effectively, children should have a time limit on using their phones. Children should decide on the amount of time that they will spend on their phones and stick to it. This will

prevent children from wasting their time on their smartphones. Additionally, according to Inc, children possess their own phones at 10.3 years old in average. According to an article called “What is the best age to buy your child a smartphone?”, it claims parents should not give their child a phone until eighth grade because smartphones can severely disturb children’s work and destroy the time chatting with their family members. Also, that is the age when children start to have their own personal lives and they become more responsible about controlling their time effectively.

In conclusion, smartphones have both positive and negative perspectives.

Smartphones can improve students’ grades and provides a wide range of information. On the other hand, it causes addiction, cyberbullying, invasion of privacy, inferiority complex and the estrangement in the parent child relationship.Therefore, smartphones are unnecessary to children until eighth grade which is the age they start to become responsible enough to control their time and keep their privacy.

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CHANGING YOUR IDEA OF WHAT :

Jihwan Kim Y10, Geomun

ROBOTS CAN DO

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What do you first think when you hear the word ‘robot’? Does it make you imagine the robots in movies such as ‘Terminator’ or ‘Robot Cop’? Unfortunately, technology is not that advanced yet.

Still, robots developed amazingly from the industrial robots which were used during the 20th century. And for the past decade, the robot industry has faced dramatic developments. Therefore, this article will elaborate on how the robot industry transformed over the previous decade.

The robots we saw 10 years ago were robots in factories and were workers who did not need any payment (though they cost a fantastic amount of money to acquire in the first place) and were inexhaustible. People from different nations actively developed robots since they realized the potential of industrial robots. However, there were nations who had an upper hand in these robotic industries.

Japan, for instance, has long been

recognized as the powerhouse of robotics. One of the symbolic representations of this was the industrial robots that supported Japan’s manufacturing. Robotic automation enables the operation of production lines with less manpower; as such, industrial robots have become widely used in the automotive industry to complete various tasks like hauling, welding and painting, while at the same time liberating humans from working in harsh conditions.

The demand for the industrial robots developed the automotive industry, as well as the electronic and the electrical industries. However, in a change to previous employment, robots began to be used in a wider range of settings such as entertainment, military and so on. There are many firms which are involved in these new fields of robotics. One example is the Boston Dynamic. Boston Dynamic is a spin-off from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, working on building robots that run and maneuver like animals. Now they are taking the next part, combining the principles of dynamic control and balance with sophisticated mechanical designs. One of the robots which has successfully combined these principles is a hu-

manoid called “Atlas”. Atlas uses balance and whole body skills to achieve two handed mobile manipulation. It can manage to do tasks people do such as jumping over objects and even is able to do a back-flip. On the other hand, robotics have been applied in military businesses as well.

Military robots are remote-controlled mobile robots designed for military applications, such as transport, search, rescue attack and so on. One of the example of these military robots is a drone which can snipe and scout.

A drone, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), is an aircraft without a human pilot aboard. Although these days, a ‘drone’ is more noticed as a ‘toy’, the idea was initially about making a flying object manipulated without a pilot. The earliest recorded use of a drone was, serving as a balloon carrier (the precursor to the aircraft carrier), for warfighting occurred on July 1849. Today, in a fascinating lecture delivered during an enrichment drop down session by Dr. Peter Lee, soldiers leave their home and family somewhere in the UK or USA, like a city worker, and go to work fighting a war in the middle east or Afghanistan, remotely bombing targets and return home for dinner at the end of the day. Robots and robot technology has transformed the theatre of war as well as countless other areas of our lives.

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PARADOX

in the size of phones as time changes (and other electronic items).

Benjamin Ko Y10, Noro

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BING! Your phone rings. You look at your new iphone Xs max. It’s one of the phones that has the biggest screens in the world. It won’t even fit in your hoodie pocket. On your phone, you have an ultra-small microchip.

Everything seems to get on getting smaller and smaller throughout time.

Microchips, and even the amount of crisps in the crisp bag. I see that as a natural cause. As technology develops, it makes sense that things get smaller (the nitrogen in the crisps bags is an exception). But, how come phones and other electronic devices keep on getting bigger?

Mobile phones Phones didn’t always get bigger, there was a time where the sizes of the phones actually shrank.

As you can see in the picture above, mobile phones became smaller and smaller until about 2003. The first phone, Motorola was the size of a brick and weighed about 2 pounds ( about 0.9 Kg). Then, the first iphone came out in 2007. After that, smartphones became rapidly bigger. My opinion is that the phones get on getting bigger because we can now play games and watch movies and videos on the smartphone. Because of that smartphones became bigger and bigger for the customers who want to watch youtube on a bigger screen. iPods/mp3 players What about mp3s? They don’t need to be big, you’re not going to watch a movie with an mp3. Actually, you CAN watch a movie on an iPod nano.

Is that the reason

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THE DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY MACHINES Ian Chung and Yechan Jeon Both Year 8, Both Jeoj

Technology advanced very quickly, from big tower-sized computers to mini credit card-sized computing sticks.

How did technology evolve for the past few centuries? To answer this question, we will have to go back to the first technology machines ever made in history.

The first computer ever made was the Difference Engine. The Difference Engine was created by Charles Babbage (1791 - 1871). It was able to compute several sets of numbers and make hard copies of the results. Babbage received some help with the development of the Difference Engine from Ada Lovelace, who is considered by people to be the first computer programmer for her work on the Difference Engine. Unfortunately, because of funding reasons, Babbage was never able to complete a full-scale functional version of this machine. But in June 1991, the London Science Museum completed the Difference Engine in a full-scale functional model for the two-hundredth year of Babbage’s birth and later completed the printing mechanism in 2000. You can see this version of the machine in London when you go there on a school trip or an exchange programme with the London school.

The first ever handheld “Mobile Phone” was Motorola, the first com-

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pany to produce a handheld mobile phone. On April 3, 1973, Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive, made the first mobile telephone call from handheld subscriber equipment, placing a call to Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs, his rival. The prototype handheld phone Dr. Cooper used weighed 1.1 kilograms and measured 23 by 13 by 4.5 centimeters. It was a brick! The prototype offered a call time of just 30 minutes and took 10 hours to recharge.

The first ever computer that could type and do simple calculations were already developed for appropriate use at home.

Wifi has been developing from 1971 when “ALOHAnet”, a pioneering computer network system developed at the University of Hawaii, connected Hawaiian islands to a packet of network systems. Then WIFI has been officially invented in 1997, when a committee called 802.11 was created. This lead to the creation of IEEE 802.11, which refers to a set of standards that define communication for wireless local area networks (WLANs).

This is our simple potted history of technology we enjoy today and we greatly appreciate the help of the Internet in researching this short article.

IPOD’S BIGGEST CHANGE? DJ Baik Y8, Sarah

Nowadays computer and phones are the most common electronics that we can find everywhere in our daily life. However, even though the phone is a revolutionary device, the company’s greed is endless. Even now when you are reading this article, the competition between companies such as Apple, Samsung and LG is intense.

Because of this competition, the companies keep on fixing, changing and improving their quality of the phones.

However, in this article, we are going to talk about the biggest change in Apple.

Let’s start about Ipods: why do they exist at 2019? Ipods were built for not only listening to music but also fitting on your pocket. But why? Do we need them in 2019 when we can have flexible display? Ipods have changed a lot. There are 3 main ipods that we used to know: ipod shuffle ipod nano and ipod touch.

Firstly, let’s start with our tiniest ipod. ipod shuffle hadn’t been updated since 2010. The idea of shuffle was it can be attached to your clothes and you can have 2gb of music on your shirt. It has 5 buttons on the front which controls the pause, volume and the next and before. On the top, it has one 3.5 earphone jack which is used for charging and connecting earphones, and a button for shuffle or not.

Another ipod is ipod nano. At ipod nano it changed a bit, it has a touch dis-

play, a home button and actual charging port like thunderbolt 3. Also it has bluetooth and radio which makes for more entertaining. However because it was too small, it had like a frankenstein version of ios which made the use the nano very uncomfortable. Also the worst thing about shuffle and the nano was to play music. If we want our music on nano and shuffle we need a computer which has the latest version of ios installed, so we can move the audio file to the ipod.

Last, but certainly not least, the ipod touch. Ipod touch would be the most familiar device to people because it operates the full version of ios. It has an internal speaker and a camera making the ipod similar to a phone without the feature of phone calling and messaging. Furthermore, it keeps being updated by the software update, which means it has the app store which we can download any apps. If we have the app store it is useful because we don’t need to move the audio file to the ipod like the nano and the shuffle.

To conclude, we can see that Apple has made a change and development to the ipods step by step: from shuffle to nano and finally the latest version of ipod touch. Unfortunately Apple have not updated the ipod line since 2015 which leads that ipod touch was the last product in the ipod line up.

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ARTS 150

We have calcium in our bones, iron in our veins, carbon in our souls, and nitrogen in our brains.

93 percent stardust, with souls made of flames, we are all just stars that have people names.

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HOW TO BE A GOOD DESIGNER

Louis Chang, Y8, Mulchat

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Step 1 Complete a degree program In order to have a voice in the world of this competitive industry, wanna-be fashion designers need to hone their skills through certain steps of degree programs. Students interested in the field can earn an associate’s or bachelor’s degree in fashion design, where they take courses in computer-aided fashion design, the history of fashion, textiles, figure drawing, pattern making and much more. Fashion designers may also complete degrees in fashion merchandising or selling to train for a job, which also has a curriculum that covers merchandise planning, retail sales promotion, consumer behavior, retail management, and product development.

Step 2 Sharpen skills with hands-on experience In order to sharpen the skills needed to execute a design from an idea to the finished product, students need

to practice and obtain experience outside of the classroom. This handson learning can be achieved in many ways, but mostly by participating in an internship program with a design firm, clothing manufacturer, or personal stylist. In addition, students might also have an option to get experience by volunteering for a fashion house.

Step 3 Learn the business of fashion Behind the creative flair of the fashion industry is the business acumen needed to keep a company running.

Prior to learning the creative side of the field, students should also familiarize themselves with what goes on behind the scenes— finance, sales, and marketing—particularly if they want to have their own fashion business.

Step 4 Put together a portfolio In order for future fashion designers to show off their talent to potential

employers, a portfolio demonstrating their skills and creative sensibilities is critically important. Students can fill their portfolio with the work they’ve done during their degree program, so it’s important to treat every piece of work completed as if they were going to show their work to a future employer. Portfolios allow people to show off a range of skills, including their sketching, sewing, their pattern making abilities and their past experiences of the business.

Step 5 Keep up with the trends The fashion industry changes from season to season, month to month, even day to day. So it’s important for designers to keep abreast of the trends. This can be done by regularly reading industry journals and magazines.

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People listened to music from ages ago. From Edison’s recorder to AI speakers of the 21st century, music existed in Greek mythology and even before the birth of Jesus. Music was loved by everyone. Royals, villagers, peasants, they all loved music. Why were there so many old theaters? For more people to listen to music! In the past, musical legends like Beethoven, Mozart and Bach motivated people to listen to classical music. As time passed, some people imagined a world where everybody has access to music. This drove inventors to more advanced, better musical players.

Edison’s Recorder: Phonograph Edison invented a recorder that can record any sound for a certain limited amount of time. It was probably the first musical player that ever existed on planet Earth. It started a new era of music. The Phonograph was coiled with tin foils and had a circular mouth where the sound was inputted and then outputted. The records could last up to 10 years. This impressed the world.

The Turntable This was invented by Emile Berliner, who was an American inventor, though he had German ancestors. He invented LP disks and the turntable.

The turntable was an astonishing invention in 1890. Many people collected exotic turntables and LP disks, which were very rare and expensive. Collect-

ing them, showed one’s love for music or the inventions itself. Turntables were also used in cars since CD was not available. To turn on the music, the LP disk had to be inserted. Before, LP disks were shellac discs, which were introduced in the 1920’s. These disks spun in 74 ~ 82 rpm (rotations per minute). The size varied, but the majority of them had a diameter of 12-inch. The 2nd most common disk’s diameter was 10-inches wide. After WW2, 33½ rpm disc and the 45 rpm disc were invented which was a great leap from the original ones. In the late 1950’s came the 16 rpm discs that revolutionised the play time to a whopping 40 minutes per side.

Then, the modern speakers emerged.

Modern Speakers Officially, the first modern loudspeaker was invented in May 1921.

However, compared to turntables, there was a big difference in the price and familiarity, due to its enormous size. As most of the music was made for turntables, the size of the speaker also affected the popularity. At this time the speakers didn’t produce a clear sound, while the turntable produced clear sounds. To add on, music in 1920’s were all LP disks made to suit the turntables, so the speaker lost its place. However, in the 1920’s they gained popularity.

General Electric had invented the first speaker, however, the RCA (Radio Corporation of America) sold the first one.

They gained popularity first. The RCA

was forced by the government to produce a speaker quickly, and sell it.

Woofers & Subwoofers Woofers are designed to produce low frequency sounds of 40 Hz~500 Hz like low base and beats. This characteristic allows woofers to be used with other speakers to reinforce each other’s negative aspects as woofer is not capable of high melody sounds, while the loudspeaker cannot produce low frequency sounds. For example, in a JBL speaker the main speaker covers the outer part of a cylinder shaped speaker, and the woofers are at each end amplifying the bass while the melody flows out. Even though woofers are great in producing low frequency sounds, it is too large to fit into a house speaker like Bose, JBL, LG, Harman Kardon, etc. These speakers use subwoofers which does a similar thing. The subwoofers produce a frequency of 20~200 Hz which is a bit lower than the woofer’s frequency of 40 Hz~500 Hz. Subwoofers are made up of multiple subwoofers that allows it to produce more sound like the volume of the speaker. It is hard to hear low frequency sounds so multiple machines allow the sound to double, triple, and get louder.

Bluetooth speakers The mechanism of bluetooth speakers are identical to that of radio. It sends the information on a type of frequency which the device can broadcast. There

When words fail, Music speaks.

-Shakespeare

Modern versions of the speaker Nowadays, millions of people use speakers in their everyday life. Speakers are in cars and they are minimised to become earbuds, earphones, headphones, and more. Headphones are just minimised speakers, with a lighter weight and a strap to connect each headphone to another and to hang it on the wearer’s head. This allows the wearer to listen to his/her own music while blocking off the sounds outside. Earphones were first made with the walk-

man by sony and became famous along with it. That was the first earphone which officially became famous. Then, portability was the main trend and made earphones the top one of the market. Then after all this mess, bluetooth headphones came out and after that, bluetooth earbuds came out.

Nowadays, wireless earbuds exist which look alike to an earphone with only the speaker part, and without the wire and the headphone jack. There are also wireless headphones. This is how a mere turntable evolved into a tiny machine.

Jusang Kim, Y9, Geomun

is a chip in the speaker which acts as a broadcaster, sending, and receiving signals between devices. This is also how smartphones work. Bluetooth speakers however have a limited connection.

If the speaker is advertised as having a stable connection within 10m, with walls and obstacles the actual connection will be much lower. The device that connects to the speaker needs the proper software, like most modern cellular devices have. This symbol stands for the bluetooth software to be on and off. This icon was a combination of ‘H’ and ‘B’ which were the initials of Harald Bluetooth, a king who tried to connect people and communicate. The wireless devices had a similar purpose. The H and B are runes used by vikings and combined into this weird symbol.

Change In Musical Players

Music is everywhere around the world. The rhythms made by metal workers, factories, cooking. We hear it on the radio while we are driving, background music in the movies and tv shows, commercials, grocery stores, and public buildings. Going all around the world, the genres of music are all different. The cultures in music are different as well.

First, Michael Jackson.

Michael Jackson was born in 1958, August 29 and died in 2009, June 25. He was a singer, songwriter, and a dancer who was most famous in the world in the 1980s. His family was a

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musical family. Young Michael Jackson was in a family band called “Jackson 5” with his four brothers. When he was young, his father regularly abused him.

Due to that, one of the reasons why he had a lot of plastic surgery is because Michael Jackson said that he hated himself turning into his father’s face as he grew older.

After his death, he left disco, rock, pop, and R&B. He was and is the one who was able to sing and dance at the same time in all different genres.

The fashion of Michael Jackson changed the world in that time as well. The white glove, red-leather jacket with many zippers, pegged pants, glittery shoes. Fans who are addicted to Michael Jackson followed everything, what he wears and does. Most of the people would copy, and buy what looks similar.

Second, Bob Marley. Bob Marley was born in 1945, February 6, with a job of singer, and songwriter. Bob Marley helped introduced Reggae to the world also influencing other singers

to play Reggae. In 1976, December 5th, there was a concert held by the Prime Minister to reduce tensions between the political factions at war, called “Smile Jamaica”. Just two days before Marley was set to play in the concert, Marley was shot by an unknown person, in his chest and arm. Although he suffered from his injury, he still went on to play the concert. He said “The people who are trying to make this world worse aren’t taking a day off. How can I?”. During Smile Jamaica, Marley spread his messages to the 80,000 crowd playing through his injury. People are still influenced by Bob Marley in terms of Reggae. For example, a celebrity called “Dong Hoon Ha” is one of the artists that work on Reggae in Korea. He spread Reggae in Korea with TV programs interviewing him about the Reggae genre.

Third, Queen. Band Queen was recently issued the movie called “Bohemian Rhapsody”.

Queen is a band formed with four men, Freddie Mercury,

John Deacon, Roger Taylor, and Brian May. They are famous for songs, ‘We Will Rock You’, ‘We Are The Champions’, ‘Bohemian Rhapsody’, and more. Queen’s popular mix of glam-rock, opera, cabaret, and hard rock cemented its spot in music history, while Freddie Mercury and his dedication to the end until the very end has been highly influential, from Lady Gaga to Nirvana.This is why it came as such a shock when Mercury revealed to the world that he was suffering from HIV/Aids, just one day before he died

who are the music artists that changed the world of pop music?

Tina Shin, Y8, Sarah 157

WORLD’S FIRST DIGITAL ART MUSEUM LIGHTS UP TOKYO SM CHUNG YEAR 9, SARAH

Is it fair to create artworks only as a handicraft? After the big wave of World War 2, many artists began to experiment with computers during 1950s; the first computer art show, graphic-motion pictures, was held at the Howard Wise Gallery in New York. “Painting is silent poetry, but digital art is a painting that speaks” - Andy Warhol. So, this big development in computer science has led to a path where people can enjoy watching the exhibitions of graphic, tangible artworks. And presently, this technology is massively presented in Odaiba, Tokyo, where many tourists come to be mesmerized by its amazing experience.

This exhibition is managed by a group of artists, programmers, CG animators and real mathematicians (there is an applications for all the maths you have studied!) as a collective that goes by the moniker ‘Teamlab Borderless’. What they’re implying in their name, is that inside-the museum is borderless - that tourists may see a multi-sensory experience. The actual captured photos are amazing, says the Teamlab, and it’s so beautiful to watch with your eyes. The interior space is so large - containing 10,000 sq m space with 520 expertise computers and 470 tech projectors in order to create a motion. “You won’t step into the same museum twice as the art is dynamic and constantly in motion. But, in just a few minutes, you can experi-

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ence a change of scenery - a burst of purple flowers here, a shower of sunflowers there - even while standing in the same spot” - the Tourist. One thing that digital art could express as a beauty is the transformation of art pieces. Visitors can touch the visual sunflowers on the techscreens and climb up the digital hills. It’s almost like a natural world - that people are walking through digitized waterfalls and touch luminescent flying birds.

In addition, visitors can melt into different artworks, be part of them as they transform. The ‘teamlab borderless’ adapted the touch-screen technology in the digital museum so that human activity determines the movement of the artwork, and the physical world continually influences the connections between the digital objects and surrounding environment. So, in what way does human presence determine its engaging space? Digital technology allows artistic expression to be released from the physical world and allows it to change it’s from freely. This has the tremendous effect of blurring the boundary lines between the material world and artwork world. The artwork coming out from the borders of the room is randomly selected. Sometimes the team creates an artwork even if they cannot clearly see the artwork’s goal. Since the artwork is created by a team of hands on experts through a continuous process

of creation and thinking, the project goal has constantly shifted between the unclear and the undefined. However, because the digital art space is so immerse and expensive, it is multidimensional, with an underlying digital layer.

Moreover, there is also a special zone called ‘Future Park’. This is primarily installed for children where they can play video-games and interact with other activities. The ‘Teamlab’ managed to install a big aquarium, programming with digital fish designed by the musical walls that sounds when we touch. “The greatest exploration in this exhibition is to feel all five senses stimulated as we walk besides the artworks” - The Telegraph.

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SPORTS

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MANEGERICAL CHANGES IN THE PREMIER LEAGUE

Ryan Pak, Y12, Halla East

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Chelsea FC announced its replacement of the 48-year old Italian manager during the pre-season. Chelsea announced that Conte had “parted company” with the club followed by a 61-word statement “[wishing] Antonio every success in his future career.” A remaining one year left on a revised deal he signed in the summer of 2017 after delivering the club’s fifth Premier League title since Roman Abramovich bought the club in 2003 means that Conte is guaranteed a pay-off of £9m for the last year.

Conte won the Premier League in his first season in 2016/17 and the FA Cup in May, but the team finished fifth in the league in the 2017/18 season 30 points behind the champions Manchester City. His failure to qualify for the Champions League and get control over the squad saw the Italian exit the managerial role at Stamford Bridge.

The Italian’s main gripe for the past season was the club’s failure to make the signings that we wanted for the Premier League title defense. With Chelsea being defeated by Manchester United and Tottenham Hotspur in the competition to sign Romelu Lukaku and Fernando Llorente left Chelsea making signings of their second choice.

With ex-Napoli manager and the 2016-17 Serie A Coach of the Year Maurizio Sarri heading to the club, the Italian replacement is set to be the 13th permanent manager under Abramovich’s ownership. During his three years with Napoli, Sarri led the club to finish second, third and second.

Fulham decided to sack Slavisa Jokanovic and appointed FIFA Best Coach of 2017 Claudio Ranieri as their new manager on what has been reported as a “multi-year” contract. A nine-game streak without a win has left the Cottagers at the bottom of the Premier League table conceding 31 goals in 12 games, a league-leading low.

Owner Shahid Khan admitted that the decision to remove the former head coach, who led the west London side to promotion through the Cham-

pionship play-offs, was a difficult one.

Yet the need for change in the team saw the Serbian exit Craven Cottage.

With Ranieri returning to the English top flight for the first time since being sacked by Leicester City in February 2017, only nine months after the miraculous title-winning campaign with the Foxes, the club has an optimistic outlook in their struggle to stay in the top flight. Khan described Ranieri as a “risk-free” manager after having reportedly turned down the interests of Arsenal’s Wenger, Leonardo Jardim and Andre-Villas Boas.

Mark Hughes has been sacked as Southampton manager after eight months in charge with a 13.6% win rate, one of the lowest in the League.

Southampton also announced that assistant first-team manager Mark Bowen and coach Eddie Niedzwiecki followed the exit of the former head manager.

Hughes has been appointed a manager in March, two months after being sacked by Stoke City. Following his appointment, the 55-year-old Welshman led the Saints to safety from the struggle to avoid relegation from the English top flight after securing two wins from their last four games. However, things have gone different for the Saints this season with them winning only three out of 22 games in all competitions.

Southampton confirmed Ralph Hasenhüttl as the new manager on a two-and-a-half year deal. Hasenhüttl has been out of work since departing from Leipzig in May after his twoyear contract was terminated. The 51-years-old led the team to second place finish in Leipzig’s first season in the German top flight Bundesliga after taking over the team after their promotion from the second division the previous year. The Austrian finished sixth last season but left the club after failures to extend his managerial contract.

Chairman Ralph Krueger is convinced that the Austrian replacement will restore Southampton vitality with young prospects breaking through the first team squad.

“As a coach, he embodies the passion, structure, communication skill set, work ethic and appetite for growth that we strive for in our Southampton way. The quick, smooth and seamless negotiation process underlines the character of the person that he is,” Krueger said.

“Ralph’s ability to teach the game and to develop talent is evident in his past and is a centrepiece of why he is the perfect choice to be the new Saints manager.”

Manchester United have sacked Jose Mourinho after identifying his failure to get control over the squad.

The 55-year-old took over the managerial role in Old Trafford in May 2016 as the successor of Louis Van Gaal’s reign. The club delivered its appreciation to the ex-Inter Milan, Real Madrid and Chelsea boss for his three years as the manager.

“The club would like to thank Jose for his work during his time at Manchester United and to wish him success in the future.”

The Portuguese national led United to a League Cup and Europa League Double in his second year at the club but the unremarkable campaign in his third season with the Red Devils saw him exit. United at the time were 19 points behind league leaders Liverpool. Their 26 points after their 17 Premier League games this season is their worst tally in the English top flight since 1990-91. Despite having spent £400m on 11 players, the club has been unable to win the League title since Sir Alex Ferguson’s retirement in 2013.

Mourinho had only signed a new two-year deal that was set to expire in 2020 earlier this season but his third season saw a troubled start after openly criticising the United board for not backing him in the summer transfer market. The angry whirlwind from Portugal, who wanted a centre-half to fix the struggling United defense, was unhappy despite the signings of £50m midfielder Fred, Portuguese youngster Diogo Dalot and third keeper Lee Grant. Mourinho’s agent Jorge

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Mendes was quick to calm matters by claiming that his client was “very happy” and “fully committed” to the club.

Yet, a fall-out with £89m record signing Paul Pogba, who was stripped of the vice-captaincy and left as an unused substitute for the defeat at Anfield, caused a deeping of the inner turmoil in Old Trafford between the head coach and star players including Anthony Martial and captain Ashley Young.

Mourinho’s run of having never completed four consecutive seasons in charge of a club still persists as only once has he made it into a fourth campaign in his first spell in Chelsea but didn’t follow through as he was sacked on 20 September 2007.

The Norwegian replacement signed a contract as United’s temporary caretaker for the rest of the season. Ed Woodward,the chief executive of Man United claimed that Solskjaer’s experience as a head coach in the English top flight with Cardiff City will help United to qualify for the Champions League and ending the season in the Top 4. By the time you read this the super-sub may well have landed a permanent contract.

Leicester sacked Claude Puel following the 4:1 home defeat by Crystal Palace with assistant manager Jacky Bonnevay following. Although the 57-year-old Frenchman led Leicester to a ninth-place finish in his first season as the Fox manager, he now leaves the club standing at 12th in the Premier League having lost five of their last six league fixtures. Defeat against the Eagles was Leicester’s fourth consecutive home defeat for the first time in 19 years. Leicester has conceded

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19 goals under the Frenchman this season in all of their league games, a league high figure.

Puel signed a three-year contract with the Foxes in October 2017, succeeding Craig Shakespeare, the temporary caretaker to Claudio Ranieri who led the 2015-16 League winning side. The former Lyon boss was sacked from Southampton in June 2017 before joining Leicester to provide a second top-10 finish in the team’s Premier League campaign since 2000.

The back-to-back victory over previous league favourites Manchester City and Chelsea did buy time for the Frenchman’s reign in the King Power Stadium but defeat to Cardiff City and Southampton saw the fans run out of patience arguing for the need of change in the managerial position.

Puel had complained about “a crazy situation” when positive performances yielded negative results due to bad luck and pleaded for patience after fans booed his team off following his last defeat against the Eagles.

Off the field, most supporters never developed real affection for him but he was still universally praised for the dignified way he represented the club following the death of Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha in October.

Fans have been most unhappy with the dull style of football. Puel held talks with captain Kasper Schmeichel following an interview given by his father and goalkeeping legend Peter Schmeichel claimed “[Leicester] have good players, they just don’t have a manager who can get the best out of them.”

Following the Frenchman’s exit from King Power Stadium, Leices-

ter have softly approached Brendan Rodgers as their replacement. Rodgers has overtly expressed his desire to return to the English top flight. His disagreement with Celtic over transfers last summer hinted at signs of the end in the former Liverpool manager’s stay in Glasgow.

Fulham sacked Claudio Ranieri after just three months and only 17 games into what was reportedly a “multi-year contract” with the Italian. After losing 11 of their 17 games, the Italian’s abrupt regime at Craven Cottage came to an end following the 2-0 away defeat to Southampton who escaped the bottom three of the table.

During the match at St.Mary’s Stadium, the fans expressed their anger towards Ranieri chanting “You don’t know what you’re doing” after the Italian making a second-half substitution. Banners of “Risk free? Are you watching Tony Khan?” directed the blame partially towards the owner Tony Khan who appointed Ranieri as a “risk-free” successor to Slavisa Jokanovic in mid-November.

Ranieri’s reluctance to trust the 18-year-old wingback Ryan Sessegnon and failure to keep control of the squad following the Aboubakar Kamra saga was deeply condemned by the fans. What has most upset Fulham fans this campaign was the loss of the team’s reputation for entertaining football they earned last season.

With 10 points short from escaping the relegation zone with only 10 more games to go, Fulham announced the appointment of Scott Parker, the first team coach, as the caretaker for potentially the rest of the season.

First Lego League (FLL) is a huge international lego and programming competition. FLL was founded in 1998 and had a FLL competition since 1999.

More than 30,000 students participated in 30 thousand teams in total.

FLL is organized for elementary and middle school age from 6~16 years old. To make the competition fair, age 6~10 has an exceptionals in the missions and the quality of programing.

Participant will need a kit (changes each year), a map called “challenge map”, and a programming device, for example, a computer or Ipad. You must participate in teams (usually between 5~10 students).

In our school, NLCS Jeju, we had a successful result in the FLL Competition which was held in Kintex in Ilsan.

Even though the competition was a country qualification, more than 100 teams were selected in the regional rounds. This year the topic of the competition was about space. There are four types of genre, research speech, robot points, robot design, and important Value, and all the teams

Ryan Bang Y8, Sarah

need to participate in all sections. Out of a hundred teams, our team won 1st place in the research speech genre.

Our team’s research topic was ‘sleep’.

Sleep is a naturally recurring state of mind and body, but in space, sleeping is one of the hardest thing to do for the astronauts. The majority of the teams did their research about rocket launching or about the sun, which is very well known. However, our team’s topic was fresh and interesting.

In space, there is no sun at all. This means that astronauts cannot know rather it is night time or day time. ISC is an international space center that all the astronauts can go to. In the International Space Center, the sound of machines sound at 75 d.b for 24 hours.

It is the same condition as sleeping right beside the train. In NASA many scientists are still working hard to find the solution of the sleep in the space.

I hope lots of students, parents and teachers get some interest on FLL.

FLL COMPETITION

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After several months of hovering trade rumors, J.T. Realmuto was finally traded to the Philadelphia Phillies, in exchange of major league catcher Jorge Alfaro, Phillies top prospects Sixto Sanchez, lefty prospect Will Stewart, and $250K in international slot money. Since last winter, it has been clear that Realmuto wanted to leave the team as the Marlins announced rebuilding. However, as Realmuto drew interest from nearly half the league, the Marlins spent a whole year considering what their most preferred offer was, and the offer that the organization ultimately accepted was the Phillies’.

For the Phillies, the acquisition of Realmuto significantly reinforces their competitiveness. Prior to the trade, the organization brought All-star shortstop Jean Segura from the Seattle Mariners and signed free

agents Andrew McCutchen and David Robertson. After failing to advance to playoffs for seven consecutive seasons, the Phillies are now planning to reign the National League East Division. The team expects the addition of the premier catcher will not only help their young pitchers but also develop their offense. Furthermore, the Phillies became an attractive club for possible free agent players: the Phillies are keen on signing Mike Trout who enters the free agency market two years later. The team can control Realmuto until 2020, so the Phillies won’t worry about their catcher positions for now.

For the Marlins, the club finally accomplished the win-later move which started from last winter. The main chip of this trade for the Marlins is Sixto Sanchez, the 13th prospect in MLB according to Baseball America.

Philadelphia Phillies to acquire J.T. Realmuto

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Despite the small frame, Sanchez is regarded as a potential front-line rotation player with a combination of phenomenal fastball, touching 100 mph at maximum, various off-speed pitches, and exquisite command. Furthermore, he is often compared to the Hall of Famer Pedro Martinez. However, Sanchez suffered from elbow inflammation and has not pitched a ball since last summer. In other words, Sanchez has a high ceiling to reach, there is an existing health issue from his small frame.

The second piece that the Marlins acquired was Jorge Alfaro, who will immediately replace Realmuto. Alfaro has a plus-plus raw power in offense and cannon-arm in defense. However, he struggles to gain walks and contact balls, resulting in a high-strikeout and low-walk. In defense, Alfaro is below-average catcher as he lacks

catching and blocking ability. Alfaro is controllable through 2021, but there is a possibility that he converges to the first-baseman in recent years.

The last acquisition of the Marlins was Will Stewart. MLB.com believes that he is a possible back-end rotation player with average level of fastball velocity. He has a strength at inducing ground-balls and is often compared to Dallas Keuchel.

Overall, the Phillies pressed a winnow button by sending their previously not-for-sale prospect Sixto Sanchez. They have become one of the most likely contenders in the division, and now consider signing free agency players to add strength. Meanwhile, the Marlins chose to become a contender several years later. They earned exciting prospects who are likely to be their future. However, considering that the Atlanta Braves considered much more attractive offers last year, consisting of Mike Soroka and Austin Riley, the Marlins have missed the best opportunity to trade Realmuto.

At this point, it seems that the Phillies gained more advantage from the trade, and it is an understandable decision even if Sanchez turns up as No. 1 starter of the Marlins in 2022.

Dohyun Kim Y12, Halla East

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HOW DO SPORTS AND SPORTS PLAYERS IMPACT THE WORLD? JINU CHUN YEAR 10, SARAH

The estimation on how big the sports industry is varies by source, but it’s considered to be more than a $500 billion industry, even running up to a $1.3 trillion [SportyCo, 2017]. This can be seen everywhere from clothing to TV shows. People love sports so much that they spend money and time on sports. Currently the sports industry has a huge effect on society because the sports industry dramatically impacts the economy; sports is a major source of entertainment for people and the athletes are genuine role models for children.

First of all, the sports industry positively impacts the economy. The sports industry creates a market by providing jobs and sports related products. From athletes to agents, there are numerous occupations connected to sports. According to the Economic Modeling Specialists Intl., as of 2013 the sports industry in America produced 456,000 jobs with an average salary of $39,000 [Gwen Burrow, 2013]. In addition, brands and products promoted by sports players earn billions of dollars. A typical example is Nike Jordan which is a legacy founded

by Nike and Michael Jordan. In 2017 this brand earned profit of $3.1billion. Also, sport brands like Nike or Adidas sell numerous sports related products linked to famous sports players like Stephen Curry, Kevin Durant, and Lebron James.

This indicates how big the scale of the

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sports industry is. In addition, sports encourages tourism as national and international sports events attract a multitude following all around the globe. Bob Nightengale of USA Today reported that the Chicago Cubs generate $600 million annually for the state of Illinois [Bob Nightengale, 2013]. This is why governments invest money and time into holding global sports events like the World Cup in their country. According to the Oxford Olympic Study 2016, Rio spent $4.58 billion on hosting the Olympics in 2016 [Niall McCarthy,2016]. They do this since the country can earn more money through tourism in return. The sports industry is a multi billion dollar business which strengthens the economy and impacts the whole population.

Second of all, sports give enjoyment to people. The main reason people like sports is because sports is simply fun. People gain vicarious gratification through the victory of their team. This gives a sense of belonging to people.

Some fans even spend extreme amounts of money on ticketing or buying possessions that once belonged to their favorite athletes. For example, Michael Jordan’s shoes were sold for $112,000.

Even if some people are not big fans of sports, most of the people see international events like the World Cup because it is a human emotional need to be in a part of a group greater than themselves.

Sports events can unite the whole country into one. In 2018, after Mexico beat Germany in the World Cup, the jumping of the Mexicans caused an artificial earthquake. This is an example of unity between fans. Sports provide happiness in the lives of people as they gain unity and pride along entertainment.

Lastly, sports players are ideal role models. Athletes are admired by others.

It is significant that children have a figure to look up to because children with role models have a higher self-esteem and better academic performances to accomplish their goals. For many children, sports players are heroes. A lot of athletes donate most of their large salaries and even have charities of their own.

In 2012, The Boston Globe reported that the Red Sox Foundation had raised over $52 million in 10 years. This large contribution indicates the positive impact athletes bestow on society. In 2014, JJ Watt, a famous American football player, uploaded a story on SNS about a boy called Anthony Tarantelli who sent a letter with a jersey autographed by himself. The letter with the jersey stated that he will become a famous athlete when he grows up so he gave Watt his autographed jersey. This is a case when a sports player inspiring a child to become like him. Athletes are role models who display sportsmanship, determination, drive and ethics to children which

encourages the children to follow. Children with these characteristics are more likely to succeed than other children in the future. Also, athletes contribute to solving child obesity. For adolescents and children between the age 2 to 19, 18.5% were obese and 13.7million were affected by obesity [Childhood Obesity Facts, 2018]. It is transparent that child obesity is a severe problem that needs to be solved. Solutions for this problem is sports and being active. If sports players inspire children to become active, the childhood obesity rate will decrease.

Now sports has become something more than just a game. Sports strengthens the economy, gives amusement, and provide genuine role models. Without sports, the life of people would be dull and unhealthy as the sports industry effects the whole population as well as the individual.

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FICTION

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Being crazy isn’t enough.

-Dr. Seuss

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CHANGEES THAT MIGHT BE HAPPENING IN THE FUTURE

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The year 2960 “ project 01432, can you understand what I’m saying?” A scientist asked the ‘human’.

“Yes, I can... wait... What is happening, who am I, and where am I?” the ‘Human’ replied back, but also with some questions he wants the answer to. “You are the 14320th man-made human and we are at the factory that creates all man-made humans. I’ll tell you the rest as we move on later. Now, pick a name for yourself.” “N..name?

What is that?” “That is what people will call you later on during your life.” “Got it. Any suggestions?” “A135, B246, C294 …” “Stop! C294 would be it. I like this name. From now on, call me C294.”

The year 2020 “He is just adorable!” exclaimed Harry, as a newborn baby sheltered around by a colored blanket appeared in front of his door as he caught the doorbell. The baby was deeply asleep.

But the question is, why was the baby at the front door of Harry’s house?

“Gotta take you inside, little fella, else you will catch a cold,” said Harry, as he picked the dormant child up and stepped back inside.

The year 2980 It has been 20 years since C294 had been manufactured but, at that time, 20 years was nothing. The man-made human could live up to 350 years. The everyday routine was exactly the same for C294 and the other man-made humans. Got fully recharged, work, get recharged at noon, work again, and get recharged at night time. Get fully recharged… The man-made human has been programmed for six things only; charging, working, walking, running, talking, and thinking. “All right. Recharge complete,” said C294 in a robot-like voice. He then started to adjust his voice system. “Now, let’s quickly get to the technology tower for work! Never afraid of being late, always being exactly on time, that’s me” he exclaimed, this time with a cheerful voice.

The year 2040 One-fifth of a child’s life was already gone by now. If people are lucky enough at that time they might be able to live for about a maximum of 90 years. Anything could happen during their life. “Rrrrrrrrr Ring!” the alarm clock burst. “Aaargh!

Seriously? I just want a good sleep!” hissed Phil. As you can see, the little fella 20 years ago has grown much. After 10 minutes, Phil raced out of the house, pedaling his bike with a sandwich in his mouth. ‘Late again! Sorry, clock, didn’t intend to blame you!’ thought Phil. By the time he reached the university, he had already dropped the first period of his lesson.

The year 3000 It has been 40 years since C294 had been manufactured, but he had no signs of getting old. “Recharge complete,” said C294 in a robot-like voice. And, like always, he started to adjust his voice system.”Now, let’s quickly get to the technology tower for work!” he exclaimed with a cheerful voice. But on the way to the tower, he accidentally bumped into someone, or in other words, that person bumped into him. “I’m sorry! Are you fine?” asked the person. C294 was just about to reply when he saw the person’s face. It was a woman with a strange kind of skin that he had never seen before.

Her face was a sort of milk tea color, while C294 has pale white skin. He stared at the woman for a few minutes, and finally replied “I’m fine, thank you.”

And as he walked away, he wondered “What just happened to me? Did I...

Malfunction? By the way, I think she’s a bit weird with skin like that” pondered C294. But he has to be a bit swift today, else he would be late, for the first time ever.

Frank Fang Y7 Mulchat

The year 2060 About half of that child’s life was already gone now. Phil grew even more during the intervening 20 years. He is now a father who has two children, and also a renowned specialist in genes. He was supposed to go to work, but as it was his kids’ holiday, he also decided to take a break to be with his kids for

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a week. “Come on, my kids, let’s go outside and enjoy some sport!” said Phil, full of joyfulness. The two kids heard Phil and sprinted out with their father. What a sight! Two kids and their father playing happily with his children.

The year 3020 It has been 60 years since C294 had been manufactured, but still, he had no symptoms of getting old. Not even a wrinkle. Last night when recharging, he had that dream again. The dream of him being late for the first time in his life, and also getting fired. He doesn’t have any jobs now. He could still live though, as there is unlimited energy.

But his everyday schedule has been broken, and he is now super bored, not knowing what to do next. ‘Argh!

I’m just… just so bored! What could I do?’ thought C294, stressed. Just when he’s about to give up, his eyes caught something that’s covered with dust which stood out against the clean room. He picked up the thing and wiped the dust off, and what he saw was something that has loads of paper stuck inside a thick leather sheet that people in the past called “book”.

And the title for the book was “Top 100 ways to relieve stress” “ooh, that might be handy” thought C294, and he started reading.

The year 2100 About three quarters of that child’s life was gone now. Phil has now retired, but he was still really famous for being the gene scientist that invented

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the injection that could make human life longer. But he didn’t take the injection, and the reason was because that the injection also have some side effects, vomiting at least 3 times a day.

His children has already grown up, and just like him 40 years ago, were going to collage. But for Phil, he is running every day to be fit. And except for that, he mainly stays at home.

The year 3040 It has been 80 years since C294 had been manufactured. But during the gap of 20 years, he has changed a lot.

Through the book that he stumbled on 20 years ago, he was no longer bored.

And he is no longer like a man-made human, but instead more like a human. He has stopped charging himself, but instead replaced his energy with proper food like salad and meat that normal human eats. He clearly enjoyed all of these, but the problem was that man-made human trying to be human was illegal, and he knew that one day he’ll get arrested for doing this. But he won’t stop.

Finally, after 6 months, he heard the bell of his front door ring. He knew it was time, so he calmly walked towards the door, and opened it. As he expected, what greeted him was the Future Technology Department, who arrest malfunctioning man-made humans and brainwash them so that they would work properly until their demise. “C294, I’m afraid you’ll have to come with us,” said the head of the group in an extremely low voice. Instead of trying to escape, C294 accepted his fate. There’s no point running away. He cooperated with the FTD lowering himself into the car, which he knew would be a one-way trip.

The year 2119 Almost all of that child’s life had flown away. Phil was lying on his bed, unable to move, as his age strained his movements. His two sons were sitting next to him, weeping, because Phil’s experiencing his last hours. But just before Phil left them, he got a box out of the cupboard and said, weakly, “Just before I go, I am going to trust this box to you. Inside here is the important information about the injection that I invented. Before I was retired, I secretly found out that injecting this into machines would make them have their very own mind. And would you guys, my kids, promise me that you’ll make this after 800 years?” His sons nodded while sobbing. “Good. I could go putting my worries down and go now. Good luck in the future…” And Phil stopped breathing. That was the end of that child’s life.

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Junior

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inspiration Junior

SUMMER 2019

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FOREWORD

Ms. Jennifer Freeman

The Junior School take art in a Creative Writing CCA every Wednesday. Here, we have students from Year 3, 4, 5 and 6. We take our influence from a variety of topics and current events. For this issue, it was our first session that we met together so I asked the students to write about what inspires them, what interests them. As you can see, we have a huge range of topics from Artificial Intelligence to The Importance of Sleep. We hope you enjoy reading them and are inspired yourselves!

CREW WRITERS EMILY HWANG ASHLEIGH SUH SUNNY BAE HWEE LEE EDWARD KANG AMY HWANG CHRISTOPHER CHUNG LENA KO LEO KIM LEWINA MOON

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JIMIN SON JANE KIM RACHEL KIM RYAN LEE TERRY KIM JAYDEN LEE DESIGN SEYFRIED SUNG STAFF Ms. J. FREEMAN

Humans AND Sleep

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Sunny Bae Ashleigh Suh Year 5

Most people think sleep is when our body shuts down and rests, but sleep is actually a very active period where your body does everything it can to repair itself to work for the next day. It helps you in many ways such as becoming taller, clearing out your thoughts from your brain and it helps repair your muscles, organs and other cells.

Q: Why Do we Need Sleep?

A: Of course, sleep is a very important period, but why is it needed for us? If you don’t sleep as much as your age group hours guidelines, sleep deprivation will happen and it can cause high blood pressure, diabetes, heart attacks, heart failure, and strokes. It has also been proven that people after sleeping tend to retain more information and perform better on memory tasks.

Q: What Happens While You Are Asleep?

A: During deep sleep, your body works to repair muscles, organs and other cells. Also, chemicals that strengthen your immune system start to circulate in your blood.

From 11 pm to 2 am, your body has a circulation of growing and becoming taller.

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Q: How Does Dreams Happen?

A: Dreams are probably your favourite time or maybe when your worst nightmare happens. It happens because of the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) stage. After deep sleep, your brain starts to wake up and its electrical activity starts to resemble the brain when it is awake.

This is the period of the night when most dreams happen. This stage came by its name because of the way your eyes dart back and forth behind your lids.

Q: How Much Sleep Is Recommended For You? A: It is good to sleep a lot but if you think you can’t manage the time, then these hours may be suitable for our night times sleep. Babies under the age of 2 should sleep 11~17 hours a day. Children (5~13years) are required to sleep 10~13 hours.

Teenagers (14~17years) are asked to have 8~10 hours of sleep. Adults over the age of 18 should have a sleep for 7~9 hours every day.

Q: Why Do We Need More Sleep While We’re Young?

A: Babies always have more sleep than adults. You might think that is because their parents are the cutest children in the world. Actually, this is because babies need to grow two times faster than grown-ups, therefore as growing takes place while sleeping, they need to sleep for much longer.

A.I Robots Hwee Lee Christopher Chung Year 5

AI robots is an acronym for ‘artificial intelligence’. It means intelligence demonstrated by machines in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans and other animals.

AI robots are helpful for many reasons. First they don’t feel pain or frightened so they are very good for rescue missions like floods or fires. We, as humans, don’t always go in the hazardous zone so we can rescue people without any casualties. Also AI’s are helpful in factories. They are able to function more quickly than a person because they don’t feel tired or bored (or feel emotions at all!) Finally they are also very helpful in hospitals.

For example Davinchi is a robot

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who helps doctors by pointing the right direction to cut or fix an injury. Scientists say that A.I could revenge on humans if the technology improves. But, they can’t revenge to us with the technology that we have today. The another reason A.I. can’t revenge on humans is because they need to follow the three rules Asimov made to robots. They are: 1: Robots should obey humans 2: Robots can’t attack humans 3: Robots need to protect itself while following rule 2.

But if technology improves and robots have ‘mind’, they could ignore the rules of Asimov and pay revenge to humans by the fact that humans treat themselves like slaves.

The other reason is robots don’t

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sense they’re robot. If they sense the fact that they’re robots and how they’re treated, they’ll probably pay revenge back to us.

Not surprisingly many people said that A.I is not a good way for evolution. For example Elon Musk who made Tesla, Spacex, and other famous items that helped us greatly warned about A.I. lots of times.

He said positive things but also he warned us about the dangers of A.I. He said that A.I will be stronger and faster than humans. Also he said that A.I will cause World War 3.

Also the famous Stephen Hawking quoted that “A.I will be the worst event in our history of our civilization.

For now, A.I can’t harm us. But, lat-

er in the future (note that it won’t happen in a long time) there might be evolved A.I. which goes by the term superintelligence. This causes the A.I’s think like human. But it won’t happen now. So this means that A.I is safe…

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HARMFUL?

Why are criminals

Terry Kim Year 4

What do criminals do? Criminals make bad decisions like stealing rare things because they want to sell them and be rich. Everybody wants to be rich, but stealing and doing such bad things is simply not acceptable.

I believe there is never a reason to commit a crime. I don’t believe this is only my opinion as there are many people that agree and if you were a victim of a crime, you would surely agree too!

There are many things as a society that we can do to prevent crime from taking place: 1) Police should upgrade the security, such as making more CCTV cameras.

2) We should pay attention to strangers who are behaving strangely.

3) Ask for help from someone you trust if you feel danger. This are the solutions for defending yourself against criminals.

4) The government should give money to people in need and then they might not commit a crime for money. In this way everyone should be happy living where there are no crimes happening.

We should realise this solution or the situation could increasingly become worse! We cannot let criminals continue without being punished for their crimes. If every single person helped, and were not a bystander, the situation could improve for all of us.

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Eating

Too much consumption

Eating is a common event for humans. You never think twice about it. You might think that this is boring, but have you ever wondered about how the food affects your body? What would happen if you stopped eating?

Well, in this article, you can find out all these and more.

When you eat too much, your body can reject the food which can lead to you vomiting. Your body can consume 1 to 1 and a half litres before you start to feel ill. But… HOW do you throw up? Do you just say to your head, “Hey, head dude, I wanna throw up. May I?” No, when your body consumes a dangerous poison or other dangerous chemicals, your brain triggers your body so it can throw up, and get rid of the harmful chemical (A substance that has been prepared.) Meanwhile, It can be triggered by other reasons such as when you are dizzy or feel nauseous.

Jane Kim

Digestive System

ter 8 hours of not eating, your body breaks down glucose (a Simple kind of sugar in the body.) Then, when your glucose store is finished, amino acids (Basic blocks in building protein) are used and when the acid is finished, they start on fats. Finally, when this is finished, your body starts using muscles.

Now, you know about the digestive system, why you vomit and and nutrients. WHen you eat something, wonder about these. ‘Will this food be going down my small itenstine?’ ‘What is my saliva doing to this tofu?’ Remember, although it may seem normal to us and we don’t see it happening, there is something amazing and interesting about every one little thing!

Year 4

HOW OUR BODY WORKS

Nutrients

This system is the main part that helps the food travel down and that takes out all the nutrients. So, I’m going to tell you how the food travels down. First, the food is crushed, snipped and cut in your mouth.

Then, your saliva softens the food.

Now, this food mush travels down your throat and into your stomach.

There, the acid melts it and the food finally travels down to your small intestine where they suck out all the nutrients. Then, when it reaches the big itenstine, the water is squeezed out. Then, the food blob comes out of your anus.

Nutrients are a source that gives energy or fuel for the body and helps in repairing your body. But what if you didn’t have nutrients? Well, af-

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If you suddenly lost your ability to taste, what flavour would you miss the most?

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Year 4

Emily Hwang 190

If I suddenly lost my ability to taste, I would miss the food that my family makes for me, for example kimchi soup, because one of the reasons why you have your tongue is so you can taste and you can know what taste you like. A positive idea, if you lost the ability to taste, would be that you can eat anything because you don’t know whether it’s bitter, sour, spicy, juicy and more. But then again, why would you even have a tongue if you can’t taste? If I didn’t have the ability to taste, it would impact my daily life

because even though I’d still eat to stay alive, you won’t know if there’s any flavour in the foods, so you can eat anything and you won’t need the food names. Variety of meals would be gone as the foods won’t have flavours, so it doesn’t matter what food you eat. Even if you were to lose your taste, it would still be very important to eat healthy foods because your body would still be intaking calories and you could still become overweight. You should always eat healthy food because of the nutrients it provides for your body.

People normally think of infinity as the biggest or largest number there is. But the fact is, infinity is not even a number. Infinity is just the noun form of infinite. In means not or the opposite and finite means countable. So, infinite means non-countable. Therefore infinity is an expression, not a number.

Finite numbers can also be called cardinals, for example; 4 bananas. So, no matter how much of a big number you think of, you can always add 1. There is no biggest, last number. Just kidding, of course there is! Infinity may not be a number, but there are types of infinities and some infinities are legitimately bigger than others.

The smallest infinity is aleph null. Aleph null is the sum of all cardinals, all odd numbers and all even numbers, and all rational numbers (fraction). What would happen if you added 1 to aleph null? Aleph null + 1?

No. Infinite numbers don’t work like cardinal numbers. Instead you start at 1 and put aleph null after it. So, actually the amount hasn’t changed But let’s say that we wanted to know exactly what the number would be if aleph null came first?

So it means that an infinite number finished the race, and then you did.

What place would you be? In the realm of the infinite, cardinals are no longer used. Instead, there is another type of number that we use.

Ordinals. These numbers no longer refer to how many things there are, they are used for ordering numbers.

Labeling numbers in order. The first ordinal is omega(ω). Then ω+1.

One thing to mention ω+1 is not an equation. It a number. It may not seem like one, but it is, just like 3, 7, or 100000092800006. And ω+1, is not bigger than ω, it just comes after it.

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Edward Kang Year 6

What is INFINITY?

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The Food Trip All Over the World 193

Ryan Lee Year 6

Please go to your seat and fasten your belt. Our Aircrew will provide you with the optimistic service for your enjoyable Food trip. Thank you.

Hello, I am Ryan, your Trip Guide. Our first place to visit is Japan. Japan is especially well known for sushi. Sushi is rice with well sliced raw fish. At first, westerners thought eating fish without cooking was barbarous and not right, but these days sushi is recognised as a luxurious food.

Do you know that pepper use to be worth more than gold? In medieval times, new spices were introduced. It was from India and this country brought the world a big boom of new ingredients. What can you smell? We are now at 10th India street food festival. Hmm. . . I can feel some strong spices, am I right?

I believe you know what curry is….

Traditional Indian curry has a really strong aroma of spice. Some are

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hot, oily, sweet and other unique tastes. Why don’t we go and taste?

I will invite you to the best Indian Restaurant, follow me!

The next place we are going to visit is China. If you walk the streets of China, you would find foods that you have never seen. Some might think we they eat is is disgusting, and honestly... it can be true. They eat mosquito eyeballs, crocodile meat, and cooked bugs! Eww...I won’t try them….would you? Let’s get out of this street. Hurry! Let’s now try some food in Beijing. In Beijing, Chinese emperors and nobles ate a big feast. The most famous dish is Beijing duck. Why don’t we go and try…ahhhh sorry… It’s too expensive, lets try later…!

Have you enjoyed your trip? I am very happy to introduce you diverse kinds of foods all over the world. I wish you also had a nice time with our Foody Airlines. Thank you for using our service. Bye Bye!

WHY ARE THE FORESTS BEING

What is happening to forests across the world? They are being destroyed.

Leo Kim Year 4

DESTROYED?

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Forests are being destroyed because of businessmen or loggers.

They are cutting down trees because they want to get money, they want the profit! They use trees for build many houses or for making paper!

Loggers cut trees for businessmen and businessmen give money to the loggers.

If we continue to cut down trees at the rate we are, there will be a lack of oxygen for us because trees provide us with this. Many rainforests in Central and South America had been burnt down the forest because of farming! Farmers thought if they burn down the forests, more animals will come down the forest and they could trap the animals to get more animals! Also, there are many Loggers that cut down trees for businessmen. Also, instead of farming, some scientists burnt down forests to discover a new animal. Almost 10% of the animals in the earth live in rainforests. If we don’t destroy the forests, we could go to the forest and discover a new animal. Then, we could look after and relish this new animal instead of killing them.

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Did you know that there is some minerals hidden in deep forests?

Many people try to dig out some minerals like diamonds to become rich! People dig holes and roots pop out because people dug the hole so deep that trees can no longer stand!

The another reason why people are digging holes to get a minerals are because minerals are so expensive and so they want to make a profit.

Some diamonds are $100000!

About 48 football fields length of rainforests are getting destroyed in a minute. If we could use other materials to provide us with the everyday items we need for our lives, then the forests would be more safe.

I hope the world will change into a clean world and it can only do that by preserving the forests we have.

Amy Hwang Year 6 Michael Oher was born on May 28, 1986, in Memphis, Tennessee.

He came from a broken home; his estranged father was murdered while Oher was in high school and even his mum was addicted to drugs. Sean and Leigh Anne Tuohy became Oher’s legal guardians and he developed into a college football star and a top NFL draft pick.

Oher’s story was told in Michael Lewis’ book The Blind Side and Sandra Bullock stars in the film of the same name.

Football star Michael Oher was one of the twelve children born to Michael Jerome Williams Sr. and Denise Oher which provided their children with no little support.

Michael Jerome Williams was frequently in prison and Denise Oher was addicted to crack cocaine. As a result, Michael Oher in-and-out of foster homes and became homeless. He attended eleven different schools during his first nine years.

Then he moved to a Christian school and that was when his life of American footballer began... but unfortunately, his father was murdered while Michael Oher was in the Senior school.

After an event in his school, Michael Oher was seen by Sean Tuohy.

Sean Tuohy then decided to raise Michael Oher as his child. Michael Oher was finally took by Sean Tuohy and Leigh Anne Tuohy when he

The life of Michael Oher

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was sixteen and the Tuohy’s became Michael Oher’s legal guardian when he was seventeen. In his Junior Year, he started American Football.

First, he was terrible at American Football because he was afraid that he might hurt people as he has a kind soul. However, by the beginning of his Senior Year, he began playing the Left Tackle on the Varsity American Football Team. Then, he quickly became the best player of the state of Tennessee which led him to have multiple scholarship offers from Division 1 schools.

But there was one problem. The school could only accept those who had excellent academic performance! So Leigh Anne Tuohy decided to call a teacher to help him study! With teacher’s help, he made lots of improvements in his academic scores. Many people wanted Michael Oher to choose their school but from all these offers, he chose to go to the University of Mississippi.

In his early life, he had no money, no home and no family. He had nothing except his old, worn clothes. But despite his appearance, Leigh Anne Tuohy took him to her house and became his legal guardian. If it was me, it would have been a hard choice. I wouldn’t have done it at all! I thought ‘how can a human do something like that?’ Michael Oher’s life was as hard as an animal getting chased by a predator. But when Leigh Anne came into his life, his life became calm as a sleeping monkey on a tree. By Leigh Anne, he started a new life and became the best left tackle player in American Football. It was a miracle.

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WHAT IS IT GOING TO BE LIKE TO LIVE IN A WORLD WHERE EVERYONE’S wishes COME TRUE? Jimin Son Year 6

Have you ever thought about living in a world where everyone’s dreams come true? It might seem a ridiculous notion to some, but this might be a wish to others. In our unfair reality where we cannot always have what we desire, having all our wishes come true is a dream that children all around the world have. So what ‘actually’ is it going to be like to live in a world where everyone’s wishes come true?

This actually depends on what kind of wishes people make these days. If we were living in the 18th century, people might have wished for a telephone or an aeroplane. But now, it’s different. We are living in the 21st century. We have different kinds of wishes people make. So, what do most people wish for in the 21st century? According to the website ‘Top Ten’, the wishes people

dream of in the 21st century include ‘becoming the most famous person in the universe’ or ‘Making everybody fall in love with me’. Do you think that it would be nice to live in a world where everybody’s wishes comes true?

Well, I think it would be interesting to have a world like that, but I think the world will be a mess if everybody’s wishes come true. If you think of two men, both wishing to be a CEO for the same factory. How is this going to chosen?

Who is going to be the CEO? Some people might think it’s an simple problem to handle with. And yes, it is right. This problem can be simply solved by just making both of them CEO but is that what they actually wished? To share the job?

Things can become very complicated. I mentioned before, most of the people living in the 21st century wish for the ‘most ‘ questions, like ‘ becoming the prettiest person in the world’. How can somebody be

the prettiest person in the world if there are other people who wish for the same thing? Even though we can make those who want the same wish which is ‘becoming the prettiest person in the world’ to consider all of them as the prettiest, but this doesn’t make sense. It’s because it is the prettiest, not simply pretty.

There can’t be more than one person who is prettiest. So what I mean is that it is going to be a dilemma.

In conclusion, I think that it is could be a wonderful, thought-provoking place to live in a world where everyone’s dreams come true, however the world will be all complicated for us to live in. In fact, I personally think that it is going to be a problem if our wishes come true. But we will never know how it is going to be like to live in a world where everyone’s wishes come true if we never get to live in it. Now, it is now your turn to think about how it is going to be like to live in a world where everyone’s wishes come true.

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Video Games You Should Not Play

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Jayden Lee Year 5

These days video games are very popular. 44% of the population plays them. But when your parents see you play a shooting game like battlegrounds and overwatch, they would say things like “Too violent!”. Yes games aren’t very healthy and I will show you what games you shouldn’t play, particularly at a young age First on the list is PlayerUnkown’s Battlegrounds. (PUBG) This game is generally popular, but you need a MIC to interact with teammates, so E-safety is not very good.

On top of that, there is slight gore in PUBG. So I advise you that you shouldn’t play this game.

Second is Grand Theft Auto.

This has an astonishing amount of violence and is like having a second life. You can get addicted soon so this game is a definite NO, particularly if you have an addictive personality.

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Here is a word for Five Nights At Freddy’s. NO. Too much horror. A murderous animatron with his friends to kill you is not a good game.

Roblox: This is a worldwide popular game, but there is a huge variety of horror games that real people made. Things like killer clowns and a murderous teddy bears can’t be very healthy.

Last but not least, Call of duty is a first-person shooter game that has an M (Mature) rating for the newer games. The game includes a lot of violence like machine guns and knives that look disturbingly realistic. Overall just as the labels say, only adults should play this game.

These are the games that children like you should not play. By reading this, I hope you understand that games have an age certificate on them for a reason, so please be sensible and stick to this.

Pollution on the Earth

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Have you ever wondered why the air is getting worse everyday? The purpose of this writing is to convince you to protect the pollution of Earth. First what does pollution mean? It means the action of polluting (putting harmful substances) especially into the environments.

Pollution disturbs our ecosystem and the environment. Pollution is getting worse and worse and now has caused human illness and global warming.

The most dangerous form of pollution is air pollution. Smoke comes from lots of places including chimneys, factories, vehicles or fire

Lena Ko Year 4

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that’s burning woods. The effects of air pollution could be part of our breath, which goes to our lungs.

The next important pollution is the water pollution. 60 to 70 percent of the animals living in earth live in the water. Water pollution happens because of oils going in water and because of sewage treatment plants.

Water pollution not only harms aquatic beings but also destroys the weather and the food chain.

The effects of pollution could be Environment degradation, human health and global warming. Pollution is growing everyday and we must stop it before it effects on our future.

Rachel Kim Year 6

Pyeongchang Winter Olympics

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Did you watch the Pyeongchang Winter Olympics?

Korea won lots of medals and it was the second Olympics in Korea. There were lots of sports in the Olympic games. The dates the event was happening between was 9th-25th February 2018. Korea received 5 gold medals, 8 silver medals, and 17 bronze medals. The sports were Biathlon, Bobsleigh, Cross country, Skiing, Curling, Figure skating, Freestyle skating, Ice hockey, Alpine skiing, Luge, Nordic Combined, Short track skating, Skeleton, Ski jumping, Snowboarding, and Speed Skating.

A total of 92 countries were expected to complete as the Winter Olympic competition kicked off the Thursday.

For comparison, the last Winter Olympics in Sochi in 2014 only saw 88 countries participate, so this one was slightly bigger!

Fun fact: This was the first time South Korea hosted the Winter Olympic. The 1988 Summer Olympic was held in Seoul. South Korea. The estimated cost of the Pyeongchang Winter Olympic was $10 billion, five times less than the 2014 Sochi Olympics, which were estimated to be the costliest ever. Lim Hyo-jun became Korea’s first gold medal at Pyeongchang Olympics and he won in speed skating. He was as fast as Usain Bolt and won the speed skating in pretty long distance. It was 400 metres in total. Everyone started to cheer and scream when he comes to the finishing line and everyone was proud of him.

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