Genius_Issue 09

JUNIOR SCHOOL SCIENCE MAGAZINE ISSUE 09

EDITORs Martin Yun Y13 Yun Bin Cho Y12 Janice JH Huh Y12 Cindy SW Kim Y11 Heesoo Lee Y11 Sophie SM Kim Y11

DESIGNERs Yoorim Park Y11 TaeHyun Kim Y11 Jin Chun Y11

WRITERs NLCS JEJU Junior School Students

CONTENTS Axolotl Soohyun ha & Nala lee Yr5

Flame Test Colour Eunice Lee Yr5

Dogs and Cats Lana Lee & Yuna Cho & Emily Jo Yr6

Strange and Endangered Species Luke Han & Andy Song & Peter Kim Yr6

Computer Game Technology Kai Ko & Austin Ha & Andy Cho Yr5

Future Seung Gi Cho Yr5

HTML Lily & Ashley Yr6

Human Brain Seoin & Theresa Yr5

Fossils Hamin Cho & Woo Hyeok Kwon & Hyungchan Yoo Yr5

Helium Hamin Cho & Woo Hyeok Kwon & Hyungchan Yoo Yr5

Axolotl Soohyun ha & Nala lee Yr5 Have you ever heard of the word Amphibians?

Axolotl belongs to one group of Amphibians called Salamanders. Salamanders are amphibians that spend their entire lives underwater. Axolotl is only found in their original habitat, Lake Xochimilco in Mexico.

Do you think they look similar?

AXOLOTL

Axolotl for pets

SALAMANDERS

An adult Axolotl will often cost 35 US dollars, while a juvenile Axolotl will cost about 20 dollars. However, the cost of Axolotl will not matter due to the high cost of the aquarium, filtration system and other equipments, including thermometer and feed.

It’s extremely important to be fully ready to take responsibility and care for Axolotl before you buy an Axolotl. Axolotl is a critically endangered animal; therefore, you should take Axolotl ownership seriously.

Their Gills

Do you know what the red part of an axolotl is?

It seems unnecessary, however, it is indeed a very important part of an Axolotl. A gill is a body part that helps amphibians and fishes to breath underwater.

Their Life Cycle

Their life cycle begins from the egg laid by their mother.

They then turn into aquatic larva and enter adult stage, which is the last stage of amphibians’ life cycle.

Flame Test Colour Eunice Lee Yr5

INTRODUCTION Do you know what is flame test colour? Different elements give off different colours when they are put under the the flame test.

There are different range of colours, and each color helps the scientist to identify the element, by their distinct colours. The followings are the number of colours that can be seen:Red, dark pink, dark orange, light orange, green,sky blue, pink, light purple,and dark purple.

As mentioned above, each element can be represented by different colours, and followings are the examples of the match of each colours and each elements.Strontium makes colour Red,Lithium dark pink, Sodium Dark orange,Calcium Light Orange,Copper Green, Barium sky blue,potassium pink,Caesium light purple,and Rubidium Dark purple.

There are lots of different elements, and looking at the periodic table below can help one to use flame test to identify different elements.

Dogs & Cats Kai Ko & Austin Ha & Andy Cho Yr5

Dogs

How can one distinguish dogs from cats other than from its appearance?Well these are some differences: how they drink ,how they communicate,and how they use their tail.

How do they drink? (how do they use their tongue)

Dogs commonly curl their tongues backwards and they use it like a scoop.

How do they communicate?

Dogs communicate in different body languages and barking pitches.For example if a dog yawns that means it is tired, and if the wag their tail and smiles brightly, it means they are happy. Showing its teeth can be a warning signal, and a play bow like the picture on the right side a signal of “let’s play!”or “sorry”. Paw slap is a thing that dogs do it’s like humans slapping your back so when they want attention or to have fun, Biting is also a signal of “Let’s play!”.

Just like most humans, dogs like to communicate , which is different from most of the cats, who rather enjoys staying alone.

How do they use their tail?

Dogs use their tail to show their feelings. There are mainly two ways for dogs using their tail. If they put their tail between their leg, it means that they are sad, and if they are wagging their tail, it means they are happy. Wagging the tail to the right means the dog is happy and excited. On the other hand, wagging to the left indicates that all is not well. If they put their tail up and their head up, it means that they feel superior. Also if they put their head and tail in medium height like you can see it on the picture(number 2), it means that they are very angry and that they can act aggressively. When the dog is barking and putting their tail down into a curved shape,like in number 5, it means that they want to stay alone.

Cats

To start with, I will talk about their body features. There are three main features that are unique about cats; their eyes, their mouth and their nose.

In relation to their body size. cats have the largest eyes of any mammal. They are able to see six times better than people. Studies have shown that cats field of vision is about 185 degrees, but they are not able see right under their nose.

Cats’ hearing ability is much more sensitive than that of dogs, because they have 32 muscles for the outer ear.

They can rotate their ears about 180 degrees as well.

Unlike dogs, as cat dips its tongue into the liquid, a column of liquid forms between the moving tongue and the liquid's surface. The cat then closes its mouth, pinching off the top of the column for a nice drink, while keeping its chin and dry.

Strange and Endangered Species Luke Han & Andy Song & Peter Kim Yr6

1. Purple Frog (Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis)

by Andy Song

The purple frogs were discovered in 2003. They live in India and spend most of their lifetime underground, coming up onto the surface only during their mating season.

These frogs look strange. They look like they have eaten too much and bloated as a result. They have smooth, deep purple skin, very small head compared to their body, and a white snout that sticks out from their face. The male is found to be 7cm in length the female is a third of it.

These frogs are poisonous like most of the other frogs.

Currently, they are dying because of ongoing deforestation, mainly for coffee, cardamom, and ginger.

There are only 135 purple frogs left in the world and they are listed on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

2. Sumatran Orangutan

by Luke Han

The sumatran orangutans have a scientific name of pongo abelii. Their full grown length is 4~5 feet and weigh about 66~198 pounds. Most of them live in the Tropical and Subtropical Moist Broadleaf Forest.

In the world, there are only 14,613 of them left, which means they are critically endangered. Because they are so valuable, people illegally trade them or have them as pets. They are currently being reintroduced in the National Park, where there are about 70 orangutans.

3. Sumatran Rhino

by Peter Kim

The sumatran rhinos are the smallest rhinoceroses living on Earth.

They are the only Asian rhino with two horns. The horn is usually 25~80 cm long. Adult males grow up to 2~4 m in length and reach up to 1~1.5 m in height. They can weigh as much as 950 kg, which is considerably less than their other relatives living in Asia and Africa.

They are covered with long hair. Calves are born with a dense covering that turns reddish brown when they become young adults. As they age, their hair gets sparse, bristly and almost black.

They are also more closely related to the extinct woolly rhinos than any other rhino species alive today. However, the sumatran rhino population is is surprisingly small: there are less than 100 of them left.

Computer Game Technology - 'PONG'

Kai Ko & Austin Ha & Andy Cho Yr5

The first videogame ever created was called a “pong”. It was invented in October 1958 by Higinbotham. He graduated from Williams College in 1932. It was quite a hit when Pong started to get sold.

In 1948 he joined Brookhaven National Laboratory’s instrumentation group. The first version, used in the 1958 visitor’s day, had an oscilloscope with a tiny display, only five inches in diameter.

He also added another feature: the game could now simulate stronger or weaker gravity, so that visitors could play tennis on the moon, Earth and even Jupiter.

Future Seung Gi Cho Yr5

20 years from now Humans are cloned. Robots look exactly like humans and get cheaper. Self driving cars and space traveling cars are invented and used in daily lives.

100 years from now Computers work at a faster rate than that of a typical human brain. Artificial intelligence is developed and enables computers to speak, interact, listen and recall memories.

It becomes possible to create another human being by manipulating DNA sequences. A lot of interesting things are invented - soul changers, teleporters, moving houses, for example.

750 years from now

The average temperature on Earth raises to about 4 5 degrees celsius. Global warming becomes so serious and imminent that people must wear heat resistant suits to survive. The number of volcanoes shows an exponential growth, making the Earth much hotter.

35000 years from now

The average skin colour of humans becomes darker due to strong solar radiation. Also, humans grow much taller and thinner.

600000 years from now

The Sun gets 60 times bigger than its current size. There is a high possibility that an asteroid will land on the Earth.

Humans will soon become extinct and this is the time for them to evacuate to a new planet.

A lot of more terrifying things are expected to happen in the future. In order to prevent all these things from happening, we need to stop global warming as soon as possible.

HTMl Lily & Ashley Yr6

What’s HTML? HTML is short term for Hyper Text Markup Language.

It makes the base of any website. As you see here, there are lots of programming languages, but HTML is one of the most commonly used programming language.

First, let’s try to display “HELLO WORLD!” on your website.

To do this, you should program codes on your notepad or on a program called ‘ATOM’.

Type the following first.

<html> <title>Hello World</title> <body> <p>Hello world!</p> </body> </html> Hello World

Hello world!

Making “Hello world!” appear on a website is the basic way of making a website.

So, let me explain the code now. <html></html> is a code necessarily needed for HTML. One important thing is that if you start a code with <html>, you must have a code which has ‘/‘ in it like </html> later on. <title></title> is the next part of the code. Between <title> and </title>, you should type in the title for your page.

Between <p> and </p>, type something you want to display on the website.

<img src=”https://www.google.co.kr/search?q=KEEP +CALM+AND+LOVE+YOURSELF&rlz=1C1VFKB_enKR 612KR618&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahU KEwibwumJt7vWAhXByLwKHQ3qBlEQ_AUICigB& biw=1366&bih=662#imgrc=9ry1YtXobHH7RM:”>.

In summary, in the code explained above, the title

of the website page is ‘Hello World’, and the

context is ‘Hello World!’ Now, let’s make this

website more beautiful by putting an image

in. In order to do this, you should put this

code inside the body tags:

In addition, if you want the images to be on a different row, put a </ br> tag between the <img> tags. </br> tags acts as an enter. Now, let me show you my code.

[SOURCE CODE]

<html> <head> <title>Let's Put an Image In the Website!</title> <h3>How to put an image</h3> </head> <body> <p>Inside the body, put the code ;</p> <p><img src=""> in. Inside the double quote,</p> <p>type the file path like 'img/example. png' </p> <p>or the web page address like 'https:// www.google.co.kr'.</p> <img src="https://rlv.zcache.com/keep_ calm_and_love_yourself_postcardrbfa246dcd80d4214a0695f7e1e5ad4c6_ vgbaq_8byvr_324.jpg"> </br> <img src="test/images.png"> </body> </html>

To make this website accessible on the internet, you should make it available on all computers. You can buy domains on certain websites and register your URL. However, we are not trying to make a real website, which is open to the public, so we don’t need it now.

To learn more about coding, I recommend you to visit these websites. I’m sure it will help you a lot. https://www.codecademy.com http://codingdojang.com https://code.org https://scratch.mit.edu http://www.play-a.com/#!/ https://www.codeschool.com https://www.coursera.org/ https://www.inflearn.com/ You can learn computing skills from these websites. Just skim through the pages and try it out if you think it’s okay for you! I Wish I can see your amazing website of your own later, and I hope this article helped you!!!

Human Brain Seoin & Theresa Yr5

Brain is a soft mushy tissue protected by the scull.

It helps your whole body do the right thing with nerves connected everywhere. Furthermore, it helps us to think and be balanced.

Let's learn about the different parts of the marvelous organ, BRAIN. 1. The left side of the brain controls the right side of your body. It helps you to write, solve math questions, and think logically. Right side of the brain controls the left side of your body. It helps you to be artistic, creative, and more aware of the arts.

2. Right behind the brainstem is the cerebellum and it helps the brain work more smoothly and effectively.

3. The brainstem controls things that we really need such as the ability to breathe, circulate blood, and sweat.

4. The outermost layer of the cerebellum is the cerebral cortex which consists of four lobes.

When you look at the cerebral cortex, the brain with the frontal lobe is very important because it controls a lot of our movements in our body and also a lot of our thinking.

5. The brainâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s parietal lobe deals with senses and things that you touch and feel. So, for example, if you were playing a video game, you will use a frontal lobe to reach the controller, enabling the parietal lobe to feel the vibration of the controller.

6. Occipital lobe helps us with vision, so our eyes see things our occipital lobe processes.

7. There is our last lobe, which is the temporal lobe.

It is responsible for audio processing such as the things you hear.

Fossils

Hamin Cho & Woo Hyeok Kwon & Hyungchan Yoo Yr5 Fossils are basically rocks that were sedimented in the ground for millions of years. Some are them are animal or plant shapes. Fossils are the prehistoric remains of life in rocks. They are usually sedimented into the ground, meaning they are covered in layers. The most famous kind of fossils is a dinosaur fossil. Some are also found in the places where tribes used to live in. They are usually embedded in rocks and scattered around the globe. In some countries such as Korea, there are only fossils of dinosaur faeces or dinosaur footsteps.

Underwater animal fossils Fossils of the aquatic animals are mostly found in beaches.

One of the most famous aquatic animals is Megalodons.

They normally weigh up to 60-75 kg. They are called as the giant sharks. The maximum height of a fossil of a megalodon is 59 feet (17.9832m). Most of the aquatic animal fossils are extremely rare. There are lots of small animal fossils such as ammonites. There are also dinosaurs that lived in an underwater habitat. Mosasaurus was a huge creature that can eat almost everything. It was even stronger than the Tyrannosaurus Rex. There are billions of fossils of aquatic animals in the world. The only problem is we canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t find all of them. Other aquatic animal fossils: Ammonite, Coelacanth.

Fossils of land dinosaurs One of the most famous fossils are dinosaur fossils.

We can find them in lots of different places. Some of them are even found in China! You can find loads of them in the fossil museums. One of the most famous ones are Tyrannosaurus Rex fossils, Spinosaurus fossils, Diplodocus fossils and Brachiosaurus fossils. We can learn and predict lots about the ancient creatures through those fossils, such as shape of an original animal, colour of the feathers. Some are perfectly preserved that allows researchers to easily gain data and information. Sometimes some species, such as Spinosaurus, can be scanned through computed tomography (CT). Through CT scanning of Spinosaurus fossils, scientists found some holes that looked exactly like a crocodile's holes, which proves that dinosaurs adapted through ages. They started at the Triassic period, Jurassic period and finally reached the Cretaceous period, when Tyrannosaurus Rex lived. The Triassic period is predicted to be very dry with no cold water. However, the Jurassic period is predicted to be more rich with nutrients and humid. The Cretaceous period is predicted to be warm with lots of shallow seas. However, the dinosaurs became extinct but no one could come up with scientific reasons. Some people believe they became extinct because of volcanic activities, bacteria or a meteorite crash.

History of humanity Human fossils, including teeth and skulls, have been found over 6,000 years. Human species are represented by a few fossils. Adult humans have 206 bones, but humans have more bones when they are young. Early humans resemble the appearance of a monkey, and they were smart, although they were clearly not clever as we are. They survived during ice age, but after ice age, they evolved to homo sapiens.

Questions Will future scientists be able to revive dinosaurs?

Will homo sapiens evolve into a more intelligent species?

Will larger underwater creatures be discovered in the future?

Will more accurate dinosaur fossils be discovered?

Helium

hamin cho & woo hyeok kwon & hyungchan yoo yr5

Helium is a gas commonly found in balloons. It is what makes your voice go really high, but I do not recommend this because your lungs donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t like it. But helium has way more uses and I am going to tell you more about it. It mainly comes from uranium ores where the air is full of helium.

Helium is used to cool down Apollo spacecrafts and helium is a greek word which means sun. Its atomic is 2 and colourless, tasteless and odorless.

Helium is also lighter than air.

Who found Helium

A Frenchman called Pierre Janssen and English citizen Norman Lockyer discovered helium in 1868.

Norman was a police officer and was born Warwickshire in Rugby. He was born on May 17th 1836 and died at Devon Salcombe Regis on August 16th 1920. And Pierre Janssen was born in Paris, France February 22nd 1824 and died at Meudon, France December 23rd 1907.

The electrons in Helium

The atomic number tells you the number of electrons. That means there are 2 electrons in a helium atom.

The compound Helium

Helium (He) is the first of the Noble Gases. It is very non-reactive so does not form compounds with anything. Just like neon (Ne) and argon (Ar), Helium just floats all around by itself. It is non-reactive because itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s shell is full. Helium only has one atomic shell, which fills when it has two electrons.

BE GENIUS.