Islander 21

21

ON THE COVER

MINSUNG SON JAEHYUN SHIN

SPRING 2019

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FOREWORD

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ISSUE 21

It’s

MR MILES

with great enthusiasm that I pen this foreword to the latest edition of the Islander. I remember sitting down, with a cup of tea, enjoying the first ever edition of the Islander; it now seems like a lifetime ago. The school counts a number of great pillars that seem to have withstood the test of time, from CCAs and Bryants to Mr. Waterson’s ever-inspiring assemblies on the ins-and-outs of a good lunch, sailing across the East Sea and without a doubt the Islander Magazine. It still warms the ‘cockles of my heart’ every time I sit down to read, what must be, NLCS Jeju’s quintessential publication.

Without design, or prior intent this term seems to have settled into a natural theme, with a shared concern about the Environment, and our roles as custodians of it. One can’t help but reflect on a great many freedoms we enjoy, as individuals, as a school, and as a community. Be it the clean air that we breathe, albeit a dwindling commodity

SPRING 2019

CHANGE IS IN THE WIND 5

in recent months, to the choices and options that pervade every part of our lives. It doesn’t take a great leap of the imagination to understand the rich allure that this Island, this nation, offers to many; something brought to light by the influx of Yemeni refugees, perhaps hoping for a slice of this freedom and the trappings that go with it.

As a school, I feel one of our greatest strengths is an unrelenting commitment to sharing our privileges with those less fortunate, be it through the work of ‘Soroptimists’, TowerAid or one of the many service trips. In recent months this unrelating drive from our student body to exact change, and make a difference, seems to be finding a new focus, the planet. It’s hard to imagine a world where clean air and water are considered to be the planet’s most valuable commodities, yet we seem to be careering precariously close to an inevitable future, one that can only be described as an excerpt from

George Orwell’s 1984. If anything gives me confidence and hope that all may not yet be lost, it’s knowing that our brightest and best (you) are starting to make choices that put the freedom’s of all, ahead of our own; long-live the ecocommittee.

I spoke the other day in assembly about the beauty we all enjoy and take from nature and the ways in which it seems to pervade every walk of life.

It would appear that ‘A Wind in the Willow’s’ inspired more than just my assembly, but also a year 13 student’s personal statement for University. It’s somewhat hard to fathom the extent to which we are all inspired and draw inspiration from the World around us.

Let’s truly hope that change is in the wind and that we can all enjoy first hand the same babbling brooks and weeping willows that once inspired Kenneth Grahame, rather than consigning them to the pages of our childhood imagination.

CONTENTS AND CREW

CURRENT AFFAIRS

ISSUE 21

SOCIETY

SCIENCE

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008 018 058 THE ISLANDER MAGAZINE IS BROUGHT TO YOU BY THE STUDENTS AND STAFF OF NORTH LONDON COLLEGIATE SCHOOL JEJU.

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SPRING 2019

FICTION

MEDIA AND ARTS

HISTORY

066 080 094 L ANA LEE

STE L L A YEO M

AD RIEN N E YO ON

WA R R I CK K WON

TO M L E E

WA RRIC K KWO N

S M CH U N G

STAR MO O N

JU SA N G KIM

M I N S EO CH O I

SE YF RIE D SUNG

DOHY UN KIM

A I LE E N L E E

ANG E L L I

G A BRIEL L A KIM

A N DR E W CH EO N

LUKE H AN

BEN KO

G A BRI E LL A KI M

JUNE H YUN

JIHO HA

A S H LE Y KO O

YO UJU L E E

MR. M A HER

O LI V I A J U N

DAVID NO H

BRIA N HA

YULIUS KANG

SH UNTO SH IG E TO MI

JENNA Y U

J U S A N G KI M

STA R M O ON

A LI CE H A

PH OTOG R APH ER

SHU NTO S HIGETOMI

J U S T I N KI M

MICH AE L H AM

P ET ER KIM

BRIAN HA

MINSUN G S O N

A DR I E N N E YO O N

DESIG N ER

SM CH UN G

B E N KO

MINSUNG SO N

CL AIRE OH

I R E N E LE E

L AYL A BU

BONNIE HYUN

G ING E R KIM

DESIG N/PH OTO EDI TO R

S U M I N KI M

MINSUN G S O N

H Y U N J A E CH O

T EACH ER S

S U N N Y KI M

MS. KRE NN

WRIT ER S

JENNA YU

MR. MAH E R

SJ CHO I

YA E J O O N L E E

MR. MIL E S

EILEEN KWA K

S EO H Y U N S H I N

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EDITO RS

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CURRENT AFFAIRS

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The modern era is evolving and rapidly changing even at this moment. It was just days before when North Korea’s foreign relations seemed to finally improve from a stagnation. However, matters are deteriorating as North Korean missile bases are proven to replenish from its guaranteed dismantlement.

Excluding thyself from such rapid information and nuance has been crucial for one’s daily lives.

Daily decisions thy make are now derived from current affairs since all matters are interconnected.Stocks rapidly move to and fro based on global affairs.

Domestic elections derive from foreign relations and foreign policies. To keep up with such information, the following section written by our prestigious group of writers will provide such insight for the reader to gain competitiveness in the global market.

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TYPHOON SOLIC

EILEEN KWAK Y10 GEOMUN

harmed the most. There was extensive damage in Jeju. Suffering profound damage, the first and second floors of the Jeju Complex Sports Centre were destroyed. The dinosaur sculpture at the Uhang-ri Dinosaur Museum and the Hello Kitty statue were swiftly beheaded by the wind. When Solic was passing through Jeju, people were forced into their homes; however, more than 6,000 homes were blacked out.

All flights after 6 pm were cancelled at Jeju International Airport. Most tragically, on August 22nd around 7 pm, a 20-year-old female tourist was swept away by the very high waves.

Before Solic arrived, South Korea was suffering from a strong heat wave.

However, after Solic passed South Korea, the intense heat was wiped out.

Solic came to South Korea just in time because the day of ‘Cheo Seo’, one of the 24 seasonal divisions occurring at the end of August, was around the 23rd and 24th of August. Because of Solic, there was more rain than expected due to the rocking air pressure, and it was expected to continue for quite some time, which highly contributed to removing the heat. However, Jeju’s volcanic rock acts like a sponge to soak up and store water. It is unlikely that Jeju Samdasoo will run dry this year.

Every cloud has a silver lining!

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Typhoon Solic, the No.19 typhoon of the 2018 season which battered Jeju, started life at 9 o’clock on the morning of August 16, 2018. Solic occurred on the Pacific Ocean 260 km Northwest from Guam, US. It had a central pressure of 998 hPa, a maximum wind speed of 18 m/s, a gale radius of 500 km and an average speed of 31.0 km/h. Solic passed through North North West of Guam on the 17th of August at 3 a.m.

On the 21st of August 3 a.m, Solic went through 360 km South of Kagoshima, Japan. Finally, on the 23rd of August 11 pm, the typhoon arrived at Mokpo, South Korea.

The special point about Solic was that it was positively sluggish in Jeju.

Generally, when a typhoon gets near land, it speeds up. However, Solic did not; it had a walking speed of a man, a record-breaking slow speed for a typhoon. Solic was extremely delayed in the vicinity of Jeju, slowing to a speed of 4 km/h. Another special point regarding Solic is that it had a flexible route, meandering across the map. Thus the weather forecasters’ predictions of the route were rarely correct, arousing dissatisfaction in the general population. Some even commented, “there is no chance I will believe the weather forecast again in my life.”

Solic affected several cities in South Korea; among them, Jeju was

SHOW 12

DON’T TELL

SJ CHOI YEAR 9 GEOMUN

ON

political ability of Kim Jong-un and his regime.

The first possible action is to target Chinese banks who engage in economic activity with North Korea.

When the U.S. sanctioned a Chinese bank in 2005 for laundering money for North Korea, this led to an economical impairment for both Chinese banks and the North Korean Government.

The Chinese Government suggested to avoid economic dealings with North Korea, but major Chinese banks perceive immunity for their political connections and past U.S. diffidence.

Economic disadvantage by the U.S. financial system would influence economic disadvantage to cash-starved North Korean regime.

The second possible action by the U.S. Government is the reposition of the U.S. military to defend growing threat of North Korea. Requesting the Japanese Government to double its military is also one of the options possible by the U.S. Government.The Chinese Government would have a negative influence by the actions as they would incentivize to pressure North Korea to reform.

Last, of all the possible actions, the following action is suggested that the engagement of the South Korean Government would play an important role in the denuclearization process and the political ability of the North Korean regime. Seoul is in control of the most sophisticated missile defence. In the status quo, the most imminent threat in East Asia regarding the issue of the North Korean issue is that Pyongyang would use artillery against Seoul or conventional or nuclear missiles against greater South Korea and Japan.

Minimizing these risks would make the threat of pre-emptive allied force against North Korea more believable, so increasing the chances for diplomacy to work.

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the 12th of June 2018, U.S. President Donald Trump met with North Korean Supreme Leader Kim Jong-un in Singapore for the first summit between the leaders of the United States of America and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. U.S. President Donald Trump chose the denuclearization process of North Korea as the most urgent matter of the conflict between South and North Korea. Following on, the U.S. Government enforced North Korea to take concrete steps toward denuclearization as the first step to the peace process. However, President Donald Trump explained that U.N. economic sanctions will still be valid.

The nuclear warheads and the ICBM nuclear missiles completed in North Korea could be transferred outside of North Korea and economic sanctions on North Korea could be partly alleviated.

The next step would be comprehensive inspections on North Korea’s nuclear facilities and nuclear ICBM weapons program by IAEA. However, weeks after U.S. President Donald Trump met with North Korean Supreme Leader Kim Jong-un, the U.S. National Security Adviser John Bolton interviewed Fox News that North Korea has not taken any steps and the U.S. Government feels that more actions are necessary to denuclearize nuclear warheads in North Korea and denuclearization is urgent.

The interview with National Security Adviser John Bolton showed that the patience of the U.S. Government won’t last much longer. The disappointing progress of denuclearization which took place in North Korea resulted in the U.S. Government to go further if North Korea reneges on its commitment to denuclearize its own weapons.

Additionally, the U.S. government planned to take three possible actions that could significantly decrease the

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LANA LEE Y7 JEOJI

IS DIPLOMACY NEEDED NOW MORE THAN EVER BEFORE?

“”

WE CRUTIALLY NEED DIPLOMACY FOR EQUALITY. tiated with numerous people. In easy words, we need diplomacy to use them.

If it takes that much effort to use a nuclear weapon, how much diplomacy and communications should we need for a war? The threat of nuclear weapons has to be communicated and used as diplomacy continuously. Therefore, diplomacy is needed more than ever before.

We crucially need diplomacy for equality. Majority of citizens who are less rich are enraging at people who are rich. They are incensed because of countless reasons. However, the main reason is that they don’t pay taxes or wages. They barely help the refugees or even their own countries. This tells us that even though we are a whole planet, there we are splitting and separating too much, almost like a new planet. If we don’t help each other lives, it would create too much irritant poor, and it would even be harder to live. Refugees are the future of us being related and sharing cultures. if we can’t act open-minded to them like we are now, we wouldn’t be open-minded to the world when we get together. We didn’t have many separations of class before. The great depression was one of the typical reason, that we were massively separated. We need diplomacy to prevent our planet from falling apart. We need diplomacy to be

open-minded to each other. We need diplomacy in order to live much more peacefully.

The climate is changing insanely, which means our lives have to be different and more organized by diplomacy.

Before climates were fine. We had no issues with climates. However, now, we have to have lots of agreements by diplomacy and plans made by diplomacy.

Recently the Paris climate agreement has been set in Paris. Followed by other various diplomatic negotiations. This proves climate change needs diplomacy. We have to make agreements which would prevent Earth from falling apart.

Lately, we have been thinking about global warming in a serious manner.

Which made us think critically individually and even save our Earth. This proves that negotiation and diplomacy are beneficial for us and for our society. we made plans carefully, and even make new laws. The global warming is not an easy plan which can be solved by one individual trying very hard. It has to be done by lots of countries. We need diplomacy to do that.

To conclude, we eagerly need diplomacy right now than in the past because of the reasons above. Diplomacy would always keep us organize and together. it is the one and only way for us to prevent falling apart.

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As people develop and grow smarter, they make wonderful but dangerous artifacts. Therefore, we need more communication and diplomacy.

Recently, there were lots of controversial issues which are crazier than ever. Like threats of nuclear weapons, the climate change and inequality. What this abstract is defining “now” is from 2001 until current. 2001 is the year when people noticed the world’s reality. They finally knew that wars were different now. They noticed this by the tragic terror, 9/11.

Nuclear weapons are the strongest weapons known in history. Nuclear weapons can destroy a whole city, leaving only debris. This helps us to predict.

If a war happens, which is most likely to be a nuclear war. We can foresee the result of the war as almost everything gone by nuclear power. Many people say World War 1 and 2’s damage was extraordinary and World War 1 happened because of a lack of diplomacy skills. It only happened because one archduke was shot in a small country. Yet, it led to a bloody war including the Holocaust. Although it was a deadly war, World War 1 and 2 didn’t conclude to a serious damage which might threaten the human species. Nuclear weapons are weapons which have to be thought, conferenced, communicated, and nego-

FAMILY 16

DIVIDED BY WAR

YULIUS KANG Y9 SARAH August 20th, 2018. It was the 21st Korean reunions. At Pyongyang, capital of North Korea, there were 89 families, amounting to 197 people. The families was waiting for this day for 70 years.

Not all the family can meet. Very few families could meet together. Government choose the family that’s old or choose a person that never had a meeting to meet their family before. The old-

est person was 101 years old. Families divided by war.

The Korean war was started at 1950, July 25th and a truce was called at 1953, July 27th. Many families were divided during the war, they had to say goodbye to their family.

This meeting is very important to have. In a year, on average, two times a year, there is a meeting. It is a very

low percentage to have meetings. It will be the only time to see each other. Before this meeting, they would not know whether their family is alive or not. Many families would wait for this day to see their family. It is important to issue it out. This will help the relationship with North and South Korea. The relationship between North Korea and South Korea is getting better.

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SOCIETY

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The world we live in is changing constantly. Whether we’d like it or not — or whether we even acknowledge all these changes — they occur all around us. The most important thing, however, will be the fact that we need to learn to embrace these changes and accept them.

As our past suggests, human beings were always the cause of changes and it will always continue to be that way. Articles in this section will show a glimpse into how we shape the world, one step at a time.

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Clowns are supposed to be figures of humour and fascination among the children’s parties. We could barely imagine the colourful balloons and a silly wig when we think of a clown. But for some people has a representation which is far more sinister in their mind.

Individuals may feel traumatized and frightened at the thought of clowns in a more serious way. We call this condition as ‘Coulrophobia’. Many people are seriously being threatened by this idea and have the inability to interact with the clown.

The discovery of coulrophobia started from the medieval times for thousands of years. The clown or the fool was called as ‘village idiot who was allowed to be blasphemous’ around Egypt, China and Europe in 18th Centuries. He might have been a harmless eccentric who was obscenely humorous or uninhibited in the sexual acts. In fact, clowns were used to performing silly sexual acts like masturbation, intercourse, sodomy etc in front of the entire tribe. These associations are known to exist in modern pop culture and media representations. By years, this idea has grown to our grandparents’ childhood and also affected our young generations. Psychologists also believe that children below the age of 4 years are highly reactive to familiar body type and unfamiliar faces. Also, children may feel uncomfortable with seeing their unnatural, large, exaggerated and distorted features on the face.

So, how do we cure Coulrophobia?

Firstly, this condition depends on each person and depends on their different level of fear. However, the

most common treatment is to increase gradual exposure and cognitive behavioural therapy. This is to get rid of irrational fears and give tools to change the negative thoughts by thinking in a more positive way. Secondly, hypnosis is a technique which can allow you to reprogram the subconscious and eradicate the fear. Thirdly, the recent study suggests that watching some videos of clowns performing funny acts over the internet might be a good solution. Lastly, many others think that it would be a good idea to incorporate relaxing activities into your life while you’re fighting a phobia. The best treatments are found as joining in yoga class, trying acupuncture or mediation and so on. But, coulrophobia doesn’t impact daily life when you can avoid situations encountering the fear of clowns. If you feel your phobia is negatively affecting the work, relationships or school, it is better to seek treatment.

Surprisingly, coulrophobia causes the majority who are Hollywood actors or famous celebrities. These are a number of celebrities who claim to be sufferers of the phobia. These include Harry Potter star Daniel Radcliffe, Johnny Depp, and even rap star P Diddy. In the cause of Johnny Depp, his phobia has evoked from his dated back nightmare in his childhood where he would see clowns staring at him.

If the coulrophobia becomes very severe, the person suffering may organise their life around avoiding the aspect that’s causing distress and harm.

Therefore, coulrophobia shouldn’t be considered as humiliating matter anymore.

SM CHUNG

Y9 SARAH

FEAR OF CLOWNS

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NO LAUGHING MATTER:

AILEEN LEE YEAR 10 GEOMUN

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HAVE YOU HEARD OF THE PINK TAX? Have you ever heard about pink tax? Some of you may, but mostly, the answer will be ‘no’. The pink tax is one that about half of the population is subject to. However, most of them probably aren’t even aware of it.

Then, what is the pink tax? The name could be a clue to guess what the pink tax is. Pink text is the name stemming from the observation that many of the affected products are pink. The pink tax is the tax referring to the extra amount women are charged for certain products or services. We often says it is a phenomenon attributed as a form of gender-based price discrimination.

You might wonder, isn’t it because the components of the object are different? But inconveniently, the answer is no. According to a recent investigative report by the New York City Department of Consumer Affairs, named “From Cradle to Cane: The Cost of Being a Female Consumer,” the products for women cost 7 % more than the same products made for men. For some

ARE YOU PAYING THE PINK TAX?

had an increase of up to 33 per cent. In addition, pack of boys’ briefs in Marks and Spencer is set as £4-£7, while the same number of girls’ briefs amount to £6-£8.’ Over half (58 percent) of parents said the cost of a girl’s coat is often higher.

Pink tax also appears in Self Care Products. Did you know that women pay more for having a period in fairly large number of countries? Comparing to condoms, which are not subject to any luxury tax, female hygiene product such as tampons deemed as a ‘luxury item’ attracted a luxury tax courtesy of the government. According to ‘Rift Refunds,’ the average 30 years old woman in UK spends £740.65 for buying tampons, and among them, the luxury tax covers £39.66. Also in the US, only fourteen have no tax on menstruation products; all of the other states still have a tax.

‘Pink tax’ is one of the problems of gender discrimination that permeates throughout everyday life, and we should not neglect these problems that are finally coming to the surface. The cost paid by female consumers must not be different from other consumers.

Are you paying the pink tax?

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details, females pay 7% more for toys and accessories, 4% more for children’s clothing, 8% more for adult clothing, and 13% more for personal care products.

All of this leads women to pay around $1,300 more than men a year.

Unfortunately, the pink tax starts at birth. Did you know that the toys for girls are consistently more expensive than ones for boys? For instance, for helmets and knee/elbow pad, the girl products were priced a whopping 13% higher.

We can also see this in the study.

‘Boomerang Commerce,’ the Business Data Analytics Company, did a study of 50 popular kids products at six online retailers including Target, Amazon, Walmart, Macy’s, JCPenney and Bloomingdales. Well, how was the result? They analyzed items in a variety of colors and every time the pinkcolored item was the most expensive.

The prices of pink items ranged from 2 to 15% more, compared to items in other colours. A pair of blue inline roller skates in Argos costs £7.99 while the pink pair retails at £10.99, equating to around 37% more. In clothing, a jacket from George at Asda is £8-£9 for all of the 1-6-year-olds, except for a pink one which costs £10-£12 and that means it

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FAITH IN DEMOCRACY

JUSTIN KIM YEAR 9 JEOJI

by the media. This may ring true in current geopolitics - before and throughout the Brexit referendum, certain news tabloids have been decrying the relationship with Brussels and the EU, often writing half-truths, exaggerating the costs, and not helped by biases within social media which meant that it was impossible to have an informed public and, by extension, the resignation of David Cameron, an impromptu election, and the vision of a “hard” Brexit, which, without any significant leverage, means that they are unlikely to be able to negotiate with the EU in a manner favourable to the British.

While a representative democracy prevents catastrophic events like this happening, it is not to say there are no negatives to the system. For example, it is susceptible to corruption, as the politicians will campaign for votes and make promises they cannot keep.

For example, according to the 2016 Corruption Perceptions Index, the UK is tenth, while the US is eighteenth.

A large case study of this would be the Greek financial crisis of 2008 2016. As I will explain later on when discussing epistocracy, while it was part of a shockwave for the 2008 financial crisis, several factors, such as governmental corruption and economic mismanagement, Greece’s membership in the Eurozone, and a

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“The best argument against democracy is a five minute conversation with the average voter.” This quote from Winston Churchill is eerily reminiscent of the current world according to a survey conducted by the Pew Research Center. While there is widespread support for a representative and direct democracy (78% and 66%, respectively), many people also supported non democratic alternatives, such as rule by experts (epistocracy), rule by a strong leader, and rule by the military (49%, 26%, and 24%, respectively). While this is just a global median based on 38 countries, 41,953 people were surveyed, it is still quite lower than what one may expect, considering most of the countries are, in one shape or form, democratic.

Before we try and explain the phenomenon, we first have to evaluate the various examples and see how it fits in to current society. First, a representative democracy, is defined by the Pew Centre as “a democratic system where representatives elected by citizens decide what becomes law”.

A major example of this system is the US. Some of the founding fathers vehemently opposed direct democracy - as John Adams put it, “a tyranny of the majority”, as they feared a national policy would be formed by an uninformed public and therefore, the majority becomes easily manipulated

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large fiscal deficit (government spends more than yearly revenue) eventually accumulated into large amounts of debt (Greek gross debt as percentage of GDP increased from 109% in 2008 to 183% in 2016). However, it is not wholly negative: if there is no abuse of power, representatives could effectively educate the public on essential issues, ensure that the interests of all, even the minority are taken into account, and form a coherent compromise between them. Furthermore, as I will elucidate later, it massively reduces the time the public has to spend on deciding regular decisions which is why it is more feasible than a direct democracy in large countries.

Then, there is direct democracy.

Defined as “a democratic system where citizens, not elected officials, vote directly on major national issues to decide what becomes law”, while it is the “truest form of democracy”, it has the potential to go very, very wrong.

For example, in a direct democracy, it becomes very hard to make decisions and, as a consequence, it could encourage instability, and is generally unworkable in a large country (i.e. the US) as vast numbers of citizens would have to vote on every single major issue instead of having legislators who are elected and paid to convene on laws and such. Also, this paves the way for an even larger issue - many of the decisions may be based on self-interest,

and also that the majority is not always correct. As explained earlier, this was what the founding fathers feared, in particular Alexander Hamilton, who witnessed first-hand civilian mobs lynching people (mostly loyalists who sided with the British), and later spoke out against it. However, it has its benefits - without corruption, as the people are more involved, they have an ability to directly cast votes that actually matter (hence a “direct democracy”), as well as there being a larger chance that issues the public are dissatisfied about will change.

Finally, there is an epistocracy.

Defined by the Pew Research Centre as “a system in which experts, not elected officials, according on what they think is the best for the country”, it has its positives and negatives, just as any other system. The emergence and rise of neo-populism - Donald Trump, AfD, the National Front and more recently, the Five Star in Italy, may signal to some that democracy may have run its course, and perhaps a new system is required, a view that is reflected on the results of the survey, in which 49% of all respondents stated that they would support an epistocracy. The idea of an epistocratic government is that the most knowledgeable are the ones best suited to law making; hence the “episto” in epistocracy stemming from the Greek word epistēmē, meaning knowledge.

This may seem especially appealing

“”

IT IS YET THE BEST METHOD OF POLITICAL GOVERNANCE.

calling all the shots and controlling the budget would get things done much faster than a group of people trying to persuade another stubborn group of people to do something, it may not be as enjoyable an experience for the common man. Consider this; in the USSR, while millions of peasants literally starved to death, the small political elite of the nomenklatura was able to live like kings - while it may be said that the same happens in a democracy, it is on a smaller scale, with many having the opportunity to become rich eventually with hard work and effort, something that was simply not possible in the USSR. One had to be related to a member of the ruling class, or be exceptional so as to catch the attention of high - ranking officials, something that was not guaranteed.

With this, it is evident that despite all its flaws and shortcomings, as democracy actually caters for and gives a decent opportunity to many, it is yet the best method of political governance, hence why most countries adopted this kind of system.

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seeing the apparently inherent flaws of democracy - an uninformed public making important decisions based on emotional appeal / populist ideals, whether it be charisma or a radical policy, leading to disasters such as Brexit. However, as always, in theory and in practice are always radically different - especially considering that this is a form of government that has never been implemented before, as well as the fact that the boundaries are blurry between what constitutes a voter and a non - voter (i.e. how to consider someone an “expert” in an area or at least reasonably knowledgeable), it would take millions and a substantial amount of time and effort to implement this new system of governance.

In conclusion, as with every system of political governance, there are pros and cons - whether it be radical rightwing fascism with its totalitarian stance yet yield rapid progress, or democracy with its universal appeal but negligible change, it is imperfect.

However, the main issue is that, despite the obvious fact that one person

HUMAN NATURE: A FEUD FOR THE TRUTH 28

S H U N TO S H I G E TO M I Y E A R 13 H A L L A E A S T

“What is human nature?” – the question may sound easy at first glance, as we ourselves are human and, therefore, it is only logical to think that we “know ourselves the best”. However, the truth behind human nature has never been uncovered, and thus different schools of philosophy have been conceived as a result.

However, the fact that a single concept - being “human” - gave birth to numerous different schools of philosophy means that there is in fact a theory that is correct. Philosophers, throughout the course of history, have debated upon this very matter and yet have failed to reach a consensus to consolidate a single universal concept on the matter.

One theory about human nature is Hobbes’ social contract theory. Thomas Hobbes, considered one of the founders of modern political philosophy, developed his theory of “social contract” in his work “Leviathan” in 1661 in which he postulates life without society and

a government, which ultimately comes to examine human nature. Hobbes’ mechanistic view of human beings completely rejects Plato’s concept of the “Forms”. Hobbes’ idea was that insecurities formed by the ability for others to cause harm in a state of competition due to the economic problem (whereby there is are infinite needs but a limited amount of resources available) engenders a sense of self interest and preservation that makes them seek any advantage over others, resulting in the endless pursuit of “power and glory” that makes “every man [an] enemy to every man”.

He claims that humans are originally in a “state of nature” or “the natural condition of mankind” in which the humans’ lives are “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short” due to their human nature. He claims that, due to our inherent sense of self interest, no human can live in harmony, share and divide his or her resources, have any knowledge of concepts such as time,

art, literature and have instruments that accommodate their daily lives – in other words, they lack things that are imperative to commodious living.

Therefore, he concludes that, as such egoistic tendencies are very much unsuited to civilization, people establish a “civil society” through the “social contract” by surrendering certain rights in exchange for protection by an “absolute sovereign” and therefore are the authors of all decisions made by the sovereign.

In short, the assumption Hobbes made was that all humans are inherently self interested for the sake of their own preservation and that all their actions are, for that reason, determined by his account of human nature. The reason his theory is compelling is simply because the concept of self interest can be attributed to virtually every single course of action an individual takes; for example, the reason we drink a glass of water is to quench our thirst – that, in itself, is a very obvious cause and

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effect scenario. However, if there is another person who is equally as thirsty as you are, and there, in front of the two individuals, is a glass of water, the individuals would compete to quench their thirst.

Be that as it may, there are some valid counterarguments that many philosophers present when encountering this theory. There are no logical fallacies in this theory: 1. There is a limited amount of resources.

2. There is an infinite amount of desires.

3. No human is inclined to willingly suffer.

4. Therefore, we compete for the wellbeing of ourselves and are, in other words, thus self interested.

However, the primary counterargument is the concept of “compassion” and “altruism”, which consequently leads to the questioning of the concept of “friendship”, “love”, “kindness” and “virtue”. Compassion is

defined as “a feeling of deep sympathy and sorrow for another who is stricken by misfortune, accompanied by a strong desire to alleviate the suffering”. Being the word that is, philosophers question whether such feeling is also governed by the sense of self interest in Hobbes’ context. On one hand, one may claim that it is in fact an action derived from self interest as it is “attended with a secret pleasure ... that friendship and virtue could not be disinterested” as described by David Hume – that the sole purpose for any just or kind action is to feel such secret pleasure that embodies itself as gratification.

On the other hand, philosophers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau vehemently disagree with the idea, claiming that humans are “noble savages” and that they are inherently peaceful animals. Rousseau does not disagree with Hobbes’ statement that self preservation is the motivation of human action; he, in actuality, claims that self preservation is favorable as a

motive but, unlike Hobbes’, maintains that its underlying basis is compassion.

Furthermore, he claims that humans become self interested due to the formation of society as the faculty of “reason” enables humankind to build communities such as families or friends, which in effect entails competition as they prioritize these communities over others. David Hume also suggests otherwise, explicitly stating that “The virtuous sentiment or passion produces the pleasure, and does not arise from it.”, suggesting that the action itself is what engenders the feeling of pleasure.

Nevertheless, regardless of what my personal thoughts on this feud for the truth are, it is an ongoing challenge for philosophers to end it once and for all.

ECO FRIENDLY PRODUCTS 30

ASHLEY KOO YEAR 7 MULCHAT

also a reason why eco friendly products are so popular. Since eco-friendly products are becoming very popular, there are a great variety of them. Let me inform you about these eco-friendly products and packaging.

How is using eco- friendly packaging and products helpful?

It is helpful for the environment around us. For example, in Britain, there was a fatberg issue. A fatberg is a very large mass of solid waste in a sewage system. In the British fatberg issue, the fatberg consisted wastes that weren’t decomposable since it contained material such as fat and hygiene products. Also, there were leftovers of waste that haven’t been recycled. The harm of the fatberg is that when dogs accidentally lodge the waxy blobs which are mainly cosmetic leftovers, the dogs get seriously ill and there might be a possibility that the dog might die. This event motivated people to start using more eco-friendly products that are degradable even if it is trashed in any location. Eco-friendly products help us live in a better place with better environments around us. From my point of view, lots of students and teachers in our school are presenting speeches about throwing waste, and non reusable products constantly, such as plastic bottles and plastic bags that most supermarkets provide to us.

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Day after day, our earth is constantly getting polluted. Global warming is occurring because our earth is getting polluted day after day. For example, the ice in the Antarctic is melting because of the rise of temperature. The sea levels are also rising because of global warming. Most scientific articles and scientists say that the sea levels are likely to continue to increase for many centuries. Also, the climate is changing.

South Korea and other nations’ climates are changing into only having summer and winter. The spring is getting hotter and hotter and eventually it’s normal temperature is rising up whereas autumn is getting colder and colder unlike its temperature in the past.

Countries that only have hot climate are becoming hotter and the countries that are only cold become colder and colder.

Although it is not the only thing that causes harm and inconvenience to our daily lives, it still gives many harm and inconvenience to many of us.

To block global warming, lots of people are trying to use eco-friendly products and packaging. It helps us reduce the amount of waste that is thrown away because eco friendly products are reusable whereas lots of ordinary wrapping and packagings cannot be recycled in most situations.

Also the designs of these products are also very simple and pretty, which is

After lots of people became motivated for using eco-friendly products, almost 40% of the average of the trash that is wasted every year reduced. How you can help follows.

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ECO-FRIENDLY PACKAGING Let me advise you about the eco-friendly packing that are presently used by a great number of companies and stores.

Lots of management systems use paper, cardboard, and bubble wrap for their main packaging because they are both recyclable and reusable. A management system is a big company of management that produces or manufactures some products. For fast food restaurants, they use corn starch because they are biodegradable and are ideal for taking away. They are also easy to decompose faster in the underground. Cornstarch is a white powder but made by the endosperm of corn.

Biodegradable plastics are also a kind of very popular packaging material because apart from normal

plastic, they decompose much more easily when they are exposed to sunlight. Biodegradable plastic is a good alternative to traditional plastic.

ACTIONS YOU CAN TAKE AND HOW IT BENEFITS THE ENVIRONMENT First, this might seem really simple, but actually it plays a big role in saving our environment. You can bring your water bottle or a tumbler that you have in your home outside to work, school, and when you are going to a cafe. I recommend that you should bring your water bottle to a cafe because you can save the amount of plastic cups and plastic straws that are being wasted, almost 8.3 billion cups and straws every year. There are lots of events going on cafes to motivate you into helping the earth, too. Baskin Robbins, Starbucks, and lots of other cafes are having an

“”

event where they discount 300 won the price of the drink that you have ordered only if you brought a tumbler and are willing to use your tumbler to take-away your drink. Furthermore, in the case of South Korean, the government legally banned the use of single-use only cups inside cafes for the sake of decreasing the amount of unnecessary single-use only cups. Instead, the government mandated cafes and restaurants to provide their customers’ beverages in reusable mug cups or tumblers.

Secondly, you can bring your own reusable bag. You will probably know that in South Korea you need to pay 20 won to get a shopping bag. Even though it is a small amount of money, think of all the shopping bags you have paid for.

It is a waste of money and also a waste for our environment! To save both your money and the environment, you can bring a small reusable bag wherever you

DAY AFTER DAY, OUR EARTH IS CONSTANTLY GETTING POLLUTED.

go. You will notice that you have saved a lot of money after you start using reusable bags.

Thirdly, you can use public transportation or bicycles when you need to go somewhere. Bicycles are actually a very good way to transport you because they are actually faster than when you are riding the car. There is no traffic when you are going by bicycle. Bicycles are also good because it doesn’t let off any gas fume when it is moving. It saves a lot of energy if more and more people start using bicycles as their transportation.

Lastly, we need to recycle more!

There are quite a lot of objects that we use that are recyclable. However, people don’t notice that the objects they are using are recyclable and just trash them with ordinary trash. This is most of what happens in most occasions. You may think that ordinary trashes are very

similar with recyclable trash. However, they’re not. Ordinary trash is trash that is basically ‘unwanted’ and ‘unusable’.

Recyclable trash are also trash but they are trash that are maybe reusable for their original purpose or completely re-purposed for a new one. This is very important because most objects that we trash in daily life are mostly recyclable.

As I keep mentioning, since most of the objects we use today are recyclable and reusable we are able to save the environment in a much more easy way then most of would have thought possible. Since there are lots of ideas and actions that people are thinking of, I think that we should be able and should try to practice them in real life and really work to save the environment.

LIST OF ECO-FRIENDLY PRODUCTS There are so many eco-friendly products that I need to list. I will list several of the eco-friendly products that we can easily find and buy.

| Clothes made from recycled fabric ‘Recover’ factory is making clothes that are 100% recyclable. | Reusable coffee cups Almost 1 billion number of coffee cups are being wasted in the world every year. If this actually happens every year, our whole earth will become full of oneused coffee cups! | Recycled toilet tissues Some toilet tissue companies produce toilet paper that is made out of 100% recycled paper fiber, bamboos, and sugarcane. | Ballpoint pens made from plastic bottles Water bottles are also one of the main objects that cause pollution.

Instead of wasting the plastic bottles, pilots decided to make pens from them! | Recycled Handle Toothbrushes The toothbrushes that RADIUS made, is recyclable but only for the handles. It is claimed by RADIUS that you can reduce waste by 93% if you use this toothbrush.

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NIKE, WHAT WERE YOU THINKING? 34

A CLOUD ON THE HORIZON On September the 4th at 12:20 PM, Colin Kaepernick, the famous NFL player tweeted a picture of the new Nike advertisement with a short but powerful caption ‘Believe in something, even if it means sacrificing everything’.

Nike retweeted Kaepernick’s post later that day. As of 15/09/2018, there have been 369,116 retweets, 47,235 comments, and 918,681 likes.

Consequently, the world-famous and most beloved sports brand ‘Nike’ has come to the fore. The social media forums blew up dividing America into two groups at opposite ends of ideology.

KAEPERNICK MOVES THE NEEDLE Let’s go back to 2016 when everything began.

Colin Kaepernick, the quarterback of the San Francisco 49ers, refused to stand for the national anthem- he knelt down in protest against the abuse of African-Americans and other racial minorities by the American police.

BRIAN HA YEAR 12 HALLA NORTH

NIKE SNEAKERS ON FIRE This small act spread across the society as the ‘Colin Kaepernick Challenge’.

Many people, regardless of affinity or race, knelt in public places to show

support and respect towards him.

On the other hand, many right-wing politicians have criticized him and his act for not showing respect toward the national anthem, identifying him as the one who demolishes balance and peace in American society. Some of the American citizens even burnt their sneakers or jerseys from Nike.

SPLITTING VIEWPOINTS Did Nike anticipate that controversy would arise from the advertisement?

Until today, there are endless discussions between different columnists trying to determine the intention of Nike’s action of retweeting a potentially contentious post. Matt Huffmon, the sports editor for the News Record website, claims that “Nike’s ad with Kaepernick is more political than economic”. In contrast, Jemele Hill, a senior correspondent and columnist for the ESPN website, believes that the company’s actions are no more nor less than ‘business’.

SERIOUS RACIAL ISSUES; TOOLS FOR MARKETING? From my perspective, the ultimate reason for Nike using Kaepernick as its model for advertisements is ‘noise marketing’. Currently, the Republican

BRIAN HA YEAR12 HALLA NORTH

THE EFFECTS OF INFLUENTIAL INDIVIDUALS ON MARKETING Donald Trump criticized Nike several times on Twitter, which currently has 328 million active users per month.

On September 5th, he condemned both NFL and Nike saying, ’I just find it hard to watch, and always will until they stand for the FLAG’. Furthermore, he tweeted ‘What was Nike thinking?’ on

September 7th. So far, there have been 57,412 retweets and 273,028 likes for these two tweets.

Conversely, some politicians and celebrities have chosen to support Kaepernick. Stevie Wonder knelt on his knees at the annual Global Citizen Festival in New York in front of thousands of people. While kneeling, he shouted, ‘Tonight, I’m taking a knee for America. But not just one knee, I’m taking both knees. Both knees for our planet, our future, our leaders of the world and our globe. Amen’.

His act was inferred to be a sort of ‘Colin Kaepernick Challenge’.

Due to these influential individuals contributing on this issue, Nike again put itself in a position where it was on everybody’s lips.

NOT THE FIRST TIME? This is not the first time Nike using a controversial social commentary for their advertisement to make itself a ‘world issue’. In February 2017, the company came up with a project named ‘Equality’ which was contemporarily the most spotlighted social commentary. It created an advertisement with several

famous African-American athletes such as Lebron James and Serena Williams. Its slogans were ‘Equality has no boundaries’ and ‘The ball should bounce the same for everyone’ which directly reflected on racial issues at the time. Further back in August 1995, Nike released an advertisement on ‘gender equality’ by expressing support for women’s rights.

ARE WE TRICKED? This particular advertisement using Kaepernick as a model has officially produced 43 million USD of advertisement effect in the first 19 hours, which is a great success in terms of noise marketing. This success was achieved by Nike with the help of both Nike supporters and non-supporters.

Obviously, Nike supporters tend to buy Nike’s product rather than others.

Non-Nike supporters who showed anger toward the company by burning or destroying their product still bought the goods from Nike.

LISTEN, NIKE This whole sequence of events looks like the performance of an opportunist, with Nike acting as if it is fighting against

35

party is the ruling party in the USA. Its ideology is based on ‘right-wing politics’.

Therefore, Kaepernick’s act of kneeling down during the national anthem would be a thorn in the Republican side. However, by supporting the opposite political stance of its country’s ruling party, Nike placed itself in a controversial position. Furthermore, since the content of the advertisement is intrinsically a racial issue rather than a political issue, the company was able to gain a huge amount of attention.

As Nike reckoned, many influential politicians and celebrities contributed to this issue by either criticizing or supporting the advertisement. Their involvement magnified the controversy bringing Nike success in terms of noise marketing.

36

racial/social injustice for the minorities.

Its intention in using these serious matters of social issues as a tool to raise its reputation and income should be noticed clearly by us when we step back a little. Jemele Hill once mentioned in her opinion column that ‘it would be naïve to see Nike expanding its business relationship with Kaepernick as a symbol that it isn’t afraid of backlash or Donald Trump’. Now, it is undoubtable that the company’s ultimate goal is to earn money rather stand up for the minorities even though it has the potential to influence others. Therefore, companies with great influence such as Nike must be cautious in dealing with serious matters, as social or racial issues for some individuals are much weightier than they are for others. Put yourselves in others’ shoes, and please be conscious when addressing sensible affairs.

Challenge’. Many people, regardless of affinity or race, knelt in public places to show support and respect towards him. On the other hand, many rightwing politicians have criticized him and his act for not showing respect toward the national anthem, identifying him as the one who demolishes balance and

peace in American society. Some of the American citizens even burnt their sneakers or jerseys from Nike.

SPLITTING VIEWPOINTS Did Nike anticipate that controversy would arise from the advertisement?

Until today, there are endless discussions between different columnists trying to determine the intention of Nike’s action of retweeting a potentially contentious post. Matt Huffmon, the sports editor for the News Record website, claims that “Nike’s ad with Kaepernick is more political than economic”. In contrast, Jemele Hill, a senior correspondent and columnist for the ESPN website, believes that the company’s actions are no more nor less than ‘business’.

SERIOUS RACIAL ISSUES; TOOLS FOR MARKETING? From my perspective, the ultimate reason for Nike using Kaepernick as its model for advertisements is ‘noise marketing’. Currently, the Republican party is the ruling party in the USA. Its ideology is based on ‘right-wing politics’.

Therefore, Kaepernick’s act of kneeling down during the national anthem would be a thorn in the Republican side. However, by supporting the

opposite political stance of its country’s ruling party, Nike placed itself in a controversial position. Furthermore, since the content of the advertisement is intrinsically a racial issue rather than a political issue, the company was able to gain a huge amount of attention.

As Nike reckoned, many influential politicians and celebrities contributed to this issue by either criticizing or supporting the advertisement. Their involvement magnified the controversy bringing Nike success in terms of noise marketing.

THE EFFECTS OF INFLUENTIAL INDIVIDUALS ON MARKETING Donald Trump criticized Nike several times on Twitter, which currently has 328 million active users per month.

On September 5th, he condemned both NFL and Nike saying, ’I just find it hard to watch, and always will until they stand for the FLAG’. Furthermore, he tweeted ‘What was Nike thinking?’ on September 7th. So far, there have been 57,412 retweets and 273,028 likes for these two tweets.

Conversely, some politicians and celebrities have chosen to support Kaepernick. Stevie Wonder knelt on

“”

SERIOUS RACIAL ISSUES: TOOLS FOR MARKETING?

NOT THE FIRST TIME? This is not the first time Nike using a controversial social commentary for their advertisement to make itself a ‘world issue’. In February 2017, the company came up with a project named ‘Equality’ which was contemporarily the most spotlighted social commentary. It created an advertisement with several famous African-American athletes such as Lebron James and Serena Williams. Its slogans were ‘Equality has no boundaries’ and ‘The ball should bounce the same for everyone’ which directly reflected on racial issues at the time. Further back in August 1995, Nike released an advertisement on ‘gender equality’ by expressing support for women’s rights.

ARE WE TRICKED? This particular advertisement using Kaepernick as a model has officially produced 43 million USD

of advertisement effect in the first 19 hours, which is a great success in terms of noise marketing. This success was achieved by Nike with the help of both Nike supporters and non-supporters.

Obviously, Nike supporters tend to buy Nike’s product rather than others.

Non-Nike supporters who showed anger toward the company by burning or destroying their product still bought the goods from Nike.

LISTEN, NIKE This whole sequence of events looks like the performance of an opportunist, with Nike acting as if it is fighting against racial/social injustice for the minorities.

Its intention in using these serious matters of social issues as a tool to raise its reputation and income should be noticed clearly by us when we step back a little. Jemele Hill once mentioned in her opinion column that ‘it would be naïve to see Nike expanding its business relationship with Kaepernick as a symbol that it isn’t afraid of backlash or Donald Trump’. Now, it is undoubtable that the company’s ultimate goal is to earn money rather stand up for the minorities even though it has the potential to influence others. Therefore, companies with great influence such as Nike must be cautious in dealing with serious matters, as social or racial issues for some individuals are much weightier than they are for others. Put yourselves in others’ shoes, and please be conscious when addressing sensible affairs.

37

his knees at the annual Global Citizen Festival in New York in front of thousands of people. While kneeling, he shouted, ‘Tonight, I’m taking a knee for America. But not just one knee, I’m taking both knees. Both knees for our planet, our future, our leaders of the world and our globe. Amen’.

His act was inferred to be a sort of ‘Colin Kaepernick Challenge’.

Due to these influential individuals contributing on this issue, Nike again put itself in a position where it was on everybody’s lips.

38

WHAT IS FEMINISM? Feminism and gender equality in Korea were recently brought into the spotlight, fuelled by the spycam porn epidemic as well as the #MeToo movement.

Although difficult to assign a specific definition, feminism is a theory and an advocacy of the equality of sexes in terms of social, political, and economic equality. It must be noted that feminism does not promote female empowerment nor female supremacy.

Below is an interview about feminism with Adrian Hwang, an alumn of NLCS Jeju.

WHAT SPARKED YOUR INTEREST IN FEMINISM? Before I begin, I would like to introduce myself. I am no expert on the issue of

feminism, but I have studied it and was socially engaged in it for a little while at NLCS I founded the Gender Studies Alliance (GSA) and now, I am in Yonsei University’s feminist academic society.

I was always interested in the issue of social justice. I studied in a liberal state in America for a couple of years.

When I came back, the common-sense human rights sensitivity I had there was considered as something very radical in Korea, and feminism was one of them.

I think many Korean women of my age would agree with me that they started feminist activism since the 2016 Gangnam Station femicide case.

Not only did I feel sorry for the victim and angry at the culprit, but also felt

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ADRIENNE YOON YEAR 12 HALLA EAST extremely vulnerable as the police did not recognise the case as a type of hate crime. I felt the need for a change, and the contemporary online activism on Twitter kept my interest going.

HOW HAS THE CONCEPT OF FEMINISM CHANGED FOR YOU OVER TIME? When you were first exposed to it; after you started to look into the issue; while at NLCS as a teenager; then when you went off to college. Did the media (or any other means of gaining knowledge regarding feminism) always portray and explain the exact definition of feminism? If not, how did you get to know what feminism truly is?

One big change came to me when I went to college. Just as I mentioned

previously, I thought it was obvious to abide by principles like “Women should not receive lower wages” or even “Gender discrimination exists in society, and we should try to eradicate such forms of injustice.” Outside the society meetings at NLCS, these very basic principles were not part of a social consensus.

I went to campus #MeToo protests as well as school council meetings to save the female student council from being voted down. I also led several on-campus campaigns against criminalising abortion. At most places, I faced indifference from the general student body. Not only that, but I also met aggression and insults from a few.

Now, I also know that there is no such thing as a single definition of “true feminism.” There are different schools of thought and different political strategies. Some people define feminism as merely “supporting gender equality” like Emma Watson, who says “we can all be feminists.” Well, some feminists think gender is an illusion. Some feminists think men and women cannot be “equal,” since they have different experiences. It would be arrogant to affirm if one of them is definitely true and the others are false.

As an activist, the only thing I can do to define and to promote feminism is assisting the weak. For instance, when I’m out there on the streets, protesting

against the Criminal Act 269, I am with the victims of the system, and the possible victims of the future. As a member of the Academia, I think that the feminist view is about criticising and deconstructing the patriarchyinfested works of renowned scholars.

It’s the most fun thing you can do in a university writing course: you don’t want to miss it.

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WHAT ARE YOUR GENERAL FEELINGS/THOUGHTS ABOUT RADICAL FEMINISM IN KOREA? What do you think is the reason for such distortion of the concept especially in Korea?

First, I think we should refrain from calling Korean ‘radical feminism’ as a distortion. Radicalism is a political ideology that focuses on making revolutionary social changes that can

seem violent or extreme to some people.

It does not mean that radicalism is wrong - the suffragettes of Britain were radicals. They disturbed civil order and frequently employed violence, as did the alleged “Womads”. However, can we really criticise the suffragettes more than the ‘moderate’ male politicians who were indifferent towards women’s rights?

We should also note that both the suffragettes and the Womad arose amidst the process of “radicalisation by oppression.” The moderate female suffrage movement had been around for centuries, yet little progress had been made by 17th-century male politicians.

That is why some women decided to take on arms so that they could make their voices heard. I think we

are in a similar situation, if not worse.

Feminism in Korea does not only face apathy but severe backlash as well.

I identify myself as a liberal feminist, but at the same time, I also sympathise with many Korean women who demand immediate changes.

Some of the Womad’s strategies, such as “mirroring” the sexist concepts, provided an opportunity for thought to those who were otherwise indifferent.

I am also concerned that people wrongfully stigmatise feminists as Womads to merely silence them. The problem I have with Womads is that radicalism and online activism have their limitations. We should be in conversation with the rest of the world: by this, I don’t mean that we should encourage sexists, but talk with the

disinterested public, and learn from feminists of the past.

DO YOU BELIEVE THERE IS A POSSIBLE WAY OF ENLIGHTENING THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF FEMINISM? As I answered previously, I think that it’s virtually impossible, if not patronising, to define and impose a single definition of feminism. Korean society is not suddenly going to transform itself into a utopia, not now, if ever. In terms of enlightening the public about issues like women’s right, I do think Korea is improving. In middle school textbooks, for example, I saw a poem about gender inequality. Skirt uniforms are not mandatory for female students in many schools. These are some very minimal and quite limited pieces of evidence, and there are many discouraging cases

of backlash too. I often feel helpless that anything I do, whether it is an oncampus campaign or a protest, makes little change.

But we have to believe in progress.

My sister, for example, sent an email to an online bookshop to change their section title on feminism, and the change was made. The former presidential candidate Sim received unprecedentedly high votes for the party, and she continues to make speeches about women’s rights in Assembly. Most of our cries are ignored, but it’s nevertheless important that feminists continue with the fight towards equality.

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42

WHY VIETNAM COFFEE?

YOUJU LEE YEAR 11 SARAH

Maxim and Nescafe, these noticeable names of brands take huge part in the growing coffee industry. I believe this brand is also exposed to some of the coffee manias, or anyone who enjoys coffee. Today, Vietnam is growing as a stock market where most of the people got caught by rising values,especially in coffee. Being such an issue these days, let us discover the beginning of this prodigious market of coffee.

The History & Recent news As an opening, one interesting fact to introduce, the Starbucks in GEC, Jeju record Korea’s 1st place of coffee sale in total. This highlights the idea of the economy near the Global Education city in Jeju brought huge positive impact to the area. Little Jeju is now part of the world’s coffee market and business, demonstrating the popularity of the coffee.

The coffee bean was firstly discovered way back in the 1300s in Ethiopia but the outset of boom on Vietnamese Coffee market is not

an ancient story. The French began providing Vietnam with varieties of cuisine, foods and drinks which became a case of Vietnamese food culture early in the 1900’s. However, it was the IMF that encouraged the growth in coffee production after the war. The IMF, in its infinite wisdom, suggested that as coffee prices were high a the time that this would be a good cash crop for Vietnam to develop. Little did the IMF understand but that there was an international cartel operating in the coffee market keeping prices high by restricting supply and the entry of a new supplier was not what the cartel wanted. The price of coffee dropped, which didn’t help Vietnam establish any great profit from the crop.

Vietnam coffee, the world’s second largest coffee plant, was able to grow exponentially with Vietnam’s low price of labouring. Vietnam has cheap labour costs compared to the other countries such as Finland or Sweden, not that they grow coffee because it is too cold but you get what I mean, due to a greater

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supply of workers than demand for the workers. As a result the production cost of farmers is low and they can sell at low prices, leading to the low prices the volume of coffee sold increases.

The reasons of Vietnamese coffee’s popularity Referring to Home Grounds, “Vietnam is a hotbed of Robusta growth, which makes up 95% of their coffee plantations and they provide half of all robusta grown in the world.”

Vietnam came in second place of coffee production by 27.5 million bags after Brazil who recorded 48.42 million bags of coffee. The market share in Vietnam jumped from 0.1% to 20% in just 30 years.

To be straight forward, one of its biggest reason for Vietnamese coffee’s popularity is it’s cheapness for the distinctive taste. Vietnamese coffee has its own clear-cut uniqueness within these presences: pin dripper, condensed milk and an egg cream. Vietnam’s imaginative variation and traditional coffee has developed and resorted by

using one of those sweet ingredients and dark roasted coffee, which gives off a unique and sweet flavor that can only be found in Vietnam, reminding us of the country of the coffee plant. Not just dripping the coffee down, yogurt and cream added on top of the coffee itself makes a huge difference and brings distinctive memories of Vietnamese coffee.

As this quickly spreads worldwidely, taste was applied to each country and marketing evolved to spread the Vietnamese coffee culture further, which stamped out a shape of Vietnamese cafe culture today.

Where can you taste Vietnamese Coffee?

One of the most popular Vietnamese coffee cafes in Korea is Cong Caphe in Yeonnam-dong. This cafe was created with the motif of Vietnam in the 80’s.

Indeed, some of the furniture in this café was brought directly from a cafe in Danang, Vietnam, which attracts visitors by evoking the Vietnamese atmosphere.

Vietnamese - Related problems faced by farmers Robusta plants, which takes up major parts of the plantation and production of Vietnamese coffee, are easy to grow. It is less favorable growing conditions but not as highly prized as the arabica bean. Farmers in Vietnam face some challenges due to the threat of climate change which cause problems for growth of coffee trees. The trees are old and reaching the end of their productive system which leads to the problem of replanting requirement in order to keep the industry in the country viable.

Also environmentalists warned that “catastrophe is looming”. According to their research, about 40,000 square miles of forest had been cut down for coffee farms and much of the land use for coffee is steadily being worn out.

Anyway try some Vietnamese coffee. But don’t buy it in school!

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YOU ARE WRONG! What do you think of this sentence? You might hear this sentence in some kind of subjects like math or science or maybe geography and history. Could that be the same for politics? If so, how do we know whether it is right or wrong? Political correctness in general means the avoidance, often considered as taken to extremes, of forms of expression or action that are perceived to exclude, marginalize, or insult groups of people who are socially disadvantaged or discriminated against.

Pretty hard to understand. Right? It basically means that global problems all around the world could be right or wrong. For example, if you said the word “N*gr*” to an African American person in the 1960s, that wouldn’t be politically wrong. But if you say the word “b*ack” to an African American Person, you’re politically wrong. And I agree on that.

There are some words that could hurt people’s feelings and could give some confusion to society. But these days, the phrase “politically correct” ‘s boundary

interviews on FOX) couldn’t shut down the program because it became so popular. There are some catchy jokes in “The Simpsons” that shows the reality of this very society that we live in. To introduce the basic characters there’s Homer Simpson, Marge Simpson, Bart Simpson, Lisa Simpson, Maggie Simpson, Apu, Moe, Lenny, Carl, Mr Burns, Smithers, Cheif Wiggum, Milhouse, Nelson and others.

But “The Simpsons” are currently in trouble. Above, do you see the character Apu listed? He is an illegal immigrant who lives in America and owns a convenience store called the “Kwick-EMart”. But Apu often changes the date of the foods in his mart. Also, since the Kwick-E-Mart is the only store in Springfield (home of “The Simpsons”), he almost doubles the prices. But what the “politically correct” people are saying here is that it is “politically incorrect” for a “white” man to imitate an Indian man’s voice just for a comedy show. And by pointing out that Apu

WHAT IS

POLITICAL CORRECTNESS? is too large and vague.

Have you ever heard the comedy, “The Simpsons”, by Matt Groening? It’s the longest cartoon comedy series that was broadcast in american history. “The Simpsons” tackles a lot of problems.

And even the FOX broadcasting company (a very conservative company. that’s why US President Trump always

changes the dates of the expired food and demands the double price, most of the people would get a bad impression about Indian people in general.

Is this racist? In 2017, 4.7% of the whole US population is IndianAmericans. So, according to the stats, this shouldn’t offend anyone. It’s a fact that there are many Indians who live

BEN KO YEAR 10 NORO

fuel tank catch fire and almost 23,400 GBP was lost because of the fire. The problem here (according to the “correct” people) is that when this happened, the news announced that it is wrong to point out that a Sri Lankan did this.

The news announced, “a Sri Lankan worker Mr A, flew a Puengdeung and because of that, the fuel station caught on fire.” Again, the “correct” people are saying that the news shouldn’t point out the fact that it was a Sri Lankan who flew the Puengdeung. They should just say that it was a man who flew it. But, doesn’t every person have the right to know the truth? If the news doesn’t say that, then can it actually be news? And how can we trust it, if it’s not giving out

his stupidity? If you say that it’s ok to laugh at Homer but not ok to laugh at Apu, then is that “politically incorrect?”

According to the “politically correct” people, it’s ok. But, is it?

The second example is that in Korea, about 3 years ago, a Sri Lankan worker in Korea made a Pungdeung.

This is made out of Korean traditional paper, made into a dome shape with a candle in it. You write your wishes on the paper and then fly it when the wind is blowing and see the candlelight get far away. The pungdeung made by the Sri Lankan went flying towards the fueling station which obviously made the

the correct information?

Political correctness has ruined our lives. It makes us lose humour, and makes us abuse the freedom of news.

Yes, we all understand that there are people who are offended by that. But, is it really right to just wipe all the humour that we had until now just because of the minority of people who are being offended? Is it ok to shutdown a long running programme just because of one character? Is it ok to hide the truth because of one man?

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in the US and lots of them own a store just like Apu Nahasapeemapetilon in “The Simpsons”. It just doesn’t make any sense. After all, humans made these shows to entertain. Apu is maybe seen as a minor character. But, in fact, Apu helps Homer many times and also, most of the robberies happen at the Kwick-E-Mart. But, frankly, the “correct” people see this as also being racist and “incorrect”. Yes, it is true that 2.3 million Indians are more likely to be the victims in the US (according to the New York Times). “The Simpsons” are not wrong. They are being realistic.

If it’s inappropriate to laugh at an Indian’s misfortune, is it ok to laugh at Homer Simpson’s misfortunes due to

The opinions expressed in this article are the views of the author.

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KNITTING

Knitting is a good way to spend your free time when you have nothing to do. It makes you improve your knitting skills and concentration. This can change your hobby as well and you won’t have to waste your own free time. Therefore, you should try knitting and I am pretty sure that you will like it soon.

you will get ill. Also, the smaller the age the more likely you will get ill. The younger childrens head temperature will fall; they need hats to make their head warm.

STITCHES There are various kinds of stitches that you can try in knitting. The three interesting stitches are known are back stitch, chain stitch, and lazy daisy (stitch). Back stitch is great when you need to have a certain outline of the things you are making. You need to begin knitting by pulling the needle and floss through the fabric (one kind of cloth produced by knitting textile fibers) and do one stitch forward. From underneath, space the needle out the length of your desired stitch, pull up through the fabric, and bring the needle and floss back down through the end of the previous stitch. You need to repeat this method.

The chain stitch may look complicated but when you are used to it you will be comfortable with it. This stitch is great for the certain outline or the frame around the pattern. To make the chain shape, pull your needle and fross up through the fabric and insert it going down right beside where you first inserted it. To continue making the chain shape, you need to make a loop every time you make a chain shape.

Last one is the lazy daisy. Like the name suggests, the stitch will have daisy shapes. Instead of continuing the chain shape, you make a small stitch just over the end of the loop to create a daisy petal shape. Then you need to do the method of the chain stitch and repeat.

HISTORY OF KNITTING One of the interesting fact about knitting is that not many people actually know the history of knitting. Knitting is one kind of technique of making fabric with yarn or needles. The word ‘knitting’ came from the word ‘knot’.

The oldest knitting items are found in Egypt between the eleventh and fourteenth century. The first knitting machine was invented by William Lee who was an English clergyman in 1589.

When the Queen Elizabeth I received a pair of black stockings, she declined to grant him a patent for his invention.

The purl stitch method was first made in the 16th century by the English and it was used in stockings. The first knitting school was in Lincoln in the late 16th century as well and hand-knitting started in the 19th century. After people invented knitting, more people slowly got into knitting and these days, lots of people are still knitting. You can join activities in the school to knit to help keep children’s heads warm so why not consider it for your next challenge?

JUSANG KIM YEAR 9 GEOMUN

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WHY PEOPLE GET INTO KNITTING First of all, it’s relaxing and rewarding.

You don’t need to worry about anything and you can relax while you are knitting.

After you finish knitting, you can use whatever you have made.

Secondly, it’s a good task for depressed people. Because the people usually do knitting on a regular basis, we can say that knitting is their hobby.

Research has proven that hobbies can reduce depression. Additionally, according to an initiative of the Charities Advisory Trust ‘Knit for Peace’, over 15,000 people in UK agreed that knitting is beneficial for healthy mental conditions and body.

Lastly, it’s good for the brain.

Everytime you are making something, you are always learning and it keeps your brain sharp. Recently, CNN took a look on how knitting affects the brain.

The result showed that knitting has similar benefits to meditation. Knitting can therefore be helpful to people with illnesses such as those who have the Alzheimer disease.

HATS AND TEMPERATURE Previously, I had been asked to give some money with cards or hats in school to help African people. Our school usually give these things to the children in Africa to keep them warm because it’s very cold at night in there.

As a result, if you don’t keep you warm

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JUSANG KIM YEAR 9 GEOMUN

There are many sauces that exist and soy sauce is the sauce that changed its production method most during history. One of them, soy sauce, common in Asia, especially in south eastern Asia, is salty but with a deeper flavour than sodium chloride found in the dining tables of Western countries. It’s also healthier.

Soy sauces differ in their production method and ingredients. The vast majority are brewed but the rest are not. Healthline.com describes the production process as follows: “Enzymes from the mold act on the soy and wheat proteins, gradually breaking them down into amino acids. The starches are converted to simple sugars, then fermented to lactic acid and alcohol”.

This process will increase the protein content and will reduce sodium in the soy sauce.

Soy sauce originated from China and its name soy sauce comes from the word Jiang you. It was created by the Western Han dynasty of Ancient China. It had spread widely through Eastern and Southeastern Asia.

It was found with a soy paste in 220 BC. Even though China was the primary source of soy sauce, Korea’s production of it had also begun by 57A.D. during the

WHAT IS SOY SAUCE?

types of soy sauce and five basic types of soy sauce in Korea, Thick soy sauce, brewed soy sauce, traditional Korean soy sauce, flavored soy sauce, and piced soy sauce.

Brewed soy sauce uses beans and wheat as its main ingredients. It has a deep taste and flavor. This sauce is salty and it has a thick, spice like, taste. This type of soy sauce is good for types of sauce and with sashimi. It is good with Korean pancakes. It is also normally used for spicing fried food like fried noodles.

Thick soy sauce is brewed at a faster pace than the brewed one. It also uses beans and wheat for its main ingredient.

Also it has its method for minimizing the loss of time and nutrients while brewing. Its taste doesn’t change even if it is heated. This type of sauce is normally used for Korean traditional side dishes, called Jangjorim, a side dish made mainly by fermenting in soy sauce enabling the sauce to soak into it. This soy sauce is mostly for spicing traditional Korean food.

Traditional Korean soy sauce uses only 100% beans for brewing. Korean had something called a Maejoo, which is bean made into a paste and compressed together into a block. Maejoo was

widely used throughout other Korean foods. This sauce has a high salinity, but is translucent and has a light clear brown colour which enables the food to be easily livered without changing its colour. Korean soy sauce is used to liver many types of Jjigae without affecting the colour of it. It is also used for side dishes that cannot be hugely affected by the sauce.

Flavored soy sauce is used for many various spices and it is more effective when it is used for seafood. It is also used to liver the food in the last minute.

For example, this sauce is for the finishing flourish, like a finishing blow in a boxing match. This is also used for Korean traditional soup (Jjigae).

Spiced soy sauce is made by mixing various natural spices together and changing the ratio of the spices. This soy sauce can be used as a soy sauce for various types soup and Jjigae. It is usually used to increase the flavor of the main ingredient so it will give a deep flavor.

So now you know what all the different types of bottles are in the supermarket that allsay soy sauce. The variety is amazing and you need to carefully select the one you want for the right purpose.

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Three Kingdoms. Goguryeo was the one who started making soy sauce. Soy sauce was called Gan Jang from then on.

Japan didn’t make soy sauces, the sauce was introduced into Japan by a Chinese monk. It was introduced in the 7th century and was named Shoyu.

Many of the soy sauce companies use machinery and algorithms to make soy sauce and it doesn’t take months for it to be made, unlike historical soy sauce. Modern soy sauces are made with ingredients which allow the manufacturer to give more taste from much shorter fermentation.

Nowadays, making soy sauce from proper fermentation takes way too long for customers.

Historically, in Korea, people used to put Maejoo into a large ceramic jar called JangDokDae. This ceramic deepend the taste of the soy sauce. These were often put into the ground and dug out after fermentation. Then the whole maejoo and the liquid is passed through something that can filter the beans and bit of Maejoo. This creates soy sauce and is sold or used.

Flavors of soy sauce differ when altering fermentation methods, ingredients, and duration of fermentation. There are three main

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THE DEATH OF FARMERS

DAVID NOH YEAR 9 SARAH

Agriculture is a very significant component of mankind’s necessity.

Around twelve thousands years ago, basic agriculture was started by neolithic people who were skilled farmers. People started to settle down in one place and undoubtedly organizing lands and agriculture were the most essential part to settle. Fundamentally, agriculture developed being a part of the primary industry. Unfortunately, the increase of the global population is becoming a burden on agriculture. Also, industrialization and colossal pollution are ruining the life of the farmer. In this article, I would like to talk about problems in agriculture and the death of farmers.

Think about how much food you eat each day. Now, think about how big the human population is and how much food is needed to feed all of those people. A few decades ago, farmers

easily did their work, because there were enough lands to grow crops.

However, these days, the increase of global population and decrease of lands are arising huge problems. Globally, around three million hectares of agricultural land are lost each year due to the soil degrades and erosion, which is when soil components are moved from one location to another by wind or water. An additional four million hectares are destroying each year when agricultural land is converted and used for highways, housing, factories, and other urban needs. Therefore, people started to focus on industrialized agriculture. Industrialized agriculture is a form of modern ways to grow crops in a limited area and there are various methods which include genetic technology. Industrialized agriculture succeeded and produced fabulous consequences which were increasing

the output of agriculture. However, there are some liabilities and challenges in industrialized agriculture. Industrial agriculture uses huge amounts of water, energy, and industrial chemicals; increasing pollution in the arable land, usable water and atmosphere.

Herbicides, insecticides, fertilizers, and animal waste products are accumulating in ground and surface water. Therefore, it damages the environment and increases ozone pollution and global warming from the heavy use of fossil fuels.

Moreover, the death of farmers is also becoming a significant crisis.

The farmers’ suicides in India, also known as the agrarian crisis, is the phenomenon of suicides among Indian farmers from 1990 to the present. India is an agrarian country with around 70% of people mainly farm for their sustenance. However, every year, more

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than 10% of them suicide. For instance, 1995 and 2014, nearly 296,438 farmers have committed suicide in India.

Activists and scholars have offered a number of conflicting reasons for farmer suicides, such as monsoon failure, high debt burdens, government policies, public mental health, personal issues and family problems.

Unfortunately, suicide of farmers is becoming global problem. According to the Leonard Freeborn, a horse farmer and agricultural consultant, in the U.S, male farmers became four times more likely to kill themselves than male non-farmers. Also, climate changes and environmental problems are degenerating farmers in need. Global warming and pollutions ruining the land that can produce crops. Farmers are suffering by death of farm which occur by pollutions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of

the United States of America found that, 57 farmers die when temperature increases 1 degree.

So what needs to be done to prevent this tragedy? There can be no full solution to end farmers’ hardships.

The solutions should be aimed at the entire farming structure. Here are some solutions that could help improve the farmers’ condition: The dependency of agriculture on nature should be reduced by the use of more technology in agriculture. This calls for effective management of water during seasons of good monsoons.

Prevention of crop failure should be the primary aim of the government. Also, making institutional finance available to every farmer is another important solution to save to the farmers from the debt traps of money lenders. Where institutional finance is available, it should be made easily accessible to the

poorest farmers. Effective monitoring of the funds disbursed is also necessary because, in many cases, the poor farmer is used as a front end whereas the benefit of the loan is actually taken advantage of by a larger landowner.

In conclusion, “Give a man a fish, he will eat for a day but teach him how to fish, he will eat for the rest of his life”, so goes the popular saying, the case of our Indian farmers is similar to this. What they need is a means to sustain themselves throughout their lives without having to face the desperation that adversity drives them to. Agriculture is an essential and critical thing to everyone as it provides food to people. I believe that solving those problems will be the only key to help agriculture, for you and younger generations.

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DO YOUR DREAMS HAVE MEANINGS?

Do you believe that our dreams have meanings? People have constantly questioned the meaning of dreams.

Early civilisations thought of dreams as a medium between humans and gods, especially, the Greeks and Romans were convinced that dreams could predict the future. A dream is a series of thoughts and images that occur in our mind during sleep. There are numerous different theories on whether dreams actually mean something or not. Some of the theory claims that dreams don’t really have meaning, but our brains pull random thoughts from our memories.

On the other hand, Neuroscience proved the psychological purpose of dreaming through research. It helped us to understand brain function while dreaming.

Dreaming requires a very deep thinking process. We can examine our current issues and behaviours through our dreams but also they give the advice and guidance that we have to know about, including our future purposes. According to these reasons, dreams stimulate many people’s interest and because of this, we can easily find various interpretations of dreams now. The meanings of most common but also peculiar dreams,

which many people have ever dreamed about, are introduced as the examples.

The dream of being chased are mostly due to anxiety. These often come not from the fear of actually being chased, but rather what we are running from. Chasing dreams suggests we are just feeling as we are in danger or under pressure. However, we also need to look at what’s stressing us out most in our life as the chase dreams help us to understand that we may not be addressing something in our lives that requires our attention.

The dreams with water frequently represent our emotions and our unconscious minds. The quality of the water suggests insight into how effectively we are managing our emotions.

For example, if clear and fresh water features, it means that we are managing our emotions effectively. Moreover, swimming, paddling or rowing down the river implies that we are going against the natural flow and experiencing no difficulties. However, drowning, which usually occurs when we are under a lot of physical or emotional stress, symbolising the fear of being overcome by or falling in our emotions.

BONNIE HYUN YEAR 10 GEOMUN

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Although death is usually perceived as negative, it is a common dream that shows the dramatic change happening for the person with the idea of the end of the thing and, at the same time, announces new change. For example, if you dream about a child’s death, it indicates the time for escape from your immaturity and prepares you for the next new big change. Also, a dream about someone else’s death implies a significant change is made in your relationship, especially with that person. On the

other hand, dreaming of your own death symbolises inner changes, self-discovery, and positive development that could take place in your life. Overall, the dream of death hints a new start and transformation into a new stage of life.

Dreams of flying may represent big hopes and feelings that nothing can hold you down or block you from reaching your goals. It also indicates that you are feeling in control of your life and emotion. Usually, a sense of euphoria or freedom is felt when fly-

ing in dreams, perhaps signifying you have freed yourself from a sticky situation or have achieved a recent goal.

No one knows if our dreams have meaning or not. However, the only thing that we should remember for sure is that whatever dream we had last night and the dreams we will have, we shouldn’t be tied to the meaning of it and obsess about attaching its meaning to what happens in the reality.

WHY DO WE NEED MEDITATION?

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OLIVIA JUN YEAR 9 SARAH

Nowadays, many people get both physically and psychologically tired from their jobs, school, and home.

We get easily stressed from them, yet we do not know how to get rid of those immense stresses. In this sense, regular meditation is essential for you.

This article will focus on looking at the benefits, and provide reasons for us to perform regular meditation.

Meditation is an action or a practice of a person using special techniques in order to achieve a clear state of mind and an emotionally calm state; these techniques include focusing on a specific thing, activity or an area.

This way, you can easily banish your stresses. By focusing your mind and thinking of anything you imagine in silence, it will calm you and help you get less bothered from things that you used to get bothered about. This may sound strange at first and seem difficult, but when you do it more and more often, it can make you feel relaxed and have less useless thoughts.

The second reason that you need meditation is that you can have a healthier life. For example, through meditation, it is possible to reduce anxiety, stress, and increase selfknowledge. Many studies found out that depression can be cured through meditation. One study found out this was the case for 4,600 adults.

From this case, 18 people who have been meditating regularly for 3 years discovered that long-time depression decreased. Another study has found

that the inflammatory chemical cytokine was reduced as a result of meditation. From having a healthier life, you may able to have longer life, have clearer skin, decrease in arthritis, and have healthy mindset. Michael D. Higgins, the President of Ireland, had just secured another seven years term at the age of 77 and he attributes his energy to meditation and yoga. He is an example of a person who is living an ideal healthy life. By living a healthy life, you may live longer, which leads a longer employment, and thus you could obtain better travel opportunities.

Thirdly, meditation can generate kindness. Some types of meditation may specifically increase positive feelings about yourself and others. A meditation called metta, sets about developing kind thoughts and feelings towards yourself.

Through this practice, people can learn kindness and forgiveness to friends, others, and even enemies. By generating kindness yourself, you can learn how to be kind to others and empathise. One person who meditated metta, found as a result empathising with others became easier.

So these are the reasons that clearly explain why regular meditation is essential for our lives. Through meditation, you can live a happier life and become a better person to others.

Therefore, it is important to note that performing meditation has more positive effects than negative effects on you.

ALL ABOUT DOGS JUSANG KI YEAR 9 GEOMUN

MEDICAL FACTS ABOUT DOGS Different dog breeds require different types and sizes of space, environment, and food. Some large breeds such as Retrievers or Huskies need a lot of space for them to reach their daily exercise needs. Some dogs have various allergies to different food or snacks. You have to check whatever it is allergic to and stop feeding that to it. Dogs also have various diseases and minor/ major illnesses. They can catch cold, have diseases like heartworm, rabies, Lyme disease, anemia, and more others.

There are injections for diseases like heartworms, rabies, Lyme and so on.

Some injections last a month, some last 6 months, and some last a year.

Injections that last a year will contain medicine strong enough to paralyze a small dog or a middle size dog. Dogs will have different after effects to different medicines so people should go to the hospital to get allergies checked.

DIFFERENT BREEDS OF DOGS There are over 300 breeds that are classified by the FCI (Fédération Cynologique Internationale). Different dogs have different abilities. Some dogs like Pit Bulls are extremely strong and very aggressive. Many states in the US do not accept such dogs into their states because of the danger the dog will bring.

When angry, they are aggressive and will easily tear their owner up. Dogs like Border Collies, are shepherd dogs and are the smartest dogs on Earth. There are also dogs that are taken out for hunting like Boston Terriers. Boston Terriers are dogs that are very friendly compared to what people expect a hunting dog to be. Though they are small for a hunting dog breed, they are effective. However, a dog like a Poodle are usually meant for families with children. They have curly hair which doesn’t fall out easily.

Poodles are favored by many people because they are kind, friendly and are not gigantic like Retrievers. There are dog competitions like marathons, swimming, and show offs. There are certain breeds for each competition.

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Dogs can be very cute, cuddly, small or large. There are approximately 300 breeds of dogs with different shapes and sizes. Some dogs have extraordinary abilities, like Pit Bulls and Newfoundlands. Some dogs bring peace and harmony and they are called therapy dogs. Some guide disabled people and they act as the disabled people’s eyes and ears. Some dogs are trained to guide sheep like shepherd dogs. People buy dogs for various purposes like hunting, cuteness, playmate, and more. Some dogs are trained to understand many different words and understand simple commands and human language.

ADOPTING DOGS Many people are willing to adopt dogs, but 100,000 are abandoned annually in Korea. This should stop. Many people adopt dogs without carefully considering the consequences. There are many laws enforcing education for animal rights, simple animal law, and how to treat them, before adoption.

Then, after the person has succeeded, they get a pet license which allows them to own pets. There are also strict laws in MEDC countries that ban people from abandoning pets. In Germany, laws enforce some basic education about adoption before people adopt pets. In Korea, the law is horrible and a person is only charged a fine of 400,000 won for breaking the law. Furthermore, only 51% of abandoned dogs are reported.

Dogs are not treated as a family member, they are treated as objects or property.

This will verify the dog’s existence as a thing. Ironically, the law doesn’t budge.

KOREAN U23 FOOTBALL ASIAN GAME

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LUKE HAN YEAR 7 NORO

Korea recently participated in the Asian game football. Thanks to the huge skills of the players, Korea managed to achieve the gold medal and all players were awarded the military exemption.

Korea was a contender, with the world-class forward Son Heung Min, ex-Barcelona youth playmaker Lee Seung Woo, and forward of Red Bull Salzburg Hwang Hee Chan. They also had Jo Hyun Woo, a goalkeeper who made a clean-sheet against Germany.

It was not easy for the team to achieve the gold medal. They faced one of the greatest teams in Asia, Iran. Experts regarded the match as determining the champion. Even though both teams showed great performances, South Korea took a lead, as Ui Jo Hwang scored a wonderful goal. Soon after, in the 55th minute, Seung Woo Lee scored the second goal, and the match ended up 2:0.

The next match was against Uzbekistan. Most of the Koreans had expected an easy win. As their prediction, Ui Jo Hwang scored a goal, in the 4th minute. However, Uzbekistan scored three goals, while Korea scored only once after Hwang’s goal. Hwang scored a drawing goal, and the match went to overtime. In the 117th minute, Hwang Ui Jo induced a penalty, and Hwang Hee Chan scored calmly, securing a win for South Korea.

South Korea encountered Vietnam in the quarter final. People were particularly interested in this match because Vietnam was coached by

a Korean manager, Park Hang Seo. Vietnamese people treated him as a hero. He also said that “even though I am born from Korea, I will show no mercy.” However the game was an easy win 3-1.

Now the final began, against the 2010 Asian Games winners, Japan.

Right after the start, Hwang Ui Jo could have scored, but failed to score the goal. There were no goals during the 90 minutes, as the two teams doggedly defended the opposition’s attack tenaciously. Just after the extra time began, Son Heung Min took the ball and sprinted 40m at an unbelievable speed.

However, he missed the goal just by a few inches. Then for a few minutes, when the ball was near the penalty area of Japan’s area, Lee Seung Woo powerfully kicked the ball and managed to score the opener. Just after the goal, South Korea managed to score one more: Hwang Hee Chan has made an unbelievable header. Japan managed to chase one goal by a corner kick, but the game ended after a few minutes. Korea became the champions in the Asian Games soon after the 2-1 victory.

They managed to achieve the gold medal and military exemption. This match was one of the most glorious matches ever in the South Korea football.

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SCIENCE

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AIRPLANES, WHAT DO WE NEED TO KNOW?

Last year, Modern airplanes were used by more than 4,100,000,000 people.

Airplanes are divided into three groups.

First, there are cargo planes. These planes have no seats in the plane. It is filled with massive cargo slots. Secondly passenger airplanes are the most complicated aircrafts. This kind of aircraft is made to load cargo and carry people.

Plane makers have to check so many things when they manufacture it because it is not like a plane that is empty. It is a live plane; if the cargo plane crashes the pilots only die but in passenger aircrafts 100-300 people could die in one moment. The third group is military planes.

Next, if we look in to the history of airplanes they were made by the will of people wanting to fly. But this was not easy at all. People that wanted to make an airplane kept trying. In 1903, December 17, the Wright Brothers succeeded in flying an airplane for 12 seconds.

From this, engines were developed and airplanes were able to fly further and faster and finally becoming the modern aircraft we see today flying at a maximum speed of 1000mph. Cabins with stable pressure, bathrooms with vacuum flush systems, and autopilot. The most recent airplane is the Boeing 787 which is the second most successful airplane in the world. They have sold

1390 planes. In addition, more than 50 airlines bought this plane. The next plane is the Airbus A350. This plane was manufactured after the 787. The technology break through of the Boeing 787 is the use of plastic. They actually added plastic into metal and it is baked and welded together which becomes the 787 wing. This technology makes the 787’s wings more flexible and that increases the fuel efficiency. This will be used in many more planes In the future .

Nowadays airlines are looking for efficient and convenient airplanes. People were not so cost conscious when the supersonic plane famous in the 1960s, Concord, was made. People loved this

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HYUNJAE CHO YEAR 7 JEOJI plane because it was extremely fast, it had a unique design and made a tremendous sound when it took off on its five hour journey across the atlantic ocean. But, the popularity did not last for long. Concord became very expensive due to the rise of oil price from three dollars to twelve dollars in 1973. it couldn’t load over 128 passengers on one plane so the fuel cost per passenger became very high. But these days, researchers say that supersonic planes will be back in the future The airplane that’s coming to attention is the Boeing 797, predicted to be a two story plane that could hold more than 600 people.

The market is changing. There are

better companies that make planes that can hold 100 to 200 passengers. Crj 175 is a plane that is liked by many people and it is very efficient. This plane has won against A380 and Boeing 787. Recently, British Airways bought Crj 175s so that it’s flights at Gatwick are almost all Crj 175. Another plane that is currently getting attention is the CS300 which has the world’s quietest cabin and is fuel efficient. To gain recognition, they sold 200 planes at a low price to Delta.

In conclusion, air planes will be used much more in the future. There will be flying cars whose price won’t be that expensive but for now it is $1.5million. We will have problems with trav-

eling in the future in airplanes due to the increase in the oil price. However Airbus is making a electronic plane that will be faster than trains. They are using the strategy of small wrought form moving in one country. As trains can at a maximum go 300 km per hour the airplane is 450 miles per hour, it is still faster than a train. I personally predict that in the future people will all have personal airplanes and airlines will decrease as the helicopter shape plane cars transport over shorter distances and some plane cars will need a runway too.

So the next problem in the air will be air traffic control.

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Across the globe, rapid technological change is reducing the demand for low skilled workers, whose work can be automated, and increasing the demand for educated workers working in technology-based jobs.

New technologies and digital methods of communication affect non-financial dimensions of equality, like gender and socioeconomics. However, is it even possible for one to escape poverty without access to or knowledge of digital communication technologies?

Are people in Less Economically Developed Countries as adept in technology as those in More Economically Developed Countries? Also, is there reasonable technological equality between genders and races around the world?

With the all-comprehensive change that we are now witnessing, these are some of the questions that this article will consider.

“One of the largest and most prominent debates in social sciences is the role of technology in inequality,” says David Grusky, director of Stanford’s Center on Poverty and Inequality. But “one fact that everyone agrees on,” according to him, is that the income gaps between those with different levels of education “account for a good share of the inequality.” This is well demonstrat-

ed in Jeju, too. If you went to Lotteria in Jeju just three years ago, you would have had to buy burgers from the lady at the counter. Nowadays, you operate an automated machine and slip your card in instead. As in this example, every technology has its rightful purpose for different places around the world, and the technology used can have a great impact on society. By this I mean that as wages started to increase in Korea, labour was replaced by technology which does the job cheaper.

Different places around the world have different characteristics and social customs. Suppose we need to find the right technology for a Less Economically Developed Country in Africa. What would be the best technology for this country? Obviously, advanced machines that would allow you to order burgers would not be of much use for those people there. This is because they have surplus labour and it is cheaper for them to use workers to take orders than buy expensive machines. However they may well use solar panels to harness the energy from the sun, which they have in abundance is some parts of Africa.

Small panels will provide enough electricity where it is difficult to make use of human energy to power things. The point about technology is that it has to

y it al u q

TECHNOLOGICAL

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SUMIN KIM YEAR 10 JEOJI

63 be appropriate to the circumstances in which it is used. There was not much point in the 1960’s of getting western governments to dam rivers in Africa, losing fertile land and displacing farmers, because the energy couldn’t be used if they didn’t have machines. Why would they invest in machines if there is surplus cheap labour to do the work?

We need science and technology for prosperity. However, are we now thinking about the prosperity of humanity as a whole or the that of the selected few? I believe that we should look not only for advanced technologies themselves, but also for the ways in which we use appropriate technologies we may already have in order to help those in the LEDCs. A simple sealable container filled with water hanging from a rope, which can be tipped to let the water out to wash hands in a field, will be a more effective use of resources as the water is being used twice, disease is less likely to spread and there are lots of empty plastic containers to use than investing in an expensive irrigation system. Roll on the appropriate technology!

THERE’S A SMALL DOG IN THE UNIVERSE AND WE DIDN’T KNOW!

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ALICE HA YEAR 7 MULCHAT There are a lot of amazing facts about universe. Speaking about universe, we can talk about the solar system, moon systems, the meteors, most mysterious black holes, or the planet that has been the hottest discussion topic. Speaking of the planet that has been an hot potato, you must be curious about it. Then, let us talk about this topic more. Pluto is a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt, a ring of bodies beyond Neptune. A dwarf planet means a celestial body similar to a small planet, but lacking the specific technical criteria required to be classified as a planet. It is a dwarf planet that has not cleared the neighbors around its orbit.

Pluto’s surface is composed of a mixture of frozen nitrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide ices. The dwarf planet also has polar caps and regions of frozen methane and nitrogen. It was the first Kuiper belt object to be discovered. Pluto was discovered by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930, and it was originally considered to be the ninth planet from the Sun. Pluto is 248 years old, and the surface area of pluto is 1.779×107 km2. The surface temperature of Pluto is -229 degrees,

which means it is extremely cold, even colder than Antarctica or Greenland. It has many moons, and they are named Charon, Hydra, Styx, Nix, and Kerberos.

Also,there is an interesting fact about Pluto, and it is the second closest dwarf planet to the Sun and, from 1930 when it was discovered up until 2006, it was also considered the ninth planet of the solar system. As it’s only a short time since Pluto was ‘deplanetized’ there are a number of people erroneously thinking it is still a planet. Currently, a few scientists proved that it is not a planet anymore, with some supportive reasons. For Pluto, it is also considered as the second largest dwarf planet, with Eros being the most massive known dwarf planet. Dwarf planets are the smallest planets in the whole universe.

Pluto is named after a Roman god of the underworld, and that name is used in modern times. That god named this planet “Pluto” because he was trying to make a name with deep meaning similar as his own name. Any resemblance to a dog’s name is purely coincidental.

In 1930 it was thought that Pluto was lo-

cated behind Neptune. Comparing pictures taken that were taken and working on it for hours and hours it was finally noticed that the two pictures showed the planet appearing and disappearing.

Comparing these two pictures was the first evidence for a moving planet. For 76 years, Pluto was in the solar system.

PluSto is smaller than many other moons. Some scientists think that Pluto is as large as the Jupiter, the biggest planet in the solar system. However, even Earth’s moon is larger than Pluto. Some say that Pluto is big but they will change their mind soon. Pluto’s moon is even smaller than Pluto. Pluto and its moon, Charon, form a binary system. This means that the center of mass of the two objects is outside of Pluto and Pluto moves in small circles while Charon orbits it, and sometimes it has an atmosphere. It is a common thing that the moon is smaller than a planet, but if the moon is smaller than Pluto, the moon is very small.

Pluto and its moon is made out of one third water, and the remaining two thirds are made out of rocks. Ages ago

a shame, but they are satisfied knowing accurate and exact facts about Pluto.

The rounded up distance from the Sun to Pluto is 5.9 billion km, and the exact distance is 5,906,376,272 km. In miles, it is 3.67m miles, longer than any other planets in the solar system. Pluto is located at the furthest place from the sun which is in the main center of the solar system. All the planets are not having a huge and enormous gap between each other but Pluto is having a huge gap between itself and any other planets.

Thus, Pluto was originally a planet but scientists judged that it is not a planet anymore since there are too many unmatched reason to be a planet for Pluto.

Pluto has a heart shaped glacier that’s the size of Texas. Many people like Pluto since the shape of it is very unique compared to other planets. This fascinating world has blue skies, spinning moons, mountains as high as the Rockies, and it snows, but the snow is red. These are details we didn’t know before NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft flew past in July 2015. This craft was sent since many people wanted to know the things

NEVER GO TO PLUTO, IT’S A MICKEY MOUSE PLANET !

ROBIN WILLIAMS

in Pluto, including scientists. Also, it is a complex and mysterious world of mountains, valleys, plains and craters.

People on earth cannot even see Pluto because it is so small compared to the giant planets. Some people have thought about moving Pluto nearer to the sun and make the volume bigger for a joke, but some scientists tried it. However, they couldn’t touch Pluto since it is made out of dust, rock, and liquid.

Nowadays, they are researching about putting wind into the universe so that it can move, and they are also researching about making the volume bigger for Pluto, so it can be considered as a planet.

Someone might even try to get it to bark.

It is no longer a planet because it is too far to be counted as part of the solar system. There were nine planets, but since Pluto has not been considered a planet anymore, there are eight planets in solar system. It doesn’t count as a planet because Pluto is not found to be in the round shape as most planets do. It is said that Pluto is in the form of an oval shape. Therefore it doesn’t fit in the criteria of being a planet.

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the mysterious liquid, big rock stones, and an enormous amount of dust were floating in the whole universe. There was a huge shock to the rock, and the rock popped. That made a fire, and mixed together slowly. It took a long time, however it took more time for it to cool down. It took over twenty centuries, and the small planet was created. The liquid is still in mystery, and scientists keep researching about that mysterious liquid. And, that planet is called Pluto.

Pluto was a huge mystery for the scientists who were researching about the solar system. To solve some curiosities, people sent a spacecraft to the space and made it land on Pluto. They finally collected a lot of information about it, and they discovered that guesses made about the dwarf were very accurate. The length, circumference, volume, and size were all correct and definite. After the spacecraft to Pluto succeeded, many scientists tried to attempt the journey again, but this tim, it was attempting to explore the space. However, their spacecrafts in different planets did not have as many details as Pluto’s result. It was

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FICTION

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At NLCS we not only encourage students to write argumentative essays that illustrate their opinions, but we also attempt to constantly inspire them to write creative pieces where they can write stories and poems.

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THE LITTLE GIRL The waves were starting to form themselves; creating small or big bubbles here and there. They seemed to be hungry for attention; they made grinding sounds that would make the ferns shiver, and the rocks shatter from side to side. The toads started to move their resting place; it seemed as if they were uneasy too. I was the only person to not be afraid of these waves. Well, there are three obvious reasons for this. First, I have been living in this place ever since I was able to gurgle and toddle and all those baby behaviors. Second, I know that these waves can in no way harm me. It’s ridiculous that these waves can move a great distance to be able to reach me in the first place, and it’s natural for them to quicken their currents once in a while. They get angry at this time of year. Third, I am so used to all kinds of different hazards and dilemmas, that waves are nothing to me. Once, I was stuck in a mud hole that was ten meters deep, and I had to get out of it alone without any equipment of anysort. Another time I woke up and found out that I was tied in ropes that were in the pro-

cess of burning. I think that I’ve never really been frightened of anything in the past.

To introduce myself, I am just an ordinary 15 year old girl who has been raised by a dog. Funny, isn’t it, because the normal answer that you would expect is “Oh, I have two parents” or, maybe, “I was raised by my grandparents.”

Well, the only thing I remember is that when I opened my eyes a small puppy was licking my face and wagging her tail. Ever since then I have been living with Rose - I named her myself, and I regard her as my older sister. Practically she’s much older than me- it’s ironic

that dogs grow up really quickly, but she’s much more nimble and faster than me. We live in a little barn that is located about 500 meters from the lake. There aren’t any other residents here - I’ve never seen another human being besides myself for my whole life - believe it or not. Everything’s really damp and moist here, and there’s an overgrown orchard just behind our barn, so that’s where I get all the berries and fruits and stuff. I also keep a small farm, as I like to call it; it’s really a small area of land where I grow potatoes and tomatoes or a few other vegetables. It’s true that I get lonely around here, there’s no one I can

STELLA YEOM YEAR 10 JEOJI

she’s in a good mood or when she’s hyper. Just then, Rose stopped. She raised her ears- signaling me to be silent and careful. She then tiptoed a few steps towards a tall tree that was about twenty feet taller than me and paused. I followed her, and saw that there was a vast clearing right in front of me.

In the middle of the vast clearing was the body of a boy. At first I couldn’t believe my eyes and looked again but indeed there was a boy of my age! And so I shook him up, but he wouldn’t wake up. He didn’t look dead; it looked like he was asleep. I dragged his body with the help of Rose up to my house, and put him on the floor. It seemed like he was breathing; so I went to bed, totally exhausted.

The next day I woke up, I found Rose was licking my nose. Remembering yesterday, I quickly went out to the kitchen and the boy was cooking! I was flabbergasted; this boy was someone who couldn’t even open his eyes yesterday. Seeing my expression as if amused, he said “Well, we are now partners aren’t we?”

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really talk to. Rose is not a human being, and not a person that I can talk to about how my day was; neither can I have casual conversations with her. I really wish that another family would arrive, or a companion of some sort.

The day was quickly drawing to a close, and it was time for me to gather some wood to start a fire. I needed to heat up my house. And so I put Rose on the leash to enjoy the evening breeze with her. As soon as I stepped out I gasped. The night sky was dazzling; there were shimmers of silver shooting across the trees and the clouds hung over the sky. I felt like I could

spend all night here lying down to observe the sky changing. But then Rose started barking tensely, a bark that I’ve never heard from her before. I became anxious, and so I asked her what was wrong. Ignoring my words, she just kept barking towards the same direction; the woods. The thing is I’m really hesitant about venturing throughout the woods especially when it’s dark. I don’t really go there often even to get wood; usually there’s always piles of timber around here because it’s so windy. I pointed to the pieces of kindling across the lake so that Rose could see, and said that we were here for collecting those, not for an adventure. Nonetheless, she continued barking and wagged her tail vigorously urging me to go. Sighing, I followed her lead into the woods. The trees were starting to get thicker and the trail was getting more intricate. My body was also getting stiff and tense; to be honest I was afraid that some creature would appear suddenly and attack. Rose was not frightened at all. On the other hand, rather, she seemed excited. She was constantly rolling her tongue out of her mouth, something she does when

WHERE’S MY HOME? 70

STAR MOON YEAR 10 NORO Who am I? I am a bear living in the arctic.

I am a carnivore and the seal is my main diet.

I have a gigantic body usually covered in white fur. (_____ ____) Hello! As you probably guessed, I am a Polar bear!

To introduce myself, my name is Frosty!

My old friend, Sia, is coming over and if you want to listen to what we are talking about, of course, you can. I actually want you to listen to our conversation because it will be quite intriguing.

Well…, my story may be depressing, but still, it will give you an idea of the conditions I’m living in. Oh, here comes Sia! Sia: Hey, you chubby, pudgy, plump polar bear!

Frosty: Long time no see my lovely friend! How have you been? Was it a long trip to come visit me?

Sia: I have been doing well. I won a prize in a science quiz contest! And yes, it was a long, long trip.

Frosty: Oh well done, Sia! Also... I’m so sorry for making you take this horrible trip. I’m so sorry.

Sia: No, I was just joking. No worries. So

how are you doing?

Frosty: I... am fine.

Sia: You sure?

Frosty: Umm… Yes… Sia: You know it is so disappointing.

You’re lying to me. You don’t really think of me as a close friend anymore.

Frosty: NO!!... I... just...

Sia: Just tell me; how come you look so depressed?

Frosty: Okay. First of all, I... am losing my home.

Sia: What do you mean, losing your home?

Frosty: As I said, I am losing my habitat. You know, I live in the arctic, which means I live in cold areas.

Sia: Yeah? And? Frosty: So wherever I am, the temperature must be low, or I won’t be able to survive.

Sia: Right, but I thought the arctic was pretty cool compared to other areas. Actually, more than just cool. Isn’t it freezing cold?

Frosty: Yes, it is colder than other areas, but you know, this is the arctic. It must be much colder than other areas.

Sia: Oh yeah, that’s right. So is the arctic temperature rising?

Frosty: Yes…

Sia: What? Then the glaciers would melt, wouldn’t they?

Frosty: That’s exactly WHAT I WANT TO SAY!!!

Sia: So you ARE literally losing your habitat. Isn’t this an urgent situation?

Frosty: IT IS. It is very urgent. You know my friend Harry- he lost his wife.

Sia: Huh? He lost his wife? What are you talking about?

Frosty: As I already said, the glaciers are melting which means that the ice that we are living on is all melting.

Sia: Is it that severe to kill one precious life…?

Frosty: Are you kidding me? Of course it is. Since the glaciers are melting even as we speak, we must wander around until we find a safe place to stay for a while.

Sia: Oh… Frosty: So apparently, Harry and his family had to keep moving from one place to another since late spring. However, as ice does not reform until later in the fall, us bears have no choice but to look for any remaining ice.

Sia: That’s appalling. You bears must be suffering a lot! Is there something we can do?

Frosty: Well… I guess that’s the problem humans have to solve.

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TOM LEE YEAR 11 JEOJI

Last THE

AND FINAL STEP

darkness flooded over him.

When Steven woke up, he saw the shadow of a person approaching him.

He tried to get up to see who it is but soon realized that he was stuck to the ground, like glue. His stomach didn’t hurt as it was a few seconds ago. The person who approached him was in fact, a general of the opponent’s side. Steven gasped and tried to move furiously, but his body wouldn’t listen to him, staying still, like a dead log. However, the general continued to walk towards him as if he didn’t realize that Steven was actually lying in front of him. Surprisingly, the heavy feet of the general moved right through Steven’s body, like moving through the thin mist. Devastated and surprised, Steven blacked out again.

When he woke up, Steven was still lying on the ground but felt himself being impressively light, like a feather. He tried to stand up again, relieved that his body moved as he wanted to. However, he felt a tug at his back. Steven turned back and saw his own body with a hole in the middle of the stomach. He felt that he himself was duplicated. He was still holding a rifle and wearing a dirty army uniform. Suddenly, a cold voice pierced through the mid-air, “Congratulations, Steven. You died on September 26th, 1915, as written here. You have two choices. One is to follow me to the world of the afterlife and the other is to refuse to die and return to the moment one minute before

your death. Usually, people choose the first one.”

Steven quickly swung around, nearly piercing a man beside him with a blade on his rifle. A man with the word Charles written on his name tag was wearing a clean white suit with a silk white hat. Charles was waving a thin piece of paper with Steven’s name and the current date, which seemed to be the date of his death. Charles asked Steven to take his hand if he wished to go to the world of the afterlife. Steven paused for a minute. It was clear that he would immediately go to the afterlife with Charles if he was asked the same question when he signed up for the army.

Impatiently, Charles took a look at his watch and checked the time passed.

“You know, when 1 hour passes after you die, you are FORCED to follow me to the afterlife. You have 10 minutes remaining. Choose your time wisely.”

Steven hesitated for 8 minutes.

Charles started to tap his fingers furiously on both of his legs. When there were only 10 seconds remaining, Charles finally became furious enough and started to finally push Steven’s back to the entrance of the hell. Steven started to panic. He still had his parents and his friends behind when he chooses to go to hell.

Finally, Steven said to Charles that he has made his decision.

“I will….”

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Thousands of bullets fired from a machine gun soared through the night sky, taking the majority of the soldiers’ lives, pushing them to the cold ground covered with dirty mud. Steven ran as fast as he could towards the opponent’s trench. Although he heard that there was a machine gun, capable of firing more than 10 bullets per second, he thought that it was better to die by the enemy’s bullet rather than getting executed, humiliated by his own friends, by refusing to participate in the battle and charge towards no man’s land. All Steven received was a small bag full of leftover food cans and spare bullets and a long rifle which took him more than a minute to load. As he got closer and closer to the opponent’s trench, Steven thought that he would survive this battle. For the first time, he wouldn’t become embarrassed in front of the crowds and he could become admired as a hero of his own country. Just a few more steps ...

Suddenly a bullet, which was shot furiously from the machine gun, flew towards him. However, Steven wasn’t able to see it coming. He felt a red hot iron rod piercing through his stomach, before falling to the ground like a sack of potatoes. As his face contacted with the mud puddle, Steven thought he was made to be humiliated and was a burden towards his family and friends. He desperately wanted to end this life and start as a new person. Then, massive

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UNCOMFORTABLE STORIES

Long ago, a king and queen had a baby son named George. He was a bright young boy with gleaming turquoise eyes and golden hair. What his devoted parents didn’t know was that George’s voice contained magical powers. When he sang the song of the forest, the fallen poplars started to grow again and flowers bloomed on the edge of the branches. A selfish old woman named Mother Gothel knew of the magic in George’s voice and wanted his magical power to make her wealthy. So she kidnapped the small boy and raised him in a cabin, deep in the woods, never telling him that he was a prince. As George grew older, he loved silently gazing out the window alone. He longed to leave the wood and meet other people, but Mother Gothel never allowed him to.

Meanwhile, there was a young

girl named Camila who loved hunting.

From hare to leopard, she smoothly made confident shot to the quarry. One day, Camila was chasing a boar and was not aware of how deep she was in the woods. She lost track of the boar and realized that she was all alone in the forest. Night was slowly approaching.

Suddenly, she saw the perfect place to stay—a shabby cabin! The orange light through the small window was barely visible. When Camila slowly stepped into the house, George knocked her out with a wooden basket. There was a loud ‘DDDUUUNG!’ sound and Camila’s body sprawled on the floor. ‘What should I do with this girl? She might hurt me! By the way, how did she find here? I must tell Mother Gothel’, thought George. He dragged Camila and tied him to a chair. Few minutes later,

Camila awoke and found herself unable to move. She raised her head up and encountered complete stranger, a blooming young boy full of terror. George was wearing a long, worn out dress, with long unbrushed hair. He was holding broomstick like a bat, aggressively threatening Camila. Camila stared at his face, noticing his deep blue eyes which seemed so familiar. They were sparkling, like a refined sapphire, and she could not resist looking at them.

There was also a severe scar on his neck, right under his left ear. It looked like a scratch, must have gotten when he was young. George asked Camila where she was from, and she answered, “from the Reltera, the city. I was following a boar and now here I am.” The next moment, George dropped the stock pot and kneeled in front of Camila. “You’re

from the town? So you must have been there!”, he exclaimed. George was pointing to a poster of a town market that he found in the forest. George said, “Tomorrow is my eighteenth birthday.

If you promise me to take me to see the market, I’ll help you find the way out.”

After Camila agreed to help, the two secretly left the house. When his feet touched the grass, George nearly burst with excitement, exclaiming, “Woohoo!” ‘How would be the people like?

They must be friendly, saying hello to one another!’ Everything was new to him, the first encounter, the unexpected smell, and unknown sounds. The one young couple wandered around the forest and started to talk with each other.

Camila said, “I am living with my dad, my mom has passed away few years ago.”

“I’m sorry to hear that.”, said George. At

the same time, he thought, ‘Who is my father?’ “You don’t have to feel sorry for me. I am happy enough with my life. I hunt every day and do whatever I want to do. I play with my friends and dance with strangers!” At last, they reached the very end of the woods. The poplars were out of the sight, and George saw a breathtaking world-- a beautiful kingdom with a bright, crowded market was in front of the castle.

Then, a hand grasped George’s shoulder. It was Mother Gothel! “Mom, I wasn’t trying to…!” George tried to make an excuse, but Mother Gothel said, “Turn around and head straight back to your house.” Without George, Camila walked into her hometown. In the town, Camila was suddenly drawn to a mural of the royal family with their baby, who was known as the lost prince.

TOM LEE YEAR 11 JEOJI

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“”

IDEALLY, WE WANT TO LIVE IN A WORLD WHERE WE PERFORM THE WORK THAT IS BEST SUITED TO OUR ABILITIES AND WHERE AN INDIVIDUAL IN A POSITION OF AUTHORITY RECEIVES THE SAME RESPECT, REGARDLESS OF GENDER.

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The child had short blond hair and blue eyes. He had a big wound on his neck which he was born with. Camila took a step closer to the wall. This small boy reminded Camila someone,...George!

More than 10 years have passed, but his deep eyes were identical, and the pure smile on the child’s face still remained in the 15 years old boy. George was the lost prince and Mother Gothel was a witch that kidnapped him.

Later when George arrived back to the cabin, Mother Gothel told George that Camila was trying to deceive him and every person in the city is evil. But he knew Mother Gothel was lying. The story that Camila told George, people dancing in the square, singing all together, was not something evil. The one who was trying to deceive George was Mother Gothel! Someone burst opened the door and it was Camila who arrived

to rescue George. She started to talk.

“Listen George. I know that you will not believe what I say, but I think, no I am sure, that you are the lost prince of our country..!”‘DDDUUUNG!’ Mother Gothel struck Camila’s head with a frying pan, hurting her badly. “How dare you come into my house?”, Mother Gothel shouted. Camila was unacceptable in George’s life. “If you, George, swear to stay with me forever, I’d let you heal that pathetic young girl”, said Mother Gothel. George was stunned. His eyes were now overflowing with bitter blind tears, full of hatred and betrayal. George started to sing, the song of affection and hatred. His lost childhood was lost because of the wicked woman, and now she’s trying to take away his entire life.

The next moment, something magical happened. The strong black curls of Mother Gothel’s hair slowly turned

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dry and thin. Wrinkles appeared on her blushing face and her scarlet lips was now the colour of ash, it seemed like her life was slipped away. “No,....No, no, this isn’t me. George, STOP! Stop singing that rubbish with your dirty mouth!”, Mother Gothel screeched. Her howling echoed in the small cabin, and then, she was gone. There was no sign of her anymore. Sudden silence filled the room.

George wailed with pale Camila lying between his arms. He did not know what to do, where to go, and who to be with. “My life had just started, but now you’re gone, so soon don’t you think?”, George whispered into Camila’s ear. He tugged his head down, hopelessly. Then, George heard a voice. “Yes, I do agree with you very much.” Camila’s pale skin turned pink and she softly opened her glistening eyes. Camila slowly started to

recover. Blood was once again flowing in her body. She held George’s hands and spoke, “I’ll be your knight, prince.”

Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty, and Snow White. All of these three beautiful women in fairy tales are rescued by the brave prince. The moment when the princess cries for help, the knight in shining armour suddenly appears and the curtain falls, “they lived happily ever after.” Female characters are usually described as feeble and frail individuals. They require help from men, unable to handle the situation themselves. Did you feel uneasy or awkward while reading the short tale above? The tale has a strong female character and a comparatively weak male figure, very unusual.

The generations who grew up reading these books enter school. Girls are required to tie their hair back on formal

occasions, and boys should only wear pants, not skirts, while girls have both choices. The same situation repeats inside the society. A woman manager is less likely to be taken seriously by the people who work for her. When men direct others, they’re often assumed to be assertive and competent. But when women direct others, they’re often disliked and labelled abrasive or bossy.

Ideally, we want to live in a world where we perform the work that is best suited to our abilities and where an individual in a position of authority receives the same respect, regardless of gender. If we all can support both men and women with gender-atypical characteristics, perhaps we will become less likely to devalue people on the basis of arbitrary and old-fashioned gender stereotypes.

MR BROWN 78

ANGEL LI YEAR 8 GEOMUN

JUNIOR DAYS A draft full of painting, a strawberry flavored ice cream, and Mr. Brown. That was all I had in my kindergarten. Oh, I forgot to tell that Mr. Brown was my best friend who was a lovely bear.

“Ellie, what are you thinking about?”, Mr. Brown inquired suddenly hitting my shoulder.

He was not waiting for an answer, so I just walked forward by grabbing hands with him.

“Today I have something to tell you…” At the middle of my words, I saw Shrell and her girls.

“Hello Alien, um, I mean, Ellie.”

Shrell smiled in a fake way, the girls laughed. My face turned to red, the tears welled up and filled my eyes. I don’t like Shrell. She started being disrespectful to me when she knew Mr. Brown and always call me “Alien” instead of “Ellie”.

Mr. Brown stared at the girls and led me walking faster through them.

When the girls’ sounds became smaller, he said, “Those girls are so mean to you, Ellie. I don’t like the way they’re talking to you.” I bowed my head because I can’t change that.

It was the first time we walked home together silently. Mr. Brown was in silence because he was contemplative; I was quiet because I didn’t want to talk.

When Mr. Brown stopped, I was almost hitting him in the rear. Just for a second, I raised my head up and hugged his back. I didn’t see his face, but I know we were both smiling.

SENIOR TIME A pile of exam paper, a dirty football,

and Mr. Brown. Those were my favorites in my 17th age. When I woke up in sunshine, I saw Mr. Brown’s big smile.

“Ellie, I love your smile. It’s so sweet!” Mr. Brown said when he saw me opening my eyes. I answered him with a wink. See, we always got the same ideas.

“Are you ok for coming to school without me?” he said with a little hesitation.

“Of course, I can. Today Clare is taking me to the school. After school, I will go home with Matt, and…”

“All right, you don’t need to explain it for me, um, I’m ok with that.” Mr. Brown interrupted me with his loud voice and sad face. I pretended that I didn’t see it and started a new topic of conversation.

The truth I knew was I was getting further and further from Mr. Brown day after day. I still stood to his rear, but I wasn’t confident enough to hug his back like before. I didn’t see his face, but I knew that we both changed from time to time.

MIDLIFE Three children, busy work, and Mr. Brown. Those were the main things I had when I was married.

The only bad thing was that my Mom had a cancer. She cannot moved anymore, I felt that was a great pity.

One day, she told me that she had a secret which was about me. I asked whether Mr. Brown knew. However, I can’t find him because he disappeared.

“Mr. Brown? Where are you?!” when I was standing up, Mother pushed me down.

“Ellie, there’s something I need to say. What I never told you is that you had hallucinations when you were four years old. I mean, all the things about Mr. Brown are delusional. The doctor told me that will always be with you, so I thought ‘Mr. Brown’ would always be with you……” Mother said and lowered her head.

“So... is that a lie? No, Mr. Brown had been with me for many years, he must be real!” Suddenly I felt so distressed, I can’t without him! I ran outside trying to find him. However, that was useless.

He’s gone, and never coming back.

I missed him, his smile, his hug, and his back. I felt like Mr. Brown once always stood behind me and protected me. He showed his back to me, and I realized that I always rely on him. However, I cannot hold his back anymore. Everything was fake. I can’t hug his back, and I never did it in reality. I fell down on the ground.

SENECTITUDE The grandsons, a heap of memories, a disappeared Mr. Brown. They are the things I carried and care of now.

Mr. Brown was still not returned yet. He can always make up something fun for me, like roses and toys, so he gave me a happy childhood. He had been with me every time I was upset that he was the one I trusted most. Because of that, I know the friendship, the happiness, and the words of comfort were all real.

For the last time I conceive of hugging him, I go to bed and close my eyes with a large smile.

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MEDIA AND ARTS

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Humans are social animals; as human beings we depend on other human beings as a means of well being and survival. Being able to convey emotions and ideas with clarity is a skill increasingly sought after in the 21st century and communication is key in modern relationships. Writers in this section will be introducing various methods of communication in the form of various arts and media.

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FRANK GHERY: THE ARCHITECT WHO TRANSFORMED BILBAO

GABRIELLA KIM YEAR 13 HALLA NORTH Frank Gehry is known for his iconic buildings, reflecting his passion for experimentation and being abstract in style. He was born in Canada in 1929 and graduated from the University of Southern California in 1954, from where he went on to the Harvard Graduate School of Design to study urban planning. After moving to Paris in 1961, Gehry encountered Le Corbusier, Balthasar Neumann, and various French architects – this motivated him to return to Los Angeles in 1962 and set up his own firm. He is famous for designing buildings such as the

Walt Disney Concert Hall, the Dancing House, the EMP Museum, and the Guggenheim Bilbao.

Gehry’s works are often referred to as “unfinished” and even crude; however, that quality is what makes him unique as an architect. Paul Goldberger, a writer for The New York Times, once claimed that the “juxtaposition of simple, … geometric forms” makes his work “vastly more intelligent and controlled.” Despite the initial impression of Gehry’s buildings, the comment from Goldberger reveals how Gehry has been acknowledged

globally for his designs, especially when he won the Pritzker prize in 1989.

The Guggenheim Bilbao was intended to achieve the purpose of urban renewal, a target set by the Basque regional government. The area was situated next to an ageing port and an old, unused and unloved industrial centre, reflecting the economic decline the city had experienced in the 1980s.

Gehry was asked to make the building look daring and original; as a result, he intentionally made the curves of the exterior of the museum seem random and chaotic. The function of

the curves is to “catch the light” and, consequently, sunlight fills the interior of the building. The bright atrium shows the views of Bilbao’s Nervion river and the scenery. The materials used – titanium, limestone, and glass – also contribute to trapping light into the building. Furthermore, there are dents in the titanium tiles, which make the surface of the museum seem to ripple with the changing direction of sunlight.

The metallic exterior form of the museum resembles the shape of a flower when seen from above, and Gehry himself nicknamed it The Flower; however, when observed from the ground the building looks more like a giant boat. This creates meaning in that Gehry attempted to inject into the building a reflection of the old industrial life of Bilbao port.

Meanwhile, the interior of the museum reflects the signature traits of Gehry’s designs. The atrium is characterised by its curved volumes and large glass walls that appear

to purposefully break the barrier between the outside and the inside.

The three floors within the museum are interlinked by a series of curved walkways, titanium and glass elevators, and staircases. By dividing the rooms into different shapes, volumes, and perspectives, Gehry tried not only to make his building innovative but also make the audience build an intimate relationship with the museum itself.

According to Frank Gehry, the Guggenheim Bilbao helped him develop a language that originated from Postmodernism. When thinking about the decorations of the building, Gehry came to the conclusion that a fish would be suitable – the existence of fish dates back to even before the birth of man, and it implies a sense of motion despite the fact that it might not actually move. Such features of a fish provided an architectural concept for Gehry’s design for the centrepiece of a fashion show in 1985. Developing on from that wooden fish, Gehry got rid of the

tail and unnecessary details to employ bolder and more impactful curves to his structures. Although he did encounter problems with the practicality of the designs (whether or not they could be constructed), he was eventually able to satisfy his strong desire for creativity, especially when designing the Guggenheim Bilbao.

After its opening to the public in 1997, the Guggenheim Bilbao proved itself extremely successful; Gehry had achieved the main purpose of revitalising the local area. Herbert Muschamp, an architecture critic for The New York Times, even referred to the structure as a “miracle.” The terminology “Bilbao Effect” was also coined after Gehry’s design – the phenomenon described how cultural investment with architecture that values showmanship and appearance would result in an overall economic uplift.

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HOW

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CONTEMPORARY DANCE MINSEO CHOI YEAR 11 NORO

technical and expressive. Jazz, ballet and gymnastics would especially help if you want to improve your skills and be better. However, you have to still keep in mind that contemporary dancing is not just acrobatic or physical skills. It is also about having creative and unique ideas, ethic values, social and political experience and being able to create a choreography.

The first stop is either a dance academy or just a CCA that is based on contemporary dancing at school. One of the most important skills you need for contemporary dancing is being flexible.

In order to be flexible, you should start stretching for a few minutes every day and this will definitely give a change to your body. You can easily train for flexibility just by doing a few stretches at home. Such as deep lunges, splits, leg lifts, and many more.

However, you need way more abilities than just flexibility, such as control, posture, confidence, balance, stamina, alignment, strength, etc. Even if you don’t have these abilities yet it is worth trying because it could change your mind.

It is really worth trying learning contemporary dance because being able to express your emotions throughout movements is a marvelous thing you can do.

IT IS A LONG JOURNEY TO BECOME GOOD AT CONTEMPORARY DANCING.

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Dance is a way of expressing a story, a set of moods, and emotion.

As you may know, in NLCS Jeju most of the performances are in a style of Contemporary Dance. The main reason for this is that the Dance IGCSE course is mainly based on it.

Contemporary dance is a mix of various styles of dance. It combines the technical elements of ballet and jazz with some expressions of modern dance. Some famous dancers include Martha Graham, Merce Cunningham, and Doris Humphrey.

There are many benefits and beauty of contemporary dancing. When dancing you can tell that the dancers are speaking through their movements.

They are bringing their story to life, through expression, intimacy and being emotionally connected one other and soon the movement will speak for itself. What I like the most about contemporary dancing is that it is all about being free. There are no certain rules or steps you have to correctly follow, unlike ballet.

It is a long journey to become good at contemporary dancing. It takes approximately a year to many years of training in order to master the moves of contemporary. It is certainly not an easy thing because you have to learn many skills such as physical, mental,

PHOTOGRAPHY

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What is photography?

Photography is art. Most people think that photography is just an art. However, it’s not just an art.

Photography is a powerful language that grabs the attention and emotions.

It’s an unusual thing to talk about, but it’s the way the professional thinks because normally people don’t think in this way. This particular topic allows us to capture the world which shapes our planet, Earth. Most people won’t notice the real importance or the purpose of Photography. There are lots of meanings to photography.

First of all, capturing life moments means when you can take or capture the scenery or the background around you in the photo. It makes us remember all things. Like as if it is a narrative to every

one of us. For example, if you look at one of your photos, you could bring up your life memories which were being kept inside and nowhere to be seen.

They bring us some happiness, sadness, and fun. This gives us good feelings and all the best memories you had but were never noticed by anyone, not even you.

Also, if you look at it carefully, it’s like a story because it makes us remember who we are and what we are supposed to be like.

Secondly, photography could be the form of communication between a person and others. It’s like when you are just having a talk with your friends.

Every day, you talk or communicate with people. That’s what photography is. It might be a bit unusual, it is when you think photography in a different

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way not just that it is a photo. It’s a conversation between you and the photography and that tells you your own story.

Photography actually tells us about all the emotions and feelings but just without words. Some professionals say ‘a picture is worth a thousand words’. Do you know what it means? It shows that one picture features a lot of meaning.

For example, imagine a picture of a cat making noises to a bird. Most people will think that the cat is trying to catch the bird. However, that’s not the only answer here. There could be someone who thinks that the cat is scared of the bird and trying to make it leave. Or maybe others will think differently. So the cat might be happy but also sad. This is a key for learning how to show your

feelings and thoughts. Photography doesn’t have any right or wrong answers.

Fourth, you know most people don’t have any time to enjoy their lives and stop for a moment and have a breathe because they are busy working or looking at their electronics. However, photography brings you the memories you had in your life. If you look at your photos you could remember that day and could think of it again. And that memory was deep in your head and photography could help you to pull that memory out again. It might be extraordinary event that may never be repeated. This is why we should take care or treat photography as a valuable thing.

It also helps the economy because all advertisements are from photography.

And it creates interest for the viewers. It is what you see everyday in the streets, on phones, etc. If there is no photo then there will be no picture of life. It makes a large impact on human life, almost everything features photos.

Lastly, photography makes people decide the right things to act out. Usually people use pictures for everything. For example, a group trying to show that something is wrong and we should change, like there is a poster that shows you what the problem is and it is trying to prevent it from happening.

For example, a poster explaining the consequences of drinking and driving.

By looking at that, people’s thoughts start to change which eventually gets

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everyone to think differently. Like when you see an advertisement and think the same as the person or the idea says.

Let’s also get into the negative effects of photography. Firstly, the photos don’t often tell the truth, just like people usually don’t tell the truth. So it only includes the pictures which are faked. They usually use photographic pictures to make people want to believe, in order to get more money. If photography is not used in proper way, even if it itself is a wonderful subject, it becomes a useless one.

Photography can pick out some specific things in one place, but it can’t convey the theme of the picture and also doesn’t capture the entire part.

The lense can’t frame all the scenes in it, which is the problem. Some parts

are left out of the lense and can’t be shown. And if this happens, it makes the viewers think in small thoughts because they can’t look at the big spaces that are hidden. Its image leaves out important details. This is a huge impact because photography is for people to look at its beauty and enjoy all the small things that have hidden parts included.

So it means that even though it features important scenes, it doesn’t show the very small details in the picture.

Photography reproduces the bright parts of the photography as the dark as light parts. It shows that photography can make the mistake of understanding real images. Like when you misunderstand the real meaning because you are only into the specific part. You can only focus in one area

and not on the outside. Just knowing what’s beside you is not the best thing you can get. The ones that are near you but hidden in the darkness possess the real value. You won’t notice anything important if you just stand on the outside. That’s why photography blocks out the importance of things.

Thirdly, photography might capture someone else’s personal moments without them noticing and spread the image around. It goes into someone else’s business. And they will feel a bit uncomfortable. The person involving might be embarrassed or even feeling stressed about it. Photography might not give pleasure to people but just brings them stress or anger. Mostly, people say photography is used for people to feel calm or entertain them.

SERIOUS RACIAL ISSUES: TOOLS FOR MARKETING? But, is it?

Finally,it doesn’t show the real values of looking at the real scenery or nature. You won’t see the real meaning if you are just looking at the photo. To leave the memory of goods in your head, the best way is to look at the real scenery of anything and get it stuck in your head. Without that, you won’t be able to remember the great scene in your head. Just looking at the picture will not be the best memory. You must enjoy the outside world. Saying that there is photography of a mountain so that you are not going to the mountain really is a unusual thing. Most people

will agree that to visit the great place is more valuable than sitting in your house looking at the photograph.

Even though, photography is a really small subject, still it is an interesting, important thing to do in later life. You can think about this when you become older or as you start thinking about your jobs. Photos represent all the things we can show to others like feelings, maybe like joy, happiness, embarrassment. It shows you every single small problem.

And that make us change our minds or think differently.

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JENNA YU YEAR 12 HALLA EAST

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MOVIES OF 2018 CRAZY RICH ASIANS “Crazy Rich Asians” is a 2018 romantic comedy-drama film directed by Jon M. Chu, from a screenplay by Peter Chiarelli and Adele Lim and based on the book of the same name by Kevin Kwan. Released on August 15th, the film’s main cast stars Constance Wu, Henry Golding, Michelle Yeoh, Gemma Chan, Lisa Lu, Awkwafina, and Ken Jeong.

The story follows an American economics professor, Rachel Chu (played by Constance Wu) who travels to Singapore with her boyfriend Nick Young (played by Henry Golding) to attend a wedding of his friend. There, she meets her boyfriend’s family, who are one of the richest families in the

country and she struggles to be accepted by the Youngs.

After its release it was a major box office hit, grossing $169.6 million in North America and $57 million in other countries. Compared to its production budget of $30 million, the film made a total profit of $196.6 million as of October 8, 2018.

Being a Hollywood movie with an all-Asian cast and an Asian American lead for the first time in 25 years, it was already fairly popular and well supported even before it was released.

Critics have stated the significance of “Crazy Rich Asians” as one that represents increased influence and recognition of Asians in the Western movie community.

THE HATE U GIVE “The Hate U Give” is a 2018 American drama film directed by George Tillman Jr. from a screenplay by Audrey Wells and was released on October 5th, 2018.

It is based on Angie Thomas’ 2017 novel of the same name which was inspired by the 2009 police shooting of Oscar Grant. The film stars Amandla Stenberg, Regina Hall, Russell Hornsby, KJ Apa, Algee Smith, Lamar Johnson, Issa Rae, Sabrina Carpenter, Common, and Anthony Mackie.

Starr Carter (played by Amandla Stenberg) is a black teenage girl who lives in the impoverished, black neighborhood of Garden Heights and goes to a predominantly white prep school called Williamson Prep. These two different social spheres force Starr to take on two different personas according to where she is. The story opens with a childhood friend of Starr’s being unjustly shot and killed by a cop with Starr as the only witness.

Afterwards, it follows Starr’s journey through grief, justice, and activism.

The film holds an approval rating of 96% based on 170 reviews and an average rating of 8.2/10 on the Rotten Tomatoes. People generally praised Amandla Stenberg’s performance in the film, saying that her performance emphatically moved many audience members. It showed that the YA genre is not just all fantasy and romance but

it can also portray the growth of an individual and social issues.

BOHEMIAN RHAPSODY Bohemian Rhapsody is a 2018 biographical film directed by Bryan Singer about the British rock band Queen and Queen’s main vocal Freddie Mercury. The movie shows Mercury’s life until Queen’s Live Aid performance in 1985. The movie was produced by Graham King and former Queen manager Jim Beach from a script by Anthony McCarten with Queen members Brian May and Roger Taylor also helping with the creative and musical sides of the movie. The movie stars Rami Malek, Lucy Boynton, Gwilym Lee, Ben Hardy, Joe Mazzello, Aidan Gillen, Allen Leech, Tom Hollander, and Mike Myers.

Bohemian Rhapsody was released in the United Kingdom on 24 October 2018 and in the United States on 2 November 2018, and has grossed over $388 million worldwide on a production budget of about $50 million. It is the highestgrossing musical biographical film of all time. The film received mixed reviews from critics; its portrayals of Mercury’s life and sexuality and of the other band members were criticised, but Malek’s performance and the music sequences received praise. Several historical inaccuracies were also highlighted.

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SIERRA BURGESS IS A LOSER “Sierra Burgess is a Loser” is a 2018 teen-comedy drama film directed by Ian Samuels from a screenplay by Lindsey Beer. It was released on September 7th, 2018 exclusively on Netflix and stars Shannon Purser, Kristine Froseth, RJ Cyler, and Noah Centineo, Chrissy Metz and Lea Thompson. The movie is a modern retelling of the 1897 play “Cyrano de Bergerac” by Edmond Rostand.

The movie centers on Sierra Burgess (played by Shannon Purser), an unpopular girl who falls in love with and unintentionally catfishes Jamey (played

by Noah Centineo) due to the trick of the school’s “mean girl”, Veronica (played by Kristine Froseth). In order to win him over, Sierra partners up with Veronica.

The movie received mixed reviews of an approval rating of 66% based on 35 reviews and and average rating of 5.9/10 from Rotten Tomatoes. Critics generally said that Shannon Purser’s acting in this movie was strong enough to save the rather rough storyline.

They also commented on the message of positive body image and how the online text interaction shown in this movie was interesting. However, the film was criticized for romanticizing certain actions in the film: catfishing, a non-consensual kiss, cyberbullying, ignoring friends, hacking, pretending to be deaf, and etc.

BOOK REVIEW: THE GIVER

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YAE JOON LEE YEAR 8 SARAH

The book, The Giver, is a one of the bestselling books. The publication date of this book is 1993 and the book is written by Lois Lowry. The genre of this book is young Adult Fiction, Dystopian Novel, Science fiction. I read this book during the half term break and it is a very interesting and an enjoyable book.

The book is not too long to read and the ATOS level of this book is 5.7 so there

will be no problem for understanding and reading which makes it easy to concentrate on and read to a conclusion.

There is also a movie version of this book, I recommend you to watch it after reading the book.

The story of book is very interesting and creative. This book makes you think alot about how beautiful our life is. The main character’s name in this book is Jonas. There is a community that Jonas and his family live in. This community is very different from our society In this society there are very few chances to make your own decisions. You don’t have freedom of choice. It is very horrifying, because in this community you can’t choose your job. There is a level like grades in school. It’s from one to twelve. They observe you when you are born and once you become twelve you get a job that society thinks is suitable for you. Also, you can’t choose a person to marry. There is no concept of love.

The community chooses your partner to marry. The child you get is adopted and there is no concept of family. And one day when Jonas, the main character, obtained a job called the receiver of the memory. This is the rarest and the most important job. In this society there is something called release. When you choose to get released you get killed.

But people in society thinks that release means going to heaven. Ten years previously there was a receiver named Rosemary. She chose to release so the community was in chaos. The reason why the community was in a chaos

is because when she was released the whole community was unable to get the memory from Rosemary. When Jonas goes to his first training session he was extremely shocked. Because what he experienced was a whole different thing from what he had seen in the first lesson his perspective changed. After having lots of lessons he started to have a different viewpoint. He figured out that the world is full of color; it was beautiful….

Telling more would be a spoiler, If you are interested in continuing the story I recommend you to read the book. I also recommend you to watch the movie.

I would like to explain what is an AR reading level. AR stands for accelerated reading. Once you take a test from AR you can know your zpd level. This point matches you and the book that fits with you. Every book has a zpd level. If the level of the book fits with you you can read it and after reading the book you can search the title of the book and take a quiz about the book that you have readed. There are three types of test: literacy quiz, vocabulary quiz and reading quiz. After taking the test you get the result that shows the vocabulary you have missed and tells the score and let you know if you need to retake the test. It is a very good system to find a book and check yourself if you have understood the book or not. The book The Giver makes you think about lots of emotions such as happiness, love and pain. I really recommend you read it.

IMPACT OF MARKETING ON SOCIAL MEDIA CHLOE SHIN YEAR 11 JEOJI

calling the company directly. Also, if the company is in a foreign country, it may be difficult for customers to contact them. The use of social media narrows the gap between customers and firms. If customers use social media to contact the company, this will affect the social media itself in a positive way.

Social media can benefit because if the number of users increases, the more the companies can get paid.

Moreover, social media makes it easier for companies to get to know their potential customers. For instance, people express their opinions on a post by pressing likes or commenting on it. By collecting data on likes and comments from different posts, companies can predict which products the audience are in favour of. They also know more about the trend with the data collected. In addition, as there are other companies which also post their products on social media, they can look at each other’s posts and collect the data from it too. From the data, companies can identify the products that are unpopular so that they will not use similar kinds of ideas.

Therefore, marketing has a huge impact on social media as companies can establish brand awareness, provide better customer service, and get to know the audience more easily. Whether it is simply for the sake of increasing brand awareness or a better customer service, the use of social media of companies it would have a substantial impact on the firm.

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Have you ever bought any products from social media? If the answer is yes, then you are one of the evidence of the impact of marketing on social media. These days, social media is widely used for various purposes. For instance, people use social media to communicate with their friends or to advertise their products. As there are many people using social media, the impact of it is not negligible.

There are several impacts of social media on marketing. One of the impacts is that companies can establish brand awareness. If companies make their own account on social media and upload posts, other users can see the posts and

get to know more about the companies.

By uploading posts, users get informed about new products. For example, Disney has social media accounts and does marketing on it. Disney is famous for its cartoon characters such as Mickey Mouse, as well as the films it produces, which means it is an extremely visual brand. Disney has Twitter, Instagram, Pinterest, Facebook, and youtube accounts. Disney joined Twitter in 2009 and their goal was to inspire and motivate followers by posting famous lines from its movies.

People usually remember one or two interesting quotes from watching any movies from Disney, which Disney uses to attract more followers which will lead to higher awareness of the brand.

For Instagram, they have a completely different content from what they put on Twitter; the photos that Disney uploads on Instagram inform people about events that have taken place are about to happen. All of the posts that they upload either on social media have their specific purposes with a varying tone and voice.

Another way social media impacts companies is that it can help in providing better service for customers.

As most of the social media have a messaging or commenting system, both customers and sellers can interact easily. Whenever customers have a questions, they can contact the company in which the company can answer through their account. This process is much quicker compared to customers

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HISTORY

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Learn about the obscure but fascinating events in history, and the peculiar people that made such events take place!

The articles in this section provide a better understanding and an insight to the world we live in, and in NLCS Jeju we learn how to research deeply into historical agenda to expand our perspectives.

DENYING THEcaust

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o ol H

This year, Mark Zuckerberg found himself at the centre of criticism after claiming that posts from Holocaust deniers should be allowed on Facebook.

Why do nations ban the denial of the Holocaust? Before we go into the details, we initially have to know about Holocaust denial. During World War II, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party committed mass genocide; although many consider the Nazi regime to have forced millions to live in pain, the existence of neo-Nazis has continued to this day. They advocate the revival

of Nazism in Europe and believe in the possibility of the reconstruction of the ‘ideal world’ composed of Aryans - the ‘superior’ race. Therefore, the presence of the neo-Nazis - those who deny the Holocaust and support anti-semitism - was enough to persuade the German government to pass the law against Holocaust denial.

Despite the good intentions, the policy was initially ineffective in sentencing Holocaust deniers mainly because the German judicial system was still full of officials who started

WARRICK KWON YEAR 8 NORO

themselves from such comments that insult all those who were killed and oppressed.

Furthermore, Holocaust denial contradicts past government actions.

From 1939 to 1945, various nations fought against the Nazis and the Axis of Power; millions of casualties were produced, and in the Battle of Stalingrad alone two million were injured and killed. After the war ended in 1945, the countries opened the Nuremberg trials to exert retribution on war criminals who contributed to the Nazi party during World War II. The purpose of these efforts was to punish Nazi supporters who had committed serious crimes. Even Italy, a member of the Axis Powers, banned the denial of Holocaust in 2016. Therefore, legalising the denial of the Holocaust would be a step backwards when so many countries have already invested so much in correcting past mistakes.

Finally, allowing the denial of the Holocaust can lead to more serious outcomes. Allowing it sends a message to the public that the government can tolerate offensive comments directed at a particular race or gender group. This then allows a whole new field of hate speech by people who claim that it is unfair to ban other forms of hate speech when the government is allowing Holocaust denial. As hate speech tends to limit an individual’s freedom of speech, societies cannot be healthy.

Afraid of the deconstructive criticism from people who do not agree with their arguments, individuals cannot express

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their careers during the Third Reich.

Accordingly, both the liberal and conservative administrations made attempts to pass more effective policies in the 1970s. The ratification of the law allowing the prosecution of Holocaust deniers in 1985 led to a wider impact: nations such as Austria, Belgium, and the Czech Republic also banned the denial of the Holocaust and prohibited the use of signs and symbols including the German Swastika.

Although the UK did not ban the denial of the Holocaust, its stance on this issue was clearly revealed during the trial of the British author David Irving in 1996 where he asserted that the American historian Deborah E. Lipstadt had disparaged him in her book ‘Denying the Holocaust.’ However, the court ruled that Irving’s claim regarding the English defamation law and Holocaust denial was invalid since Irving had deliberately distorted evidence. In other words, while Irving had asserted that Lipstadt’s claim was false, numerous evidence presented from Lipstadt and her lawyer had turned out to be true.

The disparity between the nations’ decisions can be explained by how Holocaust denial imposes a direct harm on the victims of the Holocaust. Denying the Holocaust not only ignores the pain of the people but also diminishes the right to mourn for the loss of families and friends. One’s freedom of speech can only be respected when it doesn’t harm others. The victims of the Holocaust should be able to protect

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HOLOCAUST DENIAL IMPOSES A DIRECT HARM ON THE VICTIMS OF THE HOLOCAUST.

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their thoughts out loud. Holocaust denial will result in a greater amount of hate speech and an antagonistic society where nobody will discuss their own identities. Accordingly, society is going to lack an understanding of each other since there will be no opportunities for them to debate about their diversity.

Holocaust denial has been illegal in many countries for over decades.

In some nations, it has played a highly successful role in eradicating radical anti-Semitic ideas. On the other hand, neo-Nazism is growing popular even when the countries ban the denial of the Holocaust. This caused people to question the effectiveness of this policy.

There are two cases. Romania first banned Holocaust denial in 2001 which was one of the fastest among newly liberated European nations. However, the Romanian government found out that these laws were not implemented at all. For example, even with laws against Holocaust denial, Romanian authorities failed to prosecute Gheorghe Funar, a former mayor of the city of Cluj in Romania, who said in a filmed speech that the claims that Jewish people made about the Holocaust are all fake and they do not exist at all. Therefore, the Romanian government strengthened the legislation in 2015. While Romania’s case of laws against Holocaust denial

AfD

was a problem that occurred due to flaws in the legislation, in Germany, there recently has been a rise of neo-Nazism and Holocaust denial even with strict laws regarding Holocaust denial and neo-Nazism. These actions were mainly led by the National Democratic Party of Germany also known as NPD. Founded in 1964, The National Democratic Party of Germany is a far-right and ultranationalist political party in Germany.

The party is a successor to the German Reich Party which originated from West Germany and the party selfidentifies themselves as Germany’s “only significant patriotic force”. Also, Alternative for Germany (AfD) is the largest opposition in the German parliament and is a far-right party.

From Germany’s case, we can see that even with strict laws against Holocaust denial, there is active Holocaust denial and anti-Semitism taking place in Germany. These people who practice and believe in harmful notions should be harshly punished and blocked from expressing these ideas. A government legislation that simply benefits a few toxic believers for society should be strictly prevented for the good of all.

Laws against Holocaust denial should be established on every nation. This is what we should do to stop neo-Nazism and anti-Semitism.

THE 189 DISPARAGEMENT OF THE MEMORY OF DECEASED PERSONS A legislation resolved in 1985 by the German Parliament which highly focuses on hate crime punishment and laws related to crimes that defame the dead.

According to the ‘189 Disparagement of the Memory of Deceased Persons’, “Whoever disparages the memory of a deceased person shall be punished with imprisonment for not more than two years or a fine. An insult shall be prosecuted only upon complaint.

Especially, if the person is disparaged under the National Socialist Party

or another rule by force and decree, this group is a part of the population and the insult is connected with this persecution. The objection may not be withdrawn.” This shows that Germany is intolerant towards speech to people that offend people who have passed away. Therefore, it is clear that in 1985 the German Parliament came up with a strict law banning hate speech towards a deceased person, especially targeting people who offend deceased Jews or a certain race or culture group because of their belief in the Nazi party.

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DEFINITIONS ANTI-SEMITISM Discrimination against Jews THIRD REICH Official Nazi designation for the regime in Germany from January 1933 to May 1945, as the presumed successor of the medieval and early modern Holy Roman Empire of 800 to 1806 (the First Reich) and the German Empire of 1871 to 1918 (the Second Reich).

NATIONAL SOCIALIST The official name of the Nazi party.

GERMAN SWASTICA The Flag of the Nazi Party (19201945). Used by numerous anti-semite and neo-Nazis across the world.

NEO-NAZISM Consists of post-World War II of militant social or political movements seeking to revive and implement the ideology of Nazism. Neo-Nazis seek to employ their ideology to promote hatred and attack minorities, or in some cases to create a fascist political state.

BOMBS

CYCLE 100

ANDREW CHEON YEAR 10 NORO

For years, people have been debating about whether the use of nuclear bombs in World War II is justified or not.

The first bomb, dropped on the city of Hiroshima, resulted in the death of around 135,000 people, which includes innocent citizens. The second, which hit Nagasaki, killed at least 50,000 people.

Personally, I believe the use of the atomic bomb was necessary and can be justified, for numerous reasons, to end the horrific war.

Firstly, dropping a nuclear bomb was a reasonable choice for the USA to take. Due to their loss of lives of more than 418,000 people, both military and civilian, a death toll of 135,000 Japanese was worth it to prevent further loss of thousands of American troops. This was a major judgement made by the US, considering all the effects that might occur. Ordering the deployment of atomic bombs was an inhumane act, but it was necessary to end the war and to avoid further sacrifices. They had in their hands a weapon that was capable of culminating the war without further loss of young American soldiers, and there was no reason for them to hesitate. The aftermath of the bomb was conducive to expediting the Japanese surrender, which was the best solution for all the countries involved in the war.

Some people might say that the use of the atomic bomb violated human rights,

but I believe that dying via radiation is not different from confronting death, having your throats cut or slowly dying through copious bleeding due to war wounds. Rather, if people are going to die anyway, bolting up their lives with radiation would be less painful than other agonizing deaths.

Secondly, the decision to drop atomic bombs was not made by President Truman unilaterally. It was rather supported by a committee of shared responsibility. The interim committee was primarily tasked with providing advice to the president on all matters pertaining to nuclear energy. They also considered the question of its use against Japan. The final recommendation to the president said that atomic bombs should be used on Japan as soon as possible. Thus the ultimate decision made with heartfelt courage after long hours of gathering their heads together was simply following the recommendation of the most experienced military, political, and scientific minds in the nation who were utterly trustworthy.

Furthermore, the atom bomb could be considered as a retaliation for Japanese barbarism. Americans, with an “eye for an eye� philosophy of justice, argue that the atomic bomb was payback for the undeniably brutal criminal conduct of the Japanese army.

to gather from both the large number of dead people and the large number of injured survivors. The US saw the future of nuclear weapons to be a threat and it was necessary for them to gather results to investigate how to better cope with nuclear attacks in the future. The aggression on Japan was fundamental in order to assemble information about the new technology at that time: nuclear weapon.

In conclusion, I believe that the use of nuclear bombs on Japan in WWII is definitely justified. It was the only, and the most efficient solution, to end the appalling war. If nuclear bombs had not been used, the war could have been led to an unimaginable consequences. Also, the decision to drop an atomic bomb was supported by the experts in the military, politics and science. It was a credible judgement to implement. An old adage, “eye for an eye” approves such usage of nuclear weapons, since Japan was the country who started targeting innocent citizens. Not only was it to avenge for Japan’s atrocities but it also helped scientists study the new technology, nuclear weapons, for our future. These are the reasons that I think the use of nuclear bombs in 1945 was justified.

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Japanese military committed numerous atrocities throughout Asia and the Pacific. They raped women, compelled others to be their sex slaves, murdered innocents and tortured prisoners to death. They decimated thousands of unarmed civilians and raped between 20,000 to 80,000 men, women and even children. It was Japan, who started to violate human rights and they are guilty enough to receive harsh punishments.

Now, considering all such inhumane barbarism committed by the Japanese, would one still argue that the bomb to stop the war is unjustified? If the bomb did not cease the war, then would such numerous rapes of innocent tennage girls from all over Asia be justified? Of course not, and the America’s decision, whether they took into account the lives of many Asians who suffered under the Japanese or not, did stop such barbaric, unjustifiable acts by Japan.

Finally, the usage of atom bombs was a helpful experiment for the USA. The scientists and the government probably wanted to see the full effects of the bomb on a fully functioning city with large populations. The US did indeed send scientists to document the effects of the bombs. Since Hiroshima and Nagasaki had decent sized populations compared to other cities in Japan, scientists had more study materials

THE BATTLE OF

TRAFALGAR:

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IMMEDIATE FACTS The Battle of Trafalgar (fought on 21 October 1805), a naval engagement fought by the British royal navy and the combined fleets of French and Spanish navies was one of the most decisive naval victories in history, and was won by the British. It was fought during the third coalition (August-December 1805) of the Napoleonic Wars (1796-1815).

The battle was fought by 27 ships of the line in the royal navy, commanded

by Vice-Admiral Lord Nelson, and their flagship was the famous Victory, a 3 decker ship of the line with 104 guns. The combined navies of France and Spain was directed by the french Admiral Villeneuve, who was onboard the Bucentaure, a 2-decker with 80 guns, and was also a ship of the line. As the title of the battle suggests, the battle took place in Trafalgar, situated in the Atlantic ocean off the southwest coast of Spain and few miles west to Cape Trafalgar, near Los Canos de Meca. In total, the French and Spanish fleet lost 22 ships, whilst the British lost none.

This victory confirmed the naval

supremacy of Britain, and it was achieved by breaking old battle tactics in fleet combat. Before the Battle of Trafalgar, it was conventional to line up the fleets in parallel lines and shoot at each other like archery. Nelson however shocked and confused the enemies by putting his fleet into two columns, and made them sail perpendicularly to the enemy fleet, which meant cutting their battle column into three pieces.

During the battle, Nelson was shot by a French sniper on board the Redoutable. He fought for his life during most of the battle in the sick bay of HMS Victory, and died shortly before the battle ended, being informed on his last breath that the battle had been won.

Vice-admiral Villeneuve was captured along with his ship, and he attended Nelson’s funeral in St.Paul’s cathedral while he was being held prisoner. The Spanish Admiral Federico Gravina escaped with the remnants of the fleet, however he died five months later from the wounds of the Battle.

JUNE HYUN YEAR 8 SARAH

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