Genius_Issue 04

JUNIOR SCHOOL SCIENCE MAGAZINE ISSUE 04

EDITORs Martin Yun Y12 Daesun Ahn Y12 Rachel Cho Y11 Jeong Hyeon Huh Y11 DESIGNERs Jongwon Lee Y12 Jooyoung Kim Y11 Jin Chun Y10 Hee Soo Lee Y10 Yoo Rim Park Y10 WRITERs Seo Joon Kim Y7 Raymond Kim Y6 Corrie Brechin Y6 Chae Woon Kim Y6 Claire Jo Y6 Lua Cho Y6 Dave Kim Y6 Jinyoung Kil Y5

Jane Ok Y5 Soo Hee Lee Y5 Sally Ryeom Y5 Logan Kim Y5 James Jim Y5 Yuna Cho Y5 Emily Jo Y5 Yejee Hwang Y5 1

CONTENTS Aliens Seo Joon Kim (Y7)

The World's First Rain Gauge Logan Kim (Y5) / James Kim (Y5)

The Solar System Yuna Cho (Y5) / Emily Jo (Y5) / Yejee Hwang (Y5)

Hubo Jinyoung Kil (Y5) / Dave Kim (Y6)

Volcano Jane Ok (Y5) / Soo Hee Lee (Y5) / Sally Ryeom (Y5)

Global Warming : The Threat In Our Lives Claire Jo (Y6) / Lua Choi (Y6)

Black Holes Raymond Kim (Y6) / Corrie Brechin (Y6) / Chae Woon Kim (Y6)

Diamond And Graphite Neo Ra (Y5)

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Aliens

Seo Joon Kim (Y7)

The existence of an alien has been a debatable topic. However, there are various reasonable evidence to prove the existence of aliens. Astronaut Buzz Aldrin who was on the Apollo 13 states that he saw UFOs flying alongside his ship. However, this was not reported at the time. Other than this, there were many sightings from different officials and civilians.

The first evidence is the various pictures around the world. If you look at the picture, “The Madonna with Saint Giovannino,” in the background, there is a picture of a round disk shaped flying object in the sky. Also, there is a French cave painting which looks like a UFO.

The second piece of evidence is an equation devised by the astronomer Frank Drake in the 1960’s. This equation estimates the percentage that can support intelligent life, in which hundreds and thousands of planets could support intelligent life in theory.

The third piece of evidence is civilians claims of sightings around the world. The most notable sighting happened at the Tennessee College Campus in 2008. There, 200 people and three police officers on duty saw the UFO.

In conclusion, with all the proofs around us ranging from paintings to civilian claims, it seems rather reasonable to say that aliens do exist.

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The World’s First RAIN GAUGE Logan Kim (Y5) / James Kim (Y5)

Where was the first Rain gauge invented and who made it?

The world’s first rain gauge was invented in May of 1442. The rain gauges were allocated in every prefecture including the capital city Seoul.

The inventor of the rain gauge ‘Jang Young Shil’ (1390~?), who is the most famous scientist in Korea. His other inventions are ‘CLEPSYDRA IN 1434’(자격루), and ‘HEMISPHERICAL SUNDIAL IN 1434’(앙부일구)

How was the Rain gauge invented?

In August, the King’s Adviser suggested to King Sae-Jeong to make a rain gauge. In AUGUST of 1442, the rain gauges were distributed to every single county.

What is the diameter and height of the Rain gauge?

The diameter of the rain gauge is 7 inches (14.7m), and the height is about 1.5 feet. The rain gauge is cylindrical in shape with a big rock under it.

Who is the one who scouted Jang Young Shil?

The one who scouted Jang Young Shil was King Sae Jeong who also made Hangul. King Sae Jeong was a great king, as he tried to make tools to help the citizens who were working for the country such as farmers.

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The Solar System

YUNA CHO (Y5) / EMILY JO(Y5) / YEJEE HWANG (Y5)

Mercury - Mercury is the smallest planet in the solar system. It is also the closest planet to the sun, but surprisingly, it is not the hottest one.

- One day on Mercury is equivalent to approximately 59 Earth days, and one year on Mercury is about 88 Earth days.

- Mercury is slightly bigger than the Earth’s moon, and is composed of mostly iron.

- Mercury doesn’t have moons because it is so close to the sun and the sun’s gravity. Therefore, it won’t be able to keep hold of a moon.

- Mercury has an atmosphere. It is made out of oxygen(42%), sodium(29%), hydrogen(22%), helium(6%), potassium(0.5%), and small amounts of other elements.

- Mass of the Earth is equivalent to 18 mercuries.

Venus - Surface area: 460.2 million km² | Distance from Sun: 108.2 million km | Orbit Period: 225 days - Venus is the second planet from the sun, orbiting it in every 224.7 Earth days. It has the longest rotation period of any planet in the Solar System and rotates in the opposite direction to most other planets.

- Another surprising fact is that Venus doesn’t have any satellite.

Earth - Radius: 6,371 km | Age: 4.543 billion years | Distance from Sun: 149.6 million km | Population: 7.125 billion | Moon: Moon - Planet Earth is the only planet with life so far. It is made out of crust, mantle, inner core and outer core. The axial tilt of the Earth is approximately 23.439281°.

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- Crust is rocky and it is 70 km thick. The mantle covers up 80% of whole Earth. It is about 2000 degree hot and it is 2900km thick.

- The Outer core is composed of molten rocks, molten metal. It is about 4000 degree hot.

- The Inner core is composed of solid rocks and metal. It is about 500 degree hot (hot as sun’s surface).

Mars - This planet is the fourth planet from the sun. On 28th of September, 2015, NASA found traces of H2O, water. Moreover, Martian surface temperature vary from about -143 °C (-225 °F) at the winter up to 35 °C (95 °F) in summer.

- Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) provides the strongest evidence that liquid water flows intermittently on present-day Mars.

- Mars has t wo small moons, Phobos (about 22 km (14 mi) diameter) and Deimos (about 12 km (7.5 mi) diameter), which orbits the planet.

- Mars’ surface is made of a thick layer of oxidized iron dust and red rocks.

- Mars’ crust is thought to be one piece. Martians, that we saw through movies, might be real.

- Scientists have worked hard to find some information regarding the Martians for a long time.

Jupiter - Jupiter is the fifth planet from the sun with an average distance of 5.8 AU from the sun,and also the biggest planet in the solar system.

- It is approximately 143000 kilometres wide, and more than 1300 Earths can fit into Jupiter.

- Jupiter is mostly made out of helium and hydrogen, and scientists think its core is composed of some rocks and hydrogen metal.

- One year on Jupiter is about 11.8 Earth days, but one day on Jupiter lasts for less than half of Earth’s day. It is only about 10 hours long!

Saturn - Radius: 58,232 km | Gravity: 10.44 m/s² | Distance from Sun: 1.429 billion km | Length of day: 0d 10h 42m | Surface area: 42.7 billion km²

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- Saturn is the sixth planet from the sun and it is the second biggest planet in the Solar system, after Jupiter.

- It is a gas giant with an average radius about nine times that of Earth.

- The main rings are about 30 feet (10 meters) thick, though some parts of the main rings and other rings can be several kilometers thick.

- The rings are made up of dusty ice in the form of boulder and smaller chunks that gently collide with each other while orbiting around Saturn.

- It is made up of 94% hydrogen, 6% helium and small amounts of methane and ammonia.

Uranus - Uranus is the seventh planet from the sun.

- It was discovered by William Herschel in 1781.

- This planet is tilted on its side.

- A new study says that this might be true due to several collisions occurring with other objects in the space.

Neptune - Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun and the third largest planet in the Solar System.

- It is one of the four ‘gas giants’, but it is much smaller than the other gas giants, such as Jupiter and Saturn.

- The diameter of Neptune is approximately 29000 miles (47000 kilometres).

Pluto (is no longer a planet) - Pluto is a dwarf planet. Therefore, Pluto was kicked out of the Solar System on August, 2006.

- Radius: 1,187 km | Discovered: February 18, 1930 | Gravity: 0.62 m/s² | Discoverer: Clyde Tombaugh | Moons: Charon, Hydra, Styx, Nix, Kerberos

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HUBO

JINYOUNG KIL (Y5) / DAVE KIM (Y6) There are three rules that robot must know.

1. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.

2. A robot must obey the orders given [sic] it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. 3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws.

Hubo was the first robot to win the robot International contest.The HUBO was made by Kaist students.This university was only began researching at 2000, led by professor Oh-jun-ho.Kaist just start making KHR-1:the robot that just have legs at 2001,hands at 2003, and the KHR-2 at 2004,and finally at2005,HUBO became.

KHR-3

On January 25, 2005, Gizmag reported on KAIST’s unveiling of KHR-3 HUBO.It is smaller than ASIMO but it has more skills than ASIMO. HUBO can run maximum 1.25 KM/h but ASIMO can run 2.5 km/h - 3 km/h. HUBO can go up and down the stairs and they also can play rock-paper-scissors which is impossible for ASIMO. Albert Hubo

Kaist had an another Idea of making HUBO in the face of Albert Einstein. The robot was named after the famous scientist and is called Albert HUBO. JAEMI HUBO/HUBO 2

Jaemi HUBO was developed from 2008 to 2009.This robot can go maximum 1.5 km/h. It is 45kg and it’s height is 125cm tall.This robot is the most well known version of HUBO.

HUBO was not only robot to enter robot international competitions.Asimo, had previously won international contests,but it could not beat the HUBO’s.

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Volcano JANE OK (Y5) / SOO HEE LEE (Y5) / SALLY RYEOM(Y5)

Volcano is a dangerous mountain, which can erupt with ashes and toxic gases.

There are three types of volcanoes: extinct(can’t explode), dormant(sleeping) and alive(can explode any time).

Aiming to understand how volcano works, we created a model of volcano.

Ingredients: Baking soda, Vinegar, Plastic Bottle, Paper Towel or cloth, Paint Step 1: Add paint into a plastic bottle.

Step 2: Add 6 tablespoons of baking soda or 16 teaspoons in the same plastic bottle.

Step 3: Now add vinegar in the plastic bottle carefully.

Conclusion:

Liquid immediately escaped the bottle. At first, we could notice some bubbles and this was followed by an explosion. It lasted for 15 to 20 seconds.

WARNING: The model smelled really bad.

Hidden science:

Baking soda is a base while vinegar is acting as an acid. They react together and forms carbonic acid which is very unstable. Hence, they instantly break apart into water and carbon dioxide and creates effervescence. plants, animals including humans and ultimately lead to countless deaths.

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*WARNING: The model smelled really bad.* How does volcano eruption occur?

Volcanoes explode when two plates move together. For example, the smaller plate goes under the bigger plate. This causes earthquakes, volcano formation and explosion. Underground temperature is very high that solid rock melts and creates a magma. Magma is lighter than the solid rocks around them. It rises and is collected in magma chamber. Then, magma pushes toward the surface of the Earth and erupts.

Power of Volcano:

It can blast clouds from the side or the top of the volcano. Also ashes could be produced into the sky and fall back to the land. Many layers of ash can smother plants, animals including humans and ultimately lead to countless deaths.

Types of Volcano Shield volcano- This volcano resembles warrior’s shield.

Dome volcano- This volcano is steep; hence contains thick, fast and cooling lava Composite volcano- This volcano is composed of alternating layers of lava and ash.

Caldera volcano- The top of this volcano has a large hole called crater.

Fissure volcano- The lava comes out from the side of this volcano.

The Loudest Volcano:

The loudest volcano is Krakatoa. It erupted at 1883 in Indonesia. It travelled around the world 4 times, and the sound even travelled 3,000miles away. There were tsunamis as well. The tsunamis destroyed two thirds of the island, killing more than 36,000 people.

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Global Warming: the threat in our lives CLAIRE JO(Y6) / LUA CHO(Y6)

How is global warming caused?

Global Warming is caused by different kinds of gases and materials in the atmosphere including huge amounts of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide from human activity such as clearing forests, burning fossil fuel and etc. Methane is also produced by cows while their digesting. These gases can trap heat and cause the temperature to rise.

Problems caused by Global Warming - Rising Sea Levels

The main problem that causes global warming is humankind. People make the Earth hotter every year, and the sea level rises around 3.2 mm every year. When the sea levels rise, the lands will sink. Recently, islands like Tuvalu and Choiseul which is one of the reef islands in The Solomons whose coastline is sinking because of rising sea levels. This even destroys deeply rooted fruit crops in the islands such as Coconuts, Taro, and Pulaski. One day, the land that would sink could be our land. Thus, even though it is not our land, we have to try to solve the problem.

- Rising Temperature

In 2014, the temperature rose 0.74-degrees Celsius and in 2015 1.87 degrees, meaning that temperature rose 0.13-degree Celsius in a year.

From this, it can be deducted that after ten years, around 1.3-degree Celsius will increase. The rising temperature can cause a lot of problems. Many animals will face extreme troubles. For example, polar bears will not have enough iceberg to live on; thus they will struggle on a melting iceberg, nowhere else to go.

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Also, when the temperature rises, the ice will melt, and the sea levels will rise. Pikas and Waterfowls are in trouble as well. Pikas are forced to move to a higher altitude. However, when the temperature rises, Pikas will run out of place live Furthermore, waterfowls are in trouble. The reason why they are getting in the troubles is because they are changing their common behaviors and migration patterns.

-Flood & Volcanic Eruption

Another, problems caused by rising temperature is flood. The reason behind floods is because the sea level rises and more water evaporates from the sea. This causes the the clouds to get bigger which leads onto heavy rainfall.

Additionally, volcanoes causes a problem too. It makes a huge amount of carbon dioxide,which makes the global warming worse.

Solutions for the problems

There is no single solution for the global warming, but we can try different things.

- Reducing the percentage of electricity used.

Stop Glo ba Warming l such - Switching the fuel to low-carbon fuel, or using the “natural� resources ! as wind, solar etc.

- Reducing trees cutting that produces oxygen.

- Trying to stop using bad fossil fuel.( cole or oil collected low from the earth) that produces carbon dioxide when you burn it.

- Adapting these solutions and the changes happening and try your best to help the solutions become effective or become true.

What can we do about it at home?

All of the things that I wrote before are for the government to do, but the important thing is that we have make sure that we do the right things to prevent global warming at houses such as:

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- Replacing a regular bulb to a energy saving light bulb.

- Cleaning or replacing a dirty air filter can save 350 pounds of carbon dioxide a year.

- Not leaving electronics on standby can reduce the electricity used in 40%.

- Keeping your freezer away from the heater for the boiler can reduce almost double of the energy we use from the freezer.

Conclusion

Therefore, global warming should not be happening and we should let the changes happen and help the changes become effective.Global warming is a serious problem.It is a threat to our lives, and we should at least work for the solutions to slow it down.

SAVE

WORLD POLAR BEARS

-45% 13 POLAR BEARS

BLACK HOLE

RAYMOND KIM(Y6) CORRIE BRECHIN(Y6) CHAE WOON KIM(Y6)

Facts about black holes

Black holes are one of the strangest and most fascinating objects found in outer space. They have extremely high density, with a strong gravitational attraction, that even light cannot escape from their grasp if it comes near enough.

When you enter a black hole your body will fall and rip into a billion pieces. Also, when you go inside a black hole, you won’t be able to get out before you die.

1. Black holes are spheres with no volume and infinite density.

2. They are created when a star runs out of fuel. but not every star can become a black hole.

3. The closest black hole to earth is Cygnus x-1.

Some have a supermassive black hole in their core.

4. Sometimes, they act as intergalactic cannons that shoot jets of extremely high energy.

5. Scientific studies strongly suggest that the milky Way has a supermassive black hole at its galactic center.

6. Near a black hole really strange things happen, that scientists can’t explain.

7. Black holes turn on themselves and alter “space- time”.

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8. As they don’t shine they can’t be seen.

9. The number of black holes could be higher than the number of visible stars!

The Types of Black Holes -Believe it or not! There are 3 types of black holes! The 3 includes: ‘s tellar black hole’ , ‘Supermassive black hole’ , and ‘intermediate black hole’.

1.Stellar black holes-small, but strong’

Stellar black holes appear when large stars collapse. Black holes formed by the collapse of individual stars are small, but incredibly dense. It packs three times or more the mass of the sun into the size of a city. This leads to an incredible amount of gravitational force pulling on objects around it. Black holes swipe the dust and gas from the galaxy around them, constantly growing in size. the milky Way also contains a few million stellar black holes.

2.Supermassive black holes-bigger than giant

Small black holes populate the universe, but supermassive black holes dominate. Supermassive black holes are a billion times larger than the sun, but have a radius similar to that of Earth’s closest star. Scientists aren’t sure how such large black holes spawn. Once they have formed, they can easily gather a plentiful of material from the center of galaxies (dust and gas around them), allowing them to grow to enormous sizes. Supermassive black holes result from hundreds or thousands of tiny black holes that merge together.

3.Intermediate mass black holes – midsize black holes can exist!

Scientists once thought black holes came in only small and large sizes, but recent research has showed the possibility for the existence of midsize or intermediate-mass black holes. A Few of these form, but will eventually come together and create a supermassive black hole.

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Travelling Inside a Black Holes

Black holes are very dangerous. Their gravity is so strong that nothing can escape… not even light! Imagine the example of going into the sun. If you are moving into the sun through a black hole it will not look like it is getting closer nor moving away from you. Your vision will expand. It will feel like you are looking behind you without even turning back. Inside a black hole, at first you will be comfortable because you will feel as if you are floating around while having a nap. The cold fact is that in about 3 hours, you are going to die. It would look really weird if you saw something such as mars going into a black hole. It would almost look as if it was splitting in half. There is also a possibility that the world would shrink and that it might turn into the size of a cherry.

Everything in the whole universe could be compressed into a small object and that would be called ‘Schwarzschild radius’.

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Diamond & Graphite NEO RA (Y5)

Do you want a diamond? Then, get a graphite.

If you are thinking that I am joking, you are wrong. They are made from the same building blocks!

In real life, it is not as simple as it seems. I understand that you don’t believe that diamond and graphite are made of same element, as those t wo elements have completely different appearances. Diamond is hard, but graphite is soft. Diamond is usually transparent, but graphite is opaque.

Diamonds are insulators, while graphite can’t conduct electricity.

Both the diamond and graphite are made out of the element carbon.

But why are they so different? It is because their physical structure is different.

Graphite is flat and has multiple layers of carbon atoms forming three bonds (connections) with a neighbouring carbon atom. It is soft because its layers are loosely connected to each other. But diamond is different. Its carbon atoms are arranged tetrahedrally meaning that it formed four bonds. Its bonds are very strong, which is why diamond is so hard.

The force that is holding the structure is called intermolecular forces.

This is a force of attraction or repulsion acting bet ween neighbouring particles. A material’s intermolecular forces could be very weak, or strong.

When one of the substance melt or boil, material’s intermolecular forces break, not those strong covalent bonds.

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Diamond is the hardest material on earth, and also one of the most expensive material. It is used in many industries cutting stones, making jewellery and even high-quality speakers. Its forces are probably the strongest in the world, as its atoms are arranged tetrahedrally.

You can see graphite every day, as it forms the lead in the pencil. Unlike diamond, it is very cheap and to conduct electricity. Its intermolecular forces are weak, and when the pencil touches and leaves a mark on the paper, it is the layers that are breaking off and appearing black.

How to turn graphite into a diamond (Theoretically!)

1. Get lots of graphite 2. Give them lots of pressure and heat: it takes approximately 150,000 times the atmosphere’s pressure to do that.

3. Wait for a long time.

4. Get the diamond!

Unfortunately, it’s not possible to give that much pressure to get diamond or anything. But it could be possible in future!

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BE GENIUS.