Genius_Issue 12

JUNIOR SCHOOL SCIENCE MAGAZINE ISSUE 12

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EDITORs Heesoo Lee Y12 Cindy SW Kim Y12 Sophie SM Kim Y12 Yunsoo Yoon Y12

DESIGNERs Yoorim Park Y12 TaeHyun Kim Y12 Jin Chun Y12 Siwon Kim Y12 Chaeyeon Seo Y12

WRITERs NLCS JEJU Junior School Students

CONTENTS The Science of Dementia Yuna Cho 6B Kate Kim 6A

FUTURE SPACE PANEL Eloi Roberts

Lego Men To Space Soo Hee Lee, Luna Kim, Hanna Wang

Sleeping Theresa Lee

OPTICAL ILLUSIONS Seoin, Genie and Jimin

Memory Mujin Seo, Minhyuk Kim

The Science of Instant Freezing Water Jess and Luke

The Science of Up Vivia Yang 6C2 & Alessia Kim 6A1

Why We Should Save Wildlife Seung Gi Cho, Yun Seok Lim

The Science of Dementia Yuna Cho 6B Kate Kim 6A

There are millions and millions of diseases in the world. Some may be deadly, while others may happen to be less serious that appear quite frequently to a majority of people. One of the most horrible series of diseases is dementia, an absolutely painful disease which makes people's memory fly out and make them unable to remember things. Dementia is not a specific disease. It's an overall term that describes a group of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person's ability to perform everyday activities. In most cases, people remember things from their youngest days, but forget things that happened recently. If it gets worse, people might remember nothing. This includes their family, friends and even who themselves are! In that case, those people start a new day with new memories every single day.

Dementia is caused by damages done to brain

cells. This damage interferes with the ability of brain cells to communicate w ith one another.

When brain cells cannot communicate normally, thinking, behavior and feelings can be affected.

But how do we cure this disease? Treatment of dementia depends on its cause. In the case of most progressive dementias, including Alzheimer's disease, there is no cure nor treatment that slows or stops its progression although there are drug treatments that may temporarily improve symptoms.

Then how do we prevent people from getting

Dementia? Some of the most active areas of research in risk reduction and prevention include cardiovascular factors, physical fitness, and diet.

FUTURE SPACE PANEL Eloi Roberts

Today, technology is advancing and t h e r e f o r e , m o r e i de a s a r e y e t to c o m e . I w i l l tell you one of t hese ideas t hat t he scient ists h a v e b e e n t h i n k i n g f o r a w h i l e : t h e m a s s iv e solar panel. It is about a half a quarter size of t he eart h. T his wi ll control t he energy f rom t he S u n to t h e e a r t h a n d w i l l m a k e p o w e r o u t o f it. John Mankins, t he scient ist who t hought t his idea named it SPS-ALPHA. T his wi ll take a long t ime to bui ld and wi ll cost a lot of money. But t h is w i l l h e l p o u r e a r t h a l ot b e c a u s e i t do e s not give harm to our environment. It looks li ke a round pyramid, al so called a cocktai l shape.

I t is i n t h is s h a p e to p ic k u p a s m u c h s u n l i g ht as possi ble to power it to t he Eart h. T he glass o n t h is m a s s iv e p a n e l is m a de o u t o f t i n n e r g l a s s e s . S u r p r is i n g ly , t h e NA S A is p l a n n i n g to b u i l d i t i n 2 0 2 5 . Y o u w i l l b e a b l e to s e e a b i g massive black object in t he sky. It is est imated that it will change our time or the gravity.

T hanks to t his panel we won’t need wind or sea energy anymore.

But t here are some problems to t his large solar panel : -

High cost Fragi le Interference wit h space debris Hard to place it in space Change t he eart h’s gravity Can ki ll u s all Might change our t ime T he moon can hit t his

C l e a r ly , t h e r e a r e s o m e p r o b l e m s to t h is panel, but if some of t hem are fixed, it can be r e a d y t o g o s p a c e . R e c e nt ly , t h e m i s s i o n t o Mars was successful. If we are capable of send t hings to Mars, t hen we should be able to send a solar panel in to space too. And I completely a g r e e w i t h t h i s i d e a a n d I w a nt t o s e e t h i s happening in t he future.

Sleeping Theresa Lee

Steps There are many steps in sleeping. There is the light sleep stage which is also called as the REM stage, which stands for the ‘Rapid Eye Movement’. In the light sleep stage, your muscles start to relax and your eyes start to move from side to side. If you are awake during the light sleep stage, you can wake up very easily and might remember some of your dreams. The second stage is the sleep onset stage. Your eyes stop moving and your body temperature drops. Many adults spend most of their sleeping times in this stage. The third and the fourth stage are known as the deep sleep stage. This is the stage where you sleep most deeply and your organs repair for the morning. When you are awakened during this stage your vision might become soggy and you might be absent-minded for a few minutes.

Time We each have different amount of time to sleep. For example, newborn babies need to sleep for most of their days because they need energy from their sleeping. They need to sleep about 14 ~ 17 hours a day. Infants need as much sleep as

the newborn babies. They need 12 ~ 15 hours of sleep a day to get energy and health. Toddlers are not required to sleep more than 15 hours but they still have to have enough sleep for 10 ~ 13 hours a day. Pre schoolers need less than 12 hours sleep a day: 9 ~ 11 hours of sleep is enough. Pre-teens need much less sleep than this. However, they grow a lot during this age period so still they have to sleep at least 8 ~ 10 hours a day. Teens need 8 ~ 10 hours of sleep a day as they are still growing and enough energy. Young adults and adults only need 7 ~ 9 hours of sleep a day as they stop growing and need less time for sleep. Elderly need 7 ~ 8 hours of sleeping only.

Insomnia Insomnia is when you can’t go to sleep or have trouble staying asleep. If you are having insomnia you might not be able to sleep and might still be awake in the middle of the night. Insomnia is a serious problem for children as it affects their health and mood. Sometimes, it might make the children depressed, tired and might cause behavioral and health issues. There are many way to fix insomnia. You can try to sleep at the same time every day and hide all electronic screens before going to sleep, or make your bedroom cold.

Dreams Dream is a mixture of image, emotions and ideas that show up in our minds, usually when we are sleeping. You always dream in your sleep but forget most of it when you wake up. Many people believe that dreams have signs and meanings.

Some of the popular dreams people have are on falling, being chased, or flying. Scientists are still researching about dreams. There are many mysteries about dreams like why we dream or how do dreams tend to fade away in our minds. You can meditate or make a strong wish that you want to remember a dream if you want to remember your dream when you wake up.

https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/156781630748354746/ http://www.expenglish.com/vb/showthread.php?t=7391 https://filmfreeway.com/insomniafestival http://www.eospirituality.com/2016/01/on-dreams-by-metropolitanhierotheos-of.html https://www.webmd.com/parenting/guide/sleep-children#1 https://www.huffingtonpost.com/dreamscloud/meaning-of-dreams_ b_4504512.html http://howtolucid.com/dream-interpretation/

Lego Men To Space Soo Hee Lee, Luna Kim, Hanna Wang

Introduction Hello! Have you ever imagined about a lego being sent to the space? Dr. Chippindall and his friend, Ian Cunningham, are the first people to sent a lego men to space! He visited NLCS JEJU because it was STEM week in NLCS JEJU. He worked as a space engineer before and now he is working as a teacher at a school. This article is about him and his project.

Interview with Dr. Chippindall Q. What made you think of sending a lego man on space?

A. He always wanted to go to the space but it was too expensive and hard so he and his friend thought about a lego man that looks like them.

Also, they thought that it would be fun and they were curious if they could do it in a scientific way.

They had studied aerospace and spacecraft in university.

Q. How was it possible to send lego man to the space without it being destroyed?

A. They send it up using helium gas balloon Q. Do you like lego? And Why? Yes. He loves lego. He use to play with legos when he was young. Now he is playing lego with his pupils.

Q. What kind of your lego man did you send to the space? (Ex: original, spaceman, cooker.. etc) A. He sent a lego man that looks like him because he wanted to go to space. He sent his friend’s lego that looks like his friend as well.

Q. How long did the lego men take to go to space and come back?

A. It took about 90 minutes (1 hour 30 minutes) to go up and 50 minutes to come down. He started in Wales and it landed on England. This shows us that lego men started from Wales and went to the space and landed on the England. *About Dr. Chippindall - Has a friend called Ian Cunningham - Put a lego man on the space using Helium - Works at Crumpsall Primary School

What did Dr. Chippindall send to space?

- Phone to know where the lego man had landed - Helium balloon to make the lego man and other things to go to space - Lego man or something that you want to send to space. (Even pancakes!)

- Hot pack to prevent freezing - Payload to protect things like phone.

How do you send your own lego men to space?

1. By using helium gas balloon!!

2. Put everything (except for the balloon) in the payload 3. Attach the balloon to the payload 4. Bring that thing to a plain 5. Let go of the thing 6. Finish!!!

Conclusion We hope you enjoyed reading our article.

We think sending a lego men to space is very interesting!! If you want to try sending your own lego men to space try following our instructions.

You would be able to take amazing pictures of space!

And remember that you could send something other than lego as well. Thank you for reading our article!

Memory Mujin Seo, Minhyuk Kim

What do you know about memory? It's a thing that is in our head. We can’t see it or feel it, but we can use it somehow. In order for us to recall events, we need memory.

Memory is a storage of information or thoughts, and it involves the limbic systems.

As we get older, our memory gets lost.

This is because the hormones and proteins that protect and repair the brain cells and stimulate neural growth also decline with age.

Memory influences our future actions.

There are different forms and functions of memory. Memory can be divided into individual memory and collective memory.

Some people have short term memory and some have long term memory. A short term

memory allows us to recall something after several seconds to a minute without rehearsal. A long term memory has more storage than a short term memory, and it is more capable and common form of memory when remembering things. While a short term memory encodes only a small amount of memory, a long term memory encodes more information quickly.

Memory is one of the things that we need in order to live. If you don't have any memories, you will forget what you are doing, will not know what to do, and will not be able to speak. If you don’t have it you can do nothing: this is why memory is important.

If you concentrate on something hard, you might lose some memories, so you need to be careful to not lose your memories.

You can sometimes lose your memory because of illness or DNA damage too.

OPTICAL ILLUSIONS Seoin, Genie and Jimin

Do you know what an Optical Illusion is? Try staring at these photos for a long time, then see what happens. If you stare at it for more than 3 seconds, it will move. (You have to really focus on it!)

(Stare this photo for 6 seconds) (Warning: These photos can make you dizzy.)

What is an Optical Illusion?

An optical Illusion is making or tricking your eyes into seeing something different, like the photos above. Optical Illusions can use colours, light, shapes and patterns to create images that trick your eyes.

What is the colour of this dress?

Some people say that the colour of this dress is white and gold but some people say that the colour is blue and gold.

How does an Optical illusion work?

Optical illusions trick people’s eyes with drawing different kinds of puzzled picture. So it’s basically tricking your eyes to see the photo and making your brain to think something else.

For example,

If you look at this picture, (the first picture) you might think that colour A and colour B is different, but it is actually the same colour! If you look at the second picture, you can see that colour A and colour B is the same colour. (It is not a gradation between colour A and colour B!) How to draw a hand Optical illusion 1. Trace your hand in the centre of a plain paper.

2. Fill the paper with colourful lines EXCEPT for the inside of the hand.

3. Colour the inside of the hand with the same colour like as if it’s a 1 line. But on the inside, do it kind of round like this.

4. Now it is done! Check with your relatives if it works!

(This is an example of a hand optical illusion.)

So. now that you know what an Optical illusion is and how to make it, you can trick your friends by showing them one of these photos and telling them how it works! Your friends will be really surprised by the brains being tricked.

The Science of Instant Freezing Water Jess and Luke

Introduction

Have you ever seen water instantly freezing right in front of you? Well, when we first saw the experiment, it was just like magic when we didn’t know how it worked. In this article, we will explain the science behind freezing water instantly, for you to try it yourself!!

How do you conduct this experiment?

First, you will need a bottle of water(and make sure you have a fridge!). Put the bottle of water into the fridge for 2 hrs and 30 minutes to 2 hrs 45 minutes if you are using a 500 mL bottle. Next, when the water is at a point where it is really cold but not yet frozen, take the bottle out of the fridge carefully, and give it a shake or smash the bottle on hard surface. You will have to play around with the time a bit, and see what works the best for you. By this process, the water will freeze instantaneously like magic. To go one step further,

you can prepare an empty bowl and pour the cold water slow and steadily. You will see a tower of ice forming in your bowl, just like the photo below.

However, there is another way that is much easier and efficient. Pour ice cubes into a big bowl.

Then, sprinkle some salt, in order to make the ice cubes even colder. Afterwards, place a bottle of purified water into the bowl full of ice. Wait until the temperature of the bowl reaches -8Ëšc. At this point if the bottle is smashed into a table, the same would happen: this method takes up less time.

The reason this works:

We all know that the freezing point of water is 0 degree celsius. When this temperature is reached, water molecules start to freeze up into ice crystals.

Then layers of ice start to form around the ice crystal and as that process repeats over and over again until the whole water would solidify.

However, in this experiment, the water is taken out of the freezer when it has reached 0˚c but just before it starts to freeze. And at this point if we give a little jostle, the water molecules will bump into each other and turn into ice molecules. As the molecules have reached the right temperature but didn’t have the enough time to transfer into ice, they need a little help; a jostle.

What would we have to do, in order to increase the size of this experiment?

1L, 5hrs 30min, -24ËšC

This is the ratio for this experiment. The amount of water and time waiting is directly proportional, and the temperature stays the same. For example, if somebody decides to do a massive amount, say 200L, then we have to wait for approximately 1100 hours. And you will need a much bigger refrigerator..

The Science of Up Spirit of adventure

Vivia Yang 6C2 & Alessia Kim 6A1

"It was important to the film to have fairly realistic balloon simulations. The balloons behave in a realistic way, although the notion of being able to fly a house with balloons is pretty preposterous. We're not physicists but one of our technical directors calculated that it would take on the order of 20 to 30 million balloons to actually life Carl's house. We ended up using [...] 20,622 when it actually lifts off."

-Steve May, supervising technical director Have you heard of the film “Up”? It was a film released in 2009 that touched many people’s hearts.

It even won the academy award for the Best Animated Feature Film. In the movie, a 78 year old balloon salesman Carl attaches millions of balloons to his house and makes the house fly as seen in the photo.

Have you ever wondered if that could happen? Well, we tried to investigate if that could really happen and if we could send Vivia (my friend) to the sky by looking at the science behind it. Now let’s get started with the basic summary of the film ‘Up’.

(This photo is showing an example of a small house tied up with single LDB, so we could predict that ‘Up’ is possible) As a boy, Carl Fredricksen wanted to explore South America and find the forbidden Paradise Falls.

At age of 76, he gets to begin his journey with Russell, a young boy from the Boy Scout, by lifting his house with thousands of balloons. On their journey, they make new friends (e.g. a talking dog) and figure out that someone has evil plans. Eventually, they defeat with the evils and come back to their own houses.

Russell meets his mother and gets the final badge for the boy scout. On the other hand, the main character, Carl becomes close friends with Russell.

For our investigation, we found some events where balloons were used to fly things in the sky. First of all, NASA had launched the ‘Super Pressure Balloon’ at the Wanaka airport in New Zealand, on the 25th of April, 2017. The Super Pressure Balloon was basically a giant balloon that floated into space. It was designed to float

for a hundred or more days at the distance of 33.5km away from the Earth. The mission was very successful.

The balloon itself was very big, so obviously the reason why it was successful is not that it was light enough to go to space. Nasa put in a precise amount of helium to lift the balloon. Nasa did many other balloon experiments too. (photo of helium balloon)

(explaining how does helium balloons work in science)

Now, we are going to try to find out whether this is really possible by looking at the results of real scientific research. First, let us estimate the size of the house. We can estimate the house’s size by searching pictures of the house in the movie. We can assume that it would be about 116 square metres.

Why We Should Save Wildlife Seung Gi Cho, Yun Seok Lim

Contents 1. REASONS for conservation 2. How humans affect wildlife 3. Problems caused by humans (Boracay) 4. How humans and the environment give and take 5. How to save wildlife 6. WEBSITES REASONS There are lots of wonders in the world, and among them are wildlife species, such as bears, mountain goats, wolves, elks, and deers. Most people think that there are many wildlife species in the world, but the truth is that their numbers are dwindling. If nothing is done to solve this problem, these species might become endangered and extinct someday. However, not many people are aware of the endangered animals. Fortunately, as animals decrease in number, more and more preservation programs have been established to ensure that they are protected, bred, and well-taken care of. Thanks to the preservation programs that motivate and increase awareness of the public regarding the proper protection of wildlife.

By 2025, as many as one fifth of all animal species may be lost. In recent times, hundreds of species have become extinct as a result of human activities including habitat destruction by logging; ever-encroaching human settlement; pollution of water, soil, and air; unmanaged fishing that exhausts fish stocks; illegal hunting to supply the demand for skins, hides, traditional medicines, food, and tourist souvenirs all threatens species' existence.

Biodiversity is essential for a healthy and functional ecosystem. If wildlife is extracted from its natural habitat, the delicate balance of the ecosystem will be disturbed, leading to disastrous results. For instance, there is a wide diversity of species living in the tropical rainforest. If a single species become extinct, the food chain will be disrupted, affecting all the species involved in the food chain. For this reason, promoting biodiversity is one of the main steps to take in order to protect wildlife and their environment.

There are lots to earn from animals. For instance, many medicines have derived from the chemicals produced by animals. These medicines are then used to help cure various illness, such as heart diseases. In fact, based on the statistics provided by the U.S Fish and Wildlife Service, more than 25% of the medicinal prescriptions given every year contain chemicals from animals. There are scientists who study the venom from pit vipers to cure the symptoms of Melanoma and the venom from tarantulas to help fight neurological disorders. Wildlife protection is essential because if the animals are gone, it will be impossible to study and learn from them.

How humans affect wildlife

If humans did not interfere in nature, the almost every species will have a chance to survive. Think of 50 lions and deers. First, the lions will eat almost all of the deers, then the deers will decrease in number significantly. Then, the lions will not be able to find enough deers to eat, so some of them will die of starvation. In effect, the population of the deers will increase, and again, the lions will eat them.

This is the natural balance of the population of species.

Humans destroy the balance of wildlife and increase the risk of extinction for many animals. Humans are the biggest problem in the world, and maybe the most brutal creature in the world.

In the movie ‘Pixel’, Pac Man tries to destroy humans, but Pacman might have tried to save the environment.

Problems caused by humans (Boracay) Would you like to go to Boracay? Specifically, the beach in Boracay. On the 4th of April, 2018, the President of Philippine announced the closure of Boracay. This was because of the high pollution levels of the seawater. It has been polluted by humans as the buildings near the beach use pipes to send polluted water into the sea. In effect, wildlife is endangered. Fortunately, the president restricted entry into the region for about 6 months, but if he didn’t block entry, Boracay would have become the beach of death.

How humans and the environment give and take Humans and the environment give and take in many ways. For example, people build factories and make the earth warmer. Then the ice in the arctic and antarctica melts. As a result, sea levels rise and cause floods and tsunamis that hurt people. If humans do harm to the environment and wildlife, nature pays us back.

How to save wildlife You can save wildlife by recycling plastic. Plastic is one of the most harmful substance to wildlife. Did you know that more than 8 million tons of plastic are being thrown away into the ocean? Sea turtles are endangered because they are often suffocated by eating plastic bags, thinking that it is food.

You can also save wildlife by donating money or adopting an animal. Visit zoos, aquariums, and national parks that donate their money to conversation projects.

Volunteer in a wildlife refuge or a local nature centre. You can help clean the environment, rescue wild animals, or teach tourist not to harm animals. Share your passion for wildlife conservation with your family, or tell your friends how they can help. Don’t buy things made from animals, such as wallets made with crocodile skins or clothes made from bird feathers. You can help by planting trees as over 85% of all threatened and endangered species are killed because of habitat loss. Tell your family and friends to help and save wildlife.

WEBSITES WWF - https://www.worldwildlife.org/ BEST WILDLIFE WEBSITE FOR KIDS - http://www. countryfile.com/countryside/best-wildlife-websites-kids MORE‌.. - https://lib2.colostate.edu/wildlife/websites.html These are the websites of organisations that try to save wildlife or to educate kids on the topic of conversation.

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