Genius_Issue 08

JUNIOR SCHOOL SCIENCE MAGAZINE ISSUE 08

EDITORs Martin Yun Y13 Yun Bin Cho Y12 Janice JH Huh Y12 Cindy SW Kim Y11 Heesoo Lee Y11 Sophie SM Kim Y11

DESIGNERs Jongwon Lee Y13 Jin Chun Y11 Judy Park Y11

WRITERs NLCS JEJU Junior School Students

CONTENTS Morse Code Lua Cho (Y6) / Kelly Jo (Y6) / Sally Kim (Y6)

5G James Jin (Y5) / Luke Han (Y5) / John Park (Y5)

3D Printing Joonseo Heo (Y6)

Bacteria Benjamin Lee (Y5)

Ant Zombies Chaewoon Kim (Y6)

Solar System Soohee Lee (Y5)

Morse Code Lua Cho (Y6) // Kelly Jo (Y6) // Sally Kim (Y6)

What is a morse code?

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Morse code is a way of communicating in the past when there was no telephones or mobile phones to send messages to someone far away. The dots,lines, and spaces in Morse Code represent alphabet.

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How does the telegraph machine work?

A telegraph machine is the first communicating gadget invented in the 19th century for longdistance communication. It works by tapping the letters converted into morse code on the machine.

The lever on the telegraph goes down while the wheel goes up to make contact with the paper and inking out lines and dots depending on the pulses.

To begin with.you have to press in different pulses on the key with the morse code. Then, a receiver at the receiving side of the wire converts the electrical impulses to dots and lines on a paper tape, and send the message.

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Who made morse code?

Samuel Finley Breese Morse was an American painter and an inventor. He was a renowned portrait painter, and he later on became an inventor and developed wire telephone based on other European inventions.However, he didn’t work by himself. Along with his partner Alfred Vail, who gained money for the invention, Morse developed the system of dots and dashes for sending signals.

The history of Morse Code In 1836 it was hard to communicate with the people so Morse wanted to investigate the way to communicate with people who lives far away, such as in other countries without mail or handwritten letters. The first commercial of the Morse telegraph was developed in 1837 by William Fothergill, and as it became widely used, it was also used in wartime by pilots and soldiers to communicate with each other.

Morse code, made by Samuel Finley Breese Morse was a fantastic invention for the improvement of human life and for the development of science and technology.

How does the morse code work?

The morse code is formed with lines and dots, and different combination of dots and lines each represent different alphabet. For instance,letter “A”, is represented as-. . Thus, if a person wants to send letter “A” through the machine, the person would have to press long for a line, then shorter once again for a dot.

Advantages and Disadvantages about Morse code There are advantages and disadvantages of Morse code. As it is comparatively easy to send the message quickly and soundlessly to virtually anywhere,that it was often used in war zones.

Morse can also be used by someone who has disability as well. However, the disadvantage is that it is time consuming and in order to send and interpret the message. Additionally, as beam of light or other things can easily interrupt the communication the message can be lost or not sent.

5G

James Jin (Y5) // Luke Han (Y5) // John Park (Y5)

5G What is 5G? 5G is a new technology that helps us when driving, learning and much more. It allows us to quickly communicate: for example, the speed of 5G is 20 GBPS (GigaBits Per Second).

Network Transportation There are many different types of 5G. First, one type of 5G is called ‘Network Transportation’. This is an intelligent system that helps you go to your destination automatically.

Hologram and VR In the movie ‘Iron Man’, Tony Stark (Iron Man) puts his hands in the air and blue objects appear- this is a ‘Hologram’. A hologram is a photographic recording of a light field.

V.R stands for Virtual Reality. It is a form of computer technology that uses a headset to

generate images. The early form of ‘Virtual Reality’ was invented in 1957, but it was not patented until 1962.

High Speed The speed of 5G is unbelievably fast as it can go up to 35.46 gigabits per second.

A.I (Artificial intelligence) A.I is one of the best computer system that people enjoy. It is like Siri, a software built into iPhone or iPad. This system is able to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence. Examples of siri commands are translating a particular language, schedule managing, giving an advice regarding health care and decision making.

Life becomes easier Life becomes easier when you use 5G. For example, if you feel bored of driving cars, there is an automatic car that will suit you, games that allows you to experience A.I and lastly the live hologram system- like we write it on the top, that communicate with your friends, families or else. Life becomes easier and easier through 5G.

3D Printing Joonseo Heo (Y6)

What is 3D printing?

3D printing is a term used for printing an actual existing solid object slice by slice with a 3D printer. You would first need to build or download a design before the 3D printer can print it. The term 3D printing was first used in july 16th 1984.

What is 3D printing used for in real life?

3D printing is used for many things in real life. It is used medically, scientifically, in homes and many other places.

Medical uses In the medical industry, a 3D printer can be a doctor. 3D printers can make bionic arms, legs, a beak (for bird), dog legs and casts for when your bones are broken. 3D printed casts have a vital and necessary advantage from normal casts and it’s that you can wash and it has holes so your skin can get some air.

Scientific uses In science, a 3D printer can be a scientist. 3D printers can make parts for spaceships, environmentally advanced cars, robots and also computer parts that can produce a lot faster and cheaper than humans.

You can print many things such as: toys, cutlery, household items and also cars.

What is next for 3D printing?

1. What could be improved on this piece of technology?

• The time taken • The size of the object 2. Could it be cheaper?

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The material it uses How it is made The material of the hardware The complexity of the software

Bacteria

Lua Cho Y6 // Kelly Jo Y6 // Sally Kim Y6

What is Bacteria?

Bacteria are microorganisms, therefore living things. They are the simplest form of a creature, and can be in all different shapes and sizes. They are usually few micrometers in length that normally exist together in millions.

A gram of soil typically contains about 40 mil lion bacterial cel ls. Some are spheres, rod-shaped, and spiral shaped. They are the simplest form of life known, being made up of only one cell. They can be found everywhere bread, yogurt, dirt, and inside of humans!

The word bacteria is the plural of bacterium.

There are almost a thousand of different species of bacteria that live in our bodies! And there are thousand more that we don't know of that are crucial to our own existence.

Classification of Bacteria Bacteria can be classified into 5 groups: 1.

2.

3.

4.

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spherical (cocci) rod (bacilli) spiral (spirilla) comma (vibrios) corkscrew (spirochaetes)

Characteristics of Bacteria Here are two notable common traits of bacteria: 1. lack of membrane-bound organelles 2. unicellular and small (microscopic size) An organism without a nucleus is called a prokaryote. Bacterial cells have no nucleus and other organelles (sub-units within a cell with a specific function) bound by a membrane, except for ribosomes. Bacteria have pili, flagella and a cell capsule (most of them), unlike animal or plant cells. But not all prokaryotes are bacte-

ria some are archaea, which although they share common physicals features to bacteria, are ancestrally different from bacteria.

Ant Zombies Chaewoon Kim (Y6)

1. ANT ZOMBIE These ants turn out to be more terrifying creatures than we think...

Now, it is time to know how ant zombies are created!

The first way is through an infection.

A foraging carpenter ant walks through an area of the rainforest floor instead with microscopic spores dropped by a mature fungus. The spore excretes an enzyme that eats throughs the ant’s exterior shell.

The second is through a death grip.

After two days, the ant leaves its tree colony and climbs down to the spot where humidity and temperature are optimal for the fungus to grow. The ant crawls onto a stem or the underside of a leaf and bites

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into its main middle vein so that it won’t fall.

Third is through a fungal growth.

The fungus consumes the ant’s internal organs, using its shell as a protective casing. The fungus’ main stem called stroma, erupts from back of the ant’s head and grows.

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The Last way is through a killing zone.

The nature fungus releases spores from its stoma. The spores fall to the ground, creating 10-square-feet “Killing zone,” which attack new ants.

How does the ant zombie kill a normal ant?

Inside of the ant zombie, there is the specific fungus which kill normal ants.

Firstly, they get into the ant. Then, the fungus starts to grow, slowly, inside the body of an ant zombie.Then, they eat and ruin the ant’s body.

Solar System Soohee Lee (Y5)

A planet is an astronomical body that orbits a star.

Planets can be made of rocks, water, hydrogen, and other things. There are eight planets in our solar system - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Our star is the Sun and the majority of the planets in our solar system orbit around the Sun. Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun; then it is Venus, Earth, Mars and so on.

Did you know the fact that Jupiter doesn’t orbit the Sun? Jupiter actually orbits above the Sun’s surface. Another amazing fact to tell you is that “Diamond Rain” falls on Saturn and Jupiter! Isn’t it amazing to have diamonds falling from the sky?

The lighting storms turn methane into carbon, and as carbon falls from the sky, it hardens into chunks of graphite and diamond. These diamonds eventually melt into a liquid sea in the planets’ hot cores. The biggest diamond is about a centimetre in diameter - a perfect size to put on a ring!

It is estimated that a thousand tonnes of diamond are being created on Saturn a year.

Despite the fact that Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun, Venus is the hottest planet in our solar system. Thick layers of carbon dioxide and clouds of acid found in its atmosphere contribute to this phenomenon. The layers of carbon dioxide trap heat, and the heat from the Sun hits the planet, eventually bouncing off from the planet itself. Then, the heat hit the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and bounces back to the planet. The whole process repeats itself and this is how Venus gets warmer and warmer!

Moving on, there is a massive hole in Mars, as shown in the photo taken by the HiRISE camera.

Carbon dioxide is frozen around the hole, which is full of pits and craters. The hole is called Swiss cheese, and it is estimated to be over 100 meters long. However, Nasa still can’t figure out what exactly the hole is!

Moreover, the asteroid called 243 Ida has its own moon! Ida was discovered on the 29th of September, in 1884. Ida’s orbit lies between Mars and Jupiter, and it is the second asteroid visited by a spacecraft and the first to have a natural satellite. Its moon is called Dactyl and its size is one-twentieth of the size of Ida.

Here are some more interesting facts about our solar system!

The solar system was formed around 4.6 billion years ago.

Inner planets are also called as terrestrial planets.

For thousands years, people believed that the Earth was located at the center of the universe.

Scientist recently discovered the second ring of Saturn.

Pluto is smaller than USA.

BE GENIUS.