Various Authors, Myanmar Naingngan Seepwaryay Phontphyo Toetatyay Twaymyin Chath Nit Mahar Byuhar

jrefrmEdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;zGHΘzd;wdk;wufa&; awG;jrifcsufESifh r[mAsL[m

jrefrmEdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;zGHΘzd;wdk;wufa&; awG;jrifcsufESifh r[mAsL[m

a'gufwmcifarmif=unf a'gufwma&mfe,f zif'av a'gufwm tm&f-trf- qGef'&rf a'gufwmjrarmif a'gufwmrsKd;!Gef@ OD;aZmfOD;ESifh jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifrsm;?

OD;atmifol+idrf;ESifh jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;bmom&yf avhvmqnf;yl;ol jrefrmausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;u 0kdif;0ef;bmomjyefqkd=u+yD;/ ygarmuQ a'gufwmOD;cifarmif=unf/ OD;aZmfOD;ESifh a':ar+idrf;wd@k u wnf;jzwfygonf? ygarmuQa'gufwmOD;cifarmif=unf. xyfrH&Sif;vif;jznfhpGufcsufrsm; yg0ifygonf?

Tpmwrf;a&;om;avhvmcsufudk puFmylEdkifiH/ puFmyltrsKd;om;wuUodv k f/ pD;yGm;a&;pDrHcef@cGJa&;qdkif&m r[mXme (Faculty of Business Administration)/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;qdkif&m okawoeESifh zGH@òz;r_A[dkXme (Center for Business Research and Development) . }uD;=uyfr_atmufY aqmif&GufcJjh cif;jzpfygonf?

tdkavmhyrf; EdkifiHwumyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;A[dkXmerS xkwfa0onf?

pmtkyfrSwfwrf; yxrt}udrfxkwfa0jcif;? rlydkifcGifh?

yHkESdyfjzef@csd?

t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh (2000) ckESpf? Olof Palme International Center PO Box (3221) S-10364 Stockholm, Sweden.

ISBN 918-883616-9 Singapore University Press (Pte) Ltd Yusof Ishak House, 31 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119078 Fax: (65) 774 0652; E-mail: supbooks@nus.edu.sg http://www.nus.edu.sg/SUP

'kwd,t}udrfxkwfa0jcif;? jrefrmbmomjzifh (2007) ckESpf/ rwfv? tkyfa&?

000000 yHkESdyfjzef@csD? Vahu Institute P.O Box (32) Chinag Mai University P.O Chiang Mai 50202 Thailand.

ISBN 000-000000-0

Tpmtkyfygtcsuftvufrsm;udk wckvHk;aomfvnf;aumif;/ wpdwfwydkif;aomfvnf;aumif;/ rlydkif&Sif. cGifhรฐycsufr&&SdbJ jyefvnfyHkESdyfjcif;/ odkrSD;xm;jcif;/ jzef@a0jcif;udk tDvufx&Gefepfenf;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ tDvufx&pfenf;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ "gwkenf;/ vufjzifh/ pmul;pufjzifh/ zdkwdak umfyDenf;tm;jzifhaomf vnf;aumif;/ tjcm;enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ rnfonfeh nf;ESifhr# aqmif&GufcGifhrรฐyyg? rlydkifcGifh tm;vH;k udk rSwfyHkwifxm;+yD; jzpfygonf?

ody`H orH "eH ewWd twwfynmESifhwlaom ypPnf;OpPmonf r&Sd? avmueDwd

rmwdum Oa,smZOftzGifhpum; aus;Zl;pum; Tpmtkyfudk b,fvkd pkaygif; a&;om;=uygoenf;? bmomjyefqdkxm;aom jrefrmjyefpmtkyf. ed'gef; tcef; (1) ed'gef; tcef; (2) taxGaxGokH;oyfcsufESifh tajccHrl0g'rsm;wnfaqmufxm;yHk tcef; (3) pdkufysKd;a&;u¾ tcef; (4) pufr_vkyfief;rsm;u¾ tcef; (5) obm0o,HZmw pGrf;tm;rsm;ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usif tcef; (6) EdkifiHwumukefoG,fr_ESifh &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ tcef; (7) trsKd;om;ruU&dkpD;yGm;a&;wnf+idrfapa&;twGuf b¾ma&;ESifh aiGa=u;qdkif&mrl0g'rsm; tcef; (8) qif;&Jr_ESifh 0ifaiGcGJa0jzef@jzL;r_ tcef; (9) ynma&;u¾ tcef; (10) tajccHtaqmuftOD tcef; (11) tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&mpepfrsm; tcef; (12) OD;pm;ay;tpDtpOfrsm;/ jy\emrsm;ESifh taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif ñuHawG@&rnfjh y\emrsm; tcef; (13) ed*Hk; usrf;ud;k pm&if; yg0ifa&;om; ðypk=uolrsm; aemufqufwJG (1) 0dkif;0ef;a0zeft=uHðy=uaom rdwfaqGynm&Sifrsm;

Oa,smZOftzGifph um; (20) &mpkESpf. 'kwd,w0ufydkif;umvonf/ urBm}uD;wckvH;k . pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_ t&Sdef t[kefjzifh wd;k wufvmcJhaom umvjzpfonf? xl;jcm;wd;k wufr_rSm odoo d momyifjzpfonf? ,cifumvrsm; ESifhrwl/ TuJhodk@pD;yGm;a&;wd;k wufr_ t&Sdeft[kefudk urBmtESH@tjym;&Sd/ 0ifaiGtqifhtwef; toD;oD;&Sd=u aomEdkifiHtrsm;tjym;wGifyg &&Sd cHpm;cJh=u&jcif; jzpfonf? trSefwu,fyif/ qif;&JaomEdkifiHrsm;onf csrf;om aomEdkifiHrsm;xuf ydkI wd;k wufr_t&Sdeft[kef/ ydkrdkv#ifjrefjrifhrm;pGm wd;k wufvmcJh=uonf? wdk;wuf+yD;aom EdkifiH}uD;rsm;udk trDvdkufvmcJh=uonf? xdk twGuaf =umifhyif EdkifiHtm;vH;k &Sdjynfolrsm;taejzifh vlaer_tqifh twef;jrifhrm;pGm/ wurBmvH;k twdik f;twmjzifhaygif;qHkrdvmjcif;[kyif ajymqdkvmcJh=uonf? od@k aomfvnf; tcsKd@aomEdkifiHrsm;wGifrl TumvwGif/ pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_rSm pdwf"gwfusp&m aumif;avmufatmif aES;auG;usefae&pfonf? Todk@rwd;k wufbJ usefaeaomtaetxm;wGif &SdaecJhonfh jrefrmEdkifiH. tajctaerSmvnf; txl;yifowdðyp&myif jzpfonf? Tta=umif;tcsufwGif ae&mtESH@ tjym;wGif&Sdae=uaom EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sif u|rf;usifolrsm;twGuf txl;pdk;&drfylyef zG,f&myif jzpfonf? Tta=umif;tcsufonfyif/ jynfwGif;Yaexdik f=uaom jrefrmEdkifiHolEdkifiHom;rsm;/ tjcm;urBmae&mrsm;odk@ c&D;oGm;ae =u&aomjrefrmjynfojl ynfom;rsm;twGufvnf; txl;pdk;&drfylyefzG,fyif jzpfonf? xdt k wGufa=umifhyif vGefcJhaom &mpkESpfw0ufumvu wurBmvHk;twdik f;twmjzifh pD;yGm;a&; w[kefxd;k tHkºuGwdk;wufvmcJhaoma&pD;a=umif;ay:odk@ jrefrmEdkifiHyg0ifyl;aygif;Edkifa&;twGuf vrf;c&D;wGif wpfqdk@[ef@wm;aeaom t"duusaom udpPrsm;udk pepfwusoH;k oyf ppfaq;=u&efrSm/ txl;ta&;}uD;vmyg onf? ydkIta&;}uD;onfrSm EdkifiHtaejzifh TtcuftcJtwm;tqD;rsm;udk ausmv f $m;oGm;Edkifrnfhvrf; a=umif;rsm; &SmazGazmfxkwfa&;ESifh/ ydkIwqifhjrifhaom pD;yGGg;a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_&&Sdap&efyif jzpfygonf?

T&nf&G,fcsujf zifhyif/ ,cktpD&ifcHpmu rsm;pGmóu;yrf;tm;xkwfxm;ygonf? txl;ojzifh TtpD &ifcHpmudk jrefrmynm&Sifrsm;udk,fwkid f pepfwusavhvma&;om;xm;=ujcif; jzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif TtpD&if cHpma&;om; a&;twGuf avhvmor_ðy=u&mwGif/ xdkjrefrmynm&Sifrsm;. ºu,f0aomtawG@tñuHrsm;/ EdkifiH . jy\emrsm;tay: yk*~dKvfa&;avhvmr_rsm;ESifh a&S@a&Smufjzpfvmrnfh tajctaewGuq f csufrsm;udkvnf; aygif;pyfcJh=uygonf? xdkr#ru TtpD&ifpmudk pkpnf;a&;om;cJh=uaom ynm&Sifrsm;rSm/ EdkifiHwumtESH@ tjym;vSnfhvnfc&D;oGm;ae=u+yD;/ urBmwv$m;&SdtqifhjrifhwuUokv d frsm;wGif zGH@òz;a&;txl;ðyynm&Sifrsm; e,fy,fY ynm&yfydkif;qdkif&mt&vnf; *k%fowif;}uD;ausm=f um;olrsm;jzpf=uygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifhyif Tynm&Sifrsm;taejzifh olwd@k teD;uyfod&Sdaom wdik f;jynf. tajctaejy\emrsm;ESifh/ pD;yGm;a&;ody`Hynm. aemufqHk;jzpfay:wdk;wufaer_rsm;udk aygif;pyfay;Edkif=u+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiHtem*wfzGH@òz;wdk;wufr_twGuf rnfonfh enf;vrf;jzifh taumif;qHk;taumiftxnfazmfEdkif=urnfqdkonfukv d nf; tao;pdwftwGif;usus azmfjyay; EdkifcJh=uygonf? aemufydkif;wGif qufvufazmfjyaomt&mrsm;rSm trsm;u a,bk,sem;vnfxm;ovd/k pD;yGm;a&; zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_twGuf pDrHudef;wck r[kwfyg? Tae&mwGif pDrHudef;qdkonfudak jym&rnfqdkv#if/ twdtus&&Sd vdak om &nfrSef;csufypfrSwfrsm;/ tpDtpOfrsm; tao;pdwfudk taumiftxnfazmfrnfh tcsdefZ,m;rsm;/ xdk &nfrSef;csufudk taumiftxnfazmfEdkifa&;twGuf pGrf;tm;rsm;udk rnfod@k &SmazGazmfxkw&f ,lrnf? ukefus rnfh cef@rSef;aiGa=u; pm&if;Z,m;rsm;ESifh &&Sdvmaom&v'frsm;udk rnfuJo h dk@xdef;csKyfrnfenf;paom tcsuf rsm;yg0ifvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? Tazmfjyygtajctaetwdik f;qdkv#if pDrHudef;a&;qGJjcif;udk ynm&Siftkyfpki,f av;r#ESifh xda&muf pGma&;qGJEdkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg? xdkynm&Sifrsm;rSm vufiif;pDrHcsufrsm;udk a&;qGJtaumif azmfae=uonfhwm0ef&Sdolrsm;ESifh eD;eD;pyfpyf yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufae=uolrsm;vnf; r[kwfyg? txl;qdk&v#if Tynm&Sifrsm;pGmrSm EdkifiHrSa0;I&yfa0;ajrjcm;odk@ a&muf&SdaecJhonfrSm vGefcJhaomESpfumvrsm;uyif jzpfyg onf?

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od@k ygaomfvnf; Tynm&Sif}uD;rsm; wwfpGrf;aqmif&GufEdkifor#/ ,ckavhvmcsufwGif pkpnf;aqmif &Gufxm;or#rSm EdkifiHwcktaejzifh a&&SnfumvwGif zGH@òz;wdk;wufvmapa&;twGuf rjzpfraepOf;pm;=u&rnfh jy\emrsm;udk rD;armif;xd;k azmfjyxm;jcif;jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH ordkif;xl;jcm;csufukd xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;I/ wdik f;jynf. jyifywGif jzpfay:ajymif;vJaeaom tajctaersm;udk csifhcsdefI/ tem*wfumvwGif jzpfvmEdkif aomtvm;tvmrsm;ESifh rSef;qcsufrsm;udk cef@rSef;wGucf sufI azmfjyxm;jcif;jzpfygonf? Tod@k wGucf suf cef@rSef;r_rsm;rSaeI rnfonfhudpPrsKd;ud&k nf ±G,fcsufxm;&rnf[laom tjrifudjk zpfay:vmap+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiH tem*wfwGif a&&SnfzGH@òz; wdk;wufapa&;twGuf rnfonfv h rf;a=umif;rsKd;jzifh csOf;uyfoifhonf/ rnfonfh vm;&mudk a&G;cs,foifhonf[laom tjriftm&Hkudk &vmaprnfjzpfonf? Tavhvmcsufpmwrf;tm;jzifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;&Sd pepfopfyHkpHcsrSwfa&;qGJrnf/h rl0g'rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfaqmif=urnfh EdkifiHa&; acgif;aqmifrsm;udk tjrif&&Sdap&ef&nf&G,f+yD;/ tvSL&SifEdkifiHrsm;rSEdkifiHacgif;aqmifrsm;udv k nf; vdktyfrnfh ulnyD Hhydk;r_ aiGa=u;yrm%ESifh enf;ynmqdkif&myHhydk;r_rsm;udk rSef;qwGucf sufEdkifaprnf jzpfygonf? TuJhod@k r[mAsL[mqdkif&m avhvmcsufrsm;udk ðy&mY wbufwGiftar&duefEdkifiHyHkpHudk avhvmouJo h dk@/ tjcm; wbufwGif csDvDEdkifiHOyrmpojzifh tvSrf;us,fajympGm avhvmaqmif&GufcJ=h ujcif; jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHESifh eD;pyfaomEdkifiHrsm;jzpfonfh puFmylESifh rav;&Sm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif qdkv#if TuJhodk@aomavhvmr_rsm;udk olwkd@EdkifiH . rl0g'rsm;udk tao;pdwfavhvma&;qGJ&eftwGuf aqmif&Gufavh&Sd=uygonf? TOyrmudk,lI ,ckwifjy xm;aom avhvmcsufpmwrf;udk tajccHtjzpfðyI jrefrmEdkifiHjynfov l lxktrsm; zlvHºk uG,f0apa&;twGuf qifhyGm; =uHqjcif;/ qufvufaqG;aEG;jiif;ckefjcif;rsm;jzifh a&S@qufwk;d wufatmif aqmif&Guf=uap&ef &nf&G,f csufyHk=urf; jzpfygonf? od@k aomfvnf; jrefrmjynfolrsm;. zlvHkºu,f0apa&;qdkonfrSm EdkifiHtwGif; EdkifiHa&; pepfrsm; tajymif;tvJjzpfay:vmjcif; r&SdbJ/ &&SdEdkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfygacs?

Tpmwrf;jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf avhvma&;tpDtpOfrsm;udk qGD'ifEdkifiH/ EdkifiHwumyl;aygif;aqmif &Gufa&;at*sifpD. axmufyHhulnDr_rsm;jzifh +yD;ajrmufaqmif&GufEdkifcJhjcif; jzpfygonf? ,ef [dk'if tm&Sqdkif&m pDrHcsufrefae*sm tdkavmhyrf; EdkifiHwumyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;A[dkXme (The Olof Palme International Center)

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aus;Zl;pum; Tpmtkyfonf jrefrmEdkifiHjynfwGif;ESifh jynfy&Sd jrefrmpD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifrsm;. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ &v'fa=umifhay:xGuv f mcJhjcif;jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHzGH@òz;wd;k wufr_twGuf a&&Snftjrifjzifh tpDtpOfrsm; yl;aygif;a&;qGJ=u&ef t=uHtpnfudk jrefrmpD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifwpku (1980) ckESpfydkif;uyif =uHpnfcJ=h uygonf? yxrOD;qHk; tajccHoabm w&m;a&;qdkif&mtjrif rl=urf;udk (1991) ckESpfwGif pwifa&;qGJcJh=uygonf? TtpD tpOfudk pwifóu;yrf;=uolrsm;u aqG;aEG;nd‡Ed_if;yGJrsm;ðyvkyfusif;yEdkif&ef/ okawoevkyfief;rsm;ESifh&Hk;vkyfief; rsm;vnfywfEdkif&eftwGuf vHak vmufaom &efykHaiG&&Sd&ef&SmazGcJh=uygonf? tcsdefumvwcktxd rnfod@k aom apwem&Sif toif;ur# TtpDtpOfudk pdwf0ifpm;[ef/ ulnv D d[ k efrjycJh=uyg? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; vdyfcJ wif;vif;wnf&Sdaeaom EdkifiHa&;jy\emrsm;. yuwdtajctaeud=k unhfI rjzpfEdkif[k pOf;pm;aecJh=uyHk&yg onf? rdrdwdk@taejzifh jrefrmEdkifiHonfom/ aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;vrf;a=umif;twdik f;om acwfrDEdkifiHawmfopf tjzpf zGH@òz;wd;k wufcGifhom&&Sdrnfqdkygu/ tem*wfwdkif;jynf. acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh a&S@ñuHawG@&rnfh }uD; rm;aom tcuftcJumvrsm;udk jzwfausmfEdkif&efqdkonfrSm rnfokd@rnfyHkjzwfoef;rnf[laom vrf;jyajryHk w&yf rvGJraoG vdt k yfrnfjzpfygonf? rdrdwdk@uvnf; xdkod@k acgif;aqmifrsm; pOf;pm;Edkifap&ef ulnDoifhygonf? rdrdwd@k tiftm;pkxJrS tcsKd@aom yk*~dKvfrsm;rSm jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; umv=um&Snfwm0efxrf;aqmifzl;cJh ouJo h dk@/ wdik f;jynfjyifywGifvnf; cufcJjyif;xefaom pdefac:r_/ tawG@tñuHrsm;udk jzwfoef;zl;cJh=uolrsm;jzpf &m/ TuJo h dk@ EdkifiH.a&S@odk@qufoGm;&rnfh r[mAsL[mqdkif&mtjrifw&yfðypkI yHhydk;a&;twGuf txl;oifhavsmf olrsm; jzpf=uygonf? wbufwGif jrefrmEdkifiH. ,Ofaus;r_/ vlr_a&;yuwdtajctaersm;udk xif[yfazmfjyEdkif rnfjzpf+yD;/ tjcm;wbufwGifvnf;/ tm&Swdu k fESifh tjcm;aomurBmhae&mrsm;rS zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHrsm;ESifh zGH@òz;+yD;EdkifiH }uD;rsm; jzwfoef;cJh&aom tawG@tñuHrsm;udkvnf; xnfhoGif;azmfjyEdkifvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? aemufqHk;wGif TtpDtpOfonf a&&nfar#mfjrifI/ jrefrmEdkifiHtay:pdwfaumif;apwem tjynfhxm; aom tdkavmhzfyrf; EdkifiHwumyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&; A[dkXme (Olof Palme International Center) . ulnaD xmufyHhr_jzifh pwifEdkifcJhygawmhonf? rdrdwdk@taejzifh rsm;pGm0rf;ajrmuf aus;Zl;pum;qdk&rnf jzpfyg onf? TtultnDom r&&SdcJhygu/ Todk@ }uD;rm;cufcJaom vkyfief;&yf}uD;udk taumiftxnf azmfEdkifvdrfh rnf r[kwfay? xd@k tjyif rdrdwdk@taejzifh Tavhvmr_udpPrsm;/ Tpmwrf;jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf enf;aygif;pHkjzifh taxmuftyHhðycJh=uaom rsm;pGmaom jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifrsm;/ tif*sifeD,mrsm;/ ynma&;qdkif&mynm &Sifrsm;/ wwfodynm&Sifrsm;. tzdk;rjzwfEdkifaom aus;Zl;udk todtrSwfðy&rnfjzpfygonf? ‚if;yk*~dKvfrsm; teuf tcsKd@rSm ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh emrnfazmfjy&ef rjzpfEdkifyg? puFmylEdkifiH&Sd/ eD;tJef ydkvDwuUedcfausmif; wGif tDvufx&Gefepf bmom&yfoif=um;ydk@csaeol a'gufwmat;odef;ausmftaejzifhvnf; tzdk;rjzwfEdkif aom t=uHay;r_rsm;jzifh Tpmwrf;. ynma&;ESifh pufr_vkyfief;rsm;tydkif;wGif jznfhpGufay;cJhygonf?

Tpmwrf;jzpfajrmufa&;tawG@tñuHrsm;xJrS ta&;}uD;aomtpdwftydkif;wckrSm (1997) ckESpf/ ar vwGif 0g&Sifwef'DpDòr@awmfwGif usif;ycJhaom vkyfazmfudik fzufrsm;xHrS Tr[mAsL[mtjrif pmwrf;tay: yGifhyGifhvif;vif; tjrifzvS,f t=uH&,lr_jzpfygonf? TESD;aESmzvS,fyGJudk yk*~vduvkyfief;rsm;qdkif&m EdkifiH wum A[dkXme (Center for International Private Enterprise) . }uD;=uyfapmifh=unfhr_atmufwGif aqmif&GufcJjh cif; jzpfygonf? tm&S/ Oa&myESifh tar&duEdkifiHrsm;rS xif&Sm;ausmf=um;aom ygarmuQESifh ynm &Sif (16) OD;udk zdwf=um;+yD;/ Tr[mAsL[m tjrif pmwrf;rl=urf;udk jyefvnfpDppfI t=uHðyapcJhygonf? xdk ynm&Sifrsm;. tzdk;rjzwfEdkifaomt=uHðycsufrsm;rSm Tpmwrf;udk aemufxyfxyfrH zGH@òz;ap&efqufvuf aqmif&Guf&efESifh pmom;rsm;udjk yefvnf jyifqifwnf;jzwfEdkif&ef taxmuftulrsm;pGm jzpfapcJhygonf? xdk ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh tcsdefukefcH/ tiftm;pdkufxkwf yHhydk;ay;cJhr_udk rdrdwdk@taejzifh rsm;pGm aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif; 4

azmfjyvdkygonf? tu,fI rjynfph Hkr_rsm;/ vdt k yfcsufrsm;&Sdygu Tonftm;vH;k wdk@rSm rdrdwd@k .wm0efomjzpf ygonf? aemufwESpft=um (1998) ckESpf/ arvwGif aemufxyfaemufqufwJG nd‡Ed_if;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrsm;udk usif;yEdkifcJhygonf? xdik f;EdkifiH/ csLvmavmifuGefwuUodkvf/ tm&Savhvma&;ody`HXme. txl;yHhydk;ulnrD _/ ae&m xdik fcif;/ tcif;tusif;rsm; yHhydk;r_r&Sdygu Tnd‡Ed_if;aqG;aEG;yGJ atmifjrif&efjzpfEdkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg? tm&S avhvma&;ody`HXme. !$ef=um;a&;rSL; a'gufwm 0dx,m qlcsm&pfxefe&wfpD tygt0if xdXk merS vkyfazmf udik fzufrsm;jzpfaom a'gufwm qledwf csLwDem&mEGef ESifh rpPyGefyDrGef w&DcsKwf wdk@udk txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sd a=umif;azmfjy&rnf jzpfygonf? TpDrHcsuf tqHk;owfed*Hk;csKyfEdkifa&;twGuf TuJhod@k aomnDvmcHrsm; usif;y Edkif&ef ukefusp&dwfrsm; yHhydk;ulnDay;cJhaom yk*~vduvkyfief;rsm;qdkif&m EdkifiHwumA[dkXme (Center for International Private Enterprise) udk aemufxyfw}udrf aus;Zl;pum;xyfqdk&ygvdrfhrnf?

TpDrHcsufudk puFmyltrsKd;om;wuUodv k f/ pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m okawoeESifh zGH@òz;r_qdkif&mA[dkXme (Center for Business Research and Development) . }uD;=uyfr_atmufY aqmif&GufcJjh cif;jzpfygonf? tapmydkif;umv jyifqifa&;nd‡Ed_if;aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;/ OD;aESmufrkefwdik f;qifonfhaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;udk TXme. }uD;=uyf r_atmufYyif aqmif&GufcJ=h uygonf? pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mpDrHcef@cGJr_XmerS r[mXmerSL; ygarmuQ 0DcsKda,mif. wdu k fwGef;tm;ay;r_rsm;ESifh yHhydk;ay;r_rsm;/ tvm;wl,if;Xme.'g&dkufwmjzpfol rpP acsmifupf bdka0wdk@. ulnD r_rsm;/ xdk@tjyif Xme0efxrf;wOD;jzpfol rpP zD,dkemwdik f. yl;aygif;ulnDr_rsm;udv k nf; txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sd a=umif; azmfjyvdkygonf? aemufqHk;taejzifh jrefrmEdkifiH ulnaD xmufyHha&;twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@0if rpPwm [efanmifa&$udkvnf; ol. uruxðy yHhydk;r_rsm;ESifh a&S@óujrifaom t=uHay;r_rsm;twGuf aus;Zl;pum;qdk&rnf jzpfygonf? ol. taumif;zufudk ar#mfjrifwwfaom pdwfxm;rsKd;/ tm;ay;wdu k fwGef;r_rsKd; r&cJhygv#if Tpmwrf;jzpfajrmufvm oD;yGifhvma&;twGuf rsm;pGmtcuftcJñuH=u&rnf jzpfonf? rjzpfEdkif[kyif qdk&ygvdrfhrnf?

TtpDtpOfudk pwifpOfuyif wdusaocsmaom pOf;pm;r_rsm;jzifh pwifcJh=uygonf? Tpmwrf;rsm; onf tquftpyfr&Sd jyef@usaJ eaompmwrf;rsm;/ pmpDpmuH;k tufaq;rsm;udk pkpnf;azmfjyxm;aom pmwrf; rsKd;rjzpfap&[k pOf;pm;qHk;jzwfcJh=uygonf? Tpkpnf;wifjycsufonf jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh vGwv f yfaom aps;uGuf pD;yGm;a&;pepfatmufwGif rnfodk@rnfyHkzGH@òz;wdk;wufEdkifrnfukd usKd;a=umif;qDavsmfaom qifajcrsm; jzifh &_axmifhw&yfrSpkpnf; csOf;uyfwifjyyHkrsKd; jzpfap&ef &nf&G,fcJh=uygonf? rdrdwdk@taejzifh vGwfvyfaomaps; uGupf D;yGm;a&;pepfESifh òyifqdkifr_udk tav;ay;vufcHr_=um;rSyif/ rdrdwdk@tiftm;pkt=um;Y EdkifiHawmftpdk;&ESifh aps;uGuft=um; rnfokd@rnfyHkqufpyf=urnfukd aqG;aEG;pOf;pm;=u&mwGif/ rwluGJjym;aom taoG;ta&mif rsm;/ tjrifrsm;&SdcJh=uygonf? Tod@k jzpf&onfrSm obm0usygonf? ta=umif;rSm rdrdwd@k toD;oD;onf urBm }uD;. rwluJjG ym;aom a'otoD;oD;Y rwluGJjym;aomtawG@tñuHrsm;udk vufcH&&Sdvmaoma=umifhjzpfyg onf? xdk@tjyif rwluJjG ym;aom OD;pm;ay;bmom&yftrsKd;rsKd;udk avhvmqnf;yl;cJh=uolrsm;jzpf=uygonf?

TuJo h kd@rwluJjG ym;aomtjrifrsm;udk pkpnf;&onfrSm ,cifucef@rSef;xm;onfxuf/ wu,fvufawG@ tvkyf vky=f u&mwGif cufcJvSygonf? od@k aomfvnf; rdrdwd@k tm;vHk;. jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf wlnDaomtjrifw&yf pkpnf;azmfjyay;vdak om jyif;xefonfhqENa=umifh aemufqHk;jrefrmEdkifiHzGH@òz;wd;k wufr_. u¾pHk/ bufpHkaxmifhpHk twGuf trsm;óuufnaD omqENoabmwlncD sufrsm; &,lEdkifcJh=uygonf? aemufqHk; Tod@k rwluJjG ym;aom tjrifjy\emrsm;udk tajzxkwf=u&mwGif jrefrmEdkifiH.a&&SnftusKd;pD;yGm;udak r#mfjrifaomtjrifu tm;vHk; . qENrsm;udk v$rf;ðcHtqHk;tjzwfay;apcJhaom pHwefzdk;w&yf jzpfcJh&ygonf?

Twifjycsufpmwrf;onf jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf tusKd;jzpfxGef;atmif vkyfaqmifEdkifapvdrfhrnf/ wpfck wnf;aomtjrifjzpfrnf[laom &nf&G,fpdwf rdrdwd@k wGif r&SdcJh=ua=umif; azmfjyvdkygonf? rdrdwdk@ Tae&mwGif wifjyvdak omtcsufrSm jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf tao;pdwf twdtusvku d femusifhoH;k &rnf[laom tpDtpOf r[kwfyg? odk@aomf trsm;uxyfrHrGrf;rHcsJ@xGifðyjyifEdkifaom/ ydkrdkwd;k wufatmifaqmif&GufEdkifaom csOf;uyfyHk enf;emwpfckom jzpfygonf? tvkyfjzpfapEdkifaom a&&SnfpDrHudef;rsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiH.acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh 5

tpDtpOfa&;qGJolrsm;uom qufvufa&;qGJaqmif &Guf=u&rnfjzpfygonf? od@k aomf rdrdwdk@.贸u;yrf;aqmif &Gufcsuo f nf Tbmom&yfESifhywfoufI vltrsm; qufvuf=uHqEdkifap&ef aphaqmfr_wGef;tm; jzpfapvdrfh rnf[k ,H=k unfygonf? TwifjycsufwiG f rdrdwdk@tae jzifh jrefrmEdkifiH. twdwu f pGrf;aqmif xm;csufrsm;udk/ wwfpGrf;oavmuf tqdk;jrifuJaom tjrifzufrS r=unfhrdap&ef 贸u;yrf;xm;=uygonf? odk@aomfvnf; tjcm; wpfbufwGif rdrdwdk@taejzifh twdwu f mvrS qHk;&_H; cJh&r_rsm;udk t冒yoabmqefaoma0zefa&;jzifh avhvm axmufjy&ef wm0ef&Sdonf[k cH,lygonf? odk@rSom tem*wftwGuf rdrdwdk@udf, k fwdik fjyifqifEdkif=uvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? twdwu f mvESifh vuf&SdtkyfcsKyfaeaom tpdk;&tay: tqdk;jrifazmfjyr_rsm; &SdaeEdkifygonf?

TonfrSmvnf; rdrdwd@k taejzifh wrifoufouf&nf&G,f azmfjyvdjk cif;r[kwfbJ/ EdkifiH.tem*wftwGuf ta&;ygvSaom rl0g'qdkif&mjy\emrsm;udk udik fwG,faqG;aEG; ae&aom tpD&ifcHpma&;om;ae&aom tcsdef wGif/ rv$Jra&Smifom oifcef;pm,l&rnfh tawG@t帽uHrsm; yg0ifazmfjyr_[o k m &_jrif=uapvdkygonf?

6

Tpmtkyfudk b,fvdkpkaygif;a&;om;-uygoenf;?

Tpmtkyfudk a&;om;&mwGif u|efawmfonf/ acgif;aqmifa&;om;ol jzpfygonf? odk@aomfxdyfwef; ynm&Sifrsm;pGmvnf; yg0if a&;om;=uojzifh/ rnfolu rnfonfudk OD;aqmifwifjyonf/ ponfh yk*~dKvf toD;oD;. óu;yrf;r_rsm;yg0ifr_rsm;udk odomxif &Sm;atmifvkyfzdk@ vdv k mygonf? Tpmtkyfudak &;om;&mwGif ynm&Sif (6) OD;u yg0ifa&;om;=uonfqdkjcif;a=umifh/ rnfou l rnfonft h axuftulðyonf/ acgif;aqmif onf/ a&;om;aomtcsufrsm;tb,fah =umifh nD!w G faeygoenf; ponfhwd@k udk aESmif;acwfyk*~dKvfrsm; odom Edkif&ef rSwfwrf;wifxm;zdk@ vdktyfygonf? xd@k a=umifh T&Sif;vif;csufudkwifjy&ygonf? u|efawmfwdk@onf pma&;&efjyifqifpOfuyif ta=umif; t&mwckpDudk wa,mufpD a&;om;+yD;/ pkaygif;pmtkyfxkwfjcif;udk rvdkvm;yg? wdik f;jynfu wu,ftoH;k csEdkif &ef u|efawmfwdk@. wajy;wnf;nD!w G f aomt,ltqrsm;udk odomxif&Sm;pGm wifjyzdk@vdkygonf? xdk@a=umifh yxrtpnf;ta0;rwdik frDuyif/ u|efawmfwd@k tzGJ@xJrS jzpfap/ jyifyrSjzpfap/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;rSjzpfap acgif;pOf trsKd;rsKd;atmufwGif a&;om;=uonfh wifjycsufrsm;udk yxrydk@ay;=u&ef zdwfac:cJhygonf? acgif;aqmif a&;om;aomyk*~dKvfrsm;rSm q&m (Findlay)/ q&mqGef'&rfESifh OD;cifarmif=unfwdk@jzpfygonf? xdyk k*~dKvf (3) OD;uvnf; olwdk@.tawG@tñuH/ avhvmcsufrsm;t& tm;om;csufrsm;&SdaecJh=uyg onf? q&m (Findlay) rSm (Neoclassical economist) tkyfpk yxr rlvabm*aA'ynmudk jyefvnf qef;opfapaom urBmausmfynm&SifwOD;jzpfojzifh/ ,if;onf abm*aA'ynm rlv ynm&SiftkyfpkwGif yg0if aeygonf? q&mqGef'&rfrSm umv tawmf=umu qdk&S,fvpft,ltqv$rf;rdk;vufcHaeaom vef'ef wuUodv k fygarmuQrsm;. wynfhjzpfojzifh/ rlvu qdk&S,fvpfqefqef jzpfaeaomfvnf;/ jrefrmjynfESifhwuG tjcm;zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHrsm;.tawG@tñuHrsm;udk oH;k oyf&onft h cgwGif/ vGwf vyfaomaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&; (free competitive enterprice) . tm;omyHkudk rrSdwfroHkvufcHoGm;ygonf? u|efawmfonf ,cifu b0tawG@tñuHt&aomfvnf;aumif;/ vGwfvyfa&;r&rD trsKd;om;a&; wdu k fyGJrsm;paepOfuyif/ ausmif;om;acgif; aqmifwpfOD; jzpf+yD;/ wd@k Armtpnf;t&Hk;ESifh eD;pyfcJhojzifh/ jrefrm jynf uGefjrLepfygwDu ppfóuacwfuyifpDpOfcJhaom/ uGefjrLepf oifwef;rsm;wGif yg0ifavhvmcsufrsm;t& vnf;aumif;/ uGefjrLepfvrf;a=umif;xJ a&mufaecJhygonf? od@k &mwGif (1947-48) ckESpfwGif ppf+yD;p qdk&S,fvpftkyfpk.vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk us,fus,jf yef@jyef@avhvm&onft h cgwGif/ pwmvifESifh &k&Sm;uGefjrL epfygwD.acwf/ txl;ojzifh rdrdpdwfwdik f;ustajz r&&Sdaom/ vufrcHEdkifaomowWaA'ynm&SifawGudk okwo f ifypfonfudk awG@vm&onft h cgwGif/ oHo,pdwfawG0ifae+yD;/ ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;a=umifh uGefjrLepf tkyfpkESifh vrf;uGo J Gm;cJhygonf? wuUodv k fwGif ynmqHk;atmif oifaecJhygonf? xd@k aemuf ynmawmfoif ta&G;cH&onft h cgwGif/ tpdk;&.pdwfwdik f;us [m;AwfwuUodkvfok@d t&if;&Sifaumif;jzpf&ef oifay;onfh/ Harvard Business School / wenf;tm;jzifhvnf; t&if;&SifpepfAdkvf oifwef;ausmif; (Westpoint of Capitalism) [kwGifaom ausmif;odk@a&mufoGm;ygonf? od@k aomf [m;AwfwuUodv k f. tjcm;aom ausmif;awmf}uD;rsm;wGif oif=um;ay;aeaom/ urBmausmygarmuQrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfoif=um;&onft h cg t&if; &Sifpepfonf pif;vHk;acsm aumif;rGefonfr[kwf/ csKd@,Gif;csufrsm;/ rjynfhpHkr_rsm;ESifh rsm;jym;pGm&Sdonfukd jrifvm cJhygonf? ud, k fwkid fuvnf; puFmylwd;k wufp tajctaewGif/ ,if;EdkifiHod@k a&muf&Sdvm+yD;/ (Singapore model) wnfaqmufyHkudkvnf; tao;pdwfyg0ifI vkyfaqmifolwpfOD;tjzpf avhvmcGifh&cJhygonf? ta&S@ tm&Swd;k wufr_yHkpHrSmvnf;/ EdkifiHtm;vH;k rSmyif wdk; wufa&;udk aps;uGufuwm0ef,lcJah omfvnf;/ tpdk;&u acgif;aqmifay;onfhu¾rsm;udkvnf; awG@jrifcJh&ygonf?

7

tpxJu ,Ofoudk qdkovd/k TuJo h d@k tjrifuGaJ wG&Sdaeaomyk*~dKvfrsm;u/ waygif;wpnf;aom t,l tqudk wifjyEdkif&efrSm cJ,Of;vSonfukd od&Sdvmygonf? r+yD;Edkifaom jiif;cHkyGJrsm;/ apm'emrsm;/ aom'em rsm;ESifh wpfcgw&HwGif atmf[pfjiif;cHk=u&if; tqHk;owf&rnfuhJod@k jzpfvmygonf? tm;vHk;pkaygif;+yD; jrefrm jynftwGuf taumif;qHk;tajz&Edkif&efrSm wpfcgw&HwGif rjzpfEdkifawmhbl;vm;[kyif xif&ygonf? od@k aomfvnf; jrefrmjynfaumif;pm;a&;/ OD;armhvma&;rSm u|efawmfwdk@. t"du&nfrSef;xm;csuf jzpfojzifh aps;uGufudrk lwnf I jrefrmjynfpD;yGm;a&;udk xlaxmifrnf/ odk@aomf aps;uGufwpfckwnf;. rjynfhpHk r_/ csKd@,Gif;r_rsm;&Sdaeojzifh tpdk;&aomfvnf; aumif;/ tjcm;enf;rsm;jzifhvnf;aumif; xdef;ay;onft h jyif/ wd;k wufr_ydkrdkjrefqefatmif usm;uefay;r_rsm;udv k nf; vdt k yfvdrfhrnf[laom rludk vufcH=uygonf? odk@aomf vnf; aps;uGuu f dkxdef;ay;&mwGif/ rnfr# twdik f;twmtxd vufcHEdkifrnfenf; qdkonfrSm/ tjiif;yGm;p&m awmh usefaeygonf? odk@aomf ,if;udpPrSm vufawG@tajctaet& oH;k oyfqHk;jzwf&rnf jzpfojzifh/ wu,fh pD;yGm;a&;jyefvnfqef;opf vkyfaqmif&rnf/h vufawG@jy\emrsm;[lI owfrSwfxm;cJhygonf? u|efawmfwd@k wifjyonfhrlrSm jrefrmjynfpD;yGm;wd;k wufzGH@òz;a&;ud/k aps;uGufudk rlwnf+yD; tpGef; ra&mufatmif xdef;odrf;jr‡ifh wifonfh rlyif jzpfygonf? ,if;udkvnf; vufawG@wu,f usifhoHk;olrsm;tae ESifh xyfrHjznfhpGuf&rnfukdvnf; vufcHxm;cJhygonf? pma&;&mwGif yg0ifrnfo h lrsm;. tpnf;ta0;ud/k puFmyltrsKd;om;wuUodkvf pmoifcef;wpfckwGif usif;ycJhygonf? u|efawmf wdk@onf pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifvla[mif;rdwfaqGrsm;/ q&mrsm; todik f;t0dkif;udk =unfh aomtcg tcsKd@q&m}uD;rsm; ta=umif; a=umif;a=umifh ryg0ifEdkifawmhonfukd awG@&ygonf? tcsKd@q&m}uD; rsm;uvnf; usef;rma&;rjynfhpHkojzifh/ cGifhv$wf&ef awmif; yef=uygonf? yxrpmrl=urf;udk a&;om;&mwGif/ a'gufwmqGef'&rfu OD;aqmif&efjzpfygonf? rlv tpnf;ta0;Y yif/ jrefrmjynft&yf&yfESifh EdkifiHjcm;&Sd jrefrmynm&Sifrsm;ay;ydk@xm;aom pmwrf;rsm;ESifh tjcm;pkaygif;xm; onfh tcsuftvufrsm;tay: rlwnfI a&;yg onf? t=urf;zsOf;tm;jzifh aiGa&;a=u;a&; ay:vpDESifh b¾m a&;u¾udk ygarmuQ (Findlay) u t=urf;a&;om;ay;+yD;/ Industry, Agriculture, social, infrastructure wd@k udk u|efawmfu pm=urf;a&;om;ay;&ef/ jzpfygonf? u|efawmfwdk@udk tcsuftvuf pkaqmif;ay;&ef a'gufwmrsKd;!Gef@ESifh udak ZmfOD;wdk@udk wm0efay;cJhygonf? pdkufysKd;a&;ay:vpDudka&;qGJ&eftwGuf/ jrefrmjynfY pdkufysKd;a&;ESifh aus;vufabm*aA' okawoevkyfief;rsm;vkyf&mwGif/ u|efawmf.vufaxmuftjzpf a'gufwmrsKd;!Gef@u u|efawmhudk uln&D efjzpfygonf? y&dk*suf. okawoevufaxmuf udak ZmfOD;u tjcm; acgif;pOfrsm; a&;&mwGif tultnDay;&ef/ pDpOfxm;cJhygonf? tpkd;&taqmuftODðyjyifa&; Infrastructure a&;&mwGif/ u|efawmfESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tpdk;&. wm0efay;csuft& jynfol@tkyf csKyfa&;udk jyefvnfcdkifcef@atmif ðyjyifa&;twGuf tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif wGzJ uf aqmif&Gufbl;aoma=umifh ,if;tawG@tñuHrsm;onf txl;toH;k 0ifygonf? yxrpmrl=urf;+yD;aomtcg/ q&mqGef'&rfu/ udk,fv h lwd@k u|efawmfajymcsifwmawG ajym+yD;+yD/ cifAsm;wd@k quf+yD; jyifqifa&;om;=uygawmh[lI u|efawmfESifh (Professor Findlay) vufod@k tyfvdu k fyg onf? xdkpmrlwGif rlvpmrla&;pOfu/ tpDtpOfu bmom&yfwdik f;wGif jrefrmjynf. u¾tvdu k f/ ordkif; tawG@tñuHukd yxrp+yD;rS ðyjyif&rnft h csuftvufrsm;/ ajymif;vJ&rnfrsm;udk wifjy&efjzpfygonf? q&m qGef'&rf. pmrl=urf;udk zwfonft h cgwGif/ jy\em (2) ckudk awG@jrif&ygonf? wrsKd;rSm ta=umif;t&m vdu k fI ordkif;a=umif;a&;onfhtcgwGif/ Oyrm- pdkufysKd;a&;u¾udk a&;&mwGif/ ,if;qdkif&m pD;yGm;a&;tawG@ tñuHordkif;udk wifjy&ygrnf? xdek nf;wl pufr_u¾udk wifjyonft h cgvnf;/ xdu k ¾. vGefcJhaomtawG@ tñuHukd jyefvnf wifjy&ygrnf? xdo k d@k wifjy&mwGif pD;yGm;a&; buftoD;oD;wGifysufpD;&jcif; ta=umif;&if; rsm;rSm zGH@òz;a&;yHkpH ta&G@rsm;cJh+yD;/ ,if;. tusKd;qufrsm;a=umifh u¾toD;oD;wGifvnf;/ xdcdkufcHpm;&onfh ta=umif;rsm;udk wifjyzdk@vdyk gonf? pD;yGm;a&;ordkif;ta=umif; t&mwd@k udk u¾toD;oD;wGif/ jyefvnf a&;om;&rnf jzpfojzifh tyfa=umif;xyfaeygonf? ,if;udk a'gufwmqGef'&rf.rl=urf;zwf&mwGif awG@&yg onf? xdk@tjyif a'gufwmqGef'&rfu zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufa&;udk usrf;wpfapmifwpfzGJ@ 8

a&;om;cJhol jzpfjcif;a=umifh/ bmom&yfwdik f;udk a&;om;&mwGif/ wcsKd@ae&mrsm;wGif tus,f0dwW& csJ@vGef;onf [k xifygonf? xd@k a=umifh ,if;wd@k udkcsK@Hypf&efESifh ay:vpDa&;&mwGif vdt k yfonfrsm;om wduspGm jyefvnf jyifqifa&;om;zdk@ jzpfvmygonf? xdk@a=umifh a'gufwm (Findlay) u/ jrefrmjynf pD;yGm;a&;ordkif;a=umif;udk tusOf;csKH;wifjy&ef tydkif;wpfydkif;ud/k ed'gef; taejzifh a&;om;ay;&ef pDpOfcJhygonf? xd@k a=umifh yxrtcef;wGif jrefrmjynf. pD;yGm;a&;ordkif;twdck sKyfud/k rD;armif;xd;k jy&ef pDpOfcJh&mwGif/ jrefrmjynf. t"dujy\ emrsm;udk azmfxkwfEdkifcJhygonf? od@k &mwGif EdkifiHa&;tpdk;&ESifh tm%modrf;ppftpdk;& wd@k . tul;tajymif;umv ta=umif;udk &Sif;vif;azmfjy&mwGif/ EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;tay: tjypfwifcsufrsm; ae+yD;/ ppfwyftm%modrf;onfrSm jrefrmjynf . wd;k wufa&;twGuf vrf;pyGifhvmovdk jzpfvmonfqdkaom/ tawG;ay:apojzifh ,if;udkvnf; jyifqifa&;om;=u&jyefygonf? yxrrl=urf;+yD;pD;aomtcg/ ynm&Siftm;vH;k udk zwfapcJh+yD;/ yxrt}udrfaqG;aEG;yGJudk 0g&Sifwefòr@wGif urBmhvGwfvyfaompD;yGm;a&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; ynmAdrRmef (Free Enterprises Institute) wGif usif;ycJhygonf? ,if;tpnf;ta0;wGif a'gufwmqGef'&rfu/ u|efawmfwdk@ (2) a,mufud/k “udk,fv h lESpfa,muf jyifa&;wmu/ t&ifrlv ud, k fa&;xm;wmESifh wjcm;pDjzpfaeygyaum” [k ajymygonf? odk@aomftm;vHk;udk oifhjrwfpGm oH;k oyfxm;ojzifh/ aumif;ygonf/ vufcHEdkifygonf[lI ajymygonf? u|efawmfuvnf; rnfonfhtwGuaf =umifh rlvpm=urf;udk jyifqif&a=umif;/ &Sif;jyygonf? a'gufwmjrarmif. rlvpmrl=urf;xJrSvnf; tESpftajccHwdk@ udk qGJoGif;pOf;pm;xm;a=umif; awG@&ojzifh/ a'gufwmjrarmifuvnf;/ yxrrl=urf;tay: auseyfr_&&SdcJhyg onf? od@k &mwGif u|efawmfwdk@ (2) OD;wm0ef,lxm;aom/ pufr_xGef;um;a&;/ pdkufysKd;a&;u¾ESifh aiGa&;a=u;a&;jy\emrsm;rSm u|ef awmfwd@k ygarmuQ (2) OD; oabmrwlEdkif jzpfaeojzifh/ pmydk'fwdik f;vdv k dkyif tjiif;yGm;aqG;aEG;cJh&ygonf? aemufqHk;Y aps;uGuf udrk lwnfI tpdk;&uvnf;/ nifompGm wdu k f&dkuf 0ifa&mufxdef;odrf; jr‡ifhwifay;aom pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk vufcH=uygonf? EdkbJ qk&ygarmuQ (Stiglitz) wifjy aom “aps;uGuu f aumif;ygonf? ,if;udk tajccHaomfvnf; tpdk;&u OD;aqmifxdef;odrf;ay;&rnfh ae&m rsm; &Sdaeygonf? aps;uGufcsn;f jzifh rvHak vmufyg” qdkaom rludk vufcHygonf? xdkenf;twlyif/ tpdk;&onf ol@ae&mESifhol jynfol@tusKd;udk xdcdu k fEdkifaom/ aps;uGufpepf. pnf;urf;vGefr_rsm;udk xdef;odrf;ay;Edkifaomf vnf;/ tpdk;&uvnf; vHk;0 wm0ef,lEdkifjcif; r&Sdyg/ [laomrludk vufcHvdkuf=uygonf? &v'fwGif u|efawmf. t,ltqrsm;rSm aps;uGufbufukd ydkrdkeD;pyfvmouJhod@k / a'gufwm (Findlay) wd@k vd/k (neoclassical economist) awGuvnf;/ tpdk;&. wd;k wufwm0ef,lr_udk vufcHoifhonfah e&mwGif/ vufcHEdkif&ef a&;om;cJhygonf? &v'frSm jrefrmjynftwGuf taumif;qHk;aq;enf;azmfjrLvm[lI xifjrif=u ygonf? ,if;onfvnf; EdkbJqk&ygarmuQ (Stiglitz) wifjyaom/ “aps;uGuo f nf aumif;ygonf? ,if;udk tajccHaomfvnf; txdef; tuGyfESifh tpdk;&u OD;aqmifay;&rnfah e&mrsm;vnf;/ &Sdygonf? tpdk;&. u¾onfvnf; ta&;}uD;ygonf? odk@aomf ,if;ESifh rvHkavmufyg? tpdk;&u OD;aqmifay;&rnfah e&mrsm; wGif/ vlwpfOD;/ yk*~dKvfwpfpktm; vuf0g;}uD;tkyf tcGifhta&;ay;aom tajctae ra&muf&ef a&Smif&Sm;& rnf?” qdkaom tcsufrsm;udk vufcH+yD;/ ta&S@tm&SEdkifiHrsm;wGif tpdk;&u OD;aqmif wdk;wufapr_rsm;udk vnf;/ tajctaet& vufcHoifhonfah e&mwGif vufcH&efudk pOf;pm;=uygonf? u|efawmf wm0efusaom pdkufysKd;a&;u¾ud/k a&;om;&mwGif a'gufwmrsKd;!$ef@u u|efawmhudk txl;ulnaD y;cJhygonf? useftcef;rsm;udak &;&mwGif/ okawoevufaxmuf udkaZmfOD;u tultnDtxl; ay;cJhygonf? yg&*l bGJ@usrf;twGuf avhvmae aomausmif;om;wpfOD;tzdk@/ u|efawmfwdk@ESifh yl;wGJ aqmif&Guf cGifh&onfrSm ol@twGuf taumif;qHk;oif=um;r_tawG@tñuH wpf&yf[lI ajym&rnf jzpfygonf? u|efawmfwd@k ESpfOD;. pOf;pm;yHkrsm;/ uGJvGcJ sufrsm;/ jiif;csufrsm;onf ol@twGuf txl; toHk;0ifrnfh tawG@tñuHyif jzpfyg rnf?

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aemufqHk;wGif pmrludk (copy editing) vkyf&mwGif/ pmrlpma&;[ef (styles) ESifh rSefuefr_rsm;udk aemufqHk;wnf;jzwf&rnfh tydkif;a&mufvmygonf? ,if;u¾udk okwo f ifwnf;jzwfay;&mwGif t*Fvdyf pum;udk arG;uwnf;uajymaom/ wnf;jzwf jcif;/ tacsmudkifjcif;udk A[kokw&Sdaom t,f'DwmwpfOD;udk tcay;iSm;I jyifap&ef qHk;jzwfcJhygonf? odk@aomfvnf; u|efawmfwdk@pdwfóuufoifhavsmfaom yk*~dKvf r&&Sd ojzifh/ u|efawmfwd@k (2) OD;/ q&m (Findlay) ESifh u|efawmf tjyeftvSefðyjyif vdu k f=uygonf? aemufqHk;wGif xkwaf 0olu u|efawmfwdk@ (2) OD;pvHk;u aocsmvGef;ojzifh “uJ æq&m}uD;wdk@/ r+yD;Edkif=u awmhbl;vm;? xkwaf 0&rnft h csdefvnf; awmfaeyg+yD? ”qdkawmhrSyJ &yfvdkuf+yD;/ tqHk;owfay;vdu k fygonf? &v'fum; pmayynm&Sifrsm;u oH;k oyfonft h wdik f;/ yk*~dKvf (6) OD;u yg0ifa&;om;aomfvnf;/ wifjycsufrsm;rSm wajy;wnf; wom;wnf;nD!w G fpGm &Sdae=uonf[laom csD;usL;jcif;udk cH&ygonf?

Tpmtkyfudk a&;om;&mwGif/ trnfrazmfvkad om jrefrmynm&Sifrsm;. wifjycsufrsm;udkvnf; qDavsmo f nfah e&mrsm;wGif toH;k cscJhygonf? ynm&Siftm;vHk; pkaygif;óu;yrf;r_rS ay:xGufvmaom toD; tyGifh[lI owfrSwf&ygrnf?

10

bmomjyefqdkxm;aom jrefrmjyefpmtkyf. ed'gef; Tpmtkyfonf/ jrefrmjynftwGuf ta&;}uD;aom pD;yGm;a&;vrf;!$efpmwrf; jzpfvmrnf[k &nf &G,f awG;qcJhygonf? u|efawmfwd@k onf pD;yGm;a&;ynma0g[m&awG/ oabmw&m;awGudk tus,0f dwWm& rcsJ@/ t&Sif;EdkifqHk;/ em;vnf tEdkifqHk;jzpfatmif a&;om;cJhygonf? od@k aomf t*Fvdyfbmomjzifha&;om;xm; aom usrf;wapmifud/k jrefrmjynfol oef; (50) xJu rnfr# zwf=urnfenf;? tusKd;&SdpGm zwfEdkif=uygrnf vm;[k ar;p&mjzpfvmygonf? tpdk;&ydkif;wGif tkyfcsKyfolrsm;uvnf;/ ta&;}uD;aom tcsufrsm;udk jrefrmpm jzifh a&;om;ay;&ef pDpOfr_rsm; รฐyvkyfonf[k =um;od&ygonf? xdt k ajctaewGif jrefrmjynfpD;yGm;a&;acwfajymif;awmfvSefa&;ozG,f vkyfaqmif&efvdo k nfh tcg wGif/ pdwf0ifpm;ol/ =oZm wduUr&Sdolrsm; em;vnfEdkifzdk@ vdkvmygonf? xdk@a=umifh Tpmtkyfudk jrefrmbmom jzifh jyefqdka&;om;&ef vdo k nfudk u|efawmf wdk@ em;vnf=uygonf? vltrsm;u u|efawmfwd@k a&;om;onfrsm; ud/k em;vnfygu wdkif;jynfjyefvnfxal xmifa&;twGu/f tusKd;rsm;pGm &SdEdkifonfudk odygonf? xd@k a=umifh jrefrmjyefqdk&ef/ &efyHkaiG&&Sda&;ESifh bmomjyefqdka&;wd@k udk apmpD;pGmuyif/ pwifcJhygonf? od@k aomf jrefrmvdjk yefaomtcg/ &Sif;vif;csufawG trsm;}uD;xnf+h yD;/ oabmw&m;rsm;udv k nf; trsm;em; vnfatmifa&;Edkifzdk@rSm/ rvG,fonfudk awG@& ygonf? u|efawmf. wynfhrsm;xJrS jrefrmESifh t*FvdyfpmESpfck vH;k udk ydkifEdkifaom bmomjyefolukd &SmazGwm0efay;cJhaomf vnf;/ ZGJESifh vkyfEdkifol r&cJhyg? ,if;od@k jzpfaepOf wGif/ udak ZmfOD;ESifh 0g&Sifwef&Sd jrefrm&efyHkaiGtzGJ@&Sd yk*~dKvfrsm;. รณu;yrf;csuft& t+yD;qHk;wdik f bmomjyefEdkifol udak tmifol+idrf;udk &&SdcJhygonf? ,if;yk*~dKvfrSm aq;ynmudk oif=um;cJhaomfvnf;/ jrefrmpmudv k nf;u|rf;usif onfudk awG@&ygonf? tcef;wdik f;vdv k dk u|efawmfzwf&_ jyifqifI&&Sdaompmrlrsm;rSm/ ,ckyHkESdyfxm;aomjrefrm jyefyif jzpfygonf? udak tmifol+idrf;rSm (1988) ckESpf/ awmfvSefa&;0ifausmif;om;wpfOD;jzpf+yD;/ tar&duef axmufyHhr_t& [m;AwfwuUodkvf/ jynfol@tkyfcsKyfa&;ynmoifwef;ausmif;wGif wpfESpfoifwef;wufa&muf atmifjrifpGm bGJ@&cJhojzifh/ ,ck acwfpD;yGm;a&; tac:ta0:/ toH;k tE_ef;rsm;udk em;vnf+yD; u|rf;usifpGmoH;k EdkifcJhygonf?

Tjrefrmbmomjyefpmrludk u|efawmfESifh udak ZmfOD;/ a':ar+idrf;wdk@u jyefvnfwnf;jzwfay;+yD;/ jrefrmjynfolrsm;twGuw f ifjy cJhygonf? csKd@,Gif;csufrsm; &Sdaomfvnf;/ trsm;. t=uHay;csufrsm;udk cH,lI/ aemifxkwaf 0onft h }udrfrsm;wGif jyefvnfรฐyjyifay;rnf jzpfygonf? tm;vH;k aom pmzwfy&dowfESifh jrefrmjynfrS pdwf0ifpm;olrsm;u jyifqifjznfhpGuf&ef vdt k yfonf rsm;&Sdygu t=uHรฐyay;&ef/ zdwfac:ygonf?

11

tcef; (1) ed'gef;

12

tcef; (1) ed'gef; vGefcJhaom 'kwd,axmifpkESpfumv tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif jrefrmEkdifiHonf/ ta¶S‹awmiftm&S&Sd EkdifiH trsm;teuf/ tpkpnf;tnD!GwfqHk;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;t& =oZmv$rf;rdk;tiftm;}uD;cJhaom/ vl@tzGJ@ tpnf;tm;aumif;aom EdkifiHwckjzpfcJhonf? Oa&mywGif aemfrefvlrsKd;wkd@jAdwdefEkdifiHukd odrf;ykduftkyfpkd;aeqJ umvESifhacwfòyifumvwGifyif/ taemf&xmrif; (ouU&mZfESpf 1044-77 ckESpf) u wkid f;jynfwckvkH;ukd/ pnf;&kH;odrf;oGif;cJh+yD; jzpfayonf? oD&dvuFmrSwqifh pD;qif;0ifa&mufvmcJhaom ax&0g'Ak'<bmomrSonf ,Ofaus;r_ESifh,k=H unfukd;uG,fr_qkdif&m "avhxkH;pHrsm;/ pepfrsm;zGH@òz;wnfwHv h monfrSm/ ,ae@wdkif ckdfifckdifrmrm wnf&SdaeqJjzpfonf? tdrfeD;csif;xdik f;EdkifiH/ vmtdkESifhurfabm'D;,m;EdkifiHrsm;ESifhvnf; ,Ofaus;r_"avhxHk; wrf;t& rsm;pGmeD;pyfr_&Sd aom EdkifiHwckjzpfonf? tpOftqufrif;aejynfawmfrsm; jzpfaom yk*H/ awmifil/ tif;0/ ukef;abmif tp&Sd onfh rif;qufrsm;wGif jrefrmwkd@. ppfa&;/ EkdifiHa&;=oZmoufa&mufr_rsm;onf a'otdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHrsm;odk@ jyef‹ESH@cJh+yD;/ taemufwkdif;ukefonfrsm;ESifh a=u;pm;ppfwyfrsm;uyif cef@nm;av; pm;cJh=u&onf? (19) &mpkESpf twGif; jrefrmEkdifiHukd t*Fvdyfwkd@u tqifhqifhe,fcsJ@odrf;ykdufcJh+yD;onfh aemufykdif;wGif jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;onf tdrfeD;csif;wkdif;jynfrsm;ESifh,SOfv#if omvGefwdk;wufaumif;rGefcJhonf? qefpyg;wifydk@r_/ u|ef;opfESifh tjcm; ukef=urf;wifykd@ukefrsm;a&mif;csEkdifr_wGif jrefrmEkdifiHu omvGefcJhonf? vl@ t&if;tESD;u¾zufwGifvnf;/ jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd pmwwfajrmufr_E_ef;wGif xdyfqkH;wGif&SdcJh+yD;/ udv k dek DacwfwiG f &&Sdonfh acwfynmoif=um;Edkifr_wGifvnf;/ vlenf;pktv$mtcsKd@om qnf;yl;avhvmEdkifcJhonf qdkaomfvnf;/ urBmESifh &ifaygifwef;EkdfifcJhonfhtqifhwGif&SdcJhonf? atmufazmfjyyg Z,m; (1? 1) wGif jrefrmEdkifiH.EdkifiHjcm;odk@wifydk@r_wefzdk;udk vlwOD;csif;jzifh Ed_if;,SOf wGucf sufazmjfyxm;&mwGif/ (1936-39) ckESpfrsm;wGif&SdchJaom jrefrmEkdifiH.vlwOD;csif; EdkifiHjcm;ykd@ukefESifhoGif; ukefwefzdk;rsm;udk tjcm;tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;jzpf=uonfh qkdif,rf (xkid f;)/ e,fomvef tif'D;pf (tif'kdeD;&Sm;)/ tif'kdcsKdif;em; (AD,uferf)/ jAdwdo# rmvm,k (rav;&Sm;)/ tdENd,/ w&kwfEkdifiHwkd@ESifh E_dif;,SOfazmfjyxm;ygonf? jrefrmwkd@. wefzkd;onf cef‹rSef;ajctm;jzifh tif'kdeD;&Sm;ESifh xkid f;EkdifiHrsm;xuf ESpfq/ tif'kdcsKdif;em;xuf ok;H q/ tdENd,xuf ajcmufq/ w&kwfEdkifiHxuf (25) qcef@ rsm;aeonfukd avhvmawG‹&SdEkdifayonf? owWKESifh &mbm ponfh obm0 o,HZmwrsm;jzihf aygºu,f0aom/ vlOD;a&tm;jzifhvnf;enf;aom jAdwdo#rmvm,kjynfe,fonf Tudef;*%ef;rsm;t&=unfhygu/ jrefrmEkdifiHxufpD;yGm;a&;u ydkwk;d wufonf? urBmpD;yGm;a&;pepfESifh csdwfqufr_twkid f;twmwGifvnf; omonf[k qdkEdkifonf? odk@aomfynma&;wd;k wufr_ wGifum;/ jrefrmEdkifiHu tqrsm;pGmomcJhygonf? uvwWm;wuUodv k f. tcGJ/ aumvdyfwcktjzpf &efukefaum vdyfonf (20) &mpk rprDuyif/ pwifzGifhvSpfEdkifcJhygonf? (1920) ckESpfwGif/ &efukefwuUodv k fay:xGef;cJh+yD; xdk wuUodv k fY tr_xrf;cJhaomynm&Sifrsm;rSm/ aemiftcgwGif urBmausmyf nm&Sifrsm; jzpfcJh=uygonf? jrefrmEkdifiHonf 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;.'%fudk wku d f¶kdufcHpm;cJh&onfh jymykHb0rSyif/ ppf+yD;onfESifh&kef; xGuEf kdifcJh,Hkru/ (1950) ckESpfumvwGif ppf'%fukd rcHcJh&onfh tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHwckjzpfaom xkid f;EkdifiH. pD;yGm; a&;ESifh zGH@òz;r_qdkif&mudef;*%ef;rsm;ESifh rsm;pGmruGmjcm;onfudk awG@&Sd&onf? okd@&mwGif ,if;aemufykdif; (1950) rS (1995) ckESpfumvrsm;twGif; ,if;EkdifiHrsm;&Sd vlwOD;csif;pD. 0ifaiGwefzkd;csif; E_dif;,SOfvku d fonfh tcg jrefrmEkdifiHtaejzifh rsm;pGmuGmjcm;vsuf aemufususefcJhonfudk awG‹jrifEkdifavonf? Tudef;*%ef;rsm; udk yHk (1? 1) wGifjyxm;ygonf? xku d mvtwGif;wGif vlwOD;csif;pD. 0ifaiGonf xkid f;EkdifiHwGif jrefrmEdkifiH. (5) q/ tif'kdeD;¶Sm;onf jrefrmEdkifiH. (2) q ponfhjzifh wk;d wufcJah omfvnf; jrefrmEkdifiHwGifrl rqkdpavmuf om wk;d wufcJhonfudk awG‹jrifEkdifavonf? yHk (1? 1) wGif tjcm;xif¶Sm;onft h csufrSm vlwOD;csif;pD. 0ifaiG 13

wk;d wufr_E_ef;onf (1950-65) umvrsm;twGif; rsm;pGmuGmjcm;r_ r&Sdaomfvnf; aemufydkif;wGif rsm;pGmuGm jcm;cJhonfukd awG‹jrifEkdifavonf?

Z,m; (1? 1) ta¶S‹awmiftm&SESifh tdENd,/ w&kwfEdkifiHrsm;. EdkifiHjcm;ukefoG,fr_wGif vlwOD;csif;pD.ysrf;r# wefzkd; (1936-39 ESpfrsm;twGif;ESpfpOfysrf;r#wefzdk;udk tar&duefa':vmtm;jzifhwGucf sufxm;jcif; jzpfonf?) jynfyydk@ukef (tar&duefa':vmtm;jzifh) 12 ²65 5 ²10 6 ²70 4 ²05 75 ²55 2 ²00 0 ²40

jrefrmEdkifiH qdik f,rf e,fomvef tif'D;pf tif'dkcsKdif;em; +Adwdo#rmvm,k tdENd, w&kwf

jynfwGif;wifoGif;ukef (tar&duefa':vmtm;jzifh) 5 ²60 3 ²55 4 ²00 2 ²60 63 ²00 1 ²60 1 ²70

rl&if;? J.R. Andrus, Burmese Economic life, Stanford University Press, 1947. yHk (1? 1) vlwOD;csif;0ifaiGajymif;vJwk;d wufvmr_jyyHk Figure 1.1. Changes in Per Capita Income 4000 3500 3000

Burma Indonesia

2500

Philippines Thailand

2000

Malaysia

1500 1000 500 0 1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

rl&if;? Various issues of World Tables, World Bank and authors' estimate. aemufa=umif;jyef=unf&h aomf/ (1950) ckESpfrS (1962) ckESpfumvrsm;onf ppf+yD;acwfjrefrmEdkifiH twGuf ‘a¶$acwf’ [k wifpm;Ekdifavonf? uk&d D;,m;ppfyGJ+yD;qkH;oGm;I ppfa=umifhaps;jrifhwufaeaom qef aps; usqif;oGm;ojzifh/ &SpfESpf=umaqmif&GufcJah om ‘jynfawmfompDrHudef;’. jrifhrm;aom &nfrSef;csufrsm; udrk jynfhrDEdkifcJhaomfvnf;/ tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;/ v,f,mu¾ESifh pufr_u¾udk rsm;pGm zGH@òz;wd;k wufap cJhygonf?

14

(1962) ckESpfwGif ppfwyfrSwdik f;jynftm%mudkodrf;ydkufcJ+h yD;aemufydkif;wGif ygvDreftpdk;&ed*Hk;csKyfcJh& onf? aemufydkif;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHudk uyfysuftwGif; usqif;apcJhaom ‘jrefrmhenf; jrefrmh[ef qdk&S,fvpfpepf’ udk pwifusifhoHk;cJhonf? trsKd;om;a&;0g'udk tpGef;a&mufonft h aetxm;txd a&S@wef;wifcJh+yD;/ yk*~vdu aps;qdkifi,frsm;txdukdyg jynfolydkifodrf;cJhonf? jynfwGif;&Sdxkwfvyk fa&;u¾rsm;udk odrf;usKH; aygif;pnf;cJh+yD;/ Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;/ xdef;csKyfr_rsm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;udkwif;usyfpGm csKyfudkifaqmif&GufcJo h nf? EdkifiH&yfjcm;ESifh ukefoG,fa&;rSmusqif;cJh&onf? wenf;azmfjy&v#if ajratmufpD;yGm;a&;tjzpfikwfv#Kd;oGm;cJh&onf? jynfol trsm;. rauseyfr_rsm;aemufqHk;pk&Hk;vmum (1988) ckESpfwGif jynfvkH;u|wfqENjyyGJrsm;ay:aygufcJhonf? xdk qENjyyGJrsm;udk ppftpdk;&opfu jyif;jyif;xefxefòzcGJacsr_ef;cJh+yD;/ rdrdbmomzGJ@pnf;aom EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ (e0w) tpdk;&jzifh tpm;xdk;cJhonf? qdk&S,fvpf0g'udk pGef@v$wcf Jh+yD;/ aps;uGupf D;yGm;a&; tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh EdkifiHwumod@k wHcg;zGifhvGwv f yfcGifhay;aom rl0g'rsm;udk usifo h Hk;rnf[k xkwfjyefa=ujimcJh onf? aps;uGuf pD;yGm;a&;acwfopf wckpwifvmcJhonf? od@k aomfvnf; Tae&mwGifowdðy&eftcsufrSm tpdk;&taejzifh Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;pepf. u¾tawmfrsm;rsm;udk csKyfudik fxm;qJjzpfonf? vGwf vyfpGm wHcg;zGifh aqmif&GufcGifhðyonf qdkonfrSmvnf; tcsKd@oD;oef@u¾rsm;wGifomjzpfonf? ppftpdk;& taejzifh wdkuf&dkuf odk@r[kwfoG,f0dkufI wenf;wzHkqufpyfaeaom pD;yGm;a&;ukr`%Drsm;/ vkyfief;rsm;onf om TtusKd;ouf a&mufr_udk cHpm;=u&onf? ‘vGwfvyfaomaps;uGufpD;yGGg;a&;pepf’[lI trsm;u jrifxm; aom t"dy`g,fESifh rsm;pGm uGmjcm;onf? jrefrmppftpdk;&taejzifh oabmaygufxm;onfrSm rdrdwd@k vdt k yf ovdk wpdwfwydkif;vGwfvyfcGifhay;jcif;tm;jzifh/ ‚if;wdk@tzGJ@tpnf;tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf ydkrdktusKd;&SdapEdkif+yD;/ ,cifusifo h Hk;cJhaom wif;usyfonfh qdk&S,fvpfpepfxuf EdkifiHjcm;pD;yGm;a&;ukr`%Drsm;ESifh/ EdkifiHjcm;tpdk;&rsm;ESifh yGifhvif;jrifomr_r&Sdaom yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufjcif;u ydkI tusKd;jzpfapEdkifonf [lIjzpfonf? qdk&S,fvpf0g'usifhoH;k r_udkpGef@v$wfcJjh cif;ESifh EdkifiHwumaps;uGufESifhwpdwfwydkif;wHcg;zGifhcJhjcif;twGuf csufcsif;yif &vmaomtusKd;tjrwfukdwc% cHpm;cJh=u&onf? EdkifiHjcm;ydk@ukefrsm;wdk;wufvmapcJh+yD;/ EdkifiH&yf jcm;rS &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;vnf; pwif 0ifa&mufvmcJhonf? ,ckumvwGifawmh tajctaerSefudo k dvmaom a=umifh vGifhys,foGm;=u+yD jzpfonf? Todk@&&Sdvmaom0ifaiGrsm;udk ppfwyftwGuo f m trsm;qHk;toH;k ðycJh onf? EdkifiHjcm;aºu;+rDrsm;ESifh ay;qyf&ef&Sdaeaom twd;k rsm;u ydkIjrifhrm;vmaecJhonf? EdkifiHjcm;rSc&D;oGm; rsm;udk qGJaqmif&ef t"du&nf&G,fcsujf zifh ‘jrefrmhc&D;oGm;ESpf’udk aysmfyGJ&$ifyGJrsm;jzifh tpðycJhaomfvnf;/ aemufydkif;wGif ratmifrjrifjzpfcJh&onf? rkwWryifv,fauG@rS xdik f;EdkifiHod@k wifydk@aeaom obm0"gwfaiG@ a&mif;csr_rS&aeaom EdkifiHjcm;0ifaiGom&Sdawmh+yD;/ T0ifaiGa=umifh ppftpdk;&. tajccHpD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;udk atmifjrifapaom tajctaetxd ray;Edkifyg? xdk@tjyif Tod@k obm0"gwfaiGydk@aeaom ydkufvkid f;rSmvnf;/ vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;/ obm00ef;usifysufoOk f;&r_rsm;a=umifh jiif;ckefzG,f&m jzpfae&onf? xdk@tjyif tpdk;&taejzifh jynfoltrsm;. &efykHaiGrsm;udv k nf; ðyef;wD;apcJhonf? aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_E_ef;rSm w[kefxdk; jrifhwufae+yD;/ jyify aygufaps;wGifusyfaiGaps;E_ef;on/f (1994) wGif&Sdaeaom jyifyaygufaps;ESifh,SOfv#if (300) &mcdkifE_ef;txd usqif;cJh&onf? rdrdwd@k . vHðk cHr_udkom &nfoefI/ ppfwyfudv k nf; wyfom;tiftm; (5) odef; txdwk;d jr‡ifhjcif;jzifh/ ppfwyfudx k laxmif&onfh p&dwf/ tukeftuscH&onfo h Hk;aiGrSmvnf; txl;jrifhrm;vmcJhyg onf? aemufydkif;pmrsufESmrsm;wGif twdwu f mvuºuif;usefcJh&aom ordkif;qdkif&mtajccHtcsufrsm;ESifh xdu k mvrsm;twGif; jrefrmEdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;tajctaerS oifcef;pmxkwfE_wf,lzG,fudpPrsm;udk wifjyoGm;rnfjzpf ygonf?

15

ºuif;usef&pfaom twdwf.tarG (1) (2) (3) (4)

udv k dek Dacwfumv ygvDref'Drdkua&pDtpdk;& vufxuf (1958-62) jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf (1962-88) (e0w) ppftpdk;&vufxuf

xd@k aemufydkif;wGif pD;yGm;a&;pepfwckvH;k tay: taxGaxGokH;oyfcsufESifh tajccHrl0g'rsm;wnfaqmuf xm;yHkudk qufvufaqG;aEG;oGm;rnf jzpfonf? tem*wfjrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf rdrdwdk@.&_jrifoHk;oyfcsufESifh r[m AsL[mrsm;udk u¾tvdu k f aemufydkif;wGif/ qufvufazmfjyaqG;aEG;oGm;rnf jzpfygonf?

tem*wftwGuf &_jrifoHk;oyfcsufESifh r[mAsL[m (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;u¾ pufr_u¾ obm0pGrf;tm;rsm;ESifh obm00ef;usif EdkifiHwum ukefoG,fa&; b¾ma&;ESifh aiGa=u;qdkif&mrl0g'rsm; qif;&JrGJawr_ESifh 0ifaiGcGJa0jzef@jzL;r_ ynma&;u¾ tajccHtaqmuftOD tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m pepfrsm; wdk@jzpfygonf?

t"duOD;pm;ay;vkyfief;rsm;/ jy\emrsm;ESifh vufawG@taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Guf&mwGif ñuH awG@&rnfjh y\emrsm;udk rdrdwdk@t=uHðycsufrsm;wGif vufawG@tajctaeESifhtnD tav;ay;wifjyxm;yg onf? aemufqHk;u¾wGif Tr[mAsL[mESifh tjriftqdkðycsuftay: tjiif;yGm;Edkifaomtcsufrsm;ESifh tjcm; qufvufaqG;aEG;ap&ef wdkufwGef;csufrsm;udkyg aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf?

ºuif;usef&pfaom twdwf.tarG udkvdek Dacwfumv (1998) ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;&&SdcJhonfrSm ESpfig;q,fjynf+h yDjzpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; 0rf;enf;zG,f&maumif;aomtcsufrSm pD;yGm;a&;pepf.tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;onf udkvdkeDpepfumv twGif;u c|if;csefxm;&pfaom tarGrsm;twdik f; obm0tm;jzifh rajymif;rvJ/ rwdk;wufbJ usef&Sdaeao; aom tcsufyif jzpfygonf? tajccHukef=urf;ypPnf;rsm; EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_tay:wGif rSDcdkae&aomtajctaerSm vnf; rajymif;rvJ wnf&Sdae+yD;/ vkyfom;tiftm;trsm;pkrSmvnf; v,f,mvkyfief;u¾tay:wGif tajcðy ae&aomtcsKd;rSm ododomomajymif;vJvmjcif; r&Sdao;yg? trSefpifppfwGif wdkif;jynfwck.pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief; pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_udk azmfjy&mwGif/ tajccHukef=urf;rsm; EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@Edkifaomyrm%jzifh wdik f;wmazmfjy&rnf qdkonfrSm tvGefqdk;&Gm;aom udpP jzpfygonf? tjcm;aomEdkifiHjcm;0ifaiG&&SdEdkifaomenf;vrf;rsm;vnf; &Sm=uHzefwD;EdkifcJhjcif;r&Sdyg? ukef=urf;udk ukefacsmtjzpf ajymif;vJxw k fvkyfEdkifjcif; r&SdbJ/ ukef=urf;a&mif;ol b0ESifh tjrJwrf;wnf&SdaeonfrSm vufcHEdkifp&m r&Sdyg? tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifEdkifiHwcktwGuf r#waom/ a&&SnfwnfwHhaomzGH@òz;r_udk jzpfay:wdk;wufvmap&ef twGu/f tajccHukef=urf;rsm; EdkifiHjcm;od@k wifydk@jcif; udk ,m,D ckwkef;tjzpftoHk;ðyonfqdkv#if c%wmjzpfEdkif ygonf? od@k aomfvnf; ,ckjzpfaeaom tae 16

txm;onf udv k dkeDtpdk;&vufxufuusifhoH;k cJhaom pepfqdk;. tarGºuif;usef&pfaeqJjzpf+yD;/ eufeuf&d_if; &d_if;tjrpfwG,af eygao;onf? xd@k tjyifa&&Snfudkr=unfhaom tjrifwdrk _ESifh wm0efcHr_r&Sdaom rl0g'rsm; a=umifh TuJhod@k jzpfae&jcif;jzpfygonf? aemuftcef;rsm;wGif tao;pdwfudk qufvufaqG;aEG; azmfjyoGm;yg rnf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif +Adwdo#udkvdek Dtpdk;&taejzifhusifhoH;k cJhaom rl0g'rSm EdkifiHudk urBmpD;yGm;a&;aps;uGuf ESifh wHcg;zGifhawG@qHkapcJhjcif;jzpf+yD;/ ndE‡ d_if;aqG;aEG;jcif; ðyEdkifjcif;r&SdbJ/ w&Gwfwku d fqGJac: wHcg;zGifhapcJhjcif; jzpfyg onf? Tae&mwGif ,ckumvtif'dkeD;&Sm;/ AD,uferfEdkifiHa'orsm;wGif 'wfrsm;/ jyifopfrsm;.udv k dek Dðy aqmif &GufyHk rl0g'rsm;ESifhvnf; jcm;em;&Hkr#ru/ +Adwdo#uyif udv k dkeDðycJhaom ,ckrav;&Sm;EdkifiHwGif aqmif&GufcJyh HkESifh vnf; jcm;em;aeygao;onf? Oyrmtm;jzifh +Adwdo#rmvm,ku|ef;qG,fwiG f udv k dkeDtpdk;&u a'ocHrsm;. tm%mydkifr_udk *&kwpdkufqufvuftodrSwfðyxm;cJh+yD;/ rav;&Sm;apmfbGm;rsm;vufod@k ydkifqdkifcGifhrsm;udk tyfESHcJhygonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh O,smOfjcHpdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;ESifh owWKwGif;wl;azmfa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif EdkifiH wumaps;uGuf tiftm;pkrsm;. zdtm;udk=um;cHxm;ay;EdkifcJhygonf? odk@aomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif a*stufpf-zmeDA,f (J.S. Furnivall) axmufjycJhovd/k vH;k 0aps;uGufvufokd@yHktyfaom vpfZDzJ,m; (laissezfaire) rl0g'rsm;twdik f; taumiftxnf azmfcJh=uygonf? xif&Sm;I rSwfom;p&maumif;aomtcsufrSm +Adwdo#wdk@tkyfcsKyfaomudkvdek D atmufjrefrmEdkifiHudk EdkifiHwumaps;uGuo f dk@ (1852) ckESpfwGif/ wHcg;zGifhay;cJh+yD;aemuf/ yGifhvef;vmcJhaomtcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk txufjrefrmjynf&Sd jrefrmrsm;wk@H jyefaqmif&Guf=uyHkyif jzpfygonf? xdt k csdefwGif jrefrmEdkifiHwckvH;k onf +Adwdo#vufatmuf rusa&mufao;bJ/ (1885) ckESpfa&mufrSom wEdkifiHvHk;udk odrf;ydkufcJjh cif;jzpfygonf?

(1869) ckESpfwGif pl;tufw;l ajrmif;zGifhvSpf+yD;aemufydkif;wGif tdENd,/ ta&S@awmiftm&Sa'orsm;ESifh Oa&my ul;vl;qufqHr_ydkIvG,fuv l m+yD;/ ydkrdkeD;pyfvmapcJhygonf? {&m0wDjrpf0u|ef;ay:a'oudk udkvdek Dodrf;ydkufcJh+yD; aemufydkif;wGif urBmhpD;yGGg;a&;aps;uGufokd@ qefa&mif;csaompD;yGm;a&;aphaqmfr_a=umifh txufjrefrmjynfrS v,form;trsm;tjym; {&m0wDjrpf0u|ef;ay:od@k ajymif;a&$@tajccsvm=uygonf? olwkd@.vufrsm;jzifhyif EGHawmrsm;/ opfawmrsm;udk ckwfxGif&Sif;vif;um v,fwDxGifcJh=uygonf? q,fpkESpfwcktwGif;rSmyif qefpyg; wifydk@r_odoo d mom wd;k wufvm+yD;/ wESpfv#if yHkrSef qefwefcsdef (3) oef;wifydk@Edkifaom taetxm;a&muf cJhygonf? (1930) ckESpf ESpfukefydkif;a&mufaomtcg pyg;a&mif;&aiGonf a':vm oef; (80) cef@&&Sdae+yD jzpf onf? xdt k csdefu xdik f;EdkifiH.qefwifydk@r_rSm Tyrm%.w0ufcef@om&Sdygonf? 1 u|ef;opfESifh tjcm;opfrmrsm;xkwv f kyfaom opfawmu¾onfvnf; tjcm;EdkifiHjcm;aiG&&Sdap aomvkyfief;wck jzpfygonf? +Adwdo#ukr`%Drsm;uom opfxkwfvyk f=uaomfvnf;/ udv k dkeDtpdk;&taejzifh “a&&Snftrsm;qHk;xkwv f kyfEdkifrnfEh _ef;”2 twdik f;&&Sdap&ef opfawmxdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufa&;pnf;urf;rsm;udk wif;wif;usyfusyf csrSwfaqmif&GufcJ=h uygonf? qdkvdkonfrSm opfawmrsm;ckwfvSJaeaomyrm%tvdu k f/ opfyifrsm;jyefvnfpdkufysKd;jcif;/ opfawmysKd;cif;rsm;pdkufjcif;udk jyefjznfjh cif;tm;jzifh tjrJwrf;xkwfvyk foGm;Edkif &ef &nf&G,f&if;jzpfygonf? rnfonft h yifudk ckwfvSJcGifh&Sdonf? oufwrf;rnfr#wGif xkwfvJ&S rnf? ponfwdk@ udk pepfwusOya'jyXmef;+yD;/ u|rf;usifI tawG@tñuH&Sdaomynm&Sifrsm;udk opfawmXmersm;wGif cef@tyf wm0efay;apcdkif;cJhygonf? (1940) ckESpfwGif EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@aomopfyrm%onf wefcsdef (225000) &Sd+yD;/ wefzdk;tm;jzifh a':vm (10) oef;cef@&Sdygonf? tjcm;opfrmrsm;a&mif;cs&aomaiGrSm aemufxyfa':vm (2) oef;cef@&Sdygonf? xd@k tjyifa&eHudv k nf; &SmazGazmfxkwcf Jh+yD;/ (1939-40) ckESpfwGif EdkifiHjcm;aiG a':vm (55) oef;&&Sd ap&ef wifydk@a&mif;csEdkifcJhygonf? cJ/ 0lz&ef/ oHjzLponfhwGif;xGufrsm; a&mif;cs&aiGrS a':vm (18) oef;&&SdcJhyg onf? xdt k csdefu EdkifiHjcm;odk@wifydk@ukefrsm;rS&&Sdaom0ifaiGrSm (1939-40) wGif pkpkaygif; a':vm (173) oef; 1 2

J. C. Ingram, Economic Changes in Thailand 1850-1970. Oxford University Press, 1971. maximum sustained yield

17

&SdcJh+yD;/ trsm;pkrSm tajccHydk@ukefrsm;rS jzpfygonf? Tyrm%rSm tHh=oav;pm;zG,faumif;vSygonf? (Z,m; 1?

2 udk=unfhyg? ) Z,m; (1? 2) EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@ukefrsm;rS&aiG yrm%wefzdk; (1939-40) (tar&duefa':vm axmifaygif;) pkpkaygif; EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_wefzdk; qefESifh qefxGufypPnf; u|ef;opfESifh tjcm;opfrm cJ/ 0lz&efESifh oHjzL a&eHxGufypPnf; rl&if;? Andrus, 1947.

172937 81149 11919 18081 55492

xdt k csdefwGifyif jrefrmEdkifiH&SdrD;&xm;vrf;rsm;udkazmufvkyfcJhonf? jrefrmhrD;&xm;.wm0efrSm Tod@k yrm%}uD;rm;aom tajccHxkwfuek frsm;udk EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@Edkif&eftwGuf qdyfurf;rsm;od@k ta&mufydk@Edkifa&;yif jzpfonf? &xm;vrf;rsm;taejzifh ajrmuf-awmifudkoG,w f ef;xm;=u+yD;/ ta&S@-taemufqufpyfxm;r_ r&Sd oavmufyifjzpfonf? &xm;vrf;pepfrsm;rSmvnf; vspfvsLðyxm;cH&onf[k ajymv#if&Edkifonf? òr@aygif; (100) ausmfwiG f v#yfppf"gwftm;&&SdoH;k pGJEdkifcJhonf? qef}udwcf GJjcif;/ a&eHoef@pifcsufvkyfjcif;ESifh tajccHukef=urf;rsm;udx k kwv f kyfðyjyifay;aompuf&HktcsKd@ rSvGv J #if/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGiftjcm;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;rxGef;um;oavmuf&SdcJhonf? +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfr_rwdik frDu &SdcJh aom rd&dk;zvmvufr_ukefxkwfvkyfief;rSmvnf; vHk;0okwo f if z,f&Sm;cHvdu k f&onf? aus;vufaerdom;pk rsm;taejzifhv,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;udkom t"duxm;vkyfudik fvmcJh+yD;/ rdrdpm;oH;k r_twGufvnf;aumif;/ òr#jyrsm;ESifh EdkifiH&yfjcm;&Sdaps;uGufrsm;od@k wifydk@a&mif;cs&eftwGuf xkwfvkyfpdkufysKd;=uonf? acwfopfynma&;pepfudk pwifcJhaomfvnf;/ vltenf;pk oD;oef@vlwpktwGuo f moif=um;EdkifcGifh&Sd cJhonf? (1920) ckESpfwGif &efukefwuUodv k fudkwnfaxmifcJh+yD;/ ynm&yfydkif;qdkif&mav;pm;avmufaomXme wcktjzpf zGH@òz;vmcJhonf? xdktcsdefu &efukefwuUodkvfonfta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;wGif taumif;qHk; wuUodv k fwcktjzpf wnf&SdcJhonf? EdkifiH&yfjcm;rSpmvmoif=uaomygarmuQrsm;wGif ynm&yfydkifqdkif&mt& xif&Sm;ausm=f um;oltrsm;tjym; &efukefwuUodkvfwiG f vma&mufvkyfudkifcJh=uonf? ‚if;wdk@.ausmif;om; rsm;taejzifh òr@jytkyfcsKyfa&;Xmersm;wGifvnf;aumif;/ Oya'a&;&mpDrHcef@cGJa&;Xmersm;wGifvnf;aumif; tvkyf0if=uonf? ‚if;ausmif;om;trsm;pkrSm 'kwd,urBmppf+yD;umv&efukefwuUodv k fwiG f q&mrsm;/ 0efxrf;rsm;jyefjzpfvm=uonf?

Tod@k atmifjrifr_rsm;&&SdcJhaomfvnf;/ udkvdkeDacwfjrefrmEdkifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;onf rw&m;rr#wr_rsm;/ wef;wl&nfwlr&Sdaom vlr_qufqHa&;rsm; w&m;ud, k fuyifygvmaoma=umifh/ aemufqufwJq G dk;usKd;rsm;ESifh qHk;&_H;epfem&r_rsm;vnf; jzpfay:apcJhonf? rdrdwd@k avhvmawG@&Sdcsuft& jynfwGif;odk@jyefvnfwifydk@vmaom ukefrsm;rSm/ EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@ukefwefzdk;. w0ufr#om&SdcJhonf? Tonfud=k unfjh cif;tm;jzifh t&if;tESD;rsm; twGuaf y;&aomtwdk;aiGrsm;/ tjrwftpGef;rsm; rdcifEdkifiHod@k om jyefoGm;=u+yD;/ tajccHxkwu f kefvkyfief;rsm; udk wd;k wufap&efvdt k yfaomt&if;tESD;rsm;/ tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;twGuf vdt k yfoavmuf vkyfaqmif cJhjcif;udk tav;ray;cJha=umif; awG@&onf? a'ocHjrefrmjynfoltrsm;rSm pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif v,f,m pdkufysKd;a&;u¾Yom yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkif=uonf? u|rf;usifr_rvdt k yfaomtvkyfrsm;jzpfonfh qef}udwfpuf vkyfom;rsm;/ qdyfurf;ukefwifukefcsvkyfom;rsm;wGifyif tdENd,rSwifoGif;vmaom vkyfom;rsm;udk toHk;ðycJh =uonf? u|rf;usifr_vdt k yfaomvkyfom;rsm;ae&mwGif jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;twGuf tcGifhtvrf;rSm tpdk;&Xme rsm;. ti,fwef;t&m&Sdae&mrsm;ESifh u|rf;usifolae&mrsm;avmufom &SdcJhonf? v,f,mvkyfief;twGuf vdt k yfaom aiGa=u;yHhydk;ay;jcif;udk tdENd,EdkifiHawmifydkif;rSvma&muftajccsaom cspfwD;aiGwd;k acs;pm;olrsm; uom t"duaqmif&GufcJh=uonf? aiGacs;&mwGifvnf; ajraygifcHIomaiGacs;onf? urBmhpD;yGm;ysufuyf}uD; qdkufI jrefrmEdkifiHodk@&dkufcwfvmaomaomtcg/ tusKd;qufrSmqdk;&Gm;vSonf? aºu; rqyfEdkifaomawmifol 18

v,form;rsm;. ajrtrsm;tjym; cspfwD;rsm;.vufwGif;odk@ usa&mufqHk;&_H;cJh=u&onf? q&mpHOD;aqmifaom v,form;olykefxr_}uD; (1930-32) umvrsm;wGif jzpfvmcJh&+yD;/ udv k dkeDtpdk;&u &ufpufpGmacsr_ef;cJhonf? udv k dek Dpepf. t}uD;rm;qHk;aom raumif;onfhaemufqufwJGtusKd;quf[k qdkEdkifaomudpPrSm (jrefrmEdkifiH&Sdynm&Sifrsm;omru/ omrefjynfolrsm;tm;vHk;) EdkifiHwumukefoG,af &;tay: r,H=k unfjcif;ESifh oHo,0ifcJh=ujcif;jzpfonf? Tta=umif;tcsufa=umifhyif jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd vGwv f yfa&;&+yD;csdefrSpwifI tqufqufaomtpdk;&rsm;onf jynfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;udkuef@owfxm;&efESifh urBmhaps;uGuaf =umifhjzpfay:vm rnf&h dkufcwfr_rsm;udk Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;jzifh vHðk cHr_/ umuG,fay;Edkif&ef pOf;pm;r_rsKd;jzifhaqmif&GufapcJh=uyHk& onf? xdo k dk@aqmif&GufcJah om rl0g'rsm;.tusKd;qufa=umifh wdik f;jynf.pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_udk rsm;pGm wkH@ aES;ap&Hkomru/ jynfolrsm;. vlaer_tqifhtwef;vnf; edrfhuscJh&onf? txl;ojzifh wdik f;jynf.vlrsm;pk}uD; jzpfaom qefpdkufoal wmifol v,form;rsm;taejzifh ydkIepfemcJh&onf? vGwfvyfa&;umvESifh ygvDref'Drdkua&pDtpdk&tkyfcsKyfa&; (1948-62) 'kwd,urBmppfa=umifh jrefrmEdkifiH.pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;trsm;tjym; ysufpD;qHk;&_H;cJh&onf? jrefrmEdkifiH taejzifh ppfyGJudk (2) }udrfñuHcJh&onf? (1942) *syef0ifvm+yD; +Adwdo#rsm;udt k dENd,odk@ armif;xkwfpOfu w}udrf/ (1944-45) r[mrdwfwyfrsm;u jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf+yD;0ifvmpOfu w}udrfjzpfonf? jrefrmrsKd;cspfrsm; taejzifh ppfyGJ (2) }udrfvH;k wGif yg0ifwdu k fcdkufqifE$JcJh=uonf? yxrydkif;wGif *syefwd@k ESifhtwlwdkufcJ+h yD;/ aemuf ydkif;wGif r[mrdwfwyfrsm;ESifhtwl&yfwnfcJh=uonf? ydkIqdk;&Gm;apaomta=umif;rSm jrefrmEdkifiHvGwv f yfa&; &+yD; rsm;r=umrDrSmyif/ t,l0g'a&;twGuaf omfvnf;aumif;/ wdik f;&if;om;ta&;twGuaf omfvnf;aumif; &nf&G,faom a&mifpHkolykefxr_rsm;ESifh ñuHcJh&jcif;jzpfonf? TtusKd;qufrsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;u¾wGifrnfod@k rnfyHk&dkufcwfcJhonfudk pm&if;Z,m;rsm;jzifh Z,m; (1? 3) wGifazmfjyxm;ygonf? TZ,m;rSm (1938-39) tajctaeudk (100) tjzpf tajcðyxm;jcif;jzpfygonf?

Z,m; (1? 3) jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;tajctae (1947-52) 1947-48 1949-50 1951-52 jynfwGif; pkpkaygif; 72 61 74 xGufukefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD) vlwOD;csif;tvdkuf jynfwGif; 66 55 64 pkpkaygif; xGufukefwefzdk; 3 pdkufysKd;a&;u¾rS xkwfvkyfr_ 77 65 75 rl&if;? Walinsky, Economic Development of Burma 1951-1960. New York: The Twentieth Century Fund, 1962.

xdt k wGuaf =umifh xkwfvkyfEdkifr_rSm ppfóuacwfumv. (av;yHkoHk;yHk) om&Sdawmh+yD;/ vlwOD;csif; tvdu k fxw k fvkyfEdkifr_E_ef;rSm (oH;k yHkESpfyHk) r#om&Sdygawmhonf? ta=umif;rSm vlOD;a&wdk;yGm;vmaoma=umifhjzpf ygonf? wdik f;jynfpD;yGm;a&;wGif t"duxkwfukef (3) rsKd;jzpfaom qefpyg;/ u|ef;opfESifh tjcm;opfrmrsm;xkwf vkyfEdkifr_tajctaerSm pkpkaygif;!$ef;udef;rsm; (Aggregated Indeces) jzifhaygif;I jyoygu ydkIqdk;&Gm;pGmedrfh uscJyh gonf? vGwv f yfcgp jrefrmEdkifiHtzdk@ wdkif;jynfwnfaxmifolzcif/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tygt0if tjcm;aom vkyfazmfukid fzufacgif;aqmifrsm;vkyf=uHcH&I/ usqHk;cJh&aoma=umifh rsm;pGmqHk;&_H;epfemcJh&ygonf? xdv k kyf=uHcH& aomtcsdefonf wdik f;jynfvw G fvyfa&;r&rD (6) vtvdk tcsdefjzpfygonf? od@k aomfvnf; OD;Ek.OD;aqmifr_

3

GDP per Capita

19

atmufwGif tpdk;&opfudkzGJ@I &J&ifhpGmvSrf;EdkifcJh=uygonf? vufiif;ta&;ay:aeaom a&mifpHkolykefxr_ jy\emudkxdef;odrf;Edkifonft h cg wdik f;jynfpD;yGm;a&;zufodk@jyefI OD;vSnhv f mEdkifygonf? wdik f;jynfpD;yGm;a&;pepf. zGJ@pnf;r_qdkif&mpepfrsm;onf vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;umvaemufydkif;wGif tajccHususajymif;vJcJhygonf? pdkufysKd;Edkifaomv,fajrrsm;udk jynfoyl dkifodrf;ydkufcJ+h yD;aemuf/ v,form;rsm; xHok@d jyefvnfcGJa0ay;cJhygonf? vlwOD;v#if trsm;qHk; (10) {utxdowfrSwfI cGJa0ay;cJhygonf? jynfy ukefoG,fa&;qdkif&m pnf;rsOf;rl0g'rsm;/ vpmxkwaf y;aomE_ef;xm;rsm;udkvnf; jyifqifowfrSwfcJhygonf? ,cifudv k dkeDtpdk;&vufxufupI usifo h Hk;vmcJhaomvGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fa&;tay:wGif tpdk;&topfu tcGefE_ef;xm;rsm; tenf;i,fwdk;I aumufcHcJhygonf? (1937) ckESpfwdkifatmif jrefrmEdkifiHwGifoH;k pGJaeaom aiGa=u;rSm tdENd,&lyD;udk tajccHIoHk;pGJygonf? aemufydkif;wGif ppfrjzpfrDumvtxd jrefrmaiGa=u;jzifh tpm; xd;k cJh+yD;/ w&lyD;ESifh nDr#aomaiGa=u;udk jyefvnf&dkufESdyfoH;k pGJcJhygonf? xdk@twGuaf =umifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif &SdaecJh aomaiGa=u;pepfrSm (100) &mcdkifE_ef;tjynfh EdkifiHjcm;aiGrsm;ESifhvJv, S fokH;pGJEdkifaomaiGjzpfcJhygonf? vGwv f yf a&;&+yD;aemufydkif;wGif tpdk;&u EdkifiHawmfA[dkb%fudx k laxmifcJh+yD;/ tpdk;&.vdak iGjyr_rsm;udk ajz&Sif;Edkif&ef aiGa=u;rsm; &dkufESdyfoH;k pGJcJhygonf? od@k aomfvnf; vdt k yfonfhtaetxm;t& +Adwdo# aygifpwmvifaiGESifh csdwfqufxm;aomaiGvJE_ef;udk toH;k ðycJhygonf? EdkifiHjcm;aiGvJv, S fr_udk wif;usyfpGmxdef;csKyfxm;cJh+yD;/ jynfwiG f;od@k wifoGif; aomukefrsm;twGuv f nf; oGif;ukefvdkifpifpepfjzifh uef@owfxm;cJhygonf? Tenf;tm; jzifh jynfwiG f;odk@wif oGif;vmaomukefrsm;. EdkifiHwumaygufaps;ESifh jynfwGif;aygufaps;udk tqufjzwfxm; +yD;/ uGmjcm;aeapcJhygonf? jynfyod@k wifydk@r_wGif/ qefwifydk@r_ESifh u|ef;opfwifydk@r_udk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&uvuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;cJhyg onf? EdkifiHawmf aumufyJoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;tzGJ@ (SAMB) udzk GJ@pnf;cJh+yD;/ v,form;rsm;xHrSpyg;udk jyify aygufaps;xufedrfhaom/ owfrSwfxm;aomaps;E_ef;jzifh 0,f,lcJhygonf? xdk@tjyifjynfwiG f;odk@ukefwifoGif;cGifh udk cGifhðycsufvdik fpifcsay;aompepfjzifh csKyfudik fxm;aoma=umifh/ jynfwiG f;odk@wifoGif;vmaomvloH;k ukefypPnf; rsm;rSm EdkifiHwumaygufaps;xufydkI jrifhaeygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh jynfwiG f;wGifpdkufysKd;xkwfvyk faeolrsm; .0ifaiGrSm Ed_if;,SOfcsuftm;jzifh tvsiftjrefyif usqif;vmcJh+yD;/ EdkifiHawmfoDESHa&mif;0,fa&;bkwftzGJ@odk@ a&mif;cs=u&rnfh tydkoD;ESHrsm;pdkufysKd;xkwfvkyf&ef/ rufvkH;aphaqmfr_rsm;vnf; usqif;vmygonf? xdk@tjyif qefaygufaps;rSm EdkifiHwumaygufaps;xufavsmhenf;aeaoma=umifh jynfwiG f;wGif0,f,lpm;oHk;r_ ydkIrsm;vm onfESifhtr#/ EdkifiHjcm;odk@wifydk@Edkifaomqefyrm%rSm ydkIydkIavsmhenf;vm&ygonf? EdkifiHwumaps;uGufayguf aps;ESifh jynfwGif;aygufaps;t=um;uGm[aeaom aps;E_ef;u/ jynfyodk@wifydk@aomqefwwef. tjrwftpGef;udk qHk;jzwfay;ygonf? Todk@qefwqefv#if&&SdaomtjrwfaiGESifh EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@aomqefwefcsdefudk ajr‡mufygu &&Sdrnfyh rm%onf/ EdkifiHawmfoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;bkwftzGJ@. 0ifaiGyifjzpfygonf? qef}udwcf GJp&dwf/ xdef;odrf; ydk@aqmifp&dwf/ odak vSmif&Hkp&dwfrsm;E_wfvku d fygu usefaeaomtjrwfaiGrsm;udk tpdk;&b¾maiGxJok@d v$J ajymif;ay;=uygonf? TaiGonfom tpdk;&.t"du0ifaiGjzpfygonf? ygvDreftpdk;&vufxuf pD;yGm;a&;pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_a,bk,stajctaeudk Z,m; (1? 4) wGifazmfjy xm;aom (1951-52) aumfvHESifh (1959-60) aumfvHwdk@t=um; Ed_if;,SOf=unfhjcif;tm;jzifh odomEdkifygonf? xd@k tjyif (1959-60) tajctaeESifh (1938-39) tajctaeudv k nf; Ed_if;,SOf=unfah pvdkygonf? yxrEd_if;,SOf csufwiG f=unfhrnfqdkv#if pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mpGrf;aqmifr_rSm tm;&txif}uD;p&myifjzpfygonf? wdik f;jynf.pkpk aygif;xkwfukefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD) taejzifh (40) &mcdkifE_ef;ausmfjrifhwufvmcJh+yD;/ vlwOD;csif;twdkif;twmESifh *sD'DyD/ pdkufysKd;a&;xkwu f kef xkwv f kyfr_ESifh pyg;txGufrSm (oH;k yHkwyHk) wdk;wufvmcJhygonf? u|ef;opfESifhtjcm;opfrm xkwv f kyfr_wGifvnf; ododomomwd;k wufcJhygonf? u|ef;opfxkwfvyk fr_wGif ESpfqausmfwd;k wufvmcJhygonf? qefpyg;EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_wGifvnf; ta&twGuyf rm%t&=unfrh nfqdkv#if/ ESpfq&SdvmcJhygonf? od@k aomfvnf; (1938-39) tajctaeESifh Ed_if;,SOf=unfhrnfqdkygu/ pD;yGm;a&;t&pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_rSm pdwfysufzG,f&myif jzpfygonf? pkpkaygif;jynfwGif;xkwu f kefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD) onf (7) &mcdkifE_ef;omjrifhwufvmcJh +yD;/ pdkufysKd;a&;u¾rS xkwv f kyfr_rSmvnf; jyefvnfemvHxlvmaom tajctaejzpfygonf? vlwOD;csif;pDtae 20

jzifh (*sD'DyD) rSmvnf; ppfóuacwfumvtajctae. atmufwGif&Sdaeygonf? tjcm;opfrmxkwfvkyfr_wGifom ppfóuacwfumvxuf (20) &mcdkifE_ef;ausm&f Hk/ ydkrsm;ygonf? pkpkaygif;tom;wift&if;tESD;pkaqmif;vmr_rSm ta&;}uD;onfESifhtr#/ pkpkaygif;t&if;pkaqmif;rdvmr_rSm jynfwGif;xGuu f kefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD) . (20) &mcdkifE_ef;r# om&Sdaoma=umifh/ vsmxm;csuftwdik f;rpGrf;aqmifEdkifaom taetxm;udk ydkIcHpm;rdapygonf? xdk@tjyif xdu k mvwGif tawmftwefrsm;aom EdkifiHwumaxmufyHhulnDr_rsm;ESifh *syefEdkifiHxHrS&&Sdaom ppfavsmfa=u; aiGrsm;vnf; wdik f;jynf.b¾mtwGif;od@k pD;0ifvmcJhygonf?

TumvtwGif; ratmifjrifcJh&aomta=umif;. t"dutajccHtcsufrSm pdkufysKd;a&;u¾twGuf rufvkH;aphaqmfr_ r&Sdjcif;yif jzpfygonf? txl;ojzifhqefpyg;pdkufysKd;a&;wGifjzpf+yD;/ jynfywifydk@r_udk EdkifiHawmf oD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;bkwftzGJ@rS xdef;csKyfxm;ygonf? jynfwiG f;ukefwifydk@r_udv k nf; vdik fpifpepfjzifhxdef;csKyfxm; cJha=umif; a&S@ydkif;wGifazmfjycJh+yD; jzpfygonf? tjcm;Ed_if;,SOfavhvmzG,faumif;aomtcsufrSm u|ef;opfESifh u|ef;opfr[kwfaom tjcm;opfrmxkwfvkyfr_yif jzpfygonf? u|ef;opfxkwfvkyfa&;udk EdkifiHawmfopfvkyfief; bkwftzGJ@u vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxdef;csKyfxm;+yD;/ tjcm;opfrmrsm;xkwfvyk fr_udk yk*~vduu¾od@k vrf;zGifhay;xm; cJhygonf? Z,m; (1? 4) wGifazmfjyxm;onft h wkid f;/ u|ef;opfxkwfvyk fr_rSm ppfóuacwfxkwfvkyfr_xuf avsmh enf;aomfvnf;/ tjcm;opfrmxkwfvyk fr_rSm (20) &mcdkifE_ef;ydkI wd;k wufcJhygonf?

Z,m; (1? 4) t"duvloH;k ukefypPnf;rsm;. pkpkaygif;!$ef;udef;rsm; (1938-60) (Main Commodities Aggregate Indices, 1938-60)

1938-39 100

1951-52 74

1959-60 107

11

64

85

v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;u¾ xkwfvkyfr_!$ef;udef;

108

75

100

pyg;xkwfvkyfr_ (wef&Snf oef;aygif;)

8² 05

5² 25

6² 92

453

141

333

u|ef;opfr[kwfaom opfxkwfvkyfr_ (ukAwef axmifaygif;)

502

349

611

qefEdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_ (wef&Snf oef;aygif;)

3² 3

1² 16

2² 1

*sD'DyD !$ef;udef; (GDP Index)

vlwOD;csif;twGuf wGufaom*sD'DyD!$ef;udef; (Per Capita GDP Index)

(Agricultural production Index)

(Paddy Production- million long tons)

u|ef;opfxkwfvkyfr_ (ukAwef axmifaygif;) (Teak Production--thousand cubic tons)

(Non-Teak Production--thousand cubic tons) (Rice Export --million long tons)

rl&if;? Walinsky. xd@k tjyifpdkufysKd;xkwfvkyfolrsm;taejzifh aps;E_ef;aumif;&r_tay:wkH@jyefaqmif&Guf=uyHkudk axmufcH azmfjy&eftajctaew&yfrSm/ xdu k mvtwGif; pdkufysKd;xGufukefoD;ESHrsm; trsKd;tpm;csJ@xGifvmcJhjcif; jzpfyg onf? tpdk;&.qnfa&ay;pDrHudef;rsm;u ulnDyHhydk;ay;cJhaoma=umifh (1959-60) wGif ajryJxkwv f kyfr_onf ppfóuacwftajctaexuf (52) &mcdkifE_ef;wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmcJh+yD;/ ESrf;xkwfvkyfr_rSm (47) &mcdkifE_ef;rsm;jym; vmcJhygonf? xdk@tjyif=uHxu G frSm (10) &mcdkifE_ef; wdk;wufcJhygonf? od@k aomfvnf; EdkifiHawmfydkifpuf&Hkrsm;rSpGrf;aqmifr_onf rsm;pGmnHhzsif;aom taetxm;rSom yg0ifcJh ygonf? EdkifiHawmfaq;0g;xkwfvkyfa&;puf&HkqdkonfrSmvnf; jynfyrSwifoGif;vmaomaq;0g;ypPnf;rsm;udk ykvif;oGw&f Hk/ xkwfydk;&Hktqifhom&SdcJhygonf? wefzdk;jr‡ifhwifap&efaqmif&Gufay;aom vkyfief;tenf;i,fr#om aqmif&GufEdkifcJhygonf? oHr%dpuf&HkrSmvnf; t"dy`g,ftenf;i,fr#om&Sdygonf? csnfr#ifxkwfvyk fief;ESifh txnfpufrsm;ud=k unfhygu wefzdk;ay;&r_ESifh jyef&aomtjrwftajctaeud=k unfyh gu Tpuf&Hkrsm;uyifydkI tvkyfjzpfonfukd awG@&ygonf? od@k aomfvnf; Tpuf&Hkrsm;udk nHzh sif;pGm pDrHcef@cGJtkyfcsKyfcJh=uygonf? jynfol trsm;.0efaqmifvkyfief;rsm;. pDrHcef@cGJr_rSmvnf; pdwfysufp&maumif;avmufatmifnHhzsif;I t&_H;ESifhñuHcJh& 21

ygonf? Todk@nHhzsif;aompDrHcef@cGJr_,EW,m;rsm;wGif EdkifiHawmfydkifpuf&Hkrsm;omrubJ/ EdkifiHawmf aumufyJ oD;ESH a&mif; 0,fa&;tzGJ@/ EdkifiHawmfopfxkwv f kyfa&;bkwftzGJ@ ponfrsm;vnf; tygt0ifjzpfygonf? 4 ud&k D;,m;ppfyGJumvqefrsm;wifydk@ae&+yD;/ aps;aumif;&r_a=umifh (1950) ckESpfqefydkif;umvrsm;wGif EdkifiHjcm;aiGa=u;azmazmoDoD &SdaecJhygonf?Todk@0ifvmaomEdkifiHjcm;aiGrsm;/ EdkifiHwumtaxmuftyHhrsm;ESifh ppfavsmfa=u;aiGrsm;udk v#yfppf"gwftm;xkwv f kyfa&;/ &xm;vrf;wdk;csJ@azmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh tjcm; tajccHtaqmuftODudpPrsm;twGuf tusKd;&SdpGmtoH;k ðyEdkifcJhygonf? tpdk;&.pufr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif t}uD;pm; pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk ydkItom;ay;cJh=uyg+yD;/ epfemqHk;&_H;&r_ jzpfapcJhygonf? tu,fITpGrf;tm;rsm;udk yk*~vduu¾ vloH;k ukefxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;rSom &,ltoHk;ðycGifhðycJhrnfqdkygu/ ydkItjrwftpGef;rsm;rsm; &&SdapEdkifaom tajctaeudjk zpfapEdkifygonf? xdu k mv'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&. tapmydkif;umvpD;yGm;a&;pepfrSm/ tjcm;aom vGwv f yfvm=uonfh tm&SEdkifiHrsm;&Sd tajctaeESifhwyHkpHwnf; jzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh tdENd,EdkifiHwGif uGef*&ufygwDacgif;aqmif ae&l;.vufatmuf&Sdtajctae/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;&Sd qlumEdk.tajctae pojzifh twlwjl zpfygonf? xdt k csdefu xdak cgif;aqmifrsm;pdwf0ifpm;cJh=uonfrSm +Adwdo#avbmygwD. tawG;tac:ynm&Sifacgif;aqmif [m&dk;vf'f vufpuD (Harold Laski) a&;om;onfh “ta&mtaESmpD;yGGg;a&;pepf”5 yHkpHrsKd; jzpfygonf? ‚if;.t,ltq t&yk*~vduu¾rsm;udk vkyfydkifcGifhwpHkw&may;xm;aomfvnf;/ pD;yGm;a&;pepf. t"duarmif;ESiftm;udk EdkifiH awmftpdk;&u¾rSom aqmif&GufomG ;&efjzpfonf? Tt,ltqudv k ufcH=uaomynm&Siftrsm;pku v,fo rm;ESifh jynfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;tiftm;pkrsm;tay: odyfrpGrf;aqmifEdkif/ xdef;ausmif;ay;&rnf[k jrif=uonf? yxr tcsufrSm wdik f;jynf.zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_vdt k yfcsuftwGuf twif;t=uyfpkaqmif;apcdkif;&rnf[k jrif+yD;/ aemuf wcsufrSm cGifhðyEdkifor#aomtwdik f;twmtwGif; cGifhðyay;&rnf[kjrifonf? qdkvdo k nfrSm TtjrifwGif T v,form;rsm;ESifh jynfwGif;&SdpD;yGm;a&;tiftm;pkrsm;tay: oHo,tjrifygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH&SdydkIvGwfvyfyGifhvif;aom/ aps;uGuftajccHusaom pD;yGm;a&;pepfudkusifo h Hk;&ef arS;rSdef tm;enf;apaom tjcm;ta=umif;tcsufrsm;vnf;&Sdygonf? ‚if;rSm (1930) ckESpfu jzpfyGm;cJh&aom urBmh pD;yGm;ysufuyf}uD;.&dkufcwfcH&r_/ udv k dkeDpepf. cg;oD;aomqdk;arGudkrarhEdkif=uao;bJ &Sdaeonfhtjyif/ wdik f; jynf.vufvv D ufum;a&mif;0,fa&; ukefonf}uD;rsm;Y tdENd,ESifh ygupPwefrSqif;oif;vmaomvlrsKd;EG,f 0ifrsm;uom ae&m,lxm;=uaoma=umifh jzpfonf? Tukefonf}uD;rsm;trsm;pkrSm jrefrmEdkifiHom;tjzpfcH,l xm;=uaomfvnf;/ olwdk@udk EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;[kom trsm;ujrif=uonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh oGif;ukefvdik fpif csay;jcif;wdk@uJhod@k aom pD;yGm;a&;tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;rsm;odk@om csay;cJhonf? Tod@k oGif; ukev f dik fpif&olrsm;teufrS trsm;pkrSmvnf; EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh eD;pyfaomrdwfaqGrsm;/ aqGrsKd;rsm;jzpf =uonf? ToGif;ukefvdik fpifrsm;udk tajcus+yD;om;/ ,ciftawG@tñuH&Sd+yD;om; pD;yGm;a&;ukefonf}uD;rsm;xH 4

acgif;aqmifpma&;ol. xyfwdk;wifjycsuf? ,if;acwf. wdk;wufr_tvm;tvmudk oHk;oyf&mwGif/ qENapmr_/ umvausmf rjrifEdkifr_ u|efawmfwdk@wGif &SdaecJhygonf? u|efawmfudk,fwdkifyif tmabmiftm&if; oefoefjzif/h (zqyv) acwf/ pufr_vkyfief;rsm;. rSm;,Gif;aer_rsm;udk/ wuUodkvfpmoifcef;udk EdkifiHa&;pifjrifhozG,f oabm xm;+yD; wbufowfajymcJh=uygonf? v#yfppfjzifh wnfaqmufaom tao;pm;oH&nfóudpufonf tvm;tvmr&Sdaom pdwful;,Ofr_jzpf onf/ rnfonfhenf;ynmoabmt& jzpfap ratmifjrifEdkif/ oHr%dpuf&Hkudk aygif;zdkpepfjzifh a':vmbDv#HESifch sDIoHk;rS xkwftm;aumif;aom puf&Hkudk wnfaqmufEdkifrnf? aq;0g;pug&HkrSmvnf; enf;ynmtwGuf tqrwefay;&onf/ a&&SnftusKd;r&SdEdkif/ tvm;tvmr&Sd[lI a0zef cJyh gonf? u|efawmfwdk@qENapm+yD;/ a0zefcJo h nfrsm; tm;vHk;rSm;cJyh gonf? v#yfppfudk toHk;cs+yD; oHusKd; oHyJhawGudk oH&nfóudcsufaompuf&Hkrsm;u/ aemif tcgwGif bDv#Ha':vm t&if;ðyxm;aom puf&Hk}uD;awGudk tjywftowftEdkif&cJyh gonf? aq;0g;xkwfvkyfa&;rSmvnf; tvGef}uD;rSm;,Gif;ae aom y&dk*sufr[kwfyg? ,if;uJhodk@ tqifhtwef;jrifah om xkwfvkyfenf;rsm;udk &,lvdkv#if/ tbdk;tcay;&rnf jzpfygonf? TuJhodk@puf&Hkrsm; aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh tdENd,EdkifiH&Sd aq;0g;xkwfvkyfief;rsm; t&Sdef&,l pwifcJyh gonf? xdkpOfu u|efawmfwdk@. aq;0g;puf&Hku tqifjh rifI h ypPnf; xGuf trsKd;rSefojzif/h puf&Hkxkwfaq;0g;ypPnf;rsm;udk xdkif;EdkifiHESifh w&kwfEdkifiHodk@ wifydk@a&mif;cscJh&ygonf? ,ckawmh xdkjzpfpOf. ajymif;jyefjzpf aeyg+yD? w&kwfEdkifiHxkwf t&nftaoG;rjynfhrDaom aq;0g;ypPnf;rsm;udk 0,f,loHk;pGJae&ygonf? xdkif;EdkifiHxkwf ypPnf;rsm;rSmvnf;trsKd;tpm; rrSefuef/ pHcsdef rudkufonfrsm;udk oHk;ae=u&ygonf? xdkpOfu pwifI pufr_wnfaxmif&ef óud;yrf;cJo h lrsm;udk/ u|efawmfwdk@rSm;cJah om t,l tqrsm;twGuf awmif;yefvdkygonf? odk@aomf xdkyk*~dKvfrsm; TavmuwGif r&Sd=uawmh+yD jzpfygonf? (ygarmuQ a'gufwmcifarmif=unf) 5

Mixed Economy

22

od@k om jyefa&mif;pm;=uonf? xdo k d@k vdik fpif&olrsm;u jynfwiG f;aps;E_ef;ESifh urBmhaps;uGuaf ps;E_ef;uGmjcm;r_rS tjrwf&onft h jyif/ tpdk;&uoGif;ukefcGefoufomcGifh&aoma=umifhvnf; ydkI tusKd;tjrwfcHpm;=u&onf? tjcm;wenf;tm;jzifhazmfjy&rnfqdkv#if TOyrmonf/ usrf;&dk;pmtkyfrsm;wGifazmfjyaeonfhtwdik f; “eD;pyfol rsm;udk rsufESmomay;/ tcGifhta&;ay;r_”om jzpfonf? xdkodk@wifoGif;vmaomukefrsm;udk urBmhaps;uGu&f Sd aps;E_ef;xufwifI a&mif;csjcif;/ wifoGif;vmaomukef=urf;ypPnf;rsm;uvnf; aps;}uD;pGm0,f,lae&jcif;rsm; udk xdt k csdefuvlxktrsm;u a0zefaxmufjyaqG;aEG;cJh=uonf? oGif;ukefvdik fpifxkwfay;jcif;. &nf&G,fcsuu f dk ar;cGef;xkwfvm=uonf? oGif;ukefvdik fpifxkwaf y;jcif;. &nf&G,fcsuu f ckwf&mwjcm;/ &S&mwvGJjzpfapcJh onf? xdkodk@xkwaf y;xm;aom oGif;ukefvdik fpifrsm;wefzdk;&Sdae&aomta=umif;rSm tjcm;r[kwf? jynfwiG f;&Sd aps;E_ef;onf urBmhaps;uGufaygufaps;xufjrifhrm;aejcif;ESifh cGifhðycsuf&&Sd&ef cufcJ&Sm;yg;jcif;wd@k a=umifhomjzpf onf? tu,fI ukefoG,fr_udkta&twGufyrm%t& ruef@owfxm;ygu/ jynfwiG f;aps;uGufaygufaps;onf urBmhaygufaps;ESifh jynfwGif;YowfrSwfxm;aomoGif;ukeftcGefr#om jzpfayvdrfhrnf?

Trl0g'. r&nf&G,fbJ&&Sdvmaom tjcm;&v'fwckrSm jynfwGif;Ypufr_vkyfr_vkyfief;rsm;zGH@òz;vmap &ef pGef@pm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm; ay:vmjcif;yifjzpfonf? xdt k csdefYjynfwiG f;&Sdukr`%Dtrsm;pkrSm oGif;ukefvdik fpif& &eftwGuf ol@xufig/ tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh tqifajyap&efcsOf;uyfae=uaomtcsdefY/ trSefwu,fpD;yGm; a&;vkyfief;ta=umif; em;vnfolrsm;rSm TjzpfpOftwGif;rScGJcGgxGuu f kef=uonf? tjcm;wbufwGifwifoGif; vmaomukefypPnf;rsm;&Sm;yg;jcif;ESifh pufr_ukef=urf;rsm;ESifh pufypPnf;rsm;wifoGif;r_udk tavsmah y;rsufESmom ay;xm;aom tajctaeudt k cGifhaumif;,lonf? xdpk ufrsm;jzifhjynfwiG f;vdt k yfaeaom vlok;H ukefypPnf;xkwf aompufr_vufr_ tvkyf&Hkrsm;trsm;tjym; ay:aygufvmawmhonf? oHowWKypPnf;rsm;/ yvyfpwpfypPnf; rsm;/ csnfxnfESifh qifoufwpfta&mtaESmxnfrsm;/ tpm;taomuf/ tazsmf&nf/ pD;u&uf paomukef ypPnf;xkwfvkyfolrsm; wd;k wufrsm;jym;vmcJhonf? &efukeftif;pdwfa'ow0dkufwGif ti,fpm;vloH;k ukefypPnf; xkwaf ompuf&Hkrsm; (1955) ckESpfY rd_vdkrsm;jym;ay:aygufvmcJhonf? +Adwdo#ESifh tdENd,ukefoG,fa&;ukr`%Drsm; wdik f;jynftwGif; usef&Sdvnfywfaeao;aomtajctae wGif/ jrefrmukr`%Drsm;taejzifh xdu k kr`%D}uD;rsm;ESifh jynfywifydk@&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ jynfwiG f;wifoGif;&mwGif vnf;aumif;/ jzef@jzL;a&mif;cs&mwGifvnf;aumif; t}udwt f e,fòyifqdkif=u&onf? xdt k csdefu jrefrmukr`%D rsm;vnf; ta&twGut f &rsm;jym;vm+yD;/ pGrf;aqmifEdkif&nfrsm; tcsdefwdt k wGif; jrifhvm=uonf? 'Drdkua&pD tpdk;&umvtwGif;u jynfwiG f;&Sdyk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; tcef;u¾.aqmif&GufEdkifr_rSm txif}uD; zG,f aumif;vSonf? odk@aomfvnf; xdt k csdefutpdk;&u OD;pm;ay;vkyfaqmifaeaomtcsufrSm tjcm;wbuf jzpfaom t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;zGH@òz;a&;udk tm&Hkxm;OD;pm;ay;aecJhonf? tjcm;wbufwGifvnf; EdkifiHawmfuOD;aqmifI t"duaqmif&Gufot l jzpf pufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm; zGH@òz;wdk;wufatmif aqmif&Guf&rnf[laomtcsufukd vkyf&if;udik f&if;/ tuef@towfrsm;awG@vm&aom a=umifh oifcef;pm&vm=uonf? (1956) ckESpfwGif t}uD;tus,f0g'jzef@csdcJhaom jynfawmfompDrHudef;onf &efykHaiGtcuftcJa=umifh &yfqdkif;vdu k f&onf? ta=umif;rSm xdt k csdefuEdkifiHwumaps;uGufwGif qefaps;E_ef; usqif;vmae+yD;/ xdkpDrHcsuf.t"du0ifaiGjzpfrSm qefa&mif;&aiGudt k ajcðyxm;aoma=umifh qufvufrvnf ywfEdkif jzpfvm&onf? xdk@tjyiftjcm;wcsufrSm tpdk;&zufwGifwwfodynm&Sifrsm;ESifh u|rf;usifr_csKd@,Gif; aoma=umifhjzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmiftrsm;oabmaygufvm=uonfrSm/ yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;u¾. yg0if yHhydk;r_r&SdbJESifh zGH@òz;a&;pDrHudef;rsm; raqmif&GufEdkif[k oabmaygufvm=uonf? (1957) ckESpfwGif EdkifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_qdkif&mOya' yxrrl=urf;udk pD;yGm;a&;ESifhvlr_a&;bkwftzGJ@rStwnfðycJh+yD;/ (1962) ckESpfwGif Oya' tjzpf jyXmef;EdkifcJhonf? (1960) ckESpfqef;ydkif;umvrsm;u tpdk;&taejzifh wdik f;jynf.zGH@òz;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif yk*~vdutcef;u¾udk yg0ifaqmif&GufcGifah y;&ef/ OD;wnfajymif;vJaecJh+yD jzpfonf? wòyifeufwnf;rSmyif tpdk;&taejzifhoabmaygufem;vnfaecJhaomtcsufrSm/ tpdk;&Xmersm;udk jyefvnfjyifqif pkzGJ@&efvdt k yfae+yD[laom tcsufjzpfonf? ,cifudv k dkeDtpdk;&vufxufu oHr%dausm&dk;[k trnfaumif;cJhaom tpdk;&0efxrf;Xmersm;udk opPm&Sdaom/ xda&mufxufjrufaom/ zufrvdu k faomtpdk;& 23

0efxrf;rsm;jzifh 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&wck. vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;usifhpOftwGif; jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;a&;jzpfonf? xdo k dk@jyef vnfzGJ@pnf;&mY EdkifiHa&;t&rsufESmomay;r_/ qufEG,fr_rsm;udv k nf; a&Smif&Sm;&rnfjzpfonf? xd&k nf&G,f csufjzifh jynfol@0efxrf;Xmersm;qdkif&mOya'udk jyXmef;cJh+yD;/ 0efxrf;Xmersm;udk 'Drdkua&pDpepftajccHtwGif;Y oHr%dausm&dk;ozG,fjzpfapa&;twGuf jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;&ef jyifqifcJhonf? xdt k csdefrSmyif wdkif;&if;om;tif tm;pkrsm;uvnf; (1947) zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya't& jyXmef;xm;aom jynfaxmifpkrScGJxGu&f ef tcGifh ta&;udk olwk@d u pGef@v$wo f nfh cH0efcsufuwdudak y;rnf? tjyeftvSeftaejzifhjynfe,frsm;wGif tm%mcGJa0 ay;a&;ESifh ydkrdktkyfcsKyfcGifh&&Sda&;/ ud, k fydkifjyXmef;cGifh&&Sda&;udk awmif;qdkvmcJh=uonf?

Tod@k tajymif;tvJrsm; jzpfay:aepOfrSmyif/ tm%mcGJa0r_rSmvnf; A[dkrSpkpnf;csKyfudkifxm;aom taetxm;rS ydkIjyef@ESH@um A[kqefvm+yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;zufwiG fvnf; ydkIyGifhvif;aom tajccHzufod@k ajymif;vJ vmaecsdef jzpfonf? xdt k csdefwGifyif u|rf;usifolynm&Siftoif;rsm;/ apwemh0efxrf;toif;rsm;/ pdwfwo l l rsm; pkzGJ@aomtoif;rsm;/ tvkyform;or*~rsm;/ bmoma&;toif;tzGJ@rsm; ponfwkd@vnf; trsm;tjym; ay:ayguf vmae+yD;/ vlxktajcðyvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; pwnfwnfaqmuftm;aumif;vmcsdef jzpfonf? xdkod@k jynfwiG f;r+idrfroufr_rsm;ESifh olykefxr_rsm;twGif; tiftm;rsm;pkpnf;rdvmaom tajctaeonf wdik f;jynf tm%m. yifrtcef;u¾wGif ae&may;cHxm;&onfh jrefrmhwyfrawmftwGuf owday;aeaom pdk;&drfzG,f&m tajctae jzpfvmonf? wdik f;jynftwGif; olykefxr_rsm;vnf;ajy+idrf;t&SdefusoGm;onfESifhtr#/ tkyfcsKyfa&; oHr%dausm&dk;uvnf; ydkrdkcdkifrmtm;aumif;vmonfESifhtr#/ tm%m. A[dkcsufronf A[dkrSaeI tpGef tzsm;t&yfrsm;jzpf aomvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;tiftm;pkrsm;qDodk@ ajymif;a&$@oGm;onfESifhtr#/ ppf wyftaejzifh ydkIpdwfrcs jzpfvmonf? rvHkrðcHcHpm;vm&onf? aemufqHk; tm%mjyefvnfcsKyfudik fEdkifa&; twGuf óu;yrf;vmjyefonf? trSefpifppfwGif ppfwyfutm%modrf;ydkufcJjh cif;twGuf azmfjy&mwGifta=umif;jycsuf (2) rsKd;&SdcJh onf? wckrSmwdkif;jynf. trsKd;om;zcif}uD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;csrSwfcJah om qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiHawmfxal xmifa&; vrf;a=umif;rS aoGzDae+yD;/ t&if;&Sifvrf;a=umif;odk@csDwufaeonf[k ta=umif;jyonf? 'kwd,tcsufrSm wdik f;&if;om;rsm;udk ud, k fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;ay;vdu k fygu wdkif;jynfòyuGaJ pvdrfhrnf[k ta=umif;jyonf? aemuf qHk;&v'frSm wdik f;jynf.tkyfcsKyfa&;,EW,m;wpHkvH;k udk EdkifiHa&;ygwDwckwnf;ucs,fvS,af om tajctaeudk qdkufa&mufapcJhonf? uGefjrLepfrsm;rygbJ uGefjrLepf0g'udu k sifhoH;k aom/ vDeif0g'pGJudkifaomygwDwck r&SdbJ vDeif0g'udu k sifhoH;k aomtajctae jzpfonf? wyfrawmfuom EdkifiH.t"dutm%mydkifjzpfvm+yD;/ wdik f;jynf . EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;jzpfpOfrsm;udck sKyfudik f cs,fvS,fcJhonf? jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf (1962-1988) TumvrSm jrefrmEdkifiH.acwfopfpD;yGm;a&;ordkif;wGif oHo,&Sdp&mrvdak vmufatmif t}uD; tus,u f yf'kuQqdkuf&aomumv jzpfcJhonf? tkyfcsKyfcJhaom ppftpdk;&.tm%mudkrv$wfwrf;udkifxm;vdk aomqENESifh xdef;csKyfr_trsKd;rsKd;udw k if;wif;usyf=uyfðyxm;&efvdktyfonf[k ,k=H unfaer_a=umifh/ jyifyurBm ESifh tquftoG,jf zwfawmufcJhonf? r&Sdrjzpfvdt k yfaom taetxm;avmufom EdkifiHwumESifhqufoG,f a&; xm;&SdcJhonf? EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;ydkifaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;omru/ jynfwiG f;&Sd pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; udv k nf; jynfolydkifodrf;ydkufcJhonf? jynfwiG f;&SdvufvDvuUm;a&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh ukefoG,rf _rsm;udk vnf; jynfolydkifodrf;cJhonf? 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&vufxufu cGifhðyxm;cJhaom/ jynfwGif;&SdpD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm; vkyfudik faqmif&Gufaeonfh atmifjrifaeaom pufr_vufr_ukefxkwfvkyfief;rsm;tm;vH;k udkvnf;jynfolydkif odrf;ydkufcJhonf? v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;u¾udk jynfolydkifrodrf;ydkufcJah omfvnf;/ v,form;rsm;rSm Oya'pnf; rsOf;rsm;t& ydkIcsKyfcs,fr_/ aps;E_ef;t&csKyfcs,fr_udk cH=u&onf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif usifhoH;k cJhaomqdk&S,fvpfpepf yHkpHudk tvnfvma&muf=uaomtpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;/ ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh qdkAD,uf/ ta&S@Oa&myqdk&S,fvpfEdkifiHrsm; rSoHwrmefrsm;yifv#if =ocs=u&onf? xdo k lrsm;taejzifh oabmayguf=uonfrSm Tr#wif;usyfpGmzdESdyftkyf csKyfxm;aompepfudk qdk&S,fvpf0g'trnfwyfygu xdk0g'taejzifhemrnfysuf&&Hkyif&Sdawmhrnf[lI jzpfonf?

24

wdik f;oljynfom;rsm;rSm pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif ‚if;wd@k pdwfwdkif;usvkyfudik faqmif&GufcGifhr&=uaoma=umifh omru/ tjcm;vlr_vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;qHk;&_H;=u&aoma=umifh ydkIxdcdkufepfem=u&onf? t&yfom;tpdk;& t&m&Sdrsm;/ refae*smrsm;/ u|rf;usifolrsm;tm;vHk;udk ppfwyft&m&Sdrsm;.wdkuf&dkuf}uD;=uyfr_atmufwGif xnfo h Gif;zGJ@pnf;aponf? txl;ojzifh vufawG@vkyfief;vkyfaqmif=u&mrsm;wGifyif em;rvnforl sm;.}uD; =uyfr_udk cH=u&onf? usOf;ajrmif;aomtrsKd;om;a&;tjrifzufrS csOf;uyfr_a=umifh/ wdkif;jynftwGif;usef&Sdae aom EdkifiHjcm;om;aoG;EG,folvlrsKd;pkrsm; wdik f;jynfrStpktðyHvdu k fxu G fcGmoGm;apjcif;jzpfcJh&onf? ta=umif; rSm xdo k lrsm;tzdk@ wdik f;jynftwGif; qufvufaexdkifyguvnf;/ b0&SifoefcGifh&&ef tcGifhta&;rsm;r&Sd=uaom a=umifh jzpfonf?

(1963) ckESpfwGifjyXmef;cJhaom v,f,majroD;pm;csxm;a&;Oya't&/ v,f,majrvkyfydkifcGifhrSm aus;vufa'orsm;wGifzGJ@pnf;xm;cJhaom ajr,maumfrwDYom t"duvkyfydkifcGifh&Sdonf? TaumfrwDrSaeI cGJa0ay;Edkifaomajrrsm;udk tqif;&JqHk;aomv,form;rsm;odk@ cGJa0ay;onf? Tod@k cGJa0ay;&mY TajruGu&f &Sdrnfo h l. xkwfvkyfEdkifpGrf;tm;/ vuf&Sd&Sdaeaom t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk xnfhoGif;wGufcsujf cif; rðyay? xd@k tjyif v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;wGif vufawG@rusaomvdkufem&ef pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk vdkufemaqmif&Guf&ef ysufuGufolrsm;/ wm0efausoD;ESHray;oGif;olrsm;xHrS v,fajrudjk yefvnfodrf;,ljcif;txd jypf'%fay;EdkifcGifh&Sd onf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- rEWav;ESifh ppfudkif;wdkif;rsm;&Sd qnfa&oGif;pdkufysKd;aoma'orsm;wGif/ v,form;rsm;udk olwk@d .rd&dk;zvmpdkufysKd;ae=u oD;ESHrsm;jzpfaom pyg;/ ajryJ/ ESrf;/ i&kwfESifh =uufoGefrsm;pdkufysKd;cGifhrðybJ/ tpdk;& ydkifpuf&Hkodk@oGif;&ef 0gpdkufapcJhonf? trSefwu,f jzpfoifhonfrSm EdkifiHjcm;odk@wifydk@a&mif;&aiG ydkrdk&&SdapEdkif aom rd&dk;zvm pdkufoD;ESHrsm;xkwv f kyfa&;udk ydkrdkwd;k wufatmif/ enf;ynmESifh t&if;tESD;rsm;jynfhpHkatmif ðyI/ ydkrdkxGuf&Sdvmaom ypPnf;rsm;udk EdkifiHjcm;odk@ wifydk@a&mif;cs+yD;/ EdkifiHjcm;rS csnfr#if&Snf0gjyefvnf wifoGif; jcif;rsKd; jzpfoihfayonf? xd@k tjyif tpdk;&taejzifh v,form;rsm;tcGifhta&;umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;a&; Oya'udk jyXmef;cJh ao;onf? xdkOya't& aiGwd;k acs;olu aiGjyefrqyfEdkifygu/ v,fajrodrf;,ljcif;/ u|JEGm;rsm;odrf;,ljcif;ESifh O,smOfjcHrsm;odrf;,ljcif;wdk@udk wm;jrpfxm;onf? Tod@k v,form;rsm;udk ‘umuG,f’ay;xm;aom tajc taeonf/ v,form;rsm;udk tjrJEdkifiHawmftpdk;&. taxmuftyHhrsm;udkom rSDcdkI b0&yfwnf&Sifoefae& aomtaetxm;udk a&mufaponf? oD;ESHrsm;ysufpD;qHk;&_H;&jcif;onf v,form;rsm;wGifom vH;k vH;k wm0ef&Sd +yD;/ rnfonft h ajctaejzpfap EdkifiHawmftpdk;&xHod@k owfrSwfxm;aom wm0efauscGJwrf;oD;ESHudk owfrSwf xm;aomaps;E_ef;jzifh ay;oGif;&ef wm0ef&Sdaeonf?

Tod@k v,f,mu¾ESifhywfoufI aqmif&GufcJah omOya'rsm;/ rl0g'rsm;udo k wWKcs=unfhygu/ aemuf qHk;&v'frSm vlwOD;csif;taejzifh v,f,mxGufukefxkwfvkyfr_usqif;vmapjcif;jzpf+yD;/ EdkifiHjcm;od@k wifydk@Edkif aomqefyrm% usqif;vmapcJhonf? qefpyg;uJo h dk@ wif;usyfpGmcsKyfudkifxm;jcif;r&Sdaom rwfyJESifh yJtrsKd; rsKd;pdkufysKd;a&;rSmrl xkwfvkyfr_wd;k wufvm+yD;/ EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_yg wd;k wufcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; qefpyg;wifydk@ r_rS&&Sdaom EdkifiHjcm;aiGqHk;&_H;&r_udk jyefvnfaxrdapaom taetxm;r&Sdyg? xd@k tjyif pufr_xkwfukefrsm;wGifvnf;/ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&.}uD;=uyfr_atmufwGif ,cif'Drdkua&pD tpdk;&vufxufuwnf;u tpysKd;xm;cJhaom/ oGif;ukeftpm;xd;k pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk csJ@xGif&efóu;yrf;cJh onf? xGefpufxkwv f kyfa&;ESifh armfawmfum;wyfqifa&;puf&Hkrsm;/ aºuxnfpuf&Hk/ rSefpuf&HkESifh tjcm;ypPnf; rsm;xkwfvkyfaom puf&Hkrsm; wdk;csJ@vkyfudkifcJhonf? Tpuf&Hkopfrsm;onf rlv&Sdxm;cJhaomEdkifiHawmfydkifpuf&Hk rsm;uJhodk@yif/ jynfyrSwifoGif;vmaom pufr_ukef=urf;ESifh pufrsm;tay:wGif rSDcdkae=u&onf? tajccHxkwu f k ef wifydk@Edkifr_ usqif;vmonfESifhtr#/ EdkifiHjcm;0ifaiGusqif;vm+yD;/ pufr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif ukef=urf;ESifh enf; ynm jznfq h nf;toH;k csEdkifr_rsm; usqif;vm&onf? xd@k tjyif 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&vufxufu tm;ay;cJhaom yk*~vduydkif pufr_vufr_vkyf ief;rsm;rSmvnf;/ jynfolydkifodrf;ydkufjcif;ESifh pDrHcef@cGJr_nHhzsif;jcif;wdk@a=umifh zGH@òz;r_ &yfqdkif;cJh&onf? wckwnf;aom taumif;&v'frSm ti,fpm;tdrfwGif;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;zGH@òz;vmcJhjcif; jzpf+yD;/ yvyfpwpfypPnf;rsm;/ vlokH;ukefypPnf;rsm;/ tpm;taomufxkwv f kyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;/ pufjyifvkyfief;rsm; 25

aqmif&Gufvm=uonf? Tu¾rSm tpdk;&utowdrrlrdbJ/ xdef;csKyfjcif;r&Sd v$wfxm;ay;cJhaoma=umifh jzpf onf? EdkifiHudk txD;wnf;wHcg;ydwfxm;r_a=umifh/ pufr_enf;ynmtopfrsm;&&SdEdkifaom tcGifhta&;rsm;vnf; qHk;&_H;cJh&onf?

Tumv. jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;umv=um&Snf usqif;vmaer_ESifh ,d, k Gif;ysufpD;vmr_udk EdkifiHjcm;ESifh ukeo f G,fr_vkyfief;rS pdwfysufzG,f&mudef;*%ef;rsm;=unfjh cif;tm;jzifh odomEdkifonf? Tudef;*%ef;rsm;udk Z,m; (1? 5) wGifazmfjyxm;ygonf? (1962) ckESpfrS (1988) txd/ EdkifiHjcm;odk@wifydk@ukefrsm;rS &&Sdaomwefzdk; onf/ tar&duefa':vm (260) oef;rS/ qdk&S,fvpfpepfaemufydkif;ESpfrsm;jzpfaom (1985) rS (1988) umv wGif ESpfpOf a':vm (217) txd usqif;cJhonf? EdkifiHjcm;od@k wifydk@Edkifr_wefzdk;onf wufvdkufusvdu k f rwnf +idrfbJ &SdaecJhonf? tjrifhqHk;tjzpf (1980) ckESpfwGif tar&duefa':vm (472) oef;&Sd+yD;/ tedrfhqHk;ESpf (1970) ckESpfwGif tar&duefa':vm (107) oef;&Sdonf? Tudef;*%ef;rsm;u xif[yfazmfjyaeaom tajctaexuf/ vufawG@wGif tajctaeu ydkIqdk;onf? EdkifiHjcm;odk@wifydk@ukefwckcsif;taeESifh (1960) ckESpfrsm;rS (1980) ckESpfrsm;twGif;/ ukef,lepfwckcsif;.wefzdk; (4) qr#wdk;wufvmcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; wifydk@Edkifonfhukef yrm%onf (50) &mcdkifE_ef;r# usqif;cJhonf? jynfwiG f;odk@wifydk@ukeftaejzifh ppftpdk;&tpumvwGif tar&duefa':vm (220) oef;&Sd&mrS/ ed*Hk;umvrsm;wGif tar&duefa':vm (250) oef;txd wd;k wufvmcJh onf? rdrdbmomzlvHak &;udk OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Gufonf[k azmfjycJhaomfvnf;/ EdkifiHjcm;aºu;+rDrSm rlvu tenf;i,frxifr&Sm;r#om &Sd&mrS/ qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&aemufydkif;umvrsm;wGif tar&duefa':vmoef; (4000) txd wd;k wufvmcJhonf? w&m;0ifvrf;a=umif;rsm;twdik f;ukefoG,f&ef/ rufvk;H aphaqmfr_r&Sdaoma=umifhjzpfay:vmcJhaom aemufqufwJt G ajctaerSm/ xdkif;EdkifiH/ w&kwfESifh b*Fvm;a'h&SfEdkifiH e,fpyfrsm;udkjzwfausmI f w&m;r0ifukef oG,rf _rsm; jzpfvmjcif;jzpfonf? yifv,fqdyfurf;rsm;rSwqifh/ urBmhaps;uGuaf ygufaps;twdik f; ydkIoufomap aomo,f,lydk@aqmifa&;pepftpm;/ ydkItusKd;tjrwf&&Sdr_enf;aom tjcm;vrf;a=umif;rsm;od@k ajymif;apukef onf? jynfwGif;xkwfukefrsm;udk jynfwiG f;Ytpdk;&owfrSwfxm;aom yHkrSefr[kwfbJedrfhaomaps;E_ef;rsm;jzifh a&mif;csI wefzdk;r&SdaomjrefrmusyfaiGrsm;&,lrnft h pm;/ tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;rS ukefrsm;jzifhzvS,v f m=uonf? od@k aomfvnf; w&kwfEdkifiHESifh xdik f;EdkifiHrsm;rSjyefvnfwifoGif;vmaomukefrsm;rSm t&nftaoG;edrfhaom/ aps;}uD; aomukefrsm; jzpfae=uonf? xdktwGuaf =umifh wdik f;jynftaejzifh tpdk;&.vufawG@rusaom/ t"rRowfrSwf xm;aom ukefaps;E_ef;}uD;=uyfa&;rl0g'rsm;a=umifh (2) cgepfem=u&onf? odk@aomfvnf; emusn;f zG,f&m aumif;onfrSm Tod@k w&m;r0ifarSmifcdkukeful;oef;a&mif;0,faejcif;rsm;a=umifhyif/ wdkif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;udk vnfywfaeapcJh+yD;/ vHk;0òyvJysufpD;&rnfh tajctaerS umuG,fay;xm;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? TonfrSm ta&S@ Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;ESifh qdkAD,uf,leD,Hwkd@wGifñuHcJh&aom arSmifcdkpD;yGm;a&;/ wenf; pifòyifpD;yGm;a&;pepfrsKd;ESifh yHko¿mefwlonf? bdef;jzLrsm;udk EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@jcif;ESifhtwl &&Sdvmaom0ifaiGjzifh/ wdik f;jynftwGif; vdt k yfae aomukefypPnf;rsKd;pHkudk 0,f,lwifoGif;cJh=uonf?

EdkifiHjcm;0ifaiGusqifvmjcif;ESifh tvkyfrjzpfaomEdkifiHawmfydkifpuf&Hkrsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk quf vufxdef;odrf;xm;&jcif;a=umifh/ tpdk;&b¾maiGtaejzifh vuf&Sdtpdk;&toH;k p&dwfrsm;umrdapavmuf atmif/ 0ifaiGr&SdbJ jzpfvmcJh&onf? zGH@òz;a&;pDrHcsufrsm;qdkif&moHk;pGJaiGqdkv#if aemufydkif;wGifvH;k 0roH;k Edkfifawmh aom tajctaeqdkufa&mufcJ&h onf? aemufqHk;ajz&Sif;&ef enf;vrf;rSm/ aiGpuUL&dkufESdyfxkwaf 0a&;yifjzpf+yD;/ aemufydkif;wGif t}udrf}udrfaomaiGpuULzsufodrf;jcif;rsm;vkyfcJhonf? rdrdbmom&dkufESdyfxkwfa0xm;aom aiGpuULrsm;udk w&m;r0ifa=ujimjcif;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;pepftwGif;vSnhv f nfaeaom aiGa=u;rsm;udzk sufodrf;cJh onf? Tenf;tm;jzifh aiGpuULvSnhv f nfpD;qif;r_udk ydkrdkjrefqefaponfrSefaomfvnf;/ aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_udk ydkqdk;apcJhonf? aiGpuUL&dkufESdyfxnfo h Gif;r_ESifhtwl ukefaps;E_ef;rsm;u (1970) ckESpfrsm;wGif w[kefxd;k wd;k wuf vmcJhonf? (1980) ckESpfrsm;tv,fydkif;a&mufaomtcg xdef;rEdkifawmhavmufatmifwufomG ;+yD jzpfonf?

TonfrSm jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf. pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'rsm; òyvJapcJh&jcif;. ta=umif;w&yfjzpfonf? T tcsufrsm;a=umifh (1988) ckESpfwGuf vlxktHkºuqENjyyGJrsm;jzpfvmapcJh+yD;/ ppfwyfu t=urf;zufESdrfeif;cJh 26

onf? qdk&S,fvpfpepfjzifh prf;oyf&mwGif/ vHk;0ysufpD;qHk;&_H;oGm;aponft h csufudk todtrSwfðycJh=u+yD;/ tpdk;& a[mif;udk tpm;xdk;cJhonfh/ EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ (e0w) u qdk&S,fvpfpepf usifhoH;k aer_udk pGef@v$wcf Jha=umif; a=ujimcJhonf? vGwv f yfaomwHcg;zGifhaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk usifhoHk;rnf[k a=u jimcJhonf? Trl0g'opft& EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;ESifh jyifyurBmESifhukefoG,fr_udk zdwfac:cJhonf? (e0w§etz) ppftpdk;&vufxuf (1988 aemufydkif;umv) jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfjzifh aqmif&GufcJph OfuysufpD;cJh&aom pD;yGm;a&;pepftarGqdk;rsm;udk topf wufvmaom ppftpdk;&u qufvuftarGcH&onf? xdt k cg jrefrmEdkifiH. pD;yGm;a&; tajctaerSm aoG;opf oGif;uko&ef vdt k yfaeaom vlrrmuJo h dk@jzpfonf? Todk@tajctaewGif tajymif;tvJrsm;udkaqmif&Guf&ef ESifh ppftkyfpk.tm%mcsKyfudik fxm;r_udk xdef;odrf;xm;&efqdkonfrSm/ w&kwfEdkifiHwGifaqmif&GufcJah om acgif; aqmif}uD;wdef@ a&Smifyif. pD;yGm;a&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_ rl0g'rsm;uJo h d@k / vGwfvyfaomaps;uGuf xlaxmifrSom jzpfEdkifawmhrnf? EdkifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;ESifh ukefoG,fr_rsm;udzk Gifhay;jcif;tm;jzifh vdt k yfaeaom t&if; tjrpfrsm; &vmap+yD;/ òyvJaeaompD;yGm;a&;pepfudk emvHxlapEdkifrnf jzpfonf? wòyifeufwnf;rSmyif EdkifiHa&;t& twdu k ftcHðyr_rsm;udv k nf; qufvufESdyfuGyfxm;cJhonf? ppfwyfu 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk ðyjyif ajymif;vJ&efóu;yrf;r_tqifhwpfck taejzifh a&G;aumufyGJ ðyvkyfay;cJhaomfvnf;/ &v'frSm olwd@k twGuf pdwf ysufzG,fjzpfcJhonf? ppftpdk;& &&Sdvmaom &v'frSm t"dutwdu k ftcHygwD trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfu (1990) ygwDpHka&G;aumufyGJwGif/ awmifòy urf;òytEdkif&cJhjcif; jzpfonf? TtajctaewGif ppftpdk;&u a&G; aumufyGJ&v'fudk vspfvsLðycJh+yD;/ EdkifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk ydkIwif;usyfpGmcsKyfcs,fvmcJhonf? a':atmifqef; pk=unfudkyif tdrfwGif;tus,fcsKyfjzifhxdef;odrf;xm;cJhonf?

EdkifiHjcm;ukefoG,fr_rS &vmaomudef;*%ef;rsm;udk =unfhygu/ wdkif;jynfudkpD;yGm;a&;wHcg;zGifhvdu k fjcif; jzifh atmifjrifr_&onf[k qdkEdkifonf? Z,m; (1? 5) wGif azmfjyxm;onfudk=unfhygu jynfyydk@ukeftaejzifh ESpf pOfwd;k wufaecJhonf? (1988) wGif jynfyydk@ukefwefzdk; tar&duefa':vm (147) oef;&Sd&mrS (1995) ckESpfwGif tar&duefa':vm (846) oef; jzpfvmonf? (1987) rS (1989) ckESpfrsm;twGif; EdkifiHjcm;odk@qefwifydk@r_rSm ysrf;r# (180000) wef&Sdaomfvnf;/ (1994) ckESpfwGif qefwefcsdef (1) oef;txd wd;k wufvmcJhonf? od@k aomf aemufydkif; (1995) ckESpfwGif (353000) wefodk@ jyefvnfusqif;oGm;onf? qefpyg;xkwv f kyfr_taejzifh (50) &mcdkifE_ef;ausmfwd;k wufcJhonf? (1988) ckESpfwGif qeftxGufrSm (13) oef;wef&Sd&mrS (1995) ckESpfwGif (19² 5) oef;wef&SdcJhonf? pdkufysKd;ajr{uwd;k wufvmovdk/ w{utvdu k ftxGufE_ef;vnf; wd;k wufvmcJh onf? qefpyg;xkwv f kyfr_wGif/ TuJhod@k &v'f&vmjcif;rSm oD;xyfpdkufysKd;jcif;a=umifhjzpf+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiH tv,fydkif; a&oGif;pdkufysKd;&majrrsm;ESifh atmufjrefrmjynfjrpf0u|ef;ay:a'orsm;wGifyg oD;xyfpdkufysKd;cJh=u onf? od@k aomfvnf; TuJhod@k tESHwdkESifhoD;aompyg;rsKd;rsm;pdkufysKd;&jcif;rSm a&v$rf;rdk;jcif;'%fudk ydkIcH&Edkif+yD;/ ydk;ESHaumif'%fudv k nf; cHEdkif&nfenf;onf? orm;&dk;uspdkufaom trsKd;tpm;rsm;u ydkIcHEdkif&nf&Sd=uonf?

Tod@k tajrmuftrsm;xGuf&Sdvmaom oD;ESHrsm;udk odak vSmifxdef;odrf;&ef *dka'gifrsm;vnf; vHv k Hak vmuf avmuf r&Sdao;ay? xdkr#ru jynfyod@k wifydk@Edkifa&;udOk D;pm;ay;cJhaoma=umifh/ r=umc%qdkovd/k jynfwGif; oH;k ESifh tydk@txkwfwd@k udk rcsifhcsdefEdkif jzpfcJhonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh òr@jyaeolrsm;qef0,f,lpm;oH;k &aom ukefusp&dwfwdk;jrifhvmcJhonf? jynfwiG f;qefaps;E_ef; wdk;wufvmapcJhonf? Tta=umif;a=umifhyif EdkifiHjcm; qefwifydk@r_pHcsdefudk wefwoef;wGif rxdef;xm;EdkifawmhbJ/ (1995) ckESpfwGif wefcsdef (353000) od@k jyefvnf usqif;cJh&onf? od@k aomfvnf; Ed_if;,SOfcsuft& ,cifowfrSwfxm;aomcGJwrf;pyg;udk owfrSwfaps;E_ef;jzifha&mif;cs ae&r_udk tenf;i,fuif;vGwfcGifhay;cJhaoma=umifh/ ,cifuef@owfxdef;csKyfxm;r_rsm;udk av#mhcsay;cJhaom a=umifh v,form;rsm;wGif aps;E_ef;t&jzpfvmaomrufvkH;aphaqmfr_ jzpfvmcJh&onf? tpydkif;wGif EdkifiHjcm; 27

wifydk@r_ wd;k wufrsm;jym;vmcJhao;onf? Todk@wdk;wufvmr_udk aemufydkif;wGifqufvufwnfwhaH eatmif rxdef;odrf;xm;EdkifcJhay? (e0w) ppftpdk;&vufxufwGif EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@Edkifr_yrm% wd;k wufvmcJhonf[kqdkaomfvnf;/ tao;pdwftaetxm; jyef=unfv h #if/ owd冒y&rnft h csufrSm qefpyg;wifydk@a&mif;csEdkifr_onf (1960) ckESpf wGif&Sdaeaom tajctaewefcsdef (2) oef;. w0ufr#om&Sdao;onfudk awG@&ayrnf? ppf贸uacwfumv yrm%ESifh Ed_if;,SOfv#if (oHk;yHkwyHk) r#om &Sdygao;onf? urBmhqefaps;E_ef;onf (1960) ckESpfaygufaps;xuf tq (6) qwd;k wufvmcJhaomfvnf;/ jrefrmEdkifiH. EdkifiHjcm;qefwifydk@r_rS&&Sdaom0ifaiGpkpkaygif;onf (3) qr# om wdk;wufcJhygonf?

(1994-95) ckESpfwdkifatmif (e0w) ppftpdk;&twGuf EdkifiHjcm;0ifaiGtrsm;qHk;ay;aeaom a&mif; ukefrSm u|ef;opfjzpfaecJhygonf? u|ef;opfEdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_rS &&SdaomaiGrSm tenf;i,frwnfr+idrf&SdaecJhaomf vnf;/ ysrf;r#tm;jzifh tar&duefa':vm oef; (120) cef@ESpfpOf &SdaecJhygonf? tjcm;opfrmwifydk@r_u ESpfpOf aemufxyf a':vm oef; (40) cef@ xyfrH&&Sdapygonf? Tpkpkaygif;opfa&mif;csr_0ifaiG a':vm (160) oef; onf/ qefESifhqefxGufypPnf;rsm;wifydk@aiGrS&&Sdaom a':vm oef; (40) xuf tqrsm;pGmrsm;ygonf? qefwif ydk@r_0ifaiGrS xl;xl;jcm;jcm;rsm;jym;pGm&&SdaomESpfrSm (1994-95) ckESpfjzpf+yD;/ qefwefcsdefwoef;wifydk@r_rS0ifaiG a':vmoef; (200) &&SdcJhygonf? xdEk Spfu opfwifydk@r_rS 0ifaiGrSm a':vm oef; (145) om&Sdygonf? odk@aomf vnf; rdrdwdk@avhvmawG@&SdcJhonft h wdik f;/ qefwefcsdefwoef;wifydk@Edkifr_udk a&&Snfxed f;xm;&ef rpGrf;omyg?

(1995-96) ckESpfwGif qefwifydk@r_wefcsdef (300000) od@k jyefvnfusqif;cJh+yD;/ (1996-97) ckESpfwGifvnf; xyfrHusqif;rnf[k cef@rSef;&ygonf? ta=umif;rSm oabFmwifaer_E_ef;rsm; usqif;vmaeaoma=umifh jzpfyg onf? tpdk;&taejzifh pyg;0,f,lpkaqmif;r_rS&&Sdaom qefwefcsdefrSmvnf;/ vsmxm;r_xufavsmeh nf;ae+yD;/ ,cifpHcsdefrsm;xufvnf; avsmhaeygonf?

Z,m; (1? 5) EdkifiHjcm;ukefoG,fr_ (1950-95)

rl&if;? World Bank, World Data Series 1995. rwfyJESifh yJtrsKd;rsKd;onfvnf; EdkifiHjcm;aiG&apaom xGuu f kefrsm;jzpfygonf? yJtrsKd;rsKd;wifydk@r_ yrm%rSm ododomomwdk;wufvmcJhygonf? (1990-91) ckESpfwGif wefcsdef (200000) wifydk@cJh&mrS/ aemuf qHk;oH;k ESpfumv (1993-95) wGif ESpfpOfysrf;r#wefcsdef (450000) wifydk@cJh+yD;/ 0ifaiGtm;jzifh tar&duefa':vm (120) oef;&&SdcJhygonf? Ed_if;,SOfcsuft&qdkv#if aps;E_ef;a=umifhjzpfay:vmaomrufvHk;rSm yJtrsKd;rsKd;u qef pyg;pdkufysKd;r_xuf ydkomygonf? od@k aomfvnf; vuf&SdpdkufysKd;xkwv f kyfaer_xuf ydkIcsJ@xGifpdkufysKd;Edkifaom tvm;tvm enf;yg;ygonf? EdkifiHjcm;c&D;oGm;vkyfief;rSvnf; EdkifiHjcm;aiGwd;k wuf&&SdapcJhygonf? (1990-91) ckESpfwGif EdkifiHjcm;c&D;oGm;vkyfief;rS 0ifaiG tar&duefa':vm (25) oef;om&&SdcJhaomfvnf;/ (1995-96) ckESpf wGif a':vm (153) oef;txd wd;k wufvmcJhygonf? r=umao;rDujzpfvmcJhaom EdkifiHa&;rwnf+idrfr_rsm; a=umifh jyefvnfusqif;&ef tvm;tvm&Sdygonf? aemufydkif;jyefIjrifhvmaprnfh tvm;tvmrsm;ESifh ywf oufIvnf; oHo,&SdzG,f jzpfygonf? wHcg;zGifhaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfusifhoH;k cJhr_twGuf xl;xl;jcm;jcm;awG@vm&aom&v'frSm jynfwGif; oGif;ukefzuftydkif;Y ydkIodomxif&Sm;pGm awG@&ygonf? (1988) ckESpfwGif jynfwiG f;odk@oGif;ukefwefzdk;onf tar&duefa':vm (244) oef;om&Sdaomfvnf;/ (1993) ckESpfESifh (1994) ckESpfwGif a':vmoef; (800) ausmf jzpfvmygonf? (1995) ckESpfwGif txl;jrifhrm;vmonf[kqdkEdkifaom a':vmoef; (1300) txdwd;k jrifhvmcJhyg onf? (1988) ckESpfwGif ukefoG,fa&;vdak iGjyaiG a':vm (96) oef;&Sdae&mrS/ aemufydkif; (2) ESpft=umtxd 28

tenf;i,fydkaiGjycJhygonf? od@k aomfaemufydkif;wav#mufvHk;wGif vdak iGjyr_t}uD;tus,&f SdcJh+yD;/ worwfwnf; vdak iGjyaecJhygonf? (1995) ckESpfwGif EdkifiHjcm;ukefoG,fa&;rS vdak iGjyaiG a':vm (488) oef;&SdcJhygonf?

(1988) ckESpfrSpwifI vdkaiGjyr_udk pkpkaygif;vdkufrnfqdkygu a':vmoef;aygif; (1100) ausm&f Sdae+yD jzpfygonf? ‚if;rSm jynfywdik f;jynfrsm;rSacs;aiG,l&aom yrm%ESifh wajy;nDjzpfygonf? (1990) ckESpfwGif EdkifiHjcm;aºu;+rD a':vmoef;aygif; (4400) &Sd&mrS/ (1995) ckESpfwGif a':vmoef;aygif; (6100) jzpfvmcJhygonf? yHk (1? 2) aiGa=u;wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmr_ESifh aiGazmif;yGr_E_ef;

360 1,200,000 340 1,100,000 Consumer Prices 320 300 1,000,000 Money in circulation (million kyat) 280 900,000 260 240 800,000 220 700,000 200 180 600,000 160 500,000 140 120 400,000 100 300,000 80 60 200,000 40 100,000 20 0 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

Money (million kyat)

Consumer price index (base year=1990)

Figure 1.2. Inflation and Monetary Growth

rl&if;? IMF, International Financial Statistics, Data CD 1995 and Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development, Review of Financial, Economic and Social Conditions for 1995/ 96, Union of Myanmar.

(e0w) ppftpdk;&usifo h Hk;aompD;yGm;a&;rl0g'rsm;. tjcm;ta&;}uD;aomtcsufwckrSm/ wdik f;jynf. aiGa=u;wnf+idrfr_ESifh b¾ma&;&oH;k aiGpm&if;bwf*sufwnf+idrfr_udk vHk;0ypfy,fI tvGeftusL;wm0efrJhpGm aqmif&Gufaer_yifjzpfonf? aiGa=u;&dkufESdyfxnfhoGif;r_rSm usyfoef;aygif; (16355) rS usyfoef;aygif; (1108660) txd/ tq (70) ausmw f d;k wufrsm;jym;vmcJhygonf? pm;oH;k olaps;E_ef;q!$ef;udef;rSm (5) qr# wd;k wufvmcJh+yD;/ Ttajctaeud=k unfhjcif;tm;jzifh aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_rnfr#wd;k wufvmcJh+yD; jynfot l rsm; rnfr# 'kuQa&muf=u&onfukd rSef;qEdkifygonf? b¾ma&;oH;k pGJaiGwdk;csJ@ oH;k pGJaejcif;a=umifh/ aemufydkif;wGif ppftpdk;&u&&SdEdkifaom b¾maiGxuf rsm;pGm ausmv f Gefrsm;jym;vmygonf? urBmhb%f. (1995) ckESpf atmufwdkbmv (16) &ufae@wGif xkwaf 0 cJhaom tpD&ifcHpmwckwGif azmfjycJhonft h wdik f;/ tcGefaumufcHr_rsm;rS &&Sdaomb¾maiGrSm ESpfpOf wdik f;jynf . pkpkaygif;xkwu f kefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD) ESifh,SOfv#if avsmu h sqif;aeygonf? (1991) ckESpfwGif &&Sdaom tcGef b¾maiGrSm *sD'DyD. (10) &mcdkifE_ef;r#&Sd+yD;/ (1995) ckESpfa&mufaomtcg tcGefaiGrSm *sD'DyD. (7) &mcdkifE_ef; r#yifr&Sdwwfawmhyg? pkpkaygif;toH;k p&dwfrSmvnf; (1991) ckESpfwGif *sD'DyD. (17² 6) &mcdkifE_ef;&Sd&mrS avsmh enf;usqif;vmcJh&m/ (1995) ckESpfwGif pkpkaygif;oHk;pGJaiGrSm *sD'DyD. (12² 3) &mcdkifE_ef;r#om&Sdygawmhonf? od@k aomfvnf;b¾ma&;vdak iGjyr_rSm ESpfpOf*sD'DyD. (6) &mcdkifE_ef;wGif yHkrSef&SdaecJhygonf? Tb¾ma&;vdak iGjyr_ tm;vH;k udk aiGa=u;rsm;&dkufESdyfjznfq h nf;jcif;jzifhom ajz&Sif;cJhygonf?

29

xdt k csufrsm;a=umifh (e0w) ppftpdk;&. pD;yGm;a&;tvm;tvmrSm atmifjrifr_&&ef tcGifhtvrf; rsm; arS;rSdefaeygonf? EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;rS 0ifvmaomaiGrSm yxrydkif;wGiftm;wufp&m aumif;avmufatmif wdk;wufaecJhaomfvnf;/ aemufydkif;wGif tjrifrSm;zG,f&mjzpfvmapygonf? vufawG@ taetxm;wGif wd;k wufvmaomtaetxm;ESifh udu k fnDr_r&Sdyg? EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;0ifa&mufaqmif &Gufae=uaomvkyfief;rsm;rSmvnf;/ a&wdo k abmydkaqmif+yD;/ qlvG,feyfvG,f aiGay:tjrwf&vG,af om vkyfief;rsm;wGifom vkyfaqmifae=ujcif; jzpfygonf? ppftpdk;&taejzifh tm;xm;ar#mfvifhp&musefaeaom wckwnf;aomvrf;rSm ,lEdku,f/ wdw k ,fvfukr`%Drsm;ESifhaqmif&Gufaeaom obm0"gwfaiG@ydkufvdkif;rS&&Sd vmrnfh 0ifaiGrsm;om usef&Sdygawmhonf?

30

tcef;(2) taxGaxGoHk;oyfcsufESifh tajccHrl0g'rsm;wnfaqmufxm;yHk

31

tcef;(2) taxGaxGoHk;oyfcsufESifh tajccHrl0g'rsm;wnfaqmufxm;yHk urBmhpD;yGm;a&;. vuf&Sdjzpfay:aeaom tajctaeatmufwGif jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh awG@ñuH&ifqdkif ae&aom jy\emrsm;ESifh tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk ,cktcef;wGif avhvmoH;k xyfxm;+yD;/ a,bk,stajctae tay: taxGaxGok;H oyfcsufESifh vkyfudkifaqmif&GufomG ;rnfhr[mAsL[mrsm;udk wifjyxm;ygonf? aemuf tcef;wGif jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&; tvsiftjrefzGHŒòz;r_tvm;tvmrsm;udk aqG;aEG;wifjyxm;ygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHESifh tjcm;zGH@òz;r_E_ef;vsifjrefaomEdkifiHrsm;t=um; rwluGjJ ym;csufrsm;udv k nf; cGJjcm;oHk;oyfr_ðyxm;ygonf? rdrdwd@k wnfaqmufvdkaom vlr_taqmufttHkyHkpHESifhwuG aemifvmrnft h ESpf (20) twGuf &nfrSef;csufESifh ar#mf rSef;csuftjrifrsm;udkvnf; wifjyaqG;aEG;xm;ygonf? qufvufI T&nfrSef;csufrsm; jzpfay:vmapa&; twGuf aqmif&GufEdkifrnfhenf;vrf;rsm;ESifhwuG vdu k femaqmif&Guf&rnfh vrf;!$efrlrsm;udkvnf; aqG;aEG;wif jyxm;ygonf? tcsKyftm;jzifh Ttcef;wGif Tavhvmcsufpmwrf;wckvH;k udk ðcHiHkaom taxGaxGok;H oyfcsuf rsm;ESifh r[mAsL[mqdkif&menf;vrf;rsm;udk wifjyoGm;rnf jzpfygonf?

ywf0ef;usiftaetxm; jyifyurBmYjzpfay:aeaom pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m/ enf;ynmqdkif&m/ EdkifiHa&;qdkif&majymif;vJr_rsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHuJhod@k aom zGH@òz;pEdkifiHi,fav;wcktwGuf &dkufcwftusKd;oufa&mufr_ rsm;pGm&Sdaeygonf? &&SdEdkif aomtcGifhtvrf;aumif;rsm;omru/ xdktajctaetay:toHk;cs+yD; &&SdEdkifaom rdrdwd@k EdkifiH. zGH@òz;r_udkyg qufvufItusKd;oufa&mufEdkifygonf?

Ttcef;wGif jrefrmEdkifiH qufvufcsDwuf&rnfh tem*wfzGH@òz;r_vrf;a=umif;tay: aemifvmrnfh tESpf (20) twGif; =oZmv$rf;rdk;aeaom0ef;usiftajctaersm;/ urBmhtajctae. vm;&mrsm;udk aqG;aEG; wifjyoGm;ygrnf? xdk@tjyif jrefrmEdkifiH.zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_tay: ‚if;wd@k .tusKd;oufa&mufEdkifr_rsm;udyk g oHk;oyf wifjyygrnf?

urBmhpD;yGm;a&;. yHkrSefzGHŒòz;aer_tajctaeESifh zGHòz;qJEdkifiHrsm;twGif; ydkIt&SdefjrefqefpGm zGHŒòz;aer_ urBmhb%f.aemufqHk;cef@rSef;wGufcsurf _ESifh tjcm;aomcef@rSef;csufrsm;t& pufr_zGH@òz;+yD;EdkifiH}uD;rsm; wGif zGH@òz;r_onf t&SdefrSefrSef qufvufwnf&SdaeEdkif+yD;/ zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHrsm;/ txl;ojzifh }uD;ig;}uD;jzpfaom b&mZD;/ w&kwf/ tdENd,/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;ESifh &k&Sm;EdkifiHwdk@wGif vmrnfh (25) ESpftwGif; t&Sdeft[kefjrifhrm;pGm zGH@òz; wd;k wufr_rsm; &Sdvmvdrfhrnf[k cef@rSef;xm;=uygonf? t&dSeft[kefjrifhrm;pGm wdk;wufv#uf&Sdaom ta&S@ tm&SEdkifiHrsm;wGifrl vGefcJhaom (15) ESpfu ñuHcJh&ouJhodk@ jrifhrm;aomzGH@òz;r_E_ef;udk qufvufxdef;xm;&ef tcuftcJ&Sdrnf? od@k aomfvnf;/ zGH@òz;r_E_ef;toifhtwifhjzifh cyfajz;ajz;qufvufzGH@òz;oGm;Edkifacs &Sdygonf[k urBmhb%frS oHk;oyfcsufðyxm;cJhygonf? zGH@òz;r_'Dvdi_ f;t&Sdefonf urBmw0Srf;Y qufvufjzpfay:aeaomumvwGif/ t&yfa'owck.zGH@òz;r_ onf tjcm;t&yfa'owckudk wGef;tm;ay;r_/ v_@H aqmfr_rsm;&Sdaeap+yD;/ EdkifiHwckESifhwckt=um;/ a'owckkESifh wckt=um; ukefoG,fr_rsm;vnf; csJ@xGifðyvkyfv#uf&Sdygonf? xd@k tjyif tcsKdŒaomta&S@tm&Sa'owGifyif/ 32

EdkifiHrsm;. wckESifhwcktòyiftqdkifozG,f/ a&S@qifhaemufqifhzGH@òz;r_rsm;a=umifh ta&S@tm&Sa'owckvH;k twGuf aps;uGufrsm; ydkrdkus,fjyef@vmapygonf? rnfokd@yifqdkapumr_ ta&S@tm&Sa'oY zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_udjk zpfay:apcJhaom tajctaeaumif;tcsKŒd onf vuf&Sdtcif;tusif;/ taetxm;opfY qufvuf&Sdaernfr[kwfonfvnf;udk arhrxm;&efvdkygonf? tm&Swdu k fwiG fjzpfay:cJah om udk&D;,m;ppfyGJESifh AD,uferfppfyGJwdk@. tusKd;qufa=umifh ta&S@tm&SEdkifiHtrsm;pk wGif wck+yD;wck/ tcsdefumvjcm;em;aomfvnf;/ pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wd;k wufvmap&ef ta=umif;rsm;v_@H aqmfay;cJh =uygonf? xdu k mvwGif ta&S@tm&S&SdEdkifiHrsm;taejzifh +cdrf;ajcmufaeaom/ odk@r[kwf óuwifIpdk;&drfa=umuf &GH@aecJhaomuGefjrLepf0g' tEW&m,fuku d muG,fwm;qD;Edkif&eftwGuf/ taemufEdkifiHrsm;rS axmufyHhr_ay;aom &ufa&maom tultnDrsm; tvH;k t&if;&,lcHpm;EdkifcJh=uygonf? txl;ojzifh tajccHtaqmuftOD wnf aqmufa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh tjcm;tajccH0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;jzpfaom ynma&;qdkif&mtpDtpOfrsm;wGif jzpf ygonf? tjynfjynfqdkif&mqufqHr_taetxm; uGmjcm;r_a=umifh/ zGH@òz;+yD;pufr_EdkifiHrsm;rS&&Sdrnfh taxmuf tyHh/ yHhydk;r_ ponfwd@k udk &&Sd&m&Sda=umif;rsm;onfvnf; ,cktajctaeY jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf tuef@towf&Sd Edkifygonf?

TtajctaewGif jrefrmEdkifiHzGH@òz;r_vrf;twGuf awmif;qdkcsufrSm rdrdEdkifiHzGH@òz;wd;k wufr_twGuf ud, k fxu l dk,fx yHhydk;r_pepfESifh rdrdbmomtpðyEdkifaom pGrf;tm;rsm; &SmazG&ef vdt k yfvmygonf? wzef EdkifiH jcm;rS wdkuf&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;/ t&if;tESD;rsm;&&Sda&;twGuf tòyiftqdkifaqmif&Guf=u&mY/ wHcg;zGifh pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHtrsm;pku wlnDpGmvufcHusifhoH;k vm=uonfhtay:/ òyifqdkifr_ydkIrsm;vmrnf[k ar#mfrSef;xm;Edkifygonf? w&kwfEdkifiHtaejzifh jynfywdu k f&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_udk t"duvufcH&&Sdaeonfh EdkifiHjzpf onft h jyif/ vlokH;ukefypPnf;rsm;ESifh v#yfppfypPnf;EdkifiHjcm;odk@wifydk@a&mif;cs&mYvnf; t"duwifydk@ol tae txm;udkyg &&Sdxm;+yD;jzpfygonf? tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHjzpfaom tdENd,/ ygupPwef/ b*Fvm;a'h&SfESifh vufwif tar&duEdkifiHrsm;uvnf; TyHkpHtwdik f;yif vdu k fvm=uygvdrfhrnf? Tod@k aomtajctaewGif rdrdwdk@jrefrm EdkifiHonf vkyftm;caps;aygonfqdk&Hkr#jzifh EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udk qGJaqmif&ef vHak vmufrnf r[kwfay? ukefusp&dwfoufomr_udk ,SOfòyifEdkifrnfhpepfwckudk zefwD;&efvdkonf? xda&mufxufjrufaom u|rf;usifvkyfom;tiftm;pkrsm;udk arG;xkwfzefwD;xm;oifhonf?

ta&S@tm&SESifh tjcm;a'orsm;&Sd aiGa=u;rwnf+idrfr_rsm; tjcm;wbufwGifvnf;/ r=umao;rDumvu jzpfay:cJah om ta&S@tm&SESifh vufwiftar&duEdkifiH rsm;&Sd pD;yGm;a&;pepfrsm;twGif; aiGa=u;rwnf+idrfr_rsm;a=umifh/ xdEk dkifiHrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;rsm; t}uD;tus,f tusyftwnf;awG@I zGH@òz;r_aemufjyefqkwf&jcif;rsm; jzpfcJhygonf? Ttcsufa=umifh rdrdwdk@.taumif;jrif vGef;aomtjrifrsm;udkvnf; owdjzifhjyefcsKyfoifhygonf? EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; tvHk;t&if;jzifh ðy vkycf Jhjcif;a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;aygaygrsm;rsm;&&Sdjcif;a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ rñuHzl; atmif csKdomaomtwd;k E_ef;jzifh aiGt&if;tESD;acs;iSm;Edkifjcif;a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ ta&SŒawmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm; onf +yD;cJhaom (15) ESpfwmumvtwGif;u t&SdefE_ef;jrifhjrifhjzifh zGH@òz;wd;k wufcJh=uonf? xdu k mvtwGif; tqdkygEdkifiHrsm;.aiGa=u;onf tar&duefa':vmESifh wefzdk;csdwfqufxm;+yD;/ tar&duefa':vmwefzdk;usqif; aer_a=umifh/ jynfywifydk@ukef ydkrdkwd;k wufvmapcJhonf? xifrSwfrxm;&avmufatmif zGH@òz;wd;k wufaeaomumv tcsdef=umjrifhjcif;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; csJ@xGifjcif;wd@k a=umifh/ csKdomaomtwd;k E_ef;jzifh EdkifiHjcm;rSaiGacs;iSm;+yD; rEdkif0eftwdik f;twmtxd qufvufcsJŒ xGifjcif;rsm; ðyvkyfvmcJh=uygonf? xdt k csdefumvwGif xdik f;EdkifiHY taqmufttHkrsm;wnfaqmufr_ vkyfief;udk t}uD;tus,fwd;k csJ@ðyvkyfae+yD;/ rav;&Sm;EdkifiHwGifvnf; tajccHtaqmuftODESifh tdrf,mpDrHudef; rsm;udk rñuHzl;avmufatmif }uD;}uD;us,fus,f crf;crf;em;em;wd;k csJŒaqmufvkyfjcif;rsm; aqmif&GufcJ=h uyg onf? ud&k D;,m;EdkifiHwGifvnf; umvwdktwGif; tjrwf&&SdEdkifr_twGuf tmrcHcsufr&Sdonfhwdik fatmif pufr_ 33

u¾wGif aiG&if;wd;k csJŒjr‡KyfESHjcif; ðycJh=uygonf? trsm;tm;jzifh ud&k D;,m;EdkifiH&Sd tqdkygukr`%Drsm;wGif aºu;+rD ESifh ydkif&Sifydkif t&if; (equity) tpk&S,f,mydkifqdkifr_tcsKd;onf (av;tcsKd;wpf) &SdcJh+yD;/ vkyfief;vkyfaqmifr_ tjrwfxuf tqufrjywfwdk;csJŒr_rS pD;0ifaomaiGom;jzifhom &yfwnfcJh=uonf? tvm;wlyif tif'dkeD;&Sm;&Sd pD;yGm;a&; ukr`%D}uD;rsm;/ uGef*vdrk m&dwfvkyfief;pkrsm; (Conglomerates) onfvnf; jynfyaiG&&m vrf;a=umif;rsm;rS tajrmuftrsm;acs;,l =uonf? tqdkygEdkifiHrsm;wGif &Sdae=uaom tpdk;&ESifh yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm; vufodyfxd;k pDrHr_rsm;jzifh vnf;aumif;/ rsufESmomay; tcGifhxl;cHtajctae rsm;a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ tpdk;&rsm;udk,fYu aomfvnf;aumif;/ aiGa=u;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;ud, k fYu aomfvnf; aumif;/ rdrdwdk@. aºu;+rDyrm%twdik f;twmESifh jzpfay:vmEdkifzG,f&Sd aom }uD;rm;onfh tEW&m,frsm;udk rod&SdEdkifbJ &SdcJh=uonf? ta&;ygaom vkyfief;&Sifrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; qHk;&_H;onfESifhwòyifeuf/ wdik f;jynfwckvH;k . aiGa=u;b¾ma&;taqmuftOD òyvJ&awmhonf? b%frsm;wGif aiGa=u;rvnfrywfEdkifjzpfvm+yD;/ EdkifiHjcm;rS acs;,lxm;aom umvwdkacs;aiGrsm;udk jyefvnfay;qyfEdkifjcif;r&Sdawmhay? aemufydkif;wGif tqdkygEdkifiH.aiG wefbdk;usqif;vmjcif;/ t&if;tESD;rsm; jyefajy;xGufomG ;jcif;ESifh aiGa=u;aps;uGuf òyvJjcif;rsm;jzpfay:cJ&h onf? r=umrDumvujzpfay:cJah om aiGa=u;tusyftwnf;onf/ jrefrmEdkifiH. zGH@òz;r_udk wenf;wzHktm;jzifh t[ef@ twm;/ tcsKyftcs,frsm; jzpfapcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHzGH@òz;r_tpDtpOfrsm;twGuf rl0g'rsm;csrSwf &mY rsm;pGmoifcef;pmay;EdkifcJhonf? tpdk;&.tquftoG,frsm;/ OD;aqmifr_rsm;rS jzpfay:vmaom zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_rsm;onf/ r#wr_ESifh yGifhvif;jrifomr_rsm;tm;enf;=uI/ wcsdefuta&S@tm&SEdkifiHrsm;. tHh=ozG,frSwf wdik frsm;tjzpf csD;ajr‡mufowfrSwfcJ=h uaomfvnf;/ ,cktcsdefwGif tm&SEdkifiHrsm;.tjzpfqdk;twGuf vufonf w&m;cHrsm; tjzpfjrifvm=uonf? txl;ojzifh ud&k D;,m;EdkifiHrS acsbdk; (Chaebols) ukr`%Drsm;/ tif'dkeD;&Sm; EdkifiH. aqGrsKd;om;csif;rsm;pkaygif;zGJ@pnf;xm;aom uGef*vdkrm&dwfvkyfief;pkrsm; (Conglomerates)/ tjcm; EdkifiHrsm;rS tpdk;&ESifhqufo, G fzGJ@pnf;xm;aom ukr`%Drsm;tygt0ifjzpfonf? wbufwGif w&m;r#wr_/ yGifhvif; jrifomr_vdt k yf+yD;/ tjcm;wbufwGif yGifhvif;r_ESifh 'Drdkua&pDjzpfpOfrsm;udk usifhoH;k jcif;onf/ a&&Snfwnf+idrf vHðk cHrnfh zGH@òz;r_jzpfpOf. tajccHrsm;tjzpf todtrSwfðyvm=uonf? tm&SEdkifiHrsm;zGH@òz;cJhaom odrf;xkyfxm; onfh zGH@òz;r_yHkpHrsKd;jzifh rjzpfEdkifawmhay? tqdkygtusyftwnf;qdkuf&r_rS jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh&,loifhaom oifcef;pmwckrSm/ EdkifiHrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;pepfrsm;onf t&Sdeft[kefjrefvGef;aomE_ef;jzifh zGH@òz;wdk;wufcJhojzifh/ aps;uGu. f wk@H jyefr_onf &nf &G,fxm;onfxuf ausmv f GefoGm;cJh+yD;/ rdrdwd@k &nf&G,fxdef;odrf;Edkifaomtaetxm;udk vGefoGm;cJhjcif; jzpf onf? xd@k tjyif EdkifiHwum&SdaiGa=u;aps;uGufrsm;. tcsKd@aomtpdwftydkif;rsm;u pwifoabmaygufvm=u onfrSm urBmESifht0Srf;aiGa=u;pD;qif;aer_udk txdef;tuGyfvkyfay;rnf/h e,fpnf;owfrSwfay;rnfh Oya'rsm;/ pepfrsm; tm;aysmhcsdeJ@aejcif;yif jzpfonf? EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;aps;uGufwiG fomru/ wEdkifiHESifhwEdkifiH quf oG,v f kyfudik faeaomaiGa=u;aps;uGufrsm;wGifyg pnf;urf;abmifrsm;Y tm;enf;ae=uao;onf? TuJo h dk@ wurBmvHk; taetxm;jzifh aiGa=u;pepf}uD; zGH@òz;vmcJhonfrSm tpOftvmr&SdbJ topfjzpfay:vmr_rsKd; jzpf onf? xdt k wGufa=umifh TaiGa=u;aps;uGufudk oifhwifhr#wpGm xdef;csKyfEdkifrnfh pnf;urf;uef@owfcsufrsm; vkyfaqmif&efvnf; t=uHðyvm=uonf? wbufwGifvnf; urBmhb%f/ tjynfjynfqdkif&mb¾ma&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; taejzifhvnf;/ urBmh ukefoG,fr_/ od@k r[kwf aiGtay;t,l ta&mif;t0,fudpPrsm;wGif aiGa=u;pepfwnf+idrfaeap&ef/ wckwnf; aom&nf&G,fcsuEf Sifh ðyrlaqmif&Gufv#if/ zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHrsm;. tusKd;ESifh qef@usifrnfudv k nf; owdxm;oifh onf? pD;yGm;a&;wd;k wufa&;udk t&SdefESifhoGm;aeaom EdkifiHrsm;tzdk@/ tjynfjynfqdkif&mtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u urBmhb¾ma&;wnf+idrfr_ wckwnf;udkom OD;pm;ay;ygu/ zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHrsm; pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufr_t&Sdefudk tvGef tu|H b&dwftkyfvdu k fonfEh S,f jzpfoGm;Edkif+yD;/ ,if;EdkifiHrsm;wGif pD;yGm;ysufuyf qdkufa&mufEdkifonf? Ttajc taeudv k nf; owdxm;&ef vdt k yfonf? ,if;odk@aom pnf;urf;rsm;udk/ vdkufem&rnfh tajctaewGif 34

wbufwGifvnf; vlrsm;pk. tusKd;pD;yGm;ud=k unfI h / t&Sdefjyif;jyif;ESifh b&dwfrtkyfrdap&efvnf; owdxm;&ef vdt k yfonf? vlrsm;pk. tusKd;rnfr# qkwf,kwfEdkifonfudkvnf; xnfo h Gif;pOf;pm;&ef vdkygrnf?

TaiGa=u;tusyftwnf; rnfod@k ajyvnfomG ;Edkifrnf/ rnfodk@rnfyHkausmv f $m;Edkif=urnfqdkonfrSm EdkifiHrsm;taejzifh/ tjynfjynfqdkif&maiGa=u;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS csrSwfaom jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;/ ukxk;H rsm;tay: rnfr#aumif;pGm vdu k femaqmif&Gufonf-raqmif&GufEdkifonfqdkonfhtcsuftay: rlwnfae onf? Todk@aq;cg;}uD;aomuf&onft h wGuf rnfr#cg;oD;rnf/ jynfolvlxkróuufEdkifaom tpDtrHrsm; aqmif&Guf&r_twGuf EdkifiHa&;axmufcHr_avsmhenf;oGm;rnf jzpfapumrl vdu k femaqmif&Guf&ef vdt k yfayvdrfh rnf? TukxH;k tay:rlwnfIom pD;yGm;a&;usqif;r_udk wjznf;jznf; avsmhyg;yaysmufoGm;atmif aqmif&Guf Edkifayvdrfhonf? od@k aomfwbufrSvnf; vlr_a&;t&vHðk cHr_&Sdap&ef/ txl;ojzifh qif;&JEGrf;yg;aomjynfov l lxk rsm;udk epfemr_oufomap&eftwGuf vlr_zlvHak &;ydkufuGefrsm; aqmif&Gufay;&efvdo k nf? ydkIta&;t}uD;qHk; tcsufrSm EdkifiHtaeESifh jyefvnfemvHxlaomumvudk tvGeftrif;r&Snf=umap&ef/ pD;yGGg;ysufuyftwGif; ðryfroGm;ap&ef pD;yGm;a&;jyefvnf&Sifoefvmap&efv_@H aqmfaom aqmif&Gufcsurf sm;udk tav;teufxm; pOf;pm;aqmif&Gufoifhayonf? tjyeftvSefukefoG,fr_a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;ðyvkyfjcif;a=umifhvnf; aumif;/ taemufESifhta&SŒEdkifiHrsm;onf qufEG,faeonfjzpf&m/ ta&SŒEdkifiHrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;usqif;r_umv =um&Snfaejcif;onf taemufEdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;pepfrsm;tay: tusKd;oufa&mufxdcdu k fvmEdkifygonf? taemuf EdkifiHrsm;. acwfrDenf;ynmoH;k ypPnf;rsm;. aps;uGufonf ñuH@vmEdkif+yD;/ aps;aygaygjzifhxkwfvyk fxm;aom ypPnf;rsm;udk taemufEdkifiHaps;uGuw f Gif a&mif;cs&ef wGef;tm;ydkrsm;vmayvdrfhrnf? rnfokd@yifqdkapumr_ xdEk dkifiHrsm;. EdkifiHa&;OD;aqmifolrsm;. vufawG@usaomcsOf;uyfr_ESifh =uH=h uHhcHIaqmif&Gufaom ðyjyifajymif; vJr_ tpDtpOfrsm;jzifhom jzwfausmv f $m;atmifjrifEdkifvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvif&h onf? aemufqHk;taejzifh a'o wGif; pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf; 'Da&tay: ausmv f $m;Edkif=uvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHuJhod@k aom EdkifiHi,fwck. zGH@òz;r_jzpfpOfvrf;a=umif;tay:Y TuJo h dk@aom/ tcuftcJrsm;/ aemufjyefqkwf&r_rsm;u wm;qD;[ef@wm;aeEdkifygonf? odk@aomfjim;vnf; wcsdefu ta&SŒtm&SEdkifiHrsm;usifh oH;k aqmif&GufcJhovdk/ jynfyydk@ukefOD;pm;ay;aom zGH@òz;a&;vrf;a=umif;odk@om csD&rnfjzpfonf? Tod@k aqmif &Guf&mYvnf; ac|wmpkaqmif;r_rsm;pGmðyjcif;/ ynma&;qdkif&myHhydk;r_rsm;pGmay;jcif;/ enf;ynmwd;k wufa&; ponfh yHhydk;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ðyI oGm;=u&rnfjzpfonf? Tvrf;onfom jrefrmEdkifiHuJo h dk@ EdkifiHi,fwcktzdk@ toifhawmfqHk;a&G;vrf;yif jzpfayonf? 0ef;usifa'otwGif;Y vuf&Sdjzpfay:aeaomtcuftcJrsm;=um;rSyif/ ukefoG,fr_vkyfief;rsm; qufvufcsŒJ xGifaqmif&GufEdkif=uvdrfhrnf[k cef@rSef;xm;=uygonf? Tod@k ukefoG,fr_csJ@ xGif&m/ enf;ynm&yf qdkif&mv$Jajymif;vufcH&m/ enf;ynmopfrsm;jzifh wdk;wufajymif;vJr_rsm;aqmif&Guf&mY Tvkyfief;rsm;. atmifjrifr_onf ynma&;qdkif&mzGH@òz;r_ay:wGif rsm;pGmwnfaeygonf?

urBmv$rf;ywf qufoG,fr_ (*vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;) urBmvHk;ðcHqdkaom pum;vH;k wGif t"dy`g,fokH;&yf yg0ifygonf? wckrSm wEdkifiHESifh wEdkifiH ukefoG,f a&;ESifh 0efaqmifr_rsm;vGwf vyfpGm vkyfudik fjcif;/ tjcm;wckrSm wurBmvHk;ðcHI =unfhI taumif;qHk; tajc tae &&Sdatmif okawoeðyvkyfjcif;/ ukefxkwf vkyfjcif;ESihf a&mif;0,fjcif;wdk@ jzpfygonf? aemufqHk;t"dy`g,f rSm wurBmvH;k ðcH0g'v$rf;rdk;vmojzifh/ wd;k wufI a&S@a&mufaeaomEdkifiHrsm;. ,Ofaus;r_rsm;a&S@wef;odk@ a&mufvm+yD;/ EdkifiHi,frsm;. ,Ofaus;r_/ vlaer_p&dkufwdk@udk v$rf;rdk;oGm;jcif;wdk@ jzpfygonf? yxrtcsufjzpfonfh wEdkifiHESifh wEdkifiH/ vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,jf cif;ESifh vkyftm;rsm;a&mif;0,fjcif;rSm EdkifiHtrsm;wdk;wufa&; twGuf vdt k yfcsufjzpfonfudk trsm;u vufcHxm;ygonf? od@k aomf trSefwu,f vkyfudik f&mwGif rnfonfh pD;yGm;a&;tusKd;quf tkyfpkrsm;/ txl;ojzifh tvkyform;/ pm;oHk;ol/ vkyfief;ydkif&Sif wd@k tay: rnfodk@ rnfokd@ tusKd;oufa&mufaponf/ rnfolu omI rnfolu emonfudk tjrJwrf; jiif;ckef p&m jzpfay:aeygrnf? wdik f;jynf. vlrsm;pky&dowftaejzifh rnfuho J dk@ tusKd; oufa&mufaponf/ trsm; 35

tusKd;ysufapaom ywf0ef;usifysufpD;r_rsm;udk jzpfay:apovm; ponfwdk@udkvnf; oHk;oyf&ef vdt k yfygonf? ordkif;udk jyefvnfoHk;oyfv#if ukefoG,af &;ydkrdkvGwfvyf aomumv jzpfonfh yxrurBmppf rjzpfrDumvwGif/ pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufjcif;ESifh ºu,f0csrf;omr_udk awG@jrif&ygrnf? odk@aomfvnf; urBmppf (2) ckt=um; pD;yGm;a&; qufqHr_udk csKyfcs,fxdef;odrf;aomumvrsm;wGif/ pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufr_ aESmifhaES;jcif;/ tvkyfvufrJhrsm; jzpfay: jcif;/ pD;yGm;a&;nHhzsif;jcif;wdk@ jzpfay:cJo h nfudk jrifawG@&ygonf? ppf+yD;umv (1960) ckESpftvGefwGif jzpfay:cJh aom pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufr_rsm;rSm vGwv f yfaom ukefoG,fr_ xGef;um;aomumv jzpfygonf? txl;ojzifh vGwv f yfpGmukefoG,fr_ xGef;um;vmaomtcsdefwGif/ wdk;wufaom EdkifiHrsm;ESifh zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHwdk@ vGwv f yfpGm ukefoG,fr_wd;k wufvmaom umvjzpfygonf? txl;ojzifh tar&duefjynfaxmifpk/ *syefESifh Oa&mytzGJ@0if EdkifiHrsm;. tcsif;csif; ukefoG,fr_wdk;wufvmjcif;ESifh tm&Swdu k f. vsifjrefpGmwdk;wufvmaomEdkifiHrsm;ESifh ,if;wdik f;jynfrsm;wd@k ukefoG,fr_wd;k wufvmjcif;a=umifhyif/ vGefcJhaom (25) ESpftwGif; tm&Swdu k f EdkifiHopf rsm;rSm pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wufvm+yD;/ vGwfvyfpGm ukefoG,fEdkifjcif;u Tod@k wd;k wufvmap&ef taxmuf tulðycJhygonf? urBmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJ@6 . }uD;=uyfapmifh=unfhr_atmufwGif EdkifiHrsm;t=um;vGwfvyfpGm ukefoG,fr_ &Sdvm+yD;/ Oya'rsm;ESifh ukefoG,fr_qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; ay:xGef;vmcJhygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- pDrHcef@cGJ a&;qdkif&m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;/ ukefpnfpHowfrSwfcsufrsm;/ o,f,yl dk@aqmifr_qdkif&mpHowfrSwfrsm;/ pmcsKyf pmwrf;rsm; ponfrsm;onf wnDw!Gw/f wrsKd;wpm;wnf;jzpfvm+yD; EdkifiHtcsif;csif;ukefoG,fa&;rSmvnf; ydkrdkvG,fulvmrnfjzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtaeESifh TtcGifhta&;udk tcGifhaumif;,lwwf&efvdk+yD; Tajymif;vJr_ twGuf pDpOfaqmif&Gufjyifqifxm;oifhygonf? cGJjcm;qufqHr_r&Sdaom taumufcGefE_ef;xm;rsm; owfrSwf av#mch sjcif;/ aiG&if;rsm; vGwfvyfpGmpD;qif;r_ðyapjcif;/ wnf+idrfaomaiGvJE_ef;/ pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_qdkif&mESifh yrm% uef@owfjcif;qdkif&m t[ef@twm;rsm; z,f&Sm;xm;jcif;/ xkwfuek foGif;ukefrsm;tay: vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_r&Sd apjcif; ponfwd@k onf ukefoG,fr_udk vGwfvyfpGmpD;qif;apaom a&cHajrcHtajctaersm;jzpfygonf?

EdkifiHwumaumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;/7 txl;ojzifh urBmESifht0Srf;qufqHvkyfudik fae=uaom pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;}uD;rsm;tjzpfzGH@òz;wdk;wufvmjcif;onf aoaocsmcsmpOf;pm;oH;k oyfoifhaom tcsufwcsufjzpfonf? *syef/ ud&k D;,m;ESifh xdik f0rftygt0if ta&SŒtm&SEdkifiHrsm;.zGH@òz;r_twGuf tpysKd;vmjcif;ESifh a&&Snf xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifjcif;udpPrsm;wGif EdkifiHwumaumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;. yg0ifulnDr_tenf;i,fom&SdcJhonf? rdrd wd@k jynfwiG f;rStiftm;jzifhom zGH@òz;r_&&SdcJhonf? wjcm;wbufYr_ pifumyl/ rav;&Sm;/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;/ xdik f;EdkifiH rsm; tygt0if ta&SŒawmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;.zGH@òz;r_wGif EdkifiHjcm;rStvH;k t&if;jzifh wdu k f&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;ESifh enf;ynmtay: rlwnfzGH@òz;cJh&onf? EdkifiHwumaumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;u puf&Hkrsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; wnfaxmifcJh=u+yD; aiGt&if;tESD;ESifhwuG enf;ynmrsm;udkyg ,laqmifvmcJh=uonf? armfawmf&dkvm (Motorola) ESifh tifw,fvf (Intel) uJo h d@k aom EdkifiHwumaumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;u rav;&Sm;EdkifiHwGif ‚if; wd@k . q,frDuGef'wfwm (semiconductor) puf&Hkrsm;wnfaxmifcJh=uaomtcg/ rav;&Sm;EdkifiHtaeESifh &kwf csnf;qdkovdkyif acwfrDenf;ynmESifh xkwv f kyfr_vkyfief;rsm;udk &&SdcJhonf?

EdkifiHwumwGif ul;oef;a&mif;0,fxw k fvkyfae=uaom/ ukr`%D}uD;rsm;udk urBmtESH@wGif oGm;a&muf vkyfudik fae=uaom ukr`%Drsm;[lI a,bk,stm;jzifh em;vnfygonf? ,if;ukr`%D}uD;rsm;wGif trsm;tjym; awG@&aomtrsKd;tpm;rSm/ tjynf jynfwiG f oGm;a&mufvkyfudkif=u&mwGif rdrda&muf&Sd&m tdrf&SifEdkifiHtajc tae ywf0ef;usifESifh o[Zmwjzpfatmifvkyfudkif =u+yD;/ ,if;EdkifiHwGif EdkifiHom;ukr`%DuJhodk@ t&EdkifqHk;aom tcGifhta&;rsm;udkoH;k +yD;/ a&&SnfwGif ESpfOD;ESpfzuf tusKd;&Sdatmif vkyfudik faeaom ukr`%Drsm;rSm rsm;jym;vSyg onf? ,if;wd@k udk EdkifiHwumwGif jynfom; (jynfwGif;) ukr`%DuJo h d@k usifh=uHaeaomukr`%D rsm; (multidomestic) [lI ac:a0:=uygonf? EdkifiHjcm; ukr`%D}uD;wckonf/ jynfom; ukr`%DqefqefusifhoH;k jcif;jzifh xdEk dkifiH. o,HZmw ESifh xdkEdkifiH.xl;jcm;csufrsm;udk toH;k csI vkyfudik fEdkifojzifh/ (location advantage) 6 7

World Trade Organization (WTO) Multinationals

36

a'oqdkif&m tcGifhtvrf; rsm;udv k nf; cHpm;& Edkifygonf? ,if;od@k ðyvkyfonfhtcgwGif tdrf&SifEdkifiH. tusKd; udv k nf; a&&Snftvm; tvm twGufwwfEdkifor# iJhn‡m+yD;/ rdrdtusKd;udv k nf; ESpfOD;ESpfzuf auseyf atmifðyvkyfEdkifojzifh/ xdkukr`%D }uD;rsm;onf a'ocH EdkifiH twGuf tusKd;ðyEdkifonfrSm ,HkrSm;zG,f r&Sdyg? EdkifiH jcm;tultnDukd &,lrnf qdkaom pum;wGif/ ,if;uJo h dk@ ESpfOD;ESpfzuftusKd; &Sdrnfudk a&&Snf ar#mfrSef;I vkyfaom ukr`%D}uD;rsm;/ ,if;wd@k rS qif;oufvmaom todynmajymif;vJr_/ ponfwdk@udak r#mfvif=h ujcif; jzpfygonf? wurBmvHk;ðcH ukr`%Drsm; (Global company) [k qdk&mwGif/ rnfonfhEdkifiHwGifrqdk worwfwnf; xm;&Sdaom ukefxkwfukef oG,fr_enf;emwdk@jzifh wurBmvHk;twdik f;twmtwdik f;/ rdrdukr`%DtusKd;&Sdatmif vkyfrnfqdkaom rludk usifhoH;k onf? vkyf&yf rsm;onf tdrf&SifEdkifiHtwGuf rnfuJo h dk@ tusKd;oufa&mufap onf/ [laomtcsufukd owdxm;qHk;jzwf&ef vdt k yfygonf? ,if;uJo h kd@aom ukr`%Drsm;rSmvnf; a,bk,s tm;jzifh/ odyfrsm;rsm; rxGef;um;=uao;yg? a&eHukr`%D}uD;rsm;/ ruf (uf) a':e,f pm;aomufqdkifuJo h d@k ypPnf; wrsKd;wnf;udk wurBmvHk;tESH@a&mif;csaomukr`%Drsm;u/ tdrf&SifEdkifiHudk rnfuJo h dk@ tusKd; oufa&mufaprnf qdkonfudk yHkaoajymI r&Edkifyg? wckpDoH;k oyfI ,if;wdk@.vkyfudik fyHkpepfrsm;onf tdrf&SifEdkifiHtwGuf rnfuhJ ok@d tusKd;&SdapEdkif+yD;/ rnfuJo h dk@ tusKd;ysufapEdkifoenf;udk wckpD oHk;oyf&ef vdyk grnf? ,Ofaus;r_ay:wGif xdcdu k fapaom tcsufrsm;/ enf;ynmjzef@a0r_wGif tusKd;&Sd-r&Sd/ vuf0g;}uD;tkyfpepfudk usifo h Hk;ojzifh tdrf&Sif EdkifiHtay:rnfod@k tusKd;oufa&mufaponfudk vkyf&yfrsm;t&om oH;k oyf&rnf jzpfygonf? wbufYvnf;/ wurBmvHk;twdik f;twmppfppfjzifh vkyfaqmifaomvkyfief;rsm;twGuf vdktyfaomtwwfynmqdkif&m u|rf;usifr_rsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ tajccHtaqmuftODvdt k yfcsufrsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ tdrf&SifEdkifiHrSay;+yD; tpk pyfvkyfief;rsm;tjzpfvkyf&ef qGJaqmifwwf=uygonf? r=umao;rDumvu puFmylEdkifiHonf okawoeESifh ukefxkwfvkyfief;rsm;udk XmecsKyftjzpf wnfaxmif&eftwGuf EdkifiHwumaumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;udk qGJaqmif EdkifcJhygonf? wurBmvHk;twdkif;twmjzifhaqmif&Gufaeaom ukr`%D}uD;rsm;. xufjrufaompGrf;&nftusKd;udk pm;oHk;olrsm;xH a&muf&Sdap&ef rnfokd@aqmif&GufEdkifrnfenf;qdkonfrSmvnf; tjcm;ar;cGef;wck jzpfygonf?

Tjy\emudk ajz&Sif;Edkif&ef tvdt k avsmufaps;uGu, f EW,m;r&Sdaomfvnf;/ pD;yGm;a&;pepf.u¾wdkif;Y xda&muf+yD;tusKd;ðyaom ,SOfòyifr_pepfudk jr‡ifhwifay;apjcif;jzifh pm;oH;k olrsm; ydkItusKd;&Sdapatmif aqmif &GufEdkifygonf?

owif;enf;ynmqdkif&m awmfvSefa&;rsm; pufr_awmfvSefa&;+yD;umvaemufydkif;wGif ukefypPnf;rsm;xkwfvkyfa&mif;0,f/ jzef@jzL;r_ESifh ypPnf;rsm; .yHkpHwGif xl;jcm;pGmajymif;vJvmapcJhaomt&mrSm rdkuU&dky&dkqufqm8 ac: ao;i,faomv#yfpD;ywfvrf;puf tpdwftydkif;zGH@òz;ay:aygufvmcJhjcif;jzpfygonf? rdkuU&dky&dkqufqmay:aygufvmjcif;ESifhtwl tr$mzGH@òz;r_[kqdk Edkifaom owif;tcsuftvufqdkif&menf;ynm9 vnf;ay:aygufvmygonf? rdkuU&dky&dkqufqmrsm;onf tvdt k avsmufpufrsm;toH;k ðyonfh pufrsm;twGuf jzpfpOftopfrsm; wd;k wufjzpfay:apcJh+yD;/ pufr_ukefxkwf pGrf;tm;wdk;wufr_udk jzpfapcJhygonf? rdrdwdk@ae@pOftoHk;ðyaeaom t0wfav#mfpufrsm;/ rD;zdkrsm;ponfwd@k wGif yif rdkuU&dky&dkqufqmrsm;wyfqifvm}u+yD;/ ydkoH;k &vG,fulatmif/ tu|rf;0ifatmifzefwD;ay;ygonf? tjcm; wbufwGifvnf; owif;tcsuftvufenf;ynma=umifh/ urBm}uD;wckvH;k udk csdwfqufqufoG,fvmrdapyg onf? wd;k wufaompufr_enf;ynmrsm;udk wurBmvHk;ae&mtESH@ jyef@ESH@ydk@aqmifay;EdkifcJhygonf? vlr_a&;ESifh ukefoG,fa&;qdkif&mzGJ@pnf;r_rsm;wGifvnf; vkyfudik faqmif&GufyHkrsm; wacwfqef;ajymif;vJapcJhygonf?

8 9

Microprocessors Information Technology (IT)

37

TuJo h dk@ awmfvSefa&;qefqef ody`Hðyjyifajymif;vJr_onf zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHopfrsm;twGuf rsm;pGmtusKd; xl;apcJhygonf? aemifvmrnfhurBmopfjzpfpOfY ukefxkwv f kyfr_jzpfpOftrsm;pkY u|rf;usifr_r&Sdaom um,vkyf om;rsm;udk rsm;rsm;vdktyfawmhrnf r[kwfay? tu,fIzGH@òz;qJEdkifiHrsm;taeESifh rdrdwd@k vkyfom;tiftm;. u|rf;usifr_udjk r‡ifhwifay;xm;jcif;rðyygu/ pufr_wd;k wufajymif;vJr_c&D;pOfY ydkIydkI aemufususcJhawmhrnf jzpfygonf? owif;tcsuftvufqdkif&menf;ynma=umifh/ owif;tcsuftvufqdkif&mvkyfief;pktopfrsm;jzpf ay:vmEdkif+yD;/ tcsuftvufrsm;pkaqmif;jcif;/ pepfcGJjcif;/ jzef@jzL;jcif;rsm;ðyvkyfvmvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? T vkyfief;opftwGuf topfaomu|rf;usifr_rsm;/ topfaomvkyfom;tiftm;pkrsm; vdv k mvdrfhrnf jzpfonf?

Oyrmtm;jzifh uGefjyLwmy&dk*&rfa&;qGJolrsm; (Programmers)/ pepfo&kyfcGJolrsm; (Systems analysts)/ 0ef aqmifr_ay;olrsm; (Service Producers)/ uGefjyLwmtEkxnf tif*sifeD,mrsm; (Software Engineers) paom vkyfom;tiftm;pk trsKd;tpm;opfrsm;vnf; vdktyfvmvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? Tajymif;vJr_. xl;jcm; csufrSm owif;tcsuftvufqdkif&menf;ynmacwfopfodk@ oGm;&mY/ zGH@òz;a&;vkyfief;rsm;uJo h dk@ avScg;wxpf csif;/ ti,fpm;pufr_vkyfief;rS t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;odk@ ajymif;yHkrsKd; oGm;&ef rvdt k yfyg? owif; enf;ynm acwfY wcgwnf;wef;wufoGm;EdkifyHkrsKd;jzifh qDrDuGef'wfwm (Semiconductor) ESifh owif;tcsuf tvuf qdkif&menf;ynmudk ckefIul;ajymif;oGm;Edkifygonf? puFmylEdkifiHtaejzifh qDrDuGef'wfwmESifh owif;tcsuf tvufqdkif&menf;ynmrsm;&&SdcJh+yD;/ enf;ynmqdkif&mavScg;xpf. xdyfqHk;odk@a&muf&SdcJhygonf? Tod@k jzpfap &eftwGuf ykHpHpufr_zGH@òz;r_c&D;udk yHkrSeftpDpOftwdik f;oGm;&ef rvdktyfcJhyg? owif;tcsuftvufqdkif&menf;ynma=umifh ypPnf;a&mif;jcif;/ 0,fjcif;enf;opfrsm;udv k nf; ajymif;vJapcJhygonf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmifyHkudv k nf; ajymif;apygonf? wurBmvH;k &Sdowif; tcsuftvufrsm;udk tifwmeuf0ufbf (Web) pmrsufESmrsm;rSwqifh &,lEdkif+yD;/ zGH@òz;+yD;EdkifiHrsm;Y topfwdk; wufaeaomtajctaersm;udk xyfrHjznfhwif;+yD;/ ukefoG,af &;vkyfief;&yfrsm;udk wd;k jr‡ifhðyvkyfEdkifapcJhygonf? trsm;ESifh,SOfv#if acwfaemufusaeaomEdkifiHrsm;wGifyif ydkrdkxda&mufxufjrufaom ynmoif,lr_jzpfap&ef/ avhvmEdkifaomtcGifhtvrf;rsm;jzpfap&ef/ aqmif&GufvmEdkif=uygonf? zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHrsm;&Sd wuUodkvfrsm;onf EdkifiHjcm;&Sdolwkd@. tqufoG,fwuUokv d frsm;/ okawoeXmersm;od@k tifwmeuf (Internet) rSwqifhcsdwf qufaqmif&GufEdkif=u+yD jzpfonf? rdrdwd@k ESifhoufqdkif&m bmom&yfrsm;udk tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif ydkrdktqifhjrifhjrifh avhvmEdkif&Hkr#ru EdkifiHjcm;ESifh ynmawmfoifrsm;zvS,fjcif;/ ynm&Sifrsm;tcsif;csif; aygif;pnf;avhvmr_rsm; ðyjcif; ponfwdk@udk aqmif&GufvmEdkifygonf? ausmif;rsm;/ pmoifcef;rsm;wGifvnf; aemufqHk;jzpfay:aeaom tcsuftvuftopfrsm;/ A[kokwrsm;udk tcsdefESifhtr#wkH@jyefqufo, G fEdkifaom tifwmtufwpfzf pepf (Interactive media) jzifh avhvmr_udk wdk;jr‡ifhapEdkifygonf?

TuJo h dk@ enf;ynmajymif;vJr_awmfvSefa&;udk tcGifhaumif;,lv#uf enf;ynm&yfrsm;udk toHk;csEdkif a&;twGufjyifqifr_rsm;/ pufr_enf;ynmtoHk;csr_rsm;udk pwifðyvkyfoifh+yDjzpfygonf? ynma&;pepfudk a,bk,staejzifh tqifhjrifhwifay;&efvdt k yfouJo h dk@/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGifvnf; xl;c|efxufjrufaom owif;enf;ynmtcsuftvuf toH;k csEdkifolrsm;udk oifwef;rsm;ydk@csay;&ef/ yl;aygif;zGJ@pnf;ap&ef vdt k yfyg onf? ydkrdktqifhjrifhaom 'D*sDw,f (Digital) tcsuftvuf rsm;udk ydk@aqmifEdkif&eftwGuf/ ukefoG,fa&; tajccHtaqmuftODudðk yjyifjcif;/ jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufjcif;rsm; ðyvkyfEdkif&ef &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;vnf;vdk vmygonf? Todk@owif;tcsuftvufqdkif&menf;ynmudk ausmif;oifcef;pmrsm;wGif‚if;/ okawoecef; rsm;wGifvnf;aumif;/ tvkyfXmersm;wGifvnf;aumif;/ od&SdtoH;k csEdkifapjcif;iSm oif=um;ay;jcif;jzifh a&&Snf wGif pGrf;&nfjynfh0aomaps;uGufESifh tpdk;&tzGJ@tpnf;,EW,m;rsm; jzpfay:vmEdkif+yD;/ xdkrSwqifh wd;k wufzGH@òz; r_udk xyfqifh&&SdEdkifvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? tu,fIjrefrmEdkifiHtaeESifh tcsdefjrefjrefjzifh }uD;xGm;vd+k yD; zGH@òz;wdk; wufaompufr_u¾. tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk cHpm;vdkygu/ owif;tcsuftvufqdkif&menf;ynmrsm;udk twwfEdkifqHk;vufcH,ltoH;k csjcif;onf r[mAsL[mqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;. r&Sdrjzpfta&;ygaom tpdwftydkif; wck jzpfygvdrfhrnf?

38

zGHòz;r_tvm;tvmrsm;twGuf t&if;tjrpf (pGrf;tm;) rsm;

ta&SŒtm&SESifh ta&SŒawmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;. zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_wGif vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESifh &kyf0wWKqdkif&m ta=umif;t&mrsm;u rnfod@k taxmuftulðycJh=uonfukd/ tm&SzGH@òz;a&;b%f (at'DbD) . (1977) ckESpf xkwaf vhvmcsufpmwrf;wGif txift&Sm;azmfjyxm;cJhygonf? vGefcJhaomq,fpkESpfoH;k cktwGif; tm&SpD;yGm; a&;pepfrsm;. v#ifjrefaomzGH@òz;wd;k wufr_/ trsm;u ‘tm&S.tHhrcef;wdk;wufr_’[k trnfay;cJh&onfh zGH@òz; wd;k wufr_udk jzpfay:apaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk azmfjyxm;cJhygonf? tjcm;avhvmcsufrsm;u awG@&Sd az:jyxm;aomtcsufrsm;udkvnf; Tavhvmcsufu xyfrHIcdkifvHak tmif twnfðyay;cJhygonf? Tae&m wGif rl0g'a&G;cs,fcsrSwfr_onf ta&;}uD;+yD;/ EdkifiHjcm;ydk@ukefwifydk@r_udak &SŒ&_aomukefxkwfvkyfr_udv k nf;aumif;/ jrifhrm;aompkaqmifr_E_ef;xm;rsm; &Sdjcif;udkvnf;aumif;/ tpdk;&.vkyfudkifcGifhtwdik f;twmudkvnf;aumif;/ taxGaxG ruU&dkpD;yGm;a&;wnf+idrfr_ tajctaeudkvnf;aumif;/ ynma&;pepfudk txl;tav;ay;r_udv k nf; aumif;/ todtrSwfðywifjycJhygonf? tqdkygtpD&ifcHpmwGif txufygtcsufrsm;tjyif vlOD;a&qdkif&mtcsuf tvuf. ta&;ygyHkudv k nff;aumif;/ vlom;t&if;tjrpfzGH@òz;r_ESifh t&nftaoG;udv k nf;aumif;/ obm0pGrf; tm;rsm;t&ESifh yx0Dtaetxm;rsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ aqG;aEG;wifjyxm;ygonf? odk@aomfvnf; Tavhvm csufwiG f pHjyyHkpHwckudk a&G;cs,ft=uHðyxm;jcif; r&Sdyg? ta=umif;rSm avhvmaom erlemt&G,ftpm; tuef@towf&Sdaeaoma=umifhvnf;aumif;/ Oyrmtm;jzifh ynma&;t&nftaoG;uJo h dk@aom tcsuf tvufrsKd;udk tqdkyg avhvmcsufwiG f xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&mY udef;*%ef;jzifhwdwdususjy&ef cufcJaom a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ wdusjywfom;pGm yHkpHwckt=uHðyEdkif&ef cufygonf? od@k aomfvnf;ðcHI=unfv h #if tm&S wdu k f.zGH@òz;r_ jzpfpOfudk yHka&;cs,faz:jyaomae&mY tus,t f jyef@ðcHiHkaom tajccHtcsufrsm;udk az:jyEdkifcJhyg onf?

vlOD;a&qdkif&mta=umif;tcsufrsm; Figure 2.1. Demographic Changes in Burma

Percent of total population

60 50

Females (0-14)

40

Males (0-14)

30

Females (15-64)

20

Males (15-64)

10

Females (65+)

0

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

Males (65+)

Source: World Bank Data Series 1995

yHk (2? 1) jrefrmEdkifiHvlOD;a&qdkif&m tcsuftvufajymif;vJr_rsm; ,ckumvESifh aemiftem*wfumvtwGuf vlOD;a&udk toufydkif;tvdu k fcGJjcm;avhvm=unfhjcif; onf zGH@òz;r_jzpfpOfwcktwGuf ta&;}uD;aomtcsufjzpfygonf? tu,fI tvkyfvkyfEdkifaom touft&G,f tkyfpkY&Sdonfv h lOD;a&onf umvtwef=um (Oyrm- ESpf 20 umv) Y tawmftwefjrifhrm;aomtcsKd; twdik f;&Sdaeygu xdkEdkifiH.wOD;csif;0ifaiGwdk;wufr_udk txl;taxmuftuljzpfaprnf jzpfygonf? tjcm; wbufYvnf; tvkyfvkyfEdkifaomvlOD;&ESifh rSDcdkvlOD;a&tcsKd;tpm;onfvnf; ta&;}uD;ygonf? ta=umif;rSm tvkyfvkyfEdkifonfht&G,f vlOD;a&u enf;ae+yD;/ touft&G,f}uD;&ifholESifh uav;oli,frsm;u rSDcdkolrsm; jzpfaeum/ =unfh&_apmifha&Smuf &aomwm0ef twdik f;tqESifh 0efxkyf0efydk;yrm%udk wdik f;qEdkifaoma=umifh 39

jzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif vlrsm;.ysrf;r#oufwrf;&Snfvm jcif;onfvnf;/ tvkyfvkyfEdkifaomvlOD;a&udk wd;k yGm; apaom tjcm;ta=umif;wcsufjzpfI EdkifiHzGH@òz;r_twGuf taxmuftul jzpfapygonf? yHk (2? 1) wGif vGefcJhaom (37) ESpfumvtwGif;&Sd vlOD;a&avhvmr_udk =unfyh gu pD;yGm;a&;t& ta&;ygaom touftkyfpkjzpfonfh (15-64) ESpftwGif;&SdvlOD;a&tcsKd;onf tjrifhqHk;tajctaejzpfaom pkpkaygif;vlOD;a&. (59) &mcdkifE_ef;txdjrifhwufvmcJh+yD;/ i,f&G,fot l ouftkyfpkjzpfaom touf(0-14) ESpf tkyfpkonf tcsKd;tm;jzifh wjznf;jznf;avsmu h svmcJhygonf? ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;udkavhvm=unfyh gu vnf;/ vGefcJhaomESpf (30) twGif;Y wlnaD omyHkpHudkyif awG@cJh&ygonf? tqdkygEdkifiHrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;r_ onf TyHkpHtay: wydkif;wp wnfaeonf[k qdkEdkifaomfvnf;/ jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifhr_ txufygyHkpHudk tcGifh aumif;r,lEdkifcJhonft h jyif pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'rsm;csrSwfaqmif&Guf&mYvnf;/ taxGaxGtm;enf;csufrsm; &Sdae ojzifh wd;k wufr_r&SdbJ &yfwef@ae&Hkr#ru/ tcsKd@aomae&mrsm;Y usqif;r_rsm;&Sdaeonfudkyif awG@&ygonf? tu,fI aemifvmrnfhESpf (20) twGif; vlOD;a&tcsKd;tpm;onf txufygyHkpHESifh tenf;ESifhtrsm; rajymif;vJbJ qufvuf&Sdaernfqdkygu/ EdkifiH.zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_wGif vlOD;a&qdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;u ta&; ygaomu¾rS yg0ifvdrfhrnf[k ðcHIajymEdkifygonf? usef;rma&;u¾udk wdk;wufatmif jrSifhwifay;Edkifrnfqdk v#if vGefcJhaom (1980) ckESpfrsm;/ (1990) ckESpfrsm;twGif; usqif;cJhaom uav;arG;pOf&Sd ysrf;r#oufwrf;10 udk jyefvnfjr‡ifhwifay;Edkifrnf jzpfonf? usef;rma&;vkyfief;rsm;udk ydkrdkaumif;rGefatmif ðyjyifaqmif&Gufay; jcif;jzifh arG;uif;p uav;aoE_ef;udk av#mch sEdkif+yD;/ arG;E_ef;vnf; odoo d momusqif;roGm;atmif aqmif &GufEdkifygonf? Todk@qdkv#if vlOD;a&qdkif&mudef;*%ef;rsm;udk Ttwdik f;qufvufxdef;xm;Edkifvdrfhrnf jzpfyg onf? ay;vmaomtcsuftvufrsm;udk cef@rSef;=unfv h #if jrefrmEdkifiHtaeESifh a&S@vmrnfhESpfaygif;rsm;pGmwdik f/ tvkyfvkyfEdkifaom vlOD;a&E_ef;jrifhrm;r_udk qufvufxdef;xm;Edkifvdrf fhrnf jzpfygonf?

pmwwfajrmufr_ESifh tajccHynma&; zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_twGuf aemufxyfta&;}uD;aomtcsufrSm tvkyfvkyfaomvlOD;a&rsm;. ynma&; qdkif&mtajctaejzpfygonf? ,cifu ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;&Sd vlxrk sm;.ynma&;ESifhywfoufI aqmif &Gufr_rsm;onf odyfruGmjcm;bJ &SdcJh=uaomfvnf;/ vGefcJhaomESpf (20) twGif; tjcm;ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiH rsm;. ynma&;onfwd;k wufvmcJh+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiHtaeESifhrl ynma&;Y aES;auG;IusefcJhygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH. rlvwef;ESifh tv,fwef;ausmif;rsm;wGif ynmoif=um;Edkif=uaom ausmif;0ifcGifhtcsKd; (2) ckaygif;onf tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh E_dif;,SOfv#ifedrfhusaeygonf? xdik f;EdkifiHrSmrl jrefrmEdkifiHESifhwlnDaom tajc taewGif&Sdonf? txufygtcsKd;udk ausmif;aeaomy#rf;r#ESpfaygif;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfavhvmv#if jrefrmausmif;om; trsm;onf rlvwef; (od@k r[kwf) tv,fwef;ratmifrD ausmif;xGufoGm;=uonfudk awG@&onf? tu,fI tvkyf&EdkifaomtcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk ydkrdkaumif;rGefvmatmif ðyjyifzefwD;ay;Edkifv#if/ ausmif;xGu&f aom uav;rsm;.rdbrsm;twGuf vlaer_tqifhtwef;udk jr‡ifhwifay;Edkifrnfqdkv#if/ az:jyyg ausmif;xGu&f onfh taetxm; txl;ajymif;vJoGm;Edkifygonf? qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;vmjcif;ESifh rv_yf&Sm;wnf+idrfaeaom pD;yGm; a&;tajctaewGif ynma&;qdkif&móu;yrf;r_rsm;rS jyef&vmonft h usKd;tjrwfenf;yg;jcif; paomtcsufrsm; onf ausmif;xGufE_ef;jrifhrm;apaom t"dutcsufrsm; jzpfygonf? xd@k tjyif/ jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;onf }uD;yGm;wdk;wufvdkaomqEN&Sd=uygonf? ta&S@awmiftm&SwGif jrefrmEdkifiHonf/ puFmyltjyif t*Fvdyfpmudk roifrae&'kwd,bmompum;tjzpf/ yxrwef;rS pwifoif =um;aom/ wuUodkvfwiG fvnf; t*Fvdyfbmomudk toHk;ðyaom/ EdkifiHwpfckjzpfonft h wGuaf =umifh/ jrefrm EdkifiH. tem*wfzGH@òz;wdk;wufr_wGif ynma&;onf tvm;tvmaumif;wpfckjzpfvmEdkifzG,f&Sdygonf? ,ck tcsdefYyif jrefrmEdkifiH. taxGaxG ynma&; taetxm;onf ta&S@awmiftm&S&Sd ydkrdkzGH@òz;+yD;aom tjcm; 10

Life Expectancy at Birth

40

EdkifiHrsm;xuf rsm;pGmaemufususefjcif; r&Sdao;ay? !$efudef; rsm;

t&G,f a&muf+yD;ol pmwwfE_ef;

ausmif;ae aom y#rf;r#ESpf

rlvwef; ausmif;xGuf E_ef;

t=urf;zsif; ausmif;0if tcsKd; (yxrtqifh) (touf 5-9)

EdkifiH

1985

1980

1985-87

1990

jrefrm rav;&Sm; xdkif; zdvpfydkif tif'dkeD;&Sm; AD,uferf

78² 0 74² 0 90² 7 87² 7 71² 8 84² 4

2² 5 4² 0 3² 5 6² 6 3² 1 3² 2

73 36 25 20 50

105 93 99 113 -

t=urf;zsif; ausmif;0if tcsKd; ('kwd,tqifh) (touf 10-15) 1990

23 56 30 73 -

touf (25) ESifh txuf vlwOD;. ysrf;r#ausmif;ae touf ausmif; raezl; aom µ 58² 4 20² 5 11² 7 -

t v,f wef; +yD; µ 2² 0 2² 9 1² 0 15² 2 -

Z,m; (2? 1) ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHtcsKd@. ynma&;qdkif&m pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_Ed_if;,SOfcsuf &Sif;vif;csuf? touf (25) ESpfESifhtxuf&Sdaom yk*~dKvfwOD;v#if&&Sdaom y#rf;r#ausmif;aeoufwrf;udk azmfjyjcif;jzpfygonf? rl&if;? UNESCO, UNESCO Yearbook 1994, Paris. xd@k tjyif jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;onf enf;ynmtopftqef;rsm;udk oif=um;wwfajrmufvG,f+yD;/ pufr_tjrifvnf; &Sd=uygonf? pufud&d,mrsm;udu k dkifwG,jf cif;/ ðyvkyfjcif;/ jyifqifjcif;rsm;udkvnf; tvG,f wulESifh obm0tavsmufyif oif,lwwfajrmuf=uygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;. pD;yGm;a&;pGef@OD;wDxiG f vkyfudik fvd=k uolrsm;onf udv k dkeDacwfwiG fyif &Sifoefatmifjrifv#uf/ qdk&S,fvpfpepf. uef@owfcsKyfcs,fr_ atmufwGifyg wnfwHh&SifoefEdkifcJh=uonf? qdk&S,fvpftkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGif tuef@towf}uD;rm;r_a=umifh jzpfay:vm&aom iwfrGwfacgif;yg;r_ESifh qif;&JEGrf;yg;r_rsm;u/ ydkIyif jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;vkyf&ef ydkrdk +yD;vH@_ aqmfr_rsm;/ rufvHk;aphaqmfr_rsm; jzpfapcJhygonf? rsKd;cspfpdwf"gwfjyif;xefjcif;ESifh EdkifiHtwGuóf u;yrf; aqmif&Gufvdak omqENrsm;onf jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;twGuf wacwfjyefopfap&ef jyefvnfEdk;=um;&Sif oefapaomtm;ay;csufrsm; jzpf=uayonf?

o,HZmwtajccHrsm; a'otwGif;&Sd tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfv#if jrefrmEdkifiHonf o,HZmwaygºu,f0aomEdkifiHjzpf onf? vuf&SdvlOD;a&ESifh ajr,mtcsKd;/ xyfrHcsJ@xGifEdkifao;aom pdkuf{&d,m/ xkwf,lroH;k pGJ&ao;aom t&H opfawm{&d,m/ awmifydkif;a'o&Sdtylydkif;opfawmrsm;rS ajrmufzufa'oorydkif;txd &moDOwktrsKd;rsKd; &Sdojzifh oD;ESHtrsKd;rsKd;pdkufysKd;Edkifaom &moDOwkaumif;rGefr_/ paom taxGaxGtcsufrsm;onf v,f,m pdkufysKd;a&;u¾zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_twGuf tcGifhtvrf;aumif;rsm; ay;aeygonf? rnfodk@yifqdkapumrl rsm;pGm aomavhvmr_rsm;wGif awG@=u&onfrSm/ o,HZmwºu,f0r_onf zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_ESifh ajymif;jyefqufpyfr_&Sd onf[k azmfjyxm;=ujcif;jzpfygonf? o,HZmwºuG,f0avav EdkifiH.zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_jzpfpOf aES;auG;avav 41

jzpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; TawG@&SdcsufudkacszsufEdkifzG,f&Sdaom tjcm;jzpfEdkifzG,f&Sdaomta=umif;rsm;vnf; &Sdygao;onf? aygºu,f0aom obm0pGrf;tm;a=umifh jzpfay:vmrnfh v,f,mxGufypPnf;tydktv#Hrsm;jzifh/ òr@jya'orSvkyfom;xkukd au|;arG;xm;Edkif+yD;/ &Sm;yg;aomoGif;tm;pkrsm;udk tjcm;ukefxkwv f kyf&mwGif toH;k ðyaer_rS vGaJ jymif;,liifoH;k &efrvdak wmhjcif; jzpfygonf?

Tod@k o,HZmw pGrf;tm;ºu,f0r_ESifh zGH@òz;r_aES;auG;&jcif; qufpyfr_twGuf tjcm;&Sif;jy=uaom tcsufrSm/ ºu,f0aomv,f,mxGuEf Sifh obm0pGrf;tm;rsm;tajccHonfhpufr_vkyfief;rsm;rS ydkv#HypPnf;rsm;udk EdkifiH.wd;k wuf&mwd;k wufa=umif;twGuf oHk;&rnfhtpm;/ vltcsKd@.udk,fusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf ud, k fusKd;&Smol rsm;/ txl;ojzifh udv k dkeDtkyfcsKyfolrsm;/ ajrydkif&Sif}uD;rsm;/ t&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;/ EdkifiHjcm;ukr`%D}uD;rsm;u odrf;,l oGm;wwfaoma=umifh[kvnf; &Sif;jyygonf? v,f,mu¾udk vdt k yfonfxufydkrdktav;ay;jcif;onf vnf; aumif;/ oGif;tm;pkrsm;udk pufr_u¾rS v,f,mu¾odk@ tvGeftu|Hvdt k yfonfxuf ydkrdk v$aJ jymif;ay;rd jcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ pufr_u¾.zGH@òz;r_udk aES;auG;apaom ta=umif;jzpfygonf? ywf0ef;usifudk ysufpD;I tEW&m,fusa&mufaponftxd o,HZmypPnf;rsm;udk xkwf,rl oHk;pGJrd&ef owdðy&efvdktyfouJhodk@/ o,HZmwrsm;oHk;+yD; &&Sdvmrnfh0ifaiGudk tusKd;&SdpGmtoHk;ðyap&efvnf; owdðy&rnf jzpfygonf? Tae&m wGif rdrdwdk@taejzifhacsywifjyvdkonfrSm/ o,HZmwpGrf;tm;oH;k pufr_vkyfief;rsm;rS xGuaf y:vmaom ydkv#H tusKd;tjrwfrsm;udk ae&mwus toH;k ðyrnfqdkv#if/ EdkifiHzGH@òz;r_udk jrefqefap&ef taxmuftulðyEdkifvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf?

Z,m; (2? 2) jrefrmEdkifiH. ajr,mpGrf;tm;tajccH pkpkaygif; ajr{&d,m (1000 [ufwm)

jrefrm 65754 xdkif;EdkifiH 51089 rav;&Sm; 32855 ta&S@awmiftm&S 897615 rl&if;? World Resources 1992-93

ajrqDtm;enf;csuf r&Sdaom ajr{&d,m 1990 (1000 [ufwm) 3436 983 196 62495

vlOD;a&xlxyfr_ 1990 (1000 [ufwm wGifaexdkifol) 634 1090 545 1140

tpm;taomuf xkwfvkyfr_ !$ef;udef; (1979-81] 100) 1988-90 122 124 196 139

r[mAsL[mt& ta&;ygaom yx0Dwnf&Sdaer_ ta&S@awmiftm&S/ w&kwfjynftaemufawmifydkif;a'oESifh tdENd,wdkufi,fwdk@onf tm&Swdkuf. pufr_a'otopftjzpf zGH@òz;vmaeayonf? Tyx0DajryHkwGif jrefrmEdkifiHonf 0if&dk;ozG,ftv,fwGifwnf &Sdaeayonf? jrefrmEdkifiHudkzGifhay;vdu k fygu w&kwfEdkifiH. ,leefESifhteD;tem;jynfe,frsm;udk zGH@òz;wd;k wufap rnfjzpf+yD;/ w&kwfEdkifiH. ukef;wGif;ydkif;usaoma'orsm;twGuf t0ifaygufuJo h dk@toH;k 0ifayvdrfhrnf? toH;k ðy aeus ukefoG,fa&;vrf;a=umif;rsm;udk acwfrDSatmif ðyjyifvdu k frnfqdkygu/ w&kwfEdkifiHESifh ta&S@awmiftm&S wd@k t=um; qufo, G fjzwfoef;&ef jrefrmEdkifiHudk toH;k ðyEdkifvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHonf ta&S@awmif tm&Swd;k wufa&;. qufo, G fa&;vrf;a=umif;ay:wGif wnf&Sdaeygonf? ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHonfom/ tdENd,ESifh w&kwfEdkifiH (2) EdkifiHpvH;k ESifh e,fajrcsif;xdpyfaeaom EdkifiHjzpfygonf?

42

edrfhusaomE_ef;rSpwifcJhI jrifhrm;aomzGH@òz;r_E_ef; &&Sd&eftcGifhtvrf; edrfhaomtaetxm; prSwfrSpwifcJhaom EdkifiHrsm;onf tapmydkif;umvwGif tjrefqHk;zGH@òz;r_E_ef;udk &&SdcJhonf[k tm&SzGH@òz;r_b%f (at'DbD) . ta&S@tm&SEdkifiHrsm;zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_twGuf avhvmcJhaompmwrf; wGif pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&mtcsufwcsufukad wG@&SdcJh&ygonf? jzpfEdkifaom ta=umif;tcsufrSm TEdkifiHrsm;wGif toH;k rðy&ao;aom/ odk@r[kwf avsmI h oHk;xm;aom o,HZmwoGif;tm;pkrsm;&Sdae+yD; vkyfief;pepfY tajccH ajymif;vJr_rsm;&SdaomtcgY xdkpGrf;tm;rsm;udk ,liifoHk;pGJvmEdkifjcif; jzpfygvdrfhrnf? jrefrmEdkifiHonfvnf; Ttwdik f;yif jzpfEdkifygonf? vuf&Sdtpdk;&atmufwGif aps;uGufpepfudk taxmuftulðy&eftwGufvkyfief; zGJ@pnf;r_rsm;/ pepfyHkpHrsm;udk trSefwu,frajymif;onfhwdik f aps;uGuu f dt k enf;i,fzGifhvdu k f&Hkr#ESifh vGefcJhaom (4) ESpfwmumvtwGif;/ zGH@òz;r_E_ef; (5) &mcdkifE_ef;wdk;wufvmcJhygonf?

tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;ESifhEd_if;,SOfjcif; tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;jzpfaom xdik f;/ rav;&Sm;EdkifiHwdk@. vuf&SdpD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;r_tqifhonf/ rdrdwdk@EdkifiH taejzifh tapmydkif;umvrsm;uyif wHcg;zGifhI vGwfvyfaomrl0g'rsm; csrSwfusifhoHk;cJhygu &&SdEdkifrnft h qifh yifjzpfonf[k ,lqxm;Edkifygonf? *syef/ ud&k D;,m;ESifh xdik f0rfwdk@. atmifjrifr_onfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHtaeESifh qufvufI twk,loifhaomtcsufjzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHonf tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;.zGH@òz;r_jzpfpOfrsm;ESifh wajy;nDjzpfap&ef/ tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;udk tpOfrsufajcrjywfavhvmoifhonfhygonf? ta&S@tm&SEdkifiHrsm;. tawG@tñuHay:rlwnfI jrefrmEdkifiHzGH@òz;r_twGuf/ ta&;ygaomtcsufrsm;udk Ttcef;wGif qufvufwifjy aqG;aEG;oGm;ygrnf? pufr_tiftm;ESifh tawG@tñuH vGefcJhaom (25) ESpf/ ESpf (30) twGif;Y rdrdwkd@.tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;onf atmifjrifr_c&D;ukd tawmf wmoGm;cJh=u+yD jzpfonf? ‚if;wkd@pD;yGm;a&;pepf. tajccHzJG@pnf;wnfaqmufykH ðyjyifajymif;vJoGm;cJh+yD jzpfonf? wdik f;jynf. pkpkaygif;xGufukefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD) wGif pkdufysKd;a&;u¾.yg0ifr_tcsKd; ododomomavsmhenf;vm+yD;/ pufr_u¾. yg0ifr_tcsKd;wk;d jrifhvmcJhygonf? Ttcsufukd jynfyydk@ukeftwGuf ukefxkwv f kyfr_ykHpHYvnf; ajymif;vJoGm;onfudk awG@Edkifygonf? jynfyykd@aompufr_xGufukef trsKd;tpm; rsm;jym;vmjcif;uyif ukef xkwv f kyfr_Y rnfr#tawG@tñuH&cJh+yD qdkonfudak z:jyaeonf? rnfodk@yifqkdap rdrdwkd@owdðy&rnfhtcsufrSm ta&S›awmiftm&S&Sd pufr_ukefxkwfvyk fief;trsm;pkonf/ vkyfom;tiftm;tok;H rsm;aom pufr_vkyfief;rsKd;om jzpfaeao;+yD;/ topftqef; wDxGifr_vkyfief;rsKd; enf;aeygao;onf? ykH (2? 2) wdik f;jynf. pkpkaygif;xGufuek fwefzdk; (*sD'DyD) wGif pufr_u¾rSyg0ifr_tcsKd; Figure 2.2. Share of Industry in GDP 50

Burma

40

Indonesia

30

Philippines

20

Malaysia

10

Thailand Korea

0 Source: World Bank, World Report 1996

Singapore Japan

43

rl&if;? World Bank, World Bank Report 1996 txufwef;ynma&;ESifh pufr_qkdif&mynma&; ta&S›tm&SEdkifiHrsm;.zHG@òz;wd;k wufr_wGif ynma&;onf t"dutcef;u¾u yg0ifaeygonf? jrefrm EdkifiH. tajccHynma&;ESifh txufwef;ynma&;ESifhywfoufaom pGrf;aqmifr_tajctaeonf tdrfeD;csif; ekdfifiHrsm;ESifh rsm;pGmruGmjcm;aomtaetxm;wGif &Sdaeaomfvnf;/ pufr_qkdif&mynma&;tykdif;wGifvnf; aumif;/ txl;ojzifh wwd,qifh (tqifhjrifh) ESifh wuUokdvf/ aumvdyftqifhynma&;tqifhrsm;/ taxGaxG pufr_enf;ynm ydkvDwufcedausmif;rsm;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHonf tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh E_dif;,SOfv#if rsm;pGmaemuf us usefaecJhygonf?

Z,m; (2? 3) txufwef;ynma&;qdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm; 'kwd,tqifh pufr_ enf;ynmoifausmif;om; (pkpkaygif;'kwd,qifh ausmif;om;rsm;. &mcdkifE_ef;tm;jzifh) 1986-88

wwd,tqifh ody`Hausmif;om; (pkpkaygif;wwd,qifh ausmif;om;rsm;. &mcdkifE_ef;tm;jzifh) 198788

wwd,qifh ausmif;om;rsm; EdkifiHjcm;Iynmoif=um; aeol (jynfwGif;&Sdausmif;om; rsm;. &mcdkifE_ef;tm;jzifh) 1987 jrefrm 1² 2 32 0² 3 tif'dkeD;&Sm; 10² 6 39 1² 6 zdvpfydkif 37 0² 3 rav;&Sm; 1² 7 34 38² 1 xdkif;EdkifiH 16² 2 25 0² 9 udk&D;,m; 15² 9 31 1² 9 puFmyl 29 25² 3 rl&if;? Human Development Report 1992, UNDP, New York; Statistical Yearbook 1993, ESCAP, UN, Bangkok.

tajccHtaqmuftOD jrefrmEdkifiH. xkHwrf;pOfvmqufoG,rf _onf/ um;vrf;c&D;xuf &xm;vrf;c&D;udk tokH;rsm;onf?

(19) &mpktwGif;zHG@òz;r_twGufvkt d yfcsufrSm tajccHtm;jzifh&xm;vrf;c&D;jzpfojzifh/ ‚if;vdt k yfcsuftwGuf jrefrmrD;&xm;pepfukd wnfaqmuffrGrf;rHcJh=uonf? rD;&xm;vrf;rkdift&SnfeSifhajym&v#if jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd&xm; vrf;onf t&SnfqkH;jzpf+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHxuf t&G,ftpm;ykd}uD;aom tif'kdeD&Sm;EdkifiHu 'kwd,vku d fonf? tjcm;wbufYr_ um;vrf;c&D;taetxm;rSm qkd;&Gm;pGmcsKd@wJhaeaom tajctaewGif&Sd+yD;/ EdkifiHwGif;ae&m a'otoD;oD; zHG@òz;r_twGufqufo, G f&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;/ tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh qufo, G f&ef vnf;aumif; jy!fph kHvkaH vmufr_ vk;H 0r&Sday? tjcm;ta&;ygaom r&SdrjzpftcsufwcsufrSm jynfov l lxk twGuf aqmif&Gufay;&rnfh usef;rma&;qkdif&m yHykd;r_rsm;jzpfonf? usef;rma&; aumif;rGefatmifaqmif&Guf ay;&mY tajccHvkt d yfcsufw&yfrSm aomufoH;k a&oef@jzpf+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiHY vkaH vmufr_r&Sdao;ay? acwfrD w,fvDzkef;a=u;eef;qufo, G fa&;ypPnf;rsm;ESifh av,mOfuGif;wkd@rSmvnf; tdrfed;csif;EdkifiHrsm;xuf vGefpGm acwfaemufusv#uf&Sdao;onf?

44

Z,m; (2? 4) tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m !$ef;udef;rsm; tus,ft0ef; {&d,m (pwk&ef;rdkif) 1990 ausmufcif;vrf; uDvdkrDwm 1990 &xm;vrf; 1990 aomufoHk;a&oef@ &&Sdol (1990-95) aus;vuf òr@jy pmwdkuf (vlwodef;v#if) 1991

jrefrmEdkifiH tif'dkeD;&Sm; rav;&Sm; zdvpfydkif xdkif;EdkifiH 677000 1905000 330000 300000 513000 6153 116460 27720 22238 39910 4664 6964 2222 478 3940

39 54 66 77 87 36 79 96 93 98 2² 5² 4 12² 4 4 7² 3 8 w,fvDzkef;vdkif; (vlwaxmifv#if) 1992 0² 2 0² 7 9² 9 1² 0 2² 8 zufpfpmydk@puf (vlwaxmifv#if) 1992 0² 01 2² 0 1² 0 1² 0 rl&if;? Human Development Report 1996, UNDP, New York. Wrold Development Report 1996, Wrold Bank, Washington D.C., 1996.

v,f,mukefxkwfpGrf;tm; jrefrmEdkifiH. v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;qkdif&menf;pepfrsm;onf vGefpGmacwfaemufusaeao;onf? ZD0 enf;ynm/ pkdufysKd;a&;enf;pepf/ pkdufysKd;a&;qkdif&mpufypPnf;ESifh }udwcf GJxkwfvkyfa&;twGuf tok;H ðyaompuf ud&d,mrsm;ESifhwuG v,fajrrsm;ok@d a&oGif;a&ay;ykHenf;pepfrsm;onf tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;xuftvGef acwf aemufususefcJh+yD;jzpfonf? Tok@d jzpfonf=h um;rSyifpkdufysKd;{&d,mrsm;teuf w{uxGufE_ef;onf xkid f;EdkifiH xufomvGefaeao;onfukd awG@&onf? Ttcsufonf jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh qefpyg;pkdufysKd;xkwfvkyf&ef tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;xuf omvGefaomE_dif;,SOftusKd;aus;Zl;rsm; &Sdaeonfukd xif&Sm;aponf?

45

tem*wftwGuf ar#mfrSef;csuf

twdwrf StrSm;rsm;ukd jyifqif+yD;/ tem*wftwGuf ykdrdkaumif;rGefaomrl0g'rsm; csrSwfrnfqkdv#if a&S;OD;qkH;ajcvSrf;rSm tem*wfudk vSrf;ar#mf=unfh+yD;/ EdkifiHtwGuf a&&SnfumvwGif&,lvkad omyef;wkid fudk yDyDjyifjyif ykHpHcs,l&efvkad yonf? Tar#mfrSef;csufudk aemufcHxm;+yD; jrefrmEdkifiH. pD;yGm;a&;u¾toD;oD; twGuf vku d femvkyfaqmif&rnfh r[mAsL[mqdkif&mvkyfief;pOfrsm;/ rl0g'rsm;udk TtpD&ifcHpm. t"du tcef;rsm;wGif a&S@qufwifjyoGm;ygrnf? a&S›quf&rnfch &D;twGuf csrSwfvkyfaqmif&rnfh rdrdwd@k . rl0g'rsm;udk t&Sif;vif;qHk;wifjy&v#if/ jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;udk tESpf (20) rS (25) ESpftwGif; tpGrf;ukefzHG@òz;atmifaqmif&Gufa&;yif jzpfygonf? a'o wGif;&Sd jrefrmEdkifiHESifhE_dif;,SOfI&aom tjcm;ekdfifiHrsm;taejzifhvnf;/ twdwu f mvu TESpfumv tydkif; tjcm;twGif;rSmyif zHG@òz;wkd;wufr_ &&SdcJh=uojzifh rdrdwkd@. ar#mfrSef;csufrSm jzpfEdkifacs&Sdaom udpPwck jzpfyg onf? urBmh pD;yGm;a&;t&SdefrSefrSefwk;d wufae+yD;/ ta&S›tm&SEdkifiHrsm;Y r=umao;rDumvu jzpfay:cJhaom aiG a=u;r+idrfoufr_tusyftwnf;rS vGwaf jrmufrnfqkdygu/ wHcg;zGifhaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfESifh aumif;rGefaom pD;yGm;a&;0ef;usif taetxm;atmufwGif rSefuefaom rl0g'rsm;csrSwf+yD; rjzpfraetm;óu;rmefwuf/ óu;pm; taumiftxnf azmf=urnfqdkygu rdrdwk@d . &nfrSef;xm;aom ar#mfrSef;csufukd &&SdEdkifayvdrfhrnf? jyefvnfqef;opfvmrnfh jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh ar#mfrSef;=unfhrnfqkdv#if aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf atmufwGif EdkifiHawmfrSwpdkufrwfrwf tm;oGefcGefpkdufóu;yrf;r_jzifh aqmif&Gufrnfqdkv#if/ ouU&mZf (20202025) ckESpfwGif rdrdbmom&yfwnfEdkifaom pD;yGm;a&;zHG@òz;r_tqifhwckukd a&muf&Sdvdrfhrnf[k jrifrdygonf?

TtajctaeY jynfoljynfom;rsm;.0ifaiGtqifhonf ododomomjrifhrm;vm+yD;/ ‚if;wkd@. vlr_tqifh twef;vnf; aumif;rGefvm±kHr#ru/ wkd;wufr_E_ef;jrifhrm;vmaom wdik f;jynf.pkpkaygif;xGufukefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD) ukyd g&vmEdkifapygonf? TtajccHrSwqifh aemifwcsdefwGif ydkIzGH@òz;r_&vm+yD;/ t&Sdefwdk;I ykdrkd jrefvmapEdkifyg onf? TuJhod@k aom atmifjrifr_rsm;&&Sd&ef óu;yrf;aqmif&GufaeaomumvwGif/ obm0ywf0ef;usif ysufpD;apEdkifaom ta=umif;tcsufrsm;udv k nf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef vdt k yfygvdrfhrnf? od@k rSoma&&SnfwnfjrJ onfh pD;yGm;a&; zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_jzpfap&ef tmrcHapEdkifvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf?

46

vkdufemaqmif&Guf&rnfh tajccHvrf;!$efrlrsm; atmufygwkd@onf pD;yGm;a&;pepf.u¾toD;oD;twGuf vkdufemaqmif&Guf&rnfh r[mAsL[m vkyfief;rsm;twGuf tajccHvrf;!$efrlrsm;jzpfygonf?

aps;uGufudk OD;wnfcsufxm;jcif;

txufY az:jyxm;ouJo h kd@ a&S›vmrnft h em*wfumvtwGuf &_jrifxm;csufwk@d udk OD;wnfv#u/f aqmif&Guf&mY rdrdwkd@vdu k femaqmif&Guf&rnfh tajccHr[mAsL[mvkyfief;qdkif&mtcsufrsm; &Sdygonf? yxr qkH;/ tajccHtusqkH;tcsufrSm aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfukd jyefvnfxlaxmif&efjzpf+yD;/ jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;pepf twGif;Y yk*~vduykdifu¾udk tckdifrmtus,fjyef@qHk;jzpfap&ef tjynf0h qkH;óu;yrf;ay;&ef vkdygonf? Tonf rSm orkdif;qdkif&mtawG@tñuHrsm;t&vnf;aumif;/ vuf&SdtawG@tñuHrsm;t&vnf;aumif;/ aumufcsufcs &rnfh t}uD;us,q f Hk;udpPyifjzpfygonf? tawG@tñuHrsm;t& aps;uGufpepfudk tajccHvkyfaqmifaom EdkifiH rsm;onf zHG@òz;r_jref+yD;/ aps;uGuf.u¾udk uef@owfxm;+yD; tpkd;&. pGufzufr_rsm;pGmjzifhvkyfaqmifaom EdkifiHrsm;onf zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_ aemufususefaewwf=uygonf? A[kdcsKyfudik faompepfjzifh vkyfukfid faom pD;yGm; a&;pepfrsm; usqkH;&jcif;. txif&Sm;qHk; erlemrsm;rSm urBmay:&Sd/ qkd&S,fvpfpepfusifhoH;k aomEdkifiHrsm; usqkH; &jcif;yifjzpfygonf?

A[kdcsKyfudfik fr_pepfpD;yGm;a&;udk aqmif&GufcJ=h uaomtawG@tñuHudk twdwu f mv jrefrmEdkifiHwGif awG@cJh=u&+yD;onfhtavsmuf/ rdrdwdk@taejzifh wnDw!Gwfwnf;vdv k m;=uonfrSm aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfyif jzpfonf? aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfY pD;yGm;a&;qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ukd A[dkcsKyfudik fr_rS jzpfEdkifor#uif;vGwcf Gifhay; xm;+yD;/ pepf.tao;i,fqHk;yg0ifzGJ@pnf;xm;r_jzpfaom pm;ok;H olrsm;/ vkyfom;rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; paom tpdwftykdif;uyif qHk;jzwfEdkifcGifh&Sd&rnf jzpfonf? ukefxkwfypPnf;rsm;ydkifqdkifr_Y EdkifiHawmfydkifqkdifr_ xuf yk*~vduykdifqkdifr_udk rdrdwd@k u ydkvdkvm;ygonf? aps;E_ef;ukd pDrHudef;csaqmif&GufonfXh mersm;rS owfrSwf rnfhtpm; pD;yGm;a&;pGrf;tm;rsm;udk cJGa0&mrSjzpfvmaom aps;uGufu owfrSwfyHkrsKd;udo k m ydkvfkdvm;ygonf? aps;uGufrsm;ud, k fYu 0ef;usiftajctaeajymif;vJr_rsm;ukd wk@H jyefae+yD;/ jynfwiG f;Yoifhawmfonfh tajc taeESifhtnD/ vkdufav#mnDaxG aqmif&GufaeyHkrsKd; ydkvdkvm;ygonf? aps;uGufrS!$efjyr_ESifh aps;E_ef;rSay;aom rufvHk;rsm;udk qef@usifv#pfv#Lðy+yD;/ rdrdwk@d .yk*~dKvfa&;tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;twGuf csrSwfrnfh qkH;jzwfcsufrsm; tpm;/ oGif;tm;pkrsm;udk taumif;qkH;xkwfvkyfEdkifr_ESifh a&mif;ol-0,fot l wGuf pdwfauseyfr_ trsm;qkH;&&Sd Edkifrnfjzpfaom xkwfvkyfr_qdkif&m qHk;jzwfcsufrsKd;udkom ydkvdkvm;ygonf? ok@d aomfvnf; aps;uGufpepf. txufyg tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;cHpm; &&SdEdkif&eftwGuf jznfq h nf;&rnfh tajccHvkt d yfcsufw&yf &Sdaeayonf? ‚if;tcsufrSm ukefypPnf;wrsKd;pDYaomfvnf;aumif;/ ukefxkwf oGif;tm;pkwrsKd;pDtwGufaomfvnf;aumif;/ òyifqkdifr_rsm; tjrifhqHk;cGifhðyxm;&ef vkt d yfygonf? Tok@d òyifqkdif r_&SdrSomv#if vuf&Sdjzpfay:aeaom ukeaf ps;E_ef;rsm;onf/ ukefypPnf;rsm;&Sm;yg;r_-aygrsm;r_tay:Yaomf vnf;aumif;/ ukefxkwfvkyfief;taetxm;rsm;tay:Yaomfvnf;aumif; wbufuxif[yfaernfjzpf+yD;/ tjcm;wbufrSvnf; pm;okH;olvlxkrsm;taejzifh ‚if;ypPnf;rsm;tay:wGif&&Sdonf tusKd;aus;Zl;ESifh auseyfr_ rsm; tay:vdu k fI tajymif;tvJ twuftusjzpfaevdrfhrnf jzpfonf? rnfokd@yifjzpfap pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; trsKd;tpm;ESifh t&G,ftpm;udkvdu k fI&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_xnfh0if&jcif;-jyef&jcif; obm011 a=umifh/ aps;uGuf wGif vuf0g;}uD;tkyftaetxm;rsm; jzpfay:vmEdkifp&m ta=umif;&Sdygonf? xdktcg vGwv f yfaomaps;uGuf pepfY yif aps;E_ef;pepfwdrf;apmif;r_rsm;&SdEdkif+yD; pD;yGm;a&;pepf. pGrf;&nfjynfh0r_ukd av#mhyg;apEdkifonf? xk@d a=umifh aps;uGufpepf&Sdae&Hkr#ESifh r+yD;ao;bJ/ pepftwGif;&Sd aps;uGufrsm;onf tòyiftqkdifaqmif&Gufaer_vnf; &Sd& rnf jzpfygonf?

11

The Nature of Scale of Operation

47

txufaz:jyygrsm;ESifh qufpyfaeaomtcsufrSm trSefwu,fvGwv f yfr_ tjynfht0&Sdaom aps; uGupf D;yGm;a&;pepfudk usifhoH;k aomtcg/ jynfyEdkifiHrsm;rS yg0ifpGufzufr_rsm;vnf; &Sdvmrnf jzpfygonf? a,bk,stm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;pepfwckwGif aps;uGuf.tcef;u¾udk }uD;rm;pGm vGwv f yfcGifhay;I aqmif&Gufap av/ jynfyEdkifiHrsm;. yg0ifpGufzufr_tcGifhtvrf;vnf; rsm;vmrnf jzpfygonf?

tpkd;&. tcef;u¾

aps;uGucf snf;oufoufjzifh r+yD;ao;ay? aps;uGuftaejzifh taumif;qkH;aomtusKd;aus;Zl;rsm; jyefIcHpm;&&SdEdkif&eftwGuf/ tpkd;&.wufºupGmaqmif&Gufr_/ wpdkufrwfrwftaumiftxnfazmfr_rsm; vkt d yf ygonf? Tvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;teuf txif&Sm;qkH;rSm acwfrDaomtajccHtaqmuftODpepfudk zefwD;yHhydk;ay; jcif;yif jzpfygonf? tpkd;&uaqmif&Gufay;Edkifaom ykdIta&;}uD;aomu¾rSm ynma&;pepfukd urBmhpHcsdefrD jzpfap&ef ðyjyifcsJŒxGifjcif;yif jzpfonf? ok@d rSomv#if jzpfay:vmaom tqifhjrifhenf;ynmwk;d wufr_rsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;zHG@òz;r_twGuf tokH;ðyEdkifrnfjzpfonf? aps;uGufpepf. vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ukd ykdrkdaumif;rGefatmif tpkd;&taejzifh aqmif&Gufay;Edkifaom 'kwd,t"duenf;vrf;rSm yk*~vduykdiftc%f;u¾ESifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;}uD;xGm;vmEdkifapa&;twGuf a&cH ajrcHaumif;rsm; zefwD;jyifqifay;&efESifh/ wkid f;jynf. a&&SnftusKd;pD;yGm;vkt d yfcsufrsm;ukd jznfhpGrf;ay;Edkif&ef twGuf/ odoifhodxku d faom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh vrf;!$efr_rsm;ay;&efyifjzpfonf? aps;uGufpepf onf &SdESifh+yD;aom oGif;tm;pkrsm;ESifh pm;ok;H olrsm;. óuuffESpfoufr_rsm;tay: tajccHv#uf txl;ojzifh umvwkdESifh tv,ftvwfumvrsm;twGuf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udkpkpnf;ay;aom taumif;qkH; enf;vrf;jzpfygonf? odk@aomfumv&SnfY raocsmr_rsm; ykdrkd&SdEdkif+yD;/ rvdt k yfbJqkH;&_H;r_rsm;jzpfapaom òyifqkdif r_rsm;ESifh tcsKd@u¾rsm;wGif rvkHavmufaom&if;ESD;jr‡yfEHSr_rsm; &SdEdkifaoma=umifhjzpfygonf?

Tok@d qkdjcif;onf tpkd;&taejzifh &if;ESD;jr‡yfEHSr_ukd xdef;csKyfr_xm;oifhonf[k rqkdvkad y? &if;ESD; jr‡yfESHolrsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;pGef@OD;wDxGifolrsm;taejzifh od&Sdxm;aomA[kokwrsm;udk pkaygif;n‡dE_dif;I vkyfudik f aqmif&GufEdkif&eftwGuf/ tpkd;&taeESifh vrf;xGifay;oifhonf[kom qkdvk&d if;jzpfonf? pufr_u¾Y ,SOfòyif vkyfaqmifr_rsm; wkd;yGm;vmjcif;/ pufr_qkdif&m wDxGifr_rsm; ðyvkyfjcif;qkdonfrSm tcsdefumv=um&Snfwwf+yD; atmifjrifcJhv#ifvnf; tjcm;vkyfief;rsm;twGufyg tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;cHpm;&Edkifonf? TtajctaersKd;Y tpdk;&u OD;aqmifOD;&Gufðyoifhygonf? ta=umif;rSm pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wcktaejzifh wOD;wnf; pwifpGef@pm; vkyfukid f&rnfudk 0efav;wwfaoma=umifh jzpfonf? tpkd;&yg0ifaqmif&Gufoifhonfh wwd,ta&;}uDaom tcef;u¾rSm/ obm0o,HZmwypPnf;rsm; tok;H ðyjcif;ESifhywfoufI pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;csrSwf+yD; xdef;csKyfjcif;yifjzpfonf? txl;ojzifh obm0ywf0ef; usif npfnrf;jcif;ESifh t&nftaoG;qkwf,w k fusqif;vmr_twGuf tpdk;&u umuG,fay;&ef vdt k yfonf? xdef;csKyfrxm;aomaps;uGuf. qdk;usKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;onf obm0ywf0ef;usifudpPwGif emrnfysufvGef;vS ygonf? vlr_taqmufttkH wckvk;H . a&&Snf aumif;usKd;twGuf tpkd;&taejzifh yg0ifxdef;odrf;r_ vkdtyfyg onf? aemufqkH;taeESifh aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf. tEW&m,ft}uD;qkH;tcsufrSm tcsKd@tajctaersm;Y 0ifaiGcGJa0jzef@a0r_ rnDrr#jzpfapjcif;yifjzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtaeESifh w&m;r#wI vlukdy"gexm;aom vlr_ tzJG@tpnf;wckjzpfvkdygv#if aps;uGut f iftm;pkrsm;atmufwGif rnDrr#r_rsm;/ 0ifaiGrnDr#r_rsm; }uD;us,fpGm uGm[r_ r&Sdap&atmif/ tpkd;&taeESifh owdðyaqmif&Gufoifh+yD; nD!Gwfr#waprnfh vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk tm;ay;aqmif&Gufoifhayonf?

48

tvsiftjrefpD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufzGH@òz;r_ukd ynma&;ESifh enf;ynmzHG@òz;r_ rSwqifh&,ljcif;

+yD;cJhaom ESpf (30) twGif; ta&S›tm&SEdkifiHrsm;taeESifh tm;uszG,f&maumif;avmufatmif wk;d wufvmjcif;ukd ckefysHausmfv$m;wk;d wufr_12 [k wifpm;cJh=uygonf? t"dy`g,frSm orkdif;a=umif;t& jzpfoihf onftcsdefxuf wkad wmif;vSpGmaomumvtwGif; pD;yGm;a&;pepftwGif;/ v#ifjrefpGm zHG@òz;wk;d wufr_&vmap jcif;ukd qkdvkdonf? taemufpufr_EdkifiHrsm;Y (0³ 5) &mckdifE_ef;zHG@òz;wd;k wufr_&&SdcJhonfhtwGuf pufr_ awmfvSef a&;rSm ESpfaygif; (150) =um&SnfcJ&h onfuk/d ,ckta&S›tm&SEdkifiHrsm; taejzifhtESpf (30) jzifh tH=ozG,f&m jzwfoef;a&muf&Sd vmEdkif=uonfukd awG@&Sd&ayonf? zHG@òz;r_jrifhrm;jcif;ukd qifjcifoifcef;pmxkwfcJh=u&mY/ jzpfay:apaomtcsufrsm;rSm jynfyydk@ukef wifydk@ a&;udk OD;wnfcsufxm;jcif;/ jyifyurBmESifh yGifhvif;pGmqufqHr_/ jynfwiG f;pkaqmif;r_E_ef;jrifhrm;jcif;/ ynma&;ESifh enf;ynmqkdif&mzHG@òz;r_ukd tav;ay;jcif;/ wnf+idrfaomtpkd;&&Sdjcif; ponft h csufrsm;a=umifh jzpfonfudk awG@ &ygonf? r=umao;rDumvtwGif; tm&SpD;yGm;a&;pepfrsm;. aemufjyefqkwf&onfudk awG@&onft h cg/ Tenf;jzifh csOf;uyfr_ukd owdxm;Iok;H oyf&ef ydkjzpfvmapcJhonf? ywf0ef;usiftaetxm;tajctaersm; ajymif;vJcJh onfhwkid f +yD;cJhaomtcsdefumvu jzpfay:cJah om zHG@òz;wdk;wufr_twGuf tajccHta=umif;w&m; rsm;onf/ jrefrmEdkifiHuJokd@ zHG@òz;qJEdkifiHwcktwGuf qufvuftñuH;0ifaeao;onf? ckefysHausmfv$m; wd;k wuf a&;onf jrefrmEdkifiHtaetxm;Y rnfok@d jzpfay:Edkif rnfqkdonfukd qufvufazmfjyygrnf? yxrOD;pGm owif;enf;ynmacwfYjzpfay:aom pufr_zHG@òz;wd;k wufr_ tajctaeopfonf twdwf umvutwkid f; wa=umif;xdk;ykHo¿mef wjznf;jznf;wd;k wufr_ &Sd&efrvkday? puFmylEdkifiHtaeESifh vGefcJhaom (15) ESpfumvtwGif;u pufr_xlaxmifr_tpysKd;tajctaerS ckefysHausmv f $m;+yD;/ owif;tcsuftvuf enf;ynmpufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk pwiful;ajymif;EdkifcJhjcif;onf ckefausmw f d;k wufa&;. atmifjrifr_ jy,k*fwck jzpf onf? ueOD;awG@&SdcJh& aom tuef@towf tcuftcJrsm;=um;rSyif puFmylEdkifiHonf tqifhjrifhynma&;ESifh pufr_oif=um;a&; vkyfief;rsm;ukd awmfvSefa&;qefqef/ wGef;wGef;wdu k fwkdufaqmif&GufcJ+h yD; tpkd;&&Hk;rsm;Y tvkt d av#muf pufpepfrsm; pwiftok;H ðyapcJhygonf? wzef owif;jzef@csda&;qdkif&m pufu&d d,mrsm; xkwf vkyfaom ukr`%Drsm;udk zdwfac:xlaxmifapjcif;jzifh/ ,if;wdk@xHrSvnf; enf;ynmrsm; &&SdcJhjyefygonf? Todk@ tm;jzifh wkid f;oljynfom;rsm;ukd wk;d wufvmaom tqifhjrifh enf;ynm&yfopfrsm; oif,lap&ef tcGifh ta&;rsm; jzpfay:ap+yD;/ tjcm;olrsm;xufa&S›udk a&mufoGm;apcJhygonf? 'kwd,taejzifh ta&;}uD;aom zHG@òz;a&;qdkif&mr[mAsL[mvkyfief;wckrSm pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESihf u¾rsm;twGif; wckESifhwckt=um;/ axmifvkdufjzpfap/ tv#m;vku d fjzpfap qufo, G fr_ tqifhqifh wd;k jr‡ifhap jcif;yif jzpfygonf? qdkvdkonfrSm/ vkyfief;wckrSxkwfaomypPnf;wckudk tjcm;wcku/ ,if;vkyfief;wGifquf vuftoH;k ðyjcif;ESifh rsKd;wl/ trsKd;qifvkyfief; tcsif;csif; enf;ynmudka0iS,ljcif;/ wOD;xHrS wOD;uoif,ljcif;/ oif,lEdkif&ef tpdk;&u pepfxlaxmifay;jcif;jzpfygonf? acwfopfpufr_vkyfief;rsm;Y pm;okH;olESifh jzef@jzL;ol t=um; tquftoG,frsm; zefwD;ay;jcif;jzifh ukefypPnf;rsm;. t&nftaoG;udak omfvnf;aumif;/ ukefxkwf vkyfr_ p&dwfukad omfvnf;aumif;/ ykdrdk oufom aumif;rGefatmif zefwD;ay;Edkifonf? jrefrmEdkifiHuJo h kd@ aps; uGurf sm;ukd yDyDjyifjyif rwnfaxmifEdkif ao;aom zHG@òz;qJEdkifiHwckY ukr`%DwckESifhwcktwGif; owif;tcsuf tvufrsm;pD;qif;r_ukd jr‡ifhwifay;jcif;/ aps;uGuf tm;ay;apaom vkyfief;&yfrsm;udk jr‡ifhwifyHhykd; ay;oGm;jcif;/ enf;ynmqkdif&mA[kokwrsm; zvS,jf cif;jzifh/ twif;tusyfpGufzufaqmif&Gufap&jcif;r&SdbJ/ p&dwf tenf; qkH;jzifh pufr_zHG@òz;a&;jzpfpOfukd tm;ay;jr‡ifhwifEdkifygonf? txl;owdðy&rnfh wwd,tcsufrSm vkyfief;rsm;wckjcif;taejzifh aqmif&Gufvkyfukid f=urnftpm;/ tcsif;csif;n‡dE_dif;+yD; ta&;ygaomudpPrsm;Y pkaygif;qkH;jzwfcsufcsapjcif;/ pkaygif;I zufpyfvkyfaqmif=uapjcif; wk@d jzpfonf? vkyfief;i,fuav;rsm;/ vkyfief;opfrsm;onf topftqef;udpPrsm;udk pGef@pm;I &if;ESD;vkyfukid f vkad omqENr&Sd=uay? vkyfief;opfrsm;pwifvkyfukid fjcif;jzifh tjcm;vkyfief;rsm;udkyg tusKd;oufa&mufapjcif;/ 12

Leapfrogging Growth

49

jzpfay:vmaomtusKd;w&m;udk tjcm;vkyfief;rS rnfonfóu;yrf;tm;pdkufr_rS rðybJ tvum;&oGm;Edkifjcif;/ pGef@pm;&r_}uD;rm;jcif;/ &if;ESD;jr‡yfESHr_u tusKd;jyef&rnft h csdef =umjrifhjcif;/ enf;ynmzHG@òz;r_&&Sd&eftwGuf tqifh qifhvkt d yfaejcif; ponfhta=umif;rsm;a=umifhjzpfonf? TuJhok@d aom tajctaersm;Y vkyfief;jcif;,kid f;yif nd‡E_dif;+yD; vkyfaqmif=u&rnfh pGef@pm;r_rsm;ukv d nf;aumif;/ &&Sdvmrnf tusKd;tjrwfrsm;udv k nf;aumif;/ r#r# wwcJGa0 cHpm;=u&ef tpkd;&taeESifh yg0ifaqmif&Gufay;a&;onf tvGefta&;}uD;aom tcsufjzpfygonf? &Hzef&Hcg vdt k yfonfhtcg/ tpdk;&u enf;ynmopfwckudk trsm;twGuf 0,f,l+yD;/ vkyfief;tm;vH;k udk jyefa0ay;jcif; ponfwd@k jzpfygonf? Tae&mwGif owdðy&rnftcsufrSm vkyfief;rsm;u uruxðyOD;aqmif& rnfud/k vkyfief;trsm;tjym;Y tpkd;&utpm;xkd;ae&m,l vkyfaqmif&efr[kwfbJ vkyfief;rsm;udk yl;wJGvkyf aqmif&eftwGuf =um;0ifaphpyf nd‡E_dif;ay;aom tcef;uom yg0ifaqmif&Gufoifhonf?

Tae&mwGif wifjyvko d nfrSm atmifjrifr_&aom vkyfief;rsm;udk a&G;xkwcf sD;ajr‡muf&efr[kwfbJ/ a& &SnfwiG f pD;yGm;a&;pepfzHG@òz;wkd;wufa&;twGuf vkt d yfaomenf;ynmrsm; u|rf;usifr_rsm;udkazmfxw k f&ef/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;u enf;ynmopfrsm;&&Sda&;twGuf óu;yrf;&mY vkt d yfovku d lnaD y;&efESifh aomhcsuu f s aomvkyfief;rsm; zHG@òz;a&;twGuf yHhykd;ay;&efjzpfonf?

v,f,mESifhpufr_tcsKd;us zHG@òz;a&;

urBmw0Srf;tawG@tñuHrsm;t& wdik f;jynfwckonf/ pD;yGm;a&;zHG@òz;r_jrifhrm;avav pkpkaygif;ukefxkwf pGrf;tm;wGif v,f,mu¾.yg0ifr_tcsKd;tpm; enf;avavjzpfojzifh zHG@òz;r_vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif pufr_ xlaxmifa&;onf ta&;yga=umif; odomygonf? odk@aomfvnf; Ttcsufudk tcsKd@u r=um;ao;rDumv wGif apm'uwufvm=uonf? tm*sifwD;em;ESifh csDvDEdkifiHwkd@Y v,f,mu¾udk t"duxm;+yD; zHG@òz;wkd;wuf r_&&SdcJhonfudk ukd;um;+yD;tcsKdŒuvnf; pD;yGm;a&;pepfwck. zHG@òz;dwk;d wufr_wGif v,f,mu¾onf t"du armif;ESiftm;tjzpf toH;k csEdkifonfqkd+yD; txufYazmfjyygtcsufudk acsy=uonf? tm*sifwD;em;ESifh csDvDEdkifiH wk@d .zHG@òz;a&;udk waphwapmif;avhvmcJh=uaom tcsdefumvonf wkad wmif;vSonf? aoaocsmcsm twGif; ususavhvmygu/ xkdEdkifiHrsm;onf aps;E_ef;twuftus tajymif;tvJñuHae&avh&Sdaom/ t"dupm;ukefjzpf onfh oD;ESHrsm;/ xyfwdk;wefbkd;enf;aom tpm;taomufrsm;ukd xkyfvkyfjcif;r&Sd=ubJ/ xyfwk;d wefbkd;jrifh aom/ tqifhjrifhenf;ynmrsm;uko d k;H +yD; pdkufysKd;&aomtyifrsm;udk pkdufysKd;=ujcif; jzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh opfcGyef; pdkufysKd;jcif;rsKd;jzpfonf? xko d D;yifrsm;rSxGuaf om opfoD;yef;rmvfrsm;onf aps;E_ef;}uD;jrifh+yD;/ 0ifaiGrsm;olrsm; om pm;ok;H =uonfyh pPnf;rsm;jzpfonf? xkt d wGuaf =umifhvnf; rdrdwd@k .r[mAsL[mvkyfief; rsm;wGif v,f,mu¾ESifh pufr_u¾rsm;. tc%f;u¾udk rSefuefpGmowfrSwfae&mcsxm;Edkif&ef ta&;}uD; ygonf? pufr_zHG@òz;wdk;wufa&;twGuf óu;yrf;aecsdefwGif/ v,f,mu¾udk orm;±kd;usxkwv f kyfaeusypPnf; rsm;tpm;/ aps;uGufpm;okH;vdak om xyfwd;k wefbkd;&Sdonfh xGufukefypPnf;rsm;zufokd@ OD;wnfay;oifhayonf? &if;ESD;jr‡yfESHr_ðy&rnfu h dpPrsm;udk a&G;cs,fqkH;jzwf&mY jrefrmEdkifiHonf obm0o,HZmwypPnf; aygºu,f0onfh tav#muf o,HZmwypPnf;rsm;udk tjynfht0tokH;ðy+yD;/ jyef&vmrnft h usKd;&v'frsm;ukd E_dif;,SOfqkH;jzwf oifhayonf? ta&;ygaom pm;ukefrsm;udk EdkifiHwGif;Y vkaH vmufr_&Sd+yD;/ pm;a&&duQmzlvHak &;twGuv f nf; vkðH cH pdwfcs&r_&Sd+yDqkdygu/ zHG@òz;r_vkyfief;rsm;twGuf v,f,mu¾ESifh pufr_u¾ rnfonfhukd OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf &rnfqkdonfudk a&G;cs,fa&;twGu/f jyef&csufrsm;tay:wGifvnf;aumif;/ ukefusrnfhp&dwfESifh tusKd;aus;Zl; E_dif;,SOfIvnf;aumif; qkH;jzwf&ayvdrfhrnf? v,f,mu¾udk yHhykd;&eftwGuf a&ay;oGif;a&;udpPrsm; zHG@òz;wk;d wufvmap&efuJo h kd@ }uD;rm;aom&if;ESD;jr‡yfr_rsm; ðyvkyfrnfqkdygu jyef&csuftusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk E_dif;,SOf avhvm+yD;rSom ðyvkyfoifhygonf?

50

EdkifiHjcm; pDyGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh jynfwGif; pGef@OD;wDxGifvkyfief;&Sifrsm;

txl;ojzifh pufr_ukefxkwv f kyfief;rsm;/ acwfopf0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;u¾wGif EdkifiHjcm;rS&if;ESD; jr‡yfESHr_rsm; ðyvkyfvmap&ef óuqdk&rnfjzpfonft h jyif/ tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufvnf; ðy&ygrnf? EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; (FDI) udk EdkifiHwGif;vma&muf&if;ESD;jr‡yfESHap&ef zdwfac:jcif;onf/ rdrdwd@k wifjyxm;aom r[mAsL[mvkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifaeaom tpdwftydkif;wckjzpfonf? rdrdwkd@. ta&S›awmiftm&StdrfeD;csif; EdkifiHrsm;.tawG@tñuHt& EdkifiHwumaumfykda&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;. &if;ESD;jr‡yfESHr_rsm;ukd rSefrSefuefuefvrf;a=umif; ay;Edkifrnfqkdygu/ acwfrDenf;ynmrsm;udk vJ$ajymif;&&Sdrnfjzpf+yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;zHG@òz;wkd;wufr_ukdvnf; jzpfay:ap vdrfhrnfjzpfa=umif; vufawG@jyocJh=uygonf? EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡Kyfr_rsm;ukd EdkifiHwGif;&Sdu¾toD;oD; wGif vufcHzdwfac:&mY/ EdkifiHjcm;aiG&&SdapaompDrHudef;rsm;ESifh jynfwiG f;Y enf;ynmzGH@òz;wd;k wufvmaprnfh pDrHcsufrsm;udk txl;tm;ay;rufvH;k ay;jcif;jzifh aqmif&Gufoifhygonf? wbufYvnf; EdkifiHawmftaeESifh jynfwiG f;Y t&if;tESD;yGm;rsm;vmr_udk txl;óu;yrf;csufrsm;jzifh/ aiGyifaiG&ifrsm;yGm;rsm;vmatmif v_@H aqmf aqmif&Gufoifhygonf? txl;ojzifh aiGa=u;tzJG@tpnf;rsm;rSwqifh aqmif&GufEdkif+yD;/ jynfwGif;pkaqmif;r_ wufvmap&ef tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðyjcif;jzifh aqmif&GufEdkifonf? tjcm;wbufwGifvnf;/ EdkifiHjcm;rSvma&mufaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;a=umifh/ enf;ynmv$Jajymif; &,lEdkifr_rsm;ESifh jynfwGif;&Sdvlxkrsm;taejzifh enf;ynmtopfrsm; oif,lavhvm&ef tcGifhtvrf;rsm;wd;k yGm; ay:aygufvmEdkifygonf? od@k aomfvnf; wbufY jynfwiG f;&Sd rdrdwd@k .trmcHjzpfaom yk*~vduvkyfief;rsm;/ trsKd;om;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;. vkyfief;rsm;zHG@òz;wk;d wufr_twGuf ulnDyHhykd;ay;&efvnf; vkt d yfygonf? pufr_u¾ twGif; rdrdwdk@u ,SOfòyiftompD;&Edkifaom vkyfief;rsm;a&G;cs,fI/ Tod@k aom oD;oef@vuQ%maqmifonfh vkyfief;rsm;twGif;/ ,SOfòyifvkyfukid fapjcif;jzifh/ pD;yGm;a&;zHG@òz;r_ ydkrdkjrifhrm;ap&efaqmif&Guf=u&mY jynfwGif; vkyfief;&Sifrsm;. OD;aqmifOD;&Gufðyr_ESifh pGef@pm;wDxiG fvkyfukid fr_rsm;onf txl;ta&;}uD;vSygonf? EdkifiHjcm; vkyfief;&Sifrsm;rS ukefypPnf;xkwfvkyfr_a=umifh jynfywifykd@r_ wd;k jrifhvmEdkifaomfvnf;/ Tta=umif;wpfckwnf; a=umifhrl jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf ,SOfòyifItompD;&Edkifaom tajctaeudk jzpfay:rvmapyg? xdk@twGuaf =umifh jynfwiG f;rS vkyfief;&Sifrsm;. óu;yrf;r_rsm;ukdvnf; jr‡ifhwiftm;ay; xdef;odrf;ay;jcif;ukd OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf oifhygonf? qGpfZmvefEdkifiHtaejzifh vufywfem&Dvkyfief;/ aq;0g;xkwv f kyfr_vkyfief;/ acsmhuvuf vkyfief; rsm;wGif trsm; xufomvGef atmifjrifemrnf&jcif;rSm ‚if;wk@d . jynfwiG f;tiftm;pkrsm;rS jzpfay:vmaom atmifjrifr_yif jzpfygonf? xked nf;wlpGm ukd;&D;,m;EdkifiH. oabFmvkyfief;ESifh t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif a&S›wef;a&muf&Sd r_onfvnf;aumif;/ tDwvDEdkifiH. om;a&ESifh zuf&SifypPnf;wGif emrnfausmf=um;r_onf vnf;aumif;/ jynfwiG f;ukr`%Drsm;/ vkyfom;rsm;ESifh tpkd;&. tywfwukwfóu;pm;r_rS/ u|rf;usifr_wGif xdyf wef;a&mufum jzpfay:vmaom &v'frsm; jzpfygonf?

zJG@pnf;r_qkdif&mpepfrsm; ðyjyifajymif;vJr_

wHcg;zGifhpD;yGm;a&;pepfwcktaejzifh yGifhvif;jrifomjcif;/ wm0ef,lwm0efcHr_&Sdjcif;ESifh vltrsm;twGuf pDrHcef@cJGr_pepfwajy;nD&Sd/ jynfhpHkrSom xda&mufxufjrufpGm vnfywfEdkifrnfjzpfonf? tpkd;&taejzifh av#mu f efoifhjrwfaom w&m;Oya'pepfrsm;csrSwfaqmif&Gufjcif;ESifh xufjrufaom/ zufvkdufr_r&Sdaom/ &v'fukd a&S@&_OD;wnfaqmif&Gufwwfonfh pDrHcef@cJGr_pepfrsKd; jzpfvmatmifðyjyifaqmif&Gufa&;onf txl; ta&;}uD;onf? u|rf;usifI/ opPm&Sdaom/ trsm;tusKd;udak qmif&Guf&ef pdwfqENjyif;jyaom tpkd;&0efxrf; au'grsm;udk arG;xkwv f #uf/ vkdtyfaomyhHykd;r_rsm;ay;jcif;/ v_HŒaqmfwku d fwGef;r_ðyjcif;onf ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; vkyfief;pOfrsm;twGuf t"duusaom vkt d yfcsufw&yfjzpfonf? ta&S›awmiftm&S pD;yGm;a&;pepfrsm;rS &&Sdaom tawG@tñuHt&/ vkyfief;rsm;wckESifh wck qufqH&m wGifvnf;aumif;/ pnf;urf; tuef@towfrsm;udv k nf;aumif;/ owfrSwfay;aom xdef;csKyfr_ESifh zJG@pnf;r_ qkdif&mpepfukd xdxd a&mufa&mufðyjyifajymif;vJay;Edkifjcif;r&SdcJhaoma=umifh/ pufr_u¾Y a&S›rSajy;aeaom tm&S.“usm;rsm;”[k qkdtyfaomEdkifiHrsm;. qufvufzHG@òz;}uD;xGm;r_ukdyif xdckdufvmonfudk avhvmawG@cJh 51

=u&onf? +yD;cJhonfh umvtawG@t単uHrsm;ukd tcGifhaumif;,l+yD;/ zJG@pnf;r_pepfqkdif&m vkyfukdifaqmifr_rsm;ukd xdxad &mufa&muf aqmif&Gufay;Edkifjcif;onf rdrdwd@k r[mAsL[mqdkif&m vkyfief;pOfrsm;. t"dutpdwftydkif; jzpfonf?

52

tcef; 3 v,f,mpku d fysKd;a&;

53

tcef; 3 v,f,mpku d fysKd;a&; v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;u¾onf jrefrmEdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;. yifrusaomtcef;u¾wGif yg0ifaeygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH&Sdvkyfom;tiftm;pk. (65) &mcdkifE_ef;onf v,f,mu¾wGifvkyfudik fae=u+yD;/ pkpkaygif;vlokH;ukef xkwv f kyfr_. (76) &mckdifE_ef;&Sdygonf? v,f,mu¾rS jynfwGif;pkpkaygif;xkwfukefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD) . (50) &mckdifE_ef; yg0ifaeonf? jynfyydk@ukefpkpkaygif;. (40) &mckdifE_ef;rSm v,f,mESifh pdkufysKd;a&;xGufukefypPnf;rsm; jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHonf pdkufysKd;ajrESifh obm0vdt k yfcsufrsm;ºu,f0aomEdkifiH[k qdkEdkifygonf? od@k aomf vnf; vGefcJhaom ESpf (30) twGif;wGif jzpfay:wd;k wufcJhaom jrefrmEdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;tajctaeudk jyef=unfh ygu/ v,f,m pdkufysKd;a&;u¾.zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_ aES;auG;usefaeao;a=umif; jyoaeygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rwDxGif&ao;aomajr&dkif;rsm;usef&Sdaeao;+yD;/ a&&&Sdr_vnf; oifhygonf? tylydkif;oD;ESHrsm;ESifh tjcm;tylydkif; a'o atmufwGifaygufa&mufaom oD;ESHrsm;pdkufysKd;&efvnf; oifhwifhr#waom &moDOwk&Sdygonf? xd@k tjyif }uD;rm;us,jf yef@I tvm;tvmaumif;aom aps;uGufESifhvnf; eD;pyfvsufwnf&Sdaeygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd pdkufysKd;a&;u¾taejzifh tpdk;&tqufquf.xdef;csKyfudik fwG,fr_ tusKd;quf'%frsm;ESifh aps;uGurf zGH@òz;Edkif ao;aom tusKd;quf'%fudk cHpm;cJh&ygonf? pufr_enf;ynmydkif;rSm tm;enf;csKd@,Gif;ae+yD;/ rzGH@òz;ao;aom taetxm;wGifyif &Sdaeygao;onf? vuf&Sdtajctaet&ajym&v#if jrefrmEdkifiH&Sdv,f,mu¾. tvm; tvmudk tpGrf;ukefzGH@òz;atmif aqmif&Gufjcif;onfom/ vuf&SdzGH@òz;r_vkyfief;rsm;. ta&;t}uD;qHk;vkyfief; jzpfygonf? Ttcef;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHv,f,mu¾. jy\emrsm;udak zmfjyaqG;aEG;xm;+yD;/ vufawG@vkyf aqmifoifhaom ta&;}uD;onfhvkyfief;tqifhrsm;udk t=uHðyazmfjyxm;ygonf?

v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;u¾. vuf&Sdtaetxm;

rnfodk@yifqkdapumrl a'owGif;&Sdtjcm;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh,SOfv#if jrefrmEdkifiH.v,f,mu¾onf rsm;pGm aemufusaeao;+yD;/ trSefwu,fxu G fEdkifaomukefxGufxuf rsm;pGmavsmhenf;aeygao;onf? jrefrmhv,f ,mu¾zGH@òz;r_aESmifhaES;aea=umif;/ xif&Sm;apaomtcsufrSm EdkifiHjcm;od@k qefwifydk@r_ usqif;vmaomtcsuf jzpfygonf? (1962) ckESpfwGif qefwefcsdef (2) oef;wifykd@EdkifcJh&mrS (1995) ckESpfwGif ,cifyrm%. tpdwf tykdif;r#omjzpfaom qefwefcsdef (35000) omwifydk@EdkifcJhygonf? wESpfxJrSmyif xkid f;EdkifiHonf t&nftaoG; jrifhqefwefcsdef (5) oef; wifykd@cJhygonf? (1947) ckESpfwGif a&;qJGcJhaom pD;yGm;a&;jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; yxrpDrHudef;umvuyif pdkufysKd;a&;xGuu f kefypPnf;trsKd;tpm;csJŒxGif&ef tpDtpOfudk pwifaqmif&GufcJh aomfvnf;/ atmifjrifpGm raqmif&GufEdkifcJhyg? jrefrmhqefwifykd@r_rSmvnf; pkpkaygif; pdkufysKd;a&;xGufuek fwifykd@r_ . (23) &mckdifE_ef;om&SdcJhojzifh ta&;rygaom taetxm;Y &SdcJhygonf? tjcm; yJtrsKd;rsKd;uom t"duwif ykd@ukefjzpfcJh&ygonf? (1995) ckESpfwGif xkid f;EdkifiHtaeESifhr_ tjcm;pdkufysKd;a&;xGufukeftrsKd;rsKd;jzpfaom toD; tESHrsm;/ [if;oD;[if;&Guf/ o=um;/ w&dp>meftpm;tpm pojzihf trsKd;tpm;csJŒxGifr_ðyEdkifcJh+yD;/ trsKd;tpm; wrsKd;csif;onfvnf; pdkufysKd;a&;xGuu f kefEdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_. t"dusaomtykdif;rS toD;oD;yg0ifcJhygonf?

EdkifiH.t"duusaomu¾rS ukefxkwfpGrf;tm;usqif;r_onf pD;yGm;a&;pepfwckvk;H . zHG@òz;r_ukdaESmifh aES;t[ef@twm; jzpfapcJhygonf? EdkifiH. pD;yGm;a&;tqifhedrfhusonf[kqkd&mY jynfojl ynfom;rsm;onf ‚if; wk@d .0ifaiGtrsm;pkudk tpm;taomufay:wGif tokH;ðy=u&ojzifh/ vkyfom;tiftm;trsm;pkonf/ tpm;tpm xkwv f kyfaom v,f,mu¾wGifom trsm;pk tvkyfvkyfudik f=u&ygonf? v,f,mu¾ zHG@òz;r_usqif;ap onf/h jzpfEdkifaomta=umif;&if;rsm;teuf ta&;ygaomta=umif; (3) ck&Sdygonf? yxrtcsufrSm vlOD;a&u wd;k wufvm+yD;/ ajr,mu tuef@towfESifh &Sdaeaoma=umifh ajray:wGifzdtm;rsm;vmjcif;/ 'kwd,tcsufrSm 54

yHhykd;r_ay;aomvkyfief;rsm;ESifh pufr_enf;ynm tqifhedrhf usjcif;/ aemufqHk;tcsufrSm v,f,mu¾aps;uGuf wckvk;H Y tpdk;&.yg0ifpGufzufr_ tvGefrsm;jym;aejcif;wkd@yif jzpfygonf? ykH (3? 1) v,f,mxGuu f kefyg0ifr_ (1995) EdkifiHjcm;ydk@ukef

jynfwiG f;pkpkaygif;xGufukefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD) Export

GDP

owWK 5µ

tjcm; 30µ

pdkufysKd;a&; 43µ

u|ef;opf 38µ pdkufysKd;a&; 57µ

0efaqmifr+ 18µ

puffr+xkwfukef 9µ

ykH (3? 2) qefwifydk@r_ (1950- 95) 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

rl&if;? pm&if;tif;ESpfcsKyfpm&if;/ A[kdpm&if;tiftzJG@/ &efukef? v,f,mvkyfom;wOD;vkyfukdifaom ysrf;r#{&d,monf (2³ 2) {u&Sd+yD; tdrfaxmifpkwpk vkyfukid f aom ysrf;r#v,ft&G,ftpm;rSm (5³ 5) {u&Sdygonf? Ttaetxm;onf tjcm;aom tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm; xuf omvGefaeygonf? aus;vufa'owGifaexkid faom v,f,mrdom;pkrsm; (4³ 5) oef;cef@&Sdonft h euf (61³ 6) &mckdifE_ef;onf v,ftus,f (3) {uxufenf;aomajrwGif v,f,mvkyfukid fae=u&ygonf? vuf&Sd ukefxkwfvkyfr_pGrf;tm;tajctaewGif Tajryrm%onf teJqkH;r&Sdrjzpfaom touf&SifoefEdkif&Hkajrtus,f t0ef;yif jzpfygonf? odk@&mwGif v,fajrtus,t f 0ef; wckcsif;twGuf rdom;pkwckcsif;vkyfudik faeaom ysrf;r#v,f,mtus,t f 0ef;onf umvtwef=um worwfwnf;eD;yg; &SdaecJhygonf? xdt k csufa=umifhyif ajr,mydkifqdkifr_ tpdwfpdwftr$mr$m uGjJ ym;roGm;apatmif/ wnf+idrfapcJhygonf? (1995-96) ckwGif v,f,m rdom;pkrsm;ykdifqkdifaom (5) {uxufenf;aomv,fajrrsm;. ysrf;r#t&G,ftpm;onf/ (2³ 969) {u&Sdae+yD;/ vGefcJhaom tESpfESpfq,fumvjzpfonfh (1975-76) tcsdefu ‚if;yrm%onf (2³ 25) {u jzpfcJhygonf? v,f,mt&G,ftpm;rajymif;rvJ worwfwnf;&Sdae&jcif;ta=umif;rSm v,f,mrdom;pkta&twGuf wk;d yGm;vmonfESifhtr#/ xGef,ufEdkifaomajr{utus,t f 0ef;rsm;uvnf; tcsKd;usvdu k fI wk;d vmjcif;a=umifh 55

jzpfygonf? (1965) ckESpfESifh (1975) ckESpf=um;umvwckwnf;Yyif vuf&SdxGef,ufEdkifaomajrwGif topf{u aygif; (6³ 1) oef; xyfrHwdk;vmcJhygonf? xkdenf;wlpGm (1975) ESifh (1995) ckESpfrsm;=um;umvwGifvnf; wk;d yGm;E_ef;enf;aomfvnf; {uaygif; (1³ 33) oef; xyfrHwkd;vmcJhygonf?

(1965) rS (1975) ckESpf=um;umvwGif v,f,majr{ursm; odoo d momwkd;yGm;vm&jcif;rsm;rSm ajrvGwfajr±kdif;rsm;ukd cJGa0tok;H ðyonft h pDtpOft&/ ckwfxGif&Sif;vif;ðyjyifcJhjcif;a=umifh jzpfygonf? T aqmif&Gufcsuo f nf v,f,majrvkt d yfr_udk txkduftav#muf avsmeh nf;apcJhygonf? rnfodk@yifqkdapumrl v,f,mrJhta&twGufwk;d yGm;vmjcif;onf ajz&Sif;&rnfh ta&;}uD;jy\emw&yftjzpf usefaeqJjzpfygonf? tjcm;ta&;ygaom owdðy&eftcsufwckrSm EdkifiH.rwlnDaom a'otESHtjym;wGif&Sdaeonfh ysrf;r#v,fajr t&G,ftpm;vnf; rwluJjG ym;jcm;em;jcif;yif jzpfygonf? pyg;pkdufysKd;aoma'owGif ysrf;r#v,fajrt&G,f tpm;onf (8) {urS (9) {u&Sd+yD;/ txufjrefrmEdkifiHtylykdif;ZkH&Sd v,fajrrsm;rSm t&G,ftpm;rSm ykdrkdao; i,f+yD; (2) {urS (3) {ucef@&Sdygonf? v,fajruGufrsm; [kdwck onfwck/ jyef@usJpGm wnf&Sdaejcif;rsKd;jzpfyg onf? tqkd;qkH;rSm aumufyJoD;ESHtxGufE_ef;onf (1³ 2) om&Sd+yD;/ tjcm;EdkifiHtrsm;wGif&SdonfhE_ef;t& (3) &Sdae=uojzifh avsmhenf;aeygonf? txl;ojzifhqefpyg;pdkufysKd;xGu&f Sdr_wGifjzpf+yD;/ pkpkaygif;{uaygif; oef; (20) . (50) &mckdifE_ef;rSm pyg;pkduf{ursm; jzpfygonf? v,fajrtxGuEf _ef;edrfhus&onfh t"duta=umif;&if;rSm xGef,ufpdkufysKd;enf;ynm tqifhedrfhao;+yD;/ orm;±kd;usenf;udkyif ok;H aeao;aoma=umifhjzpfonf? ykdI wdwd ususajym&v#if v,f,moD;ESHxkwfvkyfr_onf rkwfokef&moDtajctae/ ESpfpOfa&v$rf;rkd;r_a=umifh ajr=oZm jzpfay:r_tajctae paom obm0tiftm;pkrsm;tay:vnf; rlwnfaeayonf? xyfqihfI opfawmðyef;wD; r_a=umifhjzpfay:vmonfh ajrqDv$mwku d fpm;r_rsm;a=umifhvnf; EdkifiHtESH@tjym;wGif ajr=oZm ajrqDajrESpf avsmhusr_rsm;vnf; &ifqkdifae&ygonf? ygvDreftpkd;&vufxufuwnf;uyif v,f,mu¾Y aps;uGuftiftm;pkrsm;onf vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;cGifh rsm;pGmr&cJhay? EdkifiHawmfrS 0,f,lr_pepfESifh tpkd;&0,faps;E_ef;rsm;onf jyifyaygufaps;xuf tvGef edrfhusr_rsm;a=umifh/ v,form;rsm;taejzifh rdrd.v,f,mvkyfukid fr_pGrf;tm;pkrsm;ukd zGH@òz;ap&ef aphaqmf qGJaqmifr_usqif;apcJh&ygonf? v,form;rsm;udk tEdkifusifhvk,ufonfhozG,f &SdapcJhygonf? EdkifiHawmfrS yg0ifpGufzufvkyfukid fr_rsm;jym;vGef;jcif;a=umifhvnf;/ v,f,mpkdufysKd;r_u¾udk csJŒxGiftm;ay;Edkifonfh aps; uGupf Grf;tm;pkrsm;vnf; zHG@òz;r_ r&dSEdkifcJhay? Ttcsufudk aemifvmrnfh tcef;rsm;wGif tao;pdwf aqG;aEG; azmfjyoGm;rnfjzpf+yD;/ a&&SnfwiG f vkyfukid faqmif&Gufoifhonfhvkyfief;rsm;ukyd g t=uHðywifjyoGm;ygrnf?

v,f,mu¾qkdif&mrl0g'rsm; ajymif;vJvmonfh orkdif;aemufcH 'kwd,urBmppfrjzpfrDumvu jrefrmEdkifiHonf v,f,mxGufukefypPnf;a&mif;0,fr_wGif tajccH onfh jynfyydk@ukefwifykd@aom pD;yGm;a&;pepf usifo h Hk;cJhygonf? qefonft"du wifykd@ukefjzpfcJhonf? rdk;aumif; aom atmufjrefrmEdkifiH/ jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'orsm;wGif trsm;qkH;pkdufysKd;aom qeftjyif/ txufjrefrmjynf tyl ykdif;a'owGif pkdufysKd;aom yJtrsKd;rsKd;/ qDxGuo f D;ESHrsm;/ ESrf;ESifh ajryJwdk@udkvnf; wifydk@EdkifcJhonf? jrefrmjynf tv,fykdif;wGif tjcm;aiGjzpfoD;ESHrsm;jzpfaom =uH/ aq;&Guf}uD;/ 0g*Grf;wk@d ukd pkdufysKd;+yD; urf;±dk;wef;wav#muf wGif &mbmpkdufysKd;onf?

Ttajctaeonf &Snfvsm;aom udv k kdeDtkyfcsKyfr_umvwGif vGwv f yfaom urBmht&yf&yf&Sd aps;uGufESifh ukefoG,f&ef zGifhay;xm;cJh&mrS &&SdaomtusKd;qufjzpfonf? TtajctaeatmufwGif/ jrefrm EdkifiHrS EdkifiHjcm;odk@pdkufysKd;a&;xGufuek f trsm;tjym;wifydk@a&mif;csEdkifcJhonf? txl;ojzifh vGefcJhaom&mpkESpf. tv,fykdif;umvrsm;wGif qefESifh opfawmxGufypPnf;rsm; t"duxm;wifydk@cJh=uonf? qefwkid fykd@r_onf (1890) wGif wefcsdef (1³ 2) oef;&dScJh&mrS (1920-24) wGif wefcsdef (2³ 4) oef;txd wk;d wufvmcJh+yD; (193539) wGif wefcsdef (2³ 9) oef;jzifh tjrifhqkH;a&mufcJhonf? opfawmxGufypPnf;wifykd@r_ wefbkd;rSm (1903) wGif 56

&lyD; (17) oef;rS (1926-27) wGif &lyD; (50)oef; &SdcJh+yD; (1930) ckESpfwGif urBmhpD;yGm;ysufuyfqkdufa&mufcJh ojzifh &lyD; oef;aygif; (40) ok@d usqif;cJh&onf?

Tok@d v,f,mxGufukefwifykd@r_udk }uD;rm;pGmcsJŒxGifEdkif&eftwGuf pkpkaygif;vkyfom;tiftm;. av;ykH ok;H ykHonf v,f,mu¾wGif vkyfudik fcJh=uonf? jrefrmEdkifiH v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;pepfonf v,form;rsm;udk tajccHaompD;yGm;a&;pepftjzpf usifo h Hk;cJhonf? qdkvdo k nfrSm awmifolv,form;rsm;onf rdrdwkd@ykdifqkdif=u aom v,fajrykdifwGif/ rdom;pkvkyftm;jzifh xGef,ufvkyfukdif=ujcif;jzpfonf? pufud&d,m tenf;tusOf;om ok;H +yD; rdrdwkd@vufcsnf;oufoufjzifh/ jrpf0u|ef;ay:EkH;wifajrEka'oukd urBmay:wGif ajr=oZm tjynft0qkH; ajrrsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJzefwD;cJhEdkifjcif;onf a&S;acwfjrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;. }uD;rm;aompGrf;aqmifcsufjzpfonf? tqufrjywf}uD;xGm;aeaom EdkifiHjcm;rS0,fvkdtm;ukd jz!fph Grf;&eftwGuf Twk;d csJŒzefwD;xm;aom t&yf a'owGif qefpyg;udkt}uD;tus,fpkdufysKd;cJh=uonf? enf;ynmwDxiG fr_ ajymyavmufatmifr&SdbJESifh tqkdyg wk;d csJŒzefwD;xm;aomajrwGif orm;±kd;usenf;jzifhyif xGef,ufpkdufysKd;cJh=uonf? vGwv f yfaom pD;yGm;a&;pepf rl0g'rsm;twdik f;/ udv k kdeDtpkd;&onf tus,t f jyef@aom yk*~vdu ydkifqdkifcGifhudk todtrSwfðyay;cJh+yD;/ tqkdygajr,mrsm;udv k nf; v,form;rsm;. ykdifqkdifr_rsm;tjzpf owfrSwf ay;cJhonf? v,fajrrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm0,f,cl Gifh/ a&mif;cscGifh&Sdap+yD; taygifypPnf;tjzpf xm;I aºu;+rDrsm; acs;,lcGif&h Sdaponf? atmufjrefrmEdkifiH&Sd v,fajrykdifqkdifcGifh vufajymif;vJr_onf urBmacwfrDEdkifiHrsm;&Sd pawmhtpk&S,f,ma&mif;0,fr_xufyif jrefqefcJhonf[k qkdavh&Sd=uonf? aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf }uD;xGm;vmonfESifhtr# awmifolv,form;rsm;onf/ txl;ojzifh EdkifiH jcm;om;aiGacs;pm;olrsm;xHrS tvG,w f ulacs;,l&&SdaomaiGjzifh ‚if;wd@k .v,f,mvkyfief;wGif vSnfyh wf&if;ESD; r_ukd tm;xm;vmcJh=u&onf? (1930) ckESpfwGif urBmhpD;yGm;ysufuyfumvtwGif;Y qefaps;E_ef;rsm;tqrwef usqif;r_a=umifh v,f,majrawmfawmfrsm;rsm;onf aºu;&Sifrsm;vufwiG f; usa&mufcJ&h onf? v,form; trsm;pkonf v,fvkyfolv,fykdif&Sifb0rS/ ,cifrdrdydkifcJhaomv,fwiG fyif v,frJhv,fol&if;iSm;b0tjzpf jyef vkyfudik f&aom tajctaeok@d a&mufoGm;cJh=u&onf? v,fol&if;iSm;tjzpfvkyfudkifae&aomfvnf; b0vHðk cHr_/ tmrcHr_ r&Sday? wzef aumufyJoD;ESHrsm; o,f,lykd@aqmifjcif;/ }udwcf JGjcif;/ odak vSmifjcif;ESifh a&mif;csjzef@jzL; jcif;ukd EdkifiHjcm;om;vkyfief;&Sif}uD;rsm;uom csKyfudkifpDrH=uonf? trSeftm;jzifh (1930) ckESpfwGifjzpfay:cJah om q&mpHv,form;olykefxr_onf/ pD;yGm;ysufuyfumvtwGif; pyg;aps;uGuf ,k, d Gif;ysufpD;+yD; v,form;rsm; v,fqHk;&_H;=u&jcif;/ aiGacs;iSm;pm;olrsm;. w&m;r#wr_r&Sdaom/ xdef;csKyfr_r&Sdaom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;a=umifh ESifh jrefrmwdik f;&if;om;ykdifvkyfief;rsm;tay: jrifhrm;aomtcGef0efydvmjcif;wk@d a=umifhjzpfonf? vGwv f yfa&; &+yD;aomtcg yxrqkH;trsKd;om;tpkd;&taejzifh aqmif&GufonfrSm (1947) ckESpfwGif EdkifiHawmfpD;yGm;a&;jyefvnfxlaxmif&eftwGuf tpDtpOfwckudk a&;qJGcJhjcif; jzpfonf? pDrHudef;. t"du tcsufrSm v,f,mukefxGuf trsKd;tpm;ukd csJ@xGif&efjzpf+yD;/ aiGjzpfvG,af omtjcm;oD;ESHrsm;jzpfonfh =uH/ *kefav#mf/ aq; &Guf}uD;ESifh 0gxkwfvyk fr_rsm;udk ajymif;vJwdk;csJ@aqmif&GufomG ;&efjzpfonf? jynfwGif;pm;okH;r_ twGuo f mru jynfywifykd@r_twGuyf g &nf&G,fcJo h nf? qefpyg;rSmrl t"duv,f,mxGufoD;ESHtjzpf quf vufwnf&SdcJhonf? tpkd;&opf. yxrqkH;ajcvSrf;rSm ajr,mtm;vHk;udk jynfolykdifodrf;jcif;jzpfonf? &nf&G,fcsufrSm pkdufysKd;v,fajrtm;vkH;udk txl;ojzifh ukdvked Dacwfu EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;/ aiGacs;pm;olrsm;vuf0,f&Sd v,fajr rsm;ukd EdkifiHawmfuodrf;,l+yD; v,f,mvkyfief;wGif wu,fxGef,ufvkyfukdifolrsm;udk w&m;r#wpGm jyefvnf cJGa0jzef@jzL;ay;&efjzpfonf? aemufxyf ta&;ygaom ajymif;vJr_rSm v,f,mxGufukefypPnf; a&mif;0,f jzef@jzL;a&;rl0g'jzpfonf? tjynfjynfqkdif&m aps;E_ef;rsm; tvGeftrif; rwnf+idrfjzpfaecsdefY jynfwiG f;aps;E_ef; wnf+idrfa&;twGuf &nf&G,f+yD;/ tpkd;&u qefESifhpyg;ukd 0,f,ljz!fw h if;a&; pepfwckukd wDxGifvkdufonf? pyg;aps;uGuw f Gif =um;vlyGJpm;rsm; tjzpfaqmif&Gufaeaom EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;ae&mwGif tpm;xk;d &eftwGuf/ EdkifiHawmfaumufyJoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;tzJG@ (SAMB) udkzGJ@pnf;cJh+yD;/ ‚if;rSw&m;0if 0,f,jl cif;ðyonf? tpkd;&. pyg;0,faps;E_ef;rSm (1961) ckESpfwdik fatmif umv=umjrifhpGm worwfwnf;xm;cJhonf? ‚if;rl0g'csrSwf+yD; 57

ueOD;umvrsm;wGif jynfwiG f;&Sdqef0,faps;E_ef;ukd/ jynfy qefwifykd@aom EdkifiHwum aps;E_ef;atmuf tq aygif;rsm;pGm ESdrfhcsowfrSwfxm;jcif;a=umifh tpkd;&taejzifh tjrwfrsm;pGm&&SdcJhonf? xkdtjrwfukd tjcm;u¾ rsm;. zHG@òz;r_twGuf yHhydk;ay;&ef tok;H ðyEdkifcJhavonf? Trltwkid f; aps;E_ef;av#mhI owfrSwfjcif;udk tjcm; ukefpnfrsm;jzpfaom =uHESifh 0gwd@k wGifvnf; tok;H ðycJhonf? qefESifhopfawmxGufypPnf; jynfywifykd@r_Y wOD; wnf; vuf0g;}uD;tkyf vkyfaqmifcGifhay;xm;jcif;cH&aom EdkifiHawmfa&mif;0,fjzef@jzL;a&; bkwftzJG@rsm;uyif Trl0g'rsm;ukd csrSwfaqmif&GufcJh=uonf? Tokd@wOD;wnf;vkyfaqmifcGifhtm%m ay;xm;r_ukd jyefvnfukpm; Edkif&eftwGuf wHcg;zGifhaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfabmiftwGif;wGif jyefvnfaqmif&Guf xm;ay;cJhonf? ‚if;onf v,form;rsm;udk rnfonfo h D;ESHxkwv f kyfrnf/ rnfonfhenf;jzifhxkwfvkyfrnf/ rnfol@udak &mif;csrnf qdkonf wk@d ukd vGwfvyfpGm uk, d fykdifqkH;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfvkyfukid fapjcif;yifjzpfonf? jrefrmqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfatmuf a&muf&Sdvmaomtcg/ v,f,mpkdufysKd;r_ukd EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u wif;usyfpGmxdef;csKyfcJh+yD; wdkuf&dkufvrf;!$efcJhonf? v,f,mykdifqkdifaom v,form;rsm;xuf EdkifiHawmf tpdk;&ESifh or0g,ru¾ rsm;u t"duOD;aqmif aqmif&Gufolrsm; jzpfcJh=uonf? pufr_ESifhukefoG,fr_u¾&Sd vkyfief;rsm;tm;vk;H ukd jynfolykdifodrf;xm;jcif;a=umifh/ EdkifiHawmftpkd;&onf v,f,mu¾udkyg xdef;csKyfr_rsm; tawmfrsm;rsm; ðyvkyfvm+yD;/ pkdufysKd;xkwfvkyfrnfh oD;ESHtrsKd;tpm;ESifh enf;pepfrsm;ukyd g tao;pdwf 0ifa&mufpGufzufvmcJhonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh a&oGif;pkdufysKd;{&d,mrsm;jzpfaom ppfukid f;ESifhrEWav;wkid f;rsm;wGif awmifolv,form;rsm;onf orm;±kd;us pkdufysKd;ae=uaom ESrf;/ i&kwf/ =uufoGefESifh ajryJrsm; pkdufysKd;cGifh r&=ubJ/ pyg;pkdufysKd;aomv,fajrwGif 0gyifrsm;ajymif;vJpkdufcdkif;onf? tpkd;&onf v,f,majrESifhywfoufaomrl0g'rsm;/ pnf;rsOf;rsm;udv k nf; trsm;tjym;ðyjyifajymif; vJcJo h nf? (1963) ckESpfwGifjyXmef;aom v,f,majroD;pm;csxm;a&;Oya't& ajriSm;ykdifcGifhonf aus;vuf awm&Gmrsm;Y zJG@pnf;wnfaxmifxm;aom v,f,majraumfrwD vufxJwiG fom &Sdawmhonf? TaumfrwD rsm;u v,fajrrsm;ukd v,form;wOD;csif;udk jyefvnfae&mcscJGa0ay;onf? ok&d mwGif v,fajrcJGa0ay;&mY v,fajrxGef,ufpkdufysKd;&efvdt k yfaom u|rf;usifr_&Sd-r&SdESifh oGif;tm;pkrsm;jzpfaom rsKd;aph/ u|JEGm;ESifh v,f ,mokH;ypPnf;tokH;taqmifrsm;&Sd-r&Sdukd xnho f Gif;pOf;pm;jcif;rðybJ/ v,form;wOD;jcif;pD. qif;&Jr_twkid f; twmay:rlwnfv#uf tqif;&JqkH;v,form;rsm;ukd yxrOD;pm;ay;pepfjzifha0jcrf;&rnf[laom rljzifhom cJGa0ay;cJhonf? Tpepfonf ajr,m.ukefxkwfpGrf;tm;ukd aemufqufwJq G dk;usKd;rsm; rsm;pGmjzpfay:apcJhonf? tpkd;&onf awmifolv,form;rsm;.tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd umuG,faomOya'ukv d nf; jyXmef;ay;cJh onf? ‚if;Oya't& awmifolv,form;wOD;onf aºu;+rDjyefvnfay;qyfjcif;rðyEdkifygu ‚if;.ukefxkwf oGif;tm;pkrsm;jzpfaom ajr,m/ arG;jrLxm;aomwd&p>mefrsm;/ v,f,mokH;ypPnf;rsm;/ v,f,mxGufoD;ESHrsm; ukd rnfolr#zrf;qD;jcif;/ odrf;,ljcif; rðy&[k jyXmef;cJhonf? awmifolv,form;rsm;. toufarG;0rf;a=umif; r_ðy&mY tokH;ðyonfhukefxkwfpGrf;tm;pkrsm;ukd odrf;,l zrf;qD;jcif;rS umuG,fay;&efvko d nfrSm xif&Sm;vSay onf? odk@aomfvnf; txufyg jy\emrsKd;twGuf taumif;qHk;tajzrSm awmifolv,form;rsm; aºu; axmifacsmufY rrdap&eftwGuf/ pepfusaom aiGacs;,lEdkifonfhacs;aiGaps;uGufrsm;udk zGJ@pnf;aqmif&Gufay; oifh+yD;/ oifhwifhr#waomE_ef;jzifh vdt k yfaom aºu;+rDrsm;&&SdEdkifapjcif;onfom taumif;qkH;jzpfonf? t"duusaomoD;ESHrsm;twGuf EdkifiHawmfESifh or0g,ru¾rsm;u aps;E_ef;worwfwnf; owfrSwf +yD;/ rjzpfraeay;oGif;&rnfh oD;ESHcGJwrf;pepf (ukw d m) rsm; owfrSwfjcif;wkd@onf pkdufysKd;a&;u¾twGuf ESpfcg jyef tusyftwnf;udk jzpfaponf? v,f,majrt&G,ftpm;ay:rlwnfI ay;oGif;&rnf oD;ESHcGJwrf; ta& twGuf&Sdjcif;a=umifh/ v,f,majrrsm;rsm;ykdifolrsm;tay: wbufapmif;eif;awmif;qkdr_rsm;jzpfaponf? v,f ,majrtus,t f 0ef; }uD;rm;avav/ ay;oGif;&rnfo;D ESHcGJwrf;vnf; vku d fIrsm;rsm;avavjzpfjcif;a=umifh/ tm;óu;rmefwufvkyfukid faeaom v,form;rsm;twGuf wkd;csJŒvkyfukid fvkdaomqEN av#mhenf;aponf? awmifolv,form;rdom;pkrsm;taeESifh pdkufysKd;&rnfhoD;ESHtrsKd;tpm;ukd vGwv f yfpGmqkH;jzwfykdifcGifhr&SdbJ/ rdrd v,fajrESifhrtyfpyfaomfvnf; tm%mydkifrsm;ucsrSwfay;aom pDrHudef;0ifpkdufysKd;oD;ESHrsm;udo k m pkdufysKd;=u& onf?

58

xd@k jyif/ oD;ESHxGufraumif;Edkifaom tajctaersKd;ñuH&Edkif+yD;/ wcgw&H &moDOwkazmufjyefjcif;/ r&Sd rjzpfvdt k yfaom pdkufysKd;a&;taxmuftulypPnf;rsm; r&&Sdjcif;ESifh AsL&dku&ufqefaomxdef;csKyfr_rsm;udkyg ñuH& aoma=umifh awmifolv,form;rsm;'kuQa&muf=u&onf? tm%mydkifrsm;. tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfrsm;tay: r&Sif; vif;jcif;ESifh r#wr_r&Sdaomaps;E_ef;xdef;csKyfjcif;rsm;onf qkd&S,fvpfpepf. v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;u¾ysufpD;& jcif;ESifh vuf&Sdjy\emrsm;. t"duta=umif;&if;rsm;yifjzpfonf?

(1994-95) ckESpftwGuf jynfyok@d qefwifykd@r_onf wefcsdef (1)oef; pHcsdefok@d a&muf&Sd+yD; (1962) ckESpf rS tpðyI +yD;cJhaomESpftxdwifykd@cJhaom pHcsdeftm;vk;H ukd ausmfvGefoGm;+yDjzpfa=umif; (1995) ckESpfv,fwGif e0w ppftpkd;&rS *k%f,l0Hhºum;pGm azmfjycJh=uonf? okd@aomfvnf; (1995-96) wGif jynfyykd@qefwefcsdefonf (533000) okd@ usqif;oGm;cJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiHonf vkt d yfonfxufykdI wifykd@cJhojzifh t&HtjzpfodkavSmif xm;aomqefwefcsdefukd avsmhenf;apcJhonf[k ta=umif;jycJhonf? rnfodk@yifqdkapumrl (1995) ckESpf rwkdifrD (3) ESpfwmumvtwGif;Y qefxkwv f kyfr_ tawmfyifwk;d wufcJhonfudkrl oHo,jzpfzG,f&m r&Sday? pkdufysKd;{u onf ykHrSef{uaygif; (12) oef;&SdcJh&mrS wk;d vmjcif;r&SdcJhaoma=umifh xkwv f kyfr_wkd;vmjcif;onf pkdufysKd;{u wk;d wufvmjcif;a=umifhr[kwfouJo h k@d / oD;ESHxGufE_ef;wkd;aoma=umifhvnf; r[kwfay? qefpyg;xkwfvkyfr_ wk;d yGm;vmjcif;rSm oD;xyfpkdufysKd;jcif;ukd t}uD;tus,v f kyfukdifapjcif;a=umifhom jzpfayonf? tpkd;&onf v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;}uD;=uyfolrsm;[k ac:qkdaom olrsm; (7000) ukd v,form;rsm; tm; oD;xyfpkdufysKd;a&;twGuf enf;emay;!$ef=um;aponf? (1994-95) ckESpfwGif tcsKd@aom v,form; rsm;onf rdk;pyg;ESpfoD;ESifh aEGpyg;woD; pkpkaygif;wESpfvkH; okH;oD;pm;xkwfvkyfEdkifcJh=uonf? Tokd@twGuw f kd; pyg;&&Sdjcif;onf acsmif;rsm;/ a&avSmifuefrsm;/ a&tkdifrsm;rS a&rsm;ukd oG,, f ltokH;csEdkifjcif;a=umifhjzpfonf?

Tok@d pkdufysKd;r_wkd;csJŒvmjcif;onf v,form;rsm;wOD;csif;tiftm;jzifhom ðyvkyf&jcif;jzpfojzifh pyg;aps;E_ef; awmfawmfrsm;rsm; wk;d vmjcif;jzifh/ aphaqmfr_ rufvH;k udk tajccHI v,form;. aps;uGuftay: wk@H jyefr_ aumif;onfukd az:jyaeayonf? rnfodk@yifqkdap oD;xyfpdkufysKd;jcif;. aemufqufwGJ qkd;usKd;rsm;vnf; &Sdayonf? TpepfatmufY v,form;rsm;taeESifh wjcm;pkdufysKd;vkad om oD;ESHtrsKd;tpm;rsm;udk a&G;cs,fIr&ay? tpkd;&u owfrSwf xm;onft h wkdif; pyg;udkyif oD;xyfpkdufysKd;&jcif;a=umifh/ ydkrdktjrwf&aprnfh tjcm;oD;ESHpdkufysKd;r_ukd rvkyfEdkif=u ay? ESpfoD;pm; rkd;&moDpyg;onf trSnfhjrefaomfvnf; tESHwko d jzifh a&v$rf;aomtcgY ysufpD;vG,favonf? yxrrkd;pyg;ukd rkd;&moDtwGif;wGifpdkufysKd;=u&aoma=umifh &dwfodrf;&mY tajcmufvSrf;&ef/ tpkd"gwf xdef;odrf; &efESifh okad vSmif&efwkd@twGuf vkaH vmufaomyHhykd;r_rsm;r&Sdojzifh jy\emrsm;ESifh &ifqkdif=u&onf? oD;xyf pkdufysKd;&mwGif oD;ESHzsufykd;rsm;. tEW&m,fuvnf; &Sdao;onf? a&oGif;pkdufysKd;r_ukd wkd;Iðyvkyfjcif;a=umifh ajrqDv$ma&wku d fpm;jcif;ESifh qm;iHaygufjcif;rsm;vnf; qufvufjzpfay:vmonf? pyg;twGufE_ef;jrifhrm;pGmwk;d vmaomfvnf; jzpfay:vmaom tusKd;aus;Zl;ukd v,form;rsm;tae jzifh rsm;pGmrcHpm;&ay? Tok@d jzpf&jcif;rSm pyg;pkdufaom v,form;rsm;tay:wGif w&m;0ifenf;tjyif w&m; 0ifr[kwfaom enf;rsm;jzifhyg uef@owfcsufrsm;&Sdae&m/ xGufukef. tpdwftykdif;tcsKd@ukd jynfwiG f;aps;uGuf aygufaps;E_ef;xuf rsm;pGmedrfhusaomE_ef;jzifh tpkd;&ESifh oufqkdif&ma'o tm%mykdiftzJG@tpnf;rsm;xHokd@ rjzpfraeay;oGif;&r_rsm; &Sdaeonf? cef@rSef;csufwckt&qkdv#if tpdk;&owfrSwfaps;E_ef;onf jyifyaps;uGuf aygufaps;E_ef;. ig;ykHwykHcef@r#om &Sdonf? Tay;oGif;&rnfh pyg;cGJwrf;udw k mowfrSwfcsufonf (1992-93) wGif awmifolv,form;wOD;xkwfvyk fEdkifr_. (12³ 3) &mckdifE_ef; &Sd&mrS (1994-95) ckESpfwGif (13³ 0) &mckdif E_ef;txd w&m;0ifwk;d wufvmcJhonf? ykdIodomxif&Sm;aom wkH@jyefcsufwckrSm yJtrsKd;rsKd;xkwfvkyfr_ twkid f;twmjzpf+yD; (1991-92) ckESpfwGif jynfywifykd@r_wefcsdef (196000) &SdcJh&mrS (1995-96) ckESpfwGif tvGefjrifhrm;pGm wefcsdef (594000) &SdcJhonf? okd@aomfvnf; vGefcJhaom (4) ESpfwmumvY yJtrsKd;rsKd; jynfyykd@r_usqif; aES;vmonfudk awG@& onf? jynfywifykd@r_wefcsdef (594000) pHcsdefukd qufvufxdef;xm;Edkif&ef cufcJayvdrfhrnf? tvm;wlyif qef wifykd@r_rSmvnf; (1994-95) ckESpfwGif wefcsdef (1) oef;E_ef;jzifh wESpfom&Sd&mrS av#mhenf;usqif;vmaejcif; 59

onfvnf; qefwifykd@r_pHcsdefukd xdef;xm;&efcufcJonfudk azmfjyaeayonf? aEGpyg;pkduf{u okd@r[kwf ESpfoD; pm;pyg;pkduf{&d,monf wESpftwGif; {u (1)oef;avsmch scJh&onf? (1995-96) ckESpfwGif {u (3)oef;&SdcJh&m rS (1996-97) wGif {u (2³ 1) oef;okd@ av#mhcscJhonftcsufuyif tpkd;&. oD;xyfpkdufysKd;a&; &nfrSef;csuf onf tzsm;&_;cJha=umif; az:jyaeayonf? txufygtcsufrsm;ukd axmuf&_jcif;jzifh/ &Sdaeaomenf;ynmqkdif&mpGrf;tm;rsm;twGif;Yyif v,f ,mu¾. ukefxkwfvkyfr_ESifh ukefxkwfpGrf;tm;onf aemufqHk;awmifxdyfa&mufae+yD[k wGufqEdkifonf?

Ttwdik f;qufoGm;v#if tqif;om&Sdawmhrnf? xdt k wGufa=umifh enf;ynmqkdif&mwd;k wufap&ef ajymif;vGJr_rsm;ESifh xyfqifhðyjyifjcif;rsm;vkyf&ef vdt k yfaeonf? a&mif;0,fjzef@jzL;jcif;rsm;ukd ykdrkdaumif;rGef atmifðyjyifay;EdkifrSom qufvufI wk;d jr‡ifhapEdkifrnfjzpfonf? xkrd Swqifh v,f,mu¾aps;uGufudk a&S›quf zGifhay;+yD; v,form;rsm;taeESifh yGifhyGifhvif;vif; ,SOfòyifEdkifaom tajctaewGif rdrdwkd@twGuf ykdrdktusKd; tjrwf&aprnf[k,lqaom oD;ESHrsm;udkpkdufysKd;jcif;jzifh/ rdrdwk@d vkyftm;rS jzpfay:vmrnfh toD;tyGifhrsm;udk cHpm;Edkif=u&efwdk@uom/ ykdIta&;}uD;ayonf?

jy\emrsm;ESifh uef@owfcsufrsm; Ttcef;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHtaeESifh &ifqkdif&aom jy\emrsm;/ uef@owfcsufrsm;ukw d ifjyoGm;rnf jzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHESifhtajctaejcif;wlaomtjcm;EdkifiHrsm;. zHG@òz;r_ESifh wajy;nDjzpf&ef &nf&G,fI ukefxkwf pGrf;tm;jrifhrm;+yD;/ acwfrDaompepfjzifh v,f,mu¾ukd ðyjyif&ef vkyfukid faqmif&Guf&mY ñuHawG@&Edkifaom tcuftcJrsm;udk aqG;aEG;az:jyoGm;rnf jzpfygonf? tpdk;&. pGufzufr_ESifh aps;uGuf. =um;0ifjcif; vGwv f yfa&;&+yD;csdefrSpI tpdk;&tqufqufonf v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;u¾udk a&$O tkaomief; ozG,f oabmxm;cJh=uonf? tpdk;&rS 0,f,lodak vSmifaompyg;aps;E_ef;ukd urBmhqefaps;uGufaps;E_ef;xuf rsm;pGm avsmhenf;owfrSwf+yD;/ &or#tjrwfaiGudk b¾maiGxJod@k uJ, h lcJh=uonf? wbufwGifvnf; pdkufysKd; xkwv f kyf r_wGif cGJwrf;owfrSwfcsuf/ xkwv f kyf&efvsmxm;csuf ponfrsm;owfrSwfum wOD;csif; xkwv f kyfr_ udv k nf; xdef;csKyfxm;onf? (e0w) ppftpkd;&/ aemufydkif; (etz) tpdk;&vufxufYyif wykdif;wp pD;yGm;a&; aps;uGufudk wHcg;zGifhvGwv f yfcGifhay;cJhonfwdik fatmif/ qefpyg;ukd urBmhaps;uGuf&Sdaps;E_ef;xuf avsmhenf; aomaps;jzifh ra&mif;rae& owfrSwf0,f,laejcif;udk qufvufusifo h Hk;aeao;onf? A[kdrSOD;pD;trdef@ ay;csKyf udik faom pD;yGm;a&;pepf. tm;enf;csufrsm;udk ,ckwdik ftodtrSwfrðyao;bJ qufvufusifhoH;k vsuf &Sd onf? xdo k dk@rl0g' rsm;usifo h Hk;aer_a=umifh/ v,f,mu¾wGif 0ifaiGenf;jcif;/ rufvk;H enf;jcif;/ aphaqmfr_r&Sd jcif;wk@d a=umifh xkwv f kyfr_usqif;&+yD;/ wzefxkwv f kyfr_usqif;I 0ifaiGavsmhcsjyefaom rqHk;Edkifonfo h Ho&m wGif vnfae&onf? tjcm;tpm;xkd;Edkifaom oGif;tm;pk pGrf;tm;rsm; r&Sdaoma=umifh/ tpkd;&taeESifh wzefv,f,m pdkufysKd;a&;u¾bufokd@yifvSnhfvmjyefum/ vuf0g;}uD;tkyf toH;k cstjrwfxkwjf yefonf? awmifolv,f orm;rsm;xHrSpyg;udk urBmhqefaps;E_ef;xuf rsm;pGm;av#mhenf;owfrSwfI 0,f,lonf? od@k aomfvnf; v,f orm;rsm;od@k jynfyrSoGif;vmaomypPnf;tcsKd@udkrl tpdk;&u axmufyHr_ay;ygonf? Trl0g'rsm;a=umifh v,f orm;rsm;rSm b0&yfwnfEdkif±kHr#tajctaeom &SdcJh&onf? v,f,mu¾tay: tpkd;&.wif;usyfvGef;aom xdef;csKyfr_. &nf&G,fcsufonf awmifolv,form;rsm;twGuf aps;E_ef;wnf+idrfr_&Sd&efaomfvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHwumaps;uGuw f Gif oD;ESHxGufuek faps;E_ef;rsm; twuftus&Sdonftcg awmifolv,form;rsm;.tusKd; udk umuG,fay;&efaomfvnf;aumif; OD;wnfonfqdkaomfvnf;/ v,form;rsm;twGuf ydkIqdk;&Gm;aponf? tpdk;&0ifaiG&&da&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;wnf+idrfr_&Sda&;twGuf òr@jyaevlxrk sm;tm; t"du&duQmudk aps;csKdcsKdaxmufyHh ay;xm;&eftwGuo f m/ wu,f&nf&G,f&if;jzpfonf?

60

aps;uGufrsm;zGifhay;vdu k faomtcg aps;uGufrsm;.tpGrf;udk jrif=u&aom om"uwckrSm yJtrsKd;rsKd; pdkufysKd;xkwfvkyfr_/ pkaqmif;odak vSmifr_/ a&mif;csr_ESifh EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_rsm; ododomom jrifhwufvm cJhjcif;jzpfonf? qefESifh ywfoufIrl jynfywifykd@r_ukd EdkifiHawmfrSwOD;wnf; vuf0g;}uD;tkyfcsKyfudkifxm;+yD;/ wm0efauscGw J rf;us a&mif;cs&rnfph yg;udk ay;oGif;&ef qufvufowfrSwfaqmif&Gufaeaoma=umifh/ wif;usyf pGmuef@owfxm;r_a=umifh pyg;pkdufysKd;r_wk;d wufr_r&SdcJhbJ aESmifhaES;aecJh&onf? v,f,mu¾zHG@òz;apvkdygu/ aps;uGut f iftm;rsm;ukd vGwfvyfpGmvkyfydkifcGifhay;&efvkd+yD;/ EdkifiHawmftaeESifhrl taxmuftyHhay;a&;vkyfief; rsm;ukdom ykdrkdaumif;rGefap&ef aqmif&Gufoifhonf? xdk@tjyifaus;vufawm&Gmrsm;Y yk*~vduaiG&Sifrsm;xHrS tvG,w f ulacs;iSm;r&Edkifaoma=umifh/ aiGacs;,lr_rsm;vG,fual p&efXmersm; pojzifh wwfEdkifor# jznfq h nf; aqmif&Gufay;oifhonf? ykH (3? 4) pyg;ESifhyJtrsKd;rsKd; jynfywifykd@r_

Production index (1987/88=100)

Figure 3.3. Production of Paddy and Pulses 800 600 400 200 0 87 19

8 -8

89 19

0 -9

91 19

2 -9

93 19

4 -9

95 19

6 -9

Volume (1987/88 = 100)

ykH (3? 3) pyg;ESifh yJtrsKd;rsKd;xkwfvkyfr_

Figure 3.4. Export of Rice and Pulses 1000 500 0 88 90 92 94 96 7 - 89 - 91 - 93 - 95 8 19 19 19 19 19

Rice

Paddy

Pulses

Pulses

rl&if;? pm&if;tif;ESpfcsKyf/ A[kdpm&if;tiftzJG@/ &efukef?

2? obm0ywf0ef;usifysufpD;apjcif;? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vlOD;a&rsm;jym;vmaoma=umifhvnf;aumif;/ pD;yGm;a&;ratmifjrifr_rsm;a=umifh vnf;aumif;/ ukefoG,fa&;vkad iGjywdik f; EdkifiHjcm;aiG&&Sda&;twGuf tjyif;txefóu;pm;&SmazG&jcif;rsm;a=umifh vnf;aumif;/ aemufqHk; jrefrmEdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;pepf}uD;wckvHk;.emwm&SnfozG,f xdcdkufvòJ yae&aoma=umifh/ jrefrmEdkifiH.obm0ywf0ef;usifudk ydkrdkysufpD;ap&ef ta=umif;rsm;jzpfay:cJ&h onf? pyg;pkdufysKd;xkwv f kyfr_ESifh jynfywifykd@r_usqif;vmaoma=umifh/ EdkifiHjcm;aiGusqif;aer_udk jznfq h nf;Edkifap&eftwGuf/ tpkd;&onf opf yifrsm;udk tvkH;t&if;jzifhckwfxGifI/ opfawmxGufypPnf;rsm; tajrmuftrsm; EdkifiHjcm;wifykd@Edkifap&ef t}uD; tus,f wdkufwGef;vkyfaqmifcJhonf? xd@k tjyif vlOD;a&wk;d yGm;vmjcif;a=umifhvnf; opfawmrsm; ckwfxGif&Sif; vif;+yD; pkduf{uwdk;csJ@r_ukd jzpfvmaponf? opfESifhopfawmxGuf ypPnf;rsm;ukd tdrfaqmuf&mYvnf;aumif;/ xif;rD;aoG;tjzpfvnf;aumif; tok;H ðyjcif;rsm;vmaoma=umifhvnf; opfawmrsm;ydkrdkysufpD;cJh&onf? opf awmrsm;ukd pnf;rJhurf;rJhckwfxGifr_a=umifh opfawmESifh pdkufajr,mr#wr_rsm;vJv G #uf obm0awm±kdif;om; aumifrsm;/ obm0aygufyifrsm;/ opfyifrsKd;pdwfrsm; t}uD;tus,frsKd;wkef;jcif;rsm;vnf; jzpfay:vmaponf? txufjrefrmjynf&Sd a&a0a=umrsm; ysufpD;jcif;/ opfawmaygufa&mufr_enf;aomae&mrsm;wGif opfawmrsm; ðyef;wD;jcif;wkd@a=umifh ajrqDv$mwku d fpm;jcif;rsm;/ a&pD;urf;òyr_rsm;jzpfay:v#uf xkrd Swqifh {&m0wD/ csif;wGif;/ ppfawmif;jrpf0Srf;ajredrfh&mt&yfrsm;Y qkd;0g;aom a&v$rf;rkd;r_rsm;ukd jzpfay:aponf? opfawmrsm;ðyef;oGm; onft h cgwGif/ rdk;usa&udk ajrv$mu qufvufrxdef;odrf;xm;Edkifojzifh/ jrpfacsmif;rsm;wGif rdk;a&w&Sdefxdk;us qif;oGm;+yD;/ aqmif;ESifhaEGumvrsm;Y pdrfhprf;a&xGufrvmEdkifawmhyg? aEGtcgY a&rJhaeaomjrpfacsmif;rsm;jzpf vmygonf?

61

a&pD;a&vmpepf aumif;rGefr_r&Sdjcif;/ a&oGif;pdkufysKd;aom pyg;/ 0g/ *sKHpdkufcif;rsm; (oD;xyfpdkufysKd;ajr rsm;) wGif qm;iHa&rsm;0ifvmjcif;wd@k a=umifh/ ajrrsm;qm;iHaygufr_ESifh ajrqDxdcdu k fr_rsm;jzpfvmcJh&+yD; ajra=um rmItcuftcJjzpfjcif;rsm;vnf; (1978) ckESpfuwnf;u pwifjzpfay:cJ&h onf? "gwkaA'aq;rsm;/ "gwfajr =oZm/ ykd;owfaq;ESifh aygif;owfaq;rsm;ukd tokH;ðyjcif;rsm;vmaoma=umifh/ ajrqDajrESpfusqif;vm+yD; oD;ESH txGufusqif;vmonf? ajrqDajrESpf wajz;ajz;ukefcrf;vmonfESifhtr# ,cifxGuaf eusoD;ESHtxGuEf _ef;&&Sd &ef ajr=oZmrsm; ajrmufrsm;pGmxnf&h efvkdtyfvmjyefonf? xdktwGuaf =umifh wzefajrqDrsm;ydkIqHk;&_H;ysufpD; &jyefonf? txGufwk;d trsKd;tpm;jzpfaom pyg;/ *sKHESifh 0g acwfrDtrsKd;tpm;rsm; ay:vmjcif;a=umifhvnf;/ ykd;owfaq;rsm;/ "gwfajr=oZmrsm;/ "gwkaA'ypPnf;rsm;ukd ydkItok;H ðyvm&onf? tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif; rok;H &ef wm;jrpfxm;aomfvnf;/ EdkifiHjcm;ok;H aiGtuef@towf&Sdaejcif;a=umifh aps;aygonfh"gwfajr=oZmrsm;/ "gwk ypPnf;rsm;udk rSm,lwifoGif;tok;H ðyaejcif;a=umifh/ vlrsm;. usef;rma&;ESifh a&&Snftouf&Sifoefa&;wkd@ twGuf tEW&m,fjzpfvmaponf? &Edkifor#ajrvGwfajr&dkif;rsm;udk wk;d csJŒtokH;ðyjcif;ESifh v,f,mpdkufysKd;r_ukd tjyif;txefcsJ@xGifaejcif; rsm;a=umifh txufygjy\emrsm; &ifqkdifae&csdefwGif/ v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;Xme/ opfawmESifh qnfajrmif;Xme paom qufpyfaeonf tpkd;&Xmersm;onfvnf;aumif;/ a'oqkdif&mtm%mykdif tzJG@tpnf;rsm;ESifhvnf; aumif;/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ rJhae=uonf? xdXk mersm; aocsmpGmyl;aygif;aqmif&GufI v,f,majrwkd;csJŒ tok;H ðya&;twGuf oifhavsmfaomrl0g'rsm;csrSwfaqmif&GufEdkifjcif; r&Sd=uay?

3? a&&&SdEdkifr_wkd;csJŒa&;ESifh vuf&SdpepftwGif;wGif a&ay;oGif;r_pepf pDrHcef@cJGr_aumif;rGefapa&; bkef;wefckd;}uD;rm;Ixif&Sm;aom jrefrmbk&ifrsm;onf wl;ajrmif;rsm;/ qnfrsm;/ uefrsm; azmuf vkyfolrsm;tjzpf rdrdwkd@ukd,fudk,fxif&Sm;apcJhonfhenf;wl/ jrefrmEdkifiH acwftqufquf tkyfcsKyfcJh=uaom tpkd;&rsm;uvnf; jrefrmEdkifiH.qnfa&ay;oGif;pepfudk wd;k wufzGH@òz;ap&ef ðyjyifaqmif&GufcJhonf[k aºu; a=umfcJh=uonf? Tokd@aºu;a=umfae=uaomfjim;vnf; a&oGif;pdkufysKd;{&d,mwkd;csJŒr_onf Z,m; (3? 1) wGif azmfjy xm;onft h wdik f; zGH@òz;r_aES;auG;aeao;+yD;/ yHkrSefrjzpfao;yg? (1960) ESifh (1965) ckESpfrsm;=um;Y ta&;ygaomwk;d csJŒr_tjzpf a&oGif;pdkufysKd;Edkifaom{u (600000) &SdcJhaomfvnf;/ pDrHcsuftopfrsm;r[kwfbJ ygvDref tpkd;&vufxufupwifcJh+yD; ppftpkd;&opfvufxufY t+yD;owfEdkifcJhaom pDrHudef;rsm;om jzpfyg onf?

Z,m; (3? 1) qnfajrmif; trsKd;tpm;tvku d f a&oGif;{&d,mwk;d yGm;vmr_ ({u axmifaygif;) ckESpf 1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 1995-96

pkpkaygif; 1261 2073 2651 2479 4342

tpdk;&ydkif 741 925 989 1001 1035

yk*~vduydkif 313 910 1293 1120 2858

tjcm; 206 238 369 358 449

rl&if;? tESpf (40) v,f,mpm&if;tif;/ A[kdpm&if;tif;tzJG@/ &efukef? aemufxyf (25) ESpfumvjzpfaom (1965) rS (1990) ckESpfrsm;twGif; wESpfv#if a&oGif;pdkufysKd;Edkif aom{u (24600) y#rf;r#wk;d csJŒr_jzifh wkd;wufr_aES;auG;cJhygonf? (1990-95) ckESpfrsm;wGif a&oGif;pdkuf{&d,m ESifh oufqkdifaom}uD;rm;aomajymif;vJr_rsm; jzpfay:cJhygonf? a&oGif;pdkuf{uoef;aygif; (1³ 863) udk xyfrH wk;d csJŒEdkifcJhygonf? ‚if;{&d,mteuf {uoef;aygif; (1³ 727) od@k r[kwf wkd;csJŒr_. (93) &mckdifE_ef;onf yk*~vdua&pkyfpufjzifh a&oGif;jcif;jzpfygonf? TonfrSm aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepftay: aphaqmfr_a=umifh wk@H jyefvmaom xl;jcm;onfv h kyfaqmifcsufjzpfygonf? qefESifhtjcm;oD;ESHrsm;ukd ESpfoD;pm;pkdufysKd;xkwfvkyf &efudk tpdk;&ucGifhðycJh+yD;/ tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðyaoma=umifh a&oGif;pdkuf{uwdk;wufvmjcif;jzpfygonf? pGef@& 62

usKd;eyfrnfqkdI/ v,form;rsm;taejzifh a&oGif;jcif;vkyfief;ukd &if;ESD;r_ðyvsuf vkv d m;pGm aqmif&GufcJ=h u jcif;jzpfygonf? rnfodk@yifqkdap tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;. a&oGif;pkdufysKd;r_ESifhE_dif;,SOfygu/ jrefrmEdkifiHonf rsm;pGmaemuf ususefaecJhonf? vuf&Sdvkyfudkifae=uaom ajr,mukd ydkrdktoH;k ðyEdkifap&ef oD;xyfoD;n‡yfpdkufysKd;a&;tjzpf pl;pkdufvkyfukdifonfjzpfap/ ajrvGwfajr±kdif;ukd ckwfxGif&Sif;vif;I wd;k csJ@pkdufysKd;onfjzpfap/ ok@d r[kwf ESpfrsKd;pvk;H udk vkyfudik fonfjzpfap/ oGif;tm;pkjzpfaom a&ukd pDrHcef@cJGr_ESifh a&&&Sdaom ae&mrsm;onf txl;ta&;ygaom tcef;u¾u &Sdaeonf? a&oGif;&mrS ykdv#aH oma&rsm;ukdvnf;aumif;/ urf;±kd;wefa'orsm;Y yifv,fqm;iH a&rsm;usL;ausmf0ifvmr_ukv d nf;aumif; xdef;csKyfpDrHEdkifaom a&pD;a&vmqkdif&mpDrHcef@cJGr_ukd txl;tav;ay; oifhygonf? a&oGif;pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;rSwfwrf;rsm;t& a&avSmifuefrsm;ESifh a&ajrmif;rsm;onf ysufpD;,kd ,Gif;vm+yD; wmwrHrsm;rS a&ay;Edkifaom {&d,mrsm;onf ESpfumv=umonfESifhtr# avsmhenf;vmcJhonf?

Tok@d jzpf&onfrSm wmwrHrsm;aqmufvkyfxm;aom jrpfrsm;twGif; pD;qif;aeaom a&yr%m avsmhenf; oGm;jcif;a=umifhaomf vnf;aumif;/ txGuaf &ajrmif;rsm; EkH;wifIaumvmaoma=umifhaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfEdkifonf? pepfta[mif;wGif awmifwef;awmifukef;rsm;&Sd a&pwifpD;qif;&m a&a0a&vJa'orsm;Y opf awmrsm; ðyef;wD;jcif;a=umifh jrpfrsm;twGif; a&pD;qif;r_avsmhenf;vmcJh&onf? vkyfoifhvkyfxku d faom ðyjyifxdef;odrf;jcif; jyefvnfjyifqifjcif; vkyfief;rsm;udk tcsdefrSefrSef ðyvkyfay; Edkifjcif;r&Sdygu/ pepftopfjzpf rjzpfay:vmrDwGif pepfa[mif;onf ykdIysufpD;zG,f&mom&Sdonf? (1984- 95) ckESpfrsm;twGif;Y qnfajrmif;Xme. a&v$rf;rkd;r_'%fudk umuG,fay;Edkifonfh ajr{&d,mtus,ft0ef;onf ajymif;vJr_vkH;0r&SdcJhay? yifv,fa&,kpd drfhjcif;a=umif;vnf;aumif;/ a&v$rf;rkd;jcif;a=umifhvnf;aumif; tok;H rðyEdkifawmhI ,cifupGef@y,fxm;cJh&aom ajrae&mrsm;twGif;/ a&v$rf;rkd;r_umuG,af &;onf zHG@òz;r_twGuf t"duta&;ygaom vkyf&yfjzpfonf? rnfodk@yifjzpfap +yD;cJhaomESpfav;q,ftwGif;&SdcJhonf/h tpkd;&tqufqufonf a&pGrf;tm;zGH@òz;a&;/ a&oGif;a&;ESifh a&tok;H ðya&;rsm;ukd tav;ray;cJha=umif;awG@&onf? yHhydk;ay;Edkifaom b¾maiG (bwf*suf) rsm; tvHt k avmufryHhydk;ay;Edkifr_a=umifh/ vuf&Sd&aeaom a&xdef;odrf;a&;pepfrsm;ESifh tajccHtaqmuftOD rsm; ysufpD;,k, d Gif;oGm;Edkifonf? xkrd Swqifh a&qkH;±_H;r_/ avvGifhr_rsm;jzpfay:apEdkifonf? ,ckvuf&Sd tok;H ðy v#u&f Sdaom a&tok;H ðyr_pDrHcef@cJGa&;ESifh xdef;odrf;a&;pepfukd tpkd;&u =uyf=uyfrwfrwfaqmif&Gufjcif;r&SdbJ/ av#mah yghxm;onf? qnfajrmif;XmeY&Sdaom vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mtenf;i,fonfvnf; tpkd;&. EdkifiHa&; jy\emrsm;atmufwGif aysmufysufoGm;cJh&onf? wbufY vuf&SdpepftwGuf a&vkt d yfcsufydkrdkqdk;&Gm;vmyg u pm&dwW,k, d Gif;r_rsm;/ vmbfay;vmbf,lr_rsm; jzpfyGm;vmapEdkifonf? vuf&Sdqnfajrmif;rsm; a&ay;oGif;onfpepf. pGrf;&nfjynfh0r_ESifh &nf&G,fxm;onfhtwkdif; vkyfudik f pGrf;aqmifEdkifpGrf; &Sd-r&Sdukd jyefvnfppfaq;oifhonf? ukefusp&dwfESifh &&Sdvmaom tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk E_dif; ,SOfokH;oyfjcif;rsm; ðy&efvdktyfonf? ‚if;tjyif wl;ajrmif;rsm;. a&pdrfh,kx d Gufr_a=umifh a&ðyef;wD;r_&Sd-r&SdESifh xd a&mufaumif;rGefaom a&tok;H ðyr_&Sd-r&Sd ppfaq;&eftwGuf a&tok;H ðy pDrHcef@cJGa&;pepf xdef;odrf;a&;pepf rsm; wDxGiftaumiftxnfazmfjcif; ok;H oyfjcif;rsm; r&SdcJhay? qnfajrmif;pepf/ a&avSmifpepfESifh jrpfacsmif; rsm;ukd pkaygif;qufpyfay;onfh bufpHka&a0a&vJpepfrsm;udk pDrHcef@cJG&eftwGu/f XmetzJG@tpnf;rsm;/ taqmufttkH ,EW,m;pepfrsm; jrefrmjynfwGif r&Sdao;ay? jrefrmEdkifiH. xGef,ufpkdufysKd;ajr{&d,m (12) &mckdifE_ef;omv#if a&ay;oGif;pepftok;H ðyEdkifao;onf? atmufjrefrmEdkifiH. v,f,mtrsm;pkonf woD;pm; pepfom&Sdao;onf? tvG,w f ula&&&SdEdkifaomt&if;tjrpfrsm;/ ok@d r[kwf tenf;tusOf;ðyjyif&Hkjzifh &Sdae aoma& pGrf;tm;udk oHk;Edkifaom tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd tjynft h 0 tok;H rcsEdkifao;ay? rwnfaqmufrDESifh wnf aqmuf+yD; qnfajrmif;pDrHcsufrsm;tay: ukefusp&dwfESifh &&SdEdkifonftusKd;aus;Zl; E_dif;,SOfok;H oyfcsufrsm;ðy jcif;/ qnfajrmif;pDrHcsuf toD;oD;qkdif&mb¾ma&;ok;H oyfcsufrsm;ðyjcif;/ EdkifiHzHG@òz;r_tay: tqkdyg pDrHcsuf rsm;. pD;yGm;a&; vlr_a&;tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;udk ppfaq;jcif;rsm; aoaocsmcsm ðyvkyfcJhjcif;vnf; r&Sday? a'oqkdif&mtzJG@ tpnf;rsm;ukd a&ay;pepfpDrHcef@cJGjcif;twGuf A[dkOD;pD;csKyfudkifr_av#mhcsI wm0efcJGa0ay;r_ 63

rsm;vnf; r&SdcJhay? xdk@tjyif qnfajrmif;rsm;. ta=uESifhtnma'orsm;t=um; wl;ajrmif;rsm;ok;H I a&ay; oGif;&mYvnf;/ a&&&Sdr_ tenf;-trsm;/ t&nftaoG;qkdif&mjy\emrsm;ukv d nf; azmfxw k fajz&Sif;&ef usef&Sd aeao;onf?

ykH (3? 5) a&oGif;pdkufysKd;r_tcsKd; 33

35 30

26

25 20

17

15 10 5 0 Burma

Thailand

Malaysia

rl&if;? tm&SzHG@òz;a&;b%f/ 1995?

4? EdkifiHawmfrS yHhykd;aom tzJG@tpnf;rsm;. vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; xda&mufr_r&Sdjcif; acwfrDv,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;vkyfief;udk atmifjrifapaom r&Sdrjzpfvdt k yfonfh/ ta&;}uD;tcsuf (3) &yf&Sdygonf? yxrtcsufrSm okawoeðyjcif;ESifh ykdrkdzHG@òz;atmifaqmif&Gufjcif; (R and D) jzpfygonf? a'o wGif;&Sd&moDOwkESifhavsmfuefrnfh oD;ESHtrsKd;tpm;trsKd;rsKd;ukd vnf;aumif;/ blrdaA'qkdif&mESifh±kyf0wWKqkdif&m taetxm;rsm;ukd vnf;aumif;/ jynfwGif;aps;uGufESifh a&mif;csEdkifr_tvm;tvmrsm;/ jynfyod@k aps;uGuf wifykd@Edkifaom tajctaersm;ukd od&Sdap&eftwGuf okawoevkyfief;rsm; ðyvkyf&efvkdygonf? 'kwd,tcsuf rSm/ pdkufysKd;a&; vkyfief;. csJ@xGifqufpyfrnfh xda&mufxufjrufaom tzGJ@tpnf;/ Xme/ ,EW,m;rsm;uGef &ufyif jzpfygonf? qdkvdo k nfrSm rsKd;aphopfrsm;/ prf;oyfpkdufysKd;a&; enf;ynmopfrsm; tok;H csvmap&ef ynm ay;0g'jzef@csday;rnfh vkyfief;rsm; vdt k yfygonf? wwd,tcsufrSm/ v,f,mpkdufysKd;r_ykHpHtopftjzpf wkd;csJŒ a&;ukd taxmuftul jzpfaprnfh us,jf yef@onfah ps;uGufESifh acs;aiGrsm;&&SdEdkifrnftquftoG,rf sm; jzpfygonf? Tokd@qkdaomfvnf; apmapmykdif;u rdrdwdk@wifjyxm;ouJo h kd@/ pD;yGm;a&;pepftwGif;wGif vGwv f yf aomwHcg;zGifhaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf twGuf acsmarG@rSefuefpGmvnfywfEdkifap&ef vdt k yfaom pepf/ tzGJ@ tpnf;/ ,EW,m;rsm;/ oifhavsmfaom pnf;rsOf;abmifrsm; a&S;OD;pGm&Sdxm;+yD;&efvnf; vkt d yfvdrfhrnfjzpfyg onf? jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd pdkufysKd;a&;qdkif&mokawoetzJG@tpnf;rsm;onf qefpyg;pkdufysKd;r_Y xl;jcm;atmifjrif aom okawoeðyvkyfcJhjcif;rsm; r&Sdao;yg? jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh ‘tjynfjynfqkdif&m qefokawoetzJG@’13 rS xkwv f kyfcJhaom tdkiftm-8 (IR8) ESifh ‚if;.rluJjG zpfaom tdkiftm-5 (IR5) qefrsKdf;pyg;wk@d udo k m/ toifh&Sd+yD; tajztjzpf vufcHoH;k pGJcJhygonf? &&Sdvmaom&v'frSm vHak vmufr_r&Sdyg? qefpyg;xkwfvkyfr_Y wk;d wufr_aES; 13

International Rice Research Institute

64

auG;aeao;+yD;/ tjcm;wbufYvnf; vlOD;a&wk;d wufvmcJhygonf? tm;rr#aomtaetxm;ukd awG@&SdcJh&yg onf? xkwfvkyfr_wk;d wufcJo h nfrSm jiif;qkdzG,f&m r&Sdaomfvnf;/ Twk;d wufvmaom tajctaeopfonf r&nf&G,faom&v'frsm;udkvnf; t}uD;tus,fjzpfay:apcJhygonf? tm&Swku d f&Sd qefpyg;vkdtyfaeaom EdkifiH rsm;jzpfonfh tdENd,/ oD&dvuFm/ tif'kdeD;&Sm;eSifh zdvpfykdifEdkifiHrsm;qkdv#if yHkrSeftm;jzifh jrefrmEdkifiHrS qef0,f,l ae&mrS pyg;rsKd;opfrsm;ay:aygufvmjcif;a=umifh/ ‚if;wkd@EdkifiHYpkdufysKd;Edkifvm+yD; qefpyg;vkHavmuf aomEdkifiHrsm; jzpfvm=uygonf? trSefpifppfwGif tdkiftm-8 ESifh tdkiftm-5 pyg;rsKd;wk@d onf obm0t& ok@d r[kwf &moDOwkt& qefpyg;pkdufysKd;xkwfvyk f&efroifhavsmfaom EdkifiHrsm;twGuf &nf&G,fxkwfvkyfxm;onfh pyg; rsKd;rsm;jzpfygonf? aemufqkH;wGif jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;ukd,fYu pm;ok;H &ef óuufESpfoufr_r&Sdaomqefpyg;rsm;udk om xkwv f kyfrdap+yD;/ &v'frSm azgufonfa[mif;rsm;ukd vnf;aumif;/ tjcm;0,folrsm;udkvnf;aumif; a&mif;csI r&awmhjcif;yifjzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHu tpOftvmt& xkwv f kyfcJhaom/ Oa&my (1)/ Oa&my (2) paom qefrsKd;aumif;rsm; udv k nf;/ qufvufrxkwfvkyfEdkifawmhbJ/ 0,folr&Sdaom qefnHhxkwo f l b0odk@ ajymif;vJoGm;cJh&ygonf? xdrk #ru/ &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;u obm0tavsmuf&SdcJhaom jrefrmEdkifiH. a&ajr&moDOwkESifh wuG/ pyg;pkdufe,fajrtoD;oD;&SdajrqDajrESpf/ tajctaeESifhudkufnaD om pyg;rsKd;pdwfaygif;rsm;pGmudk qkH;±_H;cJh &ygonf? rdrdwdk@. rlydkifpdkufysKd;a&;enf;ynmrsm;vnf; qHk;&_H;cJh=u&ygonf? txGuw f dk;pyg;rsKd;rsm;udk tvGeftu|HrSDcdkr_ESifh pdkufysKfd;enf;ynmrsm;udk wyHkpHwnf;usifhoHk;apjcif; paomrlrsm;udk jyefvnfqef;ppf&ef vdt k yfrnf jzpfygonf? a'otwGif; a&&SnfwnfwhaH eEdkifaom pyg;rsKd;pdwfrsm;zGH@òz;a&;udk OD;pm;ay;oifh+yD;/ ZD0rsKd;pdwfrsm; trsm;tjym;uGJjym;&Sifoefapa&;/ ZD0enf;ynmrsm;zGH@òz;a&;udk tpDtpOfwus zGH@òz;apoifhyg onf? xkid f;ekdfifiHYrl ‚if;wkd@. ukd,fykdiftawG@tñuHESifh okawoeðyr_t& t&nftaoG;aumif;qefrsm; prf;oyf xkwv f kyfEdkifcJh&Hkr#ru/ tjynfjynf qkdif&maps;uGuw f Gifyif xdkif;qefrsm;udk jrifhrm;aomaps;E_ef;rsm;&&Sda&mif;cs aeEdkifygonf? xd@k tjyif tm&S. tjcm;ºu,f0aomEdkifiHrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;ajyvnfaom EdkifiHrsm;wGifvnf;aumif; aps;uGuf rsm; &&Sdae+yD;jzpfygonf?

ykH (3? 6) qefjynfywifykd@aps;E_ef; (qefrufx&pfwwefv#if tar&duefa':vmjzifh) Figure 3.5. Irrigation Ratio

33% 26% 17%

Burma

Thailand

Malaysia

rl&if;? UNTAC 1995.

65

rsKd;opfrsm;&SmazGjcif;/ pyg;trsKd;uGaJ ygif;rsm;pGmazmfxkwfjcif;/ tajctaeESifhvku d favsmnDaxGtoH;k cs Edkifap&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;vkyfief;rsm;rSm tcsdefumv=umjrifhpGm aqmif&Guf&aomvkyfief;rsm; jzpfygonf? pyg;/ oD;ESt H rsKd;tpm;topfrsm;. atmifjrifr_onf vkyfief;tqifhjzpfpOfaygif; ajrmufrsm;pGmtay: wnfaeygonf? ‚if;wd@k rSm yifrokawoeA[kdXmerS rsKd;aphopfrsm;&SmazGazmfxw k fjcif;/ trsKd;tpm;aygif; ajrmufrsm;pGmudk ykdrdkI t&nftaoG;aumif;rGefatmif ðyjyifjcif;rsm; ðy&rnf jzpfygonf? &SmazGawG@&Sdaom rsKd;aphopfrsm;/ enf;opf rsm;ukd a'oqkdif&mtajctaersm;ESifh av#mfnaD tmif ðyjyifjcif;/ vku d favsmnDaxGjzpfapjcif;wkd@ukd ðyvkyfay;& rnf? aemufqHk; awmifolv,form;rsm;ud, k fYu xdrk sKd;aphrsm;ESifh enf;ynmrsm;ud/k vdv k dkvm;vm;vufcH toH;k csvmap&ef/ 0g'jzef@ vlodrsm;atmif ðyvkyfay;&rnf jzpfygonf? atmifjrifr_onf awmifolv,form; rsm;u xdkenf;opfrsm;tay:Y pD;yGm;a&;t& rnfr#wefzkd;xm;oenf;[laom tcsuftay:wGif rlwnfonf? &kyf0wˆK jy,k*fjzpfaom pkdufysKd;yifrSxGufvmaomukefxGufwd;k vmjcif;ESifh ajr=oZmokH;I ukefxGufwk;d &ef ðyvkyfjcif; paomwGef;tm;rsm;tjyif/ "gwkaA'aq;rsm;. aps;E_ef;rsm;/ xGuu f kefaps;E_ef;ESifhwuG awmifol v,form;rsm; rnfr#tm;oGefcGefpkduf óu;pm;&rnf/ ponft h csufrsm;tjyif ‚if;wkd@&ifqkdif&rnfh pGef@pm;r_rsm; (risk factors) ukyd g t+yD;owf qkH;jzwfcsucf s&mY xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ayrnf? pyg;rsKd;opfrsm;ukd aps;uGufu vufcH&efESifh pyg;t&nftaoG;wGif "gwkaA'/ ykd;owfaq; tºuif;tusefrsm; ryg0ifap&efvnf;aumif;/ pyg; }udwo f nfjh zpfpOfESifh o[Zmwjzpf&efvnf;aumif;/ ta&;}uD;ygonf?

(1985) ESpfv,fuwnf;u acwfrDpyg;rsKd;opfrsm;vufcHIpwifpdkufysKd;cJh=u&mY/ pdkufysKd;{ut& vnf;aumif;/ rsKd;aphrsm;jzef@jzL;a&mif;cs&mwGif avsmhenf;usqif;vmonfukdvnf;aumif;/ axmuf&_I tpkd;&.yHhydk;a&;t&efXmersm; xda&mufatmifjrifr_r&Sdonfukd jyoaeonf? (1980) ckESpf tjrifhrm;qkH; xkwf vkyfEdkifr_tajctaewGif pkpkaygif; pkdufysKd;ajrtus,ft0ef;. (13³ 7) &mckdifE_ef;wGif rsKd;aphwefcsdef (36060) udkd jzef@jzL;ay;EdkifcJh+yD;/ E_dif;,SOfv#if (1995) ckESpfY pyg;pkdufe,fajr. (3³ 7) &mckdifE_ef;wGif pdkufysKd;&efrsKd;aphwefcsdef (11830) ukdom xkwfvkyfjzef@jzL;EdkifcJhonf? xd@k tjyif awmifolv,form;rsm;u ‚if;wkd@uk, d fykdifrsKd;aphrsm;ukd tjcm;trsKd;tpm;rsm;ESifh a&mpyftok;H ðyjcif;a=umifh ðyjyifxm;aomrsKd;aphrsm;. tmedoifvnf; ysufjy,f oGm;aponf? tu,fI rsKd;oef@pyg;rsKd;aphrsm;udk (3) ESpfwcg jzef@jzL;ay;Edkifjcif;r&Sdygu rsKd;aphðyjyifjcif; tpDtpOfonf xda&mufatmifjrifvdrfhrnf r[kwfay?

Z,m; (3? 2) pyg;pkdufysKd;r_wGif ðyjyifxm;aomrsKd;aphrsm; jzef@jzL;Edkifr_ ESpf 1961 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

jzef@jzL;aomrsKd;aph yrm% (wef) 1470 11970 11330 36060 15630 12539 11830

pdkufysKd;aom {&d,m 28000 232000 220000 700000 304000 243871 230081

pdkufysKd;aom{&d,m (&mcdkifE_ef;tm;jzifh) 0² 6 µ 4² 7 µ 4² 2 µ 13² 7 µ 6² 2 µ 4² 9 µ 3² 7 µ

rl&if;? v,f,mpkdufysKd;r_qkdif&m ESpf 40 pm&if;tif;/ A[kdpm&if;tif;tzJG@/ &efukef? pkdufysKd;enf;opfrsm; pwiftok;H ðy&ef yHhykd;r_vkyfief;rsm;ESifh ywfoufIajym&rnfqkdv#if t&yfa'o wckcsif;. xl;jcm;csuf/ vkt d yfcsufrsm;ESifh qDavsmfatmif enf;ynmrsm;udk ðyjyiftok;H ðyjcif;enf;yg;+yD;/ okawoeykHpH'DZkid f;a&;qGJ&mY awmifolv,form;rsm;. wkH@jyefr_rsm;/ oabmxm;rsm;udv k nf; xnfhoGif;pOf; pm;jcif;r&Sdyg? v,f,majrqkdif&mqufpyfaeaomXmersm;&Sd 0efxrf;rsm;onf pkdufysKd;a&;ausmif;rsm;/ aumvdyf rsm;rSatmif+yD;ump bJG@&+yD;prsm; jzpfavhjzpfx&Sd+yD;/ tawG@tñuH&ifhusu+f yD;om; v,form;rsm; taejzifh ‚if;wk@d udk vufrcHvkdbJ/ zDqefr_ðyonfrSm tpOftvmw&yf jzpfaeonfukd txift&Sm;awG@Edkifygonf? Tod@k 66

okawoeqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;wGif pdwfvkdvuf& 0kdif;0ef;yg0ifr_r&Sdjcif;onf v,f,mqkdif&m wkd;csJŒaqmif&Gufr_ qkdif&mvkyfief;rsm;. nHhHzsif;r_ukd azmfjyaeayonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtajctaeESifh qef@usifpGmyif/ tdrfeD;csif;xkdif;ekdfifiHonf qefokawoeY a&S›okd@ykdI wk;d wuf&Hkr#ru/ qeftjyif tjcm;aumufyJoD;ESHESifh opfoD;rsm;wGifvnf; ykdIaumif;rGefaom trsKd;tpm;opf rsm;udk enf;opfrsm;jzifh xkwv f kyfaeEdkif+yD jzpfayonf? ta&S›awmiftm&Sacgif;aqmifwOD;u ESpf (20) jcm;I oGm;a&mufcJah omc&D;pOfwGif {nfch Hau|;arG;aom u|JaumoD;t&omonf w}udrfESifhw}udrf t&omjcif; xyfwljzpf+yD; ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sd/ ðyjyifwdk;wufr_r&Sdonfudk awG@cJh&onf[k jrefrmEdkifiHESifhywfoufIrSwfcsuf cscJhzl;ygonf? tqifhjrifhZD0aA'enf;ynmrsm; vufcHtok;H ðyjcif;ESifh a&S›ok@d wd;k wuf&ef ðyvkyfjcif;rsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiH. v,f,mu¾udk aemiftem*wfumvwGif zHG@òz;apa&;twGuf ta&;t}uD;qkH;aom udpP&yfrsm; jzpfygonf? awmifolv,form;rsm;. v,f,mvkyfief;ESifh yHhykd;r_tzJG@tpnf;/ Xmersm; jzpfaom b%frsm;/ acs;aiGay; tzJG@tpnf;rsm;/ a&mif;0,fjzef@jzL;a&;aps;uGuw f if tzJG@tpnf;rsm;ESifh tcsdwftquf/ tquftoG,fvrf; a=umif;rsm; zHG@òz;r_r&Sdjcif;? acs;aiGay;pepfrsm;jzpfaom b¾ma&;ESifh b%fvkyfief;rsm;/ v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;vkyfief;/ v,f,m ypPnf;ðyjyifa&; xkwv f kyfa&;/ jzef@jzL;a&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;. tcsdwftquftwkid f;twm/ ndE‡ _dif;aqmif &Gufr_rsm;onf vGefpGmtm;enf;,k, d Gif;aeayao;onf? pyg;pkdufysKd;aomv,form;rsm;ESifh 0g/ *kHav#mf/ =uH pdkufysKd;aom awmif,mvkyfudik folrsm;ukd EdkifiHawmfpkdufysKd;a&;b%frS oufomaomtwdk;E_ef;xm; (9 rS 12) &mckdifE_ef;jzifh pkdufysKd;a&;trawmfa=u;acs;aiGrsm; xkwfacs;ay;onf? Todk@trawmfa=u;acs;aiGrsm;ESifh oD;ESH 0,f,&l efóuwifay;aomacs;aiGrsm;udk rsKd;aph/ ajr=oZm/ a&pkwfpuf/ vufok;H a&yef;pufrsm;0,f,l&efESifh tjcm;taxGaxG ukefusp&dwfrsm;twGuf xkwfay;onf? xkwfay;aomacs;aiGrsm;onf v,f,mpdkufysKd;r_ p&dwftm;vkH;ukd rumrdacs? (v,f,mpkdufysKd;p&dwf. 20 &mckdifE_ef;rS 40 &mckdifE_ef;om umrdonf?) xd@k tjyif TaiGom;-acs;aiGxkwaf y;r_rsm;rSmvnf; tcsdefrD r&&Sday? awmifolv,form;rsm;onf acs;aiG&&Sd&ef ok@d r[kwf tpkd;&pkdufysKd;p&dwfacs;aiG cGifhðycsuf&&Sd&eftwGuf a'ocHtm%mykdifrsm; tpkd;&tzJG@tpnf;rsm;. óu;eD pepfrsm;rSwqifh oGm;ae&ojzifh rvkt d yfbJ vkyfief;toHk;p&dwfrsm;ydkrdkukefus&onf?

14 avhvmcsufwckt& v,f,mxGufukef xkwfvkyfr_twGuf ysrf;r#tpkd;&acs;aiGonf (1993-94) wGif w{uv#if (140) usyf&SdcJhonf? xkdESpfrSmyif EdkifiH. a'otESH@tjym;rS a&G;cs,fxm;aom rwlnaD om aus;&GmtrsKd;tpm; toD;oD;wGifukefusaom pdkufysKd;p&dwfrSm &&Sdaomacs;aiGESifh rsm;pGmuGmjcm;aeonf? tif;pdefòr@e,fY pdkufysKd;a&;ukefusp&dwfrSm w{uv#if (4720) usyf &SdcJh+yD;/ ausmufqnfòr@e,fY (5930) usyf &SdcJhonf? tqdkygoifhaiG.w0ufonf oufqkdif&mv,form;rsm;tdyfrSpdkufxkwfok;H pGJ&aom aiGjzpfEdkifonf? xkEd SpfwGif tpkd;&rS xkwfacs;aiGonf w{uv#if (400) usyfomjzpfI rvkaH vmufonfrSm aocsmonf?

Tod@k rvkaH vmufr_a=umifh v,form;rsm;onf yk*~vduaiGwkd;acs;pm;olrsm;xHrS wESpfv#if (120) twk;d E_ef; jzifh rwefwqacs;,lcJ=h u&onf? tu,fI acs;aiG,l&rnfqkdv#if &moDtukefY pyg;jzifhjyefay;&rnfh pyg;ay; acs;aiGjzpfcJhv#if &moDtpykdif;Yacs;,lygu twk;d E_ef;rSm (200) &mckdifE_ef; txd&SdEdkif+yD; &moDtv,fwiG facs;,l ygu (100) &mckdifE_ef;txday;=u&onf? rnfo h kd@yifjzpfap tcsKdŒaiGa=u;tenf;i,fwwfEdkifaom v,form; rsm;taeESifh a±$udktaygifxm;Iacs;rnfqdkv#if vkid fpif&taygifqkdifrsm;rS wESpfv#if twd;k E_ef; (48) &mckdifE_ef; jzifh acs;,l&&SdEdkifonf? wenf;tm;jzifh acs;aiG&Edkifaomae&mXme &Sm;yg;onfh'%fukd qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;u cH=u&onf? aps;uGufowif;qufoG,fr_ESifh ywfoufv#if v,form;rsm;onf pdkufysKd;xkwfvkyf&rnfh oD;ESHtrsKd; tpm;ukd a&G;cs,f&mY/ a,bk,stm;jzifh ,refESpfu&SdcJhaom xkdoD;ESHxkwfukekfaps;E_ef;ay:wGif rlwnfIom 14

Takahashi, A. " Myanmar Village Economy Under Transition: Comparative Study of Five Villages". Unpublished monograph.

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qkH;jzwfonf? v,fvkyfolrsm;xHod@k aps;uGufESifhywfoufaomowif; a&muf&Sdr_enf;yg;onf? Tok@d jzpf&jcif; rSm jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh qkd&S,fvpfpepfusifhoH;k +yD; oD;jcm;&yfwnfcJrh _a=umifh/ EdkifiHwumaps;uGufESifh rcsdwf qufrdawmhyJ/ jynfwiG f;Y tvsif;oifhovdjk zpfaeaom pdkufysKd;a&;xkwu f kefaps;uGufrsm;. rwnf+idrfajymif;vJ aeaom tajctaeay:rlwnfI aqmif&Gufae=u&aoma=umifh jzpfonf? a&S;tcgu qkd&S,fvpfpepf rwkdifrDumvYqdkv#if/ pwD;b&m;om; ukr`%DuJo h dk@aom EdkifiHjcm;ukef oG,rf _vkyfief;rsm;u oD;ESHxGu&f ma'o&Sd 0,f,al &;Xmersm;rSwqifh v,form;rsm;ukd EdkifiHwum&Sd aps;uGuf rsm;jzifh qufo, G fr_ðyay;cJhonf? Tenf;jzifh aps;uGuo f wif;ukd jyef@EHSap+yD;/ aps;uGuv f dktyfcsuftvdkuf v,form;rsm;ukd acs;aiGrsm;vnf; óuwifxkwaf cs;EdkifcJhonf? qkd&S,fvpfacwfY TtquftoG,rf sm; tm;vk;H jywfawmufcJh&onf? ,ckavmavmq,fY jrefrmrS EdkifiHjcm;odk@ukefwifydk@aeolrsm;onf yHkrSefa&mif;0,fae=uaom aps;uGufrsm;. usef&Sdaeor#aomaps;uGufi,frsm;avmufukdom a&mif;csae=uonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh xkid f; EdkifiHrS rwfyJwifykd@olrsm;taejzifh yHkrSefaps;uGuf&Sdaeaomfvnf;/ jrefrmyJtrsKd;rsKd;twGufrl avmavmq,fY yHkrSef0,folr&SdjzpfaecJh&onf? xkid f;EdkifiHtaeESifh *syefekdfifiHY yJaps;uGuftckdiftrm&Sd+yD; jzpfcJh&onf? ‚if;. jynfywifykd@r_onf cef@rSef;Edkifaomtaetxm;wGif&Sd+yD; tawmftwefykHrSef&SdcJhaomfvnf;/ jrefrmekdfifiH. v,f ,mxGuu f kefjynfywifykd@r_taeESifhrl ,cktcgY 0,foo l wfowfrSwfrSwfr&Sdojzifh/ emrnfr&Sd aps;uGufr&Sdjzpf cJh&onf? jynfwiG f;ESifh EdkifiHwumaps;uGuf. qufo, G fr_ukd rðyjyifEdkifv#if/ ‚if;tjyif jrefrmxkwfukefrsm;onf EdkifiHjcm;pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;ESifh rudkufnv D #if/ v,f,mu¾onf óu;pm;xkwv f kyfaomfvnf; tusKd;aus;Zl;&&Sd cHpm;oifhoavmuf &Edkifvdrfhrnfr[kwfay? aus;vufa'orsm;&Sd qif;&JrGJawr_ tdyfcsf/ bD/ csefe&D (1979)15 udk &nf!$ef;onfh tm&SzHG@òz;r_b%f (at'DbD) . tpD&ifcHpmwckt& (1975) ckESpfwGif xkid f;ekdfifiHtwGif; qif;&Jol (13) oef;&SdonfhtcsdefwGif jrefrmEdkifiHYqif;&JolvlOD;a& oef; (20) &SdaecJhonf? qif;&JEGrf;yg;r_onfaus;vufawm&GmY ykdrdkawG@&Sd&onftavsmuf aus;vufa'o. qif;&JrGJawr_jy\emonf trSefwu,fOD;pm;ay;ajz&Sif;&efvdt k yfaeaom jy\emwckjzpfonf?

(1995-96) b¾ma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESpfcsKyftpD&ifcHpmt& (4³ 51) oef;&Sdaom aus;vufae rdom;pkrsm;teuf aus;vufaerdom;pkaygif; (2³ 77) oef; ok@d r[kwf (62) &mckdifE_ef;onf ysrf;r#tm;jzifh (2³ 39) {uus,f0ef;aomajrukd ykdifqkdif=uonf? Tykdifqkdifr_onf &yfwnfEdkif&Hktaetxm;r#omjzpfonf/ ok@d r[kwf touf&Sif&yfwnfEdkif&Hktaetxm;xuf edrfhusonfqkdonfrSm v,f,majr. wnfae&may:wGif rlwnfonf? txufjrefrmEdkifiH tylykdif;a'owGif awmifolv,form;rsm;onf/ wESpfv#if ESpfoD;ok;H oD;pkduf ysKd;=uojzifh (3) {u qkdonfrSm pkdufysKd;oD;ESHukd ykdykdomomxkwfvkyfEdkifaom tus,t f 0ef;jzpfonf? atmuf jrefrmEdkifiHuJhok@d woD;pm;pyg;pkdufe,fajrYrl vkaH vmufonfqkd&Hkr#om&Sdrnf? xl;jcm;aomtcsufrSm ao;i,f aomajruGufykdifqkdifr_onf txufjrefrmEdkifiHYyHkrSeftaetxm;uJo h dk@jzpfae+yD;/ atmufjrefrmEdkifiHrSmxuf txGuyf kdrsm;um ydkIxkwfvkyfEdkif=uonf? (1994-95) ckESpfwGif v,f,mrdom;pk (6³ 45) oef;. (30³ 1) &mckdifE_ef;jzpfaom v,f,mrJhrdom;pkrsm;onf vlOD;a&tm;jzifh (1³ 94) oef;r#onf?16 trsm;pkonf qif;&J EGrf;yg;olrsm;owfrSwfr_rsOf;. atmufwGifaexdik fae=u&onf? aus;vufawm&Gmrsm;wGif qif;&JEGrf;yg;r_onf rdom;pkokH;rsKd;toGif&Sd aeonf?

1? ajr (2) {uodk@r[kwf avsmhenf;I v,fuu G fi,fav;rsm;ukd ykdifqkdifaom v,form;rsm;?

15 16

H. B. Chenery

b¾ma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;tajctae jyefvnfokH;oyfwifjycsuf? (1997-98)? &efukef? v,f,mvkyfief;vkyfudkifaomrdom;pk (6³ 45) oef; ta&twGufudk&&Sd&ef aus;vufa'orsm;aevlOD;a& (33³ 56) oef; (jrefrmEdkifiH&Sdpkpkaygif;vlOD;a&. 75 &mckid fE_ef;) udk aus;vufawm&Gm &Sd ysrf;r#rdom;pk t&G,f tpm;jzpfaom (5³ 2) OD;ESifh pm;ygonf? v,f,mrJhv,f,mtdrfaxmifpk (1³ 94) oef;&&Sd&ef jrefrmEdkifiHaus;vuf awm&Gmae tdrfaxmifpkpkpkaygif; (6³ 45) oef;rS v,f,mvkyfief;vkyfudkifoltdrfaxmifpk (4³ 51) oef;ukd E_wf,lygonf?

68

2? w{u odk@r[kwf avsmhenf;aom tvGefusOf;ajrmif;onf v,fuGuaf v;rsm;udkykdifqkdifaom/ awmifwef; a'orsm;Y ae&ma&GŒajymif;v#uf awmif,mpkdufysKd;aom awmifay:aev,form;rsm;?

3? v,f,mrJh v,fvkyfom; pm&if;iSm;rsm; [lI jzpf=uonf?

EdkifiHawmfrSxdef;csKyfaom v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;pepfukd tapmykdif;uok;H oyfpOfu azmfjyouJhok@d yif/ aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;toGif vkyfukdifaqmif&Guf&ef ratmifjrifcJhbJ/ ajruGuftrsm;tjym;ydkifqdkifolrsm;ESifh omref v,form;rsm;tzdk@yif enf;ynmqkdif&mwk;d wufr_ aES;auG;csKd@wJhvmapEdkifonf? od@k aomfvnf; atmufjrefrm EdkifiHESifh ajcmufaoG@aomt&yfa'orsm;&Sd v,f,majruGucf yf}uD;}uD;ykdifaomv,form;rsm;twGurf l aps; uGupf D;yGm;a&;pepf pwifzGifhay;cJhcsdefrSpI olwkd@.ajr,mvkyfief;rsm;udk tawmftoifh wd;k wufvmEdkifapcJh onf? qkd&S,fvpfpepfumvuJhod@k r0,frae&pepfjzifh oD;ESHtm;vH;k a&mif;csay;&ef rvdak wmhaoma=umifh aps; uGuzf Gifhay;r_ukd twkid f;twmwcktxd toH;k csEdkifcJh=uonf? xkrd #ru/ òr@jyaeqif;&Jolrsm;xufyif tawmf toifh tajctaeaumif;vmcJhonf? òr@jyaeqif;&Jolrsm;tzdk@ olwk@d ydkifqdkifr_t&if;tjrpf (pGrf;tm;) udk wd;k wufap&ef zefwD;cGifh v,form;uJo h d@k r&Sdaoma=umifhjzpfonf? xd@k tjyif aus;vufa'orsm;&Sd qif;&Jr_yaysmufapa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk pDrHudef;cs taumiftxnfazmf &mYvnf;/ aus;vufaeqif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;taejzifh pDrHudef;a&;qGJ&mYaomfvnf;aumif;/ taumiftxnf azmf&mYaomfvnf;aumif; udk,fwdik fud, k fusyg0ifywfoufEdkifjcif;r&SdcJhay? xkd@a=umifhaus;vuf&Sd qif;&JEGrf;yg; r_ yaysmufap&eftwGuf txufazmfjyyg qufpyfr_rsm;ukd ðyjyifIqufpyfap&efvkt d yfonf? rnfod@k yifjzpfap jrefrmEdkifiH.acwfopforkdif;a=umif;wGif rnfonftpkd;&urS qif;&Jr_yaysmufa&; tpDtpOfrsm;udk csrSwf aqmif&Gufjcif; r&SdcJh=uay? aus;vufaevlxkrsm;twGuf ukefxkwpf Grf;tm;jr‡ifhwifa&;tpDtpOfrsm;/ tajccH ynmwwfajrmufa&;/ tajccHusef;rma&;vkt d yfcsufrsm; jznfhqnf;ay;aom vkyif ef;tcsKd@udk vkyfudkifcJh=u onf? odk@aomf qif;&Jr_avsmhenf;usqif;a&;twGuf pepfwusbufpHkyl;aygif; taumiftxnfazmfcJ=h ujcif; r[kwfyg? Tokd@jzpf&jcif;rSm wcsdefu ‘tm&S. xrif;tkd;}uD;’[k wifpm;ac:a0:cH&aom EdkifiHwcktaeESifh wEdkifiHvkH;wGif qif;&JEGrf;yg;r_jy\em jyef@ESH@aeonfukd 0efrcHvkdaoma=umifhyifjzpfonf? owdðyoifhaomtcsufrSm aus;vufa'o.pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk ðyjyifajymif;vJr_trSefwu,f rðyvkyf Edkifor#umvywfvk;H / qif;&JEGrf;yg;r_jy\emukd ajz&Sif;Edkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfay? v,f,mvkyfom;rsm;taeESifh ykdrkdóu;pm;xkwfvkyf±kHr#omru/ aus;vufa'orsm;Y pufr_vkyfief;rsm; xlaxmifay;&ef vkt d yfonf? &nf&G,f csufrSm aus;vufa'orsm;Y&Sdaeaom vkyfom;tiftm;pkrsm;udk &Edkifor#tok;H cs&eftwGufomru/ pufr_ enf;ynmopfrsm;/ oif,lEdkifrnfhtcGifhtvrf;rsm; zefwD;ay;Edkif&efjzpfonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh obm00ef;usifudk rxdcdu k fapaom txnf&ufvkyfaom &ufuef;puf±kHrsm;/ tkd;vkyfief;/ vufr_ynm/ =uuf/ bJ/ 0ufarG;jrLa&;/ ig;arG;jrLa&;vkyfief;rsm; pojzifh xlaxmifay;&rnf? v,f,mrsm;aygif;pnf;vmEdkifonfESifhtr# acwfrDenf; pepfrsm;ukd vufcHusifhok;H vmonfESifhtr# ykdrdku|rf;usifaomvkyfom;rsm; vkt d yfvmvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? avmavmq,fY v,f,mrJhvkyfom;rsm;taejzifh/ vuf&SdpD;yGm;a&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_. tpGeftzsm;r# udo k m cHpm;=u&onf? xkH;wrf;pOfvmt& v,fpm&if;iSm;vkyfom;rsm;. vkyfcukd pyg;wif;awmif;rsm;jzifh ay;aqmifae=uaom xHk;wrf;pOfvmpHrS/ aiGom;vkyfctaeESifh ajymif;vJcJ&h m ,cifvkyfcaiGpyg;ESifh wefzkd;ESifh nDr#aomvkyfcxuf avsmeh nf;oGm;onf? wenf;qdk&v#if v,form;rsm;onf v,fpm&if;iSm;vkyfom;rsm; ukd vkyfcaiGay;pepfopfjzifhay;ae=u+yD;/ wenf;wzHk tjrwfxkwfae=uonf? pD;yGm;a&;pepfwkd;wufvmonf ESifhtr# aus;vufa'o&Sdvkyfcay;yHkpepf/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;twGuf a&&Snfb0vHðk cHa&;jy\em ponfrsm;udk udik fwG,af jz&Sif;ay;=u&vdrfhrnf jzpfonf? tjcm;wbufYvnf; ajruGufi,frsm;udkydkifqdkifaom v,form;rsm;tjzpf pm&if;oGif;cH&&Hkr#&Sdaom olrsm;onfvnf; oD;jcm;vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf yg0ifaeonf? ‚if;wk@d . t&G,ftpm;ao;vGef;aomv,fuGuf rsm;udk aygif;pnf;Edkifap&ef/ vkyfief;csJ@xGifEdkifap&ef tcGifhtvrf;rsm;azmfaqmifay;oifhonf? wenf;tm;jzifh tpdk;&uaiGa=u;yHhydk;I ajruGufrsm;xyfrH0,f,lapjcif;/ ajrvGwaf jr&dkif;rsm;ukd jyefvnfcJaG 0ay;jcif;wdk@jzifh aqmif&GufEdkifonf? ta&;t}uD;qkH;rSm pD;yGm;a&;pepfpwifðyjyifajymif;vJaom ueOD;ESpfrsm;twGif; aus; 69

vufaerdom;pkrsm;taejzifh tenf;qkH;rlvwef;ynma&;ukd oif,lcGifh&&Sdap&efvk+d yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;udk OD;wnf aom vkyfaeus r[kwfaom avhvma&;oifwef; tpDtpOfrsm;vnf; aqmif&Gufay;&efvdt k yfonf? tajccH usef;rma&;vkt d yfcsufrsm;/ a&ESifh rdv†moef@&Sif;a&;pepfrsm;wdk;wufap&eftwGufvnf; yHhykd;r_rsm;aqmif&Guf &efvnf; tav;xm;oifhayonf? TzufpHkzHG@òz;r_vkyfief;rsm;vkt d yfae+yD;/ Todk@v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Guf&mwGif tqkdyg tcGifhta&;r&bJ aemufusefae&aom vlwef;pm;/ tiftm;pkrsm;yg ud, k fwkdifud, k fus yg0ifaqmif &GufcGifhay;&ef vdt k yfygonf? b*Fvm;a'h&SfEdkifiHwGif pwifatmifjrifcJhaom qif;&Jom;vufvkyfvufpm;rsm; twGuf 0dkif;}uD;csKyfaiGacs;aompepfrsKd;udkvnf; wDxiG fay;&ef vdkayvdrfhrnf? tvm;tvmrsm; jrefrmEdkifiH. v,f,mu¾zHG@òz;a&;twGuf qufvufaqmif&GufEdkif&ef tvm;tvmrsm;pGm &Sday onf? jrefrmjynfw0Srf;Y t&if;tjrpfrsm;ºu,f0pGmwnf&Sdae+yD;/ tajccHobm0trsKd;rsKd;&Sdaom ajrrsm;/ ajrqD ajrESpfrsm;/ pkdufysKd;a&;oD;ESHtrsKd;rsKd;ESifh oifhavsmfaom orr#wonfh &moDOwk/ &kyf0wWKyx0D taetxm; rsm;/ paom aumif;rGefonfh obm0ywf0ef;usifwGif wnf&Sdaeonf? {&m0wDjrpf0u|ef;ay:a'o/ jrpfr}uD;ESifh jrpfvufwufrsm;w0kduf&Sd pyg;pkdufysKd;&eftvGefoifhavsmfaom uGif;jyifajrus,frsm;omru/ ESpf&SnfoD;aom oD;yifrsm;/ pufr_vkyfief;ok;H ukef=urf;oD;ESHrsm;/ ESpfpOfpm;oko H D;ESHrsm; pkdufysKd;I pD;yGm;a&;usustok;H ðyEdkifaom ajrae&m aygºu,f0pGm &Sdaeayonf? xd@k tjyif jrefrmEdkifiH&SdajrqDv$mwGif Edkifx&dk*sif"gwfESifh tjcm;atmf*Jepf "gwfypPnf;rsm; enf;aomfvnf;/ obm0tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;ajrqDv$mxdef;odrf;ðyjyifEdkifaom enf; pepfrsm;jzifh ajrqDjyefvnfjzpfay:apjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ jyefvnfjznfw h if;Edkifonf? tcsKd@t&yfa'orsm;wGif "gwfajr=oZmrsm;jznfq h nf;ay;jcif;jzifh txGufwdk;oD;ESHrsKd;opfrsm;ukd pwifprf;oyfpkdufysKd;Edkifygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rwlxl;jcm;aom pdrf;pdkaom&moDOwkESifh ajcmufaoG@aom&moDOwkwdk@&Sd+yD;/ rwluGJ jym;aom pkdufysKd;ajrtrsKd;tpm;rsm;&Sdaejcif;a=umifh ESpfwkdoD;ESHrsm;ESifh ESpf&SnfoD;ESHtrsKd;rsKd;udk pkdufysKd;&ef oifh avsmyf gonf? oD;ESHtrsKd;tpm;opfrsm; wd;k csJŒ&ef/ oD;ESHtrsKd;tpm;wckwGif oD;n‡yfpkdufysKd;&ef jzpfEdkif+yD;/ v,f ,mxGef,ufpdkufysKd;r_a=umifh jzpfvmEdkifaom tao;pm; obm0ywf0ef;usifxdcdkufr_tEW&m,frsm;ukd xdef; odrf;avsmhenf;apEdkifygonf? xd@k tjyif pkdufysKd;ajrtrsKd;tpm;wckESifhwck rwlnDaoma'orsm;twGif;/ &moD tvdu k fvkyfom;rsm;ajymif;a±$@vkyfudik fapjcif;jzifh ajrtenf;i,fykdifaom v,form;rsm;/ ajr,mrJhvkyfom;rsm; twGuf 0ifaiGwkd;apEdkifygonf? xdkr#ru v,fvkyfom;rdom;pkrsm;. 0ifaiGudkvnf; wd;k wufapEdkifygonf? aus;vufa'orsm;Y rdbESifhom;orD;rsm;omru/ tbkd;tbGm;rsm;yg rdom;pk}uD;jzifh twlaeaom tpOf tvm&Sdjcif;a=umifh vlr_a&;vkHðcHr_jzpfapovkd/ b0twGuf tmrcHcsufwrsKd;vnf; jzpfapygonf? rnfodk@yifjzpfap v,f,mpkdufysKd;ajrtwdik f;twmwGif/ obm0ywf0ef;usif ysufpD;apEdkifr_a=umifh tuef@towf e,ferdwf&Sdaeonfukd owdðy&efvdktyfygonf? pkpkaygif;&Sdaom ajrtus,t f 0ef;wGif ckwfxiG f xGef,ufI&Edkifaom ajrvGwaf jr±kdif;rsm; {uoef;aygif; (20) r# tv[\ jzpfaeygao;onf? tqkdygajr vGwaf jr&dkif;rsm;onf txl;ojzifh awmifwef;a'oY&Sd+yD; opfoD;pkdufysKd;r_/ vzuf/ aumfzDESifh O,smOfjcHvkyfief; rsm;vkyf&ef oifhav#mfygonf? awmifwef;a'orsm;onf oifhwifhr#waom&moDOwk&Sdjcif;a=umifh ydk;arG;jrLa&; vkyfief;rsm;vnf; oifhygonf? &Srf;ukef;jyifjrifh&SdajrvGwfrsm;wGif opfoD;/ *sKH/ ESifh tjcm;orykdif;oD;ESHrsm; pkdufysKd;&ef ajrae&mtvm;tvmrsm; &Sdaeonf ESpf&Snfo;D ESHyifrsm;jzpfaom qDtkef;/ uku d kd;/ oD[kdESifh &mbm yifrsm;ukd urf;±dk;wef;a'orsm;jzpfaom rGef/ &ckdifESifh weoFm&Dwk@d wGif pkdufysKd;Edkifonf? wmwrHrsm;ESifh a&pD; a&vm tajccHrsm;udk &if;ESD;jr‡yfESHr_ðy+yD; qm;iHa&rsm;jzifh ESpfjrKyfjcif;/ qm;iHa&pD;0ifjcif;wkd@ukd umuG,fay;Edkif ygu urf;±kd;wef;ESifh jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'orsm;wGif ig;ykZGefarG;jrLa&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd ðyvkyfEdkifrnfjzpfonf? vrk awmrsm;ESifh a&iH'Da&a&muf&m opfawmrsm;ae&mwGif ckwfxiG f&Sif;vifI/ ajrvGwaf jr±kdif;rsm;udk oD;ESHpkduf ysKd;Edkif+yD;aom pD;yGm;a&;pdkufuiG f;rsm;tjzpf aqmif&Gufrnfqkdygu/ ukefusp&dwf}uD;jrifhaomfvnf; enf;ynm oabmt& jzpfEdkifajc&Sdayonf? Ttaetxm;rsm;onf pkdufysKd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ taumiftxnfaz:&ef tcGifhtvrf;rsm;jzpf+yD;/ yk*~vdu&if;ESD;r_ðy&eftwGuf vrf;zGifhay;oifhayonf?

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jrefrmEdkifiHatmufykdif;wGif woD;pm;ompdkufysKd;aeaoma'orsm;/ txl;ojzifh {&m0wDjrpf0u|ef;ay: ESifh ppfawmif;jrpftajca'orsm;ukd a&oGif;I pdkufysKd;rnfqdkv#if tvm;tvmrsm;pGm &Sdygao;onf? a&oGif; wl;ajrmif;rsm;azmufjcif;/ a&oGif;pdkufjcif;a=umifh obm0ywf0ef;usifysufpD;r_ tEW&m,fvnf;t}uD; tus,f ay:aygufvmp&m ta=umif;r&Sdyg? tvGefoifhjrwfaom tpDtpOfjzpfygonf? tjzpfEdkifqkH;rSm ppfawmif;jrpf. jrpfvufwufrsm;wGif a&wrH/ wl;ajrmif;i,frsm;azmufvkyf+yD;/ obm0a&tm;udo k Hk;I v#yfppf"gwftm;xkwf vkyfEdkifaompuf&Hki,frsm;udkyg yl;wGaJ qmufvkyf&ef jzpfygonf? yJcl;±kd;ronf avmavmq,fYyif obm0 tavsmuf pdrfhprf;rsm; rxGufEdkifawmhaom ysufpD;ae+yD;om;a'o jzpfonft h wGuf/ aemufxyfysufpD;&ef ta=umif;r&Sdawmhyg? TjrpfvufwufrS a&rsm;udk aqmif;&moDtwGuf/ odk@r[kwf ajcmufaoG@&moDpdkufysKd;r_ twGuf xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifygonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh ppfawmif;jrpf0Srf;a'ozHG@òz;r_ wacwfqef;vmzG,f&Sdygonf? xked nf;wlpGm tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGifvnf; a&oGif;pkdufysKd;jcif;a=umifh jzpfay:vmaom tjcm;oufa&mufr_ tenf;i,f&Sdvifhupm; a&oGif;pkdufysKd;r_pepfti,fpm; pDrHcsufrsm;udk taumiftxnfaz:&ef oifhygonf? odk@ aomfvnf; ‚if;pepfrsm; taumiftxnfaz:wnfaqmuf&eftwGu/f a'ocHjynfolrsm;twGuf qHk;&_H;epfem &rnfu h kefusp&dwfrsm;ESifh jzpfay:vmrnft h usKd;wk@d ukd E_dif;,SOfavhvmcsufrsm; ðyvkyf&efvkyd gonf? pDrHcsuf rsm;ukd taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Guf&mYvnf;/ wOD;wa,mufaumif;usKd;twGufudo k m tm;ay;onfh pDrH csufrsm; rjzpfap&ef owdxm;vkyfaqmifoifhayonf?

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v,f,mu¾zHG@òz;r_. &nfrSef;csufrsm; pD;yGm;a&;zHG@òz;+yD;EdkifiHrsm;wGif avhvmawG@&Sd+yD;jzpfaom pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;r_jzpfpOfvrf;a=umif;omru/ jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifhvnf; qufvufI jzwfoef;&rnfh tcsufwckrSm/ pD;yGm;a&;zHG@òz;r_jzpfpOfwGif pufr_u¾wk;d wufr_tay: tajccHI tv#iftjrefzGH@òz;wd;k wufr_udk &vmrnfjzpfonf? aemufydkif;wGif twefi,fzHG@òz;r_ wnf+idrfyHkrSefjzpfvmap+yD;/ zHG@òz;r_&ifhusuf tajcuscdkifrmvmrnf? TtqifhwGif 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;u ydkI ta&;ygaom ae&mu¾a&mufvmrnf jzpfonf? aemufydkif;wGif zHG@òz;r_jzpfpOfu jyefvnf aES;auG;vmwwfyg onf? jrefrmEdkifiHtaeESifh pufr_wk;d wufr_&&Sd&efESifh pD;yGm;a&;tajcusvm&ef E_ef;rSm/ v,f,mu¾taejzifh rnfr#twdik f;twmtxd zHG@òz;wkd;wufr_&SdEdkifonfqkdonfh tcsufay:wGif rsm;pGmrlwnfaeygonf?

Ttcif;tusif;wGif jrefrmhv,f,mu¾onf wkd;yGm;v#uf&Sdaom òr@aevlOD;a&rsm;twGuftpm; taomufxkwv f kyfyHykd;aomu¾taeESifhvnf;aumif;/ jynfywifydk@r_rS 0ifaiG&Sm&ef twGufaomfvnf; aumif;/ ta&;}uD;aom tcef;u¾rS yg0ifaeygonf? v,f,mu¾taeESifh enf;ynmtuef@towfrsm;ukd ausmv f $m;+yD;/ ukefxkwfpGrf;tm; jr‡ifhwifEdkif&ef a&&SnfwiG facwfrDatmif ðyjyifay;&rnf jzpfygonf?

Tok@d ðyvkyf&eftwGuf aus;vufa'orsm;&Sd v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;udk acwfrDatmifðyjyifay;a&;ESifh pkdufysKd;a&;udk tajccHaom pD;yGm;ukefoG,fvkyfief;rsm; (Agri business enterprise) udk tm;ay;jr‡ifhwifa&; wk@d yg0ifaom rl0g' (2) ckukd csrSwf aqmif&Guf&rnf jzpfygonf? aus;vufaev,form;rsm;taejzifh ajrukv d Gwv f yfpGm0,f,lcGifhay;jcif;tm;jzifh ‚if;wkd@ykdifaomajrrsm;ukd pD;yGm;a&;t&xkwv f kyfEdkifaom twdik f; twmtxd/ pkpnf;csJ@xGifykdifcGifhðy&rnf jzpfyg onf? xdk@tjyif v,fvkyfudkifolv,form;rsm;ESifh u¾ trsKd;rsKd;aom aiGa=u;Xmersm;/ pyg;}udwcf JGa&;ESifh a&mif;csr_rsm;/ aemufqkH;jzef@jzL;r_vkyfief;rsm;ESifh qufpyf ay;aom/ bufpHkaygif;pnf;nD!Gwfapr_ jzpfap&ef aqmif&Guf&efvdt k yfygonf? wbufrSvnf; yk*~vduykdif pkdufysKd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;taejzifh pyg;pkdufysKd;onfrS pI }udwcf JG/ jzef@jzL;/ a&mif;csonftxd wefzdk;jr‡ifhwifjcif; qdkif&mvkyfief; (Value-added businesses) tqifhqifhudk tjynfht0 pDrHcef@cJGcGifh ðy&ygvdrfhrnf? v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;u¾onfvnf; xkwfukefypPnf;xkwv f kyfolrsm;tjzpfESifhomrubJ/ ukefacsm rsm; udkxkwv f kyfI pm;oH;k olvuf0,fta&mufydk@Edkifaom v,f,mu¾qkdif&mpD;yGm;ukefoG,v f kyfief;rsm; tjzpf ajymif;vJwdk;wufay:aygufvmap&ef vdt k yfygonf? aus;vufpD;yGm;a&;pepf}uD;wckvk;H onf tusKd;&Sd&Sd vnfywffEdkifapjcif;iSg aus;vufawm&Gm&Sdtvkyftudik f&Sm;yg;r_jy\em/ qif;&Jr_jy\em/ v,f,mrJhvkyfom; rsm;jy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;ay;&efvkt d yfrnf jzpfygonf? v,f,mu¾zHG@òz;r_qkdonfrSm v,f,mxGufukefwk;d wufr_wckwnf;om r[kwfay? txl;ojzifh aus;vufa'orsm;&dS v,f,mu¾tay:wGif rSDcdktm;xm;ae&oljynfolrsm;. vlr_zlvHka&;udk OD;wnfa&S›±_ &rnfjzpfonf? ,ckumvykdif; ESpftenf;i,ftwGif;Y aus;vufvOl D;a&twGif;Y qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm; t&Sdef rSefrSefwkd;wufvmaeonfukd awG@Edkifonf? vlOD;a&wkd;vmaomfvnf; v,f,mpkdufysKd;Edkifaomajrtus,f wk;d yGm;vmjcif;r&Sdaoma=umifh/ v,frJhvlwef;pm;ykdrkdrsm;vm+yD;/ pm&if;iSm;v,fvkyfom;rsm;tjzpf/ usyef; vkyfom;rsm; tjzpfom vkyfukdifaqmif&Guf=u&onf? ‚if;onf vufrcHoifhaomqdk;&Gm;vmaeonfh tae txm;jzpf+yD;/ aus;vufqif;&JEGrf;yg;r_udk wkd;yGm;vmaponfh tajccHta=umif;&if;rsm;ukd &SmazGazmfxkwf wdu k fzsuf&ef aqmif&Gufoifhayonf?

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v,f,mu¾rl0g'rsm;twGuf r[mAsL[mqdkif&mwGef;tm;ay;r+vkyfief; rsm; v,f,mpkdufysKd;r_u¾wGif aps;uGufudkjyefvnfysKd;axmif qef;opfapjcif;

'kwd,urBmppf+yD;umv vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;csdefrSpI ,cktcsdeftxd v,f,mu¾zHG@òz;r_udk t"du t[ef@twm;jzpfapcJhaomtcsufrSm/ Tv,f,mu¾Y aps;uGuftiftm;pkrsm;. tcef;u¾udk tvGef wif;usyfuef@owfxm;+yD;/ tpkd;&tqufqufu xdef;csKyfr_ trsKd;rsKd;udk enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh usifo h Hk;cJhaoma=umifhyif jzpfonf? v,form;rsm;taeESifh rnfonfhoD;ESHrsm;pdkufysKd;rnf/ rnfonfhenf;jzifhpkdufysKd;rnf qdkonfudv k nf; qkH;jzwfcGifh r&SdcJhay? aps;E_ef;taeESifhvnf; tajctaetrsm;pkY vGwv f yfaomaps;uGuw f Gif;&Sd 0,fvdt k m;ESifh a&mif;vkt d m;r#ajcrSjzpfay:vmaom aps;E_ef;t& r[kwfcJah y? rsm;aomtm;jzifh aps;E_ef;owfrSwf&mY tpdk;&tm%mydkif jAL&dku&uftzJG@tpnf;rsm;uom/ ‚if;wkd@. &nfrSef;csufrsm; jynfh0apa&;twGuf owfrSwf =ujcif;jzpfonf? v,f,mu¾taejzifh xda&mufwdk;wufpGm ydkrdkvkyfaqmifEdkifa&;twGuf aps;E_ef;udk &nf&G,fowfrSwfjcif;rsKd; r[kwfay? v,form;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. xGuu f kefrsm;ukd a&mif;csvkdaomae&mwGif a&mif;ykdifcGifhr&SdbJ/ tpdk;&.owfrSwfxm;aom vrf;a=umif;/ od@k r[kwf tpdk;&.a&mif;0,fa&;bkwftzJG@rsm;rS wqifhomv#if a&mif;cs=u&onf? ykdIqkd;onfrSm ajr,mESifhywfoufI a&mif;csr_/ 0,f,lr_/ vJa$ jymif;ay;r_/ iSg;&rf;r_/ aygifESHr_wkd@tay: wGif rsm;pGmaomuef@owfcsufrsm; csrSwfxm;jcif;jzpfonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh tem*wfumvwGif/ v,f,mrl0g'rsm;twGuf tajccHrlw&yfrSm v,f,mu¾ wGif aps;uGuftiftm;pkrsm;udk ydkrdkIvGwfvyfr_ay;&efjzpfonf? Trl0g'rSm uk, d fhenf;uk, d fh[efjzifh yk*~dKvfwOD; csif;tvdu k f qHk;jzwfvkyfukdifaqmif&Gufwwfonfh jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;. tavhtxESifhvnf; avsmfnaD yonf? orkdif;a=umif;wav#mufY jrefrmv,form;rsm;onf tajctaet& jzpfay:vmaom tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd tjynfht0toHk;csI OD;aqmifvkyfudik faqmif&Gufwwf=uonfukd awG@&onf? txl;ojzifh aps;uGut f cGifh tvrf;rsm;yGifhvif;vmcsdefwGifvnf; tvm;wljzpfonf? xkdtwGufa=umifh aps;uGufwiG fjzpfay:aeaom aps;E_ef;rsm;ukdrlwnfI rdrdydkifajrukd rnfod@k tokH;ðyrnf/ rnfonfhoD;ESHrsm;pkdufysKd;rnf/ rnfonfhenf;pepfrsm; udk tok;H ðyrnf qdkonfrsm;ukd vGwv f yfcGifhay;I/ qkH;jzwfapoifhonf? ‚if;wk@d . qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ukd jzpfay: apaom aps;E_ef;rsm;onfvnf; ukefxkwfvkyfp&dwfrsm;ESifh qufpyfaeaom a&mif;vkt d m; tajctaersm;u wbuf/ jynfwGif;jynfypm;ok;H olrsm;.ESpfòcdufr_/ vdv k m;r_t& jzpfay:vmaom 0,fvkdtm;tajctaeu wbuf/ r#ajcwGifjzpfay:vmaomaps;E_ef;rsm;twdik f;/ vGwfvyfaomaps;uGufrsm;obm0twdik f;om jzpfoifh ayonf? TtajctaewGifrS v,form;rsm;taejzifh TvGwfvyfcGifhukd tok;H ðyv#uf/ ‚if;wk@d . tusKd; tjrwfrsm;ukd trsm;qkH;&atmif =uHaqmifEdkif=urnfjzpf+yD;/ ‚if;wd@k ydkifajr,mukv d nf; tusKd;t&SdqkH;jzpfatmif tok;H cs=uayvdrfhrnf jzpfonf?

aus;vufv,f,m pkdufysKd;a&;rS acwfrDv,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;okd@ ul;ajymif;jcif;

a&S;,cifu v,f,mpkdufysKd;jcif;vkyfief;onf aus;vufawm&GmpD;yGm;a&;udkom tajccHIvkyf aqmifcJh+yD;/ EdkifiH. tjcm;aomtpdwftydkif;rsm;ESifh qufpyfaqmif&Gufr_rsm; tm;enf;cJhonf? aemiftem*wf wGifrl v,form;rsm;udk vkyfief;rsm; vkyfukdifaqmif&Guf&Y v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;udk tajccHaom pD;yGm;ukef oG,af &;vkyfief;rsm; (Agri business enterprise) toGifjzifh vkyfukid f=uap&ef tm;ay;&rnfjzpfonf? rnfonfhxkwu f kefrsm; xkwv f kyfrnf udk a&G;cs,fjcif;/ aps;uGufwifa&mif;0,fenf;/ vkyfom;rsm; iSm;&rf;jcif; rsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;qefqef ðyvkyfaqmif &GufoGm;&efvnf; tm;ay;oifhonf? aemufwqifhwGif/ tcsdwftqufqufEG,faeaom wefzdk;jr‡ifhjzpfpOfwckvk;H twGif;&Sd/ xkwfvkyfol tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh aemufqkH;pm;ok;H olrsm; vuf0,fa&mufonftxd/ qufpyfr_tm;vkH;ukd rnfok@d taxmuf tulðyEdkifrnfudk qufvufpOf;pm;&efvkt d yfygonf? xdk@tjyif v,f,mxGufukefxkwv f kyfaom v,form; rsm;=um;rS }udwcf JGolrsm;/ ukefacsma&mif;olrsm;t=um; qufEG,fr_rsm; &SdEdkifouJhokd@/ xkwv f kyfolrsm;twGuf 73

vkt d yfaom0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonfh aiGa=u;qdkif&mXmersm;/ aºu;+rDay;olrsm;ESifh acwfrDenf;pepfrsm; tok;H ðyr_ESifh v,f,mpD;yGm;ukefoG,fvkyfief;rsm;twGuf t=uH^m%fay;olrsm;udkvnf; qufpyfr_rsm; aqmif &Gufay;&ef vdt k yfonf?

Tod@k xkwv f kyfr_jzpfpOfukd acsmarG@pGmvnfywfap&ef a&S@aemufqufpyfay;Edkifonft h jyif/ aemufqHk; &nf&G,fcsut f aejzifh v,f,mpD;yGm;ukefoG,v f kyfief;rsm;ud/k pD;yGm;a&;qefqefvkyfukid faqmif&Gufaeaom vkyfief;rsm; jzpfvmap&ef yHhydk;tm;ay;Edkifonf? v,form;rsm;ukd ukef=urf;ay;oGif;olrsm;/ }udwfcGJðyjyifolrsm; ESifh qufpyfay;&Hkr#ru/ v,form;rsm;ud, k fwkid f/ txl;ukefpnfrsm;udk0,f,al om ukefonf/ yGJpm;rsm;/ teD;&Sd òr@jy/ aus;vufaps;uGufrsm;ESifh qufo, G f+yD; rdrdud, k fwdik faps;uGufwifEdkifap&ef yHhydk;ay;&efvdktyfonf? Todk@ qufpyfr_rsm; v#ifjrefacsmarG@ap&ef/ tpkd;&taeESifh vdt k yfaom aus;vufawm&Gm. vrf;yef;qufo, G fa&; tajccHtaqmuftODrsm; wnfaqmufay;jcif;jzifh yHhydk;Edkifonf? v,f,mu¾/ aps;uGufESifh =um;cHukefonf yGJpm;rsm;t=um; wefzdk;jr‡ifhapaom csdwfqufvkyfudik fr_udk ulnDyHhydk;ay;Edkifonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh pufr_enf;em topfrsm;tokH;ðyr_ESifh v,f,mpD;yGm;qkdif&m pGrf;&nfjynfh0aom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk vkyfaqmifvmEdkifrnf jzpfonf? xdt k ajctaewGif rdrd. &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_tay:rS tusKd;tjrwfrsm;ydkrdk&&Sdaprnf jzpf+yD;/ jynfwiG f;jynfy&Sd pm;okH;rsm;ESifh aemufqHk;csdwfquf qufpyfrdonftxd aqmif&Gufay;&ef vdt k yfonf?

v,f,mu¾zHG@òz;a&;ukd yHhykd;ay;apaom ajr,mrl0g'rsm;

v,form;rsm;ykdifqkdifaom ajryrm%ud/k ykdrkdukefxGufwk;d ap+yD; pGrf;&nfjynfh0pGm vkyfukdifapEdkifrnfh t&G,ftpm;jzpfvmap&ef wkd;csJŒcGifhESifh pkpnf;cGifh ðyoifhygonf? v,f,mpD;yGm;ukefoG,fr_qdkif&mvkyfief;rsm; wnfaxmifEdkifonftxd tcGifhta&;rsm;ay;&efvkdygonf? v,f,mu¾wGif ydkifqdkifcGifh/ toH;k ðycGifhudpPrsm; r&Sif;vif; raocsmor# umvywfvHk;/ rnfonfah jrydkif&Sifrsm;/ tpkd;&rScGifhðyxm;aomajriSg;rsm; taejzifh v,f,majrukd zGH@òz;ap&efðyjyifjcif;/ &if;ESD;jr‡yfESHjcif;rsm; wk;d wufðyvkyfvmvdrfhrnf r[kwfay? ,cktcsdeftxd v,form;rsm;wGif v,f,mtok;H ðycGifh/ wenf;xGef,ufpdkufysKd;cGifhqkdif&mvkyfykdifcGifhrsm;om ay;tyfxm;ao; +yD;/ rdrdwkd@. rdom;pk0ifr[kwfaom tjcm;olrsm;tm; vJaG jymif;ay;tyfykdifcGifh w&m;0ifr&Sdao;ay? xdt k wGuaf =umifh tcGifhtvrf;rsm;zefwD;ay;&efESifh ydkrdkvGwv f yfpGm aqmif&GufvkyfudkifcGifh&Sdaom tajctaejzpfay:vmap&ef ajr,mqdkif&mrl0g'rsm;udk jyifqif&efvdt k yfygvdrfhrnf? od@k rSom ydkIpGrf;aqmifEdkif aom/ zefwD;vkyfudkif&nf&Sdaom/ xl;c|efaom v,form;rsm;taejzifhvnf;aumif;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm; aomfvnf;aumif; ajr,mrsm;udck sJŒxGifjcif;/ pkpnf;aygif;pyfjcif;rsm; ðyvkyfEdkif=uvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? ajr,mvJ$ ajymif;EdkifcGifh/ a&mif;csEdkifcGifhay;rSom ykdrkdpGrf;aqmif&nf jrifhrm;aom v,f,mxGef,ufpkdufysKd;enf;rsm;ukd toH;k ðyEdkif=uvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? Tenf;jzifhom ukefxGuftrsm;qkH;&Edkif&efESifh v,f,majrtok;H ðyr_ukd pGrf;aqmif&nftjynfh0qkH; xkwfvkyfolukd aps;uGuftiftm;pkrsm;u a&G;cs,fvmEdkif=uvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vlOD;a&. trsm;pkonf v,f,mu¾tay:wGif rlwnfaexdik f=u+yD;/ ‚if;wkd@. vlr_ zlvHak &;onfvnf;/ ‚if;wkd@. ajr,mydkifqdkif xdef;csKyfEdkifr_tay:wGif rsm;pGmrlwnfaeonf? ajr,mydkifqdkifxdef; csKyfEdkifpGrf;ukd/ tjcm;t&if;tESD;ypPnf;rsm;uJo h kd@ aps;uGuftiftm;pkrsm;tay:Yom rlwnftm;xm;aeI vspfvsL&_xm;I r&ay? Todk@aps;uGuftiftm;pkrsm;. vufwGif;Yom ypfxm;vdkufygu vltrsm;taejzifh epfem&zG,f&Sdonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh odyfrwif;usyfvGef;aom uef@owfcsut f csKd@ &Sdaumif;&SdEdkifayonf? tqkdyguef@owfcsufrSm v,f,mukt d rSefwu,f xGef,ufvkyfukid folomv#if ykdifqkdifcGifh/ xdef;csKyfykdifcGifh &Sd&ef jzpfonf? Tenf;jzifh v,f,mrvkyfudik fbJ acgif;yHkjzwfaeaom/ ajr,mtajrmuftrsm;ydkifqdkifae=uonfh ajr&Sif}uD;0g'udk umuG,fwm;qD;ay;Edkifonf? Todk@ajr&Sif}uD;0g'usifo h Hk;vmygu tqrwefoD;pm;v,fiSg;c ay;&I acgif;yHkjzwfcH&jcif;ESifh v,fvkyfudik faeol v,form;rdom;pkrsm;/ pm&if;iSm;rsm;twGuf b0vHðk cHpdwfcs &r_ r&Sdjcif;rsm;jzpfvmEdkifonf? tjcm;uef@owfcsufwckrSm v,f,majrykdifqkdifr_ukd trsm;qkH; {u (100) tjzpf uef@owfxm;jcif;rsKd; vdkaumif;vdkvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? tu,fI v,form;rsm;taeESifh pkdufysKd;a&; vkyfief;rsm; csJ@xGifEdkifpGrf;&Sdygu/ v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;}uD;rsm;csJ@xGif&ef trsm;qHk;uef@owfxm;aom 74

ajryrm%jzpfonf? vuf&Sdtaetxm;wGif Tr#jrifhrm;aomuef@owfcsufxufykdIydkifqdkifcGifhðycJhygu/ ydkifqkdifolajrykdif&Siftaejzifh xdak 'ov,f,mvkyfudik foltokid f;t0kdif;twGif;/ aps;uGufudk xdef;csKyfxm;Edkif+yD;/ tjcm;olrsm;ESifhqufqH&mY ydkIaps;qdkEdkifaomtcGifhudk jzpfay:aponf? T{u (100) uef@owfcsuaf bmif twGif;Yqdkv#if v,form;rsm;taejzifh/ vkyfief;ydkwdk;wufap&ef ajr,mukd tvG,fwul v$Jajymif;a&mif; 0,fEdkifcGifh&Sdoifhonf?17

v,f,mpD;yGm;ukefoG,fvkyfief;rsm;udk jr‡ifhwiftm;ay;jcif;

aps;uGut f iftm;pkrsm;ukd jynfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;Yomru/ jynfyqufqHa&;Yyg vGwfvyfpGm vkyfukid faqmif&GufcGifh ay;oifhygonf? txl;ojzifh EdkifiHwck.zHG@òz;r_ukv d #ifjrefpGmjzpfay:&ef jr‡ifhwifay;Edkifonfh ta&;t}uD;qkH;enf;vrf;rSm EdkifiHjcm;rS&if;ESD;jr‡yfESHr_rsm;udk cGifðy&ef jzpfygonf? Tae&mwGif EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD; jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udk cGifhðy&Hkr#jzifh rvkaH vmufbJ/ xdxad &mufa&muf tm;ay;&efvnf; vkdtyfygonf? Trl0g't& v,f,mu¾wGifvnf; EdkifiHjcm;jr‡yfESHr_rsm;ukd wGef;tm;ay;&efvdktyf+yD;/ Todk@tm;jzifh jynfyrS ykdrkdtqifhjrifh aom wwfu|rf;r_qkdif&menf;ynmrsm;ukd pwiftok;H ðyEdkifayvdrfhrnf? Todk@aqmif&Gufrnfqdkv#if ajr,m qdkif&mrl0g'rsm;udk ðyjyifajymif;vJ&ef vdt k yfygvdrfhrnf? txl;ojzifh v,f,mpkdufysKd;r_qkdif&m/ pD;yGm;ukefoG,fr_ qdkif&mvkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Guf&eftwGu/f iSg;&rf;xm;aom okd@r[kwf cGifhðyxm;aom ajrvGwfajr±kdif;rsm;udk toH;k cscGifhðy&rnf jzpfygonf? Tod@k ajrtoH;k ðycGifhay;&mwGif pyg;pkdufysKd;rnfqdkygu tjrifhqkH;uef@owfcsuf {u (100) tjzpf abmifuef@xm;onfqdkonfrSm vufawG@wGifvkyfief;taumiftxnfazmf&ef tcuftcJ &SdEdkifygonf?

aus;vufa'o&Sd qif;&Jr_udk avsmhyg;yaysmufapEdkifaom aus;vufzHG@òz;r_tpDtpOf aus;vufqif;&Jr_jy\em/ v,f,mrJhvkyfom;rsm;jy\emESifh aus;vufa'orsm;wGif tvkyftukid f &Sm;yg;r_ jy\emrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;&ef ta&;w}uD; vkt d yfaeygonf? Tjy\emrsm;tm;vHk;udk ajz&Sif;Edkif&ef twGuf zufpHkaus;vufzHG@òz;r_tpDtpOfrsm; csrSwfaqmif&Gufoihfygonf? TtpDtpOfrsm;tm;jzifh aus;vuf a'o&Sd qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm; yg0ifvkyfukdifaqmif&GufEdkifrnfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;tcsdwftqufrsm;wd;k yGm;vmap Edkifygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh tdrfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; zHG@òz;vmapjcif;/ vkyfief;i,frsm;pwifwnfaxmif&ef twGuf vdt k yfaomaiGa=u;ESifh enf;ynmqkdif&mrsm; axmufyHhay;jcif;/ tdrfwGif;r_vkyfief;i,frsm;udk jzef@jzL; olrsm;/ pm;ok;H olrsm;t=um; qufo, G fr_ðyay;jcif; ponfhvkyfief;rsm;onf TtpDtpOf. t"duvkyfaqmif csufrsm; jzpfygonf? aus;vufzGH@òz;a&;tpDtpOfqdkonft h wGuf owdðy&rnft h csufrSm aus;vufaevlxk rsm;. vlr_zlvHka&;twGuu f dk tpdk;&uaxmufyHha&;Xmersm;zGJ@pnf;&ef r[kwfyg? ‚if;. &nf&G,fcsufrSm aus;vufa'o&Sd jynfolrsm;udk ‚if;wk@d ydkifqdkifaom uk, d fykdift&if;tjrpf (pGrf;tm;) rsm;udk pGrf;&nfjynfh0pGm tok;H csEdkifap&efESifh ‚if;wk@d . u|rf;usifr_/ t&nftaoG;ukjd rifhvmap&ef ulnDyHhykd;ay;&efom jzpfygonf? T 17

acgif;aqmifa&;om;ol. xyfwdk;wifjycsuf? v,f,majrydkifqdkifcGihfESifh ywfoufI u|efawmfwdk@ trsKd;rsKd;pOf;pm;cJ=h uygonf? v,fajr ydkifqdik f a&mif;0,f v$Jajymif;cGifu h dk ,cktpwGifyif v$wfay;vdkufygu/ jrefrmaiGpuUL. wefbdk;usr_/ pD;yGm;a&;ydkifqkid fr_ tiftm;csif; rr#wojzif/h c%twGif;wGifyif v,fajrudk vkyfudkifrpm;bJ/ ajrydkif&Siftjzpfom v$Jajymif;ay;Edkifaomajr&Sif}uD;rsm; ay:aygufvmygvdrfhrnf? ,if;yk*~dKvfrsm;onf v,fajrpepfudk (Agri-enterprise) vkyfief;}uD;rsm;tjzpf rajymif;vJbJ/ v,frvkyf olpdwfr0ifpm;bJ/ ajr&Sifoufouftaejzifo h m/ tcGeftc/ tiSm;com,lvdkaom (Absenteed landlords) rsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJoGm;Edkifygonf? xdkodk@ jzpfoGm;v#if ydkrdkcufcJaom ajr,mpepfudk ajymif;oGm;+yD;/ zdvpfydkifEdkifiHuJhodk@/ {uaygif; rsm;pGm ydkifqdik faom ajrydkif&Sif}uD;rsm;u/ v,fajrðyjyifa&;udk pdwfr0ifpm;/ (Rent) iSm;c aumuf,l&efom pdwf0ifpm;aomajrydkif&Sifpepfudk ajymif;oGm;Edkifygonf? xdkuJhokd@ rjzpf&avatmif rlvtpY/ ydkifqdkifcGihu f dk v,fvkyfol v,form;}uD;rsm;tm; {u (100) om trsm;qH;k ydkifqdik fEdkifcGifhtjzpf owfrSwf xm;&jcif; jzpfygonf? (Agri-business) v,f,macwfopfvkyfief;tjzpf ajymif;vJvmEdkifaomtcg/ {u (100) xufydkaom twdkif;twmudk &&Sd atmif aygif;pnf;zdk@ vdkygrnf? ,if;udk jzpfay:Edkif&ef rlv v,form;ESifh ukefacsmxkwfvkyf+yD; a&mif;Edkifonftxd vkyfief;rsm; wckESifw h ck/ csdwfqufrd&ef vdkygao;onf? enf;ynmESifh pD;yGm;a&;oabmt& ydkrdk}uD;rm;aom ydkifuGufrsm;jzpfvm&ef aemifwGif vdktyfvmygonf?

75

tpDtpOfudk pDpOf&mY u¾aygif;pkHrS pkaygif;yg0ifr_tay:tajccH+yD;/ aus;&Gmtkyfpkrsm;rSwqifh aus;vuf pufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm; ay:aygufvmap&efESifh ‚if;wd@k udzk GH@òz;wdk;wufvmap&ef jzpfygonf?

v,f,mu¾wGif tpkd;&yg0ifulnDr_ukd wdk;wufapjcif;

ordkif;udjk yef=unfyh gu/ jrefrmekdfifiHomru tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;toD;oD;wGif v,f,mu¾onf tcGef taumuftrsm;qHk;ay;=u&aom/ Tod@k tcGefaumufjcif;jzifh tjcm;u¾rsm;. zHG@òz;wkd;wufa&;twGuf toH;k cscHcJh&aom u¾jzpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; jyefvnfoHk;oyf=unfhrnfqdkygu Ttcsufonf tvGef rSm;,Gif;r_w&yfjzpfayonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf v,f,mu¾Y}uD;av;aom tcGeftaumufrsm; aumufcHjcif;a=umifh v,f,mu¾zGH@òz;r_E_ef;ukd usqif;ap+yD;/ xkdrSwqifh tjcm;u¾rsm; txl;ojzifh pufr_ u¾. zGH@òz;wk;d wufr_rsm;udv k nf; aESmifhaES;apaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? xkad =umifh jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh aemif vmrnfhumvrsm;wGif ykdrdkaumif;rGefaom r[mAsL[mrSm pD;yGm;a&;jyef&csufrsm;tay: tajccH+yD;/ v,f,m u¾zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_twGuf vkdtyfrnfhoGif;tm;pkrsm; tvkt H avmufcJGa0csay;&efjzpfonf? xyfrH&&SdEdkifaom tykdoGif;tm;pkrsm;ukd v,f,mu¾wGif ukefxkwfpGrf;tm;wk;d yGm;atmif/ oifh avsmfovdk tok;H ðyEdkifaomenf;vrf;rsm; ajrmufrsm;pGm&Sdayonf? yxrOD;pGm ajr,mukd ukefxkwfpGrf;tm;ykdrkd wk;d wufap&eftwGuf qnfajrmif;rsm;azmufvkyfay;jcif;/ ajr,mzHG@òz;r_vkyfief;rsm;jzifh aqmif&Gufjcif;ðyEdkifyg onf? wzefv,f,mu¾udk axmufulyHhykd;aeaom tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;ukd zHG@òz;ap&eftwGuf ykdrkd aumif;rGefaomvrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;/ o,f,lykd@aqmifa&;pepfrsm; zefwD;ay;jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ acwfrDpGrf; tifrsm; tvk;H t&if;jzifh jzef@jzL;ay;jcif;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ aus;vufa'o&Sd pm;okH;olESifh xkwfvyk folrsm; t=um;qufo, G facsmarG@ap&eftwGuf vlxq k ufo, G fa&;,EW,m;pepfrsm; wnfaqmufay;jcif;rsm; aqmif &GufEdkifygonf? v,f,mu¾qkdif&mjy\emrsm;ajz&Sif;Edkif&efESifh enf;vrf;topfrsm;wDxiG ftok;H ðyEdkif&ef twGuf okaowevkyfief;rsm;vnf; vdt k yfygonf? TtawG;tac:t=uH^m%fopfrsm;/ enf;vrf;opfrsm;ukd v,f,mvkyfukid folrsm;ukd today;jzef@jzL;ay;&eftwGuf vkyfief;Xmersm;wkd;csJŒaqmif&Guf&efvnf; vdt k yfyg onf? xd@k tjyif ynma&;u¾udv k nf; jr‡ifhwifaqmif&Guf&efvkdtyf+yD;/ aemufydkif; tcef;rsm;wGif tao;pdwf udk qufvufaqG;aEG;xm;ygonf?

76

tcef; (4) pufr+vkyfief;rsm;

77

tcef; (4) pufr+vkyfief;rsm; pufr_vkyfief;rsm;. vuf&Sdtajctae jrefrmEdkifiH pufr_vkyfief;rsm;. vuf&SdtajctaeESifh twdwfwGifzGH@òz;vmaom ordkif;a=umif;qdkif&m tcsufrsm;udk yHk (4? 1) wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf? a'owGif;&Sdtjcm;ta&;ygaom EdkifiHrsm;.tajctaeESifhvnf; Ed_if;,SOfEdkif&ef twGuf yl;wGaJ zmfjyxm;ygonf?

Ttcsufu jrefrmEdkifiH.pufr_vkyfief;rsm;tajctaeonf rsm;pGmzGH@òz;r_enf;I/ acwfaemufus usefaea=umif; azmfjyaeygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif pufr_u¾taejzifh wdik f;jynf&SdtvkyfvkyfEdkifaomvlOD;a&.

(10) &mcdkfifE_ef;r#udo k m tvkyfay;xm;Edkif+yD;/ trsKd;om; xkwfvkyfr_. (15) &mcdkifE_ef;r#udo k m xkwv f kyfyg onf? trsKd;om;0ifaiGpkpkaygif;wefzdk;wGif pufr_vkyfief;rsm;rS&aom0ifaiGtcsKd;tpm;onf tjcm;aom ta&S@ awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;ESifh Ed_if;pmv#ifw0ufr#om&Sda=umif; awG@&rnfjzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif +yD;cJhaom&mpk ESpf. aemufqHk;av;yHkwyHk (25) ESpfwGif pufr_vkyfief;rsm;. zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_rSm&yfwef@aecJh+yD;/ wd;k wufr_r&Sd[k qdk&ravmuf&SdcJhygonf? xdktcsdefwGif tjcm;aomEdkifiHrsm;Y pD;yGm;a&;w[kefxd;k zGH@òz;wd;k wufvmcJh+yD;/ pufr_ u¾. tajccHzGJ@pnf;yHkt&yg ajymif;vJvmcJhygonf? yHk (4? 1) jynfwGif;pkpkaygif;tom;wifxkwfukefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD) wGif pufr_u¾u yg0ifr_tcsKd;tpm; 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1965

Burma Philippines Malaysia

Indonesia Thailand

1990

rl&if;? World Bank, World Development Report 1996. jrefrmEdkifiHonf v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;u¾twGuftvm;tvmrsm; Ed_if;,SOfcsuft& aygºu,f0aomf vnf;/ pufr_u¾zGH@òz;wdk;wufa&;twGuu f dk jrefrmEdkifiH. pD;yGm;a&;r[mAsL[mwGif t"duwGef;tm;ay;vkyf aqmifoifhygonf? rav;&Sm;EdkifiHonf vlwOD;csif;t&E_dif;,SOfcsuft& obm0o,HZmwypPnf; ydkIayg ºu,f0aomfvnf;/ pD;yGm;a&;pepfwd;k wuf&eftwGuf pufr_u¾zGH@òz;wdk;wufa&;udk t"duarmif;ESifa&;wGef; tm;tjzpftoHk;ðycJhygonf? vlOD;a& wd;k yGm;rsm;jym;vmonfESifhtr# csJ@xGifEdkifaomajr,mrsm;vnf; tuef@ towf&Sdvmrnf/ obm0o,HZmwrsm;vnf; tjrefukefqHk;vmaprnf jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh pufr_ 78

zGH@òz;wdk;wufa&;ESifh oufqdkif&mu¾rsm;acwfrDa&;twGuf vkyfief;rsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;r_r[mAsL[m. t"dutcef;rsm;tjzpf yg0ifaqmif&Gufapoifhygonf?

vuf&Sdpufr_vkyfief;rsm;. tajctae

jrefrmEdkifiH. pufr_vkyfief;u¾wGif t"dutm;jzifh ukef=urf;xkwfvyk faomtajccH ukefxkwfvkyfief; tqifhr#om &Sdaeygao;onf? Tod@k tajccHukef=urf;ypPnf;rsm;udk xkwv f kyfaompufr_vkyfief;rsm;rSm pkpkaygif; pufvkyfief;rsm;rSxGufukefaygif;. (50) &mcdkifE_ef;r# yg0ifaeygonf? Todk@taetxm;rSm (1960) ckESpfrsm; uwnf;u pwifI TtcsKd;tpm;twdik f;wnf&SdvmonfrSm ,ckwdik f rajymif;rvJjzpfygonf? Tvkyfief;rsm; tjyif tjcm;aomvloH;k ukefypPnf;rsm;xkwfvkyfaom tjcm;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;vnf; tenf;tusOf;&Sdygao; onf? pufr_vkyfief;rsm;rSxGuu f kefrsm;. (85) &mcdkifE_ef;rSm pm;aomufukefESifh tazsmf,mrumypPnf;rsm; jzpf ygonf? vloHk;ukefypPnf;xGufukefrSm (10) &mcdkifE_ef;r#om&Sdygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif vG,fvG,fululxw k fvkyfaeonfh tajccHvlok;H ukefrsm;udkyif 0,f,w l ifoGif;oH;k pGJae&ao; onfh taetxm;&Sdaeygonf? tjcm;aomta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;wGif TvlokH;ukefypPnf;rsm;udk tdrfwGif; pufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm;jzifh xkwfvkyfae=uonfhxkwfukefrsm; jzpfygonf?

Z,m; (4? 1) pufr_vkyfief;rsm;zGJ@pnf;xm;r_ Ed_if;,SOfcsuf 1970 1980 tajccH 'kwd, wwd, tajccH 'kwd, pufr_ qifh qifh pufr_ qifh vkyfief; pufr_ pufr_ vkyfief; pufr_ vkyfief; vkyfief; vkyfief; jrefrm 49² 5 12² 0 38² 5 47² 9 12² 3 xdkif; 30² 2 25² 7 44² 1 20² 2 30² 1 tif'dkeD;&Sm; 35² 0 28² 0 37² 0 24² 4 41² 3 zdvpfydkif 28² 2 33² 7 38² 1 23² 5 40² 5 puFmyl 2² 2 36² 4 61² 4 1² 1 38² 8 rl&if;? Asian Development Bank, ADB Outlook, 1994.

wwd, qifh pufr_ vkyfief; 39² 8 49² 7 34² 3 36² 0 60² 0

tajccH pufr_ vkyfief; 49² 0 12² 2 17² 6 22² 7 0² 2

1993 'kwd, qifh pufr_ vkyfief; 12² 9 40² 9 42² 1 34² 4 36² 5

wwd, qifh pufr_ vkyfief; 38² 2 16² 9 40² 9 40² 3 42² 9

pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_ESifh xkwfvkyfEdkifpGrf;zufwiG f jyef=unfhv#ifvnf;/ jrefrmEdkifiH.vuf&Sdwnf&Sdaeaom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;. pGrf;aqmifr_ E_ef;rSm tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfv#if rsm;pGmedrfhusygonf? (1995) ckESpfwGif ðyvkyfcJhaomurBmhb%f.avhvmcsuft& EdkifiHawmfydkif puf&Hkrsm;&Sd pufr_u¾pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_jyudef;18 rSm bufaygif;pHkwGifvHk;0edrfhusaeygonf? tajctaersm;pGmwGif jrefrmEdkifiHYoH;k pGJaeaom pufr_enf;ynmtqifh twef;rSm puf,EW,m;oH;k pufr_enf;ynmtqifh 19 wGifom &Sdygao;onf? tjcm;tqifhjzpfaom tDvuf x&Gefepfenf;ynmtqifhod@k rwufvSrf;Edkifao;yg? pufr_vkyfief;rsm;. pDrHcef@cGJyHkpepfrSmvnf; orm;&dk;us puf&HktkyfcsKyfa&; tqifhxuf rzGH@òz;ao;yg? puf&Hktrsm;pkrSm puftydkypPnf;rsm;csKd@wJrh _a=umifh jyefvnfjyifqif rGrf;rHxm;&aomtqifhwGif&Sd+yD;/ xdef;odrf;jyifqifEdkifr_udkvnf; vspfvsL&_xm;=uygonf? vufawG@wGif rnfokd@aompuf&Hk/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsKd;urS tvkyform;rsm; t&nftcsif;wdk;wufa&;twGuf udv k nf;aumif;/ pufr_enf;ynmzGH@òz;apa&;twGuf/ EdkifiHjcm;aps;uGufrsm;csJ@xGifEdkifa&;twGuf oifwef;rsm;ay;aejcif;udkvnf; aumif; r&Sdyg? xd@k tjyif topfwnfaxmifxm;aom jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;b%frsm;rSvGJI pufr_vkyfief; ti,fpm; 18 19

Operational indicators Machine industry stage

79

rsm;udk ulnDyHhydk;Edkif&ef b%frsm;/ aiGa=u;acs;iSm;axmufyHhay;rnfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ odk@r[kwf pufr_axmufyHh a&;b%fvkyfief;rsm; r&Sdyg? vuf&Sd ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;b%frsm;uvnf; tenf;tusOf;om axmufyHhEdkif =uygonf?

Z,m; (4? 3) pufr_vkyfief;pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_ (EdkifiHawmfydkifpufr_vkyfief;rsm;. ysrf;r#) 20

xkwfvkyfr_!$ef;jyudef; &SdaeaompGrf;aqmifEdkif&nfudk vufawG@toHk;csEdkifaomtcsKd;

85 b¾ma&;ESpf 88² 9 66² 0

90 b¾ma&;ESpf 55² 0 36² 3

95 b¾ma&;ESpf 61² 2 42² 0

21

rl&if;? World Bank 1995. ydkIzGH@òz;wdk;wufaomEdkifiHrsm;Y pufr_vkyfief;rsmzGH@òz;wdk;wufa&;twGuf tm;aumif;csufwckrSm pufr_vkyfief;u¾twGif;&Sd pD;yGm; a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGif;Y 0,fvkt d m;bufua&m/ a&mif;vdktm;bufuyg tm;aumif;aumif; csdwfqufxm;Edkif=ujcif;jzpfygonf? xd@k tjyif pufr_vkyfief;u¾ESifh tjcm;aomu¾rsm; vnf;/ tm;aumif;aumif;csdwfqufxm;r_rsm; &Sd=uygonf? odk@aomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHwGifrl &Sdaeaom pufr_ vkyfief;rsm;rSm wckESifhwck csdwfqufxm;r_r&Sdyg? tquftpyfyif r&Sd=uyg? t"dy`g,f&Sdaom pufr_vkyfief;tpk twGt J jzpfvnf; &Sdrae=uyg? v,fxGefpufrsm;xkwaf ompuf&Hk/ um;wyfqifa&;puf&Hk/ aºuxnfajrxnf puf&Hk/ rSefpuf&Hkpojzifh wnfaxmif+yD;&Sd=uaomfvnf;/ puf&Hkwckcsif;taejzifh txD;wnf;wnf&Sdae=ujcif; jzpf ygonf? Tpuf&Hkrsm;udk pkaygif;csdwfqufI pufr_vkyfief;}uD;wcktjzpf jzpfay:vmjcif;r&Sdyg? TtwGuaf =umifh puf&Hkwcku tjcm;puf&Hkwckudk ydkrdkxkwfvkyfEdkifvmap&eftm;ay;aom/ yGm;rsm;vmapaom pufr_zGH@òz;r_tusKd; &v'fvnf; jzpfay:rvmyg? xdk@tjyif pufr_vkyfief;zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_ESifh EdkifiH.t"du xkwfvkyfa&;u¾jzpfaom v,f,mpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;ESifhvnf; csdwfqufr_r&SdbJjzpfaeygonf? xdktwGuaf =umifh oD;ESHpdkufysKd;xkwv f kyfjcif; rSonf pm;oH;k ukefjzpfvmonftxd wefzdk;jrifhvmapaom tqifhqifhukefxkwv f kyfief;rsm;t=um;/ ukefxkwf vkyfief;rsm;ESifh pm;oHk;olrsm;t=um; csdwfqufjcif;r&SdbJjzpfae&ygonf? xd@k tjyif pm;oH;k ukefxkwfvyk fa&;vkyf ief;wGifyif tajccHtusqHk;tqifhwGif&Sd+yD;/ rzGH@òz;ao;aom tajctaewGif&Sdaeygonf?22 EdkifiHtaejzifh EdkifiHwumukefoG,fa&;pepftwGif;odk@ jynfjh ynfh00wHcg;zGifhxm;jcif; r&Sdao;onfh tjyif/ urBmay:&Sd tjcm;aom pufr_tzGH@òz;qHk;EdkifiHrsm;ESifhvnf; pD;yGm;a&;t&yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ rsm;pGm tm;enf;aeygao;onf? Ttcsufa=umifh jrefrmEdkifiH.vuf&Sd pufr_vkyfief;u¾tajctaerSm 20-&mpk ukefqHk;onfw h dkifatmif rzGH@òz;bJedrfhusae&aomta=umif;rSm tHh=ozG,f&mr&SdvSyg? t"du ta=umif;rSm tpdk;&tqufqufu pufr_u¾tay: csrSwfusifhoHk;cJhaomrl0g'rsm;tay: rlwnfae+yD;/ vGefcJhaom (35) ESpf wm umvvH;k vHk; taxGaxGc|wfðcHus edrfhusae&r_rsm;ESifhvnf; oufqdkifaeygonf?

pufr_qdkif&mrl0g'rsm; jzpfay:wdk;wufvmr_ordkif;aemufcH

jrefrmEdkifiHodk@+Adwdo#rsm; usL;ausmo f drf;ydkufrvmrDu jrefrmEdkifiH.pD;yGm;a&;onf rdrdbmomzlvHk a&;twGux f kwv f kyfaomtqifhom &SdcJhonf? tjcm;urBmhEdkifiHrsm;ESifh wHcg;zGifhxm;IqufqHcJhonf? qdkvdk 20 21 22

Output Index Capacity Utilization Ratios

acgif;aqmifpma&;ol. xyfwdk;wifjycsuf? puf&Hkwck. xkwfukefypPnf;udk tjcm;puf&Hkrsm;u oGif;ukeftjzpf/ toHk;ðyEdkifaomf/ ‚if;rsKd;wl puf&Hkrsm;u waygif;wpnf;wnf; tzGJ@zGJ@pnf;I/ enf;ynm oif=um;=ujcif;/ tqifhjrifv h map&ef wOD;ESifw h OD; ynmzvS,fEdkifv#ifvnf;aumif;/ ukef=urf;twGuf EdkifiHjcm;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh qufoG,faygif;ul;Edkifv#ifvnf;aumif;/ rdrdxkwfukefrsm;udk pHrsm;wajy;nD owfrSwfum/ wifydk@a&mif;csEdkifv#ifvnf;aumif;/ enf;ynmrsm;udk rsKd;wl puf&Hktcsif;csif;zvS,fI vnf;aumif;/ pkaygif;oif=um;jcif;jzifv h nf;aumif;/ tqifhtwef;jrifv h matmif vkyfEdkifv#ifvnf;aumif;/ pufr_ awmfvSefa&;onf jrifhrm;pGm/ tv#iftjrefwdk;wufvmrnf jzpfygonf?

80

onfrSm xdt k csdefujrefrmEdkifiH.xkwv f kyfa&;rSm vltrsm;pm; aomufEdkif&eftwGuf vHak vmuf&Hkr#ESifh tjcm; vlok;H ukefrsm;jzpfaom csnfxnfrsm;/ y&dabm*rsm;/ tdk;tdrfaqmufvyk fa&;twGuf vdktyfaom ypPnf;rsm;udk om xkwv f kyfcJhonf? xdt k csdefu EdkifiHjcm;ESifhukefoG,fr_tenf;tusOf;&SdcJhonf? t"duEdkifiHjcm;od@k wifydk@ a&mif;csaomypPnf;rsm;rSm pm;aomufzG,f&mrsm;/ pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;rS oD;ESHukef=urf;rsm;ESifh owWKwGif; xGuf ukef=urf;rsm;jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif pufr_vkyfief;xkwfypPnf;tcsKd@vnf; EdkifiHjcm;odk@wifydk@a&mif;csr_ &SdcJhao; onf? jrefrmEdkifiHrSm xdt k csdefuopfom;oabFmrsm; xkwv f kyfjcif;jzifh emrnfausmcf Jh+yD;/ (16) &mpkESpf tausmw f Gif oabFmwnfaqmufjcif;/ ðyjyifjcif; vkyfief;rsm;aqmif&GufcJh=uonf? rD;oabFm ray:rD (18) &mpk ESpfu/ armfvòrifòr@onf yifv,fomG ;&GufoabFmrsm;udk xkwfvkyfwnfaqmufEdkifojzifh/ jrefrmAdokumrsm;/ u|rf;usifolrsm;. vuf&monf xifay:ausm=f um;cJhygonf? xdktcsufu Tpufr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif aqmif&Guf aecJhaom jynfolrsm;. u|rf;usifr_ESifh pGrf;aqmifEdkifaomt&nftcsif;udk jyoouJo h dk@&SdaecJhonf? udv k dek DtkyfcsKyfa&;umva&mufaomtcg Ttajctaersm;tm;vH;k ajymif;vJukefonf? rdrdwd@k jrif awG@cJh&onft h wdik f; udkvdek Dtpdk;& tm%mydkifrsm;taejzifh usrf;&dk;pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifrsm;. tawG;tac: rsm; tay:tajccHxm;aom vGwv f yfpGmukefoG,af &;pepfudk jrefrmEdkifiHwGif usifo h Hk;vmcJhonf? xdpk D;yGm;a&;. &nf&G,fcsurf Sm udv k dkeDðyxm;aomEdkifiH. tusKd;pD;yGm;twGufomtaumif;qHk;aqmif&Gufay;&ef jzpfonf? od@k aomfvnf; Trl0g'rsm;onf udv k dek Dtpdk;&twGut f oifhavsmfqHk;jzpfaecJhonf? ta=umif;rSm rdcifEdkifiH&if; jzpfaom +AdwdefEdkifiHtwGuf udkvdek Da'orsm;rSaygºu,f0aom tjcm;urBmha'orsm;wGif txl;vdt k yfae=u onfh tajccHukef=urf;rsm;/ tpm;tpmxkwfukefrsm;udk &&Sdap&Hkomru/ +Adwdeftygt0if tjcm;pufr_zGH@òz;+yD; Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;rSxkwv f kyfvdkufaom ukefacsmypPnf;rsm;twGufvnf; aps;uGuf}uD;&aponf? Tod@k jzifh olwkd@ . pufr_xGuu f kefrsm; wdk;wufzGH@òz;vmcJh&onf?

Ttajctae. tqdk;zufrSm jrefrmEdkifiH.jynfwiG f; vlokH;ukefxkwv f kyfief;rsm;onf pufr_ wd;k wuf+yD;EdkifiH}uD;rsm;rS pufjzifhxkwv f m aom ukefypPnf;rsm;ESifh aps;E_ef;t&ròyifqdkifEdkifjzpfvm=uonf? aemufqHk;wGif jynfwiG f;&SdvlokH;ukefxkwfvkyfief;rsm;tm;vH;k udk okwfoif&Sif;vif;vdu k fonfhES,f jzpfapcJhonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh EdkifiHtaejzifh pufr_rzGH@òz;aomumvwckudk jzwfoef;vmcJh&awmhonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf wckwnf; usefae&pfaomukefxkwfvyk fief;rSm ukef=urf;rsm;xkwfvkyfaomvkyfief;rsm;ESifh pm;aomufukefxkwf vkyif ef;rsm;r#om usefcJhonf? (16) &mpkESpfupI u|efawmfwd@k ESifh tvm;wl tdENd,EdkifiHonf/ txnf&uf vkyfief;xGef;um;vmcJhaomfvnf;/ udv k dkeDacwfwGif ,if;puf&Hkrsm; ysufpD;oGm;+yD;/ refcsufpwmESifh tjcm; +Adwdo#jynfe,frsm;&Sd txnfpuf&Hkvkyfief;rsm;u tpm;xd;k cJhygonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh udv k dkeDacwfumvu pufr_vkyfief;zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_rSm EdkifiHwumukefoG,fr_rsm;ESifh qufpyfvkyfudik fae&r_/ xdk ukefoG,af &;.=oZmv$rf;rdk;r_udk cH&onf? odk@aomfvnf;tcsdefrsm;pGmwGif EdkifiH wumukefoG,fr_taejzifh jynfyydk@ukefvkyfief;udka&m/ jynfwiG f;wifoGif;ukefvkyfief;udkyg v#ifjrefpGmzGH@òz;wd;k wufaponf? jynfyodk@wifydk@aeaomukefrsm;rSm ukef=urf;tajccHxGuu f kefrsm;omjzpfaeI/ jynfwiG f;wif oGif;aomukefrsm;rSm xkwfvkyf+yD;om;ukefacsmrsm;csnf;jzpfaeaom tajctaewGif/ jynfwGif;pufr_vkyfief;rsm; zGH@òz;wdk;wufa&;twGuf jzpfEdkifacsrSmtenf;i,fr#om &Sdawmhonf? od@k aomfvnf; &Hzef&HcgEdkifiHwumukefoG,fr_rsm;wkef@aES;usqif;onfvnf; &Sdwwfonf? txl;ojzifh urBmhpD;yGm;ysufuyf}uD;umvtwGif;ESifh aemufydkif;umvrsm;wGif ukefoG,fr_aES;auG;usqif;r_rsm; jzpfay:cJ&h onf? TtajctaewGif jrefrmEdkifiHrSEdkifiHjcm;od@k wifydk@aeaom ukefypPnf;rsm;rS&&SdaiGrSm xdk;qif;oGm;&+yD;/ EdkifiHjcm;rSwifoGif;aeaom vloHk;ukefrsm;udk ,ciftajctaetwdik f; wifoGif;&ef rwwfEdkifjzpfvmcJh&onf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh EdkifiHtwGif;tcsKd@aompufr_vkyfief;i,frsm;/ txl;ojzifh aºuxnf zefxnfvkyfief;rsm; ay: aygufvmap&ef ta=umif;zefvmcJhawmh onf? Twdk;wufr_rSm xl;jcm;aomwd;k wufr_jzpf+yD;/ ‘jrefrmEdkifiH pufr_zGH@òz;a&;tpysKd;umv’ [kyif ac:qdkEdkif onf? TumvrSmtxl;pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;onf? ta=umif; rSm jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;wGif pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk enf;vrf;rsKd;pHkjzifh aqmif&Guf&ef wdrfðryfaeaom t&nftcsif; aumif;rsm;&Sdaea=umif;ESifh vdt k yfaomtcsdefwGif jyefvnfazmfxkwfEdkifa=umif; jyocJhaoma=umifhjzpfonf?

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xdo k d@k udv k dkeDpepf.v$rf;rdk;cHcJh&r_a=umifh aemufqHk;udkvdkeDpepfvGefumvwGif jrefrmEdkifiH. pufr_ xGef;um;r_tajctaerSm tajccH tqifhr#ESifhom usef&pfaecJh&onf? ‚if;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif v,f,mxGuf oD;ESHrsm;udk jyefvnf}udwfcGJðyjyifaomvkyfief;rsm; (Oyrm tm;jzifh qef}udwfpufrsm;/ qDpufrsm;) ESifh vloHk; ukefypPnf;xkwfvkyfaom rD;jcpfpuf/ qyfjympuf/ ykvif;oGwfpufrsm;omusefcJhonf? pufr_enf;ynmt& tenf;i,ftqifhjrifhonf[kqdkEdkifaom pufrsm;taejzifh a&eHrSavmifpmqDoef@pifxkw, f laompufrsm;/ tenf;i,f}uD;aom oH&nfóupufrsm;/ jrefrmh rD;&xm;vkyfief;ESifh {&m0wDzvkww f DvmoabmF ukr`%D vkyfief;rsm;twGuf tydkpuf,EW,m;rsm; xkwv f kyfay;aompuf&Hkrsm;/ qdyfurf;puf,EW,m;rsm;om usef&SdcJh onf? xdk@tjyif jrefrmjynfwiG fusef&Sdaeaom pufr_vkyfief; trsm;pkrSmvnf; 'kwd,urBmppftwGif;umvwGif zsufqD;cHcJh=u&onf? ppf+yD;aomtcg vloH;k ukefypPnf;xkwv f kyfaompufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm;/ vkyftm;udkt"du toH;k cs aompufr_vkyfief;rsm;/ ,cifpuf&Hkrsm;udk jyefvnfjyifqifwnfaqmufaomvkyfief;rsm; tvsiftjref zGH@òz; wd;k wufvmcJhonf? Todk@wdk;wufr_rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh (1950) ckESpfESifh (1955) ckESpft=um;wGif jzpfay: cJhonf? ta=umif;rSmxdt k csdefu ud&k D;,m;ppfyGJjzpfae+yD; udk&D;,m;odk@wifydk@aeaom jrefrmqefrsm;rSaps; aumif;& 0ifaiGaumif;aeaoma=umifhjzpfonf? xdk@tjyif wbufwGiftpdk;&. pGrf;aqmifcsufrsm;a=umifhvnf; jzpf+yD;/ ppftwGif;umv=uyfwnf;pGmae&aom tajctaerSvGwv f m+yD;aemufydkif; jynfwiG f;aps;uGufwiG f vnf; vlok;H ukefypPnf;rsm; 0,fvdt k m;wd;k wufaecJhonf? tpdk;&taejzifh v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;xGuu f kefvkyfief;rsm;udk jyefvnfðyjyifaompufr_vkyfief;rsm;ESifh opfawmxGufypPnf;rsm;udk jyef vnfðyjyifxkwv f kyfaom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk OD;pm;ay;cJhonf? xd@k tjyif csnfr#ifESifh txnfpuf&Hkrsm;/ puULpuf&Hkrsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz; wd;k wufr_twGuf tajccHwGef;tm;tjzpf jr‡ifh wifaqmif&GufcJo h nf? xdk@tjyif tjcm;pufr_vkyfief; rsm;jzpfaom aq;0g;xkwv f kyfa&; puf&HkESifh oHr%d puf&Hk pojzifh tqifhjrifhpuf&Hkrsm;udv k nf; wnfaxmifcJhonf? tpdk;&taejzifh pufr_zGH@òz;apa&;twGuf vdt k yfcsuf jzpfaom/ pGrf;tif&&SdEdkifa&;twGuf avmifpmqDoHk;"gwftm;ay;pufrsm; wnfaqmufa&;/ a&tm;v#yfppf puf&Hkponfjzifhudv k nf; &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sdjzifh wnfaqmufcJhonf? xdt k csdefrSmyif yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tcef;u¾uvnf; ta&;ygaomtcef;u¾rSaeI pufr_zGH@òz;a&;twGuf yHhydk;ay;cJhonf? csnfr#ifESifh txnfpuf&Hk/ vlok;H ukefypPnf;xkwfpuf&Hk pojzifh vkyftm; tajccHIxkwfvyk f&aom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;pGmudk wnfaxmifjcif;/ atmifjrifpGmvnfywfxkwfvkyfjcif;rsm; aqmif&GufEdkifcJh=uonf? (1959) ckESpfwGif yk*~vdupufr_vkyfief;rsm;taejzifh csnfxnfESifh ta&mtaESm qifoufwpftxnfrsm;/ csnfxnf/ zsif=urf;prsm;udk jynfwGif;zlvH&k Hkomru/ EdkifiHjcm;aps;uGufwGifyg t&nf taoG;&Sd&Sd tòyiftqdkifwifydk@a&mif;csaeEdkif+yDjzpfonf? tvm;wlyif u|ef;opfrsm;udjk yefvnfjyifqifxkwv f kyf aompuf&Hkjzpfonfh txyfom;puf&HkrSxGufukefrsm;udkvnf; EdkifiHwumaps;uGuo f dk@ wifydk@a&mif;csaeEdkif+yD jzpf onf? ppf+yD;acwfESpfrsm;wGif tpdk;&ydkif;ESifh yk*~vduu¾rsm;rS tpysKfd;vmcJhaom pufr_vkyfief;rsm; xlaxmifa&; tajctaeonf/ (1962) ckESpf ppfwyfu tm%modrf;+yD;aemufydkif; usifhoH;k vmcJhaom jrefrmh qdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfatmufwGif aES;auG;&yfqdkif;cJh&onf? ,cif pufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm;tpm; qdk&S,fvpftpdk;& opf. pufr_vkyfief;qdkif&mrl0g'opfrsm;atmufwGif rwluGJjym;aompufr_vkyfief; pDrHudef;rsm;jzifh tpm;xd;k cJh onf? Tpufr_vkyfief;qdkif&m rl0g'opft& EdkifiHawmfydkifpuf&Hktvkyf&Hkrsm;u t"duusaomtcef;u¾rS ae&m,lvmcJhonf? Trl0g'opft& vlok;H ukefypPnf;xkwfvkyfaom puf&Hkrsm;/ Oyrmtm;jzifh v#yfppfypPnf; rsm;wyfqifa&;puf&Hkrsm;/ aºuxnfpuf&Hk/ rSefpuf&Hk/ xd@k tjyif pufypPnf;rsm;xkwv f kyfaompuf&Hkjzpfaom v,fxGefpufx&ufwmrsm; wyfqifa&;puf&Hk/ um;wyfqifpuf&Hk ponfjzifh wnfaxmifcJh=uonf? od@k aomf Tpuf&Hkrsm;tm;vHk;onf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&ydkifpuf&Hkrsm;jzpf=uonf?

Tod@k pufr_vkyfief;rsm;zGJ@òz;apa&;twGuf tajccHawG;ac:csurf Sm jynfyoGif;ukeftpm;xdk;a&;ESifh xkwv f kyfvmaomypPnf;rsm;udk jynfwiG f;aps;uGuw f Gif 0,fvkt d m;udk jr‡ifhwifapa&;jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif tjcm; 82

aomtajccHpOf;pm;csufw&yfrSm rdrdbmomzlvHak &; tajccHESifh pD;yGm;a&;t& vGwv f yfa&;/ trSDtcdkuif;a&; jzpfonf? Todk@tajccHpOf;pm;csuf. rSm;,Gif;r_rsm;rSm rsm;r=umrD umvrSmyif oufaojyvmcJhonf?

EdkifiHjcm;aiGcsKd@wJah oma=umifh/ jynfyrSvdktyfaom ukef=urf;rsm;udktvHt k avmufrwifoGif;Edkif/ xdkodk@ ukef=urf;rsm; jywfvyfr_rsm;ESifh puftydkypPnf;rsm;&Sm;yg;r_a=umifh xkwv f kyfr_usqif;vm&awmhonf? Tod@k topfwnfaqmufvdu k faom puf&Hkrsm;rS xkwfvkyfvdkufaomukefypPnf;rsm;. t&nftaoG;rSmvnf; nHhzsif; vSonf? ta=umif;rSm enf;ynmt&nf taoG;edrfhusjcif;ESifh tòyiftqdkifxkwfvkyfr_rsm; r&Sdaoma=umifh jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif wnfaxmifxm;aompuf&Hkrsm;rSmvnf; a'oqdkif&mvdt k yfcsufukd jznfw h if;&ef&nf&G,f xm;aom/ tjcm;aompufr_vkyfief;rsm;ESifh csdwfqufxm;jcif;r&Sdonfh oD;oef@txD;usef puf&Hkrsm;jzpfonf? tjcm;puf&Hktvkyf&Hkrsm;ESifh csdwfqufjcif;/ tjcm;ukefxkwfvkyfief;rsm;rS yHhydk;r_&atmif aqmif&Gufjcif;rsm;udk vnf; vspfvsL&_xm;cJhonf? Tod@k tm;jzifh xkwfukefwefzdk;t&wufvmapaom pufr_vkyfief;rsm; tcsif;csif; csdwfqufxm;jcif;onf/ pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk zGH@òz;apaom tajccHta=umif;jzpfonf? xd@k tjyif qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&. tjcm;}uD;us,af omtrSm;wckrSm yk*~vduydkifpuf&Hkrsm;tm;vHk;ud/k EdkifiHom;uydkifqdkifonfjzpfap/ EdkifiHjcm;om;uydkifqdkifonfjzpfap/ wpHkvHk; jynfolydkifodrf;ydkufcJjh cif; jzpfonf? xdo k d@k jynfolydkifodrf;ydkufr_wGif yxrydkif;Y yk*~vduvkyfief; u¾uaiG&if;pdkufxkwI f aqmif&Gufaeaom puf&Hkrsm;/ pufypPnf;rsm;udo k m odrf;qnf;cJhonf? aemufydkif;wGif xdpk uf&Hkrsm;.vnfywfa&;ESifh pDrHcef@cGJa&; qdkif&mudpPrsm;udkyg odrf;ydkufcJhonf? xdkpuf&Hkrsm;udk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&Xmersm;. }uD;=uyfr_atmufod@k ajymif;a&$@ xm;cJhonf? ,cifupuf&Hkydkif&Sifrsm;udk ae@pOfvkyfief;rsm;}uD;=uyf&ef zGJ@pnf;cJhaom puf&HktkyfcsKyfa&;/ pDrHcef@cGJ a&;aumfrDwD. tzGJ@0if tjzpfomyg0ifaqmif&GufcGifah y;awmhonf? t&if;tjrpftopfrsm;/ ukef=urf;rsm;ESifh aiGvH;k aiG&if;rsm;xyfrH rxnfo h Gif;Edkifawmhaoma=umifh Tpuf&Hktrsm;pkrSm vkyfief;ysufI ydwfypfvdkuf=u&onf? usef&Sdaeaompuf&Hkrsm;udv k nf; EdkifiHawmfydkifpuf&Hk rsm;ESifh aygif;pnf;cJhonf? tvm;wlyif EdkifiHawmfydkifpuf&Hk tvkyf&Hkrsm;rSmvnf; EdkifiHjcm;aiGa=u;&Sm;yg;vmr_ a=umifh ukef=urf;jywfvyfjcif;/ pufypPnf;topfrsm; 0,f,lrjznfhqnf;Edkifjcif;/ puftydkypPnf;rsm;xyfrH rjznfh oGif;Edkifjcif;wdk@ jzpfvmcJhonf? xd@k a=umifh Tpuf&Hkrsm;onf EdkifiHawmfb¾mrSaxmufyHhusm;uefay;aeaom taetxm;wGifom csdeJ@eJ@jzifh toufqufae=u&awmhonf? tjcm;wbufwGifvnf; ukef=urf;rsm;&&Sda&;ESifh xkwfvkyfa&;qdkif&mypPnf;rsm;&&Sd&ef cufcJaeaom tajctae=um;rSyif/ jynfwGif;vdk tyfcsufudk jznfq h nf;Edkif&eftwGuf jynfwiG f;wGif tdrfwGif;r_vkyfief;rsm;ESifh tao;pm;pufr_vkyfief;rsm; yHkpHtopfwrsKd;jzifhay:vmcJh onf? EdkifiHawmfydkifpuf&Hkrsm;taejzifh jynfwiG f;&Sd vlxrk sm; pm;0wfaea&;twGuf vHak vmufatmifrjznfq h nf;ay;Edkifay? Todk@ay:aygufvmaomtdrfwGif;r_ vkyfief;rsm;wGif yvyfpwpfyHkoGif;puf&Hkrsm;/ ypPnf;jyif 0yfa&Smhrsm;/ vlokH;ukefypPnf;xkwfvkyfief;rsm;/ tpm; taomufxkwv f kyfa&;vkyfief;rsm; yg0if=uonf? od@k aomfvnf; Tod@k aom tdrfwGif;r_vkyfief;rsm;ESifh tao; pm;pufr_vkyfief;rsm; onf jynfytdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;jzpfonfh w&kwf/ tdENd,/ xdik f;EdkifiHrsm;rS e,fpyfjzwfausmf I arSmifcdkukeful;oef;a&mif;0,fr_jzifh 0ifa&mufvmaom ukefypPnf;rsm;ESifh t}udwt f e,f,OS fòyifae=u& onf? olwkd@taejzifh Tod@k aps;uGu, f SOfòyifr_Y r,SOfom=uay? ta=umif;rSm tpdk;&.wif;usyfxdef;csKyfxm; aom rl0g'rsm;ESifh olwkd@udk,fYu pufr_enf;ynmcsKd@wJjh cif;/ EdkifiHwumtquftoG,fESifh t&if;tESD;csKd@wJjh cif; ESifh tdka[mif;aqG;ajr@aeaom pufrsm;ud, k ckwdkifoHk;pGJae=u&aoma=umifh jzpfonf? qdk&S,fvpf0g'trnfcHatmufwGif TuJo h dk@jynfolydkifodrf;ydkufcJhjcif;a=umifh pufr_u¾wGifyg Tod@k epfemae=u&onfomru/ tjcm;ydkI xdcdu k fapaomta=umif;w&yfrSm wdkif;jynftaejzifh EdkifiHwumESifh umv=um&SnfcGu J m txD;wnf;aevmcJhaom'%frsm;udkvnf; cHpm;=u&onf? Tumvrsm;twGif; wif; wif;usyf=uyftkyfcsKyfaqmif&GufcJhaom tusKd;qufrsm;rSm aps;uGufudk r}uD;xGm;apEdkifavmufatmif uef@ owf0efydapcJhjcif;/ tdrfwGif;r_pufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk ydkIcsJ@xGift}uD;tus,fxkwv f kyfEdkifatmif cGifhrðycJh jcif;ESifh tòyiftqdkifpepfr&Sdaoma=umifh t&nftaoG;ydkif;qdkif&mwd;k wufr_ usqif;apcJhjcif;wdk@yif jzpfonf?

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(1988) ckESpfrSpI wufvmaom (e0w) ppftpdk;&vufxufwGif wdik f;jynfpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk wHcg;zGifh pD;yGm;a&;pepfodk@ ajymif;vJr_ wpHkw&maqmif&Gufay;cJhaoma=umifh/ tajctae zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_ wpHkw&m&Sd vmcJhonf? ‚if;wdk@teuf wd;k wufr_wckrSm EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udk zdwfac:umcGifhðycJhjcif; jzpfonf? jynfwiG f;&Sdvkyfief;rsm;Y EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; 0ifa&mufvmap&ef vGwfvw G fvyf vyfcGifhðycJh&Hkomru/ vufawG@wGif tcGefuif;vGwu f mv (Tax holiday) pojzifhuJo h d@k aom txl;tcGifhta&;rsm;/ ajr,mESifh tjcm;aomt&if;tjrpfrsm; &,lydkifcGifhudkyg ay;cJhonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh Tod@k txl;tcGifhta&;ay;xm;aom tajctaea=umifh/ EdkifiHjcm;om;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;u txnfcsKyfvkyfief;puf&Hkrsm; 0ifa&mufwnfaxmifcJh=u onf? ta=umif;rSm EdkifiHwumcsnfr#ifESifh txnfqdkif&moabmwlnDcsuf 23 t& EdkifiHwck.wifydk@cGifh&Sdaom csnfxnfukdwm cGJwrf;owfrSwfE_ef;udk jrefrmEdkifiHu jynfhrSDatmif rwifydk@Edkifao;onfudk tcGifhaumif;,lvkd aoma=umifhvnf; jzpfonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif ,cifqdk&S,fvpftpdk;&vufxufu EdkifiHawmfydkifpuf&Hkrsm;tjzpf wnfaxmifcJh=u aompuf&Hkrsm;udkvnf;/ trsm;pk aompuf&Hkrsm;rSm t&_H;ay:aeaomfvnf; qufvufwnf&SdaecGifhðyxm;qJ&Sd aeonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh EdkifiHawmfb¾mwGif xdcdkuf ap+yD; 0efxkyf0efydk;jzpfae&onf? trSefwGif xdpk uf&Hk rsm;udk EdkifiHjcm;rSukefypPnf;rsm;wifoGif;&ef EdkifiHjcm;aiGoH;k cGifhay;xm;+yD;/ rwefwqaps;E_ef;avsmx h m;aom aiGvJv, S fE_ef;jzifh wifoGif;cGifhay;xm;cJhonf? xd@k tjyif jynfwiG f;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;taejzifh EdkifiHjcm;rSukef=urf; rsm; ydkIvG,fulpGmwifoGif;vmEdkifaoma=umifh/ topfaom pufr_vkyfief;opfrsm;wnfaxmifvmcJhonf?

Oyrm-qdk&S,fvpf tpdk;&vufxufu a&pkwfpufrsm;&&Sd&efcufcJr_a=umifh v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;rsm; csJ@xGifa&;twGuf rsm;pGmtuef@towf&SdcJh =u&onf? (1989) ckESpfrS pwifI aps;uGuu f dkvGwv f yfpGm zGifhay;cJh aomaemufydkif;wGif ukef=urf;rsm;jzpfaom oHacsmif;rsm;/ oHjym;rsm; wifoGif;vmEdkif=uonf? xdt k wGuf a=umifh rEWav;pdefyef;&yfuGufuJo h d@k aom a'orsm;wGif pufr_vkyfief;rsm;/ 0yfa&Smhrsm;udk ydkIwGifus,fpGm aqmif&GufvmEdkifcJhonf? ,cktcg Ta'o&Sdpuf&Hkrsm;rS t&nftaoG;tm;jzifhredrfhvSaom a&pkwfpufrsm; xkwv f kyfEdkifvm+yDjzpf&m/ v,form;rsm;twGuf aps;uGuw f Gif aps;E_ef;csKdompGmjzifh a&mif;csvmEdkifonf? odk@ aomfvnf; jynfwiG f;&Sdpufr_vkyfief;rsm;rSm zGH@òz;oifhoavmufzGH@òz; rvm=uao;ay? ta=umif;rSm jynfwiG f; vkyfief;&Sifrsm;taejzifh EdkifiHjcm;rSvma&muf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;avmuf tcGifhta&;r&&Sdaoma=umifh jzpfonf? enf;ynmtm;jzifh tm;enf;aejcif;onfvnf;/ tjcm;ta=umif;w&yf jzpfygvdrfhrnf?

EdkifiHawmfydkifpufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfief;rsm;. tcef;u¾

jyefvnfjyifqifzGJ@pnf;a&;ESifh

jynfwGif;pufr_vufr_

tapmydkif;umv ppftpdk;&/ xdk@aemuf jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDtpdk;&/ xdk@aemufwzef ppfwyf utkyfcsKyfaom (e0w) tpdk;& pojzifh tqufqufaom tpdk;&rsm;u jynfwGif;&Sdpufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk jyef vnfzGJ@pnf;&ef t}udrf}udrf óu;yrf;aqmif&GufcJ=h uygonf? xdk@tjyif qdk&S,fvpftpdk;& vufxufwGif (1978) ckESpfrsm;uwnf;upI EdkifiH awmfydkifpufr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif pGrf;aqmifr_jrifhwufvmap&eftwGuf pD;yGm;a&; t&qkay;'%fay;pepf 24 csrSwf usifo h H;k &ef óu;yrf;aqmif&GufcJhygao;onf? puf&HktoD;oD;u rdrdxkwfvkyfr_ ukefusp&dwfudk umrdap+yD;/ tjrwftpGef;&&SdEdkifap&eftwGuf xkwfvyk f&efowfrSwfcJhygonf? TpD;yGm;a&;t& qkay;'%fay;pepfatmufwGif tjrwftpGef;&&SdEdkifaom!$ef;udef;/ xkwv f kyfr_twGuf ukefusr_p&dwftcsKd; tpm; pojzifh owfrSwfcJhygonf? odk@aomfvnf; tpdk;&taejzifhpD;yGm;a&;pepf wckvHk;wGif tòyifðyjyifajymif; vJr_rsm;rvkyfaqmifcJhyg? xdktwGuaf =umifh ywf0ef;usiftaetxm;rSm ,cifutwdik f;&Sd+rJ &SdaecJhygonf? ta&;}uD;aom&Sm;yg;xkwu f kefrsm;ESifh ukefoG,af &;udk vuf0g;}uD;tkyfcsKyfudik fxm;jcif;ESifhtwl tpdk;&uwif oGif;vmaomukefypPnf;rsm;udkvnf; uef@owfxm;ygao;onf? xdt k wGufa=umifh tpdk;&ydkifpuf&Hkrsm;tae 23 24

International Multi-fibre Agreement Economic Accountability System

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jzifh tòyiftqdkif xkwv f kyfolrsm;r&SdbJ rdrdxkwfukefypPnf;rsm;udk aps;owfrSwfae=uygonf? Tod@k aps;E_ef;udk vnf; cs,fvS,fxm;onft h jyif/ EdkifiHydkifpuf&Hkrsm;u xkwfvkyfaomukefypPnf;rsm;. tcsKd;tpm;rsm;udkvnf; =unfah umif;&Hkavmufom/ ajymif;vJxw k fvkyfvmcJhygonf? xd@k tjyif jrefrmEdkifiH&Sdtpdk;&ydkifpufr_vkyfief;rsm;rSm oGif;ukeftpm;xd;k vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonft h jyif/ T vkyfief;rsm;tm;vH;k taejzifh jyifyEdkifiHrsm;rS ukef=urf;ESifh puftydkypPnf;rsm;wifoGif;r_tay: rSDcdkae&ygonf?

TtajctaewGif EdkifiHjcm;t&efaiGa=u;jywfvyfr_rsm; r=umc%jzpfvmaomtcg EdkifiHawmfydkifpufr_vkyfief; rsm;taejzifh xkwv f kyfaeaomvkyfief;rsm;udk avsmhcscJh&ygawmhonf? qdk&S,fvpfpepfed*Hk;csKyfcgeD;umvwGif puf&Hktrsm;pkrSm xkwv f kyfEdkifaompGrf;tm;. w0ufr#udo k mxdef;Ivnfywfae&aomtaetxm; &Sdygawmh onf? TtcsdefwGif tjrwftpGef;&&SdEdkifaom !$ef;udef;qdkonfrSmvnf; r&Sdoavmuf jzpfvm+yD;/ xkwfvkyf Edkifr_yrm%vnf; usqif;vmcJhygonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh tjrwftpGef;&&SdEdkifr_onfvnf; tvdktavsmufus qif;vmygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh EdkifiHawmfydkifvkyfief;rsm;taejzifh trsm;pkaomxkwfvkyfr_ukefusp&dwfudk umrd&ef tajctaer&Sdawmhyg? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif EdkifiHawmfydkif pufr_vkyfief;rsm;taejzifh ydkv#aH eaom tvkyf orm;xktrsm;pk}uD;. }uD;av;aomukefusp&dwf0efudv k nf; xrf;xm;&ygao;onf? xdt k wGufa=umifh EdkifiH awmfb¾mrsm; xyfrHavvGifq h Hk;&_H;=u&ygonf?

1988 ckESpf/ (e0w) ppftpdk;&wufvm+yD;aemufydkif;wGif Todk@usqif;vmaomtaetxm;rSm ydkI qdk;0g;vmcJhygonf? od@k aomf vnf; (e0w) ppftpdk;&u aps;uGupf D;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; vkyfaqmif vmcJhygonf? (1989) ckESpfrSpI (e0w) ppftpdk;&u EdkifiHawmfydkifpD;yGm;a&;/ pufr_vkyfief;rsm;pDrHcef@cGJr_Y tajymif;tvJrsm;tcsKd@udkvnf; vkyfaqmifvmcJhygonf? Tðyjyifajymif;vJ a&;vkyfief;rsm;rSm æ 1? ,cktcg EdkifiHawmfydkifpufr_vkyfief;rsm;taejzifh olwdk@.puf&Hkrsm;udk toHk;ðy+yD;/ jyifyrSrSm,lvmaom ukefypPnf;rsm;udk EdkifiHjcm;om;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;twGufaomfvnf;aumif;/ jynfwiG f;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;twGuf aomfvnf;aumif; ukef=urf;ay;-ukefacsm,l pepfjzifh xkwfvkyfay;jcif;udck GifhðycJhygonf?

2? EdkifiHawmf. owfrSwfxm;aomvdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;+yD;ygu/ jyifyaps;uGuw f Gif xkwv f kyf a&mif;csEdkif&ef EdkifiHawmfydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. refae*smrsm;udk cGifhðycJhygonf?

3? (1993) ckESpfwGif vSnhfywfoHk;pGJaiG tar&duefa':vm oef; (60) cef@udk 0ef}uD;Xme (8) ck. bHk&efykHaiG tjzpf pkaqmif;wnfaxmif EdkifcJhygonf? ‚if;wdk@txJwiG f pufr_0ef}uD;Xme (2) ckyg0if+yD;/ aemufxyf EdkifiHjcm;t&efoHk;aiGrsm;&&SdvmatmifzefwD;Edkifa&; óu;yrf;cJh=uygonf? 0ef}uD;Xmetvdkuf tydk&&Sdvm aom EdkifiHjcm;aiGrsm;udk rdrd0ef}uD;Xmetvdkufodrf;qnf;xm;cGifh cGifhðycJhonfhwcsdefwnf;wGif tjcm;aom EdkifiHjcm;aiGa=u;rsm;udk b¾ma&;0ef}uD;XmeupDrHcef@cGJEdkif&ef wm0efay;tyfcJhygonf?

Tod@k ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;rsm;aqmif&GufcJah omfvnf;/ EdkifiHawmfydkifpD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;rSm ,cif&Sdaeaomuef@owfcsKyfcs,fr_atmufY qufvufaqmif&Gufae=u&aoma=umifh taumif;buf&v'frsm; xdxad &mufa&muf ray:xGef;EdkifcJhyg? Ttuef@towfrsm;rSm æ 1? aiGaps;E_ef; ESpfrsKd;owfrSwfxm;r_pepf &Sdaeygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vGwv f yfaomEdkifiHjcm;aiG zvS,af &; aps;uGufr&Sdaoma=umifh/ pepftwGif;wGif tpdk;&uaxmufyHhIaps;E_ef;owfrSwfxm;aompepfu v$rf;rdk; aeygao;onf? TtajctaewGif tpdk;&ydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. trSefwu,fpGrf;aqmifEdkifpGrf;udk wGuq f &ef qdkonfrSm cufvSygonf? xdk@tjyif tpdk;&Xmersm;twGuo f wfrSwfxm;aom ukefypPnf;rsm; udk owfrSwfxm;aomaps;E_ef;rsm;twdik f; wifoGif;&aoma=umifh/ jyifyaps;uGufaygufaps;ESifh rsm;pGm uGmjcm;aeygonf? "gwfqD avmifpmqDESifh v#yfppfrDwmcrsm;tay:Y tpdk;&axmufyHha=u;ay;aer_rsm; qufvuf&Sdae qJjzpfygonf? Xmersm;odk@owfrSwfcGJa0csay;aom EdkifiHjcm;aiGrsm;rSm tar&duef wa': vmv#if (6) usyfjzifh qufvufwefzdk;owfrSwf aeqJjzpfygonf? xdt k wGuaf =umihf jyifyaps;uGufayguf aps;ESifh ydkIa0;apygonf?

85

2? r=umao;rDurS usifhoHk;cJhaom EdkifiHawmfydkif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;Xmersm;tm;vH;k rS xnf0h if=u&+yD;/ b¾ma&; 0ef}uD;Xmeu pDrHcef@cGJonfh EdkifiHawmf&efykHaiG 25 qdkonfrSmvnf; ,cifu ratmifjrifcJhaom jynfaxmifpk wvH;k wcJwnf;xnf0h ifpkaqmif;aiG 26 rsKd; jzpfonf? Tjynfaxmifpk wvH;k wcJwnf;xnfh0ifpkaqmif;aiGrSm EdkifiHwckvHk;twGuf wckwnf;om&Sdaom aiGom;pm&if;jzpf+yD;/ qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&acwfu usifhoH;k cJhjcif;jzpfonf? ,ckjynfaxmifpk&efykHaiGudkrl EdkifiH.&-oH;k aiGpm&if;rsm; udk ay;acs&eftwGuf toH;k ðyonf? TpepfatmufwGif aiGom;toH;k ðyr_tm;vHk;udk b¾ma&;0ef}uD; Xme. vkyfydkifcGifhatmufodk@ v$Jajymif;ay;tyfvdkuf=u&+yD;/ tpdk;&.EdkifiHawmfydkif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; twGif; aiGay;aiG,l t0iftxGufacsmarG@aeap&eftwGu/f odkrSD;xm;cGifh r&Sdawmhay? xd@k tjyif b¾m a&;cGJwrf;rScsay;aomaiG tcsKd;tpm;ud&k &Sd&efrSm odkrSD;xm;onfah iGrsm;xufydkI ta&;}uD;aeawmhonf? aemufxyf Todk@b¾maiGrsm;/ pGrf;tm;rsm;udk rnfonfhrljzifhcGJa0csay;onfudk rlwdwdususr&Sdonfh tjyif/ vkyfief;pOfrSmvnf; jy\emrsm;vSonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh EdkifiHawmfydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. b¾ma&;vkyfydkifcGifhrSm yaysmufoGm;&onf?

3? tvkyfae&mcef@xm;jcif;ESifh vpmE_ef;xm;owfrSwfjcif;wd@k rSmvnf; A[dktm%mydkifrsm;. !$ef=um; xdef;csKyfr_atmufwGifyif &Sdae ao;onf? refae*smrsm;rSm vpmE_ef;xm;rsm;/ vkyfcrsm;/ rufvH;k rsm;udk vkyfom;rsm;.pGrf;aqmif&nftvdu k f ðyjyif&eftwGuf vkyfaqmifydkifcGifhr&Sd=uay? TtwGufa=umifh vkyftm;tydkrsm;/ vkyfief;xyfaeonfrsm; jzpf=u&jyefonf?

4? EdkifiHawmfydkif vlokH;ukefypPnf;xkwv f kyfa&;pufr_vkyfief;rsm; tm;vH;k vdv k dak vmufrSm/ oGif;ukef tpm;xdk;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;jzpf=u+yD;/ EdkifiHjcm;rSwifoGif;ukefudrk SDcdkae&aom puf&Hkrsm;vnf; jzpf=uonf? ukef=urf;rsm;&&Sda&;/ puftydkypPnf;rsm;&&Sda&;/ EdkifiH&yfjcm;rS t&if;tESD;rsm;&&Sda&; udpPrsm;onf T pufr_vkyfief;rsm;. xkwv f kyfr_yrm%ESifh t&nftaoG;tay:tqHk;tjzwfay;aeonf? EdkifiHjcm;t&ef aiGa=u;rSm &Sm;yg;onfhtxJwiG f/ cGJa0ae&mcsxm;yHkrSmvnf; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;r&Sday? xdk@tjyif 0ef}uD;Xme vufatmuf&Sd rnfokd@aom tvkyf&Hkpuf&Hkrsm;rS EdkifiHjcm;aiGydkrdk&vrf;&Sdonf[laom wGucf sufcef@rSef;r_ tay:wGif jr‡KyfESHvkyfudkifcGJa0ay;jcif; r[kwfay? vkyfief;trsm;pkrSm ukef=urf;ESifh pufr_tydkypPnf;rsm; jywf vyfae=uonf? xdkpuf&Hktvkyf&Hkrsm;rSm xkwv f kyfEdkifpGrf;&Sdaomtae txm;. (40) &mcdkifE_ef;/ (60) &mcdkifE_ef;r#om xkwfvkyfae=u&onf? Ttajctaetwdik f;xkwv f kyfaer_rSm t&if;yifjyef&&ef tae txm; r&Sday?

Tjy\emrsm;twGuf ajz&Sif;&efenf;vrf;rSm pepfwusESifh vuf&SdpepfwckvH;k yDyDjyifjyif aps;uGuf pD;yGm;a&;odk@ a&muf&Sd&ef ajymif;vJvyk faqmifr_tay:Y wnfaeonf? pD;yGm;a&;tjcm;u¾rsm;wGif aps;uGuf pD;yGm;a&;o¾mef vkyfaqmifjcif;r&SdbJ/ EdkifiHawmfydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. pDrHcef@cGJr_udk aps;uGuq f efqef vkyfaqmif&ef qdkonfrSm rjzpfEdkifacs? xdkEdkifiHawmfydkif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk vlxt k rsm;ydkif vdrdwuf ukr`%Drsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJjcif; tjyif/ tjcm;aomukr`%Drsm;ESifhvnf; vGwfvyfaomaps;uGuf toGif òyifqdkifap&ef vdktyfonf? rdrdwdk@oabm aygufem;vnfxm;oifhaomtcsufrSm vGwv f yfaomaps;uGufpD;yGm; a&;tajctaeY EdkifiHawmfydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;/ t"duvkyfief;}uD; taejzifh qufvuf&Sifoef&ef rjzpfEdkif qdkaomtcsufyif jzpfonf? tpdk;&taejzifh TuJhod@k aom pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;udk pGef@v$w&f efrSwyg;/ tjcm;aoma&G;cs,fp&m vrf;r&Sday? xdt k wGufa=umifh rnfuJo h dk@aom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsKd;udk qufvufxdef; odrf;xm;rnf/ rnfuJo h dk@aom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk pGef@v$wfrnf ponfukd qHk;jzwf&ef pepfwus rlrsm; csrSwf&efom &Sdawmhonf? trsKd;om; tusKd;pD;yGm;twGut f a&;ygaom (Oyrmtm;jzifh EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&; vkyfief;rsm;/ odk@r[kwf vlr_a&;t&epfemEdkifaom/ qdk;usKd;rsm;pGm jzpfap Edkifaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;) 25 26

State Fund Account Union Consolidated Fund

86

pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;rSty tjcm;usefaom vkyfief;rsm;udk qufvufcsKyfudkifxm;&efta=umif;r&Sday? EdkifiH awmf. apmifha&Smufr_jzifh qufvufrsufESmomay;xm;&ef ta=umif;r&Sday?

TuJo h dk@ EdkifiHawmfydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. jy\emudk ajz&Sif;&efvdt k yfaeaomtcsdefY/ yk*~vdu pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;rSmvnf; ta&;yga=umif;/ EdkifiHawmf.pufr_zGH@òz;a&;twGuf ta&;}uD;aom tcef;u¾ rS yHhydk;&efjzpfEdkifonfudk arhavsmhxm;&ef rjzpfEdkifay? tcsKd@aom EdkifiHjcm;om;avhvmolrsm;u jrefrmEdkifiH. pD;yGm;a&;wGif EdkifiHawmfydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;u rsm;pGmta&;ygonf[k rSm;,Gif;,lqwwf=uonf? vuf&Sd umvwGif b¾ma&;bwf*sufvdak iGjyr_. t"duta=umif;rSm EdkifiHawmfydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. toHk; p&dwfrsm;a=umifh qdkonfrSm trSefyifjzpfygonf? (1996-97) ckESpf pm&if;rsm;t& pkpkaygif;vdak iGjyr_. (51) &mcdkifE_ef;&Sd+yD;/ vuf&Sd tpdk;&Xmersm;toHk;p&dwfrsm;tm;vHk;pkpkaygif;ESifh yrm%twlwlr#yif&Sdygvdrfhrnf?

(1996-97) ckESpf wdik f;jynfrSpkpkaygif;xkwfvkyfr_ wefzdk; (*sD'DyDwefzdk;) . (19² 8) &mcdkifE_ef;r# jzpfaeygonf?

EdkifiHawmfydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;rS tjcm;aompD;yGm;a&;ukr`%Drsm;xHrS 0,f,al iGudk jyefvnfE_wfvkdufygu/ EdkifiHawmftkyfcsKyfa&;Xmersm;ESifh EdkifiHawmfydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. tppftrSefoH;k pGJaiGrSm *sD'DyD. (9² 26) &mcdkifE_ef;r#om &Sdygawmhonf? Z,m; (4? 4) wGifjyxm;onftwdik f; EdkifiHawmfydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. zGJ@pnf;xm;yHkud=k unfhygu vlokH;ukefxkwfvkyfief;rsm;ESifh pufr_vkyfiefrsm;oufoufoHk;pGJaiGaygif;rSm pkpkaygif; EdkifiHawmf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;oH;k aiGpm&if;. (10) &mcdkifE_ef;r#om &Sdygawmhonf? t"duta&;ygaom EdkifiHawmf. pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rSm v,f,mESifhopfawmvkyfief;rsm;jzpfyg onf? &mcdkifE_ef;tm;jzifh (24² 2) &mcdkifE_ef; yg0ifaeygonf? ukefoG,af &;vkyfief;rsm;u (19² 1) &mcdkifE_ef;/ pGrf;tifESifh tpdk;&vkyfief;rsm;u pkpkaygif; EdkifiHawmfydkif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; oHk;pGJaiG. (13² 5) &mcdkifE_ef;ESifh (13² 9) &mcdkifE_ef;pD toD;oD; yg0ifae=uyg onf? trSefpifppfwGifrl EdkifiHawmfydkif ukefxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;rSm jynfolvlxkrsm;.vdt k yfcsufukd rjznfhqnf;ay;Edkif&Hkr#ru/ e,fpyfukef oG,af &;ESifh jynfwiG f;ukefoG,af &;udk w&m;0ifwHcg;zGifhay;vdkufaom tcsdefwGif rnfod@k r#ta&;rygaomtaetxm;odk@qdkufa&muf oGm;cJh&ygonf? ,cktcg vlok;H ukefypPnf; trsm;pkrSm EdkifiHjcm;rSwifoGif;vmaomypPnf;rsm;aomfvnf;aumif;/ odk@r[kwf jynfwGif;rS xkwv f kyfaom ukefypPnf;rsm;aomfvnf;aumif; jzpfae=uygonf? trSefwGif tdrfwGif;pufr_vufr_vkyfief;i,frsm;rS xkwv f kyf aom vlok;H ukefypPnf;rsm;u jynfov l lxkrsm;. vdt k yfcsufrsm;udkjznfq h nf;ay;a&;twGuf ydkIta&;ygaom tcef;u¾udka&mufvmcJhygonf? rsm;pGmaomvloHk;ukefypPnf;trsm;pkrSm jynfwiG f;&Sdpufr_vkyfief;i,frsm;rS xkwv f kyfae=ujcif;jzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- v,form;rsm;oH;k a&wifpufrsm;/ qef}udwfpufi,frsm;rSm jynfwiG f;pufr_vkyfief;i,frsm;rS xkwv f kyfae=ujcif;jzpfygonf? xdyk pPnf; rsm;taejzifh t&nftaoG;pHcsdefrrD jzpfaumif;jzpfaeEdkifaomfvnf;/ jynfwiG f;rSxkwfvkyfaomypPnf;rsm;. csKdomaomtzdk;E_ef;xm;rSm jynfyrS wifoGif;vmaom ypPnf;rsm;ESifh tvG,w f ulòyifqdkifEdkifaom tajctaejzpfapygonf?

87

Z,m; (4? 4) EdkifiHawmfydkif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; (ta&;ygr_tqifhtwef;t&) 1996-98? (pufr_vkyfief;trsKd;tpm;tvdkuf oHk;pGJaiGrsm;) pufr_vkyfief;trsKd;tpm; v,f,mESifh opfawm arG;jrLa&;ESifh a&vkyfief; owWKwGif;vkyfief; pufr_vkyfief; pGrf;tif tpdk;&vkyfief;rsm; o,f,lydk@aqmifa&; rD;&xm;ESifh ukefvrf;ydk@aqmifa&; w,fvDzkef;qufoG,fa&;/ pmwdkufESifh a=u;eef; b¾ma&;ESifh tcGef ukefoG,fa&;Xmersm; vlr_0efaqmifa&;vkyfief;rsm; pkpkaygif; toHk;p&dwf (&mcdkifE_ef;jzifh) (usyfoef;aygif;) rl&if;? Statistical Yearbook 1997, Union of Myanmar.

1?

2?

3?

4?

5?

6?

7?

8?

9?

10?

11?

12?

&mcdkifE_ef; 24² 2 1² 0 2² 6 10² 0 13² 5 13² 9 2² 1 2² 4 1² 6 8² 9 19² 1 0² 7 100² 0 128314

od@k aomfvnf;/ Tpufr_vkyfief;i,frsm;. enf;ynmtqifhtwef;udk jr‡ifhwifray;v#ifjzpfap/ xdkf vkyfief;rsm;. pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;aqmifwm tuGut f uGif;udk csJ@xGifray;Edkifv#ifjzpfap/ a&&SnfwGif EdkifiHjcm;rS wifoGif;vmaomypPnf;rsm;ESifh òyifqdkifEdkifrnfh tvm;tvmr&Sday? txl;ojzifh e,fpyfukefoG,fa&;rS jzwf ausm0f ifvmaom ypPnf;rsm;rSm xdu k foifhaomtcGeftaumufrsm;ay;aqmifvm=u&jcif;r&Sdaoma=umifh aps; csKdae=uygonf? tpdk;&taejzifh pufr_vkyfief;i,frsm;. pD;yGm;a&;t&vdt k yfcsufrsm;ESifh jy\emrsm;twGuf ta&;w}uD; aocsmtm&Hkpdkufajz&Sif;ay;&ef vdt k yfaeygonf? tjcm;owdðy&eftcsufwckrSm jrefrmEdkifiH. w&m;0ifpD;yGm;a&;onf jrefrmEdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;wpHkvH;k tajctaeudk v$rf;ðcHrjyoEdkif[laom tcsufyifjzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;. t"duusaomtpdwf tydkif;rsm;rSm w&m;0ifrjzpfbJ/ w&m;0ifrSwfwrf;pm&if;tif;rsm; wifxm;jcif;r&SdbJ jzpfaeygonf? Oyrmtm; jzifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ra&rwGufEdkifaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;ti,fpm;rsm;ESifh a'otwGif; zlvHak &;r#omxkwfvkyf aeaom vkyfief;i,frsm;&SdaeEdkifonf? tdk;zkwfvkyfief;/ vuf,ufuef;vkyfief;/ aygifrkef@zkwfvkyfief;/ pojzifh jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHESifh jyifywdik f;jynfrsm;ukefoG,af er_rSm w&m;0if pkpkaygif;jynfwiG f;xkwu f kefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD) . (2) &mcdkifE_ef;r# om&Sdygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh wdkif;jynf.pD;yGm;a&;t"dutpdwftydkif;rSm rdrd bmomzlvHak &;twGuf xkwfvkyfaeaomtpdwftydkif;r#om&Sdygonf? TtajctaewGif rdrdbmomzlvHka&; qdkonfrSmvnf; tqifhtwef;edrfhaom &Sifoefaexdkif&r_rsKd;twGuf jzpfygonf? Ttcsufrsm;udk EdkifiHawmf tpD&ifcHpmrsm;wGif w&m;0ifwifjyxm;jcif;r&Sday? Ttcsuftvufrsm;udk xnfo h Gif;pOf;pm;rnfqdkygu vuf &Sd taetxm;Yyif &Sdae=uaom/ yk*~vduvkyfief;rsm;. tcef;u¾ta&;ygr_udk ydkIodjrifomygonf?

88

pufr_vkyfief;rsm; zGH@òz;wdk;wufa&;twGuf &nfrSef;csufrsm; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif pufr_vkyfief;rsm;zGH@òz;wdk;wufa&;twGuf tajctaeaumif;rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;tajccH aumif;rsm;&Sdaeonf? jrefrmEdkifiH wGif pufr_ukef=urf;ypPnf;rsm;jzpfaom ausmufrD;aoG;/ oH&dkif;/ owWK/ pojzifhtajrmuftrsm;&Sdaeonfomru/ v#yfppf"gwftm; xkwfvkyfa&;twGufvnf; a&tm;v#yfppf xkwf vkyfEdkifaom tajctae ae&mtESH@tjym;wGif awG@&onf? vuf&SdtajctaewGif oifhwifhonfhtaetxm;[k ajymI &Edkifaom vlOD;a&oef; (50) ausm&f Sdonfh aps;uGufvnf;&Sdaeonf? tu,fIvlaer_tqifhtwef;ydkI wd;k wufvmygu aps;uGuv f nf;ydkI}uD;xGm;vmp&m ta=umif;&Sdonf? tu,fI wdfkif;jynftaejzifh tdrfeD; csif;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh ydkIqufpyfaygif;pnf;vkyfudik fvmEdkifygu aps;uGut f cGifhtvrf;rsm; ydkIyGifhvmEdkifonf? taemufawmifzufwiG f w&kwfEdkifiH/ tif'dkcsKdif;em; EdkifiHrsm;/ xdik f;EdkifiHESifh tdENd,wdkufwckvHk;ESifh yx0Dt& qufpyfr_&Sdxm;onf? EdkifiHawmfydkifpuf&Hkrsm;wGif vuf&Sd tvkyfvkyfae=uaom/ tiftm;t& ao;i,faomf vnf; aocsmavhusifhxm;onfhtvkyform;tiftm;pkrsm;&Sdae+yD;/ jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;. pufrsm;udkjyefvnf jyif qifrGrf;rHoH;k pGJwwfonfh arG;&myg^m%f&nfESifhaygif;vdu k fygu pufr_vkyfief;rsm;zGH@òz;vmapa&;twGuf tvkyf orm;tiftm;pkrsm; &vmEdkifonf? txufazmfjyyg tcsuftvufrsm;udk tajccHjcif;tm;jzifh atmufazmfjyyg tcsufrsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiH pufr_zGH@òz;a&;twGuf &nfrSef;csufrsm;tjzpf xm;&SdEdkifygonf?

1? pufr_vkyfief;rsm;zGH@òz;a&;udk tajccH&nfrSef;csuftjzpfowfrSwfxm;oifh+yD;/ zGH@òz;a&;vkyfief;pOf}uD; wckvH;k twGuf ta&;}uD;onf? xd@k tjyif pufr_zGH@òz;wdk;wufaeaom tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;xHrS tawG@tñuHrsm; udk avhvm+yD;/ aemifvmrnfh tESpf (20-25) ESpfwm umvwGif pufr_u¾onf EdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wckvHk; . t"duusaomtydkif; jzpfaeapoifhonf?

2? v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;u¾taejzifh zGH@òz;a&;vkyfief;pOf. tapmydkif;ueOD;umvrsm;wGif òr@jyae tvkyform;rsm;twGuf pm;a& &duQmaxmufyHhay;&efESifh pdkufysKd;a&;xGuu f kefrsm;udk tajccHonfph uf&Hkrsm; twGuf ukef=urf;rsm;xkwv f kyfay;Edkif&ef vsmxm;oifhonf? xdk@tjyif v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;u¾onf EdkifiHjcm; aiGtrsm;qHk;&Smay;Edkifaom toufaoG;a=umvkyfief;jzpfonfudv k nf; todtrSwfðyxm;oifhonf? tu,fI v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. xkwv f kyfEdkifr_pGrf;tm;jrifhwufvmygu/ v,f,mvkyfief;rsm;rS vkyfom;rsm; taejzifh ,cifuavmufrvdt k yfawmhbJ òr@jy&Sdpufr_u¾odk@ ajymif;a&$@vmapEdkifonf?

3? pufr_u¾vkyfief;rsm;taejzifh tus,t f jyef@jzpfoifhonf? obm0pGrf;tm;rsm;udk tajcðy aompufr_vkyfief;rsm;/ ydkI acwfrDaom pufr_xkwu f kefypPnf;xkwEf dkifaompuf&Hkrsm;tjyif wDxGifzefwD;r_udk tajccHaompuf&Hkrsm;/ pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udv k nf; aqmif&Gufoihfonf?

4? zGH@òz;a&;qdkif&mrl0g'rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&mY &nf&G,fxm;&rnfrSm yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sif rsm;ESifh yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;rS óu;yrf;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;ESifh tpysKd;a&S@aqmifr_rsm;udk tajccHt& tm; xm;vkyfaqmif&efjzpfonf? Tyk*~vduvkyfief;rsm;[kqdk&mY EdkifiHjcm;ydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;a&m/ jynfwiG f;&Sd yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;yg tygt0ifjzpfonf? EdkifiHawmftpdk;&taejzifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh pD;yGm; a&;pepfudk a&cHajrcHaumif;pGm &SifoefEdkifatmif wdu k fwGef;tm;ay;aom/ pnf;rsOf;xdef;nd‡ay;aom wm0efudk om ,loifhygonf? od@k rSom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;zGH@òz;vmEdkif+yD;/ yGifhvif;vGwfvyfaompD;yGm;a&;pepfESifh vGwf vyfaom òyifqdkifr_rsm;=um;wGif xdu k fwefaomtqifhae&mudk &SmazGvmEdkifvdrfhrnf jzpfonf?

89

pufr+vkyfief; zGHΘzd;wdk;wufa&;twGuf vrf;!$efrlrsm; vGwfvyfaomukefoG,fr_ESifh wHcg;zGifhpD;yGm;a&;pepf

jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh +Adwdo#tifyg,m. tkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGif&SdpOfu jyifyurBmod@k vGwv f yfaom ukefoG,fzufEdkifiHwcktjzpf ESpfaygif; (100) ausm&f yfwnf wnf&SdcJhzl;ygonf? xdt k wGuf&&SdcJhaom&v'frSm wdik f;jynftaejzifh pufr_zGH@òz;r_jzpfEdkifajc&Sdaom tapmydkif;tvm;tvmrsm; qHk;&_H;cJh&+yD;/ ukef=urf;xkwfvkyf aom EdkifiHwcktjzpfom owfrSwfcH&um/ uef@owfusefaecJh&jcif;jzpfygonf? Todk@aomtajctaersKd;udk udv k dek DtkyfcsKyfcH&aom urBmwv$m;EdkifiHtrsm;tjym;wGif tvm;wlawG@cJh=u&ygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh rsm;pGmaomEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh zGH@òz;a&;qdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;ynmudak vhvmaom pD;yGm;a&;ynm&SiftcsKd@u 'kwd,urBmppfvGef tapmydkif;ESpfrsm;wGif jyif;xefpGma0zef axmufjycJh=uygonf? Tynm&Sifrsm;ESifhyk*~dKvf rsm;.tjrift& pD;yGm;a&;wd;k wufzGH@òz;r_. v#Kd@0SufcsufrSm pufr_zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_wGif rlwnfaeonf[k jrif=uyg onf? aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfatmufwGif EdkifiHwcktaejzifh pufr_a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wuf&ef qdkonfrSm ol@obm0 tavsmufrjzpfEdkif[k ,lq=uygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh pufr_zGH@òz;wdk;wuf&ef tpdk;&rsm;u yHhydk;ay;&efvdktyf +yD;/ aps;uGut f wGif;wGifvnf; tpdk;&u0ifa&mufpGufzufI rdrd.wufopfppufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk umuG,fay; &efvdt k yfonf[k jrif=uygonf? txl;ojzifh jynfwiG f;pm;oHk;r_vdktyfcsufudk ,cifuEdkifiHjcm;rSrSm,l wif oGif;ae&onft h pm;/ rdrd. pufr_xGufukefrsm;jzifh tpm;xdk;jznfhqnf;Edkifap&ef vkyfaqmifoifhonf[k jrif=u ygonf?

TumvrSm jynfyoGif;ukeftpm;xd;k jznfq h nf;a&;AsL[m27udk usifo h H;k =uaomumvjzpf+yD;/ jrefrm EdkifiHvnf; tjcm;zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHrsm; tvm;wl Tenf;twdik f;vdkufem aqmif&GufcJhygonf? Todk@aqmif&Guf=u &mwGif vkyfudik fyHkrsm;taejzifh oGif;ukeftcGefrsm;pnf;=uyfaumufcHjcif;/ ta&twGufyrm%t& EdkifiHjcm; wifoGif;ukefudk uef@owfjcif;/ pufr_ukef=urf;rsm;udk wifoGif;cGifhvdik fpifcsay;jcif;rsm;tjyif/ puf&Hktvkyf&Hk trsm;tjym;udk EdkifiHawmfydkiftjzpf tpdk;&ud, k fwdik fu pDrHvnfywfjcif;rsm; aqmif&GufcJ=h uygonf? od@k aomf vnf; &&SdvmaomtusKd;tjrwfrSm pdwfysufzG,faumif;vSygonf?

Tod@k aomcsOf;uyfyHkt& pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mudpPrsm;twGufqHk;jzwfcsurf sm;udk EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&t&m&SdAsL&dku&ufrsm;uvkyf aqmif=uygonf? xdo k lrsm;rSm pD;yGm;a&;vufawG@tajctaeudk u|rf;0if jcif;r&Sd=ubJ/ pufr_vkyfief;u¾. zGH@òz;wdk;wufvmEdkifaom tvm;tvmudkrSef;qr_vnf; tenf;i,fom odu|rf;em;vnf=uygonf? trSefwu,faqmif&Gufae=uaom pufr_vkyfief;&Sifrsm;rSm Ttajctaersm;udk ydkI em;vnfoabmayguf+yD;/ xGuv f maom&v'ftay:wGifvnf; taumif;tqdk;udkolwkd@om cHpm;=u&rnf jzpfaoma=umifh ydkI*&kðy=uygonf? xdk@tjyif topfwnfaxmifcJh=uaom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;taejzifhvnf; EdkifiH&yfjcm;puf&Hkrsm;rS jzpfap/ jynfwiG f;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;rSjzpfap jyifyòyifqdkifr_udk/ rawG@ñuHcJh=u&yg? xdktwGuf a=umifh Todk@aomrSefvHck ef;wGif arG;jrLtm;ay;cHcJh&aom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;taejzifh vkyfief;rsm;xda&muf atmifjrifpGm raqmif&GufEdkifcJhbJ/ pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_udv k nf; trSefwu,ftusKd;rðyEdkifcJhyg? xdo k d@k EdkifiH. pD;yGm;a&;udk tusKd;ðy&rnfhtpm; EdkifiH.&Sm;yg;aom b¾mESifh tjcm;t&if;tjrpf (pGrf;tm;) rsm;udyk g ðyef;wD; apcJh=uygonf?

Tod@k tawG@tñuHrsm;tay:tajccHxm;I rdrdwdk@.rl0g'qdkif&mt=uHðycsufrSm jrefrmEdkifiH. pufr_ vkyfief;u¾zGH@òz;wd;k wufa&;onf aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;ESifh vGwfvyfyGifhvif;aompD;yGm;a&;pepfatmufwGifom aqmif&Guf&rnf jzpfygonf? ta=umif;rSm vGwv f yfaomaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf. ukefxkwfpGrf;tm;rsm;28 udk xda&mufpGmae&mcsxm;oHk;pGJapwwfaom obm0a=umifhom rubJ/ (aps;uGuftaejzifh &&Sdvmaom t&if; tjrpfrsm;udk pm;oH;k olrsm;twGuf ydkItusKd;&Sdapatmif/ ydkIxda&mufxufjrufpGm ae&mcsxm;vkyf 27 28

Import -substitution policy Productive resources

90

aqmifEdkifaom oabmobm0&Sdygonf?) xdo k dk@aps;uGuf. wDxGifzefwD;wwfaomvkyfaqmifr_a=umifhr#om r[kwfbJ/ jynfwiG f;&Sd ukefxkwfvkyfoltcsif;csif;t=um; òyifqdkifae&r_/ jynfwGif;ukefxkwfvkyfolrsm;ESifh EdkifiH &yfjcm;&Sdukefxkwfvkyfolrsm;t=um; òyifqdkifae&r_rsm;a=umifh pufr_enf;ynmudkvnf; wd;k wufvmapygonf? xd@k tjyif ukef=urf;rsm;ESifh wqifh+yD;ukefacsmrsm;&&Sd&ef pGrf;tm;topfrsm;vnf; ydkI&&SdEdkifum/ olwdk@. xGuu f kefrsm;twGuf aps;uGufopfrsm;udkvnf; &SmazGowfrSwfvmEdkifvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? xdkod@k aps;uGuf. tcef;u¾udk vspfvsL&_+yD;/ tpdk;&u tvGeftu|H0ifa&mufpGufzufaqmif&Gufjcif;tm;jzifh pufr_zGH@òz;&ef óu; yrf;&mwGif atmifjrifr_&onf[lI rawG@cJh&zl;yg? twdwfumvtawG@t=uHKrsm;t& jrefrmEdkifiHtygt0if tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;wGifa&m atmifjrifr_rsKd; r&Sdoavmufyif jzpfygonf? vGwv f yfpGmukefoG,fr_udk cGifhðyaomrl0g'usifo h Hk;jcif;tm;jzifh &&SdvmEdkifaomaumif;usKd;rSm pm;oH;k olrsm;. pdwfauseyfr_udk ydkrdkjznfq h D;ay;Edkif+yD;/ pm;oHk;olrsm;taejzifh wdik f;jynf.t&if;tjrpfrsm;teufrS rnfonfhudpPudkrqdk vdo k vdt k oH;k ðyEdkifjcif; jzpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; Todk@vkyfief;pOftm;jzifh aqmif&Guf rnfqdkv#if wdik f;jynfwiG f tajccHuke=f urf;ypPnf;rsm;xkwv f kyfa&;udk t"duðyxm;aom pufr_vkyfief;rsKd;udk OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf&rnfjzpfygonf? ta=umif;rSm jrefrmEdkfifiHtaejzifh Todk@tajccHxkwu f kefypPnf;rsm; 29 xkwfvkyfa&;udpPY Ed_if;,SOftm;omcsuf &Sdaeaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? od@k aomfvnf; Ed_if;,SOftm;omcsufqdkonfrSm ae&m/ vkyfief;wckwnf;tay:Y tao&yfae+yD;/ qufvufItjcm;u¾rsm;od@k ajymif;vJvmap&ef raqmif&GufEdkifonf r[kwfyg? tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;pepf wpHk vH;k . tajymif;tvJtay:rlwnfI tjrJwapajymif;vJaewwfaom oabm&Sdygonf? t&if;tESD;rsm; ydkrdk pkyHk pkaqmif;rdvmonfESifhtr#/ pufr_enf;ynmydkrdkzGH@òz;vmonfESifhtr# ajymif;vJvmvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? xdk@ tjyif TEd_if;,SOftm;omcsuf qdkonfrSm/ wdik f;jynfwckESifhwckt=um; ajymif;vJaeaom xkwfvkyfr_ tajccH qdkif&m tcsufrsm;uvnf; =oZmoufa&mufajymif;vJvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? vGwfvyfaomukefoG,fr_pepf atmufwGif Todk@xkwfukefypPnf;rsm;/ xkwfkvyfr_oabmobm0rsm;ajymif;vJaernfjzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH taejzifh/ tajccHxkwfukefrsm;xkwfvyk fjcif;Yom tjrJwapvkyfaeaom/ rajymif;vJbJ&Sdaernfh tajctaersKd; wGif &yfwnfaernf r[kwfyg? ydkIta&;}uD;aomtcsufrSm pufr_enf;ynmopfrsm;v$aJ jymif;&&Sda&;ESifh pufr_enf;ynmydkif;qdkif&m t& ydkIxufjrufxad &mufpGm pGrf;aqmifEdkifa&;twGuf &SmazGae=u&rnf jzpfygonf? Todk@&SmazG&mY ynm a&;/ avhusifhynmay;a&;oifwef;rsm;/ wDxGifzefwD;r_udk tm;ay;a&;/ paomvkyfief;rsm;aqmif&Gufay;jcif;jzifh owfrSwfxm;aompufr_ukefxkwfvyk fief;rsm;Y rdrdEdkifiH. Ed_if;,SOftm;omcsufudk jrifhrm;vmapEdkifyg onf? pufr_zGH@òz;wdk;wufvmcJhaom ta&S@tm&SEdkifiHrsm;udk=unfhygu Todk@pufr_vkyfief;u¾. zGJ@pnf;yHk rnfod@k ajymif;vJoGm;cJhonfudk awG@Edkifygonf? Todk@jzifh tajccH ukef=urf;xkwfukefrsm;udx k kwfvkyfaom tqifhrS pufr_zGH@òz;aomtqifhodk@ ajymif;vJwufvSrf;oGm;Edkif=u&mwGif vGwv f yfaomaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&; pepfudk usifo h H;k jcif;ESifhtwl/ pufr_enf;ynmavhvmjcif;ESifh jr‡ifhwifay;jcif;tm;jzifh atmifjrifpGm aqmif&GufomG ;cJh=u onfudk awG@Edkifygonf?

EdkifiHwum&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;. tcef;u¾

Tod@k pufr_xGef;opfpEdkifiHrsm;. tawG@tñuHrSavhvmaomtcg/ xdEk dkifiHrsm;onf wbufu vGwv f yfaomaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk wdu k fwGef;tm;ay;jcif;jzifh/ puFmyl/ rav;&Sm;/ xdik f;EdkifiHrsm;wGif EdkifiH wumt&if;tESD;rsm;u t"duyHhydk;=uolrsm;tjzpf/ xdkEdkifiHrsm;. pufr_zGH@òz;a&;ajy;vrf;ay: w[kefxd;k wuf oGm;atmif wGef;aqmfay;EdkifcJh=uonfudk awG@&ygonf? twdwu f mv jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tpdk;&tqufqufrSusifhoHk;cJhaom/ e,fcsJ@acwf tawG@tñuHukd wk@H jyef&mrS ay:xGuv f maom/ usOf;ajrmif;onft h rsKd;om;a&; 0g'a=umifh EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udt k oH;k csI 29

Comparative advantage

91

jrefrmEdkifiH.pD;yGm;a&;wd;k wufEdkifaomtvm;tvmudk jiif;y,fcJh=uygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh vdt k yfae aom aiGa=u;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udk vufv$wfcJh&&Hkom r[kwfbJ/ acwfrDpufr_enf;ynmopfrsm; rnfok@d aqmif &Gufvyk fudkif=uonf/ acwfrDpD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;}uD;rsm;taejzifh rnfokd@vnfywfvkyfudkifae=uonfudkyg qnf;yl;avhvmcGifh qHk;&_H;cJh=u&ygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh tvsif tjrefzGH@òz;wdk;wufaeaomEdkifiHrsm;ESifh trD vdu k fEdkif&ef ESpfaygif; (25) ESpfausmf aemufususefaecJh&+yD;/ txD; wnf;oD;oef@ wHcg;ydwfaexdik fcJh&ygonf?

TtajctaewGif rdrd.pufr_zGH@òz;r_tvm;tvmudk od&Sdoabm aygufEdkif&ef/ rdrd. tajccHtaqmuftOD rsm;udk oifhwifhovdk jyefvnfðyjyifEdkif&eftwGuf t&if;tESD;trsm; tjym;vdt k yfygvdrfhrnf? jrefrmEdkifiH. vuf&Sd pD;yGm;a&;tajctaerSmvGefpGmedrfhus ae+yD;/ zGH@òz;ptajctaewGifyif&SdaeqJ jzpf ygonf? xdt k ajctaewGif vdt k yfaomaiG&if;rsm;udk rdrdbmom/ &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_twGuf wòyifeufwnf; tvH;k t&if;tvdu k fpkðyH jznfq h D;&ef rjzpfEdkifyg? rdrd.&Sdor# udk,fydkifpGrf;tm;rsm;udk tusKd;tjzpfEdkifqkH; oHk;pGJ aomenf;vrf;om &Sdygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; trsm;tjym;0ifa&mufvmap&ef pnf;&Hk;zdk@vnf; vdt k yfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHuJhodk@aom ESpfaygif; (30) ausmzf GH@òz;r_aES;auG; aemufususefae& aomEdkifiHwcktzdk@/ EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;/ tpkzufpyft&if;tESD;rsm; vG,fvifhwul0ifa&mufvm rnf[k ar#mfvifhxm;&efrjzpfEdkifyg? tpdk;&taejzifh vuf&SdEdkifiHjcm;rSvma&muf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESH ae=uaom obm0 ywf0ef;usifudk xkwf,lonf&h if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;tjyif/ trsKd;tpm;uGjJ ym;aom pufr_vkyfief;u¾rsm;odk@ EdkifiH jcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;0ifa&mufvmap&ef qGJaqmif pnf;&Hk;&ef vdktyfvdrfhrnfjzpfygonf? r=umao;rDESpf tydkif; tjcm;udk jyef=unfhrnfqdkv#if EdkifiHpHkaumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;taejzifh obm0ywf0ef;usifpGrf;tm;rsm; xkwaf zmf a&;rSvGI J / tjcm;aomu¾rsm;wGif &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESH&ef jrefrmEdkifiHY pdwf0ifpm;r_rjycJh=uonfrSmvnf; trSefyif jzpfygonf? TtajctaewGif a&S@qufzGH@òz;wdk; wufa&;twGuf rnfonfhtvm;tvmrSr&SdbJ/ obm0 tiftm;pkrsm;30 azmfxw k fa&;udkom tm;ud;k ygu/ obm0ywf0ef;usifrsm; tvGeftrif;ysufpD;ap&aom tajctaeudo k m qdkufa&mufapygonf? ydkIxkwfvkyfr_jzpfapEdkifaom/ ydkIa&&SnfwnfwhaH tmifxdef;Edkifaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;u¾rsm;od@k EdkifiHjcm;t&if;tESD;rsm;vma&muf a&;qdkonfrSm oifhwifhaom tkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;qdkif&mtaqmuftOD/ vlr_a&; ydkif;qdkif&m tajccH taqmuftODrsm;/ &kyf0wˆKydkif;qdkif&m tajccH taqmuftODrsm;udk zGH@òz;wd;k wufap&ef vdk tyfygvdrfhrnf? Tod@k aomðyjyifajymif;vJa&;/ tajccHtaqmuftOD zGH@òz;apa&;vkyfief;rsm;Yyif jynfwiG f;&Sd yk*~vduu¾a&m/ EdkifiH&yfjcm;rS yg0ifaqmif&Gufr_udkyg zdwfac:tm;ay;&ef vdktyfygvdrfhrnf? TuJo h dk@aom vkyfief;rsm;onf a&&SnftwGuf t&if;tESD;óuwifpdkufxkwfvkyfudik f&+yD;/ tjrwftpGef;jyefvnf&&Sd&ef =um wwfjcif;/ tjrwftpGef;&&Sdyguvnf; enf;yg;jcif;/ raocsmr_rsm;jcif; paomtcsufrsm;a=umifh yk*~vduu¾rS TpDrHcsufrsm;tay: yg0ifaqmif&Gufvm&ef qENwGif tuef@towf&SdygvdrfhOD;rnf? xdktwGuaf =umifh tpdk;& taejzifhom Todk@aom tajccHtaqmuftODzGH@òz;r_qdkif&m pDrHcsufrsm;wGif aiGvH;k aiG&if;jzifh t}uD;tus,f &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESH&ef wm0ef,l& vdrfhOD;rnf jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;odk@ EdkifiHjcm;t&if;tESD;rsm; 0ifa&mufvm ap&ef qGJaqmifa&;twGuf tjrefqHk;aomenf;vrf;rSm/ tpdk;&taejzifh rnfuhJod@k aompufr_vkyfief;qdkif&m t&if;tESD;rsKd;udkrqdkzdwfac: a=umif;a=ujim&efvdktyf+yD;/ uef@owfcsufrsm;udkvnf; tenf;qHk;xm;ay;&ef vdt k yfygonf? xdk@tjyif zdwfac:xm;aom&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;twGuf vdt k yfaomrufvH;k rsm;vnf; aqmif&Guf ay;&ygvdrfhrnf?

jynfwGif;&Sd pGef@OD;wDxGifvkyfief;&Sifrsm;twGuf tcef;u¾ESifh yk*~vduu¾rS yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufr_ ta&S@tm&SEdkifiHrsm;. pufr_zGH@òz;vmyHkudk ‚if;wd@k .rukefcrf;Edkifaom tawG@tñuHrsm;rS avhvmaom tcg/ rSwfom;p&mtcsufwckrSm EdkifiHwumukr`%Drsm;ESifh EdkifiH&yfjcm;rS t&if;tESD;rsm;udk tvGeftu|H rSDcdkcJh 30

Natural resources

92

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Visible hand of government

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xdef;nda‡ qmif&Gufr_&SdcJh+yD;/ tpdk;&rsm;u zGH@òz;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;wGif ta&;ygaomtcef;u¾u aqmif&GufcJ=h u ygonf? tpdk;& taejzifh pufr_vkyfief;rsm;zGH@òz;wd;k wufa&;twGuf yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifaom enf;vrf;rsm;pGm &Sdygonf? ta&;}uD;aomtcsufrSm acwfopfpufr_vkyfief;rsm;/ enf;ynmESifh wDxGifzefwD;r_wd@k onf pufr_ pGrf;aqmif&nfukjd rifhvmapaom t"du ta=umif;t&if;rsm;jzpfygonf? atmifjrifaom pufr_vkyfief;wckudk wnfaxmif&efqdkonfrSm enf;ynmydkrdkpGrf;aqmifr_ ESifh wd;k wufr_tay:tajcðyI/ rdrdutompD;&Edkifaom vkyfief;tajccHtay:wGif a&G;cs,ftajcðyvkyfudkif&efjzpfygonf? tvsiftjrefpufr_enf;ynm wd;k wufa&; twGuf ta&;ygaomtajccHtcsufrSm tus,ftjyef@ESifh tqifhjrifhoif=um;Edkifaom ynma&;pepf jzpfyg onf? ynma&;u¾ESifhoufqdkifaom rl0g'rsm;udk aemifvmrnft h cef;rsm;wGif tao;pdwfaqG;aEG;oGm;rnf jzpfygonf? yHkrSefausmif;rsm;tjyif/ pufr_enf;ynmudk tav;ay;oif=um;aom pufr_ody`Hausmif;rsm;ESifh okawoeXmersm;onf pufr_enf;ynmzGH@òz;wdk; wufa&;twGuf ta&;}uD;vSygonf? Todk@aqmif&GufrSom vdt k yfaeaompufr_enf;ynmu|rf;usifonfh vkyfom;tiftm;pkrsm; ydkI&&SdvmEdkifrnf jzpfygonf? ynma&; . OD;wnfcsufonfvnf; pufr_enf;ynmzGH@òz;wd;k wufa&;twGuf &nf&G,foif=um;oifhygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh jyifyEdkifiHrsm;rS ydkItqifhjrifhaompufr_enf;ynmrsm; &&SdEdkifzG,f&Sdygonf? txl;ojzifh jrefrmEdkifiH.pufr_vkyfief; rsm;wGif EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; zdwfac:vufcHjcif;tm;jzifh enf;ynmopfrsm;yg &&SdEdkifygonf? EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;u txl;vdt k yfaeaom t&if;tESD;ESifh pufr_ enf;ynmrsm;0ifa&mufvmap+yD;/ EdkifiHwumukr`%D}uD;rsm;tm;jzifh rdrd.pufr_zGH@òz;r_udk jr‡ifhwifaqmif&Guf Edkifygonf? xdk@tjyif rdrd.pufr_enf;ynmzGH@òz;r_udk a&&SnfwnfwHah eatmif xdef;odrf;Edkifa&;twGuf jynfwGif; &Sd pufr_vkyfief;rsm;.pGrf;aqmif&nfukv d nf; jr‡ifhwifay;&efta&;}uD;ygonf? T&nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk tx ajrmufapa&;twGuf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&taejzifh EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;udk qGJaqmifpnf;&Hk;Edkif&efaqmif&Guf Edkifaomvkyfief;rsm;pGm &Sdygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh yxrtcsuftaejzifh/ EdkifiH&yfjcm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif jynfwiG f;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;u tpk&S,f,m0,f,lydkifqdkifapjcif;udkvnf; wdkufwGef;oifhygonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh jynfwiG f;&SdpGef@OD;wDxGifvkyfief;&Sifrsm;ESifh pDrHcef@cGJolrefae*smrsm;udk ‘vkyf&if;oifpepf’jzifh tawG@tñuHrsm; &&Sd vmapEdkifygonf? 'kwd,tcsufrSm tpdk;&taejzifh avhusifhoifwef;ay;a&;tpDtpOfrsm;rSwqifh pufr_enf; ynm v$aJ jymif;ay;r_tcsKd@&&Sd&ef vdt k yfygonf? xdk@tjyif jynfwGif;0efxrf;rsm;udk tcsKd@aom&mxl;ae&mrsm; wGif cef@tyfap&efawmif;qdk jcif;/ okawoeXmersm; xlaxmif&efawmif;qdkjcif; paomvkyfief;rsm;udk &if;ESD; jr‡KyfESHr_vmaomtcg wygwnf;ygvmap&ef awmif;qdk r_wcktaejzifhvnf; aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? Tod@k aom awmif;qdkcsuf tajctaersm;rSmaps;uGufuvnf; auseyfvufcHEdkfifaom tajctae&Sd&efvdt k yf+yD;/ yk*~vdu u¾uvnf; pufr_vkyfief;rsm;zGH@òz;vmapa&;twGuf t}uD;tus,&f if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ ðyvmap&ef wdu k fwGef;=u& rnf jzpfygonf? yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm; jr‡KyfESHr_ðyvkyfvmatmif/ pD;yGm;a&;tvm;tvmrsm;udk wd;k jr‡ifhay;&ef vdt k yfygrnf? pufr_zGH@òz;wdk;wufa&;qdkonfrSm a&&Snfoif=um;avhvm&aom vkyfief;pOfjzpf+yD;/ t&if;tESD;}uD; rm;ovdk/ &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESH&r_twGuf qHk;&_H;Edkifaom tEW&m,fvnf; }uD;rm;ygonf? zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHrsm;wGif yk*~vdu puf&Hktvkyf&Hkrsm;taejzifh olwd@k .xkwu f keft&nftaoG;/ enf;ynmwdk;wufap&ef óu;yrf;aqmif&Guf=u&if;/ Tod@k oif=um;r_jzpfpOfY epfemqHk;&_H;&r_vnf; t}udrf}udrf&Sdygonf? rdrd.wDxGifr_a=umifh jzpfay:vmaom tusKd;tjrwfrsm;udk rdrdwOD;wnf;omr[kwf/ tjcm;olrsm;udkvnf; tusKd;tjrwf&&SdEdkifojzifh tcsKd@olrsm;u pGef@pm;I &if;ESD;r_ rvkyfvd=k uyg? tu,fI Ttajctaersm;udk ausmv f $m; Edkifv#ifaomfrS yk*~vdu pGef@OD; wDxiG fvkyfief;&SifwOD;rS atmifjrifcsJ@xGifvmaomvkyfief;rsm;onf EdkifiHwckvHk; twdik f;twmESifh=unfhv#if avsmu f efr_r&Sdonfh taetxm;rsKd;vnf; awG@&wwfygonf? wenf;qdk&aomf yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm; tae jzifh wpHkw&maomxkwfvkyfr_udk tusKd;tjrwf&&Sdatmif aqmif&Gufaeaomfvnf;/ a&&SnftwGuf ar#mfjrif awG;ac:I vkyfaqmifEdkifaom tajctaersKd; r&Sdwwfyg?

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xdo k d@k tajctaersm;a=umifh tpdk;&wcktaejzifh pufr_zGH@òz;a&;twGuf axmufcHyHhydk;ay;&ef vdt k yf& aomtcsufrSm aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&; pepfonf ol@bmom vHak vmufaomxdef;nd‡r_/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ &atmif vkyfaqmif&efrjzpfEdkifbJ/ tpdk;&u 0ifa&mufyHhydk;rSom yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;/ u¾toD;oD;=um; wGif vdt k yfaomqHk;jzwfcsucf s vkyfaqmifr_rsm; aqmif&GufEdkifaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHuJo h dk@ zGH@òz; qJEdkifiHwck. pD;yGm;a&;pepfwGif pufr_vkyfief;u¾rsm;tcsif;csif;yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_twGuf pDpOfaqmif&Guf ay;aom ,EW,m;Xmersm;onfvnf;aumif;/ owif;zvS,fEdkifa&;twGuf pDpOfay;aomvkyfief;rsm;onf vnf;aumif; csKd@wJt h m;aysmhae wwfygonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh TuJo h dk@yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ tm;aumif;ap a&;twGuf aqmif&Gufoifhygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh tpdk;&taejzifh &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;udk vdktyfovdk tkyfpk rsm;pkpnf;ay;jcif;jzifh aumif;pGmtusKd;aqmifEdkifaom ta&;ygaomtcef; u¾&Sdygonf? uGjJ ym;aomu¾ toD;oD;rS pufr_vkyfief;&Sifrsm;udk pkpnf;ap+yD;/ tjrwftpGef;trsm;qHk;jzpfxGef;apaom vkyfief;rsm;udk &SmazG awG@&Sdvmatmif/ olwkd@. t&if;tESD;rsm;udk xdo k dk@tjrwftpGef;jzpfxGef;Edkifaom vkyfief;rsm;Y pDrHcsufcsI yl; aygif;aqmif&Guf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHEdkifatmif yHhydk;ay;Edkifygonf? ta&S@tm&SEdkifiHrsm;. pufr_pGrf;aqmif&nf wd;k wuf vmcJhaom taetxm;udjk yef=unfhaomtcg Tod@k yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufap&ef zefwD;ay;cJhaom vkyfief;Xmersm; u ta&;ygaomtcef;rSaeI tusKd;ðycJhonfudk awG@&ygonf? xdrk #omru jynfwGif;0,fvkdtm;/ a&mif;vdk tm; tajctae/ EdkifiH&yfjcm;&SdurBmhaps;uGuf. 0,fvdktm;/ a&mif;vdt k m;tajctaersm;u rdrdpufr_vkyfief; u¾rsm;.xkwfvkyfr_yHkpHudk tpOftjrJajymif;&ef zdtm;ay;ae=uygonf? Todk@aomajctaewGif tpdk;& taejzifh urBmay:wGifjzpfay:ajymif;vJaeaom vrf;a=umif;/ tajctaersm;udk yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;u tpOfojzifh owif;od&SdaeEdkif&ef ulno D ifhygonf? od@k rSom t"duusaom pufr_xkwu f kefrsm;udk owfrSwfEdkif rnfjzpf+yD;/ tv#iftjrefwdk;wufEdkifaom / pD;yGm;a&; tusKd;tjrwfrsm;rsm; &&SdEdkifrnfhvkyfief;rsm;udk a&&Snf wnfwHah tmif xdef;odrf;Edkifaom a&S@tvm;tvmrsm;udk qHk;jzwfEdkif=urnfjzpfonf?

ckefysHausmfv$m;a&; r[mAsL[m ckefysHausmv f $m;a&; r[mAsL[mqdkonfrSm ordkif;a=umif;t& zGH@òz;wd;k wuf&eftwGuf ESpfaygif; (150) ausmjf zwfcJ&h aom tajctae udk csKH@ypf+yD;/ rdrdwdk@u ESpfaygif; (25) ESpf/ (30) ESpftwGif;a&mufap&ef óu;yrf;aqmif&Gufaomvkyfief;pOfjzpfa=umif; a&S@tcef;rsm;wGif t"dy`g,fzGifhcJh+yD; jzpfygonf? TOyrmudv k nf; atmifjrifaeaom ta&S@tm&SEdkifiHrsm;ESifh Oyrmay;cJhygonf? rdrdwdk@u Todk@ckefysHausmfvm$ ;I vkyfaqmifEdkif onf[k ,H=k unf=u&jcif;rSm/ ‘t=uHwl aemufvlompjrJ’ qdkovfkd aemufusrSTe,fy,fxJod@k 0ifa&mufvm aomoltzdk@ a&S;,cifutodynmrsm;a&m/ ,kacwfrDwd;k wufaeaom todynmrsm;udkyg wòyifwnf;&,l cHpm;EdkifcGifh&Sdaom a=umifh jzpfygonf? ordkif;t&jyef=unfv h #if topftopfaom/ wacwfqef;apaom wd;k wufwDxiG fzefwD;r_rsm;onf tcsdefumvrsm;pGm,l+yD;rS/ ESpfumvrsm;pGm=um+yD;rS ajymif;vJcJjh cif; jzpfygonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh ckefysHausmv f $m;a&; r[mAsL[mqdkonfrSm vuf&Sdacwfumv. ºu,f0aeaom pufr_enf; ynmrsm;udk tcGifhaumif;,lEdkifpGrf;&Sd-r&Sd [laomtajctaeY rlwnfaeygonf? Tod@k tcGifhaumif; r,lEdkif ygu uef@owfcHae&+yD;/ aemufususefae&rnf jzpfygonf? Tod@k aqmif&Gufrnfqdkygu ynma&;pepfESifh pufr_enf;ynmoif=um;avhvma&;onf ckefysHausmv f $m;a&; r[mAsL[mtwGuf r&Sdrjzpf vdt k yfaom tajccHvdt k yfcsufrsm;jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf ckefysHausmv f $m;a&; r[mAsL[mudk jrefrmhenf; jrefrmh[efjzifh atmufygtwdik f; aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? yxrtcsuftaejzifh owif;enf;ynmacwfwGif topfjzpfxGef;vmaomtajctaeatmufY aqmif&Gufrnfh pufr_zGH@òzfd;r_qdkonfrSm twdwo f rdkif;umvu pufr_zGH@òz;cJhr_yHkpHtwdik f; waoGrwdrf;vrf; a=umif; jyefvdu k fp&mrvdkawmhyg? pufr_enf;ynmzGH@òz;r_udk enf;ynmtqifhtwef;tvdkufudk tajccHI tqifhrsm;cGJjcm;owfrSwfEdkifygonf? yxrtqifhwGif pufr_zGH@òz;r_udk ay;tyfvmaom ukefxkwft&if;tESD;rsm; 96

tajctaeud=k unfI h zefwD;&rnfjzpfygonf? &SdaeaomtajctaerS rdrdwdk@xkwfvkyfEdkifaomukefypPnf;. aps;uGut f wGif; òyifqdkifEdkifaom aps;E_ef;udktajccH=unf&h rnf jzpfygonf? aemufwqifhwGif tqifhjrifh acwfrD enf;ynmrsm;udk &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;ydk&vmonfESifhtr#/ pufr_xkwv f kyfr_t&nftaoG;wufvmonfESifhtr#/ vkyfom;rsm;ydkrdkI pufr_u|rf;usifvmonfESifhtr#/ acwfrDpufr_enf;ynmrsm;udk &,ltoH;k csEdkif&ef vdt k yfvm ygonf? aemufqHk;tqifhwGif EdkifiHtaejzifh rdrdbmomwDxiG fzefwD;xkwfvkyfvmEdkifaom pufr_enf;ynm rsm;a=umifh ydkItqifhtwef;jrifhaom xGufukefrsm;xkwv f kyfvmEdkifrnf jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh vuf&Sd tajctaewGif zGH@òz;r_.tpysKd;tqifhwGifyif &Sdaeaomfvnf;/ vkyftm;rsm;rsm;udk tajccHtoH;k cs& aom pufr_enf;ynm/ puf&Hkrsm;jzifhom wG,fuyfraeapoifhyg? xdrk SwqifhwufI u|rf;usifr_t&nftaoG; rsm; jrifhwufvmap&ef avhvmoif=um;jcif;/ pufr_enf;ynmtopfrsm;topfrsm; &&Sdatmif=uHaqmifjcif;jzifh pufr_vkyfief;topfrsm; xlaxmifvmEdkifvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; vuf&SdumvwGif pwif&efrSm rd&dk; zvmvkyfief;rsm;jzpfaom csnfr#ifESifh txnfvkyfief;rsm;/ vlokH;ukefxkwv f kyfa&; vkyfief;rsm;jzifh pxm;Edkif ovd/k wcsdefwnf;rSmyif ydkIpufr_enf;ynmt&tqifhjrifhaom qDrDuGef'wfwmxkwfvkyfa&;puf&Hkrsm; uJo h dk@ aom acwfrDvkyfief;rsm;udv k nf; tpysKd;xm;Edkifygonf? pufr_zGH@òz;r_yHkpHonf wajy;wnf;oabmr&Sdyg? puFmylEdkifiH taejzifh owif;enf;ynm avmuxJodk@ vGefcJhaom (15) ESpfumvtwGif;u ckefysHausmv f $m; 0ifa&mufvmcJhaom om"u&Sdygonf? pufr_vkyfief;rsm;tpysKd; tajctaerS vHk;0atmifjrifaom pufr_ vkyfief;rsm;tjzpfod@k ajymif;vJEdkifcJhygonf? (1970) ckESpfrsm; aESmif;ydkif;umvrsm;uyif puFmylEdkifiHu oabm aygufxm;cJhonfrSm orm;&dk;uspufr_xGuu f kefrsm;udk xkwfvkyfjcif;tm;jzifh aps;uGuw f Gif0ifa&muf òyifqdkifI tompD;&Edkifrnf r[kwf[laomtcsufjzpfygonf? ol@EdkifiHwGif vltiftm;t&if;tESD;rsm;rsm;pm;pm; r&Sd ovd/k jynfwGif;aps;uGufvnf; }uD;}uD;rm;rm; r&Sdyg? xdt k wGufa=umifh pufr_xGuu f kefvkyfief;rsm;jzifh p&ef rjzpfEdkif[k óuwifwGuq f cJhygonf? tjcm;wbufwGifvnf; owif;enf;ynmrSm enf;ynmtopfjzpf+yD;/ Te,fy,fY rnfolr#OD;aqmifr_ae&m,lxm;Edkifaom tajctaer&Sdao;ay? tpysKd;umvwGif tm;enf; csufrsm;/ tuef@towfrsm;&SdaecJhygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh ynma&;u¾wGifjzpf+yD;/ puFmylEdkifiHu txufwef; ynmoif=um;a&;ESifh pufr_enf;ynmoif=um;a&;twGuf ynma&;pepfudk awmfvSefa&;qefqef ajymif;vJ vkyfaqmifcJh=uygonf? xd@k tjyif tpdk;&.vkyfief;Xmersm;wGif tvdt k avsmufpufcvkwfoH;k Edkifaom pepfrsm; wyfqif+yD;/ tcsdefra&G; ae&mra&G;qnf;yl;avhvmEdkifaomtcGifhtvrf;rsm; &Sdvmatmif/ trsm;.a&S@u ajy;Edkifatmif aqmif&GufcJ=h uygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifhvnf; uGefjyLwmynmESifhywfoufvmv#if/ owif;enf;ynmESifh ywfoufvm v#if TuJo h dk@aomenf;vrf;rsKd;udk twk,v l dkufoifhygonf? od@k aomfvnf; rdrdwdk@&nf&G,fcsufu tjcm; udpPrsm; jzpfaumif;jzpfygvdrfhrnf? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf uHaumif;onf[k qdk&rnfrSm jrefrmEdkifiH. ºu,f0aom obm0o,HZmwrsm;a=umifh us,fjyef@aompufr_u¾rsm; zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_udk wòyifeuf aqmif&GufEdkifjcif; jzpf+yD;/ EdkifiH.yx0Dtaetxm;t&a&m/ jynfwiG f; aps;uGufyrm%t&yg ta&;omaeygonf? odk@aomf vnf; acwfrDpufr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif tvdt k avsmufxdef;csKyfEdkifaompufrsm; (rdkuU&dk y&dkqufqmrsm;)32 toH;k ðyr_rsm;/ uGefjyLwmcspfyfrsm;/ uGefjyLwm enf;ynmwyfqifxm;aompufrsm; ponfwd@k yg wGifus,af e+yDjzpfyg onf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh rdrdwd@k uprnf qdkonfESifhyif rdkuU&dky&dkqufqm enf;ynmjzifh wcgwnf; pEdkifatmif óu;yrf;oifhygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh orm;&dk;uspufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk zGH@òz;vmap&ef tcsdefapmifhqdkif;&ef twGuf rjzpfEdkifawmhyg? uGefjyLwm/ owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk odak vSmifxm;aom cspfyfjym;rsm; (rdkuU&dkcspfyf)33/ owif;enf;ynm ponfrsm;u zGH@òz;r_vkyfief;rsm;. ta&;ygaomae&mudk ,lvm=uvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? ,cktqifhumvrSmyif vloH;k ukefypPnf;rsm;/ pufypPnf;rsm; (Oyrmtm;jzifh opfESifh oHjzwfaom wGifcHpk ufrsm;onfyifv#if) xdef;csKyfjyifqifay;aompufrsm;udk wyfqiftoHk;ðyae=u&+yD jzpfygonf? xdkr#om 32 33

Microprocessors (tvdktavsmufxdef;csKyfEdkifaom pufrsm;) Microchips (owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk odkavSmifxm;Edkifaom cspfyfjym;rsm;)

97

ru owif;enf;ynmu¾. aqmhzf0J,m;/34 uGefjyLwm y&dk*&rfrsm; xkwfvkyfr_onfyif zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHrsm;&Sd vlrsm;udk tvkyfay;aeEdkif=u+yD jzpfonf? Ttcsufrsm;udk tm&SzGH@òz;a&;b%fuyif todtrSwfðyI tpD&ifcH pmxJwGif xnfhoGif;azmfjycJh+yD; jzpfygonf? 35 'kwd,tcsufrSm tjcm;tvsiftjrefzGH@òz;wd;k wufapEdkifaom r[mAsL[mrSm qufoG,af &;uGef,uf udk ydkIcsJ@xGif/ ydkIwdk;wufatmif aqmif&Gufjcif; jzpfygonf? Tod@k aqmif&Guf&mY ab;wdu k fa&m/ txufatmufqufo, G fa&;udkyg aumif;atmif aqmif&Gufap&rnfjzpfygonf? pufr_vkyfief;rsm;tcsif;csif; yl;aygif; qufo, G fr_aumif;&efvdt k yfovd/k pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; tcsif;csif;vnf; yl;aygif;qufoG,faqmif&Gufr_ aumif;&efvdt k yfygonf? acwfopfpufr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif xkwfukefrsm;. t&nftaoG;jrifhwufvmap&ef vdk tyfonfomru/ xkwfvkyfr_ukefusp&dwfrsm;yg enf;&efvdt k yfygonf? Todk@jzpfap&efrSm xkwfvkyfjzef@jzL;ol rsm;ESifh pm;oH;k olrsm;t=um; qufo, G fa&;udk wdk;wufap&rnf jzpfygonf? wòyifeufwnf;rSmyif ti,fpm; ESifh tvwfpm;ukefxkwv f kyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;. tcef;u¾ESifh yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifr_udv k nf; tav;ay;aqmif &Guf&efvdt k yfygonf? xdt k iftm;pkrsm;udk tpktzGJ@rsm;toGifaygif;pnf;vmEdkifap&ef aqmif&Guf&ef vdt k yf ouJo h dk@/ wòyifeufwnf;rSmyif EdkifiHawmfydkifpuf&Hkrsm;udk yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;vufodk@ v$Jajymif;ay;tyfjcif; udv k nf; aqmif&Guf&efvdt k yfrnf jzpfygonf? tpdk;&taejzifh Oyrmtm;jzifh pufr_zGH@òz;a&;b%f uJo h dk@aom tao;pm;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk aiGacs;iSm;ulnDEdkifaom tzGJ@tpnf;/ odk@r[kwf b%frsm; zGJ@pnf;Edkifa&;twGuf vnf; wufwufºuºuwGef;tm;ay; aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? xd@k tjyif pDrHcef@cGJa&;qdkif&m yHhydk;ulnDr_rsm;/ aps;uGufowif;rsm;axmufvSrf;&&SdEdkifa&;twGuf ,EW,m;Xmersm;/ owif;rsm;&&Sdap&ef oifhwifhaom vrf; a=umif;rsm;/ aemufqHk; b¾ma&;qdkif&m yHhydk;ulnDr_rsm;jzifh aqmif&Gufay;Edkifygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHuJo h dk@aom zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHrsm;wGif aps;uGuu f aumif;pGmrjzpfxGef;ao;bJ &Sdaewwfygonf? TtajctaersKd;wGif ukr`%D tcsif;csif;=um;Y owif;pD;qif;r_rSefuefap&ef aqmif&Gufay;jcif;/ aps;uGut f wGif; òyifqdkifEdkifr_udk jr‡ifhwif ay;jcif;/ pufr_enf;ynmrsm;jzef@jzL;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh pufr_zGH@òz;r_udk t&Sdeft[kef&vmatmif/ zGH@òz;vmapatmif/ twif;tusyfudik fwG,faqmif&Gufr_rsKd; r[kwfbJ/ tqHk;t&_H; ukefusp&dwfenf;enf;jzifh ulnD aqmif&GufEdkifyg onf? wwd,tcsufrSm/ rdrdwdk@tav;xm;&ef vdt k yfaeaom tjcm;ta&;}uD;u¾wckrSm pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;tcsif;csif;yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;tm;jzifh ta&;}uD;aom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; cs&mwGif ulnaD qmif &Gufay;&ef/ ta&;ygaomvkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfvmEdkifap&ef odk@wnf;r[kwf/ rdrdwOD;wnf;wwfEdkifpGrf;r&Sdaom zufpyf&if;ESD; jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; aqmif&GufvmEdkifpGrf;atmif yHhydk;aqmif&Gufay;jcif; jzpfygonf? rdrdwd@k todtrSwfðyxm;oifhaomtcsufrSm Eke,fao;aom/ topfaompD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; taejzifh vkyfief;opfe,fy,frsm;udk pGef@pm;pwif&ef rvkyfaqmifvd=k uaomtajctaejzpfygonf? ta=umif; rSm rdrdwdk@vkyfief;. tusKd;udk qifhyGm;cH,lIvkyfvmEdkifjcif;/ a&omcdkI atmifjrifvmonfhtcgrS tusKd; tjrwfukd &,lvko d lrsm; ay:vmEdkifjcif;/ pGef@pm;&r_}uD;rm;jcif;ESifh tjrwftpGef;rnfonfhtcsdef&rnfukd raocsmbJ umv=um&Snf &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESH xm;&jcif;/ xdk@tjyif vkyfief;rsm;rS tjrwfjyef&Edkifaomtaetxm;rSm pufr_enf;ynmjrifhIom&nf&Sdjcif; wd@k a=umifh jzpfygonf? Tod@k aomvkyfief;opfu¾rsm;wGif tpdk;&taejzifh yHhydk;ulnDay;jcif;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;tcsif;csif; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufap+yD;/ pGef@pm;&r_twGuf qHk;&_H;epfem&r_ enf;yg;vmapjcif;ESifh/ &vmEdkifaom tjrwftpGef;&v'frsm;udk cGJa0cHpm;Edkifa&;twGuf pDpOfaqmif&Gufay; &efrSm txl;ta&;}uD;vSygonf? od@k aomfvnf; tpdk;&taejzifh 0ifa&mufaqmif&Gufoifhaomu¾rSm pD;yGm; a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;. vufOD;r_,l tpysKd; aqmif&Gufr_udk 0ifa&muftpm;xdk;&eftwGufr[kwfbJ/ "gwfulypPnf; taejzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;&Sifrsm;tcsif;csif; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvm+yD; Ttajctae a&mufvmatmif rodromtaetxm;rS wdu k fwGef;jr‡ifhwif aqmif&Gufay;&efjzpfygonf?

34 35

Softwares (owif;tay:rlwnf wGufcsufI/ ADB, 1997.

tajz&Smay;Edkifaompufrsm;/ tpDtpOfrsm;)

98

pwkwˆtcsuftaejzifh tpdk;&u/ aqmif&Guf&rnfu h dpPtjzpf rdrdwdk@ut=uHðyvdkonfrSm pufr_ vkyfief;rsm; obm0tav#muf wd;k wufvmapa&;twGu/f vdktyfaom t"duusonfh pufr_vkyfief;rsm;/ od@k r[kwf ta&;ygonfh vkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk jr‡ifhwiftm;ay;&efjzpfonf? Tacgif;pOfatmufwGif pufr_enf;ynm &&Sda&;twGuf yHhydk;ulnDr_rsm;/ pufr_enf;ynmjr‡ifhwifa&; vkyfaqmifr_rsm;/ vdt k yfaeaom b¾ma&;t& yHhydk; ulnrD _rsm;udk oufomaomtaetxm;jzifh yHhydk;ay;jcif;rsm;/ rdrdu ,SOfòyifIomEdkif&nf&Sdaom vkyfief;rsm;udk jr‡ifhwifay;jcif;rsm;/ pufr_enf;ynmrsm;twGuf avhvmoif=um;vkyfief;udk a&&SnftwGuf jr‡ifhwifaqmif&Guf ay;jcif;rsm; ponfwdk@ yg0ifygonf?

Tae&mwGif rdrdwd@k tqdkðywifjyvdak omtcsufrSm atmifjrifaeaomvkyfief;rsm;udk/ tpdk;&u rnfonfh vkyfief;udk wd;k wufatmifvkyfay;rnf[lI rlvuyif a&G;cs,fqHk;jzwfay;&ef r[kwfyg? obm0t& ,SOfòyifwdk;wufvm&ef tajctaeudk zefwD;ay;jcif;om jzpf&ygrnf? tus,t f jyef@ pOf;pm;I a&&SnfpD;yGm;a&; zGH@òz;wdk;wuf&eftwGuq f dkv#if rnfonfh enf;ynmrsm;/ rnfokd@aompufr_vkyfief;rsm;vdt k yfonfudk azmfxkw&f SmazG&ef jzpfygonf? xd@k tjyif pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;udk pufr_enf;ynmtopfrsm;&&SdEdkifa&;twGuf ulnyD hHydk;ay;jcif;/ xkwv f kyfa&;vkyfief;tqifhqifhudk oif=um;apjcif;/ xdkrSwqifh olwkd@.pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk t"dutm;jzifh zGH@òz;wd;k wufvmapa&; jzpfygonf? TtcsufrSm rdrdEdkifiHrS armfawmfum;udjk zpfatmif xkwrf nfqdkonfh vkyfief;rsKd;/ rnfok@d wefzdk;ay;& ay;& t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;rsm; jzpfxGef;atmifvkyfrnf[k tav;ay;aqmif&Gufjcif; ponfhvkyfief;rsm;ESifh rsm;pGmuGmjcm;csuf&Sdygonf? yxrtcsufrSm Tod@k yHhydk;jr‡ifhwif a&;twGuf aqmif&Gufaomvkyfief;rsm;onf rdrdOD;pm;ay;xm;aom pDrHcsuf/ ukr`%Dwckudkom uef@owfI rsufESmomay;aqmif&Gufjcif; r[kwfyg? avhvm oif=um;a&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;tygt0ifjzpfaom jr‡ifhwifay;a&; vkyfief;rsm;wGif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;/ pufr_vkyfief; tv$mpHkudk oifhawmfaompufr_enf;ynmrsm;jzifh yHhydk;ay;& rnfjzpfygonf? cGJjcm;qufqHI tcsKd@udk rsufESmom ay;jcif;rsKd; rjzpfapoifhyg? 'kwd,tcsufrSm rdrdwd@k tqdkðy vdak om pufr_vkyfief;jr‡ifhwifay;a&;twGuf aqmif&Guf&efenf;vrf;rsm;rSm aps;uGufESifh o[Zmwjzpfap oifh+yD;/ aps;uGufvkyfief;pOfrsm; abmiftwGif;rS om wwfEdkifoIaqmif&Gufoifhygonf? aps;uGufukd yHkpHysuf ,Gif;apaomvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;/ (Oyrmtm;jzifh oGif;ukeftcGefrsm;aumufcHjcif;jzifh rdrdxkwfuek frsm;udk umuG,fxm;ay;jcif;) paom vkyfief;rsm;udk txl; tajctaersm;rSvG&J ef aqmif&Guf&efroifhyg? t"duOD;pm; ay;jr‡ifhwifaqmif&Guf&efvdak om vkyfief;rsm;rSm Oyrmtm;jzifh oH&nfóupufrsm;/ yHkoGif;vkyfief;rsm;/ pufypPnf;xkwfvkyfief;rsm;/ uGefjyLwmESifh tDvufx&GefepfypPnf;rsm; xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm; ponfwdk@jzpf onf? Tvkyfief;rsm;onf aemufxyfpufr_ zGH@òz;apa&;twGuf tajccHrsm;jzpfapygonf? pufr_vkyfief;rsm;ESifh oufqdkifaomrl0g'36 rsm;rSm rsm;pGmtjiif;xGuzf G,faumif;vSygonf? tcsdefESifh tr# pOf;pm;awG;ac:r_tajccH rwlnD=uaoma=umifh/ wcgw&H oabmw&m;a&;t& aqG;aEG;jiif;cHk=u&onf rsm;vnf; &dSwwfygonf? rdrdwdk@taejzifh pufr_vkyfief; qdkif&mrl0g'rsm;udk vHk;0z,fxkwfpOf;pm;&ef rjzpfEdkif aoma=umifh rdrdwdk@taejzifh vdkvm;wufºupGm twif;uma&m0ifa&mufpGufzufrdjcif; rjzpfap&ef a&Smif&Sm; oifhygonf? “ pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&moDtdk&Drsm;ESifh ,ciftawG@tñuHrsm;u atmifjrifpGmaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk jr‡ifhwifay;Edkifaom tvm;tvmrsm;udk rypfy,foifha=umif;jyocJh+yD; jzpfygonf?”37 tpdk;&u Tpufr_ vkyfief;rsm;atmifjrifapa&;twGuf t}uD;tus,f0ifa&mufpGufzufvkyfudik frnfqdkv#if/ tajccHvdt k yfcsuf w&yfrSm xda&mufxufjrufaomtkyfcsKyfpDrHcef@cGJa&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf taqmufttHkESifh acgif;aqmifol t&m&Sdrsm;uvnf; u|rf;usifwwfo&d ef/ tar#mftjrif&Sdaom tkyfcsKyfolrsm; vdt k yfygonf? ,H=k unftm;xm; avmufaom/ pD;yGm;a&;tjrif&Sdaom tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;vnf; &Sdae&efvdt k yfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- puFmyl EdkifiHwGif owif;enf;ynmESifh tEkpdwfpufr_ypPnf;rsm;xkwv f kyfaomvkyfief;rsm; (high precision machine tools industry) udk jr‡ifhwif aqmif&Gufjcif;ðy&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ xdik f0rfEdkifiHwGif uGefjyLwmESifh qDrDuGef'wfwmrsm; xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk tpdk;&u a&S@aqmif&mYvnf;aumif;/ *syefEdkifiHwGif 'kwd, 36 37

Industrial Policy World Development Report 1997, p. 74.

99

urBmppf+yD;umv oHowWKxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk jr‡ifhwifaqmif&Guf&mYvnf;aumif;/ TuJo h d@k tpdk;&u xdxad &mufa&muf 0ifa&mufpGufzufI pufr_vkyfief;rsm;zGH@òz;a&;udk jr‡ifhwifay;EdkifcJhaom Oyrm rsm; jzpfyg onf? odk@aomfvnf; Tae&mwGif rdrdwdk@. t=uHðyvdo k nfrSm aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;ESifhydkI o[Zmw jzpfaom/ pGufzufr_ydkIaysmhajymif;jiifomaom/ vufawG@usaomcsOf;uyfr_rsKd;udo k m t=uHðyvdjk cif; jzpfygonf? tpGef; ESpfzufudv k nf; a&Smif&Sm;&ef vdktyfygonf?

pufr_vkyfief;rsm;qdkif&m rufvHk;ay;r_rsm;

tjrwftpGef;&&ef tvm;tvmaumif;aompufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk owfrSwf+yD;aemufwiG f/ rdrdwdk@ taejzifh Tpufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk rnfuhJod@k jr‡ifhwifay;Edkifrnfudk qufvufpOf;pm;&ef vdt k yfygonf? jynfwiG f; xkwv f kyfr_tm;jr‡ifhwifay;Edkif&eftwGuf jynfyrS wifoGif;vmaomukefrsm;udk tcGefwdk;jr‡ifhaumufcHjcif; paom/ aps;uGufudk wdkuf&dkuf0ifa&mufpGufzufaomvkyfief;rsm;udk rvkyfaqmifoifhyg? tajctaea&mufrS aemufqHk;a&G;cs,fp&mvrf;tjzpf aqmif&Gufoifhygonf? TuJhod@k 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_tpm; tpdk;&taejzifh pGef@OD;wDxiG fvkyfief;&Sifrsm;udk oG,0f dkufIpD;yGm;a&;rufvkH;rsm;ay;aom/ aps;uGuv f nfywfr_ESifhvnf; o[Zmwjzpfapaomenf;rsm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ avhusifhynmay;a&;oifwef;rsm; pDpOfaqmif&Gufay;jcif; tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ pufr_enf;ynmopfrsm; 0,f,lay;jcif;/ v$aJ jymif;&&Sdvmap&ef yHhydk;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh vnf;aumif; aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? Todk@yHhydk;aqmif&Gufaom &nf&G,fcsuu f dk aqmif&Guf&mY aocsmap& rnfrSm Todk@rufvH;k rsm;ay;jcif;onf/ pufr_vkyfief;rsm;.pGrf;aqmif&nftay:rlwnfIom ay;tyfjcif;rsKd; jzpfapoifhonf? tm&Swdu k frS pufr_xGef;opfvmaomEdkifiHrsm;onf Tod@k aomenf;emrsm;udkxda&muf atmif jrifpGm oHk;cJh=uonf? xd@k tjyif tcGeftaumufqdkif&mESifh b¾ma&;qdkif&mrufvkH;ay;jcif;udv k nf; toHk;ðycJh =uonf? xd@k tjyif òyifqdkifEdkifr_pGrf;&nfudjk r‡ifhwifay;jcif;onfvnf;/ jynfwiG f;ukefxkwfvkyfief;rsm;taejzifh urBmhaps;uGuftwGif; òyifqdkifvm Edkifap&ef vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;&nfufdk wdk;wufvmapygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH taejzifh urBmhaps;uGufrSumv=um&Snf zJusOfItxD;wnf;aexdik fcJhr_a=umifh/ jrefrmEdkifiH. pufr_vkyfief;rsm; taejzifh tpysKd;umvwGif pufr_enf;ynmavhvmoif=um;r_rxufjrufbJ jzpfaeonfvnf; jzpfEdkifygonf? tpdk;&taejzifh pufr_enf;ynmopfrsm;udk yk*~vdupufr_vkyfief;u¾rsm;odk@ tpysKd;axmufyHh ay;tyf&mY/ owif;rsm;&&Sdapjcif;/ oifwef;rsm;ay;jcif;/ b¾ma&;t&axmufyHhay;jcif;rsm; aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? rdrdEdkifiH . ,SOfòyifItompD;&Edkifaom tajctaeudw k d;k wufap&efqdkonfrSm/ aocsmypfrSwfxm;aom/ pepfwus yl;aygif;aqmif&GufEdkifaom pufr_qdkif&m r[mAsL[mrlrsm; EdkifiHawmftqifhY&Sdae&ef vdt k yfygonf? xdk@tjyif Tvkyfief;rsm;Y yk*~vduu¾rsm;. wufºupGm yg0ifyl;aygif;aqmif &Gufr_&Sdap&efvnf; vdt k yfygonf?

t"duusaom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk jr‡ifhwifay;jcif;?

jynfyvkyfief;&Sifrsm;rS jzpfap/ jynfwiG f;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;rS jzpfap/ pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk tpysKd;a&S@aqmif vkyfudik fvmygu olwkd@. vkyfief;rsm;udk vGwv f yfpGmvkyfudik fEdkifap&ef wlnaD omvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;ay;&ygrnf? xd@k tjyiftpdk;&Xmersm;odk@vnf; wlnaD om qufqHxdawG@EdkifcGifhudk ay;xm;&ygrnf? odk@aomfvnf;/ rwlnD aompD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;/ pufr_vkyfief;rsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;pepftay: rwlnaD omtusKd;oufa&mufr_jzpfay: vmaprnfudk todtrSwfðyxm;&ef vdt k yfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh wdik f;jynf.ukefoG,fr_ &-oHk;aiGpm&if;&Sif; wrf;rsm;/ tvkyfzefwD;ay;Edkifr_/ pufr_enf;ynmv$Jajymif; vufcH&,lEdkifr_/ jynfwiG f;vkyfief;rsm;udk xdcdkuf apEdkifr_/ obm0ywf0ef;usif pGrf;tm;rsm; ysufpD;qHk;&_H;&apEdkifr_/ ponft h usKd;qufrsm;tjyif a'oqdkif&m twGif; pD;yGm;a&;A[dktcsuftcsmtjzpf jzpfvmapEdkifr_ paomtusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm; &SdvmapEdkifygonf? atmufazmfjyygtcsufrsm;onf rwlnaD om pufr_vkyfief;toD;oD;u pD;yGm;a&;pepftay: tusKd;oufa&muf r_jzpfvmEdkifyHkudk azmfjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf? aocsmpepfusepGm oH;k oyfIa&;qGJxm;aom pHowfrSwfcsufrsm; tay: tajcðyI atmufazmfjyygpufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk rufvkH;rsm;aqmif&Gufay;Edkifygonf?

100

1? jynfyydk@ukef OD;pm;ay;xkwfvkyfaom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;? jynfyydk@ukef OD;pm;ay;xkwfvkyfaom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;onf ukefoG,fr_rS &apaomEdkifiHjcm;aiG &oHk;aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;wd;k wufap&Hkr#ru/ jynfwGif; pkaqmif;r_ESifh &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udk wd;k wufapjcif;tm;jzifh wdkif;jynf. "eºu,f0r_udkvnf; zefwD;ay;ygonf? xd@k tjyif urBmhaps;uGufrS pufr_enf;ynmtopfrsm;&&Sdvmjcif;/ xdpk ufr_enf;ynmopfrsm;udk u|rf;usif ydkifEdkifpGmtoH;k csvmEdkifjcif;wdk@a=umifh xkwu f keft&nftaoG;/ xkwv f kyfEdkifr_pGrf;tm;udv k nf; jrifhwufvmap ygonf?

2? jynfwiG f;&Sd obm0o,HZmw pGrf;tm;rsm;udk tajccHaomukefxkwv f kyfief;rsm;udk wefzdk; wd;k wufvmapatmif vkyfay;aom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;? pufr_vkyfief;u¾wGif qufvufwd;k wufaeaprnfh vkyfief;u¾zGJ@pnf;yHkajymif;vJwkd;wufr_yHkpHt&aomfvnf;aumif;/ wdik f;jynf. obm0pGrf;tm; o,HZmw ºu,f0aom taetxm;rS òyifqdkifv#if tompD;&EdkifpGrf;twGuf toH;k cs&eftwGufvnf;aumif;/ obm0 t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk jyefvnfpDrHxkwv f kyfaom puf&Hkrsm;ESifh pufr_xGufukefypPnf;rsm;tjzpf jyefvnf xkwfvkyf aompufr_vkyfief;rsm; wnfaxmifoifhygonf? xdpk uf&Hkxkwu f kefrsm;rSwqifh wdik f;jynf. ukef=urf;rsm;rS ukef acsmrsm; xkwfvkyfvmEdkif+yD; wefzdk;jrifhwufvmapEdkifygonf?

3? vkyfom;rsm;rsm;ae&mcsxm;ay;Edkifa&;twGuf vkyftm;rsm;rsm;toH;k ðy&aom pufr_vkyfief;rsm; wnfaxmif&efvnf; ta&;}uD; ygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHonf csnfr#ifESifh txnfvkyfief;/ v#yfppfypPnf;rsm; wyfqifa&;puf&Hkrsm;/ om;a&xnfxw k fvkyfaom vkyfief;rsm; twGuf txl;oifhavsmaf omae&mjzpfygonf? ta=umif;rSm vkyftm;aps;csKd+yD;/ pufr_vkyfief;rsm;Y wpHkw&mu|rf;usifaomvkyfom; rsm; &&SdEdkifaoma=umifh jzpfygonf?

4? pufr_enf;ynmzGH@òz;vmap&ef tvm;tvmaumif;aom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;ESifh twwfynm A[kokwtus,ftjyef@ jzef@xGufpD;qif;apEdkifaom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;? tpysKd;umvwGif pufr_vkyfief;rsm;onf vkyftm;rsm;rsm;oH;k &r_udk tajccHaom/ obm0 t&if; tjrpfrsm;udk tajccHaomukefxkwf vkyfief;rsm; jzpfaeEdkifygonf? wòyifeufwnf;rSmyif jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vkyfief;tawG@tñuH&Sdxm;cJhaom owWKa&mpyfvkyfief;rsm;/ oH&nfóupufrsm;/ oHjzwfvkyfief; ponfrsm;udk vnf; jyefvnfrGrf;rHEdkifygonf? jynfwiG f;wGif&Sdae+yD;jzpfaom pdkufysKd;a&;xGufukefrsm;udk tajccHonfh pufr_ vkyfief;rsm;/ tpm;taomufxkwv f kyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;udv k nf; jyefvnfrGrf;rHjr‡ifhwifay;Edkifygonf? tajccH pufr_vkyfief;rsm;jzpfaom pufypPnf;rsm;xkwv f kyfjcif;/ owWKESifh yvyfpwpfyHkoGif;vkyfief; ponfrsm;udkvnf; xyfrHIwyfqifxkwf vkyfapoifhygonf? Todk@aomtajccHpufr_vkyfief;rsm;taejzifh aemufxyf pufr_ypPnf; rsm;xkwfvkyfvmEdkifaprnfh puf&Hktvkyf&Hkrsm;twGuf pufr_enf;ynmtajccHudk &&SdvmEdkifapygonf?

101

OD;aqmifpma&;ol. xyfqifhwifjycsuf

pufr_ay:vpDESifhywfoufI rSwfcsuf pufr_ay:vpD (Industry policy) [laom toH=um;vdkuf&v#if/ vufa&SmifvGwv f yfaomukefoG,f r_udk vufcHaompD;yGm; a&;ynm&Sifrsm;u/ tzsm;wufcsifovdk jzpfvmygvdrfhrnf? pD;yGm;a&; rl0g'rsm;wGif (Industry policy) ygonfqdkv#if vuf a&Smifacwfopf (neo-liberal) vGwfvyfaom ukefoG,fr_ynm&Sif rsm;u/ “trav;/ vGwv f yfpGmukefoG,fr_udk zsufqD;wmbJ/ puf&HkawG rwd;k wufbJ Edk@oufcHpdk@aerSmyJ/”[k owfrSwfavh&Sdygonf? u|efawmfwd@k Tpmtkyfudk a&;om;&mwGif/ t"duyg0ifaomygarmuQ trsm;pku (Neo-classical laissezfaire) acwfopfvufa&Smif0g'udk usifhoH;k vdk=uonfh q&mrsm; jzpfygonf? odk@twGuaf =umifh puFmyl rSmvkyfaom om"u/ *syefESifh ud&k D;,m;wdk@udk wd;k wufapcJhaomrl0g'rsm;udk =unfv h #if/ tpdk;&u}uD;=uyf apmifha&Smuftm;ay;r_rsm;&SdcJhonf[kajymv#if/ tausmuftuefjiif;+yD;/ xdt k qdkudk vufrcHEdkifyg? u|efawmfu rdrdwdik f;jynfwdk;wufa&;.tpwGif/ zGH@òz;p puf&Hkrsm;/ pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk ud, k fhzmomudk,f r&yfwnfEdkifcif/ tultnDay;&efvdo k nfqdkv#if “tcGeftaumufawG wdk;aumufawmh rSmyJ/ puf&HkawGu Edk@oufcHpdk@+yD;/ b,f awmhrS wd;k wufrSmr[kwfbl;? cifAsm;rSm qdk&S,fvpfoli,fema&m*gu tcktxd raysmufao;bl;vm;”[k ajym=uygonf? ,if;a0zefcsufrsm;t=um;rSmyif/ b,fvkt d cgrsm;rSm wdk;wufa&;twGuf tpdk;&u OD;aqmif ðypkysKd;axmifay;&efvdkonf/ uav;I,fvdk Edk@jzwf+yD; udk,fhzmomud, k f&yfwnfEdkifatmif b,fvkdvkyfay;&rnf ponfwdk@udk olwd@k .a0zefcsufrsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;I trsm;vufcHEdkifaom tajctaea&mufatmif a&;cJh&yg onf? vG,ful aomudpP r[kwfygay? aemufqHk;oabmwlnDcsufrSm vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fr_udk ysufpD;ap aom/ tcGeftaumuf,l+yD; EdkifiHjcm; òyifqdkifr_udk wm;rnft h pm;/ rdrdpuf&Hkrsm;udk bufrvdu k f/ rcGJjcm;bJ udk,fh ajcaxmufay:ud, k f&yfwnf vkyfay;&rnf[laom ay:vpDudk vufcHcJhygonf? ,if;udv k nf; tjrJwrf;xm;&Sd rnfr[kwf? ESpftuef@towftwGif;wGif taxmuftulay;r_rsm;udk &yfqdkif;ypfrnf/ taxmuftulay;&m wGifvnf; bufrvdu k fbJ/ puf&Hktm;vH;k toHk;ðyEdkifaom wuUEdkvd*k sD (technology) ud0k ,fay;I/ jyefa0ay;& rnf? vdt k yfv#ifvnf; pufr_b%frsm;zGihfvSpfI vkyfief;opfrsm;u vdt k yfaom b¾ma&;tultnDrsm; vG,u f lpGm&&ef odk@r[kwf b¾ma&;qufo, G fcGifhrsm;&&ef pDpOfay;&ygrnf? ,if;odk@vkyfonft h cg puf&Hkrsm; tm;vH;k twGufudk r#wpGm vkyfay;&rnf/ ponfhpnf;urf;rsm; owfrSwfxm;cJhygonf? ,if;tay:wGif tajccH I u|efawmfwdk@. pufr_zGH@òz;a&;ay:vpDudk csrSwfcJh=uygonf? (ygarmuQ a'gufwmcifarmif=unf)

102

tcef;(5) obm0o,HZmw pGrf;tm;rsm;ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usif

103

tcef;(5) obm0o,HZmw pGrf;tm;rsm; ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usif 38

39

EdkifiHwck.pD;yGm;a&;udk ESpfpOfxkwfvyk faom xGufukeftrsKd;rsKd;. trsKd;tpm;ESifhyrm%/ 0efaqmifr_ wefzdk;rsm;jzifh qHk;jzwfI r&Edkifyg? EdkifiHwck.pD;yGm;a&;onf xdkEdkifiHtaejzifh obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk rnfod@k rnfyHktoH;k ðyyHkaeoenf;[laomtcsufESifh a&/ ajr/ 0ef;usifwdk@tygt0if zGJ@pnf;yg0ifaom obm00ef;usifwdk@ tay: pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;u rnfokd@tusKd;oufa&mufaeoenf;[laom tcsufrsm;Yvnf; rlwnfaeygonf? xdk@a=umifh pD;yGm;a&;wGif obm0&if;jrpfrsm; tvGeftu|HtoH;k ðyaeygu/ odk@r[kwf obm0 0ef;usiftay:tvGeftu|HxdcdkufysufpD;r_jzpfaeapygu/ ‚if;enf;tm;jzifh&&Sdvmaom pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_ ESifh }uD;rm;aomukefxkwv f kyfEdkifpGrf;yrm%wdk@onf vdv k m;zG,f&m rjzpfEdkifay? t"duta=umif;t&if;rSm xdu k Jo h dk@aom zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_onf xm0pOfwnfwHhaeap&ef xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifrnf r[kwfaoma=umifhjzpfonf? vuf&Sdwufaeaom}uD;xGm;r_E_ef;onf tem*wfumvwGif aES;auG;oGm;um/ aemufqHk;&yfwef@oGm;Edkifaom a=umifh jzpfonf? obm0ywf0ef;usifysufpD;oGm;ygu/ a&&SnfwGif wdik f;jynftwGuf qdk;usKd;rsm; jzpfvmEdkifyg onf?

Ttcef;wGif rdrdwd@k EdkifiH&Sd obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk/ tem*wfumvwGif rnfuho J dk@ taumif;qHk; toH;k ðyEdkifrnfqdkonfukd aqG;aEG;wifjyoGm;rnf jzpfygonf? obm0t&if; tjrpfrsm;udk a&&SnfcHatmif xdef; odrf;r_ESifhqdkifaomawG;ac:ar#mfjrifr_rsm;/ pOf;pm;csufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;aqG; aEG;oGm;rnfjzpf+yD;/ rdrdwd@k vkyf aqmifoifhaomvrf;!$efrlrsm;udkvnf; wifjyoGm;ygrnf? Ttcef;aemufydkif;wGif qufvuftaumiftxnf azmfEdkifrnfh r[mAsL[mqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;udk wifjyxm;ygonf?

obm0o,HZmw pGrf;tm;rsm;ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usifwdk@. vuf&Sdtajctae

obm0pGrf;tm;rsm;qdk&mwGif umvydkif;jcm;tvdkuf obm0tm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ vl@ya,m* a=umifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ jyefvnfIjznfhwif;Edkifaom t&if;tjrpfESifh jyefvnfIrjznfhwif;Edkifaom t&if; tjrpf[lI (2) rsKd;cGJjcm;Edkifygonf? jyefvnfjznfw h if;Edkifaom t&if;tjrpftrsKd;tpm;wGif pdkufysKd;a&;/ opfawm/ ig;zrf;vkyfief;ponfwd@k yg0if+yD;/ jyefvnfrjznfw h if;Edkifaom trsKd;tpm;wGif ausmufjzpf&kyfºuif;/ avmifpmESifh urBmajrjyifatmufrSawG@&Sd&aom "gwfowWKwGif;xGufrsm;yg0ifygonf? TuJo h dk@ trsKd;om; xGuu f kefypPnf;xkwv f kyfr_wGif wdu k f&dkuftoHk;csEdkifaom t&if;tjrpfrsm;tjyif/ tjcm;ta&;}uD;aom tcsuf rSm rdrdwd@k ae@pOf&l&_dufaomavESifh aomufoH;k a& ponfwdk@onfvnf; vl@b0t&nftaoG;twGuf ta&;yg aomypPnf;rsm; jzpfygonf? uHta=umif;rvSpGm ,ae@urBm}uD; &ifqdkifae&aom t}uD;rm;qHk;tusyf twnf;rsm;pGmteuf wckrSm pD;yGm;a&;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;/ txl;ojzifh pufr_vkyfief;rsm;a=umifh jyefvnfjznfh wif;Ir&Edkifaom obm0pGrf;tm;rsm;udk tvGeftu|HtoH;k ðyjcif;tm;jzifh/ vHk;0ukefcrf;oGm;awmhrnfh tajc taewdik fatmif toH;k ðyae=ujcif;jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif jyefvnfjznfw h if;Edkifaomt&if;tjrpfrsm;udkvnf; oifhav#maf omenf;jzifh umuG,fapmifha&Smufjcif;ðy&ef ysufuGufaeonfhtjyif/ obm00ef;usifukv d nf; tvGeftu|Hnpfnrf; ysufpD;apvsu&f Sdonf? vGefcJhaom q,fpkESpf (3) pktwGif;Yyif pdkufysKd;ajrrsm;/ u|ef;opfawmrsm;/ pm;oHk;qD/ a&eHESifh obm0"gwfaiG@/ owWKwGif;xGufESifh ig;uJo h dk@aom obm0&if;jrpfrsm;xkwfvkyfjcif;onf jrefrmEdkifiH. pkpk 38

Natural resources

jrefrmvdk obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;[lIvnf; jyefqdEk dkifygonf? odk@aomfvnf; t&if;tjrpfonf pGrf;tm;[laom oabm

ryg0ifyg?

39

Environment

104

aygif;jynfwiG f;xGufukefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD) . xuf0ufausmf&SdcJhonf? Ttaetxm;onf tqufqufaom tpdk;&rsm;atmufwGif worwfwnf; &SdaecJh+yD;/ obm0&if;jrpfudk tajcðyaom pD;yGm;a&;u¾rsm;onf xkwf vkyfr_ESifh ukefoG,fr_u¾rsm;xuf/ vlrsm;udt k vkyftudik fydkay;cJhonf? jynfyydk@ukefrS&aomEdkifiHjcm;0ifaiGudk ydkrdkaxmufyHhay;cJhonf? ppf+yD;umvtpydkif;avmufrSpI v,f,mu¾. qefESifh pdkufysKd;a&;xGuu f kefypPnf; rsm;/ opfawmu¾rS u|ef;ESifhopfrmrsm;onf t"duEdkifiHjcm;aiGtrsm;qHk;&&SdcJh+yD;/ pkpkaygif;ydk@ukefwefzdk;. xuf0ufeD;yg;r#&SdcJhonf? ppf+yD;acwf tapmqHk;ESpfrsm;u qefudk jynfywifydk@jcif;onf v#ifjrefpGm wd;k wufvm cJhaomfvnf; u|ef;opfwifydk@jcif;rSmrl jynfwGif;ppfjzpfyGm;aeaoma=umifh/ rvHðk cHr_ESifh vkyfief;a'orsm;wGif opf rxkwfEdkifr_a=umifh tenf;i,fom wd;k wufvmcJhonf? odk@&mwGif qdk&S,fvpfacwfatmufwGif qefwifydk@r_rSm odoo d momusqif;cJh+yD;/ w&m;0if u|ef;ESifhopfrmwifydk@r_rSm xdyfqHk;jynfyydk@ukeftjzpf qefae&mwGiftpm; xd;k 0ifa&mufvmcJhonf? (yHk 5? 1 wGif=unf)h aemufydkif;wGif opfawmrsm; twdkif;tqtvGefysufpD;ðyef;wD;r_ udk odjrifvm jcif;a=umifh &yfqdkif;cJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;odk@ w&m;r0ifopfxkwfvyk fjcif;ESifh w&m;r0if opfwifydk@r_rSm t}uD;tus,q f ufvuf&SdaecJhonf? u|ef;opfxkwfvkyfr_rSm aemufqHk;pdk;&drfzG,f&m tajctae tjzpfowday;&aom tajctaejzpfvmcJhonf? Tobm0pGrf;tm;rsm; ðyef;wD;r_udk axmuf&_ v#uf tem*wftwGuf tusKd;&SdEdkifpGrf;aom zGH@òz;r_r[mAsL[mw&yftaejzifh/ Tobm0pGrf;tm;rsm;udk toH;k csjcif;wGif tjrJwnfwHhraeEdkifonfh tuef@towf&Sdaeonfudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf jzpfygonf? (yHk-5? 1) u|ef;opf ESifh qefpyg; EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_ a0pkajymif;vJvmjcif;udjk yaomyHk?

Share of total exports

Figure 5.1. Changes in share of teak and rice exports

Teak and other hardwood Rice and rice products

50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993

rl&if;? ADB, Key Indicators of Developing Member Countries 1995. obm0pGrf;tm;rsm;ay:wGif tajccHIzGH@òz;r_twGuf umv=um&Snfóu;yrf;cJhjcif;ESifh vlOD;a&wd;k wuf r_rsm;a=umifh obm0&if;jrpfudk ðyef;wD;apcJh+yD;/ y"meusaom ouf&Sdb0axmufyHhr_pepfrsm;udk avsmeh nf;ysuf pD;apcJhygonf? trsm;*k%f,lazmfjyae=uaom o,HZmwaygºu,f0onfh jrefrmEdkifiHqdkaomtaetxm;rSm a&&SnfwiG f jzpfEdkifawmhrnfr[kwfyg? udef;*%ef;tcsuftvufrsm; r&Sdjcif;ESifh pepfwus}uD;=uyfxdef;odrf;r_ csKd@wJhaeaoma=umifh EdkifiH. obm00ef;usifjy\emrsm;.twdrfteufukd qHk;jzwf&efcufcJapygonf? od@k aomfjim;vnf; ,ckwifjyxm;aompD;yGm;zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_qdkif&mtjrifrsm;wGif obm00ef;usifESifhywfoufaom ylyefr_a=umifh a,bk,soH;k oyfcsufrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; wifjyxm;ygonf?

opfawmðyef;wD;jcif; 105

vGefcJhaomq,fpkESpftwGif; jrefrmEdkifiH. tylydkif;rkwfokefopfawmrsm;tygt0if ºu,f0aom opf awmrsm;/ urf;&dk;wef;/ a&0yfajrESifh tjcm;aoma*[pepfrsm; t&nftaoG;usqif;cJh&ygonf? ESpfpOf opf awmðyef;wD;r_E_ef;rSm tpdk;&Xmersm;. cef@rSef;csuft& pkpkaygif;opfawmzkH;vGrf;r_. (2² 1) &mcdkifE_ef;&Sd+yD;/ ‚if;onf (IUCN) .vGwfvyfaom cef@rSef;ajcpm&if;Z,m;rsm;t& (6) &mcdkifE_ef;ESifh vGwfvyfaom a*[ aA'ynm&Sifaemfrefar,m (Norman Myer) .cef@rSef;wGufcsufr_t& (8) &mcdkifE_ef;&Sd+yD;/ uGJvGv J su&f Sdaeyg 40 onf?

ESpfpOfopfawmðyef;wD;r_ (8) &mcdkifE_ef;onf b&mZD;ESifh tif'dkeD;&Sm;+yD;v#if jrefrmEdkifiHu wwd, jzpfvmygonf? rjynfhpHkaom a&S;&dk;pm&if;tcsuftvufrsm;t&yifv#if jrefrmEdkifiH. opfawmðyef;wD;r_E_ef;rSm xifomjrifomjzpfae+yD;/ ,kwfavsmu h sqif;vmaeaom opfawmrsm;taetxm; udk yHk (5? 2) wGifawG@Edkifyg onf? yHk 5? 2) opfawm{&d,majymif;vJr_jyyHk NonForest Area 29%

1961

Forest Area 71% Nonforest Area 49%

1994

Forest Area 51%

40

Myers, N. 1991.

106

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif t"duopfawmðyef;wD;jcif;ta=umif;t&if;rsm;rSm tao;pm;v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&; vkyfief;rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;jzpfopfxkwfvyk fjcif;/ avmifpmxif;xkwfvkyfr_wdk@yifjzpfygonf? tjcm;tajccHta=umif; t&if;w&yfrSm qif;&JrGJawr_tus,t f jyef@jzpfyGm;aejcif;a=umifh jzpfygonf? tjrJwapwdk;wufaeaom opf awmðyef;wD;r_udk (1990) ckESpfydkif;wGif ppftpdk;&uEdkifiHjcm;aiG&&Sdap&ef&nf&G,fI opfawmxGufypPnf;rsm; wifydk@cJhjcif;u xyfqifhqdk;&Gm;apcJhygonf? (1989) ckESpfwGif EdkifiHjcm;ukr`%Drsm;udk opfxkwv f kyfcGifhay;aom tcg/ puf,EW,m;oHk;xkwfvkyfcJh=uygonf? Todk@jzifh rd&dk;zvm qiftoH;k ðyjcif;ESifh yHkrSefvSnfhvnfckwf,ljcif; pepfrsm;xuf ydkIðyef;wD;apcJhygonf? opfxkwfvkyfudik fcGifhay;aome,fajra'orsm;onf wdik f;&if;om; vufeufudik ftiftm;pkrsm;ESifh ppftpdk;&wdk@. xdef;csKyfr_atmufwiG f usa&mufaeaoma'orsm; jzpfaom a=umifh/ pepfwus pnf;rsOf;xdef;csKyfr_ESifh w&m;r0ifopfxkwfr_rsm;udk r}uD;=uyfEdkifcJhay?

Z,m; (5? 1) ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;. opfawmðyef;wD;r_ opfawmðyef;wD;r_ (1000 [ufwm§ESpf) 1980-89 jrefrm xdkif; rav;&Sm; AD,uferf vmtdk urfabm'D;,m;

677 397 310 173 130 30

ESpfpOfopfawmðyef;wD;r_hE_ef; (&mcdkifE_ef;)

2² 1 2² 5 1² 5 1² 7 1² 0 0² 2 rl&if;? vlom;t&if;tjrpfzGH@òz;r_tpD&ifcHpm 1995 UNDP, Oxford University, 1995

opfawmjyefvnfzGH@òz;ap&ef aqmif&Gufr_E_ef; (1000 [ufwm§ESpf) 1980-89 24 20 29 1 -

pD;yGm;jzpf opfxkwv f kyfjcif;tjyif/ xif;avmifpmckwf,loH;k pGJjcif;onf jrefrmEdkifiH .opfawmðyef;wD; r_wGif odomxif&Sm;aom ta=umif;wckjzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHuJhod@k aom zG@Hòz;qJEdkifiHwcktwGufxif;avmifpm uJo h d@k aom ZD0ypPnf; (biomass) onf pGrf;tif. t}uD;rm;qHk; t&if;tjrpfwckjzpfonf? tjcm;ae&m tm;vH;k wGif pGrf;tifac|wmr_ESifh obm00ef;usifESifh ydkIqDavsmfaom enf;ynmrsm; wd;k wufaevifhupm;/ jrefrmEdkifiH.avmifpmoH;k pGJyHk tqifhtwef;avScg;onf rajymif;vJbJ usef&Sdaeayonf? (1980) ckESpfrsm; twGif;u EdkifiHjcm;aiGtcuftcJa=umifh avmifpmqDwifoGif;Edkifr_avsmu h soGm;aomtcg/ xif;avmifpmoHk;pGJ r_udk &kwfw&ufwd;k jrifhvmapcJhonf? a&eHqDoHk;pGJ&ef qif;&Jaomðrd@aevlwef;pm;tdrfaxmifpkrsm;ESifh aus;vuf aejynfoltrsm;pktwGuf tvGefaps;}uD;vGef;I/ tjcm;avmifpmjzpfaom obm0"gwfaiG@ESifh v#yfppf"gwftm; wd@k oHk;pGJ&efrSmvnf; r&&SdEdkifao;bJ&Sdaeonf? tusKd;qufwcktjzpf ZD0avmifpmpGrf;tiftoHk;ðyr_ (rD;xif; toH;k ðyr_) onf &kwfw&uf wdk;wufcJh+yD; (1993) ckESpfwGifrlvt&if;tjrpfpGrf;tifaxmufyHhr_. (81) &mcdkif E_ef;txd&SdcJhonf? opfawmrsm;ysufpD;ap&ef }uD;rm;aom0efxkyf0efydk;wck jzpfapcJhonf? xif;avmifpmae&mwGif v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;oD;ESHpGef@ypfypPnf;rsm;toH;k ðyap&ef tpdk;&.óu;yrf;tm; xkwrf _onf t&mrxifcJhay? w&m;0ifudef;*%ef;rsm;t& (1990) ckESpfwGif xif;avmifpmvdt k yfr_onf wdik f; ESifhjynfe,f (14) ckteuf vlOD;a&xlxyfaom jynfe,fESifh wdik f; (6) ckwGif avtajcmufwef (10² 7)41 oef; txd&SdcJhonf? cef@rSef;onfrSm wdik f;jynftaejzifh xif;avmifpmt}uD;tus,fvdt k yfr_ESifh &ifqdkif&rnfjzpf+yD; ouU&mZf (2000) ckESpfwGif xif;avmifpmvdt k yfcsufrSm avtajcmufwef (15² 95) oef;&Sdrnfjzpf+yD;/ ouU&mZf (2005) ckESpfwGif (20² 33) oef;wef&Sdrnf jzpfonf?42 41

Air Dry Ton (m. a. d. t) Myint Han, " Fuelwood Situation in Myanmar." In Savage, V. R. and Kong, L. L. L., eds., Environmental Stakes: Myanmar and Agenda 21. Singapore: NUS, 1997, p. 261.

42

Z,m; (5? 2) yifravmifpmaxmufyHay;r_ (t&if;tjrpftm;jzifh) (pkpkaygif;. &mcdkifE_ef;) Table 5.2 Primary Energy Supply by sources (percentage of total) t&if;tjrpftrsKd;tpm; a&eH obm0"gwfaiG@ ausmufrD;aoG; a&tm;v#yfppf ZD0avmifpm

1974§ 75 16² 5 2² 3 0² 1 2² 2 78² 9

1984§ 85 16² 4 5² 9 0² 3 2² 6 73² 6

1992§ 93 7² 6 7² 4 0² 5 3² 4 81² 1

opfawmu¾rSxif;avmifpmavsmhenf;vmjcif;.&dkufcwfr_onf {&m0wDjrpf0u|ef;ay:a'o/ tyl ydkif;ZHak 'oESifh tif;avuef0ef;usif &Srf;jynfe,fuJhodk@aom opfawmzHk;vGrf;r_usJyg;aomae&mrsm;wGif ydkrdk odomvmonf? {&m0wDjrpf0u|ef;ay:a'o&Sd uepdkyifrsm;aygufa&muf&m 'Da&a&mufawmrsm; v#ifjrefpGm ysufpD;cJh&+yD;/ tpdk;&.opfawmjyefvnfxlaxmifjcif; tpDtpOfrsm;onfvnf; a'ocHjynfolyl;aygif;yg0ifr_ enf;yg;jcif;a=umifh tusKd;oufa&mufr_ r&SdcJhay? tylydkif;ZHka'o. opfawmðyef;wD;r_a=umifh/ a&wdu k fpm; ojzifh {&m0wDjrpf twGif; EHk;wifr_jzpfvmap+yD;/ EdkifiH.v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;zGH@òz;r_tay: }uD;rm;aom obm0 0ef;usif t[ef@twm;wck jzpfvmaponf? xif;avmifpmavsmhenf;vmr_ vsifjrefpGmjzpfay:jcif;ESifh aemufqufwJG opfawm ðyef;wD;r_rsm; jzpfay:aevifhupm;/ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rS}uD;rm;aom opfawmjyefvnf xlaxmifjcif;ESifh pdkufcif; tpDtpOfrsm; yHkazmfv#u&f Sdaeaomfvnf;/ tjcm;wbufrS zufpHkoH;k avmifpm a&G; cs,fr_rsm;udk tòyiftqdkif aps;E_H;rsm;jzifh a&mif;csEdkifaom/ xda&mufaom pGrf;tifaps;uGufwckudk rzefwD;Edkif ao;bJ &Sdaeonf? 43 wdik f;jynf. awmifwef;a'owGif opfawmðyef;wD;r_. tjcm;t"duta=umif;t&if;wckrSm &dk;&m "avhtm;jzifh ajymif;a&$@awmif,m (wenf;) ckwfxiG frD;&_d@v,f,mvkyfief;a=umifh jzpfonf? ,cifu awmif,mpdkufysKd;jcif;onf &dk;&m"avhwckjzpfcJh+yD;/ pdkufysKd;vkyfudik folta&twGuef nf;I/ opfawmajrtcsKd; tpm;rsm;aom umvY jy\em r&SdcJhay? awmif,mvkyfolrsm;onf opfawmae&mwckudk ckwfxiG fjzwf awmuf&Sif;vif;=u+yD;/ pkyHkrD;&_d@um oD;ESHrsm;pdkufysKd; &dwfodrf;cJhjcif;om jzpfonf? (2) ESpf (3) ESpf=um&SdI ajr =oZmðyef;wD;usqif;vmaomtcg awmif,mpdkufolrsm;onf tjcm;wpfae&mod@k ajymif;a&G@umpdkufysKd;jyef onf? tESpf (20) rS (30) cef@=umaomtcg ,cifae&mwGif jyefvnfpdkufysKd;jcif;jzifh ‚if;vkyfief;pOftwdik f; oHo&mvnfaecJhonf? awmifukef;xlxyfaoma'orsm;wGif jyef@usJv#u&f Sdaomawmif,mpdkufysKd;ol (2² 6) oef;cef@ aexdik f vkyfudik fae=u+yD;/ xdo k lrsm;jy\emESifh v,f,mtavhtxrsm;/ a&a0a&vJ{&d,mrsm;tay: tusKd;ouf a&mufr_ enf;yg;Edkifor#enf;yg;atmifxdef;odrf;a&;twGuf opfawmXme. 0efxrf;vHkavmufpGm cef@xm;Edkifr_ r&Sdjcif;a=umifh apmifh=unfhxdef;odrf;Edkifjcif; r&Sday?44 ydkrdkpdk;&drfp&mta=umif;wckrSm O,smOfpdkufcif;rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;jzpfv,f,mvkyfief;rsm;vkyfudik f&ef tpdk;&u ukr`%Drsm;udk rsm;r=umao;rDumvu vkyfudik fcGifhrsm;cs ay;cJh&m tif'dk;eD;&Sm;EdkifiHrSmuJhod@k yif/ ajrtajymif&Sif;aomenf;vrf;rsm;twdik f; vkyfudik fp&m ta=umif;&Sday onf? ‚if; ukr`%Drsm;. vkyf&yfrsm;udk ppfrSefpGm}uD;=uyfr_rðycJhv#if tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHrSmuJo h dk@ opfyiftusefrsm; ESifh ikwfrsm;udk rD;&_d@tajymif&Sif;jcif;jzifhobm0ywf0ef;usifukd ysufpD;xdcdu k fapaom aemufqufwGJjzpf&yfrsm; jzpfvmEdkifonf? opfawmjyefvnfxal xmifjcif;ESifh jyefvnfpdkufysKd;a&;udk yxrOD;pmay;a&S@wef;wifxm;jcif;ESifh opfawmXme.tcef;u¾ ta&;}uD;rm;vmvifhupm; opfawmu¾t&m&SdESifh0efxrf;rsm;t=um; t*wd 43 44

David Dapice, Fuelwood Depletion in Burma, UNDP Report, 1992.

Bryant, R. Political Economy of Forestry in Burma. 1824-1994. London: Hurst & Company, 1997.

108

vdu k fpm;r_rSm [ef@wm;r_r&Sd}uD;xGm;v#u&f Sdae+yD;/ ‚if;t*wdvdkufpm;r_rsm;a=umifh olwdk@.wm0efjzpfaom w&m;r0ifopfxkwjf cif;udak pmifh=unf&h efESifh ajr,musL;ausmfr_rsm;wd@k udk xdef;odrf;&efwm0efudk ayghavsmah e& onf? od@k aomfvnf;tpdk;&rS opfawm0ef}uD;Xme. xkwfvyk fa&;awmifyHjzpfaom jrefrmhopfvkyfief; aumfydka&;&Sif; (,cifu EdkifiHawmfopfvkyfief;bkwftzGJ@[kac:onf?) udkopfawmxdef;odrf;umuG,frnfh opf awmOD;pD;Xmexufausmv f GefI odomxif&Sm;pGm OD;pm;ay;aeonf? wcgw&H tpdk;&.0ifaiGvdt k yfcsufudk jznfq h nf;&ef opfawmxGufypPnf;ydkrdk&&Sda&;twGuf/ jyXmef;xm;aomopfawmxdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufr_ pnf; rsOf;rsm;udk ausmfvGefvkyfaqmifonfvnf; &Sdonf? 45 Tae&mwGifjzpfoifhonfrSm jrefrmhopfvkyfief;aumfydka&;&Sif;onf tpdk;&ydkifjzpfaomfvnf; tjrwf tpGef;&&Sda&;y"mejzpfonfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wckjzpfonft h wGuf tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;uJhodk@yif/ tpdk;& xdef;odrf;r_ t0ef;t0dkif;twGif;Yom vnfywfaqmif&Guf&ayrnf? tjcm;aompD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;u obm0ywf0ef;usif umuG,af pmifha&SmufaomXmersm;. xdef;csKyf}uD;=uyfr_atmufwGif aqmif&Guf&onfh enf;wl aqmif&Gufoifhayonf? xkwv f kyf jcif;twdkif;twmESifh yrm%wdk@pyfvsOf;aom qHk;jzwfcsufonf opf awmxdef;odrf;umuG,fa&;Xme. cGifhðycsufjzifhom twnfðy&rnf jzpfonf? ‚if;vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;onf (1950) ckESpfrsm;twGif;u EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm; xHrSvkyfief;rsm;udk ygvDreftpdk;&u jyefvnfv$aJ jymif;vufcH&ef opfvkyfief;bkwftzGJ@udk pwifwnfaxmifpOf uwnf;u aqmif&GufcJah omtavhtxyif jzpfonf?

ajrqDv$m ðyef;wD;jcif;cH&jcif; t"duajrwdkufpm;jcif;tm;jzifh v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;ajrqDv$mrsm; wjznf;jznf; ysufpD;ðyef;wD;ae& jcif;onf jrefrmEdkifiH.t"dujy\emwck jzpfonf? t"dupm;oH;k oD;ESHrsm;xGufE_H; txl;ojzifh qefpyg; xGuf E_ef;onf oGif;tm;ydkrdkxnfo h Gif;vifhupm;wdk;wufrvmcJhay? xdt k wGuaf =umifh ajrqDv$mðyef;wD;jcif;udk tqif;&JqHk;aom v,f,mvkyfudik fol v,form;rsm;u ‚if;wd@k . touf&Sif&yfwnfr_twGuf &kef;ueftoHk; csaeaomajrrsm;ay:wGif r=umc%ñuHae=u&aoma=umifh ydkI'kuQjzpf=u&onf? (1978) ckESpfcef@uwnf;u a&oGif;pdkufysKd;aompyg;/ 0g*Grf;/ *Hkav#mo f D;xyfpdkufaomae&mrsm;Y qm;aygufajrjzpfjcif;ESifh ajrqDv$mðyef;wD; jcif;rsm; pwifjzpfay:vmcJhonf? tvm;wl "gwkaA'v,f,moHk; "gwfajr=oZm/ ydk;owfaq;ESifh aygif;owf aq;rsm; tvGeftu|HoHk;pGJjcif;a=umifhvnf; ajrqDv$m qm;aygufI ðyef;wD;jcif;ESifh oD;ESHxGufE_ef;avsmhusjcif; wd@k udk jzpfay:apcJhonf? awmifapmif;ae&mrsm;wGif ckwfxGifrD;&_d@awmif,mpdkufysKd;vkyfudik fjcif;onfvnf;/ vkyfudik folvlOD;a&rsm;jym;vmjcif;atmufwGif wae&mxJY jyefvnfvyk fudik fr_ tcsdefwdak wmif;vmjcif;ESifhtr# ajrqDv$m ðyef;wD;jcif;udk jzpfay:apcJhonf? ydk;owfaq;ESifhtwl "gwkypPnf;wdk;wufoH;k pJGvmr_onf odomxif &Sm;aom obm00ef;usifqdkif&mjy\emrsm;ESifh touf&Sifaexdkifolrsm;ESifh rarG;zgG;ao;aomvlom;rsm;udk tEW&m,f&Sdaom (rsKd;&dk;ADZ ajymif;vGjJ cif;) tajctaeod@k a&muf&dSapEkdif+yD;/ a'o&if;&Sdwd&p>mefESifh tyifrsKd;pdwf rsm;onfvnf; ZD0rsKd;uGaJ vsmhenf;vmapjcif; ponfjh y\emrsm;udjk zpfvmapEkdifonf?

(1994-95) ckESpf. w&m;0ifudef;*%ef;rsm;t& jy\em&Sdaomajryrm% (0² 96) oef; [ufwm od@k r[kwf pkpkaygif;pdkufajrtm;vH;k . (7² *) &mcdkifE_ef;&dScJhonf// jy\emrSm v,f,mvkyfudik frlrsm;onf ajrqD v$mqm;aygufr_'g%fudk toiftwifhcHEdkifaompyg;rsKd;uJGrsm;udk pdkufysKd;vmEdkif=uaomfvnf; xdjk y\emajrrsm; ay:wGifyif trsm;pkrSmxGef,ufpdkufysKd;ae=u&ao;onf// txl;ojzifh wdkif;jynfvlOD;a&. oHk;yHkwyHkcef@ rSDwif; aexdik fv#uf&Sdaom EdkifiH.ta&;}uD;qHk;v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;vkyfudik fonfah 'o jrefrmEdkifiHtylydkif;a'owGif tqdk;&Gm;qHk;jzpfonf? ‚if;a'oonf xif;avmifpmt&Sm;yg;qHk;a'ojzpf+yD; v#ifjrefpGmjzpfaeaomopfawm ðyef;wD;r_onf atmufcHajr.tpdk"gwf xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifr_udk avsmch sap+yD; avxkESifhxdawG@r_udk tvGeftu|H jzpfaponf? xdktcg tay:,HajrqDv$mqHk;&_H;r_udk jzpfay:aponf?

45

Ibid.

109

jrefrmEdkifiHwGifajrqDv$mðyef;wD;r_a=umifh pD;yGm;a&;t&ta&;ygr_udk azmfjy&efcufcJaomfvnf;/ tjcm; zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHrsm;ESifhE_dif;,SOfavhvmcsufrsm;t& oD;ESHtxGufE_ef;ESifh ajr.xkwfvkyfEdkifr_wdk@tay: ajrqDv$mðyef; wD;r_. tusKd;oufa&mufr_onf tvGefodomxif&Sm;aeayonf? ajrqDv$mðyef;wD;jcif;. obm0ESifh oG,0f dkufta=umif;&if;rsm;vGI J avhvmcsufrsm;t&awG@&Sd&onfrSm v,f,mvkyfudik folrsm;onf ‚if;wdk@. xkwu f kefypPnf;rsm;aps;avsmch sr_cHae&aom tajctaewGif ‚if;wd@k .touf&Sif&yfwnfr_twGuf ‚if;wdk@ydkif ajrrsm;udk tvGeftu|HtoHk;cs&aoma=umifhvnf;/ v,f,mxGufuek frsm; aps;avsmu h sjcif;onfvnf; ajrqD v$m xdef;odrf;jcif;tay: qdk;usKd;oufa&mufaponf? ajr,mydkifqdkifwnf+idrfr_onfvnf; v,form;rsm;. vuf&SdESifh tem*wfukefxkwfvkyfr_qHk;jzwfcsuftay: nD!Gwfr#watmif xdef;ausmif;ay;onf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif jzpfay:aeaom ajr,mydkifqdkifr_raocsmonfhudpPonf/ v,form;rsm;tzdk@ ‚if;wdk@.tem*wf xkwv f kyfpGrf; tm;udk ,H=k unfcsufusapygonf? TtwGufa=umifh ‚if;wdk@.ajrrsm;udk xdef;odrf;&ef rpOf;pm;apawmhbJ/ a&wdx k kwv f kyfEdkifr_twGufom/ ydkI toH;k csaeaom taetxm; jzpfapygonf? ydkI tusKd;,kwfapygonf?

a&t&if;tjrpf (pGrf;tm;) tcuftcJrsm;ESifh oef@&Sif;aomaomufoHk;a& &&Sdr_

jrefrmEdkifiHonf ajrmufrSawmifod@k jzwfoef;pD;qif;aeaomt"dujrpfa=umif;pepf&Sdonfhajr jzpfonf ESifhtr# a&pGrf;tm; &&Sdr_twGuf rsm;pGmtom&Sdonf[k qdkEdkifonf? (1956) ckESpfu urBmhukvor*~rScef@rSef; csuft& yHkrSefwESpfv#if jrpfrsm;.jzwfoef;pD;qif;a& yrm% (870) oef; ({u-ay) &Sd+yD; tpdk;&. cef@rSef; csufrSm ‚if;wdk@teuf (5) &mcdkifE_ef;atmufom toHk;ðyEdkifonf? od@k aomfvnf; jrpfa=umif;pepftrsm;pk. a& rsufESmjyifavsmu h svmjcif;udk a'ocHtm%mydkifrsm;ESifh vlxkrsm;uowdxm;rdvm=u+yD; jzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiH wGif a&oGif;pdkufysKd;aomajrtcsdK;tpm; enf;ao;I/ Ta&oGif;pepfudk xda&mufpGmtoH;k ðyEdkifao;jcif;r&Sdacs? a&oGif;,ljcif;rSm tukeftustvGefrsm;pGmjzifhaqmif&Guf&aomvkyfief;jzpfaomfvnf; ‚if;a&pGrf;tm;udk tjynft h 0 toH;k rcsEdkifao;yg? yHk (5? 3) ESpfpOf jyefvnfjznfq h nf;Edkifaoma& t&if;tjrpf ( 1995 vlwOD;csif;twGuf ukArDwmpkpkaygif;) Figure 5.2: Annual Internal Renewable Water Resources (1995 per capita cubic meters) 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 Burm a

Indonesia

Malaysia

Philippines

Thailand

rl&if;? World Resources Report 1996, World Resources Institute, New York.

110

od@k aomftjcm;wbufwGif oef@&Sif;aomaomufoH;k a&&&Sdr_ESifh toH;k csEdkifr_onf odompGmavsmh enf;aeao;onf? tusKd;quftm;jzifh a&rSwqifh ul;pufaoma&m*grsm; jyef@ESH@aer_onf qdk;&Gm;aom obm00ef;usifqdkif&m jy\emjzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif jzpfyGm;r_rsm;aom ul;pufa&m*grsm;. (80) &mcdkif E_ef;onf oef@&Sif;aoma&r&&Sdr_ESifh a&rSul;pufaoma&m*grsm;ESifhqufpyfv#uf&Sdonfudk awG@&+yD; trsKd;om; usef;rma&;jy\emrsm;. xdyfqHk;ae&mwGif&Sdaeonf? ydkrdkaumif;rGefoef@&Sif;aomaomufoHk;a&&&SdEdkifa&;ESifh ydkrdk aumif;rGefaomoef@&Sif;a&;pepf&Sda&;wdk@onf aus;vuftdrfaxmifpkrsm;tay: tusKd;rsm;pGm&Sdaprnf jzpfonf? xdak us;vufaevlxkrsm;twGuf ,ckwdik fa&udk a0;aomae&mrsm;rS cyf,lae&jcif;onf tcsdefukef vlyef;aom epP"l0vkyfief;wm0efwck jzpfaeao;onf? yHk (5? 4) oef@&Sif;aom aomufoH;k a&toH;k csEdkifr_ vlOD;a&&mcdkifE_ef;

Percentage of total population

Figure 5.2. Percentage of population with access to safe water 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

Urban - 1990 Rural - 1990

Indonesia

Myanmar

Malaysia

Thailand

Vietnam Philippines

rl&if;? World Resources Report 1996, World Resources Institute, New York 1996.

tÀ0gobm0a*[m ysufpD;ðyef;wD;jcif;46 (1990) ckESpfwGif EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rS ig;zrf;cGifhOya'csrSwfay;cJh+yD;/ ‚if;Oya't& ud;k &D;,m;/ a[mif aumif/ puFmyl/ rav;&Sm;ESifh xdik f;EdkifiHrsm;rS ig;zrf;ukr`%Drsm;udk ig;zrf;vdik fpifrsm;xkwfay;cJhonf? urf;&dk; wef;rS (12) rdkiftuGmtjyifzufwGif ig;zrf;vkyfudik fcGifh&&SdcJhonf? ig;zrf;,mOf tpif; (300) ausmf yg0ifcJh+yD; EdkifiHjcm;ig;zrf;oabFmrsm;. (2) qcef@ w&m;r0if 0ifa&mufvmcJhonf? rd&dk;zvmig;zrf;enf;tay: rSDcdkI vkyfudik ftoufarG;0rf;ausmif;ae&aom a'ocHjynfow l dk@rSm/ acwfrDig;zrf;,mOfrsm;ESifh ,SOfòyif&mwGif r,SOf EdkifbJ rsm;pGmxdcdu k fepfemcJh=uonf? vuf&SdtcsdefwGifurf;&dk;wef;a'orsm;rS zrf;qD;&&Sd+yD;jzpfaom pkpkaygif;ig; yrm%rSm (500000) rufx&pfwefxufausmfvGefv#u&f Sd+yD;/ ‚if;. (oH;k yHk ESpfyHk) rSm jynfyydk@ukefrsm; jzpfonf? ‚if;yrm%onf ,cifacwfpD;yGm;a&;a[mif;umvwGif wifydk@r_xuf (10) qeD;yg;cef@ ydkvmcJhonf? wcsdefwnf;wGif ig;vkyfief;u¾wGif EdkifiHjcm;ukr`%Drsm;.&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rSm tar&duefa':vm oef; (300) ausmt f xd &SdcJhonf? tpdk;&.EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_wGef;tm;ay;r_rS acwfrDig;zrf;vkyfief;vsifjrefpGm wd;k wufjzpfay:vmjcif;onf ig;zrf;vkyfief;u¾wGif tvGeftu|Hig;zrf;jcif;udkumuG,f&ef csrSwfxm;aom vkyf xH;k vkyfenf;rsm;/ pnf;rsOf;Oya'wm;jrpfcsufrsm;udk csKd;azmufouJo h d@k &SdaecJhonf? acwfrDtoHvdi_ f;&Smqdkem ud&d,mrsm; (Sonar) ESifh a&'g&Smig;zrf;ud&d,mrsm; toHk;csvmjcif;onf ig;zrf;vkyfief;.oabmobm0udk wjznf;jznf;ajymif;vJvmapcJh+yD;/ a'ocHwHigig;zrf;vkyfief;rsm;taejzifh EdkifiHjcm;ukr`%Drsm;ESifh r,SOfòyifEdkif awmhbJ qHk;&_H;cJh=u&onf? ig;zrf;vkyfief;pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;tay: tpdk;&.wif;usyfr_ayghavsmhaom vkyf&yf 46

Marine ecosystem deterioration

111

rsm;a=umifh tqdyfcsjcif;ESifh AHk;cGJig;zrf;jcif;rsm;ðyvkyfvm=u&m/ obm0ywf0ef;usifudv k nf; vGefpGmysufpD;apyg onf?

yHk (5? 5) jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ig;zrf;&&Sdr_ (1982-91)?

900

Total fish catch

800 700 600 500

Marine fishing areas

400 300 200

Inland waters

100 0 82 19

83 19

84 19

85 19

86 19

87 19

88 19

89 19

90 19

91 19

Years

rl&if;? World Resources Report 1996, World Resources Institute, 1996.

owWKwGif;xGufypPnf;rsm; ðyef;wD;jcif;

EdkifiHjcm;aiGtjrefvdt k yfaejcif;ESifh owWKwGif;u¾,d, k Gif;usqif;vmr_tay:rlwnfI tpdk;&rS EdkifiH wGif;usef&Sdaeaom owWKpGrf;tm;rsm; &SmazGazmfxkwfEdkif&ef/ EdkifiHjcm;ukr`%Drsm;.&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udk zdwfac: cJhonf? (1994) ckESpfwGif EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_Oya'opfjyXmef;r_ESifhtwl owWKwGif;u¾wGif EdkifiHjcm; ukr`%D rsm;. &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rSm pkpkaygif;tar&duefa':vmoef; (100) ausmx f d &SdcJhonf? vuf&SdtajctaewGif owWK wGif;u¾onf obm00ef;usifysufpD;,dk,Gif;r_taejzifh }uD;rm;odomaom tajctaeodk@ ra&muf&Sdao; aomfvnf;/ a&&Snfokd@&_ar#mfpOf;pm;aomrl0g'r&Sdjcif;a=umifh aemiftem*wfwGif t"duta&;}uD;udpPwck jzpf vmEdkifayonf? EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;odk@zGifhay;cJhonfrSm xkwv f kyfr_rS&&Sdr_tay:tajccHI uefx&dkuf &S,f,mcGJaompepfjzpf+yD;/ xkwfvkyfwl;azmfcGifhðyaom owWKwGif;xGurf sm;wGif oHjzL/ c&dkrdkuf/ a=u;eD/ a&$/ aiG/ cJrjzL/ eDu,f/ wefpwif/ oGyfESifh ausmufrsuf&wemrsm;wdk@yg0ifonf?

obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm; toHk;ðyjcif;qdkif&m ordkif;aemufcH

+Adwdo#wd@k jrefrmEdkifiHudk usL;ausmo f drf;ydkufjcif;rwdkifrDuyif odrf;ydkufapcJhaomta=umif;wckrSm jrefrmEdkifiH. obm0&if;jrpfºu,f0r_a=umifhjzpfonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh jrefrmEdkifiH. ºu,f0aomtylydkif;opf awmrsm;rS opfyifrsm;ckwf,l&efpdwf0ifpm;cJh=u+yD;/ oabFmwnfaqmufjcif;ESifh tjcm;&nf&G,fcsurf sm;pGm twGuf +AdwdefEdkifiHod@k wifydk@&ef +Adwdo#wd@k u pdwf0ifpm;cJhonf? jrefrmtm%mydkifwdk@u opfckwfjcif;ESifhywf oufI pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;owfrSwfxm;cJhonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh ckwfvSx J kwcf Gifh&aomopfyifrsm;udk owfrSwfay;jcif;ESifh opfxkwfr_tay:tcGefb¾mawmfay;aqmifapjcif;paom pnf;rsOf;rsm;jzpfonf? odk@ 112

aomfvnf; +Adwdo#ukr`%Dwckjzpfaom bHkab-bm;rm;opfukr`%Du ‚if;pnf;rsOf;wdk@udk csdK;azmufcJh+yD; cGifhðy aomyrm%xuf ydkrdkckwfvSx J kwf,lcJha=umif; pGyfpGJcHcJh&onf? pifppftm;jzifh ‚if;tjiif;yGm;r_onf +Adwdo#wdk@ jrefrmedkifiHudk usL;ausmo f drf;ydkuf&ef ydk@aqmifay;cJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiH+Adwdo#vufatmufusa&mufcJ+h yD;aemuf EdkifiH.obm0&if;jrpfrsm;xkwf,jl cif;udk t"du tm;jzifh yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;od@k om v$t J yfxm;cJhonf? txl;ojzifh +Adwdo#ukr`%Drsm;vuf0,fok@d vkyfydkif cGifha&muf&SdvmcJhayonf? odk@aomfvnf; udv k dkeDtpdk;&onf ,if;obm0pGrf;tm;wd@k udk pDrHtkyfcsKyf&mwGif a&&Snfxkw, f loH;k pGJEdkif&ef&_ar#mfcsufjzifh Oya'vkyfxH;k vkyfenf;rsm; csrSwfcJah yonf? ta&;}uD;qHk;om"urSm opfawmrsm;pDrHtkyfcsKyfjcif;udk Oya'rsm;jyXmef;aqmif&GufcJ+h yD;/ txl;ojzifh u|ef;opfrsm;ESifh ywfoufIjzpf onf? u|ef;opfawmobm0aygufa&mufr_onf u|ef;pdkufcif;rsm;xuf ydkrdkrsm;jym;cJhonf? xdk@a=umifh u|ef; opfawmrsm;udkpDrHtkyfcsKyf&mwGift"duta=umif;udpPrSm opfukr`%Drsm;rSESpfpOf ckwfvJSEdkifaom t&G,ftpm;/ od@k r[kwf toufESifhywfoufI owfrSwfay;&efjzpfonf? ‚if;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk opfawmXmet&m&Sdrsm;rS qHk;jzwfay;+yD;/ xdkod@k aqmif&Gufr_a=umifh opfawmrsm;rS ‘trsm;qHk;yHkrSefawmxGuf’47 udk wGufcsuf&&Sdap onf? opfawmpDrHtkyfcsKyfr_vufpGJwGif opfyif.touf ESifh trsm;qHk;vH;k ywft&G,fwd@k udk wduspGmazmfjyxm; onf? (7 ay 6 vufr) &Sdaom opfyifaygufawmonf trsKd;tpm;aumif;aomopfawm[k owfrSwf+yD;/ (6 ay 6 vufr) &Sdaom opfyifaygufawmudk trsKd;tpm;nHhaomopfawm[k owfrSwfonf? xdkwdik f;wmr_rSm ajrjyifrS (4 ay 6 vufr) tjrifhwGif&Sdaom vH;k ywfudk wdkif;wmjcif;jzpfonf? u|ef;opfwpfyifonf xdt k wdik f; 48 twm a&muf&Sdap&ef tenf;qHk;tESpf (100) cef@tcsdef,l&onf?

Topfawmrl0g'twdik f;aqmif&GufcJjh cif;tm;jzifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif xda&mufaom opfxkwfvkyfa&; vkyfief;udk aqmif&GufEdkifcJhonf? ckwfvJ&S eft&G,fa&muf&Sdaomtyifrsm;udk opfawmXmet&m&Sdrsm;rS a&G; cs,fowfrSwfay;cJhonf? ‚if;tyifrsm;udk a&G;cs,f+yD;aemuf }uD;xGm;r_&yfwef@ap&ef oif;owfap+yD; aemufqHk; ckwfvJaS ponf? oif;owf+yD;opfyifrsm;udk opfawmtwGif;Yyif (2) ESpf odk@r[kwf (3) ESpfcef@ ajcmufaoG@ oGm;ap&ef xm;apcJhonf? ‚if;aemuf ajcmufaoG@aom&moDtwGif;wGif ckwfvS+J yD;opfvHk;rsm;udk teD;&Sd opf yif}uD;i,fwkd@udk rxdcdkufapbJ u|J/ qifrsm;jzifh acsmif;zsm;ydkif;odk@a&mufatmif qGJcsapcJhonf? ‚if;aemuf opf rsm;udk azmifzGJ@+yD; yifv,fqdyfurf;rsm;od@k wdik f t"dujrpfa=umif;rsm;twdik f; ar#mcsaponf? TrSwfom;zG,f opfxkwfenf;ynmrSm jrefrmrsm; rdrdwdk@bmom wDxGifcJhjcif;jzpf+yD; EdkifiHjcm;aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm; 0ifa&mufvmcJh +yD;aemufydkif;/ jrefrmha'ocHuefx&dkufrsm;udik Sm;&rf;I ‚if;wd@k twGuo f pfxkwv f kyfapcJh&mwGifvnf; qufvuf toH;k ðycJhonf? ‚if;enf;wGif v$pufrsm;Y av;vHaomopfvH;k rsm; o,f,la&G@ajymif;jcif;udk qifrsm;tm;jzifh trsm;qHk; vkyfudik fcJhonf? ‚if;onf tvGefaumif;rGefaompGrf;tiftoH;k csr_ wckjzpf+yD; jyefvnfjynf+h rJ r[kwf aom t&if;tjrpfoH;k pGrf;tifudt k oH;k csjcif;r&SdbJ a&&SnfwnfwhaH tmif toHk;csoGm;Edkifayonf? urBmhaps; uGuw f Gif jrefrmh opfonf aps;jrifhrm;cJh+yD;/ EdkifiH. EdkifiHjcm;0ifaiG&&Sdaom ta&;}uD;o,HZmwwckjzpfcJhonf? obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm;ay:wGiftajccHaom 'kwd,ta&;}uD;qHk;vkyfief;wckrSm a&eHwl;azmfcsufvkyf a&;vkyfief; jzpfonf? a&eHacsmif;òr@ESifh ywf0ef;usifw0dkuf&Sd a&eHajrrsm;rS a&S;,cifumvrsm;uyif/ orm;&dk;usenf;rsm;jzifh wl;azmftoH;k ðyvmcJh&mr/S udv k dkeDacwfwGif jrefrmha&eHukr`%D49 rS acwfrDenf;pepfrsm; udk pwiftoH;k ðyI wl;azmfvmcJhonf? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm a&eHudktpdrf;twdik f; jynfyodk@wifydk@a&mif;cscJh&mrS aemufydkif;wGif &efukefòr@teD;oHvsifY a&eHcsufpuf&HkwnfaqmufI oef@pifapcJhonf? xdt k csdefu jrefrmEdkifiH onfurBmhaps;uGut f wGuf ta&;}uD;a&eHaxmufyHh&ma'owck jzpfcJhaomfvnf;/ udkvdek DacwftwGif;u urBm &Sd0,fvkt d m;rSm vsifjrefpGm wd;k wufrvmcJhay? xdk@a=umifha&eHxkwv f kyfr_E_ef; tvGefjrifhrm;cJhonf[k rqdkEdkif 47 48

Maximum sustained yield (MSY)

‚if;pnf;urf;csufrsm;tjyif tESpf (30) =umrS opfawmwckudk jyefIckwfvSJxkwfvkyfaomtvSnfhuspepfudkvnf; vdkufemtoHk;ðyonf? qdv k dk onfrSm opfckwfvSJa&;tzGJ@taejzifh aemufxyftESpf (30) =umrSom xdkae&modk@ckwfvSJ&ef jyefvmaomvkyfudkifyHk jzpfonf? 'kwd, urBmppf rwdkifrDu ðyvkyfcJah omcef@rSef;csufrsm;t& Tpnf;rsOf;rsm;twdkif;twdtusvdkufemcJyh gu/ ESpfpOf opfwefcsdef (4) odef;xkwf,lEdkif rnf[k cef@ rSef;cJo h nf? Todk@opfxkwf,laer_udkvnf; tpOfxm;0&aqmif&GufaeEdkifvdrfhrnf[k qdo k nf?

49

Burma Oil Company (BOC)

113

ay? od@k aomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHY&Sdaeaom a&eHpkaqmif;wnf&Sdr_rSm yrm%t&i,fonf[k qdkEdkif+yD;/ udv k dkeD acwftqHk;Y a&eHvufuseftenf;r#om usef&Sdawmhonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif udv k dkeDacwftwGif;u }uD;rm;aomtwdik f;twmjzifh xkwfvkyfcJhaom obm0t&if; tjrpfwwd,trsKd;tpm;rSm wGif;xGuf"gwfowWKrsm;jzpfI/ ‚if;wd@k wGif ausmufrD;aoG;/ obm0"gwfaiG@/ cJ/ oGyf/ oHjzL/ vlz&rf/ aiGESifh ywWjrm;/ eDvmwd@k uJo h dk@aom ausmufrsufwGif;xGufrsm;/ &Sm;yg;ausmufrsufrsm; trsKd;rsKd; jzpfonf? ‚if;wGif;xGufypPnf;trsm;pkudk a0;vHacgifoDaom/ EdkifiH.a'orsm;wGifawG@&+yD;/ a,bk,s tm;jzifh e,fpyfa'orsm;wGifawG@&SdEdkifonf? ‚if;wdk@udx k kwfvkyf&ef ukefusp&dwfjrifhrm;jcif;ESifh ukefoG,fr_ tcsuftcsmae&mrsm;odk@ o,f,lydk@aqmifp&dwf}uD;rm;r_wdk@a=umifh &SmazGwl;azmfxkwfvkyfr_E_ef;rSm tvGefenf; yg;ayonf? aemufqHk;taejzifh obm0ywf0ef;usiftay: tusKd;oufa&mufapaom ta=umif;tcsufrsm;udk rdrdwd@k wifjyvdkygonf? xdu k mvu udv k dek D+Adwdo#tpdk;&wGif obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mjy\emrsm;udk ta&; ,lxed f;odrf;umuG,&f eftwGuf pepfwusa&;qGJxm;aom oD;oef@rl0g'rsm; r&SdcJhyg? pufr_vkyfief;rsm;trsm; tjym;udk vlr_a&;qdkif&maemufqufwJjG y\emrsm;udkxnfo h Gif;wGucf sufjcif;r&SdbJ/ aqmif&GufcsJ@xGifvmonf ESifhtr# obm0ywf0ef;usiftay: qdk;usKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;jzpfvmaprnf jzpfonf? odk@aomf udv k dek Dacwfu ‚if;onf qdk;&Gm;aomjy\emwck r[kwfcJhyg? ta=umif;rSmudv k dek Dtpdk;&u usifhoH;k aom vGwv f yfpGm ukef oG,rf _0g'onf pufr_vkyfief;rsm;zGH@òz;r_udk tm;ray;cJhaoma=umifhjzpfonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh pufr_vkyfief; rsm;rSm tedrfhqHk;tajctaeom&SdcJhonf? vGwv f yfa&;&+yD; (1962) ckESpfrwdik frDtxd/ ygvDreftpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;umvwGif udv k dkeDtpdk;&usifhoH;k cJhaomrl0g'rsm;twdik f; qufvufvku d femusifhoH;k cJhonf? txl;ojzifh obm00ef;usif pDrHcef@cGJa&;ESifh xdef; odrf;umuG,fa&;rl0g'rsm;wGif jzpfonf? ta&;}uD;aom tajymif;tvJwckom ðyvkyfcJhonf? ‚if;rSm obm0pGrf;tm; trsm;pk xkwaf zmfokH;pGJjcif;vkyfief;rsm;udk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u wdu k f&dkufxdef;csKyfvkyfudik fcJhjcif; jzpfonf? ‚if;onf Tobm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk vltrsm;.vlr_a&;tusKd;twGuf ydkrdktoH;k csEdkifonf omru/ ‚if;t&if;tjrpfrsm;xkwfazmfokH;pGJjcif;rS xGufay:vmaom tjrwftpGef;rsm;udv k nf; EdkifiHawmf b¾mtjzpf pkaqmif;Edkifrnfjzpfonf? xdt k csdefu pwifaqmif&Gufv#uf&Sdaom zGH@òz;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGifvnf; toH;k csEdkifrnf jzpfonf?

Tumv. ta&;}uD;qHk;vuQ%mwckrSm yk*~vduydkifqdkifcGifhrsm;twGuf vHkavmufpGm owfrSwf jyXmef;ay;cJhr_ r&Sdjcif;jzpfonf? txl;ojzifh ajr,mydkifqdkifcGifhudpPrsm; jzpfonf? tpdk;&onf v,f,majrrsm;/ opfawmrsm;ESifh owWKrdkif;rsm;. yifrydkifqdkifoljzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf;ae&mtrsm;pkwGif ‚if;wdk@udx k da&muf pGm pDrHcef@cGJEdkifaompGrf;&nf tpdk;&wGifr&SdbJ/ ajr,mESifh opfawmrsm;udkjynfolydkifðycJhjcif;jzpfonf? qdk;&Gm;jyif; xefaomqif;&JrGJawr_rSt&if;cHaomta=umif;rsm;ESifh vlOD;a&wd;k wufr_a=umifh obm00ef;usifukd xdcdu k f ysufpD;apcJh&onf? tylydkif;opfawmrsm;ESifh pdrfhawmrsm;twGif; awmðyef;vmr_/ ajratmufa&ðyef;wD;r_ESifh urf;&dk;wef;a'orsm;wGif 0ef;usifnpfnrf;apr_rsm; jzpfapcJhonf? qdk&S,fvpfpepfwnfaqmufa&;tpydkif;umvrsm;u/ tpdk;& txl;ojzifh awmfvSefa&;aumifpD OuUX onf obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm;udk avvGifhðyef;wD;apjcif;r&Sdapa&;ESifh aemufrsKd;qufrsm;twGuf xdef;odrf; xm;&efudpPudk *&kwpdkufajymqdktav;ay;cJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; (1960) ckESpf aemufydkif;uwnf;u qefwif ydk@a&mif;csEdkifr_ usqif;vmcJhaomtcg u|ef;opfESifh opfrmwifydk@jcif;udk t"duEdkifiHjcm;aiG&&Sdapaomvkyfief; rsm;tjzpf a&G;cs,fp&mr&SdI tpm;xdk;aqmif&GufvmcJhonf? Tod@k jynfywifydk@Edkifr_twGuf ta&;w}uD;vdk tyfaeaomtcsdefwGif u|ef;opftpdkrsm;udkyif/ yHkrSef ESpf (40) oufwrf;rjynfah o;bJ ckwfvSJxkw, f ljcif;ðycJh onf? txuftm%mydkifrsm;xHrSvnf; cGifhðycsufr,lcJh=ua=umif; qdkdcJh=uonf?

EdkifiHwumaxmufyHha&;at*sifpDrsm;. tultnDjzifh pwiftoHk;ðyvmcJhaom ,EW,m;oHk;opfxkwf jcif;enf;rsm;jzifh/ rd&dk;zvmopfxkwjf cif;pepfudk tpm;xd;k vmcJh+yD;/ yifaxmifwckrSrusefatmif {&d,mwckvH;k udk tajymifxkwf,lapaomtaetxm;jzpfvmonf? ‚if;ysufpD;ðyef;wD;aom{&d,mudk jyefvnfxlaxmif&ef 114

cufcJapaom taetxm;jzpfonf? u|ef;opfESifh opfrmjynfywifydk@r_ jrifhwufvmcJhonfudk =unfjh cif;tm; jzifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif puf,EW,m;oH;k opfxkwv f kyfr_wGifus,v f mcJhonfudk !$efjyaecJhonf? tjcm;qdk&S,fvpfacwf. ta&;}uD;aomvuQ%mw&yfrSm obm0&if;jrpfrsm;twGuf pD;yGm;a&;qef qef aps;E_ef;owfrSwfEdkifaomrl0g'rsm; r&Sdjcif;yif jzpfonf? aps;uGut f wGif;&Sd aps;E_ef;rsm;rSm yHkysufyef;ysuf jzpfae=uonf? jynfyrSwifoGif;vmaomukefrsm;onf tpdk;&yHhydk;xm;r_a=umifh/ aps;uGuaf ygufaps;E_ef;atmuf a&mufaecJhonf? Taps;E_ef;rrSefuefr_a=umifh &Sm;yg;aom obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm; rsm;pGm xdcdkufðyef;wD;apcJh& onf? a&mif;csEdkifaomaps;E_ef;onf pm;oH;k olrsm;rS obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm; 0,fvdt k m;udk xif[yfaejcif; r&Sday? xdt k wGufa=umifh pm;oH;k olrsm;taejzifh rSm;,Gif;aeaom pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mtcsufjyoauFwrsm; (economic indicators) udk =unfI h / xd&k Sm;yg;aom obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm;udk xda&mufr_r&SdbJ toH;k csypf=u awmhonf? xdt k wGufa=umifhvnf; obm0pGrf;tm;rsm; a&mif;vkt d m;udk ydkjrifhwufapcJhonf? xdrk #ru/ ESpfaygif; (30) ausmfrdrdjynfwGif;a&;udkomtm&Hkxm;I/ jyifyurBmESifhwHcg;ydwfxm;cJhaom rl0g'atmufwGif/ ukefoG,fr_udkuef@owfxm;aomzGH@òz;a&;qdkif&mrl0g'rsm;onf/ pD;yGm;a&;usqif;vmonfESifh tr# obm0ywf0ef;usifudv k nf; ydkysufpD;apcJhonf? oGif;ukeftpm;xd;k a&;udktav;ay;aom rl0g'a=umifh 0ef;usifydknpfnrf;apaom t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk tav;ay;aqmif&GufcJ=h uonf? wbufwGif b¾m aiGtcuftcJ&Sdae+yD;/ tjcm;wbufwGifobm00ef;usifxdef;odrf;umuG,af &;qdkif&m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf; Oya' rsm; tm;aysmhcsdeJ@onfhtwGu/f 0ef;usifnpfnrf;r_wdk;vmapcJhonf? acwfaemufusaeaom pufr_vkyfief;rsm; udk toH;k csaeaoma=umifh/ vloH;k ukefypPnf;rsm;ESifh wefzdk;jr‡ifhukefrsm;xkw&f mwGif EdkifiH.òyifqdkiftom&r_ pGrf;&nfukdvnf; wufrvmapcJhay? xdt k wGufa=umifh tpdk;&taejzifh EdkifiHjcm;aiG&&Sda&;twGuf ukef=urf;rsm; wifydk@jcif;ESifh obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm;wifydk@a&mif;csjcif;udo k m rSDcdkaecJh&onf? tjcm;ta&;}uD;udpPwckrSm/ vlOD;a&wd;k yGm;r_a=umifh obm0t&jzpfvmaom pGrf;tifoH;k pGJr_yHkrSefjrifh vmjcif;jzpfonf? ukefxkwv f kyfr_csJ@xGifvmjcif;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; yHkrSef}uD;xGm;vmjcif;wdk@onf/ pGrf;tif xkwv f kyfEdkifpGrf;tm;/ v#yfppfxkwfEdkifpGrf;tm;xuf ausmfvGefrsm;jym;aecJh+yD;/ tpOfojzifhavmifpmESifh v#yfppf "gwftm;jywfawmufr_udk umv=um&Snf jzpfay:aeapcJhonf? EdkifiHjcm;t&HaiGav#mhenf;vmjcif;a=umifhvnf; tpdk;&u avmifpmqDwifoGif;r_udk uef@owfcJhonf? ‚if;qHk;jzwfcsufonf pGrf;tifu¾wGif a&mif;vdt k m;ESifh 0,fvkt d m;uGm[r_udk ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;apcJhonf? EdkifiHjcm;0ifaiGusqif;vmr_ESifhtwl tpdk;&.tm;v#yfppf"gwftm; ay;puf&Hkrsm; xdef;odrf;ðyjyifjcif;ESifh tqifhjr‡ifhjcif;wd@k aqmif&Guf&ef ysufuu G fvmapcJh+yD;/ tusKd;quftm;jzifh v#yfppf"gwftm;xkwfvkyfjzef@jzL;r_ twdik f;twmonf wjznf;jznf;usqif;vmcJhonf? ‚if;v#yfppf"gwftm; t}uD;tus,jf ywfvyfr_onf ZD0avmifpmjzpfaom xif;ESifh pdkufysKd;a&;rSpGef@ypfypPnf;oHk;pGJr_udk wdk;wufvmap cJhonf? Todk@tpm;xd;k oH;k pGJr_onf tpdk;&.w&m;0ifudef;*%ef;rsm;t& pkpkaygif;avmifpmoH;k pGJr_. (80) &mcdkifE_ef;cef@ &Sdaeonf? qdk&S,fvpfumvonf ppftpdk;&wufvm+yD;aemufwGif ed*Hk;csKyfcJhonf? &mpkESpfwpfpdwfr#=umanmif; cJhonf? od@k aomf T=um&Snfaom umvwav#mufwGif pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mrl0g'rsm;. tjcm;udpPtrsm;pkwGif obm0pGrf;tm;rsm; pDrHtkyfcsKyf&mY ta&;w,l*&kpdkufr_ tvGefenf;yg;cJhonf? xd@k tjyifpufr_vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Gufr_onfvnf; rsm;pGmrwd;k wufcJhojzifh obm00ef;usifnpfnrf;r_jy\em rsm;pGmray:aygufcJhay? ‚if;tajctaeonf ,ckvuf&SdEdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ (e0w) tpdk;&vufxuf vGwv f yfaomwHcg;zGifhpD;yGm;a&;pepfod@k ajymif;vJcJ+h yD;aemufydkif;wGif tvGefv#ifjrefpGm ajymif;vJcJhonf? tpdk;& . t"durl0g'rSm aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;tiftm;pkrsm;. vkyfydkifcGifhudk jynfwGif;a&m/ jynfyodk@yg tpGrf;ukef wHcg;zGifhvGwfvyfr_ay;cJh+yD;/ EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udkvnf; tm;ay;cJhonf? odk@aomf EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ rsm;onf tjrwftpGef;&&SdEdkifaomtajctaerSom 0ifa&mufvmEdkifrnfjzpf+yD;/ jynfwiG f;jynfyrnfonfh &if;ESD; jr‡KyfESHr_rqdk tjrwftpGef;&&Sd&ef u|rf;usifvkyfom;&&Sdr_ESifh vHkavmufaomtajccHtaqmuftODzGH@òz;r_wdk@ vdk tyfygonf? trSefwu,fwGif tpdk;&onf pD;yGm;a&;pepf.tajccHtaqmuftODrsm; zGH@òz;wdk;wuf&eftwGuf aomfvnf;aumif;/ vkyfom;rsm;avhusifhynmay;jcif;ESifhywfoufI ‚if;wdk@.ynma&;jrifhrm;r_udak omfvnf; 115

aumif;/ tenf;tusOf; aqmif&GufcJ+h yD;jzpfonf? ,cif+yD;cJhaompD;yGm;a&;qkwf,w k fusqif;aeonfh acwfpepf rsm;ESifh,SOfv#if EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; &kwfw&ufwd;k wufrsm;jym;vmcJhaomfvnf; trsm;pkrSm EdkifiH. obm0&if;jrpfrsm;udk xkw, f loHk;pGJaomvkyfief;rsm;qDodk@om OD;wnfaeonf? tpdk;&onf obm0pGrf;tm;u¾od@k EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udk óuqdkcJhonf? ta=umif;rSm ‚if;onf tpdk;&twGuf b¾maiG&&Sd&efenf;vrf;jzpf+yD;/ pDrHcef@cGJolrsm;twGufvnf; tusKd;tjrwfrsm;pGm &&Sd apaoma=umifh jzpfonf? tjyeftvSeftm;jzifhvnf; EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udk vGwv f yfpGmvkyfudik fcGifhay;cJh =u&onf? tusKd;quftaejzifh obm00ef;usifESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm; tvGeftrif;ðyef;wD;cJh&onf? txl; ojzifh u¾ (2) ckwGif qdk;&Gm;pGmtusKd;oufa&mufr_ jzpfcJhonf? ‚if;wd@k teufwckrSm rkwfokefopfawmrsm;udk opfxkwfvkyfjcif;twGuf ckwfvSjJ cif;jzpfonf? tpdk;&onf udv k dek Dacwfu ‚if;opfawmrsm;udk trsm;qHk; xkwv f kyftoH;k csEdkifa&;twGuf a&&Snfudak r#mfrSef;aom pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_rl0g'udk qufvuf rusifo h Hk;awmhay? ‚if; tpm; opfyifrsm;udk jrefjrefckwf/ jrefjrefxkwfEdkif&efom aqmif&GufcJhonf? TtusKd;qufa=umifh opfawm xGuEf _ef;udk usqif;apcJh&Hkr#ru/ &moDOwk txl;ojzifh rdk;&GmoGef;r_ (rdk;a&csdef) ESifh ajrqDv$mwdkufpm;jcif;rsm; qdk;&Gm;pGm jzpfapcJhonf? rl0g'topfrsm;. qdk;&Gm;aomtusKd;quf'%fcH&onfh 'kwd,u¾rSm EdkifiH.ig;zrf;vkyfief;u¾/ txl;ojzifh urf;&dk;wef;ig;zrf;vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonf? ,cifu a'ocHwd@k u &dk;&m"avhenf;pepfrsm;oH;k I ‚if;wdk@ bmom zrf;qD;vkyfudkifcJh=uonf? zrf;qD;r_E_ef;onf toifhtwifhr#om &SdcJhayonf? odk@aomf rl0g'topf t& EdkifiHjcm;ukr`%Drsm;udk acwfrDenf;ynmrsm;oHk;I zrf;qD;cGifhvdik fpifrsm;udk xkwfay;cJhonf? ,if;. tusKd; qufrSm ig;vkyfief;udk }uD;rm;aom twdik f;twmjzifhzrf;,lcJjh cif;jzpf+yD;/ qdk;&Gm;pGm ysufpD;ðyef;wD;v#uf&Sdonf? ‚if;onf EdkifiH.a&&Snftem*wftwGuf qdk;&Gm;&Hkr#ru toufarG;0rf;ausmif;r_twGuf ig;zrf;vkyfief;tay: rSDcdkae=u &aom a'ocHjynfolvlxt k wGufvnf; &yfwnfa&;cufcJvmaponf? aemufqHk;taejzifhom azmfjyjcif;jzpfaomfvnf;/ ta&;r}uD;[k rrSwf,al pvdak y? ‚if;rSm (e0w) ppftpdk;&. ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mjy\emrsm;udk udik fwG,af jz&Sif;&mwGif csKd@wJt h m;enf;r_onf ‚if;jy\emrsm; udt k odtrSwfðyajz&Sif;&ef EdkifiHa&;t&qENuif;rJhr_a=umifhjzpf+yD;/ vufawG@rygE_wfjzifhom ajymqdkaecJhonf?

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obm0&if;jrpfESifh obm0 0ef;usifqdkif&m rl0g'rsm;twGuf &nfrSef;csufrsm; t&if;tESD;[kqdk&mwGif a,bk,stm;jzifh &kyf0wWKypPnf;rsm;jzpfaom ud&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;/ puf rsm;ESifh taqmuftOD;paom vlvyk fypPnf;rsm;udo k m jrif=uygonf? xdk@a=umifh t&if;tESD;udk t"dy`g,fazmfjy r_wcktaejzifh ‚if;wdk@udk ðyvkyfydkifqdkifaomolrsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf? od@k aomfvnf; obm0ywf0ef;usif a&ajrawmawmifrsm;rSm vltrsm;zefwD;xm;aomypPnf; xkwfvyk fr_rsm; r[kwf=uyg? wenf; obm0.

50

Environmental Impact assessments (EIA)

116

vufaqmifrsm;vnf; jzpfygonf? xdk@twGuaf =umifh EdkifiHw0Sef;rS jynfot l rsm;ydkifaom ypPnf;rsm;tjzpf owf rSwftoHk;csoifhayonf? ‚if;obm0pGrf;tm;rsm;udk vuf&SdumvrsKd;quf. tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuo f mru aemifvmrnfhrsKd;qufopfrsm;. tusKd;twGufyg xnfo h Gif;pOf;pm; toH;k ðyoifhayonf? EdkifiHwcktaejzifh rnfonfhzG@Hòz;r_yHkpHrsKd;udk ar#mfrSef;tm;xkwo f nfjzpfap/ Tobm0&if;jrpfudpPonf tpOftqufa&&Snfwnf wHhaH tmif xdef;odrf;=u&rnf jzpfonf? Toabmw&m;onf xm0&wnfwHhEdkifaomzGH@òz;wd;k wufr_ ,lqcsuf . tESpfyif jzpf ygonf? yxrqHk;taejzifh ausmufjzpf&kyfºuif;avmifpmESifh wGif;xGufypPnf;rsm;uJo h dk@aom jyefvnfjznfh qnf;&ef rjzpfEdkifaom t&if;tjrpfrsm;ta=umif; qdk=uygpdk@? xm0&wnfwHhEdkifaom zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_oabm t& ‚if;t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk vHk;0tukefxkwf,ltoH;k ðy&ef tm;ray;yg? tu,fI Tod@k tukefxkwf,l oH;k pGJrnfqdkygu/ aemifrsKd;qufrsm;twGuf oH;k p&mvHk;0rusefawmhaom taetxm; jzpf&ayawmhrnf? od@k aomfxm0&wnfwHhEdkifaomzGH@òz;wdk;wufr_ oabmt& Tt&if;tjrpfrsm;onf jyefvnfjznfhwif;Edkifaom t&if;tjrpfrsm;r[kwf=uaoma=umifh/ ac|wmoHk;pGJa&;udk wdkufwGef;jcif;jzpfonf? pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifrsm;u obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm; ðyef;wD;cGifh&Sdaom toifhawmfqHk;E_ef;xm;udk wGuf xkwcf Jh+yD;jzpfygonf? qdkvdo k nfrSm vuf&SdumvrsKd;qufudkomru aemiftem*wfrsKd;qufrsm;. vlr_zlvHkr_/ aysmf&Gif csrf;ajr@r_udk trsm;qHk;ay;pGrf;Edkifaom ysufpD;ðyef;wD;r_E_ef;yif jzpfygonf? tajccH,lqcsufrSm atmufygtwdik f; jzpfygonf? a&eHuJo h dk@aom obm0pGrf;tm;rsm; qdkygpdk@? vHk;0ysufpD;ðyef;wD;r_r&SdcJhv#if tjcm;t&mrsm;uJhodk@ rlvtwdkif;usef&Sdonf[k ,lqEdkif+yD;/ ‚if;. wpf,lepfwefzdk;onfvnf; rajymif;vJbJ yHkao&Sdaernfjzpfonf? tu,fI ‚if;t&if;tjrpfonf tvGefv#ifjrefaomE_ef;jzifh ysufpD;ðyef;wD;aecJhygv#if ‚if;. wpf,lepfwefzdk;onf tvGefv#ifjrefpGm jrifhrm;vmrnf jzpfonf? ‚if;t&if;tjrpf wefzdk;jrifhwufvm aomE_ef;udk tcsdefav#mch sjcif;wefzdk;E_ef;51 od@k r[kwf/ oH;k pGJr_wefzdk;E_ef;[k ac:ygonf? xd@k a=umifh obm0pGrf; tm;.udk toifhawmfqHk; xkwf,lok;H pGJaomE_ef;xm;onf tcsdefav#mch sjcif;. vlr_a&;wefzdk;E_ef;wGif wpf,lepf wefzdk;udk jrifhrm;wdk;wufapvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? rdrdwd@k ‚if;zGifhqdkcsufrSefuefa=umif; jyqdkjcif;twGuf t&nftcsif;pHE_ef; tcsKd@&Sdayonf? yxrOD;pGm obm0pGrf;tm;rsm; wckck. toifhawmfqHk;ðyef;wD;r_E_ef;onf rdrdwdk@&&Sdaom ‚if;pGrf;tm;rsm;. ta&twGuf yrm%ay:wGifrlwnfonf? qdkvdo k nfrSm od&Sd+yD;om;t&if;tjrpfyrm%udk qdkvdkonf? tu,fI aemufxyf pl;prf;&SmazGjcif;jzifh ‚if;t&if;tjrpfrsm;yrm%udk xyfrHawG@&Sdvmygu ‚if;. toifhawmfqHk; ysufpD;ðyef;wD;r_ E_ef;wdk;jrifhEdkifrnf jzpfonf? t&if;tjrpfypPnf;rsm;. toifhawmfqHk;ysufpD;ðyef;wD;r_E_ef; (Oyrm- pGrf;tif t&if;tjrpf) onf tjcm;tpm;xd;k ypPnf;yrm% (Oyrm- tjcm;aompGrf;tifavmifpm&Edkifaom t&if; tjrpf) ay:wGifvnf; rlwnfaeygonf? tpm;xdk;ypPnf;yrm% rsm;avav/ xdt k &if;tjrpfypPnf;wckckudk rdrd wd@k ydkrdkv#ifjrefpGmtoH;k csEdkifavjzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh aepGrf;tifESifh avpGrf;tifwdk@uJo h dk@aom pGrf;tif t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk toHk;csEdkifygu/ ‚if;wdk@onf twdik f;tqr&Sd &&SdEdkifaomypPnf;rsm;jzpfonft h wGuf a&eHESifh ausmufrD;aoG;wdk@uJo h dk@ jyefvnfjznfah y;Ir&aom t&if;tjrpfypPnf;rsm;udk ydkrdktoH;k csxkwf,lvmEdkifrnf jzpfonf? obm0&if;jrpfrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;I/ txl;ojzifhjyefvnfjznfah y;Ir&Edkifaom t&if;tjrpfrsm;. ta&; }uD;qHk;jy\emrSm/ EdkifiHwckESifhwckt=um;wGif ‚if;t&if;tjrpfrsm; jzpfwnfydkifqdkifr_ vGefpGmuGjJ ym;jcm;em;r_yif jzpfygonf? qdkvdo k nfrSm obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm; ydkifqdkifr_enf;aom EdkifiHu/ tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;rS 0,f,lwifoGif;&ef yifjzpfonf? rsm;aomEdkifiHu wifydk@a&mif;csEdkifonf? xd@k a=umifhwdik f;jynf. obm0&if;jrpfrsm; ysufpD;ðyef;wD; r_E_ef;onf wifoGif;aomEdkifiHrsm;u/ xkwfvkyfa&mif;csaomEdkifiHrsm;xuf ydkenf;yg;ygonf? odk@aomfjim;vnf; ta&;}uD;onfrSm EdkifiHrsm;onf wckay:wck tvGefrSDcdkae&aoma=umifh urBmhobm0&if;jrpfypPnf;rsm;udk urBmwpf0Sef;vHk;taejzifh toifhawmfqHk;E_ef;xm;jzifhom xkwf,lok;H pGJ&rnfjzpfygonf? ‚if;onf a,bk,s 51

Social Rate of Time Discount

117

tm;jzifh EdkifiHwckESifhwck tjynfjynfqdkif&myl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;wGif/ obm0&if;jrpfypPnf;rsm;/ obm00ef; usifxdef;odrf;umuG,fjcif;ESifhywfoufI/ vdkufemapmifhxdef;=u&rnfh pnf;rsOf;rl0g'rsm;jzpfygonf? txl; ojzifh rnfonfhEdkifiHrqdk obm0&if;jrpfypPnf;rsm;udk tvGeftu|H toH;k csxkw, f loH;k pGJaeygu/ apmifh=unfh xdef;odrf;&rnfrSm EdkifiHwumrdom;pk. wm0efw&yfjzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHonfvnf; TEdkifiHwum apmifh =unfrh _atmufrS uif;vGwfaeEdkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg? wzefjyefvnfjynf+h rJjzpfaom t&if;tjrpfypPnf;rsm; qdk=uygpdk@? ‚if;wd@k teufta&;}uD;aom t&if; tjrpf (2) ckrSm opfawmrsm;ESifh om;ig;wdk@ jzpfygonf? ‚if;wdk@.xl;jcm;aomt&nftaoG;rSm obm0twdik f; jyefvnf}uD;xGm; jznfw h if;EdkifaomE_ef;yif jzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh opfawmrsm;xJ&Sd opfyifrsm;aygufa&muf }uD;xGm;r_ESifh yifv,fjrpfacsmif;tiftdkif;rsm;twGif; ig;rsm;aygufzGm; rsm;jym;vmjcif;wdk@ jzpfygonf? ‚if;wd@k . trSefwu,f}uD;xGm;wd;k wufr_E_ef;onf opfESifh ig;rsm; xkwfvkyfzrf;,laomE_ef;ay:wGifvnf; rlwnfaeyg onf? tu,fI xkwfvkyfzrf;,laomE_ef; tvGefenf;yg;ygu ‚if;wdk@.yrm%}uD;xGm;r_E_ef; v#ifjrefap+yD; tv[\ysufpD;qHk;&H_;oGm;rnf jzpfonf? xkwfvkyfzrf;,laomE_ef; tvGefjrifhrm;ygu ‚if;wdk@.yrm%onf aysmufuG,fysufokOf;onftxd avsmyh g;ðyef;wD;ukefrnfjzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh ‚if;t&if;tjrpfrsm;rS xkwfukef ypPnf;rsm;udk toifhawmfqHk;E_ef;jzifh xkwfvkyfoH;k pGJ&rnf jzpfonf? od@k aomf a&&SnfwnfwHah omzGH@òz;apr_onf ‚if;t&if;tjrpfrsm;xkwf,lEdkifaom t"dupH!$ef;jzpfygonf? trsm;qHk;a&&SnfwnfwhHEdkifaomxGufE_ef;52 onf xdt k &if;tjrpfrsm;udk trsm;qHk;xkw, f lokH;pGJEdkifaom &kyfydkif;qdkif&mtuef@towfjzpfygonf? ‚if;uef@owf csuftwGif;Yyif EdkifiHwcktaejzifh ‚if;t&if;tjrpfrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;wefzdk;tay:rlwnfI rnfr#rsm;rsm; xkw, f lokH;pGJEdkifrnfqdkonfudk wGufcsuaf qmif&Guf&ayrnf?

TudpPwGifvnf; EdkifiHwcku ‚if;ydkifqdkifaom jyefvnfjznfq h nf;Edkifonfh t&if;tjrpfrsm;oHk;apum rl/ ‚if;oHk;pGJr_E_ef;onf tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;tay:vnf; tusKd;oufa&mufapygonf? ‚if;tcsufonfvnf; awG; awmqifjcifp&myifrvdkbJ/ EdkifiHwcktaejzifh ‚if;.t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk rsm;rsm;ydkoH;k av tem*wfwGif tjcm; EdkifiHrsm;twGuf toHk;ðyp&m ydkenf;vmavyifjzpfonf? ydkta&;}uD;aomtcsufrSm rkwfokefopfawmrsm; uJo h d@k obm0pGrf;tm;rsm; ðyef;wD;r_onf urBmhobm00ef;usifESifh &moDOwkudk qdk;usKd;oufa&mufap&Hkr#ru tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;udv k nf; tvm;wl tusKd;oufa&mufapygonf? xdk@a=umifh wm0efodoad qmif&Gufap&ef twGuf EdkifiHwck. trsKd;om;rl0g'rsm;tay:/ tjynfjynfqdkif&mzdtm;ay;r_rsm; jzpfvmjcif;yifjzpfonf? T onfvnf; tjynfjynfqdkif&m ndE‡ _dif;yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;. ta&;}uD;aom tjcm;u¾wckjzpfygonf? wwd,t"duacgif;pOfwckrSm obm00ef;usiftay: tvGeftu|Hnpfnrf;apr_wdk@rS umuG,fwm;qD; a&;yif jzpfygonf? EdkifiHrsm;taejzifh av/ ajr/ a&ESifh obm00ef;usiftay: tvGeftu|Hnpfnrf;r_jzpfap aom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;wd;k wufaqmif&Gufjcif;udk cGifhrðyoifhay? tjcm;wbufrSvnf; ‚if;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk vH;k 0rvkyfudik foifh[k ajymIr&Edkifay? ‚if;pufr_vkyfief;rsm; vkyfudik fcGifhðy&eftwGuf toifhawmfqHk;twdik f; twmwck &Sd&ayrnf? npfnrf;r_E_ef;udak vsmu h sapaom enf;vrf;rsm;ESifh umuG,w f m;qD;jcif;enf;vrf;rsm; jzifh ywf0ef;usiftay:qdk;usKd;oufa&mufr_wdk@udk avsmhenf;aprnfqdkv#if/ ‚if;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udv k nf; vkyf udik fEdkifonft h wdik f;twmudk cGifhðyap&rnfjzpfygonf? umuG,fwm;qD;jcif; enf;vrf;rsm;twGuf ukefus p&dwfudk ywf0ef;usifnpfnrf;apolu wm0efcHuscHoifhayonf? azmfjyygtcsufrsm;rSm obm0&if;jrpfrsm;ESifh ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mudpPrsm;ESifh qufpyfaeaom EdkifiH. rl0g'rsm;udv k rf;!Gefxdef;ausmif;ay;oifhaom a,bk,spnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm; jzpfygonf? qufvufI Trl0g' rsm;taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif EdkifiHwcktaejzifh vdu k femaqmif&Gufoifhaom r[mAsL[m vkyfief;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI qufvufaqG;aEG;azmfjyoGm;rnf jzpfygonf?

52

Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)

118

obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm;ESifh 0ef;usifqdkif&mrl0g'rsm;twGuf vrf;!$efrlrsm; txufazmfjyyg &nfrSef;csufrsm; aygufajrmufap&ef/ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&taejzifh vdu k femusifhoH;k oifh aomr[mAsL[mqdkif&m pnf;rsOf;tcsK@d &Sdygonf? yxrtcsufrSm yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ tcGifhta&;ESifh oufqdkifyg onf? t"duta=umif;rSm obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm; trsm;pkonf vltrsm;ydkifjzpfae+yD;/ wpfOD;wpfa,mufpD. vkyf aqmifcsufrsm;onf tjcm;olrsm;.tusKd;tjrwfESifh ukefusp&dwfay:wGif rsm;pGmxdcdkufapEdkifygonf? xdk@ twGufa=umifh ‚if; pGrf;tm;rsm;udk yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_tcGifhta&;rsm;tay: tajccHI pDrHcef@cGJIr&Edkifay? wenf;tm;jzifh woD;yk*~vydkifqdkifcGifhrsm;udk vkyfudik fpDrHcGifhðy&mwGif tuef@towf/ tcsKyftcs,frsm;&Sdrnf jzpf ygonf? ‚if;tpm; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk;. tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf/ tpdk;&u Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;csrSwfI owf rSwf toH;k ðycGifhay;&rnf jzpfonf? tjcm;wbufrSvnf; wdik f;jynfwckonf ‚if;.tem*wfzGH@òz;r_onf vGwv f yfaom aps;uGufpD;yGm; a&;pepftay: rSDcdkaqmif&Guf&rnf qdkonfudv k nf;/ rdrdwdk@wav#mufvHk; t}uHðyaqG;aEG;xm;cJhygonf? odk@ aomfvnf; yk*~vydkifqdkifcGifhudpPrsm;tay: cGifhðyxm;aom rnfonfyh dkifqdkifr_tcGifhta&;rsm;udkrqdk/ wif;usyf wduspGm owfrSwfay;&rnfjzpf+yD;/ vltrsm;tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf[k ta=umif;jy+yD;/ tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;u xifovdk 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_rsm;rSvnf; umuG,af y;&rnf jzpfygonf? 'kwd,taejzifh rdrdwdk@odjrif+yD;onft h wdik f;/ obm0&if;jrpfrsm;ESifh obm00ef;usifwdk@udk pDrHtkyfcsKyf jcif;onf vltrsm;.zlvHo k m,m0ajymr_twGuf tvGefta&;}uD;aom udpPwck jzpfygonf? od@k aomfvnf; ‚if;obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm;udk (jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfudktajccHaom ppftpdk;&tkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGif rSm;,Gif; pGm ,lqxm;ouJo h dk@) tpdk;&rSom xkw, f lokH;pGJcGifh&Sdonf[kvnf; rqdkvdak y? wzef ‚if;t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk pDrHtkyfcsKyfjcif;udk (vuf&SdtkyfcsKyfr_pepfatmufwGif wcgw&H toH;k csaqmif&GufaeouJhodk@) jynfwiG f; od@k r[kwf EdkifiHjcm;yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;.vufodk@ v$t J yfvdu k f&rnf[kvnf; rqdkvdkay? vltrsm;.tusKd; pD;yGm;twGuf xdef;odrf;pDrHoifhaomudpPrsm; &Sdygao;onf? tpdk;&taejzifh ‚if;obm0t&if;jrpfrsm;udk rnfodk@rnfyHkpDrHcef@cGJ&rnfukd taumif;qHk;odaomol tjzpfvnf;/ tjrJwap rSefraeEdkifyg? ‚if;tpm; rSefuefaomrl0g'rSm ‚if;pGrf;tm;rsm;udk oifhawmfaom aps;E_ef;owfrSwfay;jcif;/ oifhawmfaom xkw, f loH;k pGJ&rnfh yrm%owfrSwfay;jcif;tm;jzifh pDrHtkyfcsKyfEdkifyg onf? yk*~vduu¾rsm;u aqmif&Guf&efcGifhðyay;+yD;/ aps;E_ef;pepfjzifhom xdef;csKyfap&ef jzpfonf? Oyrmtm; jzifh tcGefaumufcHjcif;/ tpdk;&u axmufyHhaiGxnfh0ifay;jcif;jzifh aps;E_ef;udk xdef;xm;Edkifygonf? ‚if;uJhod@k aom vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;onfom wdik f;jynfwGif pwiftaumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Gufaeaom vGwv f yfaom aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfESifh ydkrdkvdkufavsmnDaxGjzpfayonf? rdrdwdk@ tjcm;ta&;w}uD; azmfjyvdak omtcsufwcsufrSm jyefvnfjznfah y;&efrjzpfEdkifaom t&if; tjrpfypPnf;rsm;xkw, f ltoHk;ðyr_tay: xdef;csKyfEdkifaomE_ef;xm;wckud/k owfrSwfoifhygonf? Tod@k owfrSwf &mwGif &Sdaeaom pGrf;tm;rsm;.yrm%/ EdkifiHwumaps;uGuaf ygufaps;/ ‚if;pGrf;tm;rsm;rS &Edkifaom 0ifaiG tvm;tvm/ rdrdwdk@EdkifiH. vdktyfcsuf odk@r[kwf ud, k fydkiftoH;k csr_ paomtcsufrsm;udk xnfo h Gif;pOf;pm;& ayrnf? ‚if;pGrf;tm;rsm; toH;k csjcif;wGif qHk;jzwfay;aom ta&;}uD;qHk;tcsufonf ‚if;t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk toH;k ðyvdkufjcif;tm;jzifh/ rnfod@k aomtwdik f;twmtxdokH;rnf/ rnfod@k rnfyHkoHk;rnfomru/ ukefacsm ypPnf;rsm;xkwfvkyfEdkifajc rnfr#&Sdrnf/ EdkifiH.&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;jzpfvm&ef rnfokd@rnfyHk ‚if;ypPnf;udk a&mif;cs jcif;rS 0ifaiGtrsm;qHk;&atmifvkyrf nf ponfwdk@udk wGucf sufum qHk;jzwfay;&rnfjzpfonf? odk@rSom ‚if;óu; yrf;r_tm;xkwfr_toD;tyGifhrsm;udk tem*wfrsKd;qufrsm; cHpm;&,lEdkif=urnf jzpfonf? rdrdwd@k EdkifiH&Sd jyefvnfjznfq h nf;Edkifaomt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk rnfr#twdik f;twmtxd xkwf,lEdkifrnf qdkonfrSm a&&SnfwnfwHhapa&;twGuf trsm;qHk;xkwfEdkifaomE_ef; (MSY) 53twdik f;twmt&om jzpf& 53

Maximum Sustainable yields

119

rnfjzpf+yD;/ ‚if;udkjrpfacsmif;a&a0a&vJ{&d,mrsm;ESifh opfawm{&d,mrsm; tygt0ifjzpfaom vuf&Sda*[aA' pepfESifh wdkif;wmowfrSwf&rnf jzpfygonf? rdrdwdk@ ‚if;t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk rnfr#rsm;rsm; xkwf,lEdkifrnfenf; qdkonfh twdik f;twmowfrSwfcsufukdodxm;&rnf jzpf+yD;/ wdik f;jynfudk oJuEWm&qefaomtajctaea&muf roGm;ap&ef/ jrpfacsmif;tif;tdkifrsm;crf;ajcmuf+yD;/ obm0pdrf;vef;pdkajyjcif;rsm;udk ysufpD;apjcif;rsKd; rjzpfap&ef owdðy&rnf jzpfonf? ‚if;twdik f;twmudkodjcif;jzifh rdrdwd@k EdkifiH. a&&SnfzGH@òz;wd;k wufr_vrf;a=umif;udk owfrSwf&rnfjzpfonf? obm0&if;jrpfudk tajccHaom zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_tay: vH;k 0rSDcdktm;xm;jcif;xuf pufr_ zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_ESifh enf;ynmwdk;wufr_udk tm;xkwaf qmif&Guf=u&rnf jzpfayonf?

obm0pGrf;tm;rsm;ESifh 0ef;usifqdkif&mrl0g'rsm;twGuf r[mAsL[majrmuf wGef;tm;ay;vkyfief;rsm; obm00ef;usifESifh pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m xdef;odrf;rSwfwrf;ðya&;

pm&if;udef;*%ef;rsm;udk

wqufwpyfwnf;

jrefrmEdkifiHuJhod@k aom/ obm00ef;usifqdkif&m pGrf;tm;rsm;tawmftoifhºu,f0onf[k qdkEdkifaom/ EdkifiHwpfcktzdk@ pD;yGg;a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_ ueOD;tapmydkif;tqifhwGif/ pD;yGg;a&;qdkif&mudpPrsm;Y obm0 ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m pdk;&drfylyefr_rsm;udv k nf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhygonf? pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wd;k wufapr_twGuf obm00ef;usifysufpD;&r_ wefzdk;ESifh &Sm;yg;aom t&if;tjrpfrsm;qHk;&_;&r_wefzdk;wdk@udk xnfo h Gif;wGucf suf+yD;/ rnfonfhudpPrsm;aqmif&GufEdkifrnfukdqHk;jzwf&mwGif/ teD;pyfqHk;cef@rSef;csufrsm; r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfrnfjzpfay onf? trsKd;om;pm&if;tif;pepfrsm;wGif obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;udkvnf;/ xkwfvkyfEdkifaomtajctjrpfrsm; tjzpf xnfhoGif;rSwfwrf;wifxm;oifhygonf? qHk;jzwfcsucf srSwfaomacgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh/ wefzdk;jzwfjcif; oabmobm0ESifh obm00ef;usifqdkif&m pm&if;tif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk odjcif;tm;jzifh/ rsm;pGmtaxmuf tulðyEdkifrnf jzpfygonf? obm00ef;usif wdk;wufaumif;rGefr_twGuf ukefusp&dwfESifh tusKd;tjypfrsm;udk tajccHI qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csrSwfEdkifvdrfhrnfjzpfI tvGefta&;}uD;ygonf? wefzdk;jzwfjcif;oabmobm0udk odjcif;tm;jzifh rwlnaD om ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mta&;ay:tajctaersm;t=um; OD;pm;ay;r_rsm;udka&G;cs,fEdkif rnfjzpfygonf? pDyGm;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;csrSwf&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiH&-oH;k aiGb¾mcGJa0&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ wefzdk;jzwfjcif;obm0uif;rJhjcif;a=umifh obm00ef;usif umuG,fxed f;odrf;jcif;twGuf &efykHaiGavsmhenf;&ap jcif;ESifh pGrf;tm;rsm;udk rSefuefpGm toHk;rcsEdkifjcif;rsm;/ bufvdu k fr_rsm; jzpfapEdkifygonf? tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiH rsm;uJhodk@yif/ jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifhvnf; obm0ywf0ef;usifysufpD;r_ESifhywfoufaom pDppfa&;qdkif&mvkyfief; rsm;udk pDrHudef;rsm;.jzpfEdkifacswGucf sufaqmif&GufaomudpPrsm;wGif xnfo h Gif;yl;wGaJ qmif&Gufoifhygonf? xd@k tjyif ta&;ygaom tajccHtaqmuftODpDrHudef;rsm;+yD;pD;r_aemufydkif;wGif jyefvnfI obm00ef;usif ysufpD;&r_ tusKd;tjypfrsm;wefzdk;jzwfjcif; pojzifhvkyfief;rsm;udk yl;aygif;xnfo h Gif;aqmif&Guf&ef vdt k yfyg onf? umuG,fjcif;onf ukojcif;xuf ydkIaps;oufomapEdkifovdk tajccHtaqmuftODpDrHudef;rsm;.

0ef;usifudk xdcdkufysufpD;Edkifacs&Sdr_udk tuJjzwfppfaq;jcif;ESifh ysufpD;apr_udk avsmch sapEdkifygu ydkrdkaumif;rGef ygonf?

pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m aphaqmfrufvHk;ay;jcif;rsm; us,jf yef@aom pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'rsm;ESifh ukefaps;E_ef;jyifqifowfrSwfjcif;rsm;ESifhtwl obm00ef;usif umuG,fxdef;odrf;aomvkyfief;rsm;twGuf pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&maphaqmfr_rufvkH;rsm;ay;jcif;onfvnf;/ obm0 120

&if;jrpfrsm;a&&Snfxw k f,loH;k pGJapEdkif&eftwGuf xda&mufaom tcsufjyowday;r_udk jzpfapEdkifygonf? aph aqmfrufvkH;ay;r_rsm;onf pGrf;tm;rsm; oH;k pGJolrsm;udk r#wpGmuscHap&rnf jzpfonf? t&if;tjrpf enf;enf; omtoH;k ðyrnf (odk@r[kwf) ydkrdktoH;k ðyjcif;twGufay;avsm&f rnfponfwd@k udk xdo k lrsm;taejzifh qHk;jzwf=u& rnfjzpfygonf? ywf0ef;usifudk npfnrf;apjcif;/ obm0ywf0ef;usifysufpD;apjcif;jzpfv#if xdkðyvkyfoltaejzifh ‚if;npfnrf;r_twGuf ysufpD;r_udk jyefvnfðyjyifaumif;rGefap&efESifh av#mhcsap&ef wm0ef&Sdvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? ‚if;npfnrf;r_ðyvkyfolu ay;aqmifapjcif;pnf;rsOf;54 onf obm00ef;usifumuG,fxdef;odrf;jcif; twGuf oufomxda&mufapaomvkyfxH;k enf;rsm;. tpyifjzpfygonf? us,jf yef@aom tcGeftcabmifowfrSwf csuf/ toHk;ðyoludk tzdk;tcay;aqmifapjcif;ESifh aps;E_ef;owfrSwfjcif;enf;vrf;rsm;udk xnfo h Gif;pOf;pm;Edkifyg onf? npfnrf;r_ðyvkyfoltm; tcGefaumufcHjcif;.&nf&G,fcsufrSm xdknpfnrf;r_udak v#mhenf;atmif/ wenf; ‚if;.xdef;odrf;umuG,fr_twGufuek fusaiGonf npfnrf;apr_twGuf ay;aqmif&rnfh '%fa=u;xufavsmh enf;a=umif; od&Sdoabmaygufvmap&ef jzpfonf? obm0pGrf;tm;rsm; pDrHtkyfcsKyf&mwGif pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m aphaqmfr_rufvHk;ay;jcif;rsm;onf/ t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk a&&Snfxda&mufjynfh0pGm toHk;ðyEdkifapa&;twGuf tcsufjyouJhod@k jzpfap+yD;/ ydkrdkxda&mufxufjrufaomenf;vrf;rsm;udk &SmazGvkyfudkifapjcif;jzifh pGrf;tm;rsm; udk umv=um&Snfa&&Snf toHk;ðyEdkifaprnf jzpfonf? pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m aphaqmfrufvHk;ay;r_rsm; xdxad &mufa&mufjzpfap&ef tpdk;&taejzifhvnf; obm0 0ef;usifumuG,fxdef;odrf;jcif;qdkif&mudpPrsm;ESifh ywfoufI vlxkynmay;r_rsm;us,fus,jf yef@jyef@ aqmif&Guf oifhygonf? obm00ef;usifxdcdkufysufpD;r_umuG,f&eftwGuf Oya'rsm;csrSwfay;jcif;ESifh obm00ef;usif qdkif&m jy\emrsm;udkifwG,af jz&Sif;&ef pDrHcef@cGJa&;qdkif&m0efxrf;Xmersm; ydkrdkwd;k csJ@apjcif;rsm; aqmif&GufEdkif ygonf? pGrf;tm;rsm; xkwf,lokH;pGJjcif;ESifh ywfoufI aps;uGufu raqmif&GufEdkifpGrf;aom trSm;rsm;udk jyif qif&efudpPrsm;Y cufcJ=uef@=umapaom EdkifiHa&;t[ef@twm;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;jcif; ponfrsm;udk aqmif&Guf oifhygonf? u|Efkyfwd@k obm0&if;jrpfrsm;toH;k cspDrHjcif;udk vGwfvyfaomaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfY usifhoH;k ygu tpdk;&taejzifh obm0&if;jrpfypPnf;rsm;. aps;E_ef;owfrSwfjcif;ESifh cGifhðyumvowfrSwfjcif;wdk@aqmif&GufEdkif ygonf? Todk@aqmif&Guf&mwGif vuf&Sd pGrf;tm;rsm;udk a&&Snfwnfwh=H um&SnfcHatmif xkwv f kyfEdkifpGrf; tm;udx k nfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif;jzifh aqmif&Guf&rnfjzpf+yD;/ pGrf;tm;rsm; xkwf,lvkyfudik fae=uaom pD;yGm;a&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;taejzifhvnf; pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mxnfo h Gif;wGucf sufr_rsm; wpdwfwydkif;tm;jzifh ðyvm=urnfjzpf onf? pD;yGm;a&;ukr`%Drsm;taejzifh &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rSjyef&aom tjrwfrsm;onf/ pmcsKyfcsKyfpOf ay;&aoma=u; (royalty) wckwnf;tay:Yom rlrwnfbJ/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;taejzifh a&&SnftusKd;udkpOf;pm;vkyfaqmifrS om cGifhðyumv oufwrf;vnf; =um&SnfcHrnf jzpfayonf? (1988) rS (1993) ckESpfxd ppftpdk;&rS EdkifiHjcm; ukr`%Drsm;udck GifhðycJh&mwGif ay;acsaoma=u; (royalty) tvGefenf;yg;pGmjzifh opfawmt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk xkwf ,lcGifðh ycJhonf? xdv k kyfief;rsm;rSmvnf; a&wdo k mcHcJhonf? xdkvkyf&yfa=umifh xdkEdkifiHjcm;ukr`%Drsm;taejzifh cGifhðyumvwdw k dt k wGif;rSmyif trsm;qHk;xkw, f lEdkifatmif wGef;tm;ay;cJhovdkjzpfcJh+yD;/ ‚if;wd@k udck Gifhðyxm; aomae&ma'orsm;&Sd opfawmt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk v#ifjrefpGm ysufpD;ðyef;wD;oGm;apcJhonf? tvm;wl jynfyoGif;ukeftpm;xd;k xkwfvkyfa&;rsm;twGuf&nf&G,faom EdkifiHydkifpufr_vkyfief;rsm; udak xmufyHh&ef pufr_ukef=urf;oD;ESHrsm; wGef;tm;ay;jr‡ifhwifpdkufysKd;apjcif;onfvnf;/ xm0pOfr[kwfaom obm00ef;usifukd a&&SnfwnfwHah paomrl0g'rsm;r[kwfyg? ae&ma'orsm;pGmwGif qDav#mfr#waom tusKd; tjrwfr&&SdbJ obm00ef;usifudx k dcdu k fapaom ajrqDv$mðyef;wD;jcif;ESifh ajrt&nftaoG;usqif;jcif;udk jzpf apcJhygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;u¾wGifvnf;/ vuf&Sdrufvk;H ay;r_pepfrsm;tay: zufpHkrSaeI jynfhpHkaom jyefvnfok;H oyfppfaq;r_rsm; ðyvkyf&ef vdt k yfrnfjzpfygonf? obm0&if;jrpfrsm;udk ‚if;wd@k . rlvxkwfvkyfEdkifpGrf;tm;twdik f;twmusef&Sdaeap&eftwGuf jyefvnftopfjznfhwif;apEdkifaom/ od@k 54

Polluter-pays Principle (PPP)

121

r[kwf rlvt&nftaoG;twdik f; xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifap&eftwGuf aqmif&GufyHkenf;vrf;rsm;udk jyefvnfpOf;pm; &ef vdt k yfrnfjzpfygonf? ajrcGefaumufjcif;/ a&cGefaumufjcif;/ ajroD;pm;cspepfESifh jynfoltrsm;ydkif ypPnf;rsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;twGuf toH;k csjcif;wdk@tay: jyefvnfpDppfoHk;oyfaomvkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; aqmif &Guf&ef vdktyfvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf?

pnf;rsOf;xdef;odrf;a&;qdkif&m tzGJ@tpnf;pepfrsm;ESifh Oya'rsm;

pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;onf EdkifiHawmfydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;tenf;i,fESifh òyifqdkifr_uif;aom yk*~vdu pD;yGm;a&;ukr`%Dtenf;i,fom yg0ifywfoufaeaom tajctaewGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ ywf0ef;usifnpf nrf;r_udk xdef;csKyfEdkifaom/ odk@r[kwf pGrf;tm;rsm;udk ywf0ef;usifxdcdu k fr_r&Sdap&ef toHk;ðyEdkifaomenf;ynm rsm; wajy;nDr#waeaom tajctaewGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ toH;k ðy&ef oifhawmfayonf? rl0g'rsm; csrSwfr_ taejzifh obm00ef;usifqdkif&mjy\emrsm;a=umifh/ usef;rma&;zufwiG f &dkufcwfr_rsm; jzpfay:vmygu csrSwf vkyfaqmif&ef ydkrdkoifhav#mfayonf? tjcm;aom aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk tajccHonfh aphaqmfrufvkH;ay;r_ rsm;uJhodk@yif/ ta&twGufyrm%tay:tajccHaom xdef;odrf;r_qdkif&mrl0g'rsm;csrSwfum/ wckvH;k twdik f; twmtaejzifh pkpkaygif;npfnrf;ysufpD;Edkifaom obm00ef;usifudk yrm%wGucf sufI/ “a&mif;0,fzvS,fEdkif aom cGifhðycsuf ygrpfrsm;”55 xkwfay;jcif;tm;jzifhvnf; xdef;odrf;umuG,fr_aqmif&Guf Edkifygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif&Sdaeaom obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m Oya'jyXmef;csufrsm; 1? opfawmOya' (1902) (opfawm Oya'/ 1990) 2? obm0awm&dkif;wd&p>mefrsm; umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&; tufOya' (1936) 3? jrefrmhyifv,fjyifig;zrf; Oya' 4? a&csKdig;zrf;vkyfief;qdkif&m Oya' 5? (Aquaculture law) 6? EdkifiHjcm;ig;zrf;avSrsm;. tcGifhta&;ESifh ywfoufaomOya' 7? ajr,mEdkifiHydkif ðyvkyfa&;qdkif&mOya' (1953) 8? ajratmufa&qdkif&m Oya' 9? wl;ajrmif;qdkif&m Oya' 10? qnfzdk@jcif;qdkif&m Oya' 11? a&tm;pGrf;tifqdkif&m Oya' 12? jrefrmEdkifiH owWKwGif;Oya' (1994) rl&if;? ausmaf t;/ 1997? obm00ef;usifqdkif&mudpPrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;I jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tawmftoifhus,jf yef@aom Oya'rsm; ESifh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; &Sdaomfvnf;/ TOya'rsm;udk tao;pdwfjyefvnfpDppfjyXmef;&ef/ ðyjyifa&;qGJ&ef vdt k yfygvdrfhrnf? pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;oabmwlnDcsufazmufzsufr_tay: w&m;pGJqdkcGifhESifh obm0ywf0ef;usif ysufpD;apr_tay: ta&;,laqmif&GufEdkif&ef tao;pdwfjyXmef;csufrsm; vdv k drfhrnfjzpfygonf? odk@rSomobm0 0ef;usifqdkif&mcsdK;azmufr_rsm;/ xdcdu k fapr_udpPrsm;ESifhywfoufI w&m;Oya'a=umif;t& vHak vmufpGm udik f wG,af jz&Sif;Edkifrnf jzpfygonf? xd@k tjyif obm00ef;usifqdkif&mjyXmef;csuftopfrsm;udk vuf&Sdtpdk;&. vkyx f Hk;vkyfenf;rsm;wGif;odk@ yl;aygif;xnfhoGif;&efvnf; vdt k yfaeygao;onf? wbufwGif&Sdaeaom rl0g' pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh Oya'jyXmef;csufrsm;uwbuf/ tjcm;wbufwGif&Sdaeaom taumiftxnfazmfr_ESifh Oya' 55

Tradable permits for pollution

122

vdu k femap&efta&;,l vkyfaqmifapjcif;uwbuf/ ponfjzifh uGm[csufudk av#meh nf;apatmif ðyvkyf&ef vdt k yfrnfjzpfygonf? vuf&SdzGJ@pnf;xm;aom trsKd;om;obm0ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufa&; aumfr&SifwGifvnf; oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaomu|rf;usifolynm&Sifrsm;jzifhzGJ@pnf;oifhygonf? oufqdkifr_r&Sdaom EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;Xme. vufatmufcH aqmif&Gufaeaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsKd; rjzpfapoifhyg? xdak umfr&SifrSaeI vrf;!$efrlrsm;csrSwfjcif;/ OD;pm;ay; tpDtpOfrsm;csrSwfjcif;ESifh jynfov l lxkrsm;xHrS epfemr_rsm;udk =um;emap jcif;/ tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;ESifh jy\emrsm;udk avhvmapjcif;rsm; aqmif&Gufapoifhygonf? a&wdu k mvtwGif; OD;pm;ay;vkyfaqmifoifhaom vkyfief;rsm;ESifh t}uHðycsuf vrf;!$efcsufrsm;udk ðyap&rnfjzpfygonf? ‚if;wdk@. pOf;pm;csufrsm;wGif obm00ef;usifqdkif&m ta&;}uD;aom jy\emrsm;/ vlom;usef;rma&;tay: xdcdu k fap r_ESifh t"duusaompD;yGm;a&;u¾rsm;ESifh qufpyfpOf;pm;ap&rnf jzpfygonf? ‚if;aumfr&Sifudk pD;yGm;a&;udpPrsm;udk pDrHcef@cGJ&efwm0efay;xm;aomXmersm;wGif/ yl;aygif;yg0ifap+yD; ndE‡ _dif;aphpyfaqG;aEG;r_rsm; ðyap&rnfjzpfygonf? xdu k Jo h dk@pD;yGm;a&;u¾ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mudpPrsm; yl;aygif;nd‡E_dif;aqmif&Gufjcif;onf/ txl;ojzifhatmufajctqifhESifh a'oqdkif&mtqifhrsm;wGifvnf; yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufapoifh+yD;/ obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m jy\emrsm;udk udik fwG,af jz&Sif;&eftwGufvkyfydkifcGifh tm%m rsm;udk atmufajctqifhwGif ydkIay;xm;oifhygonf? aus;vufzGH@òz;r_pDrHudef;rsm; (wenf;tm;jzifh a'o qdkif&mtqifh zGH@òz;r_tpDtpOfrsm;) atmufwGif pdkufysKd;a&;ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usifxdef;r_ yl;wGv J kyfaqmif aomZHka'orsm;wnfaxmifoifhygonf? &nf&G,fcsufrSm zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_ vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&Gufaeaom wcsdefwnf;Y/ a*[aA' obm0pGrf;tm;rsm;udv k nf; toifhawmfqHk;oH;k pGJr_ðyEdkif&ef jzpfygonf?

pGrf;tifxda&mufpGm toHk;csEdkifa&;ESifh rGrf;rHjyifqifjcif;

a'otwGif; tjcm;zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHrsm;ESifhE_dif;,SOf=unfhv#if jrefrmEdkifiH. pGrf;tifoH;k pGJr_onf edrfhaeao; onf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif&Sdaom t&if;tjrpfESifh pGrf;tifvHðk cHr_&Sdaeao;onf[k qdkEdkifonf? odk@aomfvnf; pD;yGm; a&;ydkrdkyGifhvif;vmonfESifhtr#/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ydkrdkcsJ@xGifvmonfESifhtr# pGrf;tif0,fvkdtm;wufvm vdrfhrnfjzpfonf? vuf&SdaxmufyHhEdkifr_pGrf;&nfyrm%xuf ausmv f GefoGm;rnf jzpfonf? vuf&Sd rl0g'rsm; rajymif;vJcJv h #if ZD0avmifpmuJhod@k aom rd&dk;zvmoH;k pGJaomavmifpmrsm; tvGeftu|HtoHk;ðyr_wufvmrnf jzpf+yD;/ obm00ef;usiftay:wGif qdk;&Gm;pGmxdcdkufvmapvdrfhrnf? obm00ef;usifESifh obm0&if;jrpftajccH wdk@tay:xdckdufoufa&mufEdkifr_udk tvH;k pHkxnfo h Gif;pOf;pm;I pGrf;tifudx k da&mufpGm toH;k csEdkifaom enf; vrf;rsm;ESifh tpm;xd;k avmifpmt&if;jrpfrsm; wd;k wufzGH@òz;r_ap&efudpPrsm;onf tem*wfumvwGif ydkrdkta&; }uD;vmrnfjzpfonf? ‚if;r[mAsL[mt& pGrf;tifrsm;udk tpdk;&axmufyHhr_jzifh aps;ESdrfhxm;jcif;/ a0pkcGJa0csxm;r_pepf (udw k mpepf) wd@k udk jyefvnfoH;k oyf&rnfjzpf+yD;/ tcsdefwdkumvtwGif; wajz;ajz;csif;yHkrSefjyefa&mufapatmif &yfwef@ypf&rnfjzpfonf? aps;E_ef;xdef;csKyfr_udk acwfrDavmifpmrsm; toHk;ðyr_twGuf vGwv f yfpGmwdk;wufr_ &Sdap&ef csufcsif;&yfqdkif;ypfoifhygonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh qif;&Jaomtdrfaxmifpkrsm;udk xif;avmifpmjzifh csufðywfjcif;rS ydkrdkoef@&Sif;I aumif;rGefaom avmifpmrsm; ajymif;vJtoH;k csEdkifrnfh/ pGrf;tifoHk;pGJr_wGif wqifh wuf&rnfjzpfaom pGrf;tifavScg;udk jr‡ifhwifay;Edkifrnf jzpfygonf? a&eHqDudk jynfwiG f;wGifxkwv f kyfjcif; od@k r[kwf wifoGif;jcif;tm;jzifh aus;vufaeqif;&Jom;jynfolrsm; oH;k EdkifatmifpDpOfoifhygonf? Todk@&&SdEdkif v#if opfawmrsm;rS xif;avmifpmtwGucf kwf,jl cif;udk umuG,Ef dkifrnf jzpfonf? òr@jytdrfaxmifpkrsm; twGuf "gwfaiG@ (*wfpf) toH;k csr_ pwifjcif;tm;jzifh rD;aoG;ESifh xif;avmifpmvdktyfcsufukd jzwfawmufEdkif rnfjzpf+yD;/ rD;aoG;/ xif;tjzpfoHk;ae=uaom 'Da&awmrsm;udv k nf; umuG,fEdkifrnfjzpfygonf? tjcm;wbuf rSvnf; tpdk;&taejzifh xif;avmifpmtjzpftoHk;ðy&ef opfawmpdkufcif;rsm;twGuf yk*~vduu¾rS &if;ESD; jr‡KyfESHvmap&ef tm;ay;oifhygonf? a&&SnfumvwGif jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh tem*wfvdt k yfcsufrsm;udk jznfq h nf;Edkif&ef tpm;xdk;pGrf;tif toH;k csaomenf;vrf;rsm; wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmap&eftwGuf tpm;xdk;avmifpmt&if;tjrpfrsm; zGH@òz;vmap 123

&ef aqmif&Guf&ygrnf? vuf&Sdtpdk;&rS a&tm;v#yfppf/ a&eHESifh obm0"gwfaiG@wdk;wufr_qdkif&m pDrHudef;rsm; aqmif&Gufae+yD;/ qufvufvkyfaqmif&Guf&ef vsmxm;csufrsm;vnf; &Sdygonf? }uD;rm;aom pGrf;tifpDrHudef; rsm;a=umifh obm00ef;usifqdkif&mxdcdkufr_rsm; tvGef}uD;rm;Edkif+yD;/ pkpkaygif; ukefusp&dwf csOf;uyfwGufcsuf &mwGif obm00ef;usifay:oufa&mufxdcdu k fr_wefzdk;udv k nf; xnfo h Gif;wGufcsuf&ef vdt k yfygonf? oifhawmf aomr[mAsL[ma&G;cs,fr_tm;jzifh pkpkaygif;ukefusp&dwfudk enf;atmifaqmif&GufEdkifygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh enf;ynma&G;cs,fr_/ tpm;xd;k r_avmifpm/ pGrf;tifodak vSmifr_enf;rsm;ESifh pGrf;tiftoH;k udk enf;ap&efpDrHcef@cGJr_ rsm; ponfwdk@jzpfygonf? xd@k a=umifhpGrf;tifqdkif&m&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_pDrHudef;rsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;tusKd;t&/ obm00ef;usifxcd dkuf oufa&mufr_tenf;qHk;pDrHudef;rsm;/ enf;emrsm;udk a&G;cs,f vkyfaqmifoifhygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf &&SdEdkif aom pGrf;tifa&G;cs,fr_rsm;teuf pD;yGm;a&;t& wGuaf csudkufaom ae&mrsm;wGif obm0"gwfaiG@od@k ajymif; vJok;H pGJjcif;tm;jzifh/ obm00ef;usifqdkif&m tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;pGm&&SdEdkifonf? ‚if;onf pD;yGm;a&;t&vnf; ydkI ac|wma&;toGifaqmif+yD;/ tjcm;ausmufjzpf&kyfºuif;avmifpmrsm;xuf ydkrdkaumif;rGefjynfh0&Hkr#ru/ 0ef; usifqdkif&mxdcdu k fr_vnf; enf;ygonf? ydkrdkoef@&Sif;r_vnf; &Sdygonf?

trsKd;om;opfawm jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; tpDtpOf

jrefrmEdkifiHonf a&S@vmrnft h em*wftwGuf vuf&Sd &Sdaeaom obm0opfawmrsm;udk ysufpD;r_r&Sd bJ usef&Sdaeatmif xdef;odrf;&ef ta&;}uD;ayonf? aemufxyfopfawmzHk;v$rf;ajrrsm;udk ysufpD;apjcif;tm; jzifha*[aA'r#wr_udkyg ajymif;vJapygonf? txl;ojzifh jrefrmEdkifiH. jrpfa=umif;pepf ajymif;vJomG ;vdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? vuf&SdtcsdefwGif jrefrmEdkifiH. }uD;rm;us,jf yef@aomopfawmrsm;udk pepfwus xdef;odrf;apmifh a&SmufEdkifjcif;r&SdbJ/ umuG,fpnf;=uyfr_rsm;udv k nf; =uyf=uyfrwfrwf csrSwfaqmif&Gufjcif; r&Sdyg? trsKd;om; opfawmjyefvnfxal xmifa&;pDrHudef;onf a*[aA'r#wr_udk taxmuftulðyðyjcif;jzifh/ pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief; udv k nf; ydkrdkaumif;rGefwd;k wufaprnfjzpf+yD;/ opfawmxGufypPnf;rsm;udk tajccHaompufr_vkyfief;rsm;zGH@òz;r_ twGuv f nf; tcGifhtvrf;rsm; yGifhaprnf jzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh yJcl;&dk;rawmifwef;ESifh uyfv#u&f Sdaom a'orsm;wGif opfawmjyefvnfxal xmifjcif;tm;jzifh/ ppfawmif;jrpf0Srf;wGif&Sdaom jrpfacsmif;i,ftrsm; tjym;udk jyefvnftoH;k 0ifapf+yD;/ a'oqdkif&mzGH@òz;r_udk ydkrdkcdkifrm tusKd;oufa&mufapygonf? wu,fwrf;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh tpdk;&tqufqufu aqmif&GufcJah om ratmifjrifonfh pdrf;vef;pdkajya&;pDrHudef;rsm;pGm. aqmif&GufcsufrS oifcef;pmrsm;&&Sd+yD;jzpfygonf? txl;ojzifh tylydkif;a'orS opfawmrsm;udk aemufxyfðyef;wD;r_ rjzpfap&ef umuG,fa&;pDrHudef; jzpfygonf? ‚if;vkyfief;tay: vwf wavmavhvmcsufrsm;rS t"duawG@&Sdcsufrsm;rSm pDrHcsufyHkpHa&;qGJcsrSwfjcif;ESifh taumiftxnfazmfaqmif &Gufjcif;wd@k wGif a'ocHjynfolwdk@. yl;aygif;yg0ifr_udk vspfvsL&_cJh=u+yD;/ xdkpDrHudef;rsm;onf teD;csKyfpyfwGif rSDwif;aexdik f=uaoma'ocHjynfolwk@d . b0tajctaeudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif; r&Sdaoma=umifh tusKd;ouf a&mufr_ tvGefenf;yg;cJhonf? aus;&GmtpktzGJ@tvdkuf opfawmpdkufysKd;jcif;/ rdom;pkydkifopfawmxlaxmif jcif;ESifh opfawmydkifqdkifr_ pDrHcef@cGJjcif; ponfwkd@uJo h dk@aom atmufajcvlxrk sm;. yl;aygif;yg0ifr_udk &&Sdap aom tpDtpOfrsm; csrSwfwnfaxmifap&ef vdt k yfygonf? Tenf;tm;jzifhom ,ckvuf&Sdtaumiftxnf azmfv#uf&Sdaom a&&Snfqufvufxed f;odrf;&ef rjzpfEdkifonfh tpdk;&pdkufcif;vkyfief;rsm;udk tpm;xd;k Edkif+yD;/ ydkI tusKd;oufa&mufr_ &&SdapEdkifonf? xdek nf;wlpGm opfawmpdkufcif;vkyfief; tpDtpOfrsm;wGif yk*~vdu u¾yl;aygif;yg0ifjcif;onfvnf; ydkrdktusKd; jzpfxGef;apEdkifonf? pD;yGm;a&;rufvk;H apHaqmfr_rsm;jzpfaom tcGefoufomcGifhay;jcif;/ txl; oufomaomE_ef;jzifh aiGacs;ay;jcif;/ tmrcHcsuf&Sdaom aps;uGufrsm;zefwD;ay;jcif; ponfrsm;udkvnf; pdkufcif;vkyfief;rsm;wGif yk*~vdu&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;yg0ifaqmif&Gufvmap&eftwGuf v_H@aqmfEdkifygonf? yk*~vdu opfawmpdkufcif;rsm;onf atmifjrif&eftvm;tvm&Sdygonf? ta=umif;rSm vdt k yfaeaom opfawm 124

xGuu f kefaps;uGuu f dkjznfq h nf;ay;Edkifonfhtjyif/ wbufwvrf;rSvnf; umuG,fxdef;odrf;jcif;udk taxmuftulðyaeapaoma=umifh jzpfygonf?

obm0rkwfokefopfawmrsm;

vlxkem;vnf oabmaygufr_&atmif zefwD;jcif;ESifh trsm;yl;aygif;yg0ifaom zGH@òz; wdk;wufr_ vlxt k rsm;. trltusifhrsm;ajymif;vJvufcHusifhoH;k vmap&efESifh vlxkyl;aygif;yg0ifr_ &&Sdap&efwd@k twGuf vlxkem;vnfoabmaygufvmatmif pnf;&Hk;jcif;onf/ a&&SnfwnfwhaH omzGH@òz;r_rl0g'rsm; taumif txnfazmfaqmif&Gufjcif;wGif t"duusaom r[mAsL[mwckjzpfygonf? twdwu f mv a'ocHjynfow l dk@. wufºuaomyl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif&Gufr_ r&SdcJhaoma=umifh/ obm0 0ef;usifqdkif&mjy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;Edkifjcif; r&SdcJhyg? atmufajcvlxkrsm;. yl;aygif;yg0ifr_onf rl0g'a&;qGJcsrSwforl sm;twGuaf omfvnf;aumif;/ obm0 0ef;usifqdkif&mv_yf&Sm;ae=uaomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udak omfvnf;aumif; a'otajctaeudk ydkrdkem;vnfapyg onf? oifhavsmaf om0ifa&mufpGufzufr_rsm;jzpfap&ef taumif;qHk;pDrHudef;rsm; yHkpHa&;qGJEdkifa&;twGuf r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfaom axmufyHhr_udk ay;Edkifygonf? a'ocHtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh apwemh0efxrf;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. yl;aygif;yg0ifr_onf obm00ef;usifxed f;odrf;umuG,fa&; rl0g'rsm;twGuf ta&;}uD;aom tajctaewpf&yf jzpfygonf? vlxv k _yf&Sm;r_rsm;jzifh EdkifiHtqifhacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh a'ocHtpktzGJ@acgif;aqmifrsm;/ jynfov l lxk rsm;udk obm0ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;ESifh ywfoufI em;vnfoabmaygufr_ wd;k wufatmif&nf&G,f aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_ oDwif;ywf/ ajrurBmae@ESifh opfyif pdkufysKd;a&;oDwif;ywfuJo h dk@aom tpDtpOfrsm; tqufrjywfaqmif&Gufae&ef vdktyfygonf? xdktpDtpOfrsm; udv k nf; yHhydk;ay;&ef vdt k yfygonf? todw&m;&Sdvmaomjynfov l lxkrsm;. toHonfvnf;/ obm0 0ef;usifudk csdK;azmufzsufqD;aom tpdk;&Xmersm;/ yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf wm0efcHr_/ wm0ef,lr_&Sdvmatmif zdtm;ay;aqmif&Guf&mwGif rsm;pGmpGrf;tm;&Sdaom toHjzpfygonf? ausmif;oifcef;pm rsm;wGif obm00ef;usifqdkif&mudpPrsm;udk ynmay;jcif;ESifh obm00ef;usifqdkif&mudpPrsm;udk vlxrk S b0 woufwmvHk; em;vnfoabmayguf+yD;/ tav;xm;aeapa&;twGuf txl;*&kðyaqmif&Gufoifhygonf?

Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;udak v;pm;vdkufemap&eftwGuf aqmif&Guf&mwGif atmufajcjynfolvx l krsm;udk obm0 0ef;usifnpfnrf;r_ðyolwkd@udk ta&;,lEdkifapa&;twGuf tm%mydkrdkay;jcif;tm;jzifhvnf; aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? tvm;wl tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (tJef*sDtdk) . tcef;u¾udkvnf; ydkrdkwd;k jrifhay;jcif;tm;jzifh aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? obm00ef;usifqdkif&mjy\emrsm;udk udkifwG,af jz&Sif;&mwGif u|rf;usifr_ESifh A[kokw uGm[r_udk yaysmufap&ef avhusifjh cif;ESifh ynmay;jcif;rsm;udkvnf; jr‡ifhwifaqmif&Guf&ef vdt k yfvdrhfrnf jzpfygonf?

125

tcef; (6) EdkifiHwumukefoG,fr+ESifh &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr+

tcef; (6) 126

EdkifiHwumukefoG,fr+ESifh &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr+ ,ae@acwfumvwav#mufvHk;/ ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;rsm;wGifjyefavhvm=unfhygu EdkifiHwumukefoG,fr_onf/ pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_. “armif;ESifa&;wGef;tm;” jzpfcJhonf? Tod@k pwifusifh oH;k vmcJh=uonfrSm (19) &mpktv,fydkif;umvrsm;uwnf;ujzpfonf? rdrdwdk@EdkifiH. ordkif;udk tusOf;jyef vnfoH;k oyfygu jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh udv k dkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;umvwav#mufvH;k wGif EdkifiHwumukefoG,rf _ESifh ywf oufI xl;xl;jcm;jcm;pGrf;aqmifEdkifcJhonfudk awG@&Sd&onf? &&SdvmaomtusKd;tjrwftrsm;pkudk +Adwdo# pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;}uD;rsm;/ tdENd,vlrsKd; aiGwd;k acs;pm;olrsm;ESifh tdENd,rSvma&mufvkyfudik faom vkyfom;rsm; u uJ, h loGm;cJh=uaomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiH. EdkifiHwumukefoG,fr_rSm jrifhrm;cJhonfukd awG@Edkifonf? 'kwd, urBmppf+yD;umv ysufpD;qHk;&_H;r_rsm;aemuf wGif jyefvnfxlaxmifvmcJhaom jrefrmEdkifiH.pD;yGm;a&;wGifvnf; EdkifiHwumukefoG,fr_onf t"duOD;aqmifae&mrS yg0iftpysKd;cJhonf? EdkifiHwumwGif pyg;aps;ESdrf0,f,lr_ ay: aygufcJah omfvnf;/ jrefrmEdkifiHrS t"duwifydk@aom qefpyg;a&mif;&r_rSm (1960) ckESpf wGif qefwefcsdef (2) oef;&SdcJhonf? Tyrm%rSm ,cifppfóuumvrsm;&Sd qefwifydk@r_. (3 yHkESpfyHk) om&Sdaomfvnf;/ Todk@pGrf; aqmifEdkifonfudk rsm;pGmtxif}uD;zG,f aumif;vSonf? (1962) ckESpfwGif ygvDreftpdk;&udk ppfwyfu tm%m odrf;ðzwfcs+yD;aomumv aemufydkif;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh EdkifiHwumESifh w&m;0ifqufqHaeaomenf; vrf;rsm;tm;vHk;udk &yfqdkif;+yD;/ wHcg;ydwftxD;usef aexdkifaom tqifheD;yg;jzpfcJhonf? EdkifiHwumukefoG,fr_ rsm;taejzifhvnf;/ wajz;ajz;usqif;vmcJh&m (aiG0ifvrf;rsm;aom bdef;ukeful;r_udk z,fvdkufygu) aemufqHk; ukefoG,fr_r&SdvkeD;yg; tajctaejzpfcJhonf? xdak emufydkif;wGif (e0w) ppftpdk;&u wdik f;jynf. pD;yGm;a&;udk jyefvnfwHcg;zGifhay;cJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; EdkifiH&yfjcm;od@k wifydk@Edkifaom tjrwftpGef;&Edkifaom xGuu f kefrsm; tm;vH;k udk tpdk;&u vHk;0xdef;csKyfxm;cJhonf? pD;yGm;a&;wHcg;zGifhr_rSm tpwmxGufaumif;rnf[k ar#mfvifch Jh aomfvnf;/ aemufydkif;wGif ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyf&yfrsm;rSm jyefIvGifhys,fomG ;cJh&onf? xd@k tjyif v,f,m pdkufysKd;a&;u¾ESifh opfawmxGufypPnf;rsm;ukefoG,fr_vkyfief;rsm;rSmvnf; jyefI wajz;ajz;av#musoGm;cJh onf? ,cktcg ,lEdku,f-wdkw,fvf ukr`%Drsm;ESifhaqmif&Gufaeaom obm0"gwfaiG@ydkufvdik f;onfom ppftpdk;&twGuf ar#mfvift h m;xm;p&musefawmhonf?

ordkif;tjrift& E_dif;,SOfcsuf jrefrmEdkifiH. pdwfysuftm;avsmhzG,faumif;vSaom EdkifiHwumukefoG,fr_tajctaerSefrSm/ tjcm; EdkifiHrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfazmfjyxm;aom Z,m; (5? 1) ud=k unfyh gu odomxif&Sm;pGm jrifEdkifvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? T tcsuftvuf/ udef;*%ef;rsm;rSm (1996) ckESpfwGif xkwfa0aom urBmhzGH@òz;wd;k wufr_tajctaeqdkif&m tpD &ifcHpm (World Development Report) rS &,lazmfjyxm;jcif;jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH. tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm; jzpfaom ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfygu jrefrmEdkifiH.udef;*%ef;rsm;rSm rSm;,Gif;aeovm; xif& ayvdrfhrnf? Oyrmtm;jzifh (1980) ckESpfwGif xdik f;EdkifiHrSEdkifiHjcm;od@k wifydk@aom xGufukefESifh 0efaqmifr_wefzdk; onf jrefrmEdkifiHESifhpmv#if (16) q rsm;jym;aeygonf? (1994) ckESpfa&mufaomtcg Twefzdk;onf jrefrm EdkifiHxuf tq (60) r#ydkI rsm;jym;vmonfudk awG@=u&ygonf? tvm;wl zdvpfydkifEdkifiHESifh ,SOfyguvnf; (1980) wGif EdkifiHjcm;od@k wifydk@aom xGuu f kefESifh 0efaqmifr_wefzdk;onf jrefrmEdkifiHESifh (16) qrsm;&mrS/ (1994) a&mufaomtcg (24) qtxd wd;k wufvmonfudak wG@&ygonf? csrf;omºu,f0aom rav;&Sm;EdkifiH .EdkifiHjcm;odk@wifydk@aomxGuu f kefESifh 0efaqmifr_wefzdk;onf (1994) ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHxuf (65) qrsm;jym; onfudk awG@&+yD;/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH. EdkifiHjcm;od@k wifydk@aom xGufuek fESifh 0efaqmifr_wefzdk;onf jrefrmEdkifiH xuf xdkESpfwGif (46) qrsm;jym;ygonf? TazmfjyygZ,m;rS aemufxyf oifcef;pmxkwf,l&&SdEdkifaom tzdk; weftcsufwckrSm xdkEdkifiHrsm;. EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_ zGJ@pnf;yHk yHko¿mefajymif;vJomG ;cJhyHk jzpfygonf? xdkif;EdkifiH/ 127

rav;&Sm;ESifh zdvpfydkifEdkifiHrsm;rS EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_wefzdk;. (70) &mcdkifE_ef;onf xkwv f kyfxm;aom vlok;H ukef ypPnf;rsm;wifydk@jcif;jzpfygonf? tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHonfom EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_wefzdk;. (50) &mcdkifE_ef;udk a&eHwifydk@ a&mif;csr_rS &&Sdjcif;jzpfygonf?

Ttcsuftvufrsm;udk jyef=unfyh gu pdk;&drfxdwv f ef@zG,fjzpfygonf? ppfóuacwfumv jrefrmEdkifiH .EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_wefzdk;onf vlwOD;csif;,SOfygu xdik f;EdkifiHESifh tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHrsm;xuf rsm;ygonf? jrefrm EdkifiH. ppfóuacwfvlwOD;csif;ysrf;r# EdkifiHwumwifydk@r_ E_ef;onf tar&duefa':vm (12² 65) &Sd+yD;/ xdik f; EdkifiHu tar&duefa':vm (5² 10) ESifh tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHu tar&duefa':vm (6² 70) om&Sdygonf? (1940) ck ESpfu tar&duefa':vm. aiGwefzdk;onf ,ae@umvESifhEd_if;pmv#if (12) qcef@ydkrsm;ygonf? (tar &duefEdkifiH. pkpkaygif;jynfwiG f;xkwfuek fwefzdk;-*sD'DyD wdk;wufvmr_Ed_if;&tcsKd;56 ESifhwGufxm;jcif; jzpfygonf?)

TE_ef;twdkif;wGufygu xdu k mvu vlwOD;csif;pDEdkifiHjcm;odk@wifydk@r_wefzdk;rSm tar&duefa':vm 150 cef@ wefzdk;&SdaeEdkifygonf? (1994) ckESpfwGif &Sdaeaom jrefrmEdkifiH. vlOD;a& (45) oef;ESifh wGufygu/ tu,fI ppfóuacwf EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@ukefoG,rf _taetxm;twdik f;om qufvuf xdef;xm;rnfqdkygu jrefrmEdkifiH. ,ae@umv EdkifiH&yfjcm;wifydk@r_onf tar&duefa':vm (6² 75) bDvD,H &SdaeEdkifrnf[k wGufEdkifygonf? vuf&Sdumv jrefrmEdkifiH. tppftrSefEdkifiH&yfjcm;wifydk@r_rSm tar&duefa':vm (1) bDvD,aH usmf&Hkr#om&Sd&m/ ppfóuacwfumvpGrf;aqmifEdkifr_. (6 yHkwpfyHk) om&Sdaeonfudk awG@=u&ygvdrfhrnf? xdt k csdefwGif tdrfeD;csif; EdkifiHwckjzpfaom xdik f;EdkifiH. EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_ pGrf;aqmifEdkif&nfrSm ppfóuacwfumvuxuf tqrsm;pGm wd;k wufomvGefaernfrSm taotcsm jzpfygonf? xdik f;EdkifiHrS EdkifiHjcm;od@k tajccHukef=urf; wifydk@r_wefzdk; oufoufonf (pkpkaygif; aps;uGuf0ifa&mif;-0,fukefypPnf;rsm; wifydk@r_wefzdk; tar&duefa':vm 45 bDvD,)H . (av;yHkwpfyHk) &Sd+yD;/ tar&duefa':vm (11) bDvD,Hwefzdk;xufudk rsm;aeao;onf? tu,fI jrefrmEdkifiHu ppfóuacwf taetxm;twdik f; tajccHukef=urf;rsm; EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_udk xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifygu tar&duefa':vm (6² 7) bDvD,Hr#om &Sdaevdrfh OD;rnfjzpf&m xdik f;EdkifiH.pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_u ydkIwd;k wufvm onfudk awG@=u&onf? xd@k tjyif pufr_xkwfvkyfwifydk@Edkifr_uvnf; tjcm;xl;jcm;aomta=umif;udpPwck jzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh (1960) ckESpfrsm; umv ygvDreftpdk;&vufatmufwGif pufr_xkwfuek fypPnf; rsm;xkwfvkyfr_onf tvm;tvmaumif;aeaom tpysKd;taetxm;Y &SdaecJhonf? xdt k ajctaejzpfatmif pGrf;aqmifcJh=uaom yk*~vduydkif vkyfief;rsm;udk aus;Zl;wif=u&ayrnf? odk@aomfvnf; (1962) ckESpfrS pwif vmcJhaom ppftkyfcsKyfa&;a=umifh Todk@&Sifoefv_yf&Sm;aeaom yk*~vdu pufr_xkwu f kefxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief; rsm; ysufpD;oGm;cJh&+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuv f nf; tcGifhta&;vufvGwf aemufusefcJh&ayawmhonf? uGefjrLepftpdk;&tkyfcsKyfaom AD,uferfEdkifiHonfyif (1980-1994) ckESpfumvrsm;wGif jrefrmEdkifiH xufrsm;pGm pGrf;aqmifEdkifcJhonf? (1980) ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiH. aps;uGuf0ifa&mif;-0,fukef EdkifiH&yfjcm; wifydk@r_wefzdk;rSm tar&duefa':vm (472) oef;&Sd+yD;/ AD,uferfEdkifiHu tar&duefa':vm (339) oef; wefzdk;&Sdonf? odk@aomfvnf; (1994) ckESpfwGifrl AD,uferfEdkifiH. EdkifiH&yfjcm;odk@ aps;uGuf0ifa&mif;-0,f ukef ypPnf;wifydk@r_wefzdk;rSm tar&duefa':vm (3˜ 770) oef;&Sdaomfvnf;/ jrefrmEdkifiH. wifydk@r_rSmrl tar&d uefa':vm (771) oef;om &SdcJhonf?

56

In terms of US GDP deflator

128

Z,m; 6? 1? EdkifiHjcm;ukefoG,fr_ (tar&duefa':vm bDvD,Htm;jzifh) 1980

1994

xkwfukefESifh 0efaqmifr_EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_wefzdk;aygif; jrefrm xdkif; tif'dkeD;&Sm; zdvpfydkif rav;&Sm;

0² 56 8² 57 22² 24 8² 00 14² 84

1² 13 59² 16 46² 30 24² 03 65² 80

aps;uGuf0ifa&mif;-0,fukefEdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_wefzdk;aygif; jrefrm xdkif; tif'dkeD;&Sm; zdvpfydkif rav;&Sm;

0² 47 6² 51 21² 90 5² 74 13² 00

0² 77 45² 26 40² 05 13² 30 58² 76

6 28 2 37 19

10 73 53 76 70

pufr_xkwfukefypPnf; EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_wefzdk;aygif; (aps;uGuf0ifa&mif;-0,fukefoG,fr_wifydk@r_ESifh Ed_if;,SOfaom &mcdkifE_ef;) jrefrm xdkif; tif'dkeD;&Sm; zdvpfydkif rav;&Sm; rl&if;? World Development Report, 1996.

TtcsdefumvtwGif; jrefrmESifh tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;t=um; EdkifiHjcm;ukefoG,fr_pGrf;aqmifEdkif&nf T r#t}uD;tus,fumG jcm;oGm;&jcif;ta=umif;rSm ar;cGef;xkwfp&myifjzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHESifh xdik f;vlrsKd;rsm; onf &Srf;-wdbuftEG,frSqif;oufvmolrsm; twlwlyifjzpf=u+yD;/ bmompum; qif;oufvmyHk/ ,Ofaus; r_/ ax&0g'Ak'<bmom pojzifh tarGqufcH&&Sdvmr_rsm;Y wlnDcsufrsm;pGm&Sd=uonf? bk&ifpepfESifh ywfouf aomoabmxm;/ bk&ifESifh EdkifiHawmft=um;qufpyfr_/ bmoma&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;t=um;qufpyfr_/ pojzifhrSm vnf; ordkif;a=umif;t& òyifwleD;yg;zGH@òz;vm=uaom EdkifiHrsm;jzpf=uonf? xd@k tjyif jrefrmESifhxdik f;EdkifiHwdk@rSm yx0Dtaetxm;t& &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;u òyifbufEdkifiHrsm;jzpfcJh=u+yD;/ òr@jyEdkifiHawmfwnfaxmifr Yvnf;aumif;/ ppfrufjzpfyGm;Ivnf;aumif; =oZmcsJ@xGifEdkifa&;twGuf òyifqdkifcJh=uonf? uGmjcm;csufrSm jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh (19) &mpktwGif;wGif udv k dkeDEdkifiH tjzpfodrf;ydkufcHcJh&+yD;/ xdkif;EdkifiHtaejzifhrl vGwv f yf aomEdkifiHtjzpfESifh wdkif;jynf.ta&;ygaom tkyfcsKyfr_tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfonfh bk&ifpepfudk qufvufxdef;odrf; xm;EdkifcJhonf? xdik f;bk&ifrSaeI aemufydkif;wGifacwfrDa&;tpDtpOfrsm;csrSwfaqmif&GufcJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiH wGif rif;wkef;rif;u OD;aqmifI acwfrDa&;tpDtpOfrsm;csrSwfaqmif&GufcJah o;aomfvnf;/ aemufydkif;wGif +Adwdo#wd@k EdkifiHudo k drf;ydkufcJhr_a=umifh qufvufraqmif&GufEdkifcJhay? xdt k csufa=umifh xdik f;EdkifiHtaejzifh urBmh pD;yGm;a&;ESifh yGifhvif;qufqHvmr_a=umifh ay;tyfvmaomtcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk ydkI,Hk=unfr_&Sd&Sd trdt& qkyfudik fEdkifapcJhyHk&onf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGifrl ajr,mrsm;udk EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm; odrf;ydkufcH&jcif;ESifh pD;yGm;ysufuyf }uD;t+yD;wGif jzpfvmaom q&mpHv,form;olykefa=umifh/ rdrdjynfwiG f;udkom ydkItm&Hkpdkufaomtjrifudk jzpf apcJhyHk&onf? rnfokd@yif qdkapumrl/ (1962) ckESpf ppftm%modrf;csdefrwdik frDtxd/ ygvDreftpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&; umvwGif EdkifiH&yfjcm;ESifh ukefoG,fr_rsm;zGH@òz;cJhonfudk awG@&Sd&onf? pdwf0ifpm;zG,ftcsufw&yfrSm ppftpdk;&tm%modrf;+yD;aomtcsdefwGif tem*wfEdkifiHawmf. pD;yGm; a&;r[mAsL[mrsm;twGuf enf;vrf;rsm;udk c%wm&SmazGjyifqifcJh=uyHk&onf? tcsKd@aomqdk&S,fvpfpD;yGGg;a&; 129

tjrif&Sdaomynm&Sifrsm;. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_udk &,lum &efukefwuUodkvfESifh trsKd;om;pDrHudef;0ef}uD; Xmewdk@yl;aygif;um pD;yGm;a&;tpDtpOfwckudk a&;qGJcJh=uonf? xdkpD;yGm;a&;tpDtpOfwGif jynfyESifh yGifhvif;pGm wd;k wufqufqHI zGH@òz;a&;r[mAsL[mrsm;csrSwfaqmif&Guf&ef a&;qGJxm;onfudk pdwf0ifpm;zG,fawG@&onf?

TtcsufrSm xdt k pDtpOfrsm;a&;qGJ&mwGifyg0ifcJhaom vGwfvyfaomaps;uGuf aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk ,Hk=unfonfh a'gufwmvSjrifh57 .tjrifrsm;a=umifh jzpfEdkifonf? od@k aomfvnf; TpD;yGm;a&;tpDtpOfrsm;udk jiif; y,fcH&onf? Tod@k ESifh pD;yGm;a&;usqif;vm+yD;/ aemufqHk; (25) ESpft=umwGif pD;yGm;a&;òyvJ&aom tajctaeESifh ñuH&awmhonf? xdo k d@k jrefrmEdkifiHwGif pD;yGm;a&;tpDtpOfrsm; jyifqifaqmif&GufaeonfESifh wcsdefwnf;avmufrSmyif xdik f;EdkifiHwGifvnf; jynfyESifhyGifhvif;pGm qufqHa&;r[mAsL[mrsm;csrSwfI pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufr_ tpysKd;vmcsdef jzpfonf? xdik f;EdkifiH. EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_rSm (1960) ckESpf wGif jrefrmEdkifiH. (2) qom &Sdao;onf? aemufydkif; wGif jrefrmEdkifiH. EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_onf yrm%t&a&m/ wefzdk;t&yg usqif;vmcJh+yD;/ xdik f;EdkifiHu ckefysHausmf v$m;wd;k wufvmcJhonf? Todk@jzifh Z,m; (6? 1) wGif azmfjyxm;aom tajctaeodk@a&mufvmapcJhonf? (e0w) ppftpdk;&u wdik f;jynfudk wHcg;zGifhI aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf usifo h Hk;&ef jyefvnfaqmif&Guf onf? odk@aomfvnf; Tod@k aqmif&Gufr_rSm pdwfvkv d uf&aqmif&Gufjcif;r[kwfouJhodk@/ wHcg;zGifhjcif;rSmvnf; wpdwfwydkif;omjzpfonf? pD;yGm;a&;u¾. tpdwftydkif; tenf;i,fukdom yk*~vduydkifvufodk@ jyefvnfv$J ajymif;ay;jcif;ðyonf? EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_trsm;pkrSmvnf; obm0"gwfaiG@ydkufvdik f;ESifh [dkw,fwnfaqmuf a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGifom trsm;pk&Sdonf? [dkw,frsm;rSmvnf; vma&mufwnf;qdkolrSm tcef;rsm;. (10-15) &mcdkifE_ef;r#om &Sdonf? qefpyg;ESifh pdkufysKd;a&;xGufukefrsm;wifydk@r_rSm tpydkif;wGif c%wmwdk;wufcJh aomfvnf;/ aemufydkif;wGif jyefI tzsm;&_;+yD;/ usqif;oGm;onf? ppftpdk;&u wdkif;jynfpD;yGg;a&;ESifh jyifyurBm wGifaqmif&Gufaeaom pD;yGg;a&;pepftjcm; pDppf&ef ydkufuGefjcm um&efxm;onf? Todk@EdkifiHwumaps;uGuf ESifh xdawG@Edkif&eftwGu/f tm%mydkifrsm;od@k w&m;r0ifaxmufyHhr_rsm; ay;=u&onf? Tod@k jzifh ‘tm%mydkif rsm;ESifh eD;uyfatmifaqmif&Guf&aom rsufESmvdrk sufESm&vkyf&r_rsm;’ESifh ‘aqGrsKd;om;csif;aumif;pm;a&; t&if;&Sifpepfrsm;’ jzpfay:vmonf?

(1988) ckESpfrSpI jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh umv=um&SnfukefoG,af &;vdak iGjyr_rsm; qufwdu k fjzpfay:ae cJhonf? ESpfpOf ukefoG,fa&; vdak iGjyr_rSm ysrf;r# usyfoef;axmifaygif; (2² 5) cef@&Sdrnf[k cef@rSef;&onf? (w&m;0ifaiGvJE_ef;jzpfaom tar&duefwa':vm 6 usyfjzifh wGufygu tar&duefa':vm oef; 400 cef@&Sd rnf?) (1995§96) ckESpfwGif ESpfpOfqufwkduf ukefoG,fr_vdkaiGjyr_. (19) ESpfajrmufESpf tjzpf/ jrefrmEdkifiH. ukefoG,fa&;vdak iGjyr_ usyfoef;axmifaygif; (5² 284) &Sd+yD;/ tjrifhqHk;pHcsdefwifcJhonf? (w&m;0ifaiGvJE_ef;jzpf aom tar&duefwa':vm 6 usyfjzifh wGufygu tar&duefa':vm oef; 881 cef@&Sdrnf?) Tpm&if;onf (1977§78) ckESpfrSpv#if trsm;qHk;aom ukefoG,af &;vdak iGjyr_ jzpfonf? EdkifiHjcm;ydk@ukefwifydk@r_,cifESpfuESifh Ed_if;pmv#if (7) &mcdkifE_ef;usqif;um usyf oef; axmifaygif; (5² 017) &Sdonf? od@k aomfEdkifiHjcm;rS wifoGif;r_ wefzdk;pkpkaygif;onf ,cifESpfuxuf (24) &mcdkifE_ef;jrifhwufum usyfoef;axmifaygif; (1² 03) &Sdonf?

(1996§97) wGifaemufxyfw}udrf ukefoG,fa&;vdak iGjyr_ usyfoef;axmifaygif; (5² 577) od@k wzefa&mufum xyfwufcJhonf? Todk@jzifh ukefoG,af &;vdak iGjyr_rSm emwm&SnfozG,fqufvufjzpfyGm;aecsdefwGif ukefoG,f 57

a'gufwmvSjrifhonf &efukefwuUodkvfwGif (1945) rS (1952) ckESpftxf pDyGm;a&;ynmygarmuQtjzpf wm0ef,lcJo h nf? vef'efpD;yGm;a&; ynmoifausmif;rS yg&*lbGJ@ (yD/ tdyfcsf/ 'D) &&SdcJ+h yD;/ ol.t"duOD;pm;ay;avhvmcsufrSm vlrlwdk;wufa&; oDtdk&Doabmw&m;rsm;ta=umif; (Theories of Welfare Economics) jzpfonf? olonf jrefrmEdkifiHodk@ atmufpfzdk@'fwuUodkvfrS (1952) ckESpfwGif jyefvmcJhonf? xdk@aemuf &efukef wuUodkvfwGif ygarmuQcsKyftjzpf (1958) rS (1962) ckESpftxd wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? xdk@aemuf atmufpfzdk@'fwuUodkvfodk@jyefoGm;um/ aemufydkif;wGif vef'efpD;yGm;a&;ynmoifausmif;odk@ ajymif;a&$@onf? ol. pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_rsm;ESifh ywfoufaoma&;om;azmfjycsufrsm; onf/ xdkynm&yfe,fy,fwGif trsm;ajcmufjcm;& avmufatmif pOD;awG@&Sda&;om;cJholjzpfonf? txl;ojzifh jynfy ydk@ukeftajcðy pD;yGm;a&; pepfonf pD;yGm;a&; zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_twGuf armif;ESifa&; tif*sifjzpfa=umif; ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm; tawG@tñuHt&/ vltrsm;u vufrcHrD uyif/ umv=um&Snfuwnf;u a[majyma&;om;cJo h l jzpfonf? tu,fIjrefrmEdkifiHonfom ol.t=uHay;csufrsm;twdkif; (1948) vGwfvyfa&; &&SdcsdefrSpI vdkufemaqmif&GufcJv h #if rsm;pGmwdk;wufpnfyifaeavmuf+yD jzpfonf?

130

a&;vnf; usqif;vmonf? EdkifiHjcm;aºu;+rDpkpkaygif;onfvnf; tar&duefa':vm oef; (6000) ausmv f mcJh onf? (1985§86) ckESpfudk tajccH wGuyf gu/ (1988) ckESpfrSaemufydkif;ESpfrsm; tajctaeonf tajccHESpf yrm%. (100) atmufwGif&Sdonf? (1989§90) wGif (81) rSqufwku d fusqif;vm&m (1995§96) ckESpfwGif tajccHxm;aomESpfyrm%. (64² 1) om &Sdawmhonf?

Tod@k tjrJwrf;vdkvdk vdkaiGjyaeaom ukefoG,fr_vdak iGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;udk &Sif;Edkif&eftwGu/f wdkif;jynf rS&aeaom ESpf&Snftwd;k enf; acs;aiGrsm;/ tultnD*&ef@rsm;rS &aomaiGrsm;jzifh jyefvnfay;qyfjcif;ðyonf?

Tod@k acs;aiGESifhtultnDrsm;udk rsm;aomtm;jzifh *syefEdkifiHESifh ,ciftaemuf*smr%DEdkifiHrsm;rS &&SdcJhonf? xd@k tjyif EdkifiHwumrS0ifa&mufvmaom EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; rS&&SdvmaomaiGrsm;jzifhvnf; jyefvnfay;qyfjcif;ðyonf? (1990) ckESpfrsm;umvwGif EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;rS0ifvmaomaiG rsm;u wdik f;jynf&-oHk;aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;wGif v$rf;rdk;xm;cJh+yD;/ &-oH;k aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;wGif tpdk;&zufrS xnf0h ifpdkufay;&r_rsm; tenf;i,fom&SdcJhonf? xdk@tjyif jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh EdkifiHjcm;rS tjyeftvSefulnDa&; acs;aiGrsm;/ EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS acs;aiGrsm;r&&Sdaoma=umifh/ w&kwfEdkifiHrSay;tyfvmaom rD;&xm; vrf;wnfaqmufa&;/ oabFmwnfaqmufa&;/ a&xGuyf pPnf;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf umvvwfacs;aiGrsm;ESifh taxmuftyHhacs;aiGrsm;udk tm;ud;k vm=u&onf? vuf&Sdppftpdk;&. ta&;}uD;aomvkyfaqmifcsufw&yfrSm (1988) ckESpfrSpI e,fpyfukefoG,af &;udk w&m;0ifcGifhðycJhjcif;jzpfonf? ,ciftwdwfumvrsm;u EdkifiHwumESifhw&m;0ifukefoG,af &;udk tpdk;&uom vH;k 0 vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxdef;csKyfxm;cJhonf? xdo k dk@aom rl0g'rsm;a=umifh (1960) ckESpfrsm;aESmif;ydkif;rSpI w&m; r0ifarSmifcdkukefoG,af &;rsm;xGef;um;vmcJh&onf? xdkodk@jzpfaeaoma=umifhvnf; tpdk;&taumufcGef0ifaiG rsm; rsm;pGmxdcdkufepfemcJh&onf? tcsKd@aomXmersm;. ajymqdkcsuft& w&m;r0ifarSmifcdkukefoG,rf _onf/ w&m;0ifukefoG,fa&;ESifh yrm%wljzpfEdkifonf[k ajymqdk=uonf? Ttwdik f;om trSefjzpfaecJhygu tpdk;& taejzifh w&m;0ifukefoG,fr_vrf;a=umif;rsm;rS&Edkifaom EdkifiHjcm;aiGrmrsm; rsm;pGmqHk;&_H;&zG,f&Sdonf? od@k aomfvnf; e,fpyfukefoG,af &;onf wenf;wvrf;tm;jzifh tusKd;jzpfaponf? (1988) ckESpfwGif e,fpyfukefoG,af &;udw k &m;0if cGifhðy+yD;aom aemufydkif;wGif/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif&Sm;yg;aeaom vloH;k ukefypPnf; rsm;udk tpm;xd;k jznfq h nf;vmEdkifonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh t0wftxnfrsm;ESifh v#yfppftoHk;taqmifrsm;jzpf onf? odk@aomfvnf; Todk@e,fpyfukefoG,af &;rSwqifh 0ifa&mufvmaomukef ypPnf;rsm;rSm t&nftaoG; nHzh sif;=uonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh a'otwGif;&Sdaps;uGufrS vdktyfaeaom ukef=urf;rsm;udkxkwfvyk f wifydk@ EdkifcJhonf? Tukefrsm;taejzifh tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;rSvGI J tjcm;wifydk@Edkifaom aps;uGufrsm;r&Sdyg? Oyrmtm; jzifh bJarG;rsm;ESifh arsmufrsm;wifydk@jcif; jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif jrefrmEdkifiHrSEdkifiHjcm;odk@ wifydk@aeaomukefrsm;wGif vnf; ykZGef/ opfoD;rsm;/ yJrsm; ponfh v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;xGuu f kefrsm; trsm;tjym;yg0ifaeao;onf? rnfokd@yifjzpfap ,cke,fpyfukefoG,af &;taetxm;rSm/ tqifhjrifhukefoG,af &;enf;pepfrsm; od&efrvdak o; bJ/ jrefrmjynfolrsm;twGuf vufiif;tvkyfjzpfaeap+yD;/ EdkifiHjcm;oGif;ukef-xkwfukefvkyfief;rsm;udk A[kokw &vmaponf? xd@k tjyif xkwfuek f-oGif;ukefcGifhðycsufvdkifpifav#mufae&onfh vkyfief;tqifhqifhudk jzwf oef;ae&efrvdkbJ/ oabFmwifydk@r_twGuf tqifhqifhvkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;udkvnf; jzwfae&efrvdkbJ/ tvkyf jzpfap=uonf?

Tod@k aom tm;omcsufrsm;&Sdaomfvnf; e,fpyfukefoG,af &;taejzifh/ tm;enf;csufrsm;vnf;&Sd onf? Tod@k e,fpyfukefoG,af &; udak qmif&Gufaejcif;tm;jzifh jrefrmEdkifiHudk pD;yGm;a&;t& ta&;ygatmif vkyfEdkif&ef qdkonfrSm rjzpfEdkifay? yxrtcsufrSm e,fpyfukef oG,fa&;. &nf&G,fcsufrSm e,fpyfa'orsm;wGif aexdik f=uaomvlxkrsm;twGuf ,m,Dvdt k yfaer_tusyftwnf;udk ajz&Sif;ay;Edkif&Hkr#om aqmif&Gufuek foG,f =ujcif;jzpf+yD;/ tuef@towfvdktyfcsufoabmaqmifonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh yxrwESpfwGif wbufEdkifiH. vdt k yfcsufrSm pdkufysKd;a&;xGufukefjzpfaom o=um;rsKd;vdktyfcsuf&Sdaumif;&SdEdkif+yD;/ aemufwESpfwGif Todk@ aomxkwfukefrsKd;udkyif wbufEdkifiHrS jrefrmEdkifiHodk@ jyefvnfwifoGif;vmEdkifonf? Ttajctaeonf aps;E_ef; Ed_if;&taetxm;ESifh ypPnf;odak vSmifxm;r_ taetxm;Yvnf; rSDwnfaeonf? Ttcsufa=umifh 131

ESpfzuf EdkifiHukefoG,af &;wGif yHkrSefwnf+idrfaomtaetxm;w&xdef;xm;a&; qdkonfrSm rjzpfEdkifoavmuf&Sd onf? e,fpyfukefoG,af &;rSm ,m,DoabmESifh vdt k yfcsufudkjznfah y;Edkif&Hkom oabmaqmifonf? ESpfpOf tvdu k f tajymif;tvJjzpfaeEdkifonf? 'kwd,tcsufrSm jrefrmEdkifiHrSukefoG,folrsm;taejzifh aps;qpfEdkifaom tiftm; r&Sd=ujcif;jzpfonf? ta=umif;rSm aiGt&if;tESD;enf;jcif;ESifh ukefoG,af omae&mudk pdk;rdk;xm;r_ r&Sdaoma=umifhjzpfonf? wbufEdkifiHod@k ukefoG,foGm;=u&aom jrefrmEdkifiHrSukefonfrsm;rSm olwk@d ypPnf;rsm; udk &oavmufaps;ESifha&mif;cscJh=u&onfvnf; &Sdonf? xd@k tjyif jrefrukefonfrsm;twGuf ukefrsm;odkavSmif Edkif&ef *dka'gifrsm;ESifh tjcm;ukefoG,rf _twGuf vdt k yfaomyHhydk;r_rsm;vnf; r&Sd=uay? Todk@aps;qpfEdkifpGrf;tm; r&Sdaoma=umifh jrefrmukefonfrsm;taejzifh olwd@k xdu k fwefonf,q l aomwefzdk;xuf avsmhenf;Iom&&Sd =uonf? wwd,tcsufrSm w&kwfEdkifiHe,fpyfwGif ukefoG,fr_udk w&kwfaiG ‘,Gef’ jzifh aqmif&Guf=u+yD;/ xdkif; e,fpyfwGif ‘bwf’ aiG/ tdENd,e,fpyfwGif ‘&lyD;’ aiGrsm;jzifh ukefzvS,=f u&onf? jrefrmukefonfrsm; tae jzifh olwkd@e,fpyfwGifaiGvJ&aomE_ef; ‘,Gef-usyf’/ ‘&lyD;-usyf’ paomaiGvJv, S fr_ E_ef;xm;rsm;rSm/ &efukefwGif jzpfaeaomumvaygufaps;/ EdkifiHwumE_ef;xm;rsm;xuf avsmhenf;I&&Sdonf[k ,lq=uonf? aemufqHk; tcsufrSm e,fpyfukefoG,fa&;aqmif&Gufjcif;. tm;enf;csufrSm aps;aygaom/ t&nftaoG; tqifhtwef; rrDaom ukefypPnf;rsm;pkyHkwifoGif;r_udk ñuH=u&jcif;jzpfonf? wbuftdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;. e,fpyfa'orsm; wGif zGH@òz;vmaompufr_vkyfief;rsm;u Todk@t&nftaoG;nHhzsif;aom ukefrsm;udk azgazgoDoD xkwv f kyf=u jcif;jzpf+yD;/ T&v'fa=umifh jrefrmEdkifiH. pufr_xkwu f kefypPnf;rsm; xkwv f kyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk aooGm;apEdkif onf? wenf;qdk&v#if w&kwfEdkifiHwGifxGef;opfzGH@òz;vmaom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;taejzifh/ Todk@ xkwv f kyf+yD;/ e,fpyfwGif ukefoG,jf cif;tm;jzifh tcGeftaumufrsm;vnf; ray;&oavmuf&Sdaom tajctaewGif/ olwk@d . pufr_xkwu f kef xkwfvkyfr_tawG@tñuHESifh t&nftcsif;rsm;wufvmEdkifaomfvnf;/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGifr_ Tpufr_ vkyfief;rsm;twGuf/ tepfemcHI avmavmq,fjy\em&Sif;&ef/ qufqHvdu k f&jcif; jzpfygonf? wenf; tm;jzifh tjcm;EdkifiH.pufr_xGef;um;a&;twGuf u|efawmfwdk@u "g;pmcHvdkufonfh oabmyif jzpfygonf? tpdk;&taejzifh tcsKd@aomukefypPnf;rsm;udk EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@&eftwGuf uef@owfxm;onf? TypPnf; rsm;xJwGif qefpyg;/ ausmufrsuf&wemrsm;/ u|ef;opfESifh a&eHwd@k yg0ifonf? (1991) ckESpf atmufwdkbmv (28) &ufae@wGif Todk@wm;jrpfxm;aomukefypPnf;trsKd; trnfrsm;udk (21) cktxd wd;k IowfrSwfcJhonf?

Tod@k uef@owfukefrsm; wdk;vmonfhtajctaewGif/ (1997) ckESpfaESmif;ydkif;wGif e,fpyfukefoG,af &;rsm; tm;vH;k udk vHk;0eD;yg;&yfqdkif;ap&ef !$ef=um;cJhjyefonf? r=umao;rDumvu tpdk;&taejzifh e,fpyfukefoG,f a&;rlrsm;jyefvnfusifhoHk;&ef aqmif&GufvmcJhaomfvnf;/ ukefoG,rf _tm;vH;k udk w&m;0ifvrf;a=umif;rS jzwf oef;ap&efESifh tar&duefa':vmudk ukefzvS,fr_=um;cHtjzpf xm;ap&ef !$ef=um;csufrsm;xkwfjyefcJhonf?

132

ukefoG,fa&;qdkif&m rl0g'rsm;twGuf vrf;!$efrlrsm; jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh ppftkyfcsKyfa&; (35) ESpfwmumvtwGif; rSm;,Gif;aompDrHcef@cGJr_rsm;a=umifh/ ‚if;. ‘qHk;&_H;oGm;&aom tcGifhta&;rsm;’ twGuf/ jyefvnfjznfq h nf;Edkif&efrSm jyifyurBmESifh jyefvnful;vl; qufqHzdk@ tv#iftjrefvdt k yfaecsdef jzpfygonf? Todk@vkyfief; rsm;twGuf ta&;}uD;aomtqifhrsm;udk atmufwGif azmfjyxm;ygonf?

1? EdkifiHjcm;aiGa=u;rsm;ESifh zvS,Ef dkifI worwfwnf;&Sdaom aiGa=u;zvS,fa&;pepf? vuf&Sd owfrSwfxm;aom aiGvJr_E_ef;xm;jzpf onfh tar&duefwa':vmv#if jrefrmaiG (6) usyfqdkonfrSm vufawG@usifhoH;k &efrjzpfEdkifaom vH;k 0vGaJ csmfr_jzpfygonf? TE_ef;xm;udk zsufodrf;apoifhygonf? vkyfaqmif oifhonfrSm umvwpHkw&mtxd prf;oyfoabmESifhaqmif&Guf+yD;aemufydkif;wGif xdef;csKyfI aiGa=u;udt k &Sif 58 ar#mxm;aompepf udk usifo h Hk;oifhygonf? vdktyfaom aiGa=u;qdkif&mumuG,fay;r_rsm;aqmif&GufEdkif&ef/ EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS axmufyHhr_rsm;&&Sdvmygu aiGa=u;E_ef;xm;taoowfrSwfygu vufawG@ usaomwefzdk;ESifh udu k fnDatmifowfrSwfoifhygonf? Tenf;pepfudk ydkvefEdkifiHwGif pD;yGm;a&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_ aqmif&GufpOfu atmifjrifpGmaqmif&GufEdkifcJhaom tawG@tñuH&Sdygonf?

2? EdkifiHawmfrS vuf0g;}uD;tkyfcsKyfudik faer_ tm;vH;k udkzsufodrf;oifhygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh qefpyg;ESifh u|ef;opfa&mif;0,fa&;udpPrsKd; jzpfygonf? obm0ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;Edkifa&;ESifhqdkifaom pnf;urf;csufrsm;/ Oya'rsm;udk jyXmef;I vdu k femap&efxdef;csKyfapoifhygonf?

3? jynfwGif;odk@ wifoGif;r_ESifh/ jynfywifydk@r_ ESpfckpvHk;udk aiGa=u;zvS,fr_pepftopfatmufwiG f vGwv f yfpGmaqmif&Gufap&ef cGifhðyoifh ygonf? wdik f;jynf. trsKd;om;ruU&dkpD;yGm;a&;wnf+idrfa&;twGuf xdef; ndE‡ dkif&eftwGu/f tpdk;&0ifaiGrsm; ta&;ay:vkdtyfrnfqdkygu oifhawmfaomE_ef;tm;jzifhowfrSwfxm;aom wajy;nDoiG f;ukefcGefowfrSwf&ef vdt k yfaumif;/ vdt k yfvdrfhrnfjzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif jynfyydk@ukeftay:wGif vnf; a&G;cs,fowfrSwfxm;aomypPnf;rsm;Y tcGefaumuf,lr_rsm; aqmif&GufEdkifygonf?

4? jynfwiG f;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh jynfyukr`%Drsm; qufpyfr_udk txl;tm;ay;oifhygonf? Oyrm tm;jzifh xdkif;EdkifiHqdkv#if *syefEdkifiH. ajymif;qefESifh rwfyJaps;uGut f &,lEdkif&ef óu;pm;ygonf? Tod@k aps;uGu&f Edkifa&;twGuf *syefEdkifiH&SdoGif;ukefudpPaqmif&Gufaom ukr`%D}uD;rsm;ESifh taotcsm yl;aygif; qufo, G faqmif&Guf=uygonf? tv#ifjrefwifydk@Edkifr_ESifh t&nftaoG;xdef;Edkifr_rSmvnf; emrnfaumif;&&ef txl;ta&;}uD;vSygonf? wbufwiG f jrefrmEdkifiH.taetxm;rSm tpGeftzsm;wGifyif&Sd+yD;/ t&HaxmufyHhay; aeoltcef;u¾wGifyif &Sdaeygonf? xdk@tjyif jrefrmEdkifiH. ypPnf;t&nftaoG;xdef;odrf;r_ESifh pdwfcstmrcHr_ rSmvnf; emrnfaumif; r&&Sdyg? ukefypPnf;tcsKd@udk xkwv f kyfI EdkifiHjcm;odk@wifydk@aom udpPrsm;wGif ‘jzpfonfh tcsdefvnf;&Sd/ qHk;&_H;&onft h csdefvnf;&Sdaom tajctaeoHo&m’59 udñk uH&wwfygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh rwnfr+idrfjzpfvmEdkifaomtaetxm;/ aps;uGuf.v_yf&Sm;aeaom taetxm;udv k nf; óuwifcef@rSef;Edkif &ef vdkygonf? ydkrdkIwnf+idrfaom/ a&&SnfcHaompDrHr_rsKd;udv k nf; pOf;pm;aqmif&Guf&efvdt k yf+yD;/ TudpPrsm; twGuf tpdk;&.axmufyHhr_vdt k yfrnfjzpfygonf?

5? xdk@tjyif jyifyurBmESifhqufqHI ukefoG,fr_ESifh &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udk wd;k jrifhaqmif&GufEdkif&ef Xme rsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; zGJ@pnf;wnf axmif&efvdktyfrnfjzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHrS ukefypPnf;xkwfvkyfrnfo h lrsm; twGuf jyifyurBmrSowif;rsm;&&SdEdkifa&;tajctaeonf ,cktcgwGif vGefpGmrSenf;ygonf? Ttajctae udk wd;k wufapatmif aqmif&Guf&rnfjzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif wd;k wufatmifjrifaeaom tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;. tawG@tñuHrsm;udv k nf;/ enf;em,loifhygonf?

58 59

A Controlled Floating Rate Boom and Bust Cycle

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6? rdrdwdk@. ukefoG,fr_qdkif&mr[mAsL[mwGif rdrdwd@k .EdkifiHjcm;ydk@ukefaps;uGufwiG f rsufESmyef;vSap a&;/ òyifqdkifEdkifr_&Sdapa&;twGuf twdtusaqmif&Guf&ef E_d;aqmfwku d fwGef;aeaomfvnf;/ ,cifa&S;&dk;pOfvm twdik f; ,lqxm;cJh=uovd/k xGufuek fwrsKd;wnf;tay: Y taotm;ðyxm;jcif;/ txl;oD;oef@ðyxm;aom xGuu f kefay:Y rajymif;rvJyJ aqmif&Guf&rnf[k qdkvdkjcif;r[kwfyg? acwfopf ukefoG,af &;qdkif&m pOf;pm; awG;ac:r_oDtdk&Drsm;onf/ a&S;,cifpOf;pm;awG;ac:r_rsm;jzpfaom tqifhqifhajymif;vJwkd;wufaomoabm ESifh pufr_wd;k wufvmonfESifhtr#/ wjznf;jznf;ESifh vlom;ESifh &kyf0wˆK pGrf;tm;rsm; pkaqmif;rdvmonfESifh tr# ydkIòyifqdkif Edkiftm;&Sdaom/ tqifhjrifhaom xkwu f kefbufod@k ajymif;a&$@,ljcif;oabmudk tajccHðyxm; jcif;jzpfygonf? xd@k tjyif Todk@csOf;uyfr_onf tusKd;tjrwfjzpf&eftvm;tvmaumif;aom/ Ed_if;,SOfr_t& vuf&SdtajctaewGif rdrdxGufukefutompD;&Edkifaom puf&Hk rsm;udk tpOfrjywf&SmazGaeum/ wufwuf ºuºutm;ay;jcif;/ ulnaD xmufyHhay;jcif; oabmrsm;ESifhvnf;xyfwljzpfygonf? Tod@k aom tusKd;tjrwf &&eftvm;tvmaumif;aom ukefud&k SmazG&mY tvGJoH;k pm;ðyqHk;jzwfr_rsm;&SdEdkifovd/k rdrdxGufukefudk tom pD;&apa&;twGuf tusKd;pD;yGm;umuG,fa&;rl0g'usifhoH;k jcif;60vnf; jzpfaumif;jzpfvmEdkifygonf? Tt,l tqudk rdrdwdk@u tjyif;txefuef@uGufygonf? Todk@rjzpfay:ap&ef owdxm;apmifh=unfjh cif;rsm;ESifh tzGJ@ tpnf;,EW,m;qdkif&m umuG,fwm;qD;r_rsm; ðyvkyfxdef;odrf;jcif;jzifh aqmif&GufEdkifygonf?

7? vuf&SdEdkifiHwumwGif aqmif&Gufae=uaom rdrdxGuu f kefypPnf;rsufESmyef;vSapa&;/ òyifqdkifr_ tm;aumif;a&;aqmif&Guf=u&mY/ jrefrmEdkifiH. obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm; ºu,f0r_taetxm;/ vkyftm;aps;csKd aom vuf&Sdtaetxm;rSm EdkifiH. obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm;udk tajccHIxkwfvyk faom xkwfukefvkyfief;rsm;/ vkyftm;rsm;rsm;oHk;I xkwv f kyf&aom ukefxkwfvkyfief;rsm;twGuf wc%csif; wd;k wufap&eftwGuf tvm;tvmaumif;rsm;jzpf=uygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh tvSukefypPnf;rsm;/ zdeyfcsKyfvkyfief;/ v#yfppfypPnf;wyf qifa&;vkyfief;rsm; pojzifhwd@k rSm vkyftm;tajccHxkwfvkyf&aom vkyfief;rsm;jzpfygonf? E_dif;,SOfcsut f & ºu,f0csrf;omae=uaom tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;. taetxm;onfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf tcGifhtvrf; aumif;udkzefwD;ay;aeygonf? xdt k drfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm; wGif Ed_if;,SOfcsuft&qdkv#if vkyftm;caps;E_ef;rsm;rSm ydkI jrifhrm;=uygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif oifhwifhaomtajccHtaqmuftOD/ wnf+idrfaom trsKd;om;ruU&dkpD;yGm;a&; xdef;ndr‡ _/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. upm;yGJrsm;wGif xifomjrifomI worwfwnf;jzpfaom pnf;rsOf; pojzifh ywf0ef;usiftaetxm;udk zefwD;ay;Edkifygu EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_aiGa=u;rsm;0ifvm&ef tvm;tvm&Sdyg onf? Tt&if;tESD;rsm;udk jrefrmv,form;rsm;/ tvkyform;rsm;/ vkyfief;&Sifrsm;u vHk@vxkwfIóu;yrf;+yD;/ a&&SnfcHap&ef aqmif&Guf=uvdrfhrnfjzpfygonf? a&&SnfwiG f tqifhqifhwd;k wufjcif;oabmt& pufr_enf; ynmt&ydkItqifhjrifhaom/ u|rf;usifr_ydkIvdktyfaom xkwfukefrsm;xkwv f kyfEdkifap&eftwGuf pufr_u¾ wGifa&m/ ynma&;u¾wGifyg pOf;pm;jyifqifcsufrsm; ðyvkyfxm;=u&rnfjzpfygonf?

8? a'oqdkif&myl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ydkrdk&&Sda&;ESifh urBmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJ@csKyf ('AvsLwDtdk) . ukefoG,fr_ yGifhvif;zGH@òz;a&;qdkif&m tpDtpOfrsm; 61 odk@ 0ifa&mufyl;aygif;aqmif&GufEdkifa&;qdkonfrSm/ jrefrm EdkifiHtaejzifh vGwfvyfyGifhvif;aomEdkifiHwumukefoG,fa&; usifhxH;k rsm;twdik f; tjynft h 0vdkufem aqmif &Guf&efvdt k yfygonf? vGwv f yfaomukefoG,af &;udk twm;tqD;jzpfaprnfhydwfqdk@ wm;qD;r_rSefor#udk z,f&Sm;apjcif;/ EdkifiHaygif;pHkESifhukefoG,af &;udkvnf; wdk;jr‡ifhaqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh obm0t&udyk if tm;aumif; csufrsm;jzpfay:vmrnf jzpfygonf? rdrdtm;aumif;csuftay:wGif tajccHòyifqdkif62aom EdkifiHwumukefoG,f a&;. txl;ðyoD;oef@ukefxkwfvkyfief;rsm; 63 tqifhudv k nf; wufvrS f;vmEdkifrnf jzpfygonf? tpysKd;umv wGif jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh jynfyydk@ukefOD;pm;ay;aom ukefoG,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk tm;ay;&ef oifhavsmrf nfjzpfyg onf? ta=umif;rSm jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh jynfwiG f;od@k wefzdk;}uD;}uD;rm;rm; wifoGif;&eftwGuf EdkifiHjcm; 60

Protectionism Trade Liberalization Programs 62 Comparative Advantage 63 International Specialization 61

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aiGa=u;rwwfEdkifaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? a&&SnfwiG f oGif;ukeftpm;xdk;xkwfvkyfa&;&nf&G,fcsuu f dkvnf; jynfah jrmufvmrnfjzpf+yD;/ EdkifiHwumaps;uGuw f Gifvnf; 0ifa&mufòyifqdkifvmEdkifrnf jzpfygonf? EdkifiHwum wGif ukefoG,fr_ twGuf jyif;jyif;xefxefòyifqdkifae=uaomtajctaewGif/ jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh rnfonfhukef oG,af &;tkyfpktwGif;rS r0ifoifhyg? Tod@k aom ukefoG,af &;tkyfpkrsm;onf urBmtwGif; ukefoG,fr_vGwfvyf pGm pD;qif;aeonfhudpPrsm;udk t[ef@twm;ðyae=uygonf? xdkukefoG,fa&;tkyfpkrsm;taejzifh rdrdtzGJ@0ifEdkifiH rsm;udkom OD;pm;ay;tcGifhta&;rsm;ay;+yD;/ tkyfpkjyify&SdEdkifiHrsm;udk cGJjcm;qufqHr_ðyjcif;rsm; aqmif&Gufavh&Sd =uygonf? rnfokd@yifqdkapumrl trsm;yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufxm;r_/ oabmwlnDcsufrsm;jzpfaom ukefoG,fa&; qdkif&musifx h H;k rsm; pHowfrSwfxm;r_/ taumufcGeftrsKd;tpm;cGJjcm;owfrSwfr_ ponfwdk@rSm a,bk,stm; jzifh tm;vHk;udt k usKd;&SdapaomudpPrsm; jzpf=uygonf? odk@aomfvnf; aemufjyefqkwfIr&awmhaom tajc taew&yfrSm jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh ta&S@awmiftm&StzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;toif; (atqD,H) ESifh atqD,H. vGwv f yfpGm ukefoG,fr_a'oqdkif&moabmwlnDcsufrsm;tzGJ@64 wGif yg0if+yD;om;jzpfaeygonf? od@k aomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh TuJo h dk@tzGJ@0ifjzpfjcif;udk ta=umif;ðyI tjcm;aomEdkifiHrsm;ESifhvnf; wdk;jr‡ifhIukefoG,fr_ ðy&ef/ rdrdEdkifiH&Sd twm;tqD;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;&efvdktyfygonf? xd@k tjyif TcsrSwfxm;aom vrf;!$efr_rsm; twdik f;/ cGJjcm;uef@owfqufqHaom vkyfxHk;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;ypf&ef vdkygonf?

9? jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh vGwfvyfyGifhvif;aomEdkifiHwumukefoG,rf _ rlrsm;t&wd;k wufusifhoH;k &ef vdak omfvnf;/ xdo k dk@rl0g'rsm;usifh oH;k aqmif&Gufr_twGuf qdk;usKd;&v'frsm;&SdEdkifonfukd todtrSwfðyxm; &ef vdt k yfygonf? vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,rf _ESifhtwl rl;,pfaq;0g;ukefoG,fr_rsm;/ usef;rma&;xdcdkufapEdkifaom tjcm;ypPnf;rsm;/ vufeufESifh usnq f Hrsm;arSmifcdka&mif;0,fa&;ESifh/ tjymnpfnrf;yHkrsm;yg 0ifa&mufvm=u rnfrSm rvdv k m;zG,fudpPjzpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,af &;rl0g'rsm;udk xdcdu k faprnfh xdef;csKyfr_rsm;rSefor#udk aocsmpOf;pm;oH;k oyf+yD;rSom aqmif&Gufoifhygonf? trsKd;om;tcsKyftjcm tm%m xdyg;apr_/ vlrsKd;,Of aus;r_xdcdkufaprnfhudpPrsm;/ obm0ywf0ef;usifysufpD;aprnfu h dpP&yfrsm;udk jzpfay:vm Edkifaom aemufqufwGt J usKd;qufrsm;udk jcifhcsdefI owdxm;umuG,=f u&rnfjzpfygonf?

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ASEAN Free Trade Agreement

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EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr+ EdkifiHjcm;t&if;tESD;rsm;. tcef;u¾ vGefcJhaom ESpf (30) twGif;wGif EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;onf zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHrsm;ESifh pufrlxGef;opf vmcgpEdkifiHrsm;&Sd zGH@òz;a&;vkyfief;pOf rsm;twGuf t"duta&;}uD;aom tcef;rSyg0ifaqmif&GufcJyh gonf? EdkifiH jcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_wGif t"dutm;jzifh (4) rsKd; cGJjcm;Edkifygonf? EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ (FDI)/ EdkifiHjcm; aygwfhzdkvD,dk tDuGw D D &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ (Foreign Portfilio Equity Investment)/ EdkifiHjcm;rS aºu;+rD oabma&&Snf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ - Oyrmtm;jzifh bGef;pmcsKyfrsm;ESifh 'Dbef;csm; aiGxkwf,cl Gifh tmrcHvufrSwfrsm; (debentures) ESifh a&wdak cs;aiG (5 ESpfESifh 5-ESpfatmufacs;aiGrsm;) jzpfygonf? (Ta&wdak cs;aiG rsm;rSm r=umao;rDESpfrsm;twGif; u ta&S@tm&SEdkifiHrsm;wGif a&yef;pm;vmcJhygonf?) EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf&dkuf &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ ESifh tDuGw D D=um;wGif uGmjcm;csufrSm Tt&if;tESD;rsm;tay: eD;pyfr_/ pDrHcef@cGJr_om jzpfygonf? EdkifiHjcm; wdu k f&dkuf &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;taejzifh zufpyfvkyfief;rsm;tay:wGifwpHkw&m yg0ifywfoufI pDrHcef@cGJr_vkyf=uyg onf? xd@k tjyif a&&SnfumvwpHkw&mtxdvnf; ywfoufaer_&Sdyg+yD;/ wdkif;jynftwGif;ukefxkwf vkyfjcif;ESifh 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;vma&muf &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHaqmif&Guf=ujcif; jzpfygonf? tpk&S,f,moabm ayghwfzdkvD,kd tDuGw D D xnfh0ifolrsm;rSmrl olwd@k xnfh0ifxm;aom tpk&S,f,m&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_tay:rS tjrwftpGef; jyefvnf &&Sda&;udo k m pdwf0ifpm;=uygonf? tpk&S,f,moabm aygwfzdkvD,dk tDuGw D Dxnfh0ifolrsm; taejzifh EdkifiH wumaiGa=u;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;aomfvnf;aumif;/ tzGJ@tpnf;tvdu k faomfvnf;aumif;/ &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm; aomfvnf;aumif;/ yk*~vduwOD;csif;aomfvnf;aumif; jzpfEdkifygonf? rnfod@k aom &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsKd;jzpfap umrl pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wck (aumfydka&;&Sif;jzpfap/ aumfydka&;&Sif;ozG,f trsm;ydkifyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ jzpfap) ydkifqdkifr_. tpk&S,f,mydkifqdkifr_ (10) &mcdkifE_ef; xuf ausmfvGefxnfh0ifxm;ygu EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf&if;ESD; jr‡KyfESHr_tjzpf vufcHowfrSwf=uygonf? wcgw&H Todk@tcsKd@tpm;cGJa0r_rSm pnf;rsOf;owfrSwfaqmif&Gufr_&Sd =uygonf? xd@k tjyif tajctaet&/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_t& ydkifqdkifr_tcsKd;tpm;tajymif;tvJvnf; &SdEdkifyg onf? tDuGw D DaiGrsm;. pD;qif;r_onf tpk&S,f,maps;uGufzGH@òz;r_taetxm;ay:Y wnfrSDaeygonf? ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;wGifrl tpk &S,f,maps;uGufzGH@òz;vmcJhonfrSm (10) ESpfr#yif &SdygvdrfhOD;rnf? tm&S EdkifiHrsm;wGif tpk&S,f,maps;uGufzGH@òz;r_ESifh EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ zGH@òz;vmyHkudk avhvm=unfhygu tòyifoabmaqmifaeonfudk awG@=u&ygonf? (1990) ckESpfrsm;tqef;ydkif;rSom w[kefxdk;wdk;wufvmcJhjcif; jzpfygonf? od@k aomfvnf; tpk&S,f,maps;uGufwiG f &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_wd;k wufvmaomyrm%ESifh E_ef;xm;rSm EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_zGH@òz;vmyHktcsKd;tpm;udk Ed_if;,SOf=unfyh gu tvGefenf;aeygao;onf? odk@aomf vnf; rwnf+idrfajymif;vJv, G faom tpk&S,f,maps;uGufwGif &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_a=umifh wdik f;jynf. trsKd;om; ruU&dkpD;yGm;a&;xdef;ndr‡ _Y rwnfr+idrfjzpfEdkifonf[laom tcsufukv d nf; owdðy&rnfjzpfygonf? Todk@ rwnf+idrfajymif;vJr_rsm;rSm tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh wdik f;jynf. yuwdruU&dkpD;yGm;a&;tajctae/ od@k r[kwf cef@ rSef;wGuq f xm;onfh ruU&dkpD;yGm;a&;tajctaetay:udkvnf; tajccHum tjyeftvSefxif[yfI rwnf+idrfr_rsm; jzpfapEdkifygonf? r=umao;rDumvrsm;u pufr_zGH@òz;vm=uaom ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;wGif EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf&dkuf &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_onf ta&;ygaomtcef;u¾u tusKd;ðycJhygonf? puFmyl/ rav;&Sm;/ a[mifaumif/ w&kwfESifh xdik f;EdkifiHwdk@onf (1985) ckESpfrSpI ta&S@tm&SESifh ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;wGif EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf&dkuf&if;ESD; jr‡KyfESHr_trsm;qHk;vufcH&&Sdaom EdkifiHrsm;jzpf=uygonf? (1995) ckESpfwGif w&kwfEdkifiH. pm&if;ao t&if;tESD; rsm;. (27) &mcdkifE_ef;rSm EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;rS 0ifvmaomaiGrsm;jzpfygonf? tvm;wlyif puFmylEdkifiHwGif pm&if;aot&if;tESD;aiG. (19) &mcdkifE_ef;ESifh rav;&Sm;EdkifiHwGif (17) &mcdkifE_ef;rSm (1995) 136

ckESpfwGif EdkifiHjcm; wdkuf&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rS 0ifvmaomaiGrsm; jzpf=uygonf? w&kwf/ rav;&Sm;/ puFmyl/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHrsm;onf xdu k mvtwGif;Y a'otwGif;&SdEdkifiHrsm;teuf trSefwu,fyif EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_trsm;qHk; vufcH&&SdcJh=uaomEdkifiHrsm; jzpfygonf? jcHKIajym&v#if EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ rsm;onf (1980) ckESpfrsm;wGif tpðyvmcJh+yD;/ (1980) ckESpfrsm;aESmif;ydkif;umvwGif tvsiftjrefwd;k wufvm cJh+yD;/ (1990) ckESpfrsm;wGif pkyHkpkaqmif;rdvmygonf? xdt k csufonf xdEk dkifiHrsm;. TumvtawmtwGif; pD;yGm;a&;w[kefxd;k zGH@òz;wdk;wufvmjcif;ESifh xyfwljzpfae=uonfudk awG@=u&ygonf?

Z,m; 6? 3? tm&SEdkifiHrsm;odk@ EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ 0ifa&mufvmyHk 1985- 1990 ysrf;r# 1991- 1996 ysrf;r# w&kwfEdkifiH 2654 25828 tif'dkeD;&Sm; 551 3223 rav;&Sm; 1054 4660 puFmyl 2952 5610 xdkif;EdkifiH 1017 1934 zdvpfydkif 413 1080 AD,uferf 30 1005 jrefrmEdkifiH 28 144 rl&if;? Asian Development Bank, Asia Outlook 1997. Manila, 1997.

EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ESifhywfoufI ordkif;aemufcH jrefrmEdkifiHonf EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_udpPrsm;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;wdik f;jynfrsm;ESifh ukefoG,fpD;yGm;udpPrsm; twGuf tpdrf;oufoufEdkifiHr[kwfay? ordkif;rsm;t& od&Sd=u&aom yxrOD;qHk; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif EdkifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rSm (17) &mpkwGif&SdcJh+yD;/ oabFmwnfaqmufa&; vkyfief;rsm; vkyfudik fcJhjcif;jzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiH. emrnfausm=f um;vSaom u|ef;opfudkoH;k I ay:wl*DESifh tjcm;Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;u tpysKd;um zufpyfoabFm wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&GufcJ=h uonf? xd&k if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHxm;aom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;taejzifh a&aEG;aiG@acgif;jzifh ckwfarmif;aom rD;oabFmay:onfh (19) &mpktv,fydkif;umvtxd tvkyfjzpfcJhygonf?

(19) &mpktv,fydkif; wGif +Adwdo#wdk@u jrefrmEdkifiHatmufydkif;udk usL;ausmo f drf;ydkufcJh+yD;aemufydkif;wGif EdkifiHjcm;ukr`%Drsm;. t&if;tESD;rsm;jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;od@k pkðyHtajccsvmcJhygonf? xdt k &if;tESD;rsm;ESifhtwl EdkifiH&yfjcm;rSvkyfom;rsm;vnf; trsm;tjym;0ifvmcJhygonf? {&m0wD jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'owGif qefpyg;pdkufysKd; r_rSm tcsdefwdt k wGif;rSmyif vsifjrefpGmzGH@òz;wd;k wufvmcJhygonf? Tod@k wd;k wufvmap&ef Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;rS ukr`%Drsm;u qefpyg;pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHjcif;/ qefpufrsm;wnfaxmifjcif;rsm; ðycJh=uyg onf? xdt k csdefwGif qefpyg;&dwford f;&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;/ qefpufrsm;wGif tvkyfvkyf&eftwGuf vnf;aumif; EdkifiH&yfjcm;rS tvkyform;rsm;vnf; trsm;tjym;0ifa&mufvmcJhygonf? cef@rSef;csufrsm;t& xdt k csdefu jrefrmEdkifiHwGif EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rSm/ 'kwd,urBmppfrwdkifrD (1941) ckESpfpm&if;t& aygifpwmvif oef;aygif; (155) &Sdrnf[k cef@rSef;&ygonf? +Adwdo#ydkif rmvm,k u|ef;qG,frSvGv J #if jrefrmEdkifiHonf tjcm;aom ta&S@awmiftm&S EdkifiHrsm;teuf EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ trsm;qHk;0ifvmcJhaom/ EdkifiHjcm;ESifh wdkuf&dkufukefoG,fr_trsm;qHk;aom EdkifiHwckjzpfcJhygonf? od@k aomfvnf; TEdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;. xl;jcm;aomvuQ%mwckrSm/ TEdkifiHjcm;ukr`%D}uD;rsm;. 0ifaiG/ ukwjf cpfxm; aom tjrwfaiGrsm;jzifh jyefvnf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHjcif;yif jzpfygonf? trsm;pkaom TpD;yGm;a&;ukr`%Drsm;onf vkyfief;i,frsm;rSpwifvmcJh=u aomfvnf;/ ESpfaygif; (100) ausmftwGif;wGif acwfrDukr`%D}uD;rsm;tjzpf zGH@òz; 137

vm=uygonf? xdak cwfumvu tjrwftpGef;jyef vnf&&Sdr_E_ef;rSm vGefpGmjrifhrm;+yD;/ &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_. (20) &mcdkifE_ef;/ od@k r[kwf xdkxufydkI&avh&Sd=uygonf? Todk@xifjrif,lqcsuf onf ESpfaygif;wpf&mausmw f dik f atmif jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ukefoG,fr_&Sif;wrf;aumif;rGefaejcif;ESifh &-oH;k aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;wGif ydkaiGtjzpfazmfjy aeaom tjrwftpGef;rsm;rS/ EdkifiHjcm;od@k v$aJ iGESifh rdcifEdkifiH&if;jyefydk@aiGpm&if; ponft h csuftvufrsm;u axmufcHae=uygonf? TtawG@tñuH.emusnf;zG,ftcsufrSm yxrtcef;YazmfjycJhouJo h dk@ jrefrmEdkifiHtae jzifh TpD;yGm;a&;jzpfpOfwGif aemufwiG fusefcJh&jcif;ESifh TzGH@òz;wdk;wufr_. toD;tyGifhrsm;udk rcHpm;&jcif; jzpf ygonf? Ttcsufa=umifh jrefrmrsm;taejzifh EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_tay: trkef;w&m;rsm; 0ifcJh&ygonf? aemufydkif;wGif EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_udq k ef@usifaomtjrifrsm;ESifh vGwv f yfa&;&+yD;aemufydkif;ESpfrsm;wGif ‚if;. tcef;u¾udk qef@usifr_rsm;jzpfvm&ygonf? 'kwd,urBmppft+yD; (1945) ckESpfwGif jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmaom +Adwdo#tpdk;&u taxmuftyHh ay;I pDrHudef;bkwftzGJ@65 rSwqifh t"duEdkifiHjcm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;}uD;rsm;udk jyefvnfwnfaqmufcJyh gonf? od@k aomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh (1948) ckESpfwGif vGwfvyfa&;&&SdvmcJh+yD;aemufwGif tkyfcsKyfaomygvDref tpdk;&u t"dupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;}uD;rsm;udk jynfolydkifodrf;ydkufcJhygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh u|ef;opfa&mif;0,f a&;aumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;/ o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;ukr`%Drsm;ESifh tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;t& tjrwftpGef;&&SdEdkifaom vkyfief;rsm;jzpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; tcsKd@aomukr`%Drsm;jzpfonfh tqifhjrifhpufr_enf;ynmvdt k yfaom/ zufpyfvkyfief;rsm;twGut f &if;tESD;topfrsm;xyfrHvdt k yfaeaom vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonfh a&eHukr`%Drsm;udrk l qufvufcGifðh yxm;cJhygonf? vGwv f yfa&;&+yD;aemufwufvmaom tpdk;&topftaejzifh EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD; jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;. tcef;u¾udk vHk;0qef@usifjcif;rðyyg? (1947) ckESpf wGif jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;. zcifjzpfaom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u EdkifiHjcm;ukefonf}uD;rsm;pka0;zGJ@xm;onfh jrefrmEdkifiH pD;yGm;a&;ukefonf}uD;rsm;toif; Y rdef@cGef;ajym=um;&mY EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;. tcef;u¾udv k nf; azmfjyajymqdkcJhygonf? (1955) ckESpf wGif tpdk;&u EdkifiHjcm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh jynfwiG f;&Sdvkyfief;&Sifrsm;udk owfrSwfxm;aom pufr_ ukef xkwv f kyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifvkyfudik f=u&ef zdwfac:cJhygonf? EdkifiH&yfjcm;rSvmaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;udk vnf; (10) ESpftwGif; jynfolydkifodrf;ydkufjcif;rðyyg[laom tmrcHcsufudv k nf; ay;tyfcJhygonf? xdk@tjyif tcGefuif;vGwcf Gifh/ EdkifiHjcm;od@k tjrwfrsm; jyefvnfv$J,lEdkif&ef EdkifiHjcm;aiGvJvS,fcGifhESifh t&if;tESD;aiGa=u; rsm; jyefvnfxkw, f loGm;EdkifcGifhpojzifh rufvH;k rsm;ay;tyfcJhygonf?

(1950) ckESpfrsm; ESpfqef;ydkif;rSpI EdkifiH&yfjcm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;/ pufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm;ESifh owWKwl; azmfa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif zufpyfvkyfief;rsm; pwifaqmif&GufvmcJhyg onf? Oyrmtm;jzifh ,leDvDAmukr`%DESifh zufpyfIqyfjympuf&Hk wnfaxmifcJh+yD;/ aemufydkif; qdk&S,fvpftpdk;& vufxuf (1964) ckESpfY jynfolydkifodrf;csdeftxd vkyfief;rsm;atmifjrifpGm vnfywfEdkifcJhygonf? xdk@tjyif *syefukr`%Drsm;/ +Adwdo#ukr`%Drsm;ESifhvnf; zufpyfvkyfief;rsm;xlaxmifEdkif&ef óu;yrf;r_rsm;&SdcJhygaomfvnf;/ xdt k csdefu aqG;aEG;nd‡Ed_if;aeqJ umvrSmyif &SdaecJhygonf? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_qdkif&mOya' udk (1959) ckESpfwGif a&;qGJ jyXmef;EdkifcJh+yD;/ EdkifiH&yfjcm;&Sd yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;}uD;rsm;udk EdkifiHzGH@òz;a&; vkyfief;rsm;wGif yl;wGyJ g0ifaqmif&GufEdkifa&;twGuf w&m;0ifzdwfac:Edkifatmif aqmif&GufcJhygonf?

EdkifiHzGH@òz;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. vufawG@tcuftcJrsm;/ txl;ojzifhjynfwiG f;&Sd pGrf;tm;rsm;udk xkwfE_wf oH;k pGJEdkifa&;twGuf v_H@aqmf &mwGif cufcJr_rsm;ESifhñuH&jcif;/ EdkifiHydkifpufr_vkyfief;}uD;rsm;wGif t&_H;ay:&jcif; wd@k a=umifh acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh yk*~vduvkyfief;rsm;.yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifr_ tcef;u¾udkjyefvnf oH;k oyf vm=u+yD;/ EdkifiHjcm;t&if;tESD;rsm;udk zdwfac:vm=uonfhyHk&ygonf? topftm%modrf;wufvmaom qdk&S,f vpftpdk;&u Todk@vufawG@ususpOf;pm;oH;k oyfI EdkifiHjcm;ukr`%Drsm;yl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif&Gufvmatmif zdwf ac:onfv h kyfief;pOfrsm;ud/k tm%modrf;&efta=umif;jycsuf qifajcwcktjzpfoHk;cJh=uygonf? zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH

65

Project Board System

138

Oya't& tkyfcsKyfaeaomtpdk;&taejzifh t&if;&Sifvrf;a=umif;vdu k fae+yD/ wdik f;jynfukd wnfaxmifcJh=uol/ zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qGJcJh=uol EdkifiHzcif}uD;rsm;.rl0g'rsm;ESifh uGv J GaJ e+yD[k azmfjycJh=uonf?

EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ vuf&Sdumvtajctae qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepfatmufwGif EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_Oya'rSm q,fpkESpf (3) ckeD;yg;wdik fatmif toufr0ifyJ&SdaecJhonf? (1988) ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif (e0w) ppftpdk;&u EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_Oya' topf w&yfudk jyefvnftwnfðyjyXmef;cJhonf? ‚if;rSm ,cifOya'a[mif;udk tajccHI jyefvnfrGrf;rHjznfhpGufxm; jcif;jzpfonf? xdktwGuaf =umifh +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;pHcsdefrSDonf? a'otwGif;&Sd tjcm;aomEdkifiHrsm;wGif usifh oH;k ae=uonfh EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_Oya'rsm;rSm rjynfhpHk/ &_yfaxG;r_rsm;&Sdaeonf[k oH;k oyf,lqae=uonfh EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;twGuf TEdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_Oya'rSm cdkifrmjynfhpHkaom Oya'wckjzpf+yD;/ qGJaqmifr_&SdcJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vuf&Sdusifo h Hk;aeaom Oya',EW,m;wckvHk;rSm ,cif+Adwdo#udv k dkeD tkyfcsKyfa&; ESpf (100) umvtwGif;zGH@òz;vmcJhaom Oya'pepfrsm;twdik f; trsm;pktm;jzifh rajymif;rvJ ºuif; usefaeqJ jzpfonf? pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mOya'rsm;jzpfaom ukefypPnf; a&mif;0,fa&;twGuf Oya'rsm;ESifh pmcsKyf pmwrf;qdkif&mudpP&yfrsm;/ ukr`%DtufOya'/ zufpyfvkyfief;qdkif&mOya'/ w&m;rr_ESifh &mZ0wfr_a=umif; qdkif&mOya'rsm;rSm +Adwdo#Oya'rsm;rS qifhyGm;,l qif;oufvm=ujcif;jzpfonf? TtwGufa=umifh EdkifiHjcm; ukr`%Drsm;tzdk@ jrefrmEdkifiHwGifvma&mufvkyfudkif&ef ydkIvG,fulp&m ta=umif;&Sdaeonf?

(1997) ckESpf azaz:0g&Dvtxdpm&if;rsm;t& jrefrmEdkifiH EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_aumfr&Sifu tpD&ifcH cJh&mwGif EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_pDrH udef;pkpkaygif; (224) ckudk vufcHtwnfðycJh+yD;/ wefzdk;tm;jzifh tar&duef a':vmoef;aygif; (6˜ 030) &Sdonf[k azmfjycJhonf? Tpm&if;rSm ,cifESpfu yrm%xufpmv#if tar&duef a':vmoef; (1000) ausmfr#wd;k wufvmonf? EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ 0ifa&mufvmaom t&if; tjrpfrsm;t&azmfjy&v#if +AdwdefEdkifiHonftrsm;qHk;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHaomEdkifiHjzpf+yD;/ wefzdk;tm;jzifhtar&duef a':vmoef;aygif; (1˜ 305) &Sdonf? puFmylEdkifiHuEdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_tar&duefa':vmoef;aygif; (1˜ 215)/ xdik f;EdkifiHu EdkifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ tar&duefa':vmoef;aygif; (1˜ 027)/ jyifopfEdkifiHu EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ tar&duefa':vmoef;aygif; (470² 4)/ tar&duefEdkifiHu EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ tar&duefa':vmoef;aygif; (582)/ rav;&Sm;EdkifiHu EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ tar&duefa':vmoef;aygif; (477² 4)/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHu EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_tar&duefa':vmoef;aygif; (208² 95) ESifh *syefEdkifiHu EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ tar&duef a':vmoef;aygif; (192)/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vma&muf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHcJh=uonf?

Tod@k vGwv f yfyGifhvif;aom Oya'a=umif;qdkif&m tajccH&Sdaomfvnf;/ jrefrmEdkifiHodk@0ifa&mufvm aom EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rSm aemufydkif; (5) ESpfwGif/ tjcm;aom wHcg;zGifhpD;yGm;a&;pepf usifo h Hk;vm =uaom EdkifiHrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfv#if jyefIusqif;vmcJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiHu EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_Oya'jyXmef; aomtcsdefESifh wòyifeufwnf;vdv k dkavmufwGif/ tpysKfd;vmcJhaom AD,uferfEdkifiH. EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ wHcg;zGifhay;aom rl0g'rsm;u ydkIatmifjrifr_&cJha=umifh avhvmawG@&Sd&onf? (1985) ckESpfrS (1990) ckESpf twGif; ESpfpOfysrf;r#EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_0ifa&mufvmaomE_ef;rSm jrefrmEdkifiHu tar&duefa':vm (28) oef; &SdcJh+yD;/ AD,uferfEdkifiHu ysrf;r# tar&duefa':vmoef; (30) pD &SdcJhonf? (1991) ckESpfrS pwifI AD,uferfEdkifiH od@k EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_trsm;tjym;0ifa&mufvmcJh+yD; ysrf;r#ESpfpOf tar&duefa':vmoef;aygif; (1000) cef@ &SdcJhonf? xdu k mvwGif jrefrmEdkifiHvufcH&&Sdaom EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_wefzdk;xuf (10) qru rsm;jym;aecJh onf? odk@aomfvnf; rsm;pGmaom EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;u ESpfEdkifiHvHk;wGif taumuftcGefESifh ywfouf aomqGJaqmifr_ rufvHk;rsm;twlwlay;cJhaomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiH. EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_Oya'u AD,uferfEdkifiH wGifcsrSwfxm;aomOya'xuf &Sif;vif;vG,fula=umif; todtrSwfðycJh=uonf? TtcsufujyonfrSm EdkifiH jcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_r0ifa&mufvmrD rdrdwd@k zufuqGJaqmifaom EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ rl0g'rsm;csjy&Hkr#avmufESifh 139

rvHak vmufa=umif;/ wdik f;jynfwGif;a&muf&Sdvmyguvnf; tjcm;aompDrHaqmif&Gufvkyfudik f&rnfh tajctae ywf0ef;usifvnf; wd;k wuf&efvdka=umif; jyocJhonf? (yHk? 6? 1) jrefrmEdkifiHESifh AD,uferfEdkifiHodk@ EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; 0ifa&mufvmr_ Figure 6.1. FDI flows into Burma and Vietnam

in million US$

2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1985- 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 90 Burm a Vietnam

rl&if;? World Investment Report 1997, U.N. xd@k tjyif jrefrmtpdk;&u xkwfjyefa=ujimcJhaom EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_yrm% tar&duefa':vm oef; (6˜ 000) &SdonfqdkonfrSmvnf; wpdwfwydkif;omrSefonfukd owdðy&ayrnf? TaiGa=u;yrm%onf twnfðyxm;aom yrm%r#om jzpf+yD;/ TumvtwGif; vufawG@0ifa&mufvmaom trSefwu,f yrm% rSm a=ujimxm;aomyrm%. (25² 2) &mcdkifE_ef;om &Sdygonf? EdkifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;udk t"duwkH@qGJ xm;&aomta=umif;rSm/ jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; vkyfief;rsm;aqmif&Gufrnfqdkygu tpdk;&.AsL&dkua&pD ,EW,m; rsm;ESifh xdawG@qufqH&efvdt k yfrnfjzpf+yD;/ &_yfaxG;rsm;jym;aom xdef;csKyfr_rsm;/ tjyeftvSefxyfrHxdef;csKyfr_ rsm;udk ñuHae=u&aoma=umifh jzpfygonf? Oya'rsm;rSm óuwifowday;r_r&SdyJ csufcsif;tajymif;tvJvkyf onfukv d nf; ñuH=u&ygonf? txl;ojzifh EdkifiHjcm;aiGa=u;xdef;csKyfr_rsm;/ oGif;ukefuef@owfwm;jrpfjcif;udpP rsm;/ ukefypPnf;rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;udk e,fajrajymif;a&$@&mY uef@owfcsufrsm;/ ukefoG,rf _qdkif&m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; pojzifhudk csufcsif;tajymif;tvJvkyfypfonfrsKd;ESifh ñuH&avh&Sdygonf? xd@k tjyif wckESifh wckt=um;wGif yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_r&Sd=uaom0ef}uD;XmetrsKd;rsKd;ESifh jzwfoef;qufqH&jcif;a=umifh ydkI aESmifhaES;=u&ygonf? vkyfief;twGuf aiGukefa=u;usydkI rsm;&ygonf? Ttcsufrsm;pGma=umifh ydkIvkyfief; twGufaiGukefa=u;usrsm;ap+yD;/ vmbfpm;r_rsm;udkvnf; ydkIñuH&EdkifzG,f&Sdygonf? (yHk? 6? 2) twnfðyxm;aom EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_yrm%ESifh trSefwu,f0ifa&mufvmr_yrm%

140

Figure 6.2. Actual and Approved Flow of FDI Approved

Actual

3500 3000

in million US$

2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1991- 1992- 1993- 1994- 1995- 1996- 199792 93 94 95 96 97 98

rl&if;? various issues, Selected Monthly Economic Data and Report of the Review of the Economic, Financial and Social Conditions

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abmiftjyifrSenf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh jyifyod@k wdkuf&dkufv$Jajymif;ay;ydk@Edkifygonf? od@k aomfvnf; EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESH olrsm;taejzifh Tenf;rsm;jzifhaqmif&Guf&rnfqdkonfrSm tvGeftEW&m,f}uD;ygonf? tvm;wlyif EdkifiHjcm;rS xkwv f kyfolrsm;taejzifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGifvmzGifhxm;aom ta&mif;qdkifrsm;rSmvnf;/ oGif;ukefta&twGuf uef@owfcsuf udw k mpepfatmufwiG f tcuftcJawG@&jyefygonf? tpdk;&taejzifh oGif;ukefwifoGif;olrsm;udk wifoGif;cGifhðyxm;aom ukefypPnf; trsKd;trnfrsm;teufrS t"duOD;pm;ay;wifoGif;&efypPnf; tr,fukd (80) &mcdkifE_ef;/ tjcm;rdrdwifoGif;vdkaom ukefypPnf;udk (20) &mcdkifE_ef;wifoGif;&rnf[k wif;wif;usyf=uyf uef@owfxm;ygonf? Todk@cufcJ'kuQa&mufapaomuef@owfcsufa=umifh ukefxkwfvkyfolrsm;rSm rdrdwd@k ESifh roufqdkifaomukefypPnf;rsm;udkyg/ rdrdwd@k xkw+f yD;om; ukef=urf;rsm;/ ukefacsmrsm; wifoGif;cGifh&&Sda&;twGuf yl;wGJwifoGif;ae=u&ygonf? jynfwiG f;oHk;aiGa=u;aps;usqif;vmonfESifhtr#/ a':vmESifhwifoGif;vmaom ypPnf;rsm;twGuf wifoGif;&mwGifukefusaom tzdk;tcrumrdatmifjzpfvm&ygonf? TtcuftcJrsm; a=umifh a'otwGif;&Sd&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;ESifh vkyfief;&Sifrsm;rSm/ Tod@k tcuftcJtrsKd;rsKd;=um;wGif pGef@pm; vkyfudik f&ef&nf&G,fI vmcJh=uaomfvnf;/ aemufqHk;jrefrmEdkifiHrS vkyfief;rsm;&kyfodrf;I jyefvnfxu G fcGg=u&yg onf? Ttcsufonf EdkifiHjcm;wdik f;jynfrsm;rS pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqdk@'%fcwfr_a=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHodk@ EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD; jr‡KyfESHolrsm;ra&mufvm[laom wifjycsufESifh rsm;pGmuGJvGaJ eygonf?

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qHk;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHxm;=ujcif;jzpf+yD;/ Tukr`%Drsm;. vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;udk a'ocHjynfwiG f;aps;uGuu f aomf vnf;aumif;/ aiGa=u;zvS,fr_E_ef;xm;ajymif;vJaoma=umifh awG@ñuH=u&rnfhtEW&m,frsm;rSaomfvnf; aumif; uef@owfxdef;csKyfxm;jcif;rS vGwu f if;aeEdkifrnf jzpfygonf? olwkd@taejzifh xGuu f kefa&eH/ obm0 "gwfaiG@rsm;udk EdkifiHwumaps;uGufwiG f aiGrmjzifha&mif;0,f=u rnfomjzpfonf? [dkw,fESifh c&D;oGm;vma&; vkyfief;rSmvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif 'kwd,trsm;qHk; EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_jzpfaeonfrSm tvm;wlta=umif; a=umifhyif jzpfygonf? [dkw,fvkyfief;rsm;rS&&SdaomaiGa=u;rsm;onf EdkifiHjcm;aiGa=u;jzifhjyefvnf&&Sdrnf jzpfyg onf? Todk@aom wdik f;jynfrSt&if;tjrpfrsm;xkw, f loGm;rnfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;trsm;pkrSm yifv,fjyifya& jyifwGifvnf;aumif;/ a0;vHaomt&yfrsm;wGifaomfvnf;aumif;&Sd=uygonf? xdktwGuaf =umifh TEdkifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;rS jzpfvmrnfh vlwOD;csif;pD. vlr_zlvHak &;vkyfief;rsm;tay: tusKd;oufa&mufr_rSm rqdk pavmufyifjzpfygonf? xdk@ tjyif TEdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;rSaeI tpdk;&.tdwftwGif;odk@ EdkifiHjcm;aiGrm rsm;udk &&Sdaprnfjzpfonf? yHk (6? 2) EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;. u¾tvdu k f&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHxm;r_jyyHk

Real Estate 9% Hotel & Tourism 20%

Oil & Gas 42%

Mining 10%

Transport 4% Fisheries Manufacturing 9% 6%

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66 67

Gross Capital Formation Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

143

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Herd mentality of the market Export-led Economic Development

144

I wk@H jyefðyrlaqmif&Gufavh&Sd=uygonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh pD;yGm;a&;yGifhvif;vmapa&;twGuf ðyjyifajymif;vJ r_rsm; ydkIvkyfaqmifygu EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;wdik f;jynftwGif;odk@ydkI 0ifa&mufvmatmif qGJaqmifEdkifapygvdrfhrnf? EdkifiH.vlOD;a&/ o,HZmw pGrf;tm;rsm; aygºu,f0r_/ yx0Dtaetxm; ponfwkd@ rSm jrefrmEdkifiHtwGufqGJaqmif tm;aumif;aom tcsufrsm;jzpfaeygonf? tpdk;&taejzifh EdkifiHa&; wnf+idrfr_ &atmif aqmif&Gufay;jcif;/ wifóuwGufqEdkifaom rl0g'rsm;udk jyXmef;xm;ay;jcif;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; twGuf ‘upm;yGJpnf;rsOf;rsm;’70udk aocsm&Sdapjcif;/ AsL&dkua&pDóu;eDpepfrsm;udk z,f&Sm;xm;ay;jcif; wd@k jzifh/ EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;.,H=k unfr_jyefaumif;vmatmif aqmif&Guf&efvdkygonf?

2? wdkif;jynf. trsKd;om;ruU&dkpD;yGm;a&;rl0g'wpHkvH;k onf xdkEdkifiHtwGif;od@k EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf&if;ESD; jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;0ifvmapa&;twGuf rsm;pGm tusKd;oufa&mufr_&Sdapygonf? xdk@tjyif wdik f;jynfpD;yGm;a&;wnf+idrf atmif/ ydkIyGifhvif;vmatmif qufvufvkyfaqmifaom vkyfief;rsm;/ Oyrmtm;jzifh aiGa=u;azmifyGr_E_ef;xm; udk óuwifwGuq f xm;Edkifjcif;/ wdik f;jynfwGif;oHk;pGJaomaiGa=u;udk wnf+idrfatmif aqmif&Gufxm;Edkifjcif;/ ponfwdk@aqmif&Guf&ef vdt k yfygonf? ukefoG,fa&;vGwv f yfyGifhvif;ap&eftwGuf aqmif&Gufaom vkyfief; rsm;onfvnf; wdik f;jynftwGif;oGif;ukefrsm;vG,v f G,fuu l loGif;vmapEdkifjcif;/ jynfwGif;rS xGuu f kefrsm; tvG,w f ul wifydk@Edkifjcif;twGuf/ EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;jzifhaqmif&Gufaeaomvkyfief;rsm; ydkI xda&muftusKd;&Sdapatmifaqmif&Gufay;yg onf? xdk@tjyif tpdk;&taejzifh aps;uGuu f dkyHkpHysuf,Gif;apaom cGJjcm;uef@owfqufqHaer_rsm; (Oyrm- EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; tay:udo k m cGJjcm;uef@owfxm;csufrsm;) udk yxrOD;qHk;y,fzsufoifhygonf? 'kwd,tm;jzifh rufvkH; tcGifhta&;ay;r_rsm; aqmif&Gufay;jcif;/ TtcGifh ta&;rsm;jyefvnf&kwfodrf;jcif;/ vkyfief;rsm;od@k tpdk;&axmufyHhaiGrsm;ay;I yHhydk;jcif;paomudpPrsm;rSm jyify EdkifiHjcm;rS vma&mufòyifqdkifrnfh EdkifiHwumukr`%Drsm;udk cGJjcm;uef@owfqufqH&ma&mufapaoma=umifh TvkyfxH;k vkyfenf;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;oifhygonf? xdk@tjyif tpdk;&taejzifh EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;ydkI 0ifvmap&ef yGifhvif;aomrl0g'rsm;csrSwf jcif;/ EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;.ydkifqdkifcGifhudk ydkI owfrSwfay;jcif; tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;u aqmif&Gufaeaom vkyfief;rsm;tay: uef@owfcsKyfcs,f xm;r_rsm;udk y,fzsufay;jcif; (Oyrmtm;jzifh- EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm; cef@tyfwm0efay;jcif;/ a'ocHjynfolrsm;udk OD;pm;ay;cef@tyf&rnf[k uef@owfxm;jcif;/ EdkifiHawmfydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh zufpyfvkyfudik faqmif&Guf& rnf[k awmif;qdkjcif; pojzifh) tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ y,fzsuf&ef vdt k yfygonf? tjrwftpGef;rsm;udk jyef vnfxkw, f l&efudpPrsm;Yvnf;aumif;/ jynfyodk@t&if;tESD;rsm; jyefvnfxkwf,l&efudpPYvnf;aumif; wjznf;jznf;csif;jyefvnf av#mhay;aomrl0g'rsm; csrSwf oifhygonf? xdk@tjyif xdkEdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; ae&mwGif wdik f;&if;om;rsm;rS tpm;xdk;Ijyefvnf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHvmap&efvnf; wdu k fwGef;tm;ay;aom pDrHcsuf rsm; pepfwusaqmif&Gufoifhygonf? xdk@tjyif tpdk;&taejzifh t"duusaom tajccH taqmuftODrsm; jzpfonfh vrf;/ qdyfurf;/ avqdyf/ v#yfppf/ w,fvDzkef;qufoG,fa&;ponfwdk@udkvnf; jyefvnfjr‡ifhwif wnf aqmuf&efvdkygonf? Todk@aqmif&Gufjcif;tm;jzifh EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udkydkI qGJaqmifapEdkifrnf jzpfyg onf?

3? ta&S@tm&SEdkifiHrsm;rS tawG@tñuHudak vhvmjcif;tm;jzifh/ rdrdwdk@EdkifiH. aiGa=u;qdkif&m taqmuftODrsm;udk jyifqifjcif;/ vlxktrsm;ESifh oufqdkifaomukr`%Drsm;udk vGwfvyfyGifhvif;aom EdkifiHwumaps;uGut f =um;Y yGJwdk;òyifqdkifEdkifap&ef jyifqifjcif;rsm; aqmif&Gufoifhygonf? xdk@tjyif tajc taewckckjzpfvmrnfqdkygu tvdv k dók uwifowday;Edkifaom pepfrsKd;udv k nf; jyifqif&ef vdt k yfygonf? EdkifiH wumaiGa=u;aps;uGuu f dk udik fwG,af qmif&Gufrnfo h lrsm;/ trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;udk udik fwG,faqmif&Gufrnfhol rsm;/ Tolrsm;udk xdef;csKyf}uD;=uyfrnfo h lrsm;udk óuwifIavhusifhxm;ay;oifhygonf?

4? EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;aps;uGufod@k wHcg;zGifhay;jcif;onf wajz;ajz;csif;oGm;oifhygonf? rdrd. tqifhoifhjzpfEdkifaomtajctae/ vHak vmufaomjyifqifr_/ rddrd. pepftwGif; u|rf;usifaqmif&GufEdkifr_ 70

Rules of the game

145

t&nftcsif;wd@k ESifh wdik f;wm+yD;zGifhoifhygonf? aiGa=u;aps;uGuf wHcg;pwifzGifhpOfumvwGif t&G,ftpm;/ tiftm;yrm%/ a'owGif;aps;uGu. f wnf+idrfr_tajctaetay:vdu k fI/ wdik f;jynftwGif;&Sd &efyHkaiG/ aiGa=u; rsm;csufcsif;a&$@ajymif;oGm;rnfhta&;rS xdef;csKyfxm;rnfhvdt k yfaom wpHkw&mxdef;csKyfr_rsm; xm;&Sdoifhyg onf? txl;ojzifh jynfyEdkifiHrsm;rSacs;,lrnfh a&wdak cs;aiGrsm;udv k nf; xdef;csKyfxm;oifh+yD;/ xdak &wdak cs;aiG rsm;a=umifh jzpfvmrnfhpGef@pm;&r_/ tEW&m,fudv k nf; óuIodomjrifomatmif aqmif&Gufoifhygonf? tvdv k dx k def;csKyfa&;pepfrsm;vnf; xm;&Sd&efvdktyfygonf? (Oyrmtm;jzifh TpepftwGif; yg0ifaqmif&Gufrnfh olrsm;taejzifh acs;,lrnfhEdkifiHjcm;aiGa=u;yrm%tcsKd;tpm;onfo. l pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;ESifhudu k fnDr_&Sdr&Sd pojzifhuef@owfxm;aom pnf;rsOf;rsm;jzifh xdef;csKyfr_wpHkw&mxm;&Sd&ef vdt k yfygrnf?) txdef;tcsKyfrJ@ e,fpyfjzwfausmfIacs;iSm;jcif;/ acs;,ljcif;rsm;udk EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;qdkif&mtzGJ@tpnf;}uD;rsm;jzpfaom EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;&efyHkaiGtzGJ@ (tdkiftrftufzf) ponfwdk@rSwqifh xdef;csKyfr_rsm;csrSwfxm;oifhygonf?

Ttcsufonf EdkifiHwum&SdaiGa=u;aps;uGufwiG f; v_yf&Sm;ae=uolrsm;taejzifh ypfy,fxm;=uaom tcsuf jzpfygonf? TtwGuaf =umifhvnf; r=umao;rDESpfrsm;u tm&SaiGa=u;tusyftwnf;jzpfay:vmcJh&jcif; jzpfygonf?

5? jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh tjcm;ta&;w}uD;aqmif&Gufajz&Sif;&efudpPwckrSm wdik f;jynftwGif; vma&mufvkyfudkif=uaom EdkifiHwumaumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;t=um;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;zufpyfvkyfief;rsm;t=um; xda&mufaomòyifqdkifr_jzpfap&ef tm;ay;jcif;yifjzpfonf? wdkif;jynftwGif;xdef;csKyfr_rsm;z,f&Sm;ay;jcif;ESifh tuef@towfrsm;udkz,f&Sm;ay;jcif;onf wdkif;jynftwGif;&Sdaps;uGuo f dk@ EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; 0ifvmap &efzdwfac:&Hkr#om &nf&G,fonf? Tod@k EdkifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; 0ifa&mufvm+yD;aemufydkif;umvwGif EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;t=um; òyifqdkifEdkifapa&;/ a'ocHpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifhyg òyifqdkifr_&Sdapa&;udv k nf; wd;k wuftm;ay;&ef vdt k yfonf? EdkifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHol ukr`%Drsm;ESifh a'ocHpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; ukr`%Drsm; t=um; aps;uGufòyifqdkifr_udu k ef@owfxm;aom/ wbufapmif;eif;tusKd;tjrwfjzpfaeapaom tcsKd@aom Oya'rsm;/ vkyfxH;k rsm;udk aocsmpDppfI z,f&Sm;apoifhonf? wEdkifiHvH;k qdkif&m trsKd;om;òyifqdkifr_udk tm;ay; aom rl0g'atmufwGif TvkyfxH;k vkyfenf;rsm;udk tm;ay;aom t&if;tjrpfrsm;udv k nf; aocsmpDpOf aqmif&Gufapoihfonf? Oya'a=umif;qdkif&mudpP&yfrsm;jzifh aocsmtm;jznfhay;oifhonf? tcsif;csif; òyifqdkif aeomukr`%Drsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;=um;wGif ydkItiftm;aumif;aom/ vuf0g;}uD;tkyfEdkifaom tae txm;&&eftwGuf ukr`%Dtcsif;csif;yl;aygif;jcif;/ tjcm;ukr`%D.ydkifcGifhrsm;udk 0,f,jl cif;paomudpP&yfrsm; aqmif&Gufavh&Sd=uygonf? t&if;tjrpfrsm;uef@owf&ef/ 0,f,lodak vSmifpkaqmif;r_udk uef@owf&ef &nf&G,f aqmif&Gufaom tydkjznfo h abmwlnDcsufrsm;/ aemufxyfvdu k fonfh oabmwlnDcsufrsm; vkyf=uonf vnf;&Sdygonf? tkyfpkwpkwzGJ@tm;oD;oef@ w&m;0iftcGifhta&; (z&efcsKduftcGifhta&;) csay;&eftwGuf oD;oef@uef@owfcsufðyaomudpPrsm; aqmif&Gufavh&Sd=uovdk/ tjrwftpGef;ydkrdk&,lvdkaom avmbpdwfjzifh rw&m;aomenf;tm; jzifhòyifqdkifr_rsm;/ ypPnf;v$aJ jymif;vufcHr_rsm;wGif tjrJrSDcdkae&avatmif aqmif&Guf xm;onfrsm; ponfrsm;aqmif&Gufavh&Sd=uygonf? txufazmfjyyg vkyf&yfrsm;onf aps;uGut f wGif; vGwv f yfpGmòyifqdkifEdkifpGrf;&nfudk usqif;,kwaf vsmhapygonf? Tod@k aom udpP&yfrsm;udk wckcsif; udpPtvdkuf aocsmpDppfI qHk;jzwfcsuf&v'fudk tcsdefwdt k wGif;/ ta&;,lEdkif aomtm%mtjynft h 0jzifh qHk;jzwfcsuf csay;&efvnf; vdktyfonf? TuJo h d@k aom pD;yGm;a&;udpP&yfrsm;onf El;nHhodrfarG@pGmudkifwG,f aqmif&Guf&ef vdt k yf+yD;/ EdkifiHwumtrsm;pku vufcHxm;aompmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;/ vkyfxHk;rsm;ESifhtnDjzpfap&eftwGuf vdt k yfaom òyifqdkifr_jr‡ifhwifa&; taxGaxGpHowfrSwfcsufrsm;&Sdap&eftwGuf tjcm;aom EdkifiH&yfjcm;tpdk;& rsm;ESifhvnf; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufajz&Sif;&ef vdt k yfygvdrfhrnf? xdk@tjyif pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m yÉdyuQrsm;/ rnDr# aomukefoG,fr_vkyfxH;k vkyfenf;rsm;tay: ajz&Sif;a&;twGuf tjcm;aomEdkifiH&yfjcm;tpdk;&rsm;ESifhvnf; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufajz&Sif;&ef vdktyfrnf jzpfygonf?

146

tcef; (7) trsKd;om;ruU&dkpD;yGm;a&;wnf_idrfapa&;twGuf b他ma&;ESifh aiGa-u;qdkif&m rl0g'rsm;

147

tcef; (7) trsKd;om;ruU&dkpD;yGm;a&;wnf_idrfapa&;twGuf b¾ma&;ESifh aiGa-u;qdkif&m rl0g'rsm; jrefrmEdkifiH. vuf&SdruU&dkpD;yGm;a&;tajctae wEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;tajctaeudw k dik f;wmaom rnfokd@aomruU&dkpD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m pHowfrSwf csufrsm;ESifh=unf=h unfh/ vuf&SdjrefrmEdkifiH.pD;yGm;a&;tajctaerSm 0rf;enf;zG,f&mus&_H;r_udk jyoaeonf? b¾ma&;vdak iGjyr_udk/ ydkufqHrsm;xyfrH&dkufxkwI f ajz&Sif; aomenf;oufoufjzifh aqmif&Gufae&+yD;/ (1995) ckESpfwGif xkwfa0aom urBmhb%ftpD&ifcHpmt& (1993) ckESpfwdik f;jynf.pkpk aygif;xkwu f kefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD) .

(6² 3) &mcdkifE_ef;yrm%r#yif &Sdvdrfhrnf[kazmfjycJhonf? wdik f;jynftwGif;vSnhv f nfoHk;pGJaeaom aiGa=u; yrm%rSm (1988) ckESpfwGif usyfoef; (16˜ 000) &Sd&mrS (1995) ckESpfwGif usyfoef; (1˜ 108˜ 000) od@k tq (70) eD;yg;r# wdk;wufvmcJhonf? vlrsm;.trSefwu,fvlaer_ukefusp&dwfudk azmfjy&eftwGuf ud, k fpm;rðy 71 Edkifaom/ pm;oHk;olaps;E_ef;!$ef;udef; rSmvnf; (5) qausmw f ufvmcJhonf? vufawG@vlaer_ukefusp&dwf rsm;wGifrl TtajctaexufydkIqdk;&Gm;onf? vuf&SdowfrSwfxm;aom w&m;0ifaiGvJvS,fE_ef;jzpfonfh tar&duefwa':vmv#if (6) usyfqdkonfrSmvnf; rwefwqaps;jzpfonf? TaiGvJvS,fE_ef;rSm wyfrawmf twGif;&SdaeaomtcGifhxl;cHt&m&Sdacgif;aqmiftcsKd@ESifh olwdk@.tquftoG,rf sm;twGuo f m rsm;pGmaom tcGifhta&;rsm;udk jzpfaponf? xdo k lrsm;u wdik f;jynfjyifyu tpdk;&w&m;0ifaiGvJvS,fE_ef;jzifh wifoGif;vm =uaom "gwfqD/ avmifpmqD ponfrsm;udk aps;uGufaygufaps;twdik f;jyefa&mif;um tjrwfrsm;pGm&&Sdae=u onf?

Tod@k qufvufxdef;odrf;&efrjzpfEdkifawmhaom ,dk,Gif;aeaomtajctaetwGuaf jz&Sif;&ef enf; vrf;rsm;udk rpOf;pm;rD/ rdrdwdk@taejzifh jrefrmEdkifiH.b¾ma&;ESifh aiGa=u;qdkif&mordkif;aemufcHtusOf;udók u wifavhvmoifhayonf?

jrefrmEdkifiH.b¾ma&;ESifh aiGa=u;qdkif&mtajctae ordkif;aemufcHtusOf; ,cifuazmfjyxm;cJhovdk udkvdkeDacwfjrefrmEdkifiHwGif aiGa=u;pepfonf tdENd,EdkifiH&Sd&lyD;aiGESifh csdwf qufxm;cJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vGwv f yfpGmqHk;jzwfvkyfudkifcGifh&Sdonfh aiGa=u;rl0g'qdkif&m tm%mydkiftzGJ@ tpnf;r&Sdonft h wGufa=umifh aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_qdkonfrSm jy\emwck r[kwfcJhyg? xdk@tjyif (1852) ckESpf atmufjrefrmEdkifiHudk+Adwdo#wkd@ usL;ausmo f drf;ydkufcJhonft h csdefrSpI (1941) ckESpf *syefusL;ausmford f;ydkufr_ umvtxd/ jrefrmEdkifiH.pD;yGm;a&;onf urBmhpD;yGm;a&;pepfESifhcsdwfqufxm;aoma=umifh 0,fvkdtm;tajccH aomvdak iGjyr_a=umifh jzpfvmonfh aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_rsKd;vHk;0 rjzpfay:cJhzl;yg? pD;yGm;ysufuyf}uD;umvwGif EdkifiH jyify&Sdazmufonf EdkifiHrsm;xHrS 0,fvkt d m;usqif;oGm;cJhaoma=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGifvnf;pD;yGm;ysufuyf}uD; ESifh ñuHcJh&onf? odk@aomfvnf; TpD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;rSm wdik f;jynftwGif; ukefusok;H pGJr_rsm;vmaom tajctaeudk jyefjznfq h nf;Edkif&efóu;yrf;&if;rS jzpfvmaom twGif;rSjzpfonfh pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;rsKd; r[kwfay? *syefacwf ppftkyfcsKyfa&;umvwGif aiGa=u;tqrwefazmif;yGcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; +Adwdo# aemufydkif; jyef0ifvm+yD;aomtcg Ttajctaevnf; jyefvnfaysmufoGm;cJhonf?

71

Consumer Price Index

148

vGwv f yfa&;&+yD;aemufydkif; ygvDreftpdk;&vufxufwiG f jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfb%fudk wnf axmifcJh+yD;/ aiGa=u;qdkif&mrl0g'rsm;udkqHk;jzwf&ef tm%mtyfESif;xm;cJhonf? TtajctaewGif aiGa=u; azmif;yGr_udk aumif;pGmxdef;csKyfxm;EdkifcJh+yD;/ urBmhaps;uGufwGifvnf; qefaps;E_ef;aumif;&aecJhonf? jynfyrS wifoGif;vmaomvlok;H ukefypPnf;rsm;udkvnf; ‘vGwfvyfaomtaxGaxGvkid fpifpepf’ 72 atmufwGif vGwf vGwv f yfvyfa&mif;0,fazmufum;cGifh ðyxm;cJhonf? xdt k csdefuud&k D;,m;ppfa=umifh jrefrmhqefta&mif;oGuf aecsdef/ pD;yGm;aumif;aecsdefjzpfonf? aemufydkif;wGif urBmhqefaps;usqif;I vloH;k ukefypPnf;rsm;wifoGif;r_udk uef@owfcJhaomtcg ukefypPnf;aps;E_ef;rsm;wufvmcJhonf? b¾ma&;vdkaiGjyr_rsm;&SdcJhaomfvnf;/ xdef;Edkif odrf;Edkifaom tajctaewGifom&SdcJhonf? udv k dek Dtpdk;&vufatmufwGif ajrcGefESifhxkwu f kefoGif;ukefrsm;ay:rS&&Sdaom taumufcGefaiGrsm;rSm tpdk;&.t"du0ifaiGjzpfcJhonf? ,cif (1937) ckESpfrwdik frDu jrefrmEdkifiHonf tdENd,EdkifiH. jynfe,fwck tjzpfaecJh&aomfvnf;/ aemufydkif;wGifoD;jcm;udv k dkeDjzpfvmonf? xdu k dkvdkeDjrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&onf wdik f;jynf b¾ma&;toH;k p&dwfwGifydkaiGjyojzifh/ xdak iGrsm;udk e,l;a'vD&Sd A[dktm%mydkifrsm;xH v$aJ y;&onf? jrefrm EdkifiHonf udv k dkeDacwfwGif +Adwdo#tdENd,EdkifiH. a&$O tkaomief;ozG,fjzpfcJhonf? tjcm;+Adwdo#tdENd,jynf e,frsm;ESifhEd_if;pmv#if jrefrmEdkifiH&Sdobm0o,HZmwrSm vlOD;a&xufrsm;+yD; aygºu,f0aeonf? xdt k wGuf a=umifh tjcm;qif;&Jaom tdENd,jynfe,frsm;udkaxmufyHhay;Edkif&eftwGuf jrefrmEdkifiHrSydkaiGrsm;ud/k tdENd, jynf XmecsKyfu/ ydkIn‡pfxkwfcJ=h uonf? jrefrmEdkifiHudk tdENd,jynfrrS cGJxkwfvdu k faomtcg bwf*sufrSydkaiG rsm;udk/ tdENd,jynfodk@ jrefrmjynfrSay;&ef&Sdaom taºu;rsm;udk qufvufay;acsap&ef toH;k ðycJh=uonf? udv k dek Dacwfumvwav#mufvHk;wGif wdik f;jynf.pD;yGm;a&;pepfrSm usrf;&dk;vpfZDzJ,m;yHkpH (vGwfvyf pGmaps;uGufudv k $wfay;xm;aompepf) twdik f;oGm;aecJhonf? aps;uGut f wGif; tpdk;&u0ifaqmif&Gufrnfh tcef;u¾udkvnf; wwfEdkifor#tenf;i,fom&SdapcJhonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_&&Sdap&ef aqmif &Gufay;jcif;/ w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfudk xlaxmifxdef;odrf;xm;ay;jcif;ESifh tdrfwGif;vkyfief;rsm;ozG,fjzpfaom tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;zGH@òz;wdk;wufapa&;ESifh xdef;odrf;a&;vkyfief;rsKd;rSom wm0ef,lcJo h nf? EdkifiHtaejzifh pdkufysKd;a&;u¾xkwfvkyfr_ESifh EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_wGif tajccHI pD;yGm;aumif;aeonfESifhtr# tpdk;&.0ifaiGESifh oH;k pGJaiGxdef;nda‡ &;rSm jy\emw&yf r[kwfcJhyg? tjrJwapydkaiGjyaecJhonf? udv k dek Dacwfumv. tpdk;&&-oH;k aiGpm&if; bwf*sufudak vhvm=unfyh gu Todk@xl;jcm;aom tajc taeudk worwfvHk;vdkvdak wG@&SdEdkifonf? (1940-41) ckESpf udv k dkeDjrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&. &-oHk;aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf; bwf*sufudk=unfhygu t"dutm;jzifhw&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; udpPrsm;twGuf tpdk;&oHk;pGJaiGudk trsm;qHk;oH;k pGJcJh a=umif;awG@&Sd&onf? (tpdk;&bwf*sufpkpkaygif;. 44 &mcdkifE_ef;ausm&f Sdonf?) usef;rma&;twGuf (2) &mcdkif E_ef;ESifh ynma&;twGufukdrl (6) &mcdkifE_ef;om oH;k pGJcJhonf? tef'&yfpf (Andrus) . (1984) avhvmcsuf wGif tjcm;tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHwckjzpfaomxdkif;EdkifiH.b¾maiGa=u;oH;k pGJyHkudk jrefrmEdkifiHESifh Ed_if;,SOfazmfjycJhonf?

(1938-39) ckESpfwGif vlOD;a&t& xdik f;ESifh jrefrmruGmjcm;vSaomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;toH;k p&dwf xufydkI xdik f;EdkifiHu (88) &mcdkifE_ef;ydkI oH;k pGJcJhonf? tjcm;wbufwGif Todk@aomudkvdek Dacwf tpdk;&0ifaiGrsm; trsm;qHk;&&Sdaomae&mrSm ajrcGefrsm;ESifh xkwu f kefoGif;ukefqdkif&m taumufcGefrsm;rS &&Sdjcif;jzpfonf? ajrcGefrsm;rS &&SdaiGrSm pkpkaygif;tpdk;&0ifaiG. (27) &mcdkifE_ef;&Sd+yD;/ 0ifaiGtay:rStcGefaiG aumufcH &&Sdr_rSm (11) &mcdkifE_ef;om&SdcJhonf? wdusaompm&if; Z,m;rSwfwrf;rsm; rSwfwrf;rwifEdkifaoma=umifh xdt k csdefujynfwiG f;ukr`%D/ vkyfief;tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm enf;vrf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh tcGefa&Smif=uonf? +Adwdo#ukr`%Drsm;ESifh tdENd,ukr`%Drsm;rSm olwkd@.XmecsKyf&Sd&m rl&if;EdkifiHrsm;wGif tcGefudjk yefvnfay;aqmif=u&onf? xdktwGufa=umifh pD;yGm;a&;avmutay:Y tcGef0ef xkyf0efydk;zdpD;r_enf;onf? odk@aomfvnf; ðcHIqdk&v#if v,f,mvkyfief;rsm;tay:Y tcGef0efxkyf0efydk; ydkIzdpD;cJh

72

Open General License (OGL)

149

onf? a&S;,cifumvurl v,f,mvkyfief;rS ydkv#Hr_rsm;udk a&$eef;awmfodk@ydk@um bk&ifESifh tm%mydkifrsm;xH ay;ydk@&jcif;rsKd;om&SdcJh&mrS udv k dkeDacwfwiG f ydkItcGefaumufcHvm&onf? vGwv f yfa&;&+yD;umvwGif t}uD;tus,q f Hk;aomajymif;vJr_rSm wdik f;jynf.b¾ma&;pepftajccH udak jymif;vJowfrSwfcJjh cif;jzpfonf? 'kwd,urBmppft+yD;umvwGif EdkifiHawmfpdkufysKd;a&;xGuu f kefrsm; ul;oef; a&mif;0,fa&;bkwftzGJ@ 73 u t"du0ifaiG&Smay;EdkifaomXmejzpfaoma=umifh wdik f;jynf. b¾ma&;pepf tajccHtjzpf jzpfvmonfukad wG@=u&onf? tpdk;&.t"du0ifaiGrSm urBmhaps;uGufwGif aps;aumif;&aeaom aygufaps;ESifh pyg;ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;bkwftzGJ@rS wdik f;jynftwGif; owfrSwfxm;aomaps;E_ef;jzifh v,f orm;rsm;udk aps;ESdrf0,f,laoma=umifh &&SdvmaomaiGuGm[csuftjrwfu tpdk;&.tajccH0ifaiGjzpfvmcJh onf? Tpepfjzifh wdik f;jynftwGif; &-oH;k aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf; b¾ma&;bwf*sufukd wnf+idrfatmif xdef;odrf; xm;cJhyHk&onf? Ttajctaeonf pD;yGm;a&;ynmtjrifjzifhazmfjy&v#if ‘tedrfhqHk;r#ajc&aeaom tae txm;’ 74 jzpf+yD;/ v,form;rsm;rSm pyg;pdkufysKd;&efrufvH;k r&Sdawmhaom tajctaea=umifh aemufqHk; EdkifiH jcm;aps;uGufokd@wifydk@r_vnf;usqif;vmcJh&onf? tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh wdik f;jynftwGif;wifoGif;vmaom vlok;H ukefypPnf;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;aiGa=u;vnf;usqif;vmcJh&onf? xd@k tjyif ygvDreftpdk;&taejzifh tjcm;aom trsKd;om;ruU&dkpD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mjy\emrsm;jzifhvnf; ñuHcJh&onf? vGwv f yfa&;&+yD;wufvmaom tpdk;&opftaejzifh v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;u¾ acwfrDapa&; twGu/f wdik f;jynf. vlr_a&;/ ynma&;tqifhtwef;jrifhrm;ap a&;twGuf &nfrSef;csuf}uD;}uD;jzifh zGH@òz;a&; pDrHudef;rsm;csrSwfvkyfaqmifcJhonf? ppf+yD;umv ppfa=umifhysufpD;oGm;&aomwdkif;jynf. jyefvnfxlaxmif a&;vkyfief;udk aqmif&GufIr+yD;ao;aomumvrSmyif/ v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;u¾rS xGufukefoD;ESHrsm;rSmvnf; ppfóuacwfumvtajctaetxdjyefvnfxkwfvkyfEdkifao;jcif; r&Sdao;ay? ppfóuacwfumvwav#mufvHk; wGif ukefoG,fr_rS wav#mufvH;k ydkaiGjyaecJhaomfvnf;/ xkwu f kefrS&&SdaomEdkifiHjcm;0ifaiGxuf ydkIwifoGif;vdk aom0,fvkt d m;a=umifh ñuHawG@&aom EdkifiHjcm;aiGa=u;jy\emudk xdkumvwav#mufvH;k wGif ñuHawG@aecJh& Figure 7.1. Budget Surplus/Deficit (% of GDP) 8.00% 6.00% 4.00% 2.00% 1994-95

1989-90

1984-85

1979-80

1974-75

1969-70

1964-65

1959-60

-4.00%

1954-55

-2.00%

1949-50

0.00%

-6.00% -8.00% -10.00%

yHk (7? 1) b¾ma&; vdak iG/ ydkaiGjyr_tajctae (*sD'DyD &mcdkifE_ef;tm;jzifh) rl&if;? various issues, Statistical Yearbook. Union of Burma.

73 74

State Agricultural Marketing Board (SAMB) Low-level equilibrium

150

onf? tpdk;&u xdjk y\emudak jz&Sif;Edkif&ef enf;vrf; (2) ckudk wvSnfq h D toH;k ðyavh&Sdonf? EdkifiHjcm;aiG vuf0,f&SdaeaomumvwGif tpdk;&uoGif;ukefvdik fpifrsm; (Open General License) udk vGwfvGwv f yfvyf xkwaf y;jcif;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;aiGa=u;avsmeh nf;oGm;aomumvwGif/ oGif;ukefvdkifpifrsm;rSwqifh oGif;ukefrsm;. tcsKd;tpm;udk uef@owfjcif;enf; (2) rsKd;jzpfonf? udk&D;,m;ppfyGJumvwGif pD;yGm;a&;wufaecJhaomfvnf;/ (1950) aemufydkif;umv rsm;wGif ppf+yD;I qefaps;E_ef;a&m/ 0,fvkt d m;ygusqif;oGm;aomtajctaewGif tpdk;&uqefpyg;ESifh oGif;ukefypPnf;rsm;ukefcsif; zvS,af om bmwmpepfudt k oH;k ðycJhonf? Tenf;vrf;rSm vnf;ratmifjrifvSay? ta=umif;rSm ukefcsif;zvS,fEdkifaomxkwu f kef trsKd;tpm;ESifh yrm%rSm tuef@ towf&Sd+yD;/ vkyfief;aqmif&Gufr_tqifhwGifvnf; jy\emrsm;+yD; &_yfaxG;cufcJvSonf? xd@k tjyif tpdk;&taejzifh EdkifiH&yfjcm;rSaxmufyHhaiGrsm;jzifh zGH@òz;a&;tpDtpOfrsm;udk aiGa=u;rsm; axmufyHhay;cJhao;onf? tar&duefEdkifiHrS ydkv#HaeaompdkufysKd;a&;xGuu f kefrsm;udk jynfwiG f;oH;k aiGjzifh 0,f,l Edkifaom yDt,fvf (40) (PL 40) tpDtpOft&/ 0g*Grf;rsm; 0,f,w l ifoGif;+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiH. tvm;tvm aumif;aomcsnfr#ifESifh txnfvkyfief;twGufukef=urf;rsm;axmufyHhay;cJhonf? T yDt,fvf (40) rSm tjcm;aomaxmufyHha&;pepfwrsKd; jzpfonf? xdt k csdefumvu tpdk;&rSm rdrd.vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;twGif;rSom wwfEdkifor#aqmif&Guf&ef twwfEdkifqHk;óu;yrf;cJh+yD;/ aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_udk wm;qD;Edkif&efóu;yrf;cJhonf? yHk (7?

1) wGif (1951-52)/ (1955-56)/ (1957-58) ckESpfrsm;tcsKd@Yom b¾ma&;vdak iGjyr_tenf;i,fukd awG@=u &onf? (1955-56) ckESpfwGif wdik f;jynf.pkpkaygif;xGufukefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD) . (1² 4) &mcdkifE_ef;om&SdcJh+yD; vdak iGjyr_tedrfhqHk;taetxm;[k qdkEdkifonf? xdkumvwGifwnf+idrfaomukefaps;E_ef;udk wwfEdkifor# xdef;odrf; xm;EdkifcJhonf? od@k aomfvnf; txufazmfjyyg rl0g'a=umifh rxifrSwfaomtusKfd;qufrsm; aemufydkif;wGifjzpfvmcJh &onf? xkwfukefoGif;ukefvdik fpifpepfrSaeI oGif;ukefypPnf;rsm;udk ta&twGu/f trsKd;tpm; uef@owfr_vkyf aoma=umifh aemufydkif;wGif t*wdvku d fpm;r_rsm;/ eD;pyfaom pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;om txl;tcGifhta&;&aom tajctaersm;jzpfvmonf? Tod@k txl;tcGifhta&;&olrsm;rSm jrefrmrsm;omjzpf+yD;/ 0,f,lpm;oH;k olrsm; twGuf 0efxkyf0efydk;jzpfapcJhonf? xd@k tjyifEdkifiHwumaygufaps;ESifhrnDbJ/ pyg;aps;udk (300) usyfjzifh tpdk;&u vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxdef;csKyf0,f,l+yD;/ tpdk;&.b¾ma&;tydk0ifaiG&ap&ef zefwD;aom pepfa=umifh/ v,f,mpdkuf ysKd;a&;vkyfief;udk tjrJwapcsKd;ESdrfxm;ouJo h dk@ &SdapcJhonf? v,form;rsm;taejzifh t&nftaoG;ydkrdkaumif; rGefaom pyg;rsm;xGu&f SdEdkifatmif/ pyg;ta&twGuyf dkxGuv f matmif rufvkH;aphaqmfr_rsm; usqif;apcJhonf? aemufydkif;ESpfrsm;wGif Tjy\emrsm;uydkIqdk;&Gm;vmcJhonf? jrefrmhenf; jrefrmh[efqdk&S,fvpfpepfumvwGif tpdk;&.vlr_a&;ukefusp&dwfrsm;u ESpfqwufvm cJhonf? ta=umif;rSm yk*~vduydkifvkyfief;rsm;ESifh yk*~vduwpdwfwydkif;ydkifaom vkyfief;rsm;tm;vH;k udk jynfol ydkifodrf;ydkufcJhaoma=umifh jzpfonf? tpdk;&taejzifh yxrydkif;wGif b¾ma&;&-oH;k aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;udk udu k fnDrSefuefatmifyxrydkif;wGif óu;yrf;aqmif&Gufao;aomfvnf;/ (1973) ckESpfwGif EdkifiHjcm;aiGa=u;&Sm;yg; vmr_jy\emESifhtwl tcsuf (3) cka=umifh jynfwiG f;qefpyg;aps;E_ef;udk jr‡ifhwifcJh&onf? EdkifiHjcm;rS 0,f,l wifoGif;r_udk uef@owfòcd;jcHaeonf=h um;rSyif &-oHk;aiGpm&if; b¾ma&;bwf*sufwiG f vdak iGjyvmcJh&onf? jynfwiG f;ukefaps;E_ef;rSmvnf; }uD;jrifhvmcJhonf? xd@k tjyif jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDudk vltrsm; axmufcH r_&&Sdapa&;twGuf vlóuufrsm;atmifqGJaqmifaom pDrHudef;rsm;vkyf&aoma=umifh tpdk;&toHk;p&dwfrsm; ydkI rsm;jym;wdk;wufvmcJhonf? TtcsdefrSpI tjrJwapaiGa=u;azmif;yGr_wufaeap&efrsKd;aphudk csrdcJhyHk&onf? ygvDreftpdk;&vufxufpGrf;aqmifr_rsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfv#if/ qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&vufxufwiG f b¾ma&;vdak iGjyr_ rsm;/ xdkvdak iGjyr_twGuf aiGa=u;xyfrH&dkufxw k fjznfhoGif;&onfrsm; tjrJwapqufIwd;k wufaecJh onf?

(1988) ckESpfaemufydkif; (e0w) ppftpdk;&vufxufwGifrl b¾ma&;ESifh aiGa=u;qdkif&mrnDr# uarmufurjzpfr_rsm; ydkIododomom xif&Sm;ajymif;vJvmcJhonf? (e0w) ppftpdk;&vufatmufwGif ppfwyfudak xmufyHhEdkif&eftwGufESifh t&_H;ay:aeaom EdkifiHawmfydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk jznfq h nf;Edkif&ef twGuf aiGa=u;rsm;yHkESdyf&dkufxkwfjcif;/ A[dkb%frSacs;,ljcif;rsm; wpdkufrwfrwfqufvuf vkyfaqmifcJhonf?

151

EdkifiH.pD;yGm;a&;udw k Hcg;zGifhay;jcif;/ EdkifiHjcm;aiGESifhvJv, S foHk;pGJEdkifonfqdkaom =um;cHaiG (tufzf-tD;-pD) rsm; &dkufxw k fay;cJhonfqdkaomfvnf; wdik f;jynf.pD;yGm;a&;udk trSefwu,fvGwv f yfpGmzGifhay;cJhjcif; r[kwfay? ,cktcsdefwdkifoGif;ukefrsm;udk vdik fpifpepfjzifh }uD;=uyfxm;jcif;udk qufvufaqmif&Gufaeonf? tu,fI vlwOD;taejzifh EdkifiHjcm;ukefrsm;0,f,lwifoGif;Edkif&ef/ EdkifiHjcm;aiG&&Sd&efvdktyf+yD;/ xdak iGudkEdkifiHawmfydkifb%f wckckwGif pm&if;zGifhtyfESH&efvdktyfonf? rnfonfu h kefypPnf;rsm;udk wifoGif;cGifh&Sdonf/ rnfonft h csdefumv wGif wifoGif;cGifh&Sdonfpojzifh qHk;jzwfcsufukd tpdk;&u csKyfudik fxm;ao;onf? oHo,&Sdp&mrvdkaom tcsufrSm tpdk;&ESifh tquftEG,f&Sdolrsm;/ =oZm&Sdolrsm;twGuf tcGifhtvrf;rsm;jzpfapjcif;yif jzpfonf? wenf;qdk&aomf rsufESmvdu k fr_rsm;/ t*wdvdkufpm;r_rsm; jzpfvmcJhonf? r=um;ao;rDumvtaetxm;u jzpfvmcJhaomwdkif;jynf. trsKd;om;ruU&dkpD;yGm;a&;jy\emrsm;ESifh ywfoufv#if tao;pdwfxyfrHaqG;aEG;&ef vdt k yfvmvdrfhrnf jzpfonf?

vuf&Sd trsKd;om;ruU&dkpD;yGm;a&; pDrHcef@cGJr_qdkif&m jy\emrsm; jrefrmEdkifiH. vuf&SdtajctaewGif b他ma&;&-oHk;aiGpm&if;Y vdak iGjyaejcif;/ aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_E_ef; xm; v#ifv#ifjrefjrefwdk;wufaejcif;jy\ersm; 単uHae&+yD;/ tjcm;wbufwGifvnf; ukefoG,af &;vdak iG t}uD; tus,jf yaer_/ xdkukefoG,v f dkaiGrsm;udk jyefvnfay;qyf&efjy\emrsm; pojzifh }uD;rm;aom trsKd;om;ruU&dk pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m jy\emrsm;ESifh &ifqdkifae&ygonf? Tjy\emrsm;rSm wckESifhwck qufpyfae=u+yD;/ a&m ,Suaf e=uygonf? yHk (7? 2) wGif b他ma&;vdak iGjyr_/ aiGa=u;xnfo h Gif;r_/ pm;oH;k olaps;E_ef;jy!$ef;udef; ponf rsm;. tjyeftvSefqufpyfwdk;wufaeyHkrsm;udk azmfjyxm;ygonf? yHk (7? 2) pm;oHk;olaps;E_ef;jy!$ef;udef; (CPI) / aiGa=u;xnfo h Gif;r_/ b他ma&;vdak iGjyr_ ponfrsm;. tjyeftvSefqufpyfaeyHk Figure 7.2. Relationship Between CPI, Money Supply and Fiscal Deficit 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 Note: 1987=100

Money Supply

Consumer Price Index

Budget Deficit

152

rl&if;? Statistical Yearbook 1997, Union of Burma. vGefcJhaom (10) ESpfwmumvtwGif;wGif ydkufqHrsm;&dkufxkwfIxnfhoGif;aeaom aiGa=u;xnfh oGif;r_ESifh b¾ma&;vdak iGjyr_wdk@u vufwGI J wajy;wnf;oGm;ae=uygonf? tvm;wl pm;oHk;olaps;E_ef;jy !$ef;udef; (CPI) rSmvnf; wajy;nD wdk;wufvmaecJhygonf? Tjy\em.twdrfteufukd òr@jyrsm;ay:wGif aexdik faom0efxrf;rsm; &&SdaomvcESifh vdktyfcsufrsm;udk jyefvnf0,f,l&eftwGuf ay;=u&rnfah iGa=u;jyef vnfEd_if;,SOf=unfah omtcg tajymif;tvJ/ jy\emudkododomomawG@=u&ygonf? EdkifiHwumaiGa=u; &efyHkaiGtzGJ@rS xkwaf 0aomtpD&ifcHpmwckwGif azmfjyxm;onfrSm jrefrmjynfolrsm;taejzifh ESpfpOf0ifaiGvpm wd;k wufaer_E_ef;xm;u/ ESpfpOf pm;oHk;olaps;E_ef;jy!$ef;udef; (CPI) wdk;wufaer_E_ef;xm;aemufudk vdu k frrDyJ jywfusefae&onf[kazmfjyxm;ygonf? vGefcJhaom (10) ESpfwmumvwav#mufvH;k wGif Ttaetxm; twdik f;om jzpfay:cJhygonf? Ttajctaeonf yHkrSefvcjzifhtoufqufae&aom jynfolrsm;/ txl;ojzifh umvwcktwGif; vcE_ef;xm;ajymif;vJ&efr&Sdao;aom tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;twGuf rwwfEdkifavmufatmif }uD;av;vSaom0efxkyf0efydk;jzpfygonf?

Z,m; (7? 2) pm;oHk;olaps;E_ef;jy!$ef;udef; (CPI) ESifh tpdk;&rSay;aomvct=um;wdk;wufvmr_E_ef;xm; Ed_if;,SOfcsuf?

1991 pm;oHk;olaps;E_ef;jy!$ef;udef; (1986 286² 52 ckESpfudk tajccH owfrSwfI 100 [kxm;yg onf?)

CPI Index (1986=100) tpdk;&vcpm;rsm;. ysrf;r# vc 10849 rl&if;? IMF, 1997.

1992 349² 30

1993 460² 44

1994 603² 66

1995 735² 51

1996 882² 81

1991§96 308² 1 µ

10879

11162

14370

16453

16328

150² 5 µ

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aygufaps;twdik f; jrefrmaiGESifhvJv, S fEdkifaom aiGa=u;jzpfygonf? xdk tufzf-tD;-pDudk jrefrmEdkifiHodk@wif oGif;vmaom ukefypPnf;rsm;twGuf EdkifiHjcm;aiGjzifhay;acs&efvnf; toH;k รฐyEdkifygonf? trSefwGif tufzftD;-pDudk vH;k 0vGwfvyfpGmzvS,fcGifhรฐyxm;aom =um;cHaiGa=u;jzpf+yD;/ tar&duefa':vm. wefzdk;ESifhcsdwfquf xm;ygonf? (1997) ckESpfaESmif;ydkif;wGif vtenf;i,ftwGif;Y vSnhv f nfoHk;pGJaeaom tufzf-tD;-pDyrm% (100) &mcdkifE_ef;ausmf &kwfcsnf; jrifhwufoGm;aoma=umifh jynfwiG f;od@k oGif;ukefwifydk@aeaomvkyfief;rsm; uoduatmufjzpf=u&ygonf? jynfwiG f;odk@ oGif;ukefwif oGif;aeolrsm;ESifh ta&mif;qdkifydkif&Sifrsm;rSm ,cif owfrSwfxm;aomusyfaiGaps;E_ef;jzifha&mif;cs&ef/ ukefypPnf;rsm;xyfrH rjznfq h nf;Edkif avmufatmifjzpfcJh&yg onf? ta&mif;aps;qdkifrsm;ESifh aps;a&mif;olrsm;rSm ae@pOftr#eD;yg;ukefaps;E_ef;rsm;udk xyfrHItopfjyifqif owfrSwfjcif;rsm; vkyfaecJh=u&ygonf? oGif;ukefwifoGif;olrsm;twGuf t&H_;ay:cJ=h u&ygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHonf pufr_ukef=urf;rsm; twGuf jynfyrSwifoGif;ukefrsm;udk tvGefrSDcdktm;xm;ae&aomEdkifiHjzpfonfhtm;avsmpf Gm/ ukef=urf;rsm;/ pm;oHk;qDrsm;/ puftydk ypPnf;rsm;/ pufypPnf;rsm;/ aq;0g;rsm;/ "gwkypPnf;rsm;tjyif vloH;k ukef ypPnf;rsm;yg jywfvyfIaps;wufcJh&ygonf? Tod@k &kwfcsn;f aps;E_ef;ckefwufr_'%fa=umifh wdik f;jynf. tjcm; aomtaxGaxGuek fypPnf;rsm;. aps;E_ef;udkygxdcdkuf aps;wufvmaprnfrSm rvGjJ zpfyg onf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh rlvuwnf;uwdk;wufaeaom aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_E_ef;xm;udk ydkIwd;k wufjrifhrm;vmapygonf? yHk (7? 3) tufzf-tD;-pDaiGvJvS,fr_E_ef; wd;k wufyHkESifh pm;oHk;qDaps;E_ef;wdk;wufyHkjy *&yf (1995-1997) Figure 7.3.The Rise of FEC Rate and Price of Cooking Oil (199597) 350 300

kyat

250 200 150 100 50 0 95 Aug

96 Jan FEC Rate

96 Jun

96 Nov

97 Apr

Cooking Oil

rl&if;? "er*~Zif;/ ZEM0g&Dv 1998?

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154

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157

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(1997) ckESpfaemufydkif;rSpI TEdkifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;. jynfwiG f;oHk;usyfaiGtay: ,H=k unfr_/ 0,fvkt d m; rSm tvGeftrif;usqif;vmcJhygonf?

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Policy of negative real interest rates

158

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160

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Tod@k aomtajctaersm;atmufwiG f ,lvq D D;. r[mAsL[muJo h d@k ol@ud, k fol csnfwkid fjzifh csnfaESmifxm; 77 jcif;om taumif;qHk;jzpfaeygawmhonf? b¾ma&; &-oH;k aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;wGif tqifajyapa&;/ wnf+idrfapa&;twGuo f m óu;pm;xdef;odrf;I oduQmq,fae&aomtaetxm;om jzpfoifhonf? aiGa=u; bkwftzGJ@pepfatmufwGifrl aiGa=u;rsm;xyfrH&dkufxw k frnfqdkv#if rdrdwGif&Sdaeaom EdkifiHjcm;t&efaiGa=u;ESifh wGucf suf&ef wGcJ sdwfxm;ygonf? tu,fIjyifyrS aiGa=u;/ pD;yGm;a&;*,ufrsm;a=umifh rdrdEdkifiHtwGif; aiGa=u; pepfwGif/ qdk;usKd;&dkufcwfr_rsm; jyif;jyif;xefxef ñuHvmygu/ aqmif&Guf&efenf;vrf;rSm EdkifiHwumaiGa=u; &ef yHkaiGtzGJ@ (tdkiftrftufzf) bufod@k tultnDawmif;&ef tpDtpOfrsm;vnf; &Sdygonf? vdt k yfygu tjcm; EdkifiHwumaiGa=u; aps;uGufrsm;wGifvnf; &SmazGaxmufyHhI usm;uefEdkifygonf? tm*sifwD;em;/ tufpwdk; eD;,m;uJo h dk@aom EdkifiHrsm;onf TEdkifiHjcm;aiGa=u;zvS,fr_pepfjzifh atmifjrifr_&aomEdkifiHrsm;jzpf&m/ xdkEdkifiH rsm;. tawG@tñuHudv k nf; avhvmoifhygonf?

76 77

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onf?

161

tjcm;a&G;cs,f&ef enf;vrf;wckrSm wajz;ajz;ESifhaps;uGuaf ygufaps;a&mufatmif xdef;ndo ‡ Gm;aom 78 ‘csdwfqufxm;Iwa&G@a&G@oGm;aom aiGa=u;zvS,fr_pepf’ udv k nf; toH;k ðyEdkifygonf? TpepfwGif aiGa=u; zvS,fr_E_ef;onf tcsdef,lIwa&G@a&G@ajymif;vJum jyifyaps;uGuaf ygufaps;ESifhnDvmatmif xdef;nda‡ qmif &GufomG ;aom pepfjzpfygonf? TaiGa=u;zvS,fr_pepf (2) ck. tm;omcsuf/ tm;enf;csufrsm;udk qufvuf aqG;aEG;nd‡Ed_if;oGm;=u&efvdt k yfrnf jzpfygonf? Todk@aiGa=u;zvS,fr_pepf ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;udpPrsm;udk EdkifiH wumaiGa=u;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ u|rf;usifolrsm;ESifhaomfvnf;aumif; tultnDrsm;/ t=uH^m%frsm;&,lEdkifygonf? ta&;}uD;aomtcsufrSm yGif;vif;Ixifomjrifom&Sdaom/ vufawG@ tvkyfjzpf Edkifaom aiGa=u;zvS,fr_E_ef;xm;pepf&Sdapa&;ESifh EdkifiHwumESifh aiGa=u;v$aJ jymif;tyfESHr_rsm;Y ta&twGuf yrm%tuef@towfr&Sdapa&; jzpfygonf? rnfokd@aom vufawG@usaomEdkifiHjcm;aiGvJv, S fr_E_ef;xm; xm;&Sdonfrqdk/ wdik f;jynf. b¾ma&; &-oH;k aiG&Sif;wrf;wnf+idrfr_&Sd&efvnf; vdt k yfygonf? wdkif;jynf. b¾ma&;&-oHk;aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;a=umifh EdkifiH jcm;aiGvJv, S fr_E_ef;xm;udk xdcdu k fapaom tajctaersKd; rjzpfapoifhyg? 'kwd,urBmppf+yD;csdefrSpI tpdk;& 0ifaiG. t"du yifr&if;jrpftjzpf ukefoG,fa&;bkwftzGJ@rScsKyfudik fItjrwftpGef;rsm;udk b¾ma&;0if aiGtjzpf toH;k ðyaeaompepfudk tqHk;owfap&rnfjzpfonf? Todk@aomvkyfxH;k vkyfenf;onf jynfyydk@ukef wifydk@r_udk wif;usyfap+yD;/ jynfyrSt&if;tESD;qdkif&m oGif;ukefrsm;/ &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;ESifhtwl pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;r_udk vnf; xdcdu k fapygonf? tcGefaiGaumufcHa&;twGuf us,fjyef@aom/ ydkIðyvG,af jymif;vG,&f Sdaom tajccHpepfrsKd;xm;&Sdap oifhygonf? yxrtapmydkif;umvrsm;wGif pdkufysKd;a&;u¾rsm;/ tajccHukefypPnf;xkwv f kyfa&;u¾rsm;/ EdkifiH jcm;ukefoG,fr_rsm;wdk@tay:wGif tenf;qHk; tcGefaiG0efydaevdrfhrnf jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif b¾maiG&&Sda&; twGuf tjcm;aomvkyfief;wckrSm oifhawmfaomE_ef;xm;jzifh oGif;ukefrsm;tay: wajy;nDoiG f;ukefcGef owfrSwfaumufcHjcif;jzpfygonf? xd@k tjyif jynfyydk@ukefrsm;tay:vnf; tcGefpnf;=uyfoifhygonf? xdo k dk@ jynfyydk@ukefrsm;tay: tcGefpnf;=uyf&mY ðyvG,fjyifvG,&f Sdatmif/ ,cifaqmif&GufcJah om ukefoG,af &;bkwf tzGJ@yHkpHrsKd; vuf0g;}uD;tkyfcsKyfudik fr_ rjzpfapatmif/ aps;uGufukd yHkysufyef;ysufrjzpfapatmif *&kpdkuf&ef vdt k yfygonf? ,cifa&S;jrefrmbk&ifrsm;ESifh udkvdkeDacwftpdk;&vufxufwGifusifo h Hk;cJhaom ajrcGefwdu k f&dkuf aumufcHjcif;yHkpHudk pepfwusjyifqifI jyefvnfusifhoHk;oifhygonf? TajrcGefpepfa=umifh v,form;rsm; tay:0efxkyf0efydk;jzpfaprnfrSm oHo,&Sdp&mrvdak omfvnf;/ Tpepf.aumif;usKd;rSm v,form;rsm;tay: tjynft h 0tusKd;tjrwfrsm;jyefay;Edkifjcif; jzpfygonf? (Oyrmtm;jzifh jynfyydk@ukefcGefrsm;tm;vHk; jyefay;Edkifyg onf?) xdk@tjyif v,form;rsm;vkyfudik faomajrrS xGufor#oD;ESHrsm;udk aps;uGuaf ps;twdik f; a&mif;&aom a=umifh/ ,cifuaps;aygifusKd; tajctaer[kwfaoma=umifh rdrdtusKd;pD;yGm;rufvk;H twGuf ydkxkwfvkyfEdkif aom tusKd;udv k nf; cHpm;&rnfjzpfygonf? ‚if;ajrcGefpepfrsKd;udk *syefEdkifiHwGif ar*sDumvaemufydkif;/ acwfrD ajymif;vJa&;umvu toH;k ðycJhzl;ygonf? omwlnDr#cHpm;apr_t& òr@jyaevlxk rsm;taejzifhvnf;/ olwkd@ wwfpGrf;or# 0efudkxrf;=u&rnfjzpfygonf? jynfo@l 0efxrf;rsm;/ wwfodynm&Sifrsm;/ yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;u¾rS 0efxrf;rsm;udkvnf;/ tpydkif;umvwGif olwdk@xHrS&&SdEdkifaom 0efaiGcGefyrm% rsm;rsm;pm;pm;r&SdEdkifaomf vnf;/ tcGefwdk;wufI aumufoifhygonf? pD;yGm;a&;yGifhvif;vm+yD;aemufydkif; yk*~vduu¾rsm;wGif ydkI vkyfydkifcGifh&SdvmonfESifhtr# pD;yGm;a&;tjrwftpGef;rsm;rSvnf; oifhawmfaomE_ef;xm;owfrSwfum tcGef aumufcHoifhygonf? pD;yGm;a&;wd;k wufzGH@òz;vmonfESifhtr# TuJo h dk@pD;yGm;a&;tjrwftpGef;rsm;rS aumufcH aomtcGefaiGrsm;vnf; wd;k wuf&&Sdvmrnfjzpfygonf? xd@k tjyif òr@jya'orsm;wGif wefzdk;tay:xyfqifh aqmif;aomtcGefaumufcHr_ 79 pepfudv k nf; pwifusifhoH;k oifhygonf?

78 79

Crawling peg system Value-added tax

162

tcGefaiGaumufcHr_. tajccHrlonf EdkifiHawmfb¾ma&;0ifaiGrsm;Edkifor# rsm;ap&efjzpf+yD;/ tcGef aumufcH&&SdEdkifaom tajccHrsm;udkvnf; us,jf yef@Edkifor#us,fjyef@atmif csJ@xGif&rnfjzpfonf? xd@k tjyif rwl uGjJ ym;aom vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;=um;wGif wwfEdkifor#omwlnDr#r_&Sdap&ef tcGefpepfwGif owdðyoifhygonf? &nfrSef;csuf}uD;rm;vGef;aom tpdk;&b¾maiGrsm;udk jyefvnfcGJa0ay;onfh pepfrsKd;udk a&Smif&Sm;oifhygonf? xdo k d@k vkyfjcif;tm;jzifh xda&mufr_rjzpfaponft h jyif/ qdk;usKd;rsm;yg jzpfay:apEdkifygonf? xd@k tjyif EdkifiHawmftpdk;&taejzifh yk*~vduydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;u¾toD;oD;odk@ b%fvkyfief;qdkif&mtaxmuftyHhrsm;ESifh aiGa=u;rsm;ulnDEdkif&ef tm;ay;wdu k fwGef;oifhygonf? aiGwd;k E_ef; owfrSwfxdef;csKyfjcif;rsKd; xyfrHraqmif&Gufap&ef a&Smif&Sm;oifhygonf? od@k aomfvnf; Todk@qdkjcif;tm;jzifh EdkifiHawmftpdk;&taejzifh aiGa=u;u¾twGuf vHk;0xdef;csKyfr_ vufv$waf y;vdu k faom vpfZzD J,m;yHkpHrsKd;udk aqmif&Guf&rnf[k qdkvdjk cif;r[kwfyg? Todk@vufv$wfay;vdkufygu tJvfab;eD;,m;EdkifiHwGif ‘yd&rpf yHkpH tpDtpOf’80 aqmif&GufpOfu awG@ñuHcJ&h aom tusyfqdkuf'kuQa&mufr_rsKd;udk zdwfac:ovdk jzpfapygvdrfhrnf? xdk@tjyif tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;aiGvdrfnmr_rsm;vnf; jzpfay:vmEdkifygao;onf? vkyfief;rsm;aiGvnfywfr_ ajyvnf aejcif;&Sd-r&Sdudk pepfwus}uD;=uyfaejcif;/ apmifh=unfhaejcif;rsm; aqmif&Gufoifhygonf? Tod@k }uD;=uyf&ef twGuf avsmu f efaomvkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; csrSwfaqmif&Guf&efvnf;vdt k yfygvdrfhrnf? TudpPrsm; pDrHcef@cGJ rnfo h lrsm;udk avhusifhynmay;Edkif&eftwGuv f nf;/ EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xHrSaeI vnf;aumif;/ tjcm;aomu|rf;usifolrsm;xHrSvnf;aumif; tultnDrsm;&SmazGoifhygonf? b¾ma&;ESifhaiGa=u;wnf+idrfr_&Sdapa&;twGuf tjcm;ta&;}uD;aomvkyfief;wckrSm jynfwGif;pk aqmif;aiGudk jr‡ifhwif&efjzpfygonf? jyifyaps;uGufaygufaps;twdkif; twd;k E_ef;udx k m;&Sdjcif;tm;jzifh/ aiGa=u;udk 81 rwd;k yGm;atmifzdESdyfxm;ovdk jzpfap+yD;/ Ttajctae wGif vltrsm;uaiGa=u;pkaqmif;&ef pdwf0ifpm;=u rnfr[kwfyg? TtajctaersKd;udk a&Smif&Sm;oifhygonf? ydkI&nf&G,fcsu}f uD;}uD; jzifhpOf;pm;xm;onf[k ,lq EdkifaomudpPrSm puFmylEdkifiHwGifaqmif&Gufxm;ovdk ‘aemifa&;qdkif&m A[dk&efyHkaiG’82 w&yf xlaxmif&ef jzpfyg onf? EdkifiHawmftpdk;&taejzifh Tod@k &efyHkaiGrsKd;xlaxmifa&;udpPudk pdwf0ifpm;aumif; pdwf0ifpm;ygvdrfhrnf? tpysKd;umvwGif oifhwifhaomE_ef;jzifh xlaxmifEdkifygonf? T&efyHkaiGrSm olwdk@tvkyfrStem;,laom tcsdef wGif &&SdrnfhyifpifaiGtwGuf tvkyform;rsm;ESifh 0efxrf;rsm;rS rjzpfraexnfh0ifaiGrsKd;jzifh xlaxmifxm;aom &efyHkaiGjzpfygonf? puFmylEdkifiHwGif TuJhod@k a&S@a&;qdkif&m&efyHkaiGxm;jcif;tm;jzifh pkaqmif;aiGudkcef@rSef;xm; onfxufydkI (40) &mcdkifE_ef;txd jrifhwufvmapcJhygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifhrl Tr#jrifhrm;aom pkaqmif; aiGyrm%rsKd;udk ar#mfrSef;xm;Ir&Edkifyg? ar#mfvnf; rar#mfrSef;xm;oifhyg? od@k aomfvnf; TuJhod@k vltrsm;udk v_@H aqmfI/ jynfwiG f;pkaqmif;aiGwufvmap&efaqmif&Gufaom t=uHtpnfrsKd;rSm wefzdk;xm;twk,zl G,f jzpf ygonf? TuJhod@k enf;vrf;rsKd;udk =uHqóu;yrf;oifhygonf?

80

(Pyramid Schemes) yd&rpfyHktpDtpOfonfrSm vGefcJah omESpftenf;i,ftwGif;u tJvfaA;eD,m;EdkifiHwGif qmvD bm&D&Sm (Sali Berisha) tpdk;&u csrSwfusifo h Hk;cJah omtpDtpOfjzpfonf? qdv k dkonfrSm vlrsm;udk TtpDtpOfwGif t&if;tESD;vkyfvmatmifpnf;&Hk;a&;ESifh vlopf xyfrHpnf;&Hk;Edkifonfholrsm; udk qkay;onfhtpDtpOfjzpfonf? (Oyrm &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHol vlopf 10 OD;udk xyfrHpnf;&Hk;ay;Edkifygu xdkpnf;&Hk;ol tae jzifh qkaiG&rnfjzpfonf?) yd&rpfyHktoGifjzpfaeonfqdo k nfrSm xdyfqHk;wGifvl (10) OD;&SdI/ atmufwGif (100)/ (1000) pojzif&h Sdaom tpOf rjywfaomvlopfpkaqmif;r_yHkpH&Sdaoma=umifhjzpfonf? TyHkpHrSm tajccHwGif vlrsm;rsm;udkwdk;I wdk;I pkaqmif;&oavmuf/ t&if;&aiGudk xkwf,loHk;pGJaeonf jzpfojzif/h }uD;xGm;aernf jzpfygonf? ta=umif;wckcka=umifh aiGxnfh0ifol usqif;oGm;v#if pepfrSm/ òyduGJoGm;rnf jzpfyg onf? aeat;vdrfenf; trsKd;rsKd;uJhodk@/ t&if;xJhaiGudk tvkyfbmrS rvkyfEdkifyJ/ tjrwftjzpf jyefay;aeaompepfjzpfojzif/h t&if;xJhol usoGm;v#if pepf òyduGJoGm;rnf jzpfygonf? TtpDtpOfonf 'kp&dkufr_rsm;jzpfaom bdef;ukeful;r_/ vufeufarSmifckdr_ ponfrsm;ESifv h nf; yg0if ywfoufaeonf[k a0zefolrsm;u qdo k nf? xdyfydkif;olrsm;u aiGrsm;,lIxGufajy;aomtcg vltrsm; rGJaw'kuQa&muf=u&onf? vlxktrsm; u rauseyfaoma=umifh qlyltHkºuG=u&m aemufqH;k qmvD bm&D&Smtpdk;&ðywfuscJ&h onf?

81

82

Financial repression Central Provident Fund

163

tcef; (8) qif;&Jjcif;ESifh 0ifaiGcGJa0jzefﾅ男zL;r+

164

tcef; (8) qif;&Jjcif;ESifh 0ifaiGcGJa0jzefŒjzL;r+ &mpkESpf=umjzwfoef;cJh&aom zGH@òz;a&;qdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;tawG@tñuHrsm;rS rdrdwdk@avhvmcJh=u&onfrSm pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;r_onf TzGH@òz;r_a=umifh&&SdvmaomtoD;tyGifhrsm;udk vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;&Sd vlrsm;tm;vH;k od@k omwlnDr#cGJa0ay;vdrfhrnf[k tmrcHcsufr&Sda=umif; awG@&SdcJh&ygonf? rdrdwdk@taejzifh EdkifiHtwGif;qif;&JrGJawr_ ESifhñuHae&aomtajctaeudk ordkif;aemufcHtcsuftvufrsm;ESifh vuf&Sdtajctaeudk aqG;aEG;wifjyoGm; rnfjzpfygonf? Tqif;&Jr_jy\emudk ajyavsmah pa&;twGuaf qmif&Gufoifhaomenf;vrf;rsm;udv k nf;/ aps; uGupf D;yGm;a&;pepfatmufwGifyif rnfod@k aqmif&GufEdkifrnfudk aqG;aEG;wifjyoGm;ygrnf?

vuf&Sdqif;&Jr_tajctaeESifh 0ifaiGcGJa0jzef@jzL;r_ vGefcJhaomtESpf (30) twGif;/ obm0t&if;jrpfypPnf;rsm;ºu,f0pGm&&Sdydkifqdkifvifhupm;/ jrefrm EdkifiHonf zGH@òz;r_tenf;qHk;EdkifiHwcktjzpfod@k qkwf,kwu f sqif;cJh&ygonf? ,ae@jrefrmEdkifiHonf tvGefqif;&J csKd@wJhtajctaewGif &Sdaeygonf? vlwpfOD;csif;0ifaiGzGH@òz;wdk;wufr_E_ef; onf/ aemufqHk;+yD;cJhonfh (10) ESpfwm umvtwGif; ESpfpOfysrf;r# (0² 45) &mcdkifE_ef;cef@om&SdcJhygonf? trSefpifppfwGif (1962) ckESpf ppfwyfu EdkifiHawmftm%m&,lcJhcsdefrSpI zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_rsm; &yfwef@aecJhjcif;jzpfygonf? TwpfOD;csif;0ifaiGwd;k wufr_ E_ef;onf tdrfeD;csif;ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;. xdu k mvtwGif; tHh=ozG,f&mwdk;wufr_E_ef;rsm;Ed_if;,SOf vGefpGmjcm;em;aeonfudk awG@&ayrnf? yHk (8? 1) ESpfpOfvlwOD;csif;0ifaiGwd;k wufr_&mcdkifE_ef; (Average Annual Growth (%) of GNP Per Capita) (1985-1994) Ed_if;,SOfjyxm;aomyHk? 9.00% 8.00% 7.00% 6.00% 5.00% 4.00% 3.00% 2.00% 1.00% 0.00% Bu

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rl&if;? World Development Report 1996, World Bank and Review of Financial, Economic and Social Conditions 1995-96, Union of Myanmar.

trSefwu,fwGif/ EdkifiHwpfck.vlr_zlvHak &;qdkif&mudpPrsm;onf ‚if;.trsKd;om;0ifaiG (pkpkaygif;xkwf ukefrsm;ESifh 0efaqmifr_rsm;. pkpkaygif;wefzdk;) ay:wGifom wnfrSDae&Hkr#ru/ xdk0ifaiGudk rnfod@k rnfyHkenf; vrf;jzifh cGJa0jzef@jzL;onfqdkaomtcsuftay:wGifvnf; rlwnfaeygonf? (qdkvdo k nfrSm xdk0ifaiGudk EdkifiHwGif; rSDwif;aexdik faom jynfolvlxkrsm;t=um; rnfokd@cGJa0jzef@jzL;oenf;[laom enf;vrf;jzpfygonf?) xd@k a=umifh 165

,ckavhvmr_wGif t"duxm;onfrSm jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd jynfolvx l krsm;. vlr_zlvHak &;ESifhpyfvsOf;aom udpPrsm;udk rnfokd@wdk;wufatmif aqmif&GufEdkifrnfenf;[laomtcsufudk tajcðyxm;ygonf? xdk@tjyif vuf&Sdvlr_zlvHk a&;tajctaeESifh tem*wfwGifjzpfvmEdkifaomcef@rSef;csuf/ 0ifaiGrsm;udrk nfokd@cGJa0vkyfaqmifrnfenf;/ Todk@ cGJa0jzef@jzL;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk rnfokd@wdk;wufatmifaqmif&GufEdkifrnfenf; [laomudpPrsm;udk xnfo h Gif; pOf;pm;&rnf jzpfayonf? jrefrmjynfuhJod@k aomEdkifiHrsKd;wGif pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mpm&if;tif;udef;*%ef;rsm; tvGef&Sm;yg;I/ &Hzef &Hcgtm;xm;EdkifzG,fvnf; r&Sdacs? txl;ojzifhqif;&JrGJawjcif;jy\emrsm;ESifh 0ifaiGcGJa0jzef@jzL;r_qdkif&mudpP&yf rsm;wGif jzpfygonf? qif;&JrGJawjcif;udw k dik f;wmjcif;onf cufcJaomvkyfief;jzpfygonf? tcsdefumvwck twGif;&Sd vlrsm;.pm;oHk;r_ESifh 0ifaiGqdkif&mtcsuftvuf udef;*%ef;rsm; twdtusr&ygu ‚if;wd@k .toGif o¿mefudk yHkzrf;,l&eftwGuf aqmuf&Guf&efr0@H&Jaomtvkyfwpfckjzpfonf? aemufqHk;taejzifh tdrfaxmifpk qdkif&moef;acgifpm&if;ppfwrf;aumuf,lar;jref;r_udk pepfwusaqmuf&GufEdkifcJhonfrSm (1970) ckESpfrsm;u jzpfygonf? vltrsm;. vlaer_tqifhtwef;wdik f;wmjcif;ESifhqdkifaom pHE_ef;owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk ynma&; qdkif&matmifjrifr_/ vltrsm;oHk;jynfolydkifypPnf;rsm;&&SdoH;k pGJEdkifr_ESifh usef;rma&;tqifhtwef;wd@k uJhod@k aom tcsuftvufrsm;ud=k unfI h vnf; cef@rSef;wGufqEdkifygonf? atmufwGifazmfjyxm;aom ukvor*~zGH@òz;r_ tpDtpOf (,ltJef'DyD) . vlom;qdkif&mzGH@òz;r_!$ef;udef; (HDI) rSaeIS jrefrmEdkifiH. vlr_tqifhtwef;zGH@òz; wd;k wufvmyHkudk tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfIavhvmEdkifygonf?

Z,m; (8-1) vlom;qdkif&mzGH@òz;wd;k wufr_ (Human Development) tajctae vlom;qdkif&m zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_ !$ef;udef;

(HDI Rank)

arG;zGm;pOfumv wGif&Sdaom ysrf;r#oufwrf; (ESpf)

tom;wif uav; ausmif;tyfr_tcsKd; Gross school enrolment ratio (%)

aomufok;H a& oef@&&Sdaom vlOD;a& &mcdkifE_ef;

uav;aoE_ef; (ysrf;r# 1000 t&Sif arG;v#if)

Life Polulation Infant mortality Expectancy with access to rate (per 1,000 at birth safe water live births) (years) (%) 1996 1960 1993 1960 1993 1990-1995 1960 1993 jrefrmEdkifiH (113) 43² 8 57² 9 33 49 38 158 82 tif'dkeD;&Sm; (102) 41² 2 63² 0 39 61 62 150 56 zdvpfydkif (95) 52² 8 66² 5 75 77 85 106 43 xdkif;EdkifiH (52) 52² 3 69² 2 46 54 86 103 36 rav;&Sm; (53) 53² 0 70² 9 58 61 78 72 13 rl&if;? Human Development Report 1996, UNDP, New York 1996. World Tables 1982, World Bank, Washington D.C. 1982.

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pm;rsm;tjzpfuGjJ ym;Edkifygonf? aemufxyfta=umif;&if;w&yfrSm wdik f;jynftwGif;&Sd vltrsm;pk.0ifaiGonf a,bk,stm;jzifhedrfhusae+yD;/ ‚if;wd@k tcsif;csif;t=um; rsm;pGmuGjJ ym;jcm;em;r_r&Sdjcif;yifjzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiH. ueOD;umvrsm;u ydkifqdkifr_ypPnf;OpPmrsm;jzef@a0jcif;onf oifhawmfavsmu f efaom taetxm;&SdcJhygonf? ta=umif;rSm r#wr_udOk D;pm;ay;cJhaom ygvDreftpdk;&ESifh qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&tkyfcsKyfr_ pepfrsm;twGif; usifo h Hk;cJhaom ajr,ma0jcrf;a&;r_0g'a=umifhvnf; wpdwfwydkif; jzpfygonf? ‚if;tpDtpOf rsm;t& vlwa,mufcsif;pD. ajr,mydkifqdkifcGifhudk trsm;qHk; (9) {urS (10) {utxd uef@owfcJhygonf? qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&acwfOD;ydkif;u ðyvkyfcJhaom wEdkifiHvHk;twdik f;twmESifh tus,ftjyef@ jynfolydkifodrf;ydkufcJh jcif;a=umifh EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;ydkifESifh jynfwiG f;&Sdvlxkrsm;. yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tm;vHk; tqHk;owfap cJh+yD;/ òr@aevlwef;pm;rsm;udk omwlnDr#qif;&JrGJawapaom tajctaeod@k twif;tusyfydk@aqmifcJhygonf? od@k aomfvnf; pD;yGm;a&;tcGifhtvrf;topfrsm;ESifh "eºu,f0pkyHkvmap&eftwGuf pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk wHcg;zGifh ay;vmaomtcg/ tem*wfwGifrnDr#r_onf obm0t&odompGmwdk;wufvmEdkifaom tvm;tvm&Sdae onf?

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167

od@k aomfvnf; tjcm;ukefxkwfud&d,mypPnf;rsm;ydkifqdkifr_jzpfaom a&eHajrrsm;/ a&eHcsufpuf&Hkrsm;/ oabmFvkid f;rsm;/ o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;ukr`%Drsm;ESifh oGif;ukef-xkwu f kefyGJ&Hkrsm;udk jAdwdo#ESifh Oa&myukr`%D tenf;i,fwk@d uom ydkifqdkifcJh=uonf? xdk@tjyif tdENd,ESifhw&kwfvrl sKd;rsm;ydkifaom tv,ftvwfwef;pm; qefpyg;a&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh tjcm;puf&Hkrsm;ydkifqdkifcJh+yD;/ wdik f;&if;om;jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;rSmrl qefpuf i,frsm;ESifh tao;pm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;omydkifqdkifcJhonf? v,f,mvkyfief;r[kwfaom xkwfvyk fEdkifpGrf;&Sd &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ypPnf;rsm;udk EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;rSomydkifqdkifcJhojzifh/ vlrsKd;rsm;t=um; "eOpPmºu,f0r_jzef@a0jcif; rnDr#r_udkzefwD;jzpfay:apcJhonf? udv k dek Dacwfaemufydkif;tcdsefwGif jrefrmhv,f,morm;rsm;onf (1930) ckESpfrsm;wGif; jzpfcJhaom umv=um&SnfpD;yGm;ysufuyfa=umifh/ jynfyrSpD;yGm;ysufuyf. &dkufcwfr_'%fudk cHpm;cJh=u&onf? rlvu jrefrmEdkifiHatmufydkif;wGif v,f,mwDxGif ydkifqdkifvkyfudik fol/ rlvtajccsv,fvkyfudik fI v,fydkifqdkifaexdik f olrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@ydkifajrrsm;udkqHk;&_H;I/ aiGacs;iSm;olrsm;xHokd@ ay;tyfcJh=u&onf? txl;ojzifhtdENd,awmif ydkif;rSvmaomaiGwdk;acs;pm;onfh cspfwD;rsm;xHokd@ aºu;rqyfEdkifI odrf;ydkufjcif;cHcJh=u&onf? jrifhrm;aom twd;k E_ef;xm;ESifh xdef;csKyfr_r&Sd/ pD;yGm;a&;t&vnf;pepfwusaomaiGacs;pepfrsm;ESifh v,f,mxGufypPnf; aps;E_ef;usqif;r_ xyfavmif;aygif;vdu k faomtcg v,form;rsm;rSm ‚if;wkd@.acs;aiGrsm;udk jyefvnfay;qyf jcif;rðyEdkif=uawmhbJ/ ‚if;wkd@ydkifajr,mrsm;udk aiGwd;k acs;pm;olrsm;u odrf;ydkufjcif;udkcHcJh&onf? (1940) ckESpf wGif atmufjrefrmjynfY ajr,mtm;vH;k . (47) &mcdkifE_ef;udk v,f,mvkyfudik fjcif;r&Sdaomajrydkif&Sifrsm;u ydkifqdkifcJh+yD; ‚if;wd@k teuf (25) &mcdkifE_ef;udk tdENd,rSvmaomaiGwd;k acs;ol cspfwD;wk@d u ydkifqdkifcJh=uonf? od@k aomfvnf;/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ,cktcdseftxdajr,mrJhvkyfom;rsm;. jy\emudk xl;xl;jcm;jcm; rawG@&ao;yg? ta=umif;rSm ajr,mrJhv,form;rsm;ta&twGufonf aus;&GmwckpDwGif ysrf;r#tm;jzifh OD;a& tvGefenf;yg;+yD;/ ‚if;v,fulvDrsm;udk v,fvkyfief;rsm;YulnDv#if qefpyg;aps;E_ef; rnfodk@yifajymif;vJonf qdkapumrl/ vkyfcudk yHkaoxH;k wrf;pOfvm qefwif;ta&twGujf zifh ay;acsaoma=umifhjzpfonf? xdt k wGuf a=umifhv,fulvDrsm;. rdom;pkrsm;twGuf wESpfvH;k pm 0rf;pmzlvHak pcJh+yD;/ v,f,mcsdefr[kwfaom&moDwGif ysHusvkyfom;vkyfjcif;jzifh tydk0ifaiGxyf&aponf? 'kwd,urBmppf+yD;aemufydkif;/ ra&S;raESmif;rSmyif jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;&&SdcJhaom (1948) ckESpfwGif urBmppfrwdkifrDu ypPnf;ydkifqdkifr_.zGJ@pnf;yHktm;vHk; ajymif;vJcJhonf? vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;aemuf +Adwdo#ESifh Oa&mypD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;ydkifqdkifcJh=uaom EdkifiHjcm;om;ydkif vkyfief;rsm;tm;vH;k udk jynfolydkifodrf;,lcJh onf? t&if;tESD;ydkifqdkifr_tcef;wGif 'kwd,ae&m,lxm;aom tdENd,ESifh w&kwfpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifwkd@. ta&;ygr_avsmhenf;vmap&efvnf;/ jrefrmwdik f;&if;om;wkd@udk OD;pm;ay;I oGif;ukef-xkwfukefvdkifpifrsm;csay; cJhonf? xdkolrsm;trsm;pkrSm ‚if;wd@k . &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udk pufr_vkyfief;rsm;u¾od@k ajymif;a&$@tajccscJh=u onf? ta=umif;rSm jynfwiG f;pm;oH;k olwk@d twGuf ukefypPnf;0,fvkt d m;jrifhwufvmr_udk wkH@jyef&efjzpfonf? tjcm;wbufrSvnf; EdkifiHydkifpuf&Hk/ tvkyf&Hktrsm;pku òr@aevkyfom;tiftm;rsm;udk tvkyfae&may;xm;Edkif cJh onf? wcdsefwnf;rSmyif tpdk;&u v,f,mpdkufysKd;ajrrsm;tm;vHk;udk jynfolydkifodrf;,lcJ+h yD; v,form;rsm; od@k tawmftoifhnDr#pGmjzef@jzL;cGJa0ay;cJhonf? rl0g'opfrsm;t& v,form;rsm;taejzifh v,f,mpdkufysKd; a&;twGufacs;aiGtaxmuftyH@rsm;vnf; &&SdcHpm;EdkifcJh=uonf? od@k aomfvnf; tpdk;&uyHkao enf;yg;aom pyg;aps;jzifhowfrSwf0,f,jl cif;a=umifh/ Ed_if;,SOfcsuft&=unfhv#if v,form;rsm;onf tajctaexl;jcm;wd;k wufrvmcJhay? òr@jy&Sdae@pm;vkyfcpm;tvkyform;rsm;u tajctaeydkaumif;aeonf? tjcm;wbufwGif òr@jy&SdpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifi,frsm;taejzifhvnf;/ ‚if;wk@d .vkyfief;rsm;wGif; ud&d,m wefqmyvmtopfrsm;jzifh acwfrDwd;k wufxkwfvkyf&eftcGifhtvrf;&vmjcif;ESifh jynfwGif;wGifvnf; 0,fvdk tm;wdk;wufvmaoma=umifh/ tajctaeaumif;vmcJhonf? wEdkifiHvH;k twdik f;twmESifh=unfhv#if jrefrmEdkifiH pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;csJ@xGif&eftwGuf tm;,laeaomtcsdefwGif/ t&if;tjrpftajccHrsm;udk r#wpGmjzef@a0 xm;cJhonf[k qdkEdkifonf? TvGwv f yfa&;&+yD;aemufydkif; jrefrmEdkifiHjrifuGif;udkavhvmaomolrsm;taejzifh 168

awG@=u&rnfrSm qdk;&Gm;jyif;xefaomqif;&JrGJawr_'%f xl;xl;jcm;jcm;rcHpm;&jcif;yif jzpfonf? odk@aomf &efukefòr@ qifajczkef;wGifysHus&yfuGurf sm;udk awG@&onf? TonfrSmvnf; jynfwGif;ppf'%fa=umifh òr@jyrsm; ay:od@k ajymif;a&$@tajccsolrsm; rsm;jym;vmr_a=umifhjzpfonf? xdo k lrsm;udkvnf; TtcsdefwGifcsJ@xGifvmaom vkyfom;tiftm;trsm;tjym;vdkaeonfh puf&Hktvkyf&Hkrsm;udk tvG,w f ulyif qGJ,lvkyfudik fapcJhjcif; ðyEdkifcJh onf? rdrdjynfwGif;a&;udkom tm&Hkxm;pOf;pm;I/ jyifyurBmESifhwHcg;ydwfcJhaom qdk&S,fvpfacwf. (25) ESpf wmumvtwGif;wGif wdik f;jynftajctaerSm qif;&Jr_ydkwdk;wufvmcJh+yD;/ ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;aomtajctaeod@k rsm;pGm ajymif;vJcJhonf? qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&onf ygvDreftpdk;&rSpwifcJhaomajr,ma0jcrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ud/k ajr,m oD;pm;csxm;jcif;qdkif&mOya' xkwjf yefjcif;jzifhqufvuftwnfðyapcJh+yD;/ v,f,mrsm;udk EdkifiHawmfydkiftjzpf ESifh vuf&SdxGef,ufvkyfudik fae=uolrsm;udk v,fvkyfydkifcGifh&Sdolrsm;tjzpf owfrSwfay;cJhonf? vuf&Sdajr,m tenf;i,fydkifqdkif+yD; v,frvkyfEdkifolrsm;taejzifh/ ajrudik Sm;&rf;vdyk gu ajr,maumfrDwDrsm;.}uD;=uyfr_jzifh ‚if;wd@k ydkifajrrsm;udik Sm;&rf;cGifhðyEdkifonf? xdak jr,maumfrDwDrS ajr,mcGJa0csxm;ay;&ef av#mufv$mwifvm olrsm;teufrS tqif;&JqHk;oludk ay;&rnf[lI ajriSm;r_wGifr#wr_&Sdap&ef rlcsxm;cJhonf? tpdk;&.owfrSwf xm;aomrl0g'pnf;urf;rsm;ESifh rnDygu ajr,maumfrwDu ajr,mrsm;udk jyefvnfodrf;,lEdkif+yD;/ rlvydkif&Sifu tarGv$aJ jymif;qufcHrnfo h lr&SdyJ aoqHk;oGm;yguvnf;/ ajriSm;topfrsm;xHod@k xyfrHcsay;Edkifonf? ‚if;tpD tpOft& ajrydkif&Sift}uD;pm;rsm;ay:aygufvm&ef ta=umif;r&SdawmhbJ/ v,form;tm;vH;k .tajctaeudk ajriSm;vkyfudik folrsm;tjzpfodk@ avsmedrfhusa&mufapcJhonf? v,form;wd@k .pD;yGm;a&;uH=urRmESifh tem*wf tvm;tvmrSm ajrcGef odk@r[kwf tiSm;crnfr#udk EdkifiHawmfuv,form;rsm;xHrSxkwf,lrnfqkdonfhtcsuf u qHk;jzwfay;cJhonf? tpdk;&.ajr,mcGJa0jzeff@xm;a&;tpDtpOfonf (1960) ckESpfrsm;aemufydkif;rsm;txd ouf0ifaecJh+yD;/ aemufydkif;wGif tm;aysmhqkwf,kwfvmcJhonf? ajrcGJa0jzef@xm;jcif;onfv,form;OD;a&rsm;Edkifoavmufrsm; rsm;/ ajr,mydkifqkdifcGifh&Sdap&ef&nf&G,fcJah omfvnf; qdk&S,fvpfacwfwpfav#mufvHk; xGefxufpdkufysdK;vkyfudik fEdkif aomajr{ursm; ajymif;vJwd;k wufr_r&SdvmcJhay? vlOD;a&wdk;wufajymif;vJvmcJhjcif;a=umifh/ wdk;yGm;vmaom rdom;pkrsm;twGuf xGef,ufpdkufysKd;vkyfudik f&efajrrvHak vmufawmhay? (1970) ckESpf tpydkif;rpIS aus;vuf ESifhòr@jyvlOD;a&tcsKd@rajymif;rvJ&SdaeaomtajctaewGif/ aus;vufaev,f,mrJhvlOD;a&u wd;k wufvmcJh onf? xkwfvkyf&efajr,mydkifqdkifjcif;vH;k 0r&Sdol/ tjcm;xkwfvkyfEdkifaomud&d,mypPnf;rsm; ydkifqdkifEdkifpGrf;r&Sdol rsm;u v,f,mrsm;wGifusyrf;v,fulvDrsm;tjzpfaomfvnf;aumif;/ xif;ckwfol/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;i,frsm; ESifh vrf;azmufaomvkyfief;rsm;wGif tvkyf=urf;vkyfolrsm;tjzpftoufarG;=u&onf? &efukefòr@ESifhtjcm;òr@}uD;rsm;wGif jynfoyl dkifajr odk@r[kwf yk*~vduydkifajrrsm;ay:wGif usL;ausmaf exdik f +yD; usbrf;tvkyform;/ puf&Hktvkyf&Hki,frsm;ESifh acgif;&GufAswfxk;d aps;onfrsm;tjzpfvkyfudik faeaom qif;&J aomtkyfpk}uD;rSm }uD;xGm;rsm;jym;vmaeayonf? ‚if;wkd@onf&efukefòr@vlOD;a&. oH;k yHkwpfyHkcef@txd&Sdvmae onf? (1970) ckESpfoef;acgifpm&if;t& usL;ausmaf eolrsm;ta&twGuo f nf tdrfaxmifpkpkaygif; (389644) . (28³ 9) &mcdkifE_ef;&SdaecJhonf? xdpk OftwGif; pD;yGm;a&;onf qdk&S,fvpfacwf. tqHk;owfjcif;od@k OD;wnf vsuf qkwf,kwu f sqif;jcif;vmonf? vltrsm;udt k vkyfvufrJhjzpfapum/ òr@aeqif;&Jom;vlwef;pm;rsm; tvsiftjref wdk;yGm;vmapcJhonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif/ wdik f;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm; trsm;pkrSDwif;aexdkifvsu&f Sd=uaom a0;vHacgifoDonfh e,fpyfa'orsm;onfvnf;/ vlr_uyf'kuQtpyfodk@a&mufapcJhonf? yx0Dtaetxm;t& awmawmifxlxyf aom‚if;a'orsm;onf/ t"duusaomòr@}uD;rsm;ESifh wdkif;jynf.tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGif&Sdaom pD;yGm;a&;tcsuf tcsmA[dkXmersm;ESifhvnf; aumif;rGefaomvrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;uGef,ufrsm;r&Sday? Ta'orsm;wGif 0ifaiG& &SdEdkifaomvkyfief;vnf; aumif;pGmrzGH@òz;=uay? xdk@tjyifynma&;tqifhtwef;edrfhyg;r_a=umifh/ ‚if;a'orsm; wGif vlom;t&if;tjrpfvnf; &Sm;yg;vSonf? txl;ojzifhjrefrmEdkifiHwGif (1970) ckESpfrsm;twGif;ðyvkyfcJhaom pmwwfajrmufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGifvnf;/ ‚if;a'orsm;usef&pfvpfvyfaecJhonf? a'otwGif;xGef,ufvkyf 169

udik fEdkifaomajr,m&Sm;yg;jcif;a=umifh/ a&$@ajymif;awmif,mESifh opfawmrsm;udkckwfxiG frD;&_d@pdkufysKd;aom v,f ,mvkyfief;rsm;jzifhom toufarG;=u&onf? Todk@jzifh ESpfumv=um&SnfvmonfESifhtr# a&G@ajymif;&aom ajrrsm;&Sm;yg;vmum/ wdak wmif;aomumvtwGif; rlvajrwGifyifjyefIpdkufysKd;=u&aoma=umifh ajr=oZmðyef; wD;r_ESifh txGufE_ef;avsm@usr_wdk@jzpfay:vm&onf? yHk (8? 2) vlOD;a&wd;k wufvmr_ESifh pdkufysKd;Edkifaomajr{uwdk;wufvmr_jyyHk Population

Figure 8.2. Growth of population and cultivable land

25,400

40

25,200

Population in millions

50

25,000

30

24,800

20

24,600

10

24,400

0

Cultivable land in acres

Cultivable land

24,200 1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

Year

rl&if;? Review of the Financial Economic and Social Conditions, and the Statistical Year Book, various issues, Union of Myanmar.

Ta'orsm;wGifEd_if;,SOf=unfhygu ajr,mESifhvlOD;a&tcsKd;rSm tawmftoifhaumif;rGefr#waeao; aomfvnf; A[dkdtpdk;&ESifh vlrsKd;pkwdik f;&if;om;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;t=um; umv=um&SnfpGm vufeufpGJudkifwdu k f cdkufr_rsm;a=umifh/ qif;&Jaomv,form;rsm;taejzifh ajr,m&&Sdvkyfudik fcGifhudk[ef@wm;zsufqD;ouJo h d@k &SdaecJh onf? Twdik f;&if;om;aus;&Gmrsm;&Sd qif;&Jom;rsm;rSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh ppfab;'kuQonfrsm;jzpf&jcif;/ t"rR a&$@ajymif;ae&mcsxm;cH&jcif;ESifh t"rRvkyftm;ay;ay:wmqGJjcif;wd@k '%fudk cH=u&onf? tqdk;&Gm;qHk;rSmqif;&J om;rsm;rSm jrefrmEdkifiHwGif “jzwfav;jzwf”enf;AsL[m[k vlodrsm;aom/ aomif;usef;olacsr_ef;a&; txl; ppfqifa&;rsm;. '%fudkcHpm;ae&jcif;yifjzpfonf? ‚if;enf;AsL[mt& wdik f;&if;om;a'orsm;udkydwfqdk@ vrf; yef;qufo, G fa&;jzwfawmufjcif;ESifh vltrsm;twGuf usef;rma&;ESifhynma&;wkd@uJo h dk@aom vlr_0efaqmifr_ vkyfief;rsm;wm;qD;apjcif;wdk@yg0ifonf? vuf&SdtkyfcsKyfr_pepfatmufwGif aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk wpdwfwydkif;zGifhI pwifusifhoHk;cJhonf? od@k aomfvnf; qdk&S,fvpfpepfvufxufuusifhoH;k cJhaom xdef;csKyfr_rsm; usef&SdaeqJjzpfonf? t"dutm;jzifh trsKd;om;ruU&dkpD;yGm;a&;pepftwGif;&Sd tm;enf;csufESifh csKd@,Gif;csufrsm;a=umifh jzpfay:vmaom tqrwefaiG a=u;azmif;yGr_ESifh pD;yGm;a&;wd;k wufr_wef@aejcif;jzpfvm&onf? Ttajctaeu qif;&Jaomjynforl sm;tay: 0efxkyf0efydk;ydaponf? tpdk;&.ppftiftm;csJ@xGifjcif;ESifh wdk;csJ@taumiftxnfazmfvmaompDrHudef;topf rsm;udk axmufyHhae&aoma=umifh b¾ma&;vdkaiGjyvm+yD;/ ESpfpOfaiGazmif;yGr_E_ef;wufvmonf? ESpfpOfaiG a=u;azmif;yGr_E_ef; (30) &mcdkifE_ef;txdwdk;jrifhapcJhonf? (1988) ckESpfESifh (1996) ckESpftwGif;wGif vpmE_ef; xm;urajymif;rvJ yHkrSefusefaeaomfvnf;/ vlaer_p&dwfrsm;u tqrwefjrifhwufvmcJhonf?

(1960) ckESpfygvDreftpdk;&vufxufwGif omrmefvufvkyfvufpm;wOD;&aom0ifaiGESifh vdt k yfaomtajccHpm;ukefrsm;aps;E_ef;ESifh vuf&Sd (1996) ckESpf (e0w) ppftpdk;&vufxufwGif tvkyform; wOD;0ifaiGESifh tajccHpm;ukefaps;E_ef;rsm;udk Ed_if;,SOf=unfhygu wd;k wufzdpD;vmaom qif;&JrGJawr_ tajctae 170

udk awG@Edkifygonf? (yHk 8? 2 ud=k unfhyg?) òr@jyaetvkyform;wOD;twGuf t"duvdt k yfaom pm;eyf&duQm aps;E_ef;onf cef@rSef;tq (50) cef@jrifhwufvmcJhaomfvnf;/ xdu k mvESpfcktwGif;&Sd tedrfhqHk;vkyfcaiGonf (10) qr#omwd;k wufvmcJhonfukd awG@&ygonf? jyifyaygufaps;t&&aom wae@vkyfcaiG (100) usyf/ wv vpm (2600) usyfqdkonfrSmvnf; (1960) ckESpfwGif&&Sdaom tvkyform;wOD;. tedrfhqHk;vpmESifh ,SOfv#if (32) qom&Sdyg ao;onf? ,cifvlrsm;zlvHo k avmuf&&Sd&efqdkonfrSm rsm;pGmvdktyfaeygao;onf? b¾ma&;vdak iGjyr_jy\emñuHae&aom (e0w) ppftpdk;&onf/ xd&k -oHk;aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;ajyvnf ap&eftwGuf óu;yrf;r_rsm;ðyvkyfcJhao;aomfvnf; ratmifjrifyg? Tod@k &-oHk;aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;ajyvnfap&ef aqmif&Guf&mwGif tcGefaiGudkpepfwuswd;k aumufapaompepfr#jzifhom rvHak vmufyg? wbufwGiftpdk;&oHk; pGJaiGudv k nf; av#mch s&rnfjzpfygonf? EdkifiHjcm;rSwifoGif;vmaomukefrsm;udk wif;usyfpGmcGJwrf;owfrSwfuef@ owfjcif;/ ynma&;ESifh usef;rma&;u¾toH;k p&dwfav#mhcsjcif;/ EdkifiHjcm;rS rSm,lwifoGif;aeaom ta&;}uD; aq;0g;rsm;/ pufud&d,mrsm;udkwifoGif;cGifhuef@owfjcif;pojzifh ðyvkyfygonf? ta=umif;rSmT0ef}uD;Xmersm; onf tjcm;aom0ef}uD;Xmersm;uJo h d@k EdkifiHjcm;0ifaiGr&SmEdkifaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? vGefcJhaomESpfrsm;twGif; wGifvlr_a&;u¾rsm;toH;k p&dwfonf wdik f;jynf.pkpkaygif;xkwfukefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD) tcsKd;ESifh,SOfygu w&dyf&dyf usqif;aeonfudk awG@&ygonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh qif;&Jom;jynforl sm;. tajctaeudk ydkqdk;apygonf? xd@k tjyifpufr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;0ifa&mufrvmonfhtwGuf òr@jyaevkyfom; tiftm;pkrsm;twGuf tvkyftudik f&&Sd&eftcGifhtvrf;rsm;vnf; rzefwD;EdkifcJhay? EdkifiH.t"duEdkifiHjcm;ydk@ukef jzpfaom qefESifhtjcm;pdkufysKd;a&;xkwu f kefrsm;udk pdkufysKd;ae=uonfv h ,form;rsm;onfvnf;/ tqrwef avsmx h m;aomEdkifiHjcm;aiGvJvS,fE_ef;ESifh v,f,mxkwfukefrsm;ay:wGif aps;E_ef;uef@owf0,fr_wdk@t=um; =um;n‡yfydjym;ae&ygonf?

Z,m; (8? 2) jrefrmEdkifiH. 'kwd,t}uD;qHk;òr@jzpfaom rEWav;wGif a&G;cs,fxm;aomukefypPnf;rsm;udk vufvD0,f,laomaps;E_ef;rsm; ajymif;vJvmyHk?

aps;E_ef; (usyfaiGjzifh)

a&G;cs,fxm;aom vloHk;ukefypPnf;rsm; ipdefqef ajryJqD ESrf;qD ukvm;yJ/ yJpOf;iHk rwfyJ yJ}uD; pm;awmfyJ jiKwfoD; (&Snf) =uufoGefjzL =uufoGefeD (tvwfpm;) qm; o=um;

1960

1996

1² 01 3² 71 3² 71 1² 10 1² 10 0² 84 1² 26 5² 00 3² 11 1² 91 0² 41 1² 99

46² 00 244² 00 221² 00 158² 33 91² 67 79² 17 141² 67 310² 00 162² 50 140² 00 21² 00 129² 00

aps;E_ef; jrifhwufvmr_

46 66 60 144 83 94 112 62 52 73 51 65

&&SdaomtedrfhqHk; vkyfcudk tpm;taomufjzifh zvS,fygu &Edkifaom &EdkifaomtcsKd; 1960

1996

79 22 22 73 73 95 63 16 26 42 195 40

17 3 4 5 9 10 6 3 5 6 38 6

wdkif;wmyHk

jynf yd\m yd\m yd\m yd\m yd\m yd\m yd\m yd\m yd\m yd\m yd\m 171

rl&if;? Statistical Yearbook 1961, Union of Myanmar. Dana, Vol. 7, No. 5, February 1997 TuJo h dk@aps;uGufysuf,Gif;apaom rSm;,Gif;c|wfacsmfr_rsm;udkz,f&Sm;rSom/ pD;yGm;a&;pGrf;aqmifr_ xufjrufvmrnfjzpf+yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;pepftwGif; ydkIomwlnDr#r_udk jzpfapEdkifygonf? od@k aomfvnf; rl0g'csrSwf olrsm;onf vuf&SdtajctaewGifrajymif;vJyJ AdkvfaejrJusm;aejrJtajctaeudo k m qkyfudkifxm;=u+yD;/ tusKd; pD;yGm;rsm;udk rsufESmomay;xm;aom oGif;ukefvdik fpifcGifhðyxm;olrsm;/ EdkifiHjcm;aiGtcsKd;usudkifaqmifcGifhðy xm;olrsm;qDodk@om v$aJ jymif;ay;ae=uygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh tenf;i,faom vlrsm;om ºu,f0vm=u +yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;wHcg;zGifhcsdefrSpI wdkif;jynftwGif;&Sd qif;&JolESifh csrf;omolrsm;t=um; uGm[csuf ydkrdk}uD;rm;vm cJh&ygonf? xd@k tjyif r=umao;rDumvu wdik f;jynftwGif;&Sd t&if;tjrpfrsm;cGJa0&mwGifvnf; tpdk;&taejzifh rsm;pGm rr#waomtaetxm;jzifh aqmif&GufcJhygonf? vGefcJhaom (5) ESpfumvtwGif;&efukefòr@v,f&Sd t"duusaomaps;uGuf0ifajrae&mrsm;wGif pkpkaygif; (52) pwk&ef;rdkiftus,fudk taqmuftODrsm;zG@Hòz;a&; vkyfief;rsm;twGuf cGifhðycsufcsay;cJhygonf? ‚if;ajruGufrsm;teuf trsm;pkrSm csrf;om ºu,f0aom taqmuftOD;aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;odk@ aps;E_ef;edrfhpGma&mif;csay;jcif;/ aps;E_ef;oufompGmjzifh iSm;&rf; jcif;rsm;ðycJh=u +yD;jzpfonf? Tvkyfief;rsm;taumiftxnfazmfEdkif&eftwGuf òr@jya'orS qif;&Jom;&yfuGuf rsm;rS vlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmud/k òr@pGefrsm;odk@ESifxkwaf jymif;a&$@apcJhonf? xdak e&mrsm;wGif ynma&;ESifhusef;rm a&;twGuf vlr_0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;csKd@wJI h tajccHtaqmuftODvnf; vHkavmufaumif;rGefjcif;r&Sday? &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;twGuf twd;k E_ef;}uD;jrifhjcif;ESifh &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rSjyef&Edkifrnfh tjrwftpGef;enf;yg;aeaom tajctaewGif/ taqmuftOD;aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;onf vGefpGmtusKd;tjrwfjzpfapaomvkyfief;rsm; jzpfygonf? TuJo h dk@csrf;omºu,f0r_rsm;udk vltenf;pkvufwGif w&m;r#wr_ESifh yGifhvif;jrifomr_r&Sdaom vkyfief;rsm;jzifh pkaqmif;rdvmapjcif;tm;jzifh vlxkrsm;t=um;wGif qif;&Jcsrf;omuGm[r_}uD;xGm;vmrnfrSm rkcsjzpfonf?

TuJo h dk@aomwnf+idrf&Sdr_ r&SdaomtajctaeESifh vHak vmufaom ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm; r&Sdaom tajctaewGif/ qif;&Jaomvlxkrsm;rSm tpdk;&rSvlr_toHk;p&dwfrsm;udk wpHkw&mtwddkif;twmtxd xdef;odrf; xm;vifhupm;/ rsm;pGmqkwf,kwfusqif;r_rsm;&Sdaeonf? aus;vufa'orsm;wGif ajr,mrJhv,fvkyfom;rsm; vnf;wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmcJhonf? wEdkifiHvH;k &Sd pkpkaygif;v,f,mvkyfief;wGif tvkyfvkyfudkifaeolvlOD;a& (11) oef;. oH;k yHkwpfykHcef@txdrsm;jym;vmcJhonf? v,form;rsm;rSm tpdk;&.t"rRoD;ESH0,f,lpkaqmif;r_pepf/ oD;ESHpDrHudef;ESifh owfrSwfxm;aompDrHudef;oD;ESHrsm;udk pdkufapjcif;paom rl0g'rsm;. tusKd;oufa&mufr_udk cHae=u&qJjzpf+yD;/ aus;vuf&Sdrdom;pkrsm;. 0ifaiGusqif;r_udq k ufvufjzpfay:aeaponf? òr@jybufwGifvnf; tv,ftvwfwef;pm; vlwef;pm;rsm;tjzpfowfrSwfxm;jcif;cH&aom tpdk;& t&mxrf;/ tr_xrf;rsm;/ ausmif;q&m-q&mrrsm;ESifh tjcm;vcpm;0efxrf;rsm;onf òr@jywGifrSDwif;aexdik fae olrsm;. trsm;pkjzpfonf? xdkolrsm;onfvnf; topfaomqif;&Jom;vlwef;pm;rsm;tjzpf a&muf&Sdaponf?

TuJo h dk@tus,t f jyef@jzpfvmaomtajctaeudk &efukefòr@wGifavhvmprf;qpfcsufrsm;t& vlvwfwef;pm; csKyf+idrf;vmjcif;tjzpf azmfjy=uonf? tv,ftvwfwef;pm;vlwef;pm;rsm;. vlaer_tqifhtwef;rSm ,cifumvrsm;u ‚if;wdk@ydkifqdkifpkaqmif;xm;aompnf;pdrfOpPmrsm;ðyef;wD;ukefjcif;ESifh aiGa=u;azmif;yGE_ef;jrifh rm;vmjcif;wkd@a=umifh wajz;ajz;edrfhusvmae&onf? ppftpdk;&taejzifh e,fpyfa'orsm;wGif trsm;pkjzpfaomwdkif;&if;om;vufeufudik ftzGJ@tpnf;rsm; ESifh typftcwf&yfpJa&;oabmwlncD sufrsm; ðyvkyfaqmif&GufEdkifcJhonf? vufeufpGJudik fwdkufcdkufr_rsm; avsmh usoGm;cJh+yD[k ,lqEdkif+yD;/ tpkdk;&rSe,fpyfa'ozGH@òz;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;udk csrSwfaqmif&GufEdkifcJhonf? t"dutm; jzifh tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;zGH@òz;wddk;wufvmap&efESifh usef;rma&;ESifhynma&;0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;wd;k cJs@ jcif;wk@d udk aqmif&GufcJo h nf? vGefcJhaom (5) ESpfwmumvtwGif; e,fpyfa'ozGH@òz;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf ppftpdk;&taejzifh pkpkaygif;usyfoef;aygif; (3205) uscHokH;pGJcJhonf? txl;ojzifh tpkd;&taejzifh tajccH 172

taqmuftOD aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;uGef,ufrsm;wdk;wufap&ef OD;pm;ay; aqmif&GufcJo h nf? Taqmufvkyfa&;pDrHcsufrsm;wGifvnf;/ vlxrk sm;.xnf0h ifukefus&aomaiGrSm pkpkaygif; ukefusp&dwfrsm;. (ig;yHkwpfyHk) cef@&SdaecJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; avhvmolrsm;uazmfjy=uonfrSm aps;uGuf aygufaps;wefzdk;jzifhavsmaf =u;ay;jcif;r&Sdaomodrf;ydkufr_rsm;/ tus,t f jyef@cdkif;apaom t"rRvkyftm;ay;ap cdkif;r_rsm;.tzdk;tcrsm;udk xnfhoGif;wGucf sufxm;aom udef;*%ef;r[kwfao;[kazmfjy=uonf?83 t"rRvkyf tm;ay;&efapcdkif;r_twGuf tcsdefukef/ 0ifaiGr&jzpf&jcif;tjyif/ rdrdvkyfcr&bJ tvum;vkyftm;ay;vdkuf& aoma=umifh epfem&aomwefzdk;rsm;vnf; &Sdaeonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh ‚if;a'o&Sdqif;&Jom;jynforl sm;tzdk@ xyfrHIzdpD;aponf? qif;&JrGJawaponf? qif;&JrGJawr_a=umifh aemufqHk;xGuaf yguftaejzifh v,form;rsm;udk bdef;pdkufysKd;jcif;vkyfief;rsm;ok@d vnf;wGef;ydk@apcJhonf? bdef;pdkufysKd;r_rSm Ta'orsm;wGif 0,fvkdtm;wufvmjcif;ESifh tjcm;xkwfvkyfpdkufysKd; tpm;xdk;oD;ESHr&Sdjcif;wdk@a=umifh pD;yGm;jzpfvkyfief;tqifhodk@a&muf&Sdvmonf? e,fajrtvdkuf bdef;pdkufysKd;r_ twdik f;twmudk aemufxyfokawoersm;ðykvkyf&efvkt d yfaomfvnf;/ t=urf;zsOf;cef@rSef;wGucf sufr_t& vlOD; a& (2) odef;rS (4) odef;=um;wk@d onf bdef;oD;ESHay:wGifrSDcdktm;xm; toufarG;ae=u&onf[k qdkEdkifonf? ‚if;ae&ma'orsm;wGifbdef;onfaiGjzpfoD;ESHwckjzpf+yD;/ tjcm;0ifaiGtaumif;qHk;oD;ESH (qefpyg;) xuftjrwf (4) qydk&EdkifI tcdsefwdw k dt k wGif; pdkufysKd;Edkifonf? uefx&dkufpepfjzifhpdkufysKd;EdkifouJo h dk@/ vG,u f lpGm aps;uGufwifa&mif;csEdkifonf?84 wpf[ufwm odk@r[kwf ESpf[ufwm bdef;pdkufysKd;jcif;jzifhxGuf&Sd aom (5-6) uDvk&d Sdonfh xGufukefrsm;udk rl;,pfaq;0g;*dk%f;rsm;od@k a&mif;csjcif;tm;jzifh wESpf0ifaiG cef@rSef; ajctar&duefa':vm (100) rS (120) xd&&SdEdkifonf? odk@aomfvnf; tjrwftpGef;trsm;pkjzpfaom cef@rSef;ajc tar&duefa':vm (1) bDvD,Hcef@udk udak ps;uGufukdxdef;csKyfaeom bdef;&mZmrsm;ESifh t*wdfvdu k fpm;onfh 85 t&m&Sdrsm;uom cHpm;&,lae=uonf? tjcm;wbufwGifvnf; rl;,pfaq;0g;rS&&SdvmaomaiGrsm; 0ifvmr_ a=umifh jzpfay:vmaom aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_ESifh tjcm;aomvlr_a&;jy\emrsm;udv k nf; a'owGif;&Sdqif;&Jom; v,form;rsm;taejzifh qufvuf&ifqdkifae=u&onf? rl;,pfaq;0g;oH;k pGJjcif;onf a'otwGif; rl;,pfaq; 0g;ukefoG,fr_vrf;a=umif;wav#mufysH@ESH@cJh+yD;/ rl;,pfaq;oHk;pGJolrsm;t=um;ul;pufjyef@yGm;aeaom ckcHtm;us qif;r_a&ma&m*g (HIV/AIDS) onfvnf;/ v#ifjrefpGm ul;pufjyef@yGm;aeonf? Ttcsufrsm;onf a'owGif; &Sdqif;&Jom;wkkd@. vlaer_b0udt k rSefwu,f+cdrf;acsmufv#uf&Sdaeonf?

83

Burma: Foreign Economic Trends Report.. United States Department of State, Washington D.C. 1996. TtpD&ifcHpmwGif (1988) ckESpfrS (1993) ckESpfumvtwGif; tpdk;&uw&m;0ifowfrSwfxm;aomae@pm;tvkyform;p&dwf wae@v#if (15) usyfE_ef;jzifx h m;&SdwGufcsuf+yD;/ aqmufvkyfa&;pDrHcsufrsm;wGif vlxkrsm;zufrSyg0ifxnfh0if&r_udk wGufcsufazmfjyxm;jcif;jzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; Tvkyfconfyif jyify aps;uGufaygufaps;twdkif;vkyfygu &&Sdrnfhvkyfcxuf (3) qr#enf;yg;aeygao;onf?

84

Doug J. Porter, Wheeling and Dealing: HIV/AIDS and Development of the Shan State Borders. Australian National University, 1994.

bdef;pdkufysKd;jcif;jzifh toufarG;0rf;a=umif;ae=u&ol vlOD;a&cef@rSef;csufudk TpmtkyfrS,lygonf? ol.wGufcsufr_t& rdom;pkwckonf ysrf;r# ajr (0² 4) rS (0² 75) [ufwmt=um; pdkufysKd;=uonf[k azmfjyxm;ygonf?

85 rl;,pfaq;0g;ukefoG,fr_ESifh ywfoufaeaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;rS 0ifaiGudkazmfjy&mwGif rsm;pGmrwdrusjzpfEdkifygonf? tar&duefjynf axmifpk EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;XmerScef@rSef;azmfjyxm;aom pdkuf{uESifh xGuf&Sdr_udef;*%ef;rsm;onf/ (e0w) ppftpdk;&ESifh ukvor*~u azmfjy aomudef;*%ef;rsm;ESifh rsm;pGmuGmjcm;ygonf? [D;&dk;tif;ESifh bdef;a&mif;0,fr_rsm;rS &&Sdaom0ifaiGudkwGufcsuf&mwGif jynfywifydk@aom yrm% ESifh (1989) ckESpfwGif&Sdaeaomaps;E_ef; ([D;&dk;tif;wuDvdkv#if 5802 a':vm/ bdef;pdrf;wuDvdkv#if 200 a':vm) jzifh ajr‡mufxm;jcif;jzpfyg onf? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;&Sd pdkuf{urSm &De'f (Renard) ucef@rSef;wGufcsufxm;r_jzpfygonf? vGefcJah omESpfrsm;twGif; trSefwu,fwifydk@r_rSm ,ckcef@rSef;wGufcsufr_xuf rsm;Edkifygonf? vGefcJah omESpfrsm;twGif; ydkrdka&mif;0,fazmufum;r_rsm;vmcJ+h yD;/ aps;E_ef;vnf;wdk;rsm;vmcJyh gonf?

173

yHk (8? 3) rl;,pfaq;0g;a&mif;0,fr_u pD;yGm;a&;pepftwGif;yg0ifywfoufaer_udk jyyHk? Poppy cultivation Total income

1200.00

180 160

1000.00

140

800.00

120 100

600.00

80

400.00

60 40

200.00

20

0.00

Opium cultivation (thousand hectres)

Estimated value of drug export (US$ million)

Figure 8.3. The Size of Drug Economy

0 1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

Source: Burma:Foreign Economic Trends Report , The U.S. Department of State, Washington D.C. 1996; Ronald D. Renard, The Burmese Connection: Illegal Drugs & the Making of the Golden Triangle , Boulder, CO, 1996; Doug J Porter, Wheeling and Dealing: HIV/AIDS and Development of the Shan State Borders , Australian National University, Canberra, 1994.

rl&if;? Burma: Foreign Economic Trends Report, The U.S. Department of State, Washington D.C 1996; Ronald D. Renard, The Burmese Connection: Illegal Drugs & the Making of the Golden Triangle, Boulder, CO, 1996; Doug J porter, Wheeling and Dealing; HIV/AIDS and Development of the Shan State Borders, Australian National University, Canberra, 1994.

174

0ifaiGcGJa0jzef@jzL;jcif;rl0g'qkdif&m &nf&G,fcsufrsm; &kwfw&uf=unfhv#if/ jynfolvlxkrsm;t=um; 0ifaiGcGJa0jzef@jzL;jcif;rl0g'qdkif&m &nfrSef;csufrsm; csrSwfjcif;onf vG,u f laomudpPw&yf jzpfonf[kxif&ayonf? rnDr#r_vH;k 0r&Sdap&/ odk@r[kwf 0ifaiGcGJa0 jzef@jzL;r_wGif vlwef;pm;rnDr#r_tenf;tusOf;om &Sdap&rnf pojzifhajymqdkEdkifygonf? ok@d aomfvnf; ‚if;udpP udk Tr#avmuf vH;k 0vG,fulpGmjzifh ajz&Sif;I&EdkfifaomudpP r[kwfyg? ta=umif;rSm rdrdwdk@taejzifh pD;yGm;a&; wd;k wufr_udk jrifhwufap&efaqmif&GufaeaomumvrSmyif/ jynfow l kd@.vlaer_ tqifhtwef;udv k nf; jrifh wufap&ef aqmif&Gufvk=d uaoma=umifhyif jzpfygonf? +yD;cJhaomtcef;rsm;wGif v#ifjrefaompD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_udk&&Sdap&ef/ aps;uGufpepfudk ,cif twdwu f mvuvkyfudkif&efcGifhðycJhjcif;xuf tqaygif;rsm;pGm vGwv f yfpGmvkyfudik fvnfywfap&ef cGifhðyay;& rnf[k t}udrf}udrftav;ay;wifjycJhygonf? okd@aomfaps;uGufrsm;onf rufvkH;ay;r_rsm;tay:tajccHIom vkyfudik fvnfywfEdkifayonf? tu,fIvlwkd@rnfonfv h kyfief;vkyfudik fonfqdkonfukdrpOf;pm;bJ wlnaD om 0ifaiGrsm;tqHk;owf&&Sdaev#if/ ‚if;wk@d .vkyftm;ESifhtm;xkwfr_wd@k udk ay;aqmif&efESifh ‚if;wkd@.xkwv f kyfEdkif pGrf;/ ypPnf;ydkifqdkifr_rsm;udx k def;odrf;cJs@xGif&efpdwf0ifpm;r_/ rufvH;k ay;r_rsm;&Sdawmhrnf r[kwfay? xkd@a=umifh aps;uGufwcktaejzifh aumif;rGefjynfh0pGmvnfywfvkyfudik fvmygu 0ifaiGrnDr#onfvnf;/ twdkif;twmwck txd a&Smifv$I J r&Edkifay? jzpfay:vmvdrfhrnf jzpfonf?

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1? jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh aus;vufa'oaejynfolrsm;t=um; oifhwifhr#waom ajr,mcGJa0jzef@jzL;xm;jcif;&Sd aomfvnf;/ tpdk;&taejzifh v,form;rsm;ajroD;pm;csvkyfudik f&mwGif ydkrdkvHðk cHtmrcHr_&Sdap&eftwGuf aqmif &Gufay;&efvdt k yfygonf? odk@rSom ‚if;wk@d ajrrsm;udk xkwfvkyfEdkfifpGrf;&SdaomtoH;k ðyr_twGuf a&&Snf&if;ESD; jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;ðyvkyfEdkifrnf jzpfygonf? r=um;ao;rDumvrsm;u tpdk;&ucsrSwfusifhoHk;cJhaom rl0g'rsm;jzpfonfh pGef@ypfajrrsm;ESifh trsm;ydkifajrt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;qdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;vkyfudik f&ef twGuyf k*~vduydkifv$aJ jymif;ay;jcif;ud/k ajr,mrJhv,fvkyfom;rsm;. tusKd;pD;yGm;udck sifhcsdefIvnf;aumif;/ xif;avmifpmESifh tjcm;aus;vufoH;k tdrfaxmifpkoHk;ukefypPnf;rsm;&&Sda&;twGuf obm0tajccHpGrf;tm; rsm;tay:wGifrDScdkaeaomaus;vufaejynfolrsm;ESifh ‚if;wkd@.rdom;pkrsm;pGmwd@k .tusKd;qHk;&_H;&r_wd@k udk E_dif;csdef pOf;pm;aqmif&Gufoifhygonf? tvm;wlpGm tpdk;&.tajccHtaqmuftODpDrHcsuf}uD;rsm;jzpfaom a&umwm wnfaqmufa&;pDrHcsufrsm;wGif a&$@ajymif;cH&olrsm;twGuf vHak vmufaomavsmaf =u;ay;aqmifoifhonfh tjyif/ xdkolrsm;epfemqHk;&_H;&aom vlr_wefzdk;rsm;udkyg yl;aygif;xnfo h Gif;pOf;pm;oifhygonf?

2? tqif;&JqHk;aomv,form;rsm;taejzifh aiGacs;iSm;Edkif&eftwGuf Xmeae&mrsm;r&SdouJo h dk@/ tvm;wlacs; ,lEdkifaom tjcm;t&if;tjrpfrsm;vnf; r&Sdyg? v,form;rsm;onf ajr,mydkifqdkifaomfvnf;/ acs;aiGr&SdbJESifh aumif;rGefpGmtoH;k ðyEdkifrnf r[kwfyg? xnfhoGif;&if;ESD;r_tenf;i,fðy&Hkr#jzifh xGuu f keftajrmuftjrm;&&Sd&ef tajctae&Sdaomfvnf; vkyfudkifEdkifjcif;rðyEdkifay? tpdk;&taejzifh qif;&Jom;rsm;twGuf tao;pm;acs;aiG vkyfief;rsm;wd@k csJ@aqmif&GufEdkifaom uGef,ufrsm; wnfaqmufay;oifhygonf? Tod@k qif;&Jom;rsm;tm; aiG acs;aomatmifjrifaeaom Oyrmrsm;jzpfonfh b*Fvm;a'h&SfEdkifiHrS A&mrif;b%fuJo h dk@aom atmifjrifae aomOyrmrsm;udk twl,loifhygonf? TA&mrif;b%ftaejzifh oifhwifhaomrl0g'rsm;csrSwfjcif;/ pkpnf; zGJ@pnf;r_rsm;aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh acs;aiGjyefvnfaumufcH&r_udk aocsmatmifjrifpGm aqmif&GufEdkifcJhygonf? xdk tpDtpOfrsm;. atmifjrifapaomaomhcsufrSm acs;aiGrsm;udk twd;k E_ef;enf;enf;/ azmazmoDoDxw k facs;ay; jcif;r[kwfbJ/ vdt k yfaompkaqmif;aiGudk rjzpfraepkaqmif;ap&ef tav;teufxm;jcif;/ pD;yGm;a&;qefqef twd;k E_ef;rsm;aumuf,ljcif;/ ajzmifhrwfwnf=unfr_udkxdef;odrf;xm;jcif;ESifh tusKd;pD;yGm;cHpm;cGifhESifh oufqdkif olrsm;od@k vkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm;udk yGifhvif;pGmwifjyodapjcif;/ yHkrSefjyefvnfay;qyfolrsm;twGuf cdkifrmaom 178

rufvkH;rsm;ESifh urf;vSrf;jcif;/ vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk TtpDtpOfudak xmufcHaqmif&Gufvmap&ef pnf;&Hk;xm; jcif;wd@k jzpfygonf? òr@jhyaejynfolrsm;. qif;&JrGJawr_jy\emrSm trsKd;om;ruU&dkpD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mrSm;,Gif;c|wfacsmfr_rsm;/ vkyfief;twGuf&if;ESD;&mwGifñuHae&aom aiGazmif;yGr_E_ef;}uD;jrifhonfjh y\em/ EdkifiHjcm;aiGa=u;zvS,fr_udk xdef;csKyfxm;r_ESifh pufr_vkyfief;qdkif&mrsm;wGif jynfyrS&if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_r&Sdjcif; ponft h csufrsm;ESifh ydkIoufqdkif aeygonf? tu,fIpufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm;wkd;csJ@Edkifygu/ cdkifrmaomtrsKd;om;ruU&dkpD;yGm;a&;rl0g'rsm; csrSwf usifo h H;k Edkifygu tem*wfumvwGif òr@jyqif;&Jom;rsm;twGuf tvkyftudik ftcGifhtvrf;rsm;ESifh 0ifaiGwdk;yGm; vmaprnfjzpfonf? a&&SnfwGif wef;wlnDr#jzpfr_twGuf ynma&;ESifhusef;rma&;0efaqmifr_rsm;jr‡ifhwifay; jcif;/ tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;wd;k wufaqmufvkyfay;jcif; ponfrsm;aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? zGH@òz;a&;qdkif&m rl0g'rsm;wGif atmufygtcsufrsm;udk xnfo h Gif;pOf;pm;oifhfygonf?

(1) vkyftm;rsm;rsm;vkdtyfaom pufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm;jzifh xkwv f kyfjcif;qDodk@OD;wnfaom zGH@òz;a&;tpD tpOfrsm;csrSwfay;jcif;jzifh/ qif;&Jom;jynfolrsm; ydkIyg0ifEdkfifaom xkwv f kyfr_vkyfief;rsm; jzpfay:wd;k wufvm rnfjzpfonf? tpdk;&taejzifh rnfok@d aompufr_vkyfief;u¾rsm;onf/ EdkifiHtwGif; trsm;tjym;ydkv#Haeonfh u|rf;usifr_r&Sdaomvkyfom;rsm;ESifh toifhtwifhu|rf;usifvkyfom;rsm;udk taumif;qHk;ae&mcsxm;ay;Edkif aom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonfudk &SmazGazmfxkw+f yD;/ wdk;jr‡ifhjcif;rsm; vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf? od@k aomfvnf; vkyfom;aps;uGuw f Gifvdt k yfonfxufydkI 0ifa&mufrpGufzufrdap&ef vdt k yfygonf? qdkvdkonfrSm tedrfhqHk; vkyfcvpmE_ef;rsm;owfrSwfjcif;/ vkyfief;vHðk cHr_vkyfxH;k vkyfenf;rsm;jyXmef;jcif;ESifh vlr_zlvHak &;tcGifhta&;rsm; jyXmef;jcif; ponfhpGufzufr_rsm;jzpfygonf? Ttcsufrsm;onf vkyfom;vdt k yfcsufawmif;qdkr_udk t[ef@ twm;jzpfapygonf?

(2) ,cktajctaewGif òr@jy&SdpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;Y yHkrSefr[kwfaompD;yGm;a&;ESifh yk*~vdutcef;u¾onf ydkI ta&;ygaomtcef;u¾wGifyg0ifaeonf? vkyfom;rsm;rsm;toH;k ðyEdkifaomvkyfief;rsm; xlaxmifa&;[l onfh a,bk,srltjyif/ Tu¾udo k D;jcm;rl0g'rsm;csrSwfI wdk;jrifhay;apEdkifygonf? tpdk;&taejzifh ao;i,f aom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf xdef;csKyfr_rsm;av#mch say;jcif;/ yHkrSefpnf;rsOf;rsm;owfrSwfxm;aom tqifh qifh vdt k yfcsufrsm;udk y,fzsufjcif;jzifhpojzifh aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? twdwu f mvu w&m;0iftaumif txnfazmf rSwfyHkwifEdkif&eftwGuf uef@owfaomóu;eDpepfrsm;vGef;aoma=umifh/ Tvkyfief;trsm;pkrSm w&m;0ifyHkrSef r[kwfbJvnfywfaecJh&jcif;jzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh e,fajruef@owfr_rsm;uJo h dk@aom Oya' rsm;/ òr@}uD;rsm;wGif aps;qdkifi,frsm;zGifhvSpfjcif;udk wm;jrpfaomOya'rsm;/ *VKefpDrHudef;rsm;a=umifhzdESdyfr_rsm;/ vmbfpm;aom jrLeDpDy,f&Jrsm;. qufa=u;awmif;cHr_rsm;ESifhawG@}uHKae&ygonf?

(3) tpdk;&taejzifh tao;pm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_qdkif&m tpDtpOfrsm; csrSwfaqmif&Gufay;Edkifyg onf? vdt k yfaomaiGa=u;axmufyHhay;jcif;/ aps;oufomaompD;yGm;a&;qdkifcef; vkyfief;ae&mrsm;csay;jcif;/ vdt k yfaomtajccH0efaqmifr_rsm;ay;jcif; ponfrsm;jzifh ulnDEdkifygonf? Tvkyfief;rsKd;udk w&m;0ifpD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;twGufa&m/ w&m;0ifwnf&Sdraeao;onfh vkyfief;rsm;twGufyg aqmif&Gufay;Edkifygonf? pD;yGm; a&;vkyfief;}uD;udk rsufESmomay;aomrufvkH;rsm;a=umifh/ vkyfief;i,frsm;udk rxdcdkufap&ef owdðyoifhygonf?

EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;twGuf pufr_ZkHrsm;wnfaqmufEdkif&ef urf;vSrf;ouJhod@k / w&m;0ifr[kwfao;aom yk*~vduvkyfief;i,frsm;taejzifhvnf; yg0ifaqmif&GufvmEdkifap&ef tcGifhta&;ay;oifhygonf? pufr_ZHkrsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;ZHk (Business Park) rsm;wGif wGzJ ufjznfhqnf;apaom vkyif ef;tcGifhtvrf;rsm; zGifhay;jcif; tm;jzifh aemufxyfpD;yGm;a&;wd;k wufcsJ@xGifvmap&efESifh tvkyftudik ftcGifhtvrf;rsm; wdk;yGm;vmap&ef twGuf aqmif&GufEdkifygonf?

(4) ,cktajctaewGif tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mrwnf+idrfaomtajctaersm;. zdpD;r_udk =uH=h uHch Hae=u&ygonf? xdk@tjyif tjcm;tydk0ifaiG&&Sdapaom tcGifhtvrf;rsm;r&Sdaoma=umifhvnf; ar#mfvifh csufuif;rJhae=uygonf? tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;taejzifh aqmif&Gufae=uaomvkyfief;rSm/ tpdk;&vkyfief;jyifywGif 179

tcsdefydkif;tvkyfwck &SmazGvkyfudik fae&jcif;jzpfygonf? Tta=umif;a=umifh rlvujyifyu¾wGif vkyfudik fae =uaomvkyfom;rsm;ESifhtòyiftqdkif tvkyfudv k kae=u&ygonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh vkyfief;cGifrS cGifh&uf&Snf,l vmjcif;/ aevnfpmpm;csdef tcsdefydk,lvmjcif;rsm; jzpfvmygonf? tpdk;&vkyfief;rsm;. xda&mufpGm pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_usqif;vmygonf? tajccHusus tzGJ@tpnf;pepfqdkif&mudpPrsm;udk jyefvnfjyifqifapjcif;jzifh òr@jyaeqif;&Jom;jynfolrsm;twGuf 0efxkyf0efydk;udk avsmhusvmapEdkifygonf? tpdk;&taejzifh/ e,fpyfa'orsm;ESifh awmawmifxlxyfaomaus;vufa'orsm;&Sd qif;&JrGJawr_ jy\emudk ajz&Sif;&ef twGufqdkv#if tvGefcufcJ=um&Snfvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? ta=umif;rSm tpdk;& tquf qufu vspfvsL&_xm;cJhjcif;ESifh umv=um&Snfypfxm;cJhjcif;a=umifh jzpfygonf? ‚if;a'orsm;onf pD;yGm;a&; t&ta&;ay;r_r&Sdjcif;/ a0;uGmvGef;aoma=umifhvnf; obm0t&qufpyfr_enf;jcif;rsm;a=umifh jyifyurBmESifh ul;oef;qufoG,fr_ cufcJapcJhygonf? e,fpyfa'o&Sdqif;&Jom;jynfolrsm;twGuf zGH@òz;r_udkaqmif&Gufay;&ef vkyfaqmifEdkifaom r[mAsL[mqdkif&mpOf;pm;r_rsm; atmufwGifoD;oef@azmfjyxm;ygonf?

(1) tpdk;&taejzifh csKd@,Gif;aom &moDOwkESifh a&ajrt&udyk ifpdkufysKd;a&;vkyfudik fEdkifr_tvm;tvm cufcJaom a'orsm;odk@ xdpyfaqmif&GufEdkif&ef óu;yrf;oifhygonf? txl;ojzifhvrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;nHhzsif;aom e,fpyf a'orsm;jzpfygonf? tpdk;&taejzifh ‚if;a'orsm;wGif a&wdu k mvY qif;&JrGJawr_udak vsmu h soufomap&ef twGuf tjref0ifaiG&&Sdapaomvkyfief;rsm;/ a&&SnfwnfwHhEdkifaompdkufysKd;oD;ESHrsm;udk pepfwus tpDtpOfcs taumiftxnfazmfoifhygonf? a&&Snftaetxm;wGifrl tpdk;&taejzifhqufoG,fa&;pepf/ vrf;yef;quf oG,af &;/ o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;/ ynma&;vkyfief;rsm; wdk;wufaumif;rGefap&ef tm&Hkpdkufaqmif&Gufay;oifhyg onf? odk@rSompD;yGm;a&;pepf}uD;wckvHk;ESifh yl;aygif;qufpyfvmapEdkifrnfjzpfygonf? Tenf;tm;jzifhom a&&SnfwiG f‚if;a'orsm;zGH@òz;wd;k wufvmapEdkifrnf jzpfygonf?

(2) aus;vufa'orsm;wGif jynforl sm;udk vkyfcray;bJt"rRcdkif;apjcif;/ odk@r[kwf vkyfcav#mhay;I cdkif;ap aer_rsm;udk tpdk;&rSusifhoH;k aoma=umifh/ aus;vufaejynfolrsm;. qif;&JrGJawr_jy\em ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;vm&yg onf? Tvkyf&yfrsm;a=umifh rlvuyif0ifaiGenf;yg;&onfhtxJ/ jynfow l dk@. tajctaeudk ydkqdk;vmaponf? vkyftm;apcdkif;r_rsm;twGuf oifhwifhr#waomtpm;xdk;vkyfcrsm;aqmif&Gufay;r_udk usifhoH;k apoifhygonf? tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm; vdkufemap&efvnf; =uyfrwfwdkufwGef;oifhygonf?

(3) rl;,pfaq;0g;jy\emonf tjynfjynfqdkif&me,fedrdwfudak usmv f Gefxdcdu k faeaomudpP jzpfygonf? tpdk;& . bdef;tpm;xd;k oD;ESHtpDtpOfESifh rl;,pfaq;0g;yaysmufa&;pDrHudef;rsm;udk tjynfjynfqdkif&mulnD axmufyHh r_rsm;jzifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh/ tpdk;&.0efxkyf0efydk;udk avsmu h sapEdkifygonf? e,fpyfa'orsm;jyefvnf xlaxmifa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (tJef*sDtdkrsm;) udv k nf; todtrSwfðyI yg0if aqmif&GufcGifðh yoifhygonf? ed*Hk;csKyftm;jzifh qif;&JrGJawr_avsmeh nf;usqif;apa&;ESifh nD!Gwfr#wpGmcGJa0jzef@jzL;r_qdkif&m rnf onft h pDtpOfrsm;udkrqdk qkwf,kwt f m;aysmhapEdkifaom t"duta=umif;tcsufwckudk rdrdwk@d tav;*&kðy oifhygonf? ‚if;rSmjrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;wGif twdik f;tq}uD;rm;pGmyg0ifaeonfh rl;,pfaq;0g;ukefoG,fr_rS &&Sdae aomaiGrsm;ESifh tusKd;tjrwfrsm;a=umifh jynfwiG f;ukefaps;E_ef;rsm;ESifh tdk;tdrftaqmuftODrsm;.aps; wnf+idrfr_udk xdcdu k fapygonf? ‚if;jy\emESifhpyfvsOf;I vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufaomrnfonfóh u;yrf;tm;xkwfr_ udrk qdk yHkrSefaqmif&GufI&rnfr[kwfyg? cGJa0jzef@xm;r_rnDr#jcif;udk jyefvnfðyjyifnDr#ap&efESifhpyfvsOf;I xnfh oGif;pOf;pm;xm;aom omrefajz&Sif;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;xufausmfveG f aqmif&Guf&rnf jzpfygonf?

180

tcef; (9) ynma&;

181

tcef; (9) ynma&; vuf&Sdynma&;u¾ tajctae jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;taejzifh ynma&;tay:rsm;pGm tav;ay;r_&Sd=u+yD;/ Ttcsufudk jrefrmEdkifiHwGifpm wwfajrmufaomvlOD;a&E_ef; rsm;jym;r_u jyoaeonf? rdbrsm;taejzifh b,fae&ma&mufa&muf uav;rsm; udk pmoifausmif;ydk@um pmoif&efapv$w=f uonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rlvwef;t&G,fuav; rsm; ausmif;tyfr_E_ef; jrifhrm;onf? touf (5) ESpfrS (10) ESpft&G,f uav; trsm;pkrSm ausmif;rsm;wGif wufa&mufynmoif=um; Edkif=uonf? od@k aomfvnf; ynma&;vdt k yfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;Edkif&eftwGuf pm oifausmif;ta&twGurf Sm ,ae@ umvpHxm;owfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifh wdik f;wmv#if vHak vmufr_r&Sday? jrefrm EdkifiHtv,fydkif;a'o pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;aom a'orsm;wGif ysrf;r#tm;jzifh &Gm (5) &GmwGif pmoifausmif; wausmif;&Sdonf? odk@aomfvnf;e,fpyfaus;vufa'orsm;wGif &Gm (25) &GmrS pmoifausmif;wausmif;om xm;&SdEdkif=uonf? Ttcsufa=umifhyif tpdk;&rSaxmufyHhxm;aom rlvwef;ausmif;trsm;tjym;rSm pmoif om;uav;tiftm;ESifhrr#yJ jynf=h uyfae&onf? q&mwa,mufv#if pmoifom;uav;rsm;pGmudk }uD;=uyfae &onf? q&mtrsm;pkrSm acwfrDynmoif=um;a&;enf;pepfrsm;udv k nf; avhusifhynmay;xm;r_r&Sday? xd@k tjyif ausmif;rsm;wGifvnf; oif=um;r_ taxmuftulðyypPnf;rsm;vnf; qif;&JcsKd@wJhvSonf? yHk? 9? 1? rlvwef;uav;ausmif;tyfr_jyZ,m; (touf 5-ESpf&Sdaom uav; 100 twGut f csKd;)

Drop-out 34%

Never Enroll 39%

Complete Primary School 27%

rl&if;? UNICEF, 1995. tusKd;qufwckrSm uav;rsm;ausmif;xGu&f r_rsm;jym;jcif;yifjzpfonf? vGefcJhaomESpfrsm;&Sd udef; *%ef;rsm; t& azmfjy&rnfqdkv#if rlvwef;tqifhYyif ausmif;wufaeaomuav;OD;a&. (34) &mcdkifE_ef; ausmif;xGu&f r_&Sdonf[k cef@rSef;azmfjy=uonf? Tudef;*%ef;rSm tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;ESifhEd_if;pmv#if tvGefrsm; jym;aeonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh jrefrmEdkifiH.ynma&;rSm rlvwef;tqifhwGif EdkifiHwumtqifhtwef;rD onf[k ta&twGut f & qdkEdkifaomfvnf;/ ynma&;t&nftaoG;tydkif;t&qdkv#if rsm;pGmvdktyfcsuf&Sd ae onf? ynma&;t&nftaoG;edrfhusr_udk jyoEdkifaom tcsufwckrSm uav;rsm;twef;us+yD;/ rlvtwef;jyef wuf&aomE_ef; jrifhrm;jcif;yifjzpfonf? txl;ojzifh rlvwef;rsm;wGifjzpf+yD; òr@jya&m/ aus;vufwiG fyg T 182

jy\emudkñuH&onf? rlvwef;ausmif;rsm;wGif ynmoif=um;aeaomuav;rsm;. (av;yHkwyHk) rSm ESpfpOf qdkovdk pmar;yGJus&_H;=uonf? TtwGuaf =umifh rdbrsm;wGif0efxkyf0efydk; ydkvm&+yD;/ uav;rsm;twGuv f nf; tv,fwef;ynma&;od@k tul;tajymif;Y tcuftcJrsm;ñuH=u&onf? aemufqHk;xkwaf 0cJhaom ukvor*~ zGH@òz;r_tpDtpOf (,ltJef'DyD) . tpD&ifcHpmwGif jrefrmEdkifiH.rlvwef;ynma&;tajctaeonf ‘ta&;ay: tm&Hkpdkuf&rnfh tajctaeodk@ wdww f qdwfESifh’ wa&G@a&G@ul;ajymif;ae+yD jzpfonf[k owday;azmfjycJhonf? rlvwef;ynm oif=um;aeaom uav;rsm;. (27) &mcdkifE_ef;om (5) ESpfwmumv +yD;qHk;atmif oif=um; Edkif=uonf? rlvwef;tqifhwGifyif ausmif;xGu&f aomuav;aygif; (34) &mcdkifE_ef;&Sd+yD;/ rlvwef;ynma&; ausmif; vH;k 0rwufEdkifoluav;aygif; (39) &mcdkifE_ef;&Sdonf[k azmfjyxm;onf? xdt k pD&ifcHpmwGifyif rlv wef;ynma&;+yD;qHk;&ef oif=um;&rnfh ysrf;r#umvonf uav;rsm;twGuf (5) ESpfr[kwfyJ/ (12² 2) ESpf jzpf onf[k azmfjyxm;onf? ta=umif;rSm twef;us+yD; t}udrf}udrfjyefaeae&aoma=umifh jzpfonf? 86 ynma&;ydkif;wGif tuef@towf}uD;rm;r_rSm tv,fwef;tqifhwGif ta&twGut f &a&m/ t&nf taoG;ydkif;t&yg ydkIqdk;onf? tv,fwef;ynmoif=um;a&;twGuf ausmif;tyfESHaom uav;OD;a&rSm tvGefenf;onf? a'otwGif;&SdEdkifiHrsm;wGif tenf;qHk; taetxm;jzpfaeonf? ausmif;tyfaomuav; ta&twGufenf;aeonf=h um;rSyif/ pmoif=um;r_taxmuftulðyypPnf;rsm;rSmvnf; jynfph HkzlvHkr_r&Sday?

Oyrmtm;jzifh ausmif;ta&twGu/f t&nftaoG;jynfhrDaom q&mta&twGu/f tjcm;t&if;tjrpfrsm;jzpf aomzwfpmtkyfrsm;/ pm=unfw h dkufrsm;/ "gwfcGcJ ef;rsm; jynfhpHkzlvHkr_ r&Sd=uay? tv,fwef;ausmif;wufa&muf atmifjrif+yD;aom uav;rsm;. (30) &mcdkifE_ef;om txufwef;ausmif;rsm;odk@ wufa&mufynmoif=um; Edkif=uonf? txufwef;ausmif;ynmoif =um;aeaom ausmif;om;rsm;teufrS (33) &mcdkifE_ef;aom ausmif;om;rsm;om txufwef;ausmif;aemufqHk;pmar;yGJatmifjrif=uonf? wenf;azmfjy&rnfqdkv#if rlv wef;ynmwufa&mufoif=um;aeaom ausmif;omrsm;teufrS (1² 8) &mcdkifE_ef;onfom txufwef; ausmif;ynma&; atmifjrif+yD;qHk;onfhoabm oufa&mufaeonf? tjcm;aom xdcdu k faponfh ynma&;tcsKd;rnDr_wckrSm TtqifhwGifpufr_enf;ynmrsm;ESifh ywf oufIoif=um;avhusifah y;rnfh oif=um;r_taxmuftulypPnf;rsm; r&Sdjcif;jzpfonf? cef@rSef;csufrsm;t& pufr_enf;ynm ausmif;rsm;wGif pm&if;ay;oGif;ausmif; wuf=uaom ausmif;om;rsm;ta&twGurf Sm (1² 2) &mcdkifE_ef;om&Sdonf? Ed_if;,SOfazmfjy&rnfqdkv#if tdrfeD;csif;xdik f;EdkifiHwGif (16² 2) &mcdkifE_ef;&Sd+yD;/ tif'dkeD;&Sm; EdkifiHwGif (10² 6) &mcdkifE_ef;&Sdonf? cef@rSef;&onfrSm tpdk;&taejzifh tv,fwef;tqifhwGif taxGaxGu|rf; usifr_&ap&ef t"duOD;pmay;oif=um;aom a&S;&dk;pOfvmrl0g'udk qufvufusifhoH;k aeyHk&onf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;tcef;u¾ao;i,faeao;jcif;ESifh vlok;H ukefxkwv f kyfr_enf;yg;jcif;wdk@a=umifh pufr_enf; ynmoif=um;a&;udk vdt k yfcsufenf;aeao;onf[k ,lq&onf? xdk@tjyif tvkyftudik f&&Sda&;twGuf &nf &G,faom toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynmoif=um;a&;ESifh ywfoufIvnf; tcef;u¾tenf;tusOf;r#om &Sdae ao;onf? odk@aomfvnf; Ttqifhynma&;wGif pufr_enf;ynmoifwef; rsm;r&Sdr_a=umifh/ tv,ftvwf wef;tqifh&Sdaom pufr_u|rf;usifolvyk fom;rsm;arG;xkwfay;Edkifa&;rSm t}uD;tus,f tuef@towfjzpfae& onf? Tpufr_u|rf;usifolvkyfom;rsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;tv#iftjrefzGH@òz;wd;k wufa&;twGufta&;ygaomol rsm; jzpf=uonf? od@k aomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHESifh tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;E_dif;pmv#if pGrf;aqmifEdkifaom t&nftaoG;uGm[r_ rSm }uD;}uD;rm;rm;odomxif&Sm;r_ r&SdvSaomfvnf;/ ynma&;pepf.tm;enf;csufrsm;udk tqifhjrifhwuUodv k f ynma&;tqifhY txl;awG@=u&ygonf? (1991) ckESpfwGif tqifhjrifhynma&;Y oif=um;&ef pm&if;ay;oGif; aom ausmif;om;OD;a&onf (4² 6) &mcdkifE_ef;&Sdrnf[k cef@rSef;xm;ygonf? Ed_if;,SOfcsuft&qdkv#if rav;&Sm; EdkifiHY (7) &mcdkifE_ef;&Sd+yD;/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHY (10) &mcdkifE_ef;/ xdkif;EdkifiHY (16) &mcdkifE_ef;&Sdygonf? xd@k tjyif wuUodv k frsm;od@k axmufyHhay;r_rsm;rSmvnf; tvGefenf;yg;ygonf? xdktwGuaf =umifh wuUodv k frsm;wGif 86

UNICEF, Children and Women in Myanmar: A Situation Analysis. New York, 1995.

183

"gwfcGcJ ef;ypPnf;rsm; tvHt k avmufr&Sdjcif;/ pm=unfhwdu k frsm;xyfrH rwd;k csJ@Edkifjcif;rsm; ñuH=u&ygonf? xdx k uf ydkIqdk;&Gm;aomtajctaerSm wuUodv k fq&mrsm;taejzifh tqifhjrifhynma&;rsm;twGuf avhvmqnf;yl; avhusifhEdkif&ef EdkifiH&yfjcm;wuUodv k frsm;odk@ apv$wfEdkifjcif;r&Sdjcif; jzpfygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh wuUodv k f q&mrsm;taejzifh EdkifiHwumA[kokwtqifhtwef;rsm;ESifh &ifabmifwef;trDvdu k fEdkif&ef cufcJvmygonf?

EdkifiH&yfjcm;wGif avhusifhynmay;r_rSm ydkItxl;vdktyfvmygonf? ta=umif;rSm ,cif&Sdaeaom EdkifiH&yfjcm; wGif twdwfumvu avhvmqnf;yl;cJh=u&onfh ygarmuQrsm;/ q&mtrsm;rSm touft&G,ft& tem;,l =u&awmhrnfh tcsdefod@k a&mufvm=uaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? Ttcsufonf ppftm%m&SiftkyfcsKyfa&; (35) ESpfwmatmufwGif txD;usefoif;uGJaecJh&aom EdkifiHwck. 0rf;enf;zG,f&mtjzpftysufudk xif[yfazmfjyae ygonf? xd@k tjyif pepftwGif;Y tHh=op&maumif;aom uarmufurjy\emwckudkvnf; awG@&ygonf? ta=umif;rSm ausmif;om;rsm;taejzifh txufwef;ynma&;+yD;qHk;atmifjrif&eftwGuf cufcufcJcJóu;yrf;=u &aomfvnf;/ txufwef;ausmif;atmif+yD;I wuUokv d f a&mufygu wuUokv d fynma&;pepftwGif; vG,f vG,u f lul jzwfoef;atmifjrifoGm;Edkifjcif;yif jzpfonf? wuUodv k fausmif;twef;rsm;wGif tcsdefjynfw h uf a&mufaomausmif;om;rsm;taejzifh pmar;yGJrsm;atmifjrifr_E_ef;rsm;ygonf? xdk@tjyifwuUodkvfynma&; tqifhwGif pmay;pm,l (ta0;oif) oifwef;rsm; rsm;pGm&Sdaejcif;yif jzpfygonf? (1993) ckESpfwGif tpD&ifcHpm rsm;t& ta0;oifpmay;pm,lpepfjzifh wuUodkvfynma&;oif=um;=uaom ausmif;om;rsm;taejzifh yxr ESpfoifwef;rsm;wGif atmifjrifr_E_ef; (84) &mcdkifE_ef;&Sd+yD;/ yOPrESpfwGif atmifjrifr_E_ef; (98) &mcdkifE_ef;&Sdonf[k azmfjyxm;ygonf? TtcsufrSm tqifhjrifhwuUodkvfynma&;wGif oif=um;r_tqifhtwef;edrfhusaejcif;ESifh pmar;yGJrsm;t&nftaoG;edrfhusjcif;rsm;udk azmfjyaeygonf? ynma&;u¾wGif tqifhtwef;edrfhusvmjcif;ESifhywfoufI owday;r_taejzifhazmfjyEdkifaom vuQ%mwckrSm/ vGefcJhaomESpfrsm;twGif; ynma&;u¾twGuf toH;k p&dwfrSm jynfwGif;pkpkaygif; xkwu f k ef wefzdk; (*sD'DyD) tcsKd;t& avsmhenf;usqif;vmaejcif; jzpfygonf? ausmif;rsm;twGuf toHk;p&dwfbwf*suf usqif;vmonfESifhtr# rl0g'csrSwfolrsm;rSm t&nftcsif;xuf/ ta&twGuu f dk ydkIOD;pm;ay;vm=u&yg onf? ynma&;t&nftaoG;wdk;wufa&;twGuf tav;rxm;EdkifawmhbJ/ ausmif;rsm;ESifh &kyf0wˆKypPnf;rsm; udo k m OD;pm;ay;wd;k csJ@aeygonf? vGefcJhaomESpfrsm;twGif; tpdk;&.ynma&;u¾twGuf toH;k p&dwf bwf*sufrSm odod omomavsmhenf;vmonfESifhtr#/ ynma&;u¾toH;k p&dwfrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;Edkif&ef/ uav;rdbrsm;/ &yf&Gmrsm;rSxnf0h if&r_rsm; ydkIrsm;vmygonf? ae&mrsm;pGmwGif ausmif;aqmifrsm;aqmuf vkyfa&;/ ausmif;jyifqifxdef;odrf;r_udpPrsm;/ oif=um;r_ taxmuf tulypPnf;rsm;0,f,jl znfq h nf;a&;twGuf yk*~vdutvSLaiGrsm;jzifh tm;ðyvkyf aqmifae=u&ygonf? rdb-q&mtoif;qdkonfrSmvnf; ausmif;ukefus p&dwfrsm;twGuf &yf&GmtwGif;&efyHkaiGaumufcHay;a&;toif;r#om jzpfaeygonf? olwd@k taejzifh ausmif; rsm;.pDrHcef@cGJr_qdkif&mudpPrsm;/ oif&dk;!$ef;wrf;a&;qGJa&;qdkif&mudpPrsm;twGuf ajyma&;qdkcGifhtenf;tusOf; r#om &Sdygonf? TpDrHcef@cGJr_/ rl0g'rsm; tm;vHk;udk ynma&;0ef}uD;XmerS csKyfudik fxm;ygonf?

184

yHk 9? 2? ynma&;toH;k p&dwfusqif;vmr_jyyHk (jynfwGif;pkpkaygif;tom;wifxkwu f kefwefzdk;- *sD'DyD &mcdkifE_ef;t&) rl&if;? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH. (1996-97) b¾ma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;tajctaersm;qdkif&m tpD&if cHpm? 3.5% 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% 1961

1971

1981

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

xd@k tjyif ausmif;0wfpHkzdk;/ zwfpmtkyfzdk;/ tvGwu f sL&Sifausmif;p&dwfrsm; xyfrHIukefus=u&+yD;/ rdbrsm;tay: ydkI0efxkyf0efydk;zdpD; vmygonf? xl;jcm;odomaomtcsufrSm rdbrsm;taejzifhausmif;rsm;wGif xnf0h if&aomaiGa=u;ukefusr_rsm;vmonfESifhtr# rlvwef;ausmif;om;wOD;ynmoif=um;Edkifa&;twGuf ESpfpOf xyfrHukefus&aomaiG/ ,cifESpfuxuf (oH;k yHkESpfyHk) cef@ydkI xyfrHukef usvmcJhygonf? ynma&;twGuf aiGukefa=u;usrsm;vmaom jy\emudak us;vufa'orsm;wGif ydkIododomomcH=u&ygonf? xdkaus;vuf a'orsm;wGif rdbrsm;rSm uav;rsm;udk ausmif;ydk@ynmoif=um;Edkifjcif;r&Sdawmhyg? TtajctaeatmufwGif ynma&;u¾twGuf ukefusp&dwfudk tpdk;&ESifh yk*~vdur#cHapa&;twGuf tuef@towf}uD;vmonfESifh tr#/ Tynma&;pepfudx k def;odrf; Edkifa&;twGuf 0efxkyf0efydk;rSm yk*~vdutvSLaiGrsm;tay: ydkItm;xm; vmae=u&ygonf? TtajctaetwGuf t"duwm0ef&Sdol rSm EdkfifiHawmftpdk;&jzpf+yD;/ ynma&;u¾twGuf toH;k p&dwfbwf*sufrsm;ydkI csay;cGifhðyoifhygonf? ausmif;om;trsm; ausmif; xGuf=u&aomta=umif;rSm ynma&;t&nftaoG;edrfhusvmr_onfvnf; wa=umif;jzpf+yD;/ ynma&;wGif&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHxm;jcif;tm;jzifh jyef& vmEdkifaom tusKd;tjrwf/ tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ud&k &SdEdkif&ef rjzpfEdkif/ ynma&;pepfwGif tus,ftjyef@csKd@,Gif; csufrsm;&Sdaeaoma=umifh jzpfonf?

Z,m; 9? 1? ppftoH;k p&dwfESifh (ynma&;ESifhusef;rma&;) aygif;toH;k p&dwf &mcdkifE_ef;t& E_dif;,SOfazmfjy csuf? jrefrmEdkifiH tif'dkeD;&Sm; rav;&Sm; zdvpfydkif xdkif;EdkifiH rl&if;? UNDP, Human Development Report 1997.

1960 241 207 48 44 96

1990 222 49 38 41 71

t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk cGJa0ae&mcsxm;oH;k pGJjcif; tjrif&_axmifhbufrS=unfhrnfqdkygu vlom;t&if; tjrpfrsm;xkwv f kyfEdkifa&;twGuf &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_vkyf&ef tajctaersm;ud/k ppftoH;k p&dwf}uD;jrifhjcif;/ xkwf 185

vkyfr_rjzpfxGef;aom ppfa&;qdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;wGif tukeftuscHaejcif;rsm;u tjrJwap[ef@wm;xm;wwfyg onf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ppfwyfua&&SnftkyfcsKyfaeaom tajctaeY TtajctaeydkI jzpfapygonf? ta&S@ awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;. tpdk;&&-oH;k aiGpm&if; bwf*sufrsm;wGif ppfa&;toH;k p&dwfrsm;udk av#mch soHk;pGJvm jcif;onf xl;jcm;aomtajctaew&yfjzpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiH. bwf*suftajctaerSm Ed_if; ,SOfygu xl;jcm;ajymif;vJvmr_ r&Sdao;bJ jzpfaeygonf? ynma&;u¾uJo h dk@aom tajccHvlr_a&;0efaqmifr_ udpPrsm;twGuf tpdk;&.&-oH;k aiGpm&if;bwf*sufukd u¾rsm;tvdu k f jyefvnfjyifqifoH;k pGJapygu t&if; tjrpfrsm;ydkI&&SdvmEdkifrnf jzpfonf?

ynma&;rl0g'rsm;qdkif&m aemufcHordkif; txufwGifazmfjycJhonft h wdik f; jrefrmEdkifiHwGifpmwwfajrmufr_E_ef;jrifhrm;ygonf? TtcsufrSm ,ciftwdwu f mvrsm;uwnf;u qufcH&&Sdvmaom trsKd;om;a&;qdkif&mtarGjzpfygonf? pmwwfajrmufr_ E_ef;jrifhrm;&jcif;.ta=umif;wcsufrSm jrefrmpmayonf pum;oHukd &nf!e$ f;Ivdkufa&;aom pmayjzpf+yD;/ tjcm;aomw&kwf-wdbufbmompmay (Sino-Tibetan Languages) rsm;uJo h dk@ pmvHk;wcktay:wGif/ toH wcktay:wGif t"dy`g,fwckxGufaom {u0Àbmompum;jzpfygonf? xd@k tjyif jrefrmpmayrSm tjcm;aom pmayrsm;a&;=uovdk t&kyfpmpepfjzifha&;om;jcif; r[kwfaoma=umifh ydkIrSwf&vG,fapygonf? a&S;,cifu jrefrmrsm;taejzifh tdENd,awmifydkif;pmayudk tajcðyarG;pm;I qifhyGm;,lvmcJh=uygonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh Asnf;ESifho&rsm;udo k Hk;um toH xGuu f dk vdu k fa&;jcif;jzpfygonf? xd@k aemuf toHxGujf zifha&;aom/ a0g[m& wcktay:wGif t"dy`g,fwckxGufaom {u0Àbmompum; (wGpJ yfbmompum;[kvnf;ac:onf) tjzpf/ pmaywcktjzpfajymif;vJ wdk;wuf,v l mjcif; jzpfygonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh jrefrmpmayudk vl}uD;vli,fwdkif; rqdk a&;wwf/ zwfwwfap&efoif=um;ay;&ef tcsdefwdktwGif; oif=um;wwfajrmufap&ef vG,fulygonf? xd@k tjyif pmwwfajrmufr_E_ef;jrifhrm;&jcif;. tjcm;ta=umif;wcsufrSm Ak'<bmom,H=k unfr_ESifh qufEG,faeaom ynma&;tay: tav;xm;r_a=umifhjzpfygonf? ynm&Sdjcif;udk vlwd@k .tod^m%fyg&rD tjzpf zGifhqdkavh&Sd=uygonf? xdktcsufa=umifh Ak'<bmom bkef;awmf}uD;ausmif;rsm;wGif apwem0efxrf;pepf jzifh bkef;awmf}uD;ausmif;pmoif=um;a&;pepfrsm;udk tpysKd;cJh=u+yD;/ a,mufsm;av;rsm;u ynmoif=um;EdkifcGifh &Sd=uygonf? pmayoufoufr#om r[kwfbJ/ toufarG;0rf;a=umif;qdkif&mudpPrsm;/ vlr_todkif;t0dkif;wGif; rnfokd@usif=h uHaexdik f&rnfqdkonfrsm;udkyg oif=um;ay;=uygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH udv k dkeDacwfpD;yGm;a&; tajc taersm;ta=umif;rSwfwrf;wifcJhol xif&Sm;aomynm&Sif a*s-tufpf-zmeDA,f. rSwfwrf;rsm;t& “vl trsm;wGif xdak cwfxdu k mvtajctaeESifh rEd_if;,SOfomavmufatmif xl;c|efajymifajrmufr_rsm; &SdcJhonf?” [k xdkbkef;awmf}uD;pmoifausmif;rsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifcJhygonf? od@k aomfvnf; Ttaetxm;rSm udv k dkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;umvwGif xl;xl;jcm;jcm;ajymif;vJoGm;&yg onf? xdt k csdefu tkyfcsKyfcJhaom +Adwdo#ukdvdek Dtpdk;&. rl0g'rSm jrefrmEdkifiHudk pD;yGm;a&;ESifhul;oef;a&mif; 0,fr_t&zGH@òz;vmap&efESifh jyifyEdkifiHrsm;ESifh wHcg;zGifhqufqH xdawG@ap&ef &nf&G,fxm;cJhygonf? T&nf&G,f csufa=umifhyif w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;ESifh wnf+idrfat;csrf;r_&Sdapa&;twGuf tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfcsxm;&efvdt k yfvm ygonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh ausmif;ynma&;pepftaejzifh udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;. atmufajcESifh tv,ftvwf tqifh0efxrf;rsm;udk jznfq h nf;cef@xm;Edkif&eftwGuf ynmwwfrsm;arG;xkwaf omynma&;pDrHudef; jzpfvmyg onf? tqifhjrifh&mxl;rsm;udkrl rl&if;+AdwdefEdkifiHwGif avhusifhxm;+yD;vmaom +Adwdo#t&m&Sdrsm;twGuu f dkom uef@owfxm;ygonf? ausmif;rsm;udk trsKd;tpm;tm;jzifh (3) rsKd;cGJjcm;I wnfaxmifcJhygonf? ‚if;wdk@rSm æ (1) t*Fvdyftxufwef;ausmif;rsm;? Tausmif;rsm;wGif bmom&yftm;vHk;udk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifhoif=um; ygonf? jrefrmbmomudkrl t&efbmom&yftaejzifhom oif=um;ay;ygonf?

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(2) t*Fvdyf- jrefrmESpfbmomoifausmif;rsm;? Tausmif;rsm;wGif t*Fvdyfbmoma&m/ jrefrmpmayudkyg oif=um;r_=um;cH bmompum;rsm;tjzpf oHk;pGJygonf?

(3) jrefrmausmif;rsm;? Tausmif;rsm;wGifrl jrefrmbmomjzifhyif vH;k 0oif=um;r_ðyygonf? tcsKd@aomausmif;rsm;udk udv k dkeDtpdk;&uaxmufyHha=u;tjynft h 0ay;xm;+yD;/ tpdk;&uyif pDrHtkyf csKyf=uygonf? trsm;pkaom ausmif;rsm;rSmrl &yf&Gmrsm;rSaiGa=u;axmufyHh=u+yD;/ xdak 'ocHrsm;uyif pDrH tkyfcsKyf=uygonf? udv k dkeDtpdk;&u wpdwfwydkif;aiGa=u; axmufyHhay;onfvnf;&Sd+yD;/ tpdk;&ynma&; ppfaq; a&; t&m&SdwOD;u yHkrSefvSnfhvnf}uD;=uyfr_&Sdygonf? a'oqdkif&mESifh òr@jytkyfcsKyfa&;udpPrsm;wGif jrefrm bmompum;udo k m=um;cHtjzpf trsm;tm;jzifhoH;k pGJ=uygonf? t*Fvdyfpmoifausmif;rsm;/ t*Fvdyf- jrefrm ESpfbmomoifausmif;rsm;rS ausmif;+yD;vmolrsm;taejzifh wuUodv k fqufwufcGifh&=uygonf? jrefrmbmom oufoufjzifh oifaomausmif;rsm;rS atmifjrifvmolrsm;rSm wuUokv d fwufcGifh r&=uyg? wuUodv k frsm;rSausmif;+yD;vmolrsm;/ t*Fvdyfbmom pmoifausmif;rsm;ESifh t*Fvdyf-jrefrm ESpf bmomoifpmoifausmif;rsm;rS ausmif;+yD;vmaomausmif;om;rsm;udk tkyfcsKyfa&;Xmersm;wGifatmufajcESifh tv,ftvwfwef;0efxrf;rsm;tjzpf cef@tyfwm0ef ay;avh&Sd=uygonf? jrefrmbmompmoifausmif;rsm;rS ausmif;+yD;vmaom ausmif;om;rsm;rSmrl tvkyf&&Sd&eftcGifhta&; tenf; tusOf;r#om &Sdygonf? xdkolrsm; taejzifh aus;vufrsm;wGifausmif;q&mrsm;tjzpfaomfvnf;aumif;/ wd&dp>mefaq;ukvufaxmuftjzpf aomfvnf;aumif;/ ajrwdik f;pma&;vufaxmuftjzpfaomfvnf;aumif; pojzifhtvkyf&=uygonf? Ttcsuf a=umifh t*Fvdyfpmoif=um;wwfajrmufvmolrsm;ESifh jrefrmbmomoufoufom oif=um;wwfajrmufvm olrsm;t=um;wGif uGm[csuf}uD;}uD; rm;rm;&Sdaeygonf? vufawG@wGifrl t*Fvdyfbmomjzifhoif=um;aom ausmif;rsm;udk 0ifcGifh&&efrSm cufcJygonf? oD;oef@vufa&G;pifvlrsm;rSom Tausmif;rsm;udk wufa&mufoif =um;Edkif=u+yD;/ xdak usmif;rsm;rS ausmif;+yD;vmolrsm;taejzifhvnf; vlxt k rsm;pkESifhuif;uGmaom oD;oef@ vlwef;pm;tkyfpk0ifrsm; jzpfvm=uygonf? udv k dek Dacwf tkyfcsKyfa&;tapmydkif;umvrsm;/ wuUodkvfynma&;ESifhywfoufI azmfjy&v#if/ uvuwWm;wuUodv k fESifhcsdwfquf xm;aom 'D*&Daumvdyfwckudk &efukefòr@wGifpwifwnfaxmifcJhygonf? aemufydkif; (1920) ckESpfwGif ,cif&Sd aeaom&efukef aumvdyftay:tajccHI &efukefwuUodkvfukd wnf axmifcJhygonf? oif=um;aombmom&yfrsm;rSm 0dZm… ESifh ody`Hynm/ Oya'ynm/ opfawm/ pdkufysKd;a&;ESifh aq;ynm/ tif*sifeD,m bmom&yfrsm;jzpfygonf? &efukefwuUodfv k frSm atmufpzdk@'fESifh urf;b&pfcsf wuUodv k frsm;udk twk,u l mwnfaxmifcJhjcif; jzpfygonf? xdktcsdefu +Adwdo#udkvdkeDe,fwckjzpfaom jrefrm EdkifiHrSm/ tjcm;aom +Adwdo#tdENd,udkvdek D. tkyfcsKyfa&;atmuf&Sda'orsm;ESifh Ed_if;pmv#if tvGeftrif; ºu,f0pD;yGm;aumif;aeaoma=umifh/ xdx k ufydkI tqifhjrifhaom wuUodv k fynma&;pepfudk wnfaxmifrnf qdkyguvnf; wnfaxmifEdkifaomtvm;tvm&Sdygonf? &efukefwuUodkvfonf (1940) ckESpfwdik fatmif/ tm&SwdkufEdkifiHrsm;&Sd wuUodkvfrsm;wGif xdyfwef; wuUodv k fwcktjzpf yg0ifcJhygonf? +AdwdefESifhOa&myEdkifiHrsm;rS xif&Sm;ausm=f um;aom ynm&Sif trsm;tjym; &efukefod@k vmI ygarmuQrsm;tjzpfaomfvnf;aumif;/ q&mrsm;tjzpfaomfvnf;aumif; vma&mufwm0ef ,lcJ=h uygonf? &efukefwuUodkvfrS ygarmuQrsm;taejzifhvnf; rnfonfah e&ma'owGifrqdk xdyfwef;ae&m rsm;wGif todtrSwfðy ae&may;cH=u&ygonf? &efukefwuUodkvftaejzifh tcsKd@aombmom&yfrsm;jzpfonfh aq;ynm/ opfawmESifh pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mXmersm;wGif ynm&yfydkif;qdkif&mt& tqifhtwef;jrifhrm;r_udk xdef; odrf;xm;&SdcJhygonf?

Tenf;tm;jzifh +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfolrsm;taejzifh jrefrmEdkifiHod@k acwfrDynma&;pepfudk tpðyusifhoH;k vmcJhygonf? odk@aomfvnf; Tod@k aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;tay: a0zefr_rsm;vnf;&Sdygonf? a0zefr_wckrSm Tynma&;pepfonf udv k dkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudt k axmuf tyHhjzpfap&ef &nf&G,fxm;jcif;omjzpf+yD;/ EdkifiHjcm; om;rsm;taejzifh wdik f;jynfukt d jrwfxw k fcs,fv, S fEdkifap&eftwGufom jzpfonf[kqdkygonf? udkvdek DtkyfcsKyf a&;taejzifh pepftwGif;vlrsm;rsm;rvdt k yfonfhtajctaewGif/ ynma&;u¾wd;k csJ@r_udv k nf; tenf;tusOf; 187

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(1942) ckESpfwGif +Adwdo#wdk@ jrefrmEdkifiHrSxGucf GgoGm;&aomtcg *syefrsm;u/ jrefrmEdkifiHudk odrf;ydkuf cJh=uygonf? xdt k csdefwGiftkyfcsKyfa&;tajc taeysufjym;oavmuf jzpfaeonf? od@k aomfvnf; umvwdk twGif;rSmrl wnf+idrfr_jyef&vmatmif/ tkyfcsKyfa&;jyef&vmatmifvkyf EdkifcJh=uygonf? TtwGuft"du pDrH aqmif&GufcJ=h uolrsm;rSm ,cifudv k dek DtkyfcsKyfa&;umvtwGif; atmufajcESifh tv,ftvwfwef;0efxrf;rsm; tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh=uaom jrefrmt&m&Sdrsm;jzpfygonf? Todk@jrefrmrsm;udk,fwkid f aumif;rGef/ xda&mufaomtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfwckudk jyefvnfwnfaxmifEdkifcJhonfudk =unfjh cif;tm;jzifh/ ynma&;pepfrSm tvkyfjzpf/ tusKd;&Sda=umif;awG@&ygonf? tm;enf;csufrSm ynma&;pepfwckvHk;wGif wnf&Sdaejcif;r[kwfbJ/ ynma&;pepfu OD;wnfxm;aom &nf&G,fcsufwGifom tm;enf;csuf&Sdaea=umif; awG@&ygonf?

(1948) ckESpfwGif jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;taejzifh olwkd@.tdrfudk olwd@k ud, k fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&vmcJhygonf? xdk tcsdefwGif tpdk;&taejzifh wdkif;jynf.a&&SnfzGH@òz;wdk;wufr_twGuf jyifqifcsrSwfvkyfaqmifaomvkyfief; tpD tpOftrsm;jym;udak qmif&GufcJhygonf? txl;ta&;ygaomudpPw&yfrSm ynma&;u¾ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; vkyfief;rsm; jzpfygonf? twdwfumvu csKd@,Gif;tm;enf;csufrsm;udk=unhfI jyefvnfjyifqifjcif; jzpfygonf? xdt k csdefrSpI ynma&;u¾wGif ausmif;om;trsm;udk ydkrdkIvufcHEdkif&ef ynma&pepfudk wd;k csJ@cJhyg onf? xd@k tjyif wuUokv d fynma&;tqifhESifh ausmif;rsm;wGifyg rdrdwdik f;jynfv@l tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh ydkIudu k fnDaom/ vufawG@vdt k yfcsufrsm;udk ydkjznfq h nf;Edkifaom taetxm;twGuf jyifqifcJhygonf? xdk@tjyif xdt k csdefu wkid f;jynfzGH@òz;wdk;wufa&;&nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifhvnf; o[Zmwjzpfatmif ðyjyifcJh=uygonf?

188

ausmif;rsm;ta&twGuu f dk wd;k csJ@cJhygonf? wuUodkvfrsm;wGifvnf; ausmif;om;rsm; ydkrdkvufcHEdkif atmif csJ@xGifcJyh gonf? q&mtwwfoifavhusifha&;ausmif;rsm;udv k nf; wdk;csJ@wnfaxmifcJhygonf? xd@k tjyif pufr_qdkif&mbmom&yftrsm;tjym;udkvnf; oif=um;vmcJhygonf? EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rSapv$waf omynmawmf oiftajrmuftrsm;udkvnf; wESpf+yD;wESpf/ EdkifiH&yfjcm;wuUodv k frsm;wGif ynmqnf;yl;Edkifa&;twGuf ap v$wcf Jhygonf? ouf}uD;ynmoif=um;a&;ESifh ywfoufIvnf; vlxt k rsm;ynmoif=um;Edkifaompepfudk vnf; wnfaxmifcJhygonf? &efukefwuUodv k fonfvnf; zGJ@pnf;yHkt&}uD;vmcJh+yD;/ ynm&yfydkif;qdkif&m pHcsdef pH!$ef;Yvnf; urBm.xdak 'o tydkif;&Sd tqifhjrifhynma&;A[dkXmewcktjzpf wnf&SdcJhygonf? ynm&yfqdkif&m Xmetopfrsm;udkvnf; xyfrHzGifhvSpfwdk;csJ@cJhygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh pDyGm;a&;qdkif&mpDrHcef@cGJa&;oifwef;rsm;udk tar&duefwuUodv k fESifhyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufwk;d csJ@cJh+yD;/ tif*sifeD,mqdkif&mbmom&yfrsm;udv k nf; qdkAD,uf ,leD,H. tultnDjzifhwd;k csJ@zGifhvSpfcJhygonf? xdo k d@k aqmif&Gufr_rsm;a=umifh ynma&;pepfrSmtqifhwdik f;wGif rsm;pGmus,fjyef@csJ@xGifvmEdkifcJhygonf? od@k aomfvnf; xdt k csdefwdkif ynma&;pepfwGif ynm&yfydkif;qdkif&mbufudkom OD;pm;ay;aeaom wrf;!$wfr_&Sd aeygao;onf? vufawG@wGif pufr_bmom&yfrsm;ESifh tif*sifeD,mbmom&yfrsm;wGif tv,ftvwfwef; pufr_ynm&Sifrsm; avhusifhoifwef;ay;&ef/ taxGaxGpufr_ausmif;rsm; (Polytechnic school) vdt k yfaeyg ao;onf? Oyrmtaejzifhazmfjy&v#if xdu k mv+yD;qHk;onft h csdeftxd jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tv,ftvwfwef; pufr_ynm&Sifrsm;udk arG;xkw&f ef/ tif;pdef pufr_vufr_ody`H (ydkvDwufcedcf) [laom ausmif;wausmif;om&Sd ygonf? ynma&;wGif vlrsm;rsm;ydkI xdawG@cGifh&ap&eftwGuf tpdk;&uaqmif&GufcJah omxl;jcm;onfh vkyf ief;wckrSm/ wuUokv d frsm;tygt0if ynma&;tqifhwdkif;Y tcrJhynma&;pepfudk jyXmef;ay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? T jyXmef;csufa=umifh ausmif;aeolausmif;om;tiftm;rsm;pGm wd;k wufvmcJhonf? txl;ojzifh wuUodv k f tqifhynma&;wGifjzpfonf? odk@aomf raumif;aomtusKd;quftaejzifh ynma&;t&nftaoG;udk usqif; vmapcJhonf? ausmif;om;rsm;taejzifh ausmif;0ifa=u;/ ausmif;vcay;p&mrvkad omfvnf;/ ausmif;om;rdb rsm;taejzifh olwd@k om;orD;rsm;ausmif;wufaepOfumvtwGif; tjcm;aomukefusp&dwfrsm;udk ay;ae=u &ao;onf? Ttcsufa=umifh aus;vufa'orsm;/ òr@e,frsm;wGifaexdkif=uaom rdom;pkrsm;/ ydkIa0;vH acgifoDaoma'orsm;wGifaexdik f=uolrsm;twGuf epfemapcJhonf? Tp&dwfrsm;rwwfEdkifaoma=umifh uGuf csef xm;onfEh S,f jzpfaponf?

(1962) ckESpfwGif tm%modrf;+yD;wufvmaom qdk&S,fvpfppftpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;umvodk@ a&muf aomtcg/ ynma&;u¾ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;tay: jyif;xefaomtjrifrsm;&SdvmcJhonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh ,cif umvu &efukefwuUodv k fwGif ud, k fydkif&efyHkaiG&Sd+yD;/ pDrHcef@cGJa&;udpPrsm;wGifvnf; wuUodkvfrsm;aumifpDrS wqifh vGwv f yfpGmaqmif&GufydkifcGifh&SdcJhonf? wuUodv k frsm;aumifpDwGif ygarmuQrsm;/ tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh vlxzk ufrSpdwfyg0ifpm;olrsm;/ yg0if=u+yD; wuUokv d f.qD;edwfwiG frl ygarmuQrsm;ESifh tjcm;aom ynm&Sifrsm; jzifh yg0ifzGJ@pnf;xm;cJh=uonf? xdt k opfwufvmaomtpdk;&. yxrOD;qHk;aomaqmif&GufcsufrSm &efukef wuUodv k f. oD;jcm;vGwv f yfpGmwnf&SdaecGifhudk &kwfodrf;cJhjcif;jzpf+yD;/ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u wdkuf&dkufcsKyfudik f aom ,EW,m;wckudkzGJ@pnf;cJhygonf? tqifhjrifhynma&;Xmersm;tm;vH;k onf ynma&;!$ef=um;r_ OD;pD;Xme. csKyfudkifr_atmufodk@a&muf&SdvmapcJhonf? ausmif;pepfwckvHk;wGifvnf;tvm;wl tajymif;tvJrsm;vkyfaqmifcJhonf? yk*~vduydkifausmif; rsm;tm;vH;k udk jynfolydkifodrf;onf? rlvu omoemðyrpf&Sifrsm;rS wnfaxmifxm;aomemrnf&ausmif;rsm;/ a'oqdkif&m apwemh0efxrf;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS wnfaxmifxm;aomausmif;rsm;/ (Oyrmtm;jzifh &efukef&Sd rufo'pfausmif;ESifh trsKd;om;ynma&;aumifpDrSwnfaxmifxm;aom òr@rausmif;rsm;) tygt0if jynfolydkif odrf;cJhonf? Tvkyf&yf. tusKd;oufa&mufr_wckrSm aemufydkif;wGifxdkausmif;rSq&m/ q&mrrsm;udk tpdk;&u vcay;vm&aoma=umifh aiGukefa=u;usrsm;vmjcif; jzpfonf? ,cifu xdq k &m/ q&mrrsm;udk rlvu 189

yk*~vdutoif;tzGJ@rsm;u vcay;cJh=uonf? TtusKd;qufa=umifh tpdk;&wGifynma&;taqmuftODrsm; ydkrdkwd;k wufvmapjcif;r&SdbJ/ b¾ma&;0efxkyf0efydk; ydkIzdpD;vmaponf? ynma&;. tESpftom;qdkif&moabmxm;rsm;wGifvnf; ajymif;vJr_rsm; rsm;pGm vkyfaqmifcJhonf?

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ray:aygufvmap&eftwGuf wm;qD;&efjzpfonf? ausmif;om;rsm;udk oufqdkif&mXmeq&mrsm;. tkyfcsKyfr_ atmufwGif cGJjcm;xm;ap+yD;/ ausmif;yk&0k%fwdkif;udk pnf;urf;ao0yfap&efESifh tpDtpOfwus xdef;odrf;Edkifap &ef &nf&G,fonf? xd@k tjyif txl;ðywuUodv k ftoD;oD;rS arG;xkwaf y;rnfhbGJ@&ynmwwfrsm;udkvnf; qdk&S,fvpfpDrH udef;.vdt k yfcsufESifhtnD ta&twGuf uef@owfay;onf? Tpepf. atmifjrifr_onf pD;yGm;a&; zGH@òz; wd;k wufr_E_ef;ESifh qufpyfxm;onf? od@k aomfqdk&S,fvpfpepfjzifh tkyfcsKyfa&;umvwGif pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wuf r_[lI tenf;tusOf;r#om &SdcJhonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh ynma&;pepftaejzifh pD;yGm;a&;tajccHESifh vH;k 0uif; uGmvmcJh&onf? txl;ðywuUodv k ftoD;oD;rS ta&twGut f vdu k farG;xkwv f dkufaom bGJ@&rsm;onf tvkyf r&Edkifaom tvkyfvufrJhrsm;jzpfvm=uonf? xdyk nma&;pepfrS arG;xkwaf y;vdkufaom ausmif;om; axmif aygif;rsm;pGmrSmvnf; ynm&yfydkif;qdkif&mudk aumif;pGmwwfajrmufjcif;r&Sd=uay? xd@k tjyif t*Fvdyfpum;ajym qdkEdkifjcif;vnf; r&Sd=uay? pD;yGm;a&;udt k "du csKyfudkifcs,fvS,fxm;aom tpdk;&vkyfief;rsm;wGifvnf; tvkyf r&Edkif=uaoma=umifh/ aemufqHk;wGif toufarG;0rf;a=umif;twGuf arSmifcdkvkyfief;rsm;jzifh toufarG;&ol rsm;/ vrf;ab;yvufazmif;aps;onfrsm; jzpfvm=uonf? ausmif;q&mrsm;. tajccHvpmrSmvnf; ESpftvdkuf wefzdk;Ed_if;,SOfcsut f ajccHt&vsifvsifjrefjref avsmeh nf;usqif;vmonf? ausmif;q&mrsm;.vpmrSm rdom;pkzlvHak &;twGuf rjzpfEdkifawmhaoma=umifh/ ausmif;csdefjyifywGif tjcm;tvkyfvkyfI tydk0ifaiG&Sm ajz&Sif;=u&onf? aemufqHk; rdrdpmoifcef;rS ausmif; om;rsm;udkyif tca=u;aiG,lum tcsdefydkusL&Sifjy=u&onf? TtusKd;qufa=umifh tpdk;&ausmif;rsm;wGif oif=um;r_t&nftaoG; tvsiftjrefusqif;vmcJhonf? ausmif;om;trsm;u ausmif;pmoifcef;rsm;&Sd yHkrSef oifwef;rsm;xuf ydkI jznfhpGufavhvm&efvdktyfonf[k ,lqvm=uaoma=umifh jyifyyk*~vduusL&Sif oifwef;rsm; r_dvdak ygufvmcJhonf? Todk@tusifhysufjcpm;aer_rsm;u ynma&;pepfae&mtESH@tjym;wGif jzpf vmcJhonf? (e0w) ppftpdk;& tm%modrf;+yD; tkyfcsKyfaepOf ausmif;rsm;udk =um&Snfydwfxm;aom umvwGif xdyk k*~vduoifwef;rsm;ydkI rsm;jym;vmcJh&onf? ynma&;t&nftaoG;usqif;&Hkr#ru/ qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&vufxufwGif ynma&;u¾. xl;jcm; aomtajymif;tvJw&yfrSm ynma&;0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm; tus,ftjyef@csJ@xGifcJhjcif;jzpfonf? odk@aomf vnf; TcsJ@xGifr_rsm;rSm ueOD;tpysKd;tqifhr#omjzpfonf? ausmif;trsm;tjym;zGifhEdkifcJhonf? tqifhjrifhynm a&;pepfudv k nf; tus,ftjyef@csJ@xGifcJhonf? wuUokv d frsm;wGif pmoif=um;Edkifaom ausmif;om;ta& twGurf Smvnf; wr[kwfcsif;wd;k wufvmcJhonf? Tod@k ta&twGut f m;jzifh rsm;jym;wd;k wufvmr_udk EdkifiH wumtultnDay;a&;at*sifpDrsm;uyif todtrSwfðycJh=u&onf? Todk@ta&twGut f & rsm;jym;atmif jrifvmr_ud/k t&nftaoG;t&qHk;&_H;usqif;&r_ESifh cGJjcm;&_jrifoifhonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh wuUodv k frsm;onf zdtm;ay;r_rsm;atmufwGif olwd@k Edkifaom0efxufausmif;om;rsm;ydkrdkvufcHcJh=u&+yD;/ wcgw&Ht&nftaoG; xdef;odrf;a&;rludk pGef@v$wfcJ=h u&onf? (e0w) ppftpdk;&taejzifhvnf; ,cifqdk&S,fvpftpdk;&. rl0g'rsm;twdik f; vrf;a[mif;jyefvdkuf onf? ta=umif;rSm ppftpdk;&tay: rauseyfr_rsm;/ qef@usifaer_rsm; txl;ojzifh ausmif;om;rsm;todik f; t0dkif;wGif tus,t f jyef@&Sdaeaoma=umifh jzpfonf? tm%mydkifrsm;. pdk;&drfylyefcsufrSmynma&;pepfudk acsm arG@aeap&ef vnfywfaea&;omjzpf+yD;/ ynma&;tqifhtwef;jrifhrm;a&;udk xnfo h Gif;pOf;pm;jcif; rðyay? (e0w) ppftpdk;&. tapmydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;umvrsm;wGif tqifhjrifhynmoif=um;Edkifaom wuUokv d frsm;/ ausmif;rsm;tm;vHk;udk (3) ESpfausm=f um ydwfxm;cJh+yD;/ q&mrsm;udv k nf; A[dkEdkifiHa&;wuUodkvf (azmif}uD;) wGif wpfvwm txl;rGrf;rHoifwef;rsm;wufa&mufapcJhonf? trSefwGif ppftpdk;&taejzifh ynma&;u¾udk pdwf0ifpm;tav;ay;r_ tenf;i,fom&SdcJhonf? ppf tpdk;&vufxufwiG foHk;aom vlwOD;csif;pD. ynma&;u¾toH;k p&dwfonf tjcm;ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiH rsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfv#if enf;aeonf? umuG,fa&;toHk;p&dwf. tpGef;xGufr#om&Sdonf? xdk@tjyif tqifhjrifh ynmrsm;qufvufoif=um;Edkifa&;twGuv f nf; tcGifhtvrf;rsm;r&Sdaoma=umifh/ wuUodkvfrsm;wGif pepf 191

wus avhusifhxm;aom q&mrsm;r&SdoavmufeD;yg;jzpfae+yD jzpfonf? ynmwwfajrmufr_tay: tajccHI tvkyftudik f&&eftcGifhtvrf;rSm r&Sdoavmufjzpfonf? wenf;qdk&aomf ynma&;u¾wGif&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHI jyef&vmaom tusKd;tjrwfrSm tvGefenf;onf? xdt k wGufa=umifh qif;&Jaomrdom;pkrsm;rSm uav;rsm; rlvwef;ynmoif=um;+yD;v#if ausmif;xGufapawmhonf? xdk@twltqifhjrifhynma&;wGifvnf; ausmif;om; rsm;taejzifh bGJ@vufrSwfukd*k%fwcktjzpfomwefzdk;xm;=u+yD;/ wu,ftodtynmwwfajrmufa&;twGuf oif=um;jcif;rsKd;r[kwfay? TtajctaewGif ta0;oifpmay;pm,loifwef;rsm;udkom vltrsm;ydkrdk a&G;cs,f vm=uaomvrf;a=umif;jzpfvmonf? ta0;oifpmay;pm,loifwef;rsm;wGif pm&if;ay;oGif;ynmoif=uol rsm;rSm tcsdefjynfhausmif;rsm;wGif wufa&mufaomausmif;om;rsm;xuf ta&twGuyf dkrsm;aeonf? ynm a&;pepfwckvHk;rSm tedrfhusqHk;taetxm; a&muf&Sdae&onf?

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Productivity of Labour and Capital

192

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Manpower requirement approach

193

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Z,m;? 9? 2? ta&S@tm&SESifh ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;wGif ausmif;tyfr_tcsKd;tpm; (touftkyfpktvdu k f &mcdkifE_ef;xm;) tv,fwef;ESifh txufwef;tqifh tqifhjrifhynma&; 1965 1980 1995 1965 1980 1995 jrefrm 15 22 32 1 4² 7 5² 4 tif'dkeD;&Sm; 12 29 48 1 3² 6 11² 1 rav;&Sm; 28 48 57 2 4² 1 10² 6 zdvpfydkif 41 64 79 19 24² 4 27² 4 xdkif; 14 29 55 2 14² 7 20² 1 puFmyl 45 58 65 10 7² 8 33² 7 udk&D;,m; 35 78 98 6 14² 7 52² 0 *syef 82 93 99 13 30² 5 40² 3 rl&if;? UNESCO Statistical Yearbook 1997, UNESCO and World Development Report 1996, World Bank.

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High Performing Asian Economies (HPAEs) Export-led, Outward-looking Development Strategy

194

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195

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a=umif;twdik f;aemufxyf (25) ESpf xyfItm;jznfhvkyfaqmifygu txufazmfjyyg&nfrSef;csufukd &&SdEdkifyg onf? vlom;t&if;tjrpftrsm;tjym; wnfaxmif&&SdEdkifa&;twGuf/ tjcm;aomjy\emwckrSm pmwwf ajrmufr_E_ef;jrifhrm;ap&efESifh TE_ef;udk xdef;odrf;xm;Edkif&efjzpfygonf? tenf;qHk; pma&;wwfzwfwwf&Hk/ tvkyfjzpf&Hktaetxm;&atmif aqmif&Guf&efvdt k yfyg vdrfhrnf? (1970) ckESpfrsm;twGif;u qdk&S,fvpf tpdk;&u tus,ftjyef@aqmif&GufcJah om pmwwfajrmufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ ‘t’oHk;vHk; pDrHudef;rsm;a=umifh wdik f;jynftaejzifhtusKd;jzpfxGef;cJh&aomfvnf;/ ,ckvuf&Sdjzpfay:aeaom uav;rsm;ausmif;xGu=f u&onfh taetxm;/ uav;rsm;trsm;pk vHk;0ausmif;wufzl;jcif;r&Sdonft h aetxm;wdk@a=umifh txufygtm; aumif;csufukd jyefacszsufovdk jzpfEdkifygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh pmrwwfajrmufaponfhudpP. yifr ta=umif;&if;jzpfaom qif;&JrGJawr_jy\emudkyaysmufatmif oHEMdXmefcsaqmif&Guf&ef vdt k yfrnfjzpfygonf? xd@k tjyif pmwwfajrmufvmaomolrsm;t=um;wGifvnf;/ tvkyfjzpfEdkif&Hk pmwwfajrmufr_udk qufvufxdef; odrf;&ef vdt k yfygvdrfhrnf? xdk@tjyif vlr_todik f;t0dkif;udt k ajccHI aqmif&Gufaom ynmoif=um;a&; vkyfief; rsm;udkvnf; wdk;csJ@aqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfygvdrfhrnf? rlvwef;ynma&;wd;k csJ@oif=um;&ef óu;yrf;aqmif&Gufr_ onftxl;ojzifhtcGifhta&;r&bJ epfemae=u&aomtkyfpkrsm;jzpfonfh wdik f;&if;om;a'orsm;ESifh a0;vHacgif oDonfah 'orsm;&Sd uav;rsm; ynmoif=um;Edkifap&ef OD;wnfóu;yrf;aqmif&Gufoifhygonf?

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Tod@k ynm&Sifrsm; arG;xkw&f mwGifvnf; wdkif;jynf.vdt k yfcsufESifh zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_E_ef;ESifhwajy;nD jzpfoihfyg onf? T&nfrSef;csufudk jynfah jrmufap&ef twGuf rdrdwdk@taejzifh tvkyfcGifr0if=ucif/ ausmif;om;rsm; wuUodv k frsm;/ pufr_ausmif;rsm;wGif ausmif;wuf&efpm&if;ay;oGif;r_E_ef;udk jr‡ifhwif&Hkjzifhr+yD;yg? xdk ausmif;om;rsm;udk ynm&yfydkif;qdkif&mt&tm;enf;aom ausmif;om;rsm;wufa&mufEdkifa&;twGuf touf arG;0rf;ausmif;qdkif&mynm&yfoifausmif;rsm;ESifh pufr_vufr_ausmif;rsm;wGif cGJjcm;oif=um;ap&efvnf; ta&;}uD;ygonf? odk@aomfvnf; xdak usmif;om;rsm;. ynma&;udk xdkpufr_oufarG;ausmif;rsm;jzifhyif r+yD; qHk;apoifhyg? tjcm;tcGifhtvrf;rsm;vnf; qufvuf&Sdaeapoifhygonf? aemufydkif;wGifqufvufI taxG axGpufr_ody`HydkvDwufcedcfausmif;rsm;/ wuUodv k frsm;wGif ynmvdv k m;yguqufvufoif=um;Edkifaom tcGifh tvrf;rsm;vnf; zefwD;xm;oifhygonf? tjcm;wbufwGifvnf; vkyfief;cGiftwGif;a&mufESifhae+yD;aom tiftm;pkrsm;udk t&nftaoG;jr‡ifh oifwef;rsm; pDpOfay;oifhygonf? xdo k lrsm;udk vkyfief;cGifoifwef;rsm;/ tjcm;xyfqifhynma&;pojzifh pDpOf ay;oifhygonf? ausmif;ESpfukefcsdefwGif pmar;yGJwckwnf;jzifh ausmif;om;wOD;. pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_t&nftcsif; udq k Hk;jzwfaom/ b0uH=urRmudkqHk;jzwfaom wif;usyfaompepfrsKd; r&Sdapoifhyg? xdk ausmif;om;rsm;taejzifh olwk@d t&nftcsif;udjk yoEdkifaom tcGifhtvrf;taejzifh pOfqufrjywftuJjzwfpepfrsm;/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk prf;oyfavhvma&;pepfrsm;/ wDxGifzefwD;Edkifaom=uHqawG;ac:r_rsm;jzpfay:vmatmif avhusifhysKd;axmifoifh ygonf?

197

tqifhjrifhynma&; (wwd,tqifhynma&;) rdrdwd@k taejzifh rlvwef;ESifh tv,fwef;/ txufwef;rsm;wGif ausmif;om;trsm;pk ausmif;wuf vmapa&;udk &nfrSef;csufxm; onfESifhtnD/ tqifhjrifhynma&;udv k nf;wd;k csJ@vm&ef vdt k yfvdrfhrnf jzpfyg onf? pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk acwfrDzGH@òz;aponfqdk&mY tqifhjrifhESifh tv,ftvwfwGiftkyfcsKyfpDrHEdkifrnfh vltiftm;rsm;pGm vdt k yfvmrnfjzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh wuUodv k ftqifhwGif avhusifhxm;aom tif*sif eD,mrsm;ESifh pufr_ynm&Sifrsm; jzpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; ,ckumvwGif Ttqifhrsm;Yausmif;wufa&muf ae=uaom ausmif;om;ta&twGurf Smtenf;i,fom &Sdygonf? ,cktcsdefwGif wuUodv k ftqifhjrifh ynm a&;Y ausmif;om;rsm;ausmif;wufa&mufr_&mcdkifE_ef;rSm (6) &mcdkifE_ef;xufyif enf;aeygonf? Ttae txm;twdik f;onf tqifhjrifhynmrsm;wwfu|rf; aomvkyfom;tiftm;rsm;&&Sda&;twGuf tvGefenf;+yD;/ rvHkravmufjzpfp&m ta=umif;&Sdygonf? xdt k wGufausmif; wuUodv k f tqifhjrifhynma&; ausmif;wuf a&mufol &mcdkifE_ef;rsm;vmatmif óu;yrf;aqmif&Gufoifhygonf? xdt k cgrSom xdktqifhjrifhynmwwfajrmuf +yD;aom vkyfom;tiftm;pkvnf; wd;k rsm;vmrnfjzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh aemufvmrnfh (25) ESpftwGif; (20) &mcdkif E_ef;jzpfvmatmif &nfrSef;csufrsKd;xm;&SdEdkifygonf? xd@k tjyif ta0;oifynma&;wuUodv k frsm;/ pmay;pm,loifwef;rsm;vnf;xm;&Sd aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? vuf&Sdwvrf;oGm;aeaom pepftpm;/ tqifhjrifhwuUodkvfynma&;pepfudk ydkIðyvG,af jymif;vG,f taetxm;&Sdaom/ tjcm;a&G; cs,fp&mvrf;rsm;udk zefwD;ay;Edkifaompepfudk zefwD;oifhygonf? wd;k csJ@vm aompD;yGm;a&;pepfESifh pufr_zGH@òz;r_wdk@ESifhtwl wajy;nDtrSD vdu k fEdkif&eftwGuf vdt k yfaeaom tv,f tvwfwef;pufr_ynm&Sifrsm;udk jznfq h nf;Edkif&ef/ taxGaxGpufr_ody`H ydkvDwufcedcf pufr_ausmif;rsm; rnfr# vdt k yfrnfqdkonfudk pepfwusjyifqifwGucf sufxm;oifhygonf? aemufydkif;wGif xdkpufr_oufarG;ausmif;rsm; udk wuUodv k fynma&;tqifhjzpfvmatmif vdt k yfcsufESifhtnD jr‡ifhwifEdkifygonf? Tod@k tqifhjrifh wuUodv k f ynma&;vkyfief;rsm;udk tus,ftjyef@csJ@xGif rnfqdkv#if tjcm;aomyk*~vdut&if;tjrpfrsm;rS aiGa=u;t&if; tESD;xnfh0ifr_rsm;vnf; &SmazG&efvdt k yfvmvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? tqifhjrifhwuUodkvfynma&;tqifhwGif yk*~vduydkifynma&;ausmif;rsm;udv k nf; cGifhðy+yD;/ yk*~vduESifh tpdk;& yl;wGJaqmif&Gufaom ynma&;pepfrsKd; cGifhðyapoifhygonf? tqifhjrifhwuUodv k fynma&;wGif yk*~vduydkif;rSaiGa=u;xnf0h ifr_udk cGifhðyjcif;tm;jzifh vkyfief;xda&mufr_a&m/ omwlnDr#r_udkyg ydkIjzpfapygonf? tpdk;&axmufyHha=u;rsm;udk trSefwu,fvdt k yf aeaom qif&Jonfah usmif;om;rsm;ESifh ta&twGut f &ud, k fpm;ðyr_enf;aeaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pk ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf axmufyHhay;Edkifygonf? ynmoifqkpepf/ aiGa=u;axmufyHhay;r_pepf/ tpdk;&ESifh yk*~vduXmersm;rSacs;aom ausmif;p&dwfacs;aiGpepf pojzifhudkvnf; pDpOfoifhygonf? odk@rSom qif;&Jonfh rdom;pkrsm;rS ynmawmfaomausmif;om;rsm;udk wuUodkvfwuf a&mufEdkifatmif ulnaD y;Edkifrnfjzpfygonf? xdu k fwefaomausmif;om;rsm;twGuf pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeray;aoma=umifh/ tqifhjrifhwuUodv k f ynma&;& &ef tcGifhtvrf;rsm; jiif;y,fcH&onfrsm; rjzpfapoifhyg?

ynma&;t&nftaoG; ,ckynma&;pepfopf. tajccHawG;ac:csufrSm b0woufwmvH;k ynmoif=um;qnf;yl;EdkifcGifh&Sdap rnfh pepfjzpfygonf? ausmif;om; rsm;taejzifh tajccHA[kokwrsm;ESifh u|rf;usifr_rsm;&&Sdap+yD;/ vufawG@ wGifjyefvnftoHk;csap&ef/ wDxGifzefwD;r_ vkyfaqmif&efESifh bGJ@&+yD;umvaemufydkif;wGifvnf; olwd@k . tajc taeESifhtm;avsmfpGm qufvufynmqnf;yl;cGifh&&Sda&; jzpfygonf? xdktwGufa=umifh ynma&;u¾qdkif&m &nfrSef;csufudk ta&twGuu f def;*%ef;rsm;jzifhcsnf; csrSwfxm;&Hkr#jzifh r+yD;yg? ynma&;qdkif&m t&nftaoG; 198

udv k nf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef vdt k yfrnfjzpfygonf? ynma&;u¾. t&nftaoG;udktqifhwdik f;wGif wd;k wufvmatmifjr‡ifh wifoifhygonf? rlvwef;/ tv,fwef;/ txufwef;ESifh wuUodkvftqifhjrifh ynma&; Xmetm;vHk;wGif jr‡ifhwif&efjzpfygonf? ynma&;qdkif&m t&if;tjrpftaxmuftulypPnf;rsm;jzpfaom ausmif;oHk;zwfpmtkyfrsm;/ ynma&;qdkif&mtultnDrsm;/ xd@k tjyif t&nftcsif;&Sdaom q&menf;jyrsm; pojzifhvdt k yfygvdrfhrnf? odk@rSom ynma&;t&nftaoG;jrifhwufvmrnf jzpfygonf? twdww f csdefu &efukefwuUodkvfonf ynma&;qdkif&mvGwfvyfcGifh&Sdaom/ ynmoif=um; avhvm a&;udpPrsm;twGuf cdkv_&H mXme ynmcHwyf}uD;jzpfcJhygonf? xd@k a=umifh ynma&;qdkif&m vGwfvyfcGifhrsm; r&Sdjcif;/ q&mrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;udx k def;csKyf+yD; tpdk;&upOf;pm; awG;ac:aeonfhtwdik f; vdkufvH awG;ac: vmap&ef yHkoGif;jcif;/ wcsdefu *k%foduQm&SdcJhaom tqifhjrifhynma&;Xmersm;jzpfonfh jrefrmEdkifiHokawoe toif; pojzifhudk òzdcGJzsufqD;ypfjcif;/ tpdk;&. rl0g'rsm;twdik f;vdu k femaqmif&Gufolrsm;udkom qkvmbfrsm; csD;jr‡ifhjcif; paom taetxm;rsm;onf tqifhjrifhwuUodkvfynmavhvmoif=um;a&;. tESpfom&/ 0ef;usif wckvH;k udk zsufqD;ypfouJhodk@ jzpfapygonf? ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifh jyefay;jcif;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;. pl;prf; avhvmvdak ompdwf/ aqG;aEG;jiif;cHkr_rsm;udk ysKd;axmifay;jcif;ponfwd@k onf ynma&;pepfopftaejzifh aqmif &Guf=u&rnfu h dpPrsm; jzpfygonf? awG@&Sdcsufrsm;t& ynma&;pepf}uD;wckvHk;. tqifhwdik f;wGif jcpm;,dk,Gif;r_rsm; jzpfay:aeonfudk awG@=u&ygonf? txl;ojzifh oif=um;a&;/ trSwfay;pepf/ pmar;yGJrsm;jzifh qef;ppfjcif; paom udpPrsm;wGif tygt0ifvmbfpm;r_rsm; jzpfay:aeygonf? ausmif;q&mrsm;/ enf;jyrsm;rSm olwd@k . ausmif;om;rsm;udk aiG,lItydkusL&Sifjyaejcif;rsm;&Sdaeygonf? Tpepfonf ausmif;om;rsm;tay: rsufESmvdkufr_tjyif/ tvGJ oH;k pm;r_rsm;vnf; jzpfvmEdkifygonf? Tod@k ,d, k Gif;aeaom tajctaersm;tm;vHk;onf EdkifiH.pD;yGm;a&; tajctaetay:wGif wnfaeygonf? q&mrsm;taejzifh &aomvcESifh w&dyf&dyfwufaeaom aiGa=u; azmif;yGr_wGif vHak vmufr_r&Sd=uyg? ukefypPnf;aps;E_ef;rsm;wnf+idrfap&ef xdef;nd&‡ efvdt k yfrnft h jyif/ vpmE_ef; xm;rsm;udkvnf; jyefvnfjyifqifowfrSwf&ef vdt k yfygvdrfhrnf? Tod@k aom tusifhysufjcpm;r_rsm;udk vmrnfh umv tem*wfjrefrmEdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;pepfopftwGif;Y cGifhðyapI rjzpfyg?

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OD;aqmifr_aemufrS tpOfrSDcdkvdkufaeI rjzpfEdkifyg? tcsKd@aomudpP&yfrsm;/ u¾rsm;wGif tjcm;aomEdkifiHrsm; xufomvGefEdkifaom tajctaeudk zefwD;,l=u&rnf jzpfygonf? jzpfEdkifaom tvm;tvmrsm;pGm&Sdygonf?

Oyrmtm;jzifh- pdkufysKd;a&;qdkif&m ZD0enf;ynm&yfrsm;91 / uGefjyLwmaqmhzf0J,m;zGH@òz;r_vkyfief;rsm;92/ v,f ,moHk;pufr_ypPnf;rsm;/ od@k r[kwf tEkpdwftif*sifeD,menf;ynmrsm;93 pojzifh jzpfygonf? Ttvm;tvm rsm;udk wGef;tm;ay;aqmif&GufEdkif&eftwGuf EdkifiHwcktaejzifh wuUodv k frsm;wGifvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;oD;jcm; vGwv f yfaom okawoevkyfief;rsm;jzifhvnf;aumif; tm;ay;&efvdt k yfygvdrfhrnf? tcsKd@aomvkyfief;{&d,m rsm;twGuf aemufqHk;ay:enf;ynmudk trDvdu k f&efvdt k yfygvdrfhrnf? tv,ftvwfwef;tqifh pufr_enf; ynm ynmay;a&;vkyfief;rsm;Y yk*~vduXmersm;. yHhydk;jznfq h nf;r_vnf; vdt k yfrnfjzpfonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh ukr`%Drsm;rS rwnfwnfaxmifaom oD;oef@ynm&yfqdkif&mody`Hausmif; rsm;/ EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_jzifh ygvm aom oifwef;tpDtpOfrsm; pojzifh jzpfygonf? taxGaxGpufr_bmom &yfrsm;oif=um;aom ydkvDwufcedcf ausmif;rsm;tjyif/ txl;ðyoufarG;ynmausmif;rsm;wGif tcsKd@aom bmom&yfrsm;udk txl;ðyoif=um; avhusifhay;&efvnf; vdt k yfygvdrfhrnf? Oyrmtm;jzifh aqmhzf0J,m; ta=umif;oif=um;aom ody`Hausmif;rsm;/ 91

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pdkufysKd;a&;qdkif&m pD;yGm;a&;ynmta=umif;oif=um;aomausmif; rsm; pojzifhwnfaxmif&ef vdt k yfygvdrfh rnf? xdkpufr_ynmoifausmif;rsm;. pHcsdefpH!$ef;owfrSwfjcif;udk wEdkifiHvHk;wajy;nD jzpfap&efvnf; owfrSwf aqmif&Guf&ygvdrfhrnf?

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Ttaetxm;wGif EdkifiH&yfjcm;Yynmavhvmoif=um;a&;twGuf ynmoifqk paumvm;&Spf xm; &Sda&; pepfonf ta&;}uD;vmygonf? enf;jyq&mrsm;ESifh okawoeðyolrsm;udk qufvufavhusifhay;Edkif&ef twGu/f urBmt&yf&yf&Sd oif=um;a&;wuUodv k frsm;odk@ ydk@&ef/ okawoeXmersm;odk@ydk@&ef EdkifiHawmfynmoif qkrsm; pDpOfzefwD;oifhygonf? EdkifiH&yfjcm;wGif avhusifhxm;aom/ EdkifiH&yfjcm;wGifynmoif=um;xm;aom ynm&Sifq&mrsm;csKd@wJhonfu h dpPonf wdik f;jynfzGH@òz;wdk;wufa&;udpPtwGuf vuf&SdumvwGifa&m/ aemif tem*wfwGifyg &ifqdkifajz&Sif;=u&rnfu h dpPjzpfygonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh EdkifiHawmfynmoifqktpDtpOfudk csJ@xGifapoifhygonf? xdk@tjyif tvSL&SifEdkifiHrsm;xHrS TuJhod@k ynma&;udpPrsm;ESifh&nf&G,fI tultnDawmif; cHoifhygonf? oifhawmfaomausmif;om;rsm;a&G;cs,fEdkif&efESifh ynmawmfoifapv$wfEdkif&ef tpDtpOfrsm; aocsm csrSwfoifhygonf? xd@k tjyif owdðy&eftcsufwckrSm jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;tqifhtwef;udk EdkifiHwumtqifhrDatmif jr‡ifhwifrnfqdkygu/ atmuftajctqifhrSpI ynma&;t&nftaoG;udk pepfwusjr‡ifhwifay;jcif;r&SdyJ rjzpfEdkif ay? Todk@t&nftaoG;jr‡ifhwifaom r[mAsL[mrsm; wGif rsm;pGmaomavhvmr_rsm;t& avhvmoif=um;r_ t&if;tjrpfrsm;jzpfaom zwfpmtkyfrsm;ESifh oif=um;r_taxmuftulðyypPnf;rsm;tay: ESpfpOftoH;k p&dwf udk wd;k wufoHk;pGJjcif;tm;jzifh jyefI&vmaom&v'f ydkIaumif;onfukad wG@=u&ygonf? ,cktcgwGif ausmif; rsm;pGmY zwfpmtkyfrsm;a0jcrf;r_rSm vHak vmufaphiSr_ r&Sdyg? aumif;rGefaompm=unfhwdkufpepfrsm;udk ausmif;rsm;wGifa&m/ &yfuGufrsm;wGifygxm;&SdI pmtkyfiSm;&rf;Edkifaom pepfw&yfudk óu;pm;pDpOfoifhygonf? xd@k tjyif oif&dk;!$ef;wrf;ESifhywfoufaom jyefvnfoH;k oyfr_rsm; aqmif&GufI/ ,ae@vuf&SdumvESifh oifh avsmaf om ynma&;pepfudk ausmif;om;rsm; &&Sdoif,lEdkifjcif;&Sd-r&Sd qef;ppfapoihfygonf? xdk@tjyif ausmif;oif&dk;!$ef;wrf;rsm;wGif rnfonfhEdkifiHa&;wdrf;!$wfr_udkrS tajcrcHxm;onf/h pDppfydkif;jcm; qifjcif wwfaomawG;ac:r_udjk r‡ifhwifay;onfhynma&; pepfjzpfvmatmif aqmif&Gufoifhygonf? xd@k tjyif ynm&nft&nftaoG;jrifhwufvmap&eftwGuf tjcm;ta&;}uD;aom r[mAsL[mwck rSm q&mrsm;udk avhusifhysKd;axmifay;a&;ausmif;/ Xmersm;wd;k csJ@ zGifhvSpfa&;jzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif q&mrsm; twGuf rGrf;rHavhusifah &;oifwef;rsm;. t&nftaoG;a&m/ xda&mufr_udkyg wdk;wufapoifhygonf? b¾m a&;t& tcuftcJ&SdEdkifaomtajctaewGif q&mrsm;/ enf;jyrsm;zGH@òz;wd;k wufa&;twGuf vuf&Sd&Sdaeonfh ausmif;/ Xmersm;udk jyefvnfjyifqifzGJ@pnf;jcif;/ ynma&;Xmeudk tajctaeESifhvdu k favsmnDaxGjzpfr_udk jyef vnfppfaq;apjcif;enf;tm;jzifh aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? xd@k tjyif pepftwGif;&Sd oif=um;a&;q&mrsm;ESifh tkyf csKyfa&;0efxrf;rsm;tcsKd;udk twd;k tavsmðh yI aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? xdk@tjyif q&mrsm;.pGrf;aqmifEdkif&nf 200

aoG; jrifhvmap&eftwGuf tpdk;&taejzifh oifwef;rsm;ay;jcif;/ q&mrsm;. wm0efESifht&nftaoG; wd;k wuf vmr_tay: tajcðyI ajz;ajz;csif;vpmrsm;wd;k wufay;jcif; ponfeh nf;rsm;jzifh aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? trSefwGif ausmif;om;-q&mtcsKd;tpm;rSm wajz;ajz;csif;usqif;vmaeygonf? xdk@tjyif ausmif; pmoifcef;rsm;t&G,ftpm;rSmvnf; xdef;odrf;pDrHEdkifaom taetxm;jzpfvmygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh (1996) ckESpfwGif ausmif;om;-q&mtcsKd;tpm;rSm rlvwef; tqifhwGif ausmif;om; (33) OD;xufenf;aom tajc taewGif q&mwOD;&Sdygonf? TtcsKd;tpm;onf tjcm;aom ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfEdkifaom tcsKdf;jzpfygonf? tjcm;aomta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;&Sd pmoifcef;tcsKd;tpm;rSm ysrf;r#tm;jzifh (25-40) =um;&Sdygonf? tjcm;wbufwGifvnf; rlvwef;jyq&mrsm;.vpmrSm/ EdkifiHawmfrS rlvwef;ynma&;twGuf oH;k pGJaiG pkpkaygif;. (87) &mcdkifE_ef;txd jrifhwufvmcJhygonf? tjcm;axmufjyEdkifaomtcsufrSm q&mrsm; avhusifht&nftaoG;jr‡ifhoifwef;rsm;ay;r_tay:Y ydkIoHk;pGJvma=umif;ajymEdkifygonf?

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axmifaom/ pDrH}uD;=uyfaom rpf&Sifausmif;rsKd;vnf;&SdEdkifygonf? Tausmif;rsm;teuf jrLeDpyg,fausmif;rsm; ESifh c&dkifaumifpDrsm;rSaxmufyHhaomausmif;rsm;rSm tcrJhynmoif=um;ay;=u+yD;/ jrefrmbmomoufoufjzifh oif=um;=uygonf? tjcm;usefaomausmif;rsm;rSm tpdk;&u wpdwfwydkif;axmufyHh+yD;/ ynma&;!$ef=um;r_ OD;pD;Xmeu }uD;=uyfn$ef=um;r_atmufwGif aqmif&Guf=u&ygonf? tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;rsm;wGifyif tpdk;&uukefusp&dwfrsm; axmufyHhaomfvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;udk ausmif;vcaumuf,lygonf? rdbrsm; u wpdwfwydkif;uscHapaomyHkpHjzpfygonf? TuJo h dk@ aomynma&;pepf. tm;enf;csuf&v'fwckrSm aus;vufaetus,ftjyef@aomvlxrk sm;. ynma&;twGuf vspfvsL&_xm;jcif; jzpfygonf? xdo k lrsm;rSm ynmoif=um;cGifhr&=uyg? aus;vufaevlxkrsm;. uav;rsm;rSm ta&;-tzwf-twGuf ‘t’oH;k vH;k ynm a&;udk tESH@tjym;&Sdaeaom bkef;awmf}uD;ausmif;rsm;Yom oif=um;=u&ygonf? vGwv f yfa&;&+yD;aemufydkif; ygvDreftpdk;&wufvmaomtcg EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u ynma&;pepf wck vH;k . b¾ma&;axmufyHha&;udk wm0ef,lcJhygonf? ausmif;pepfrsm;udv k nf; tpkd;&axmufyHhxm;aom ausmif;rsm;ESifh tjcm;ausmif;rsm;udk wajy;nDjzpfatmif jyef vnfjyifqifcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; tpdk;& taejzifh,cifuwnf;u&SdcJhaom omoemðyrpf&Sifausmif;rsm;/ ud, k fxu l dk,fxausmif;rsm;udkrl yk*~vdu taejzifh/ tpkd;&taxmuftyHhrygbJ qufvufwm0ef,l&ef cGifhðyxm;ay;cJhonf? qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&vufxuf wGifrl yk*~vduausmif;rsm;tm;vH;k udk jynfolydkifodrf;ydkufI tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfaomausmif;rsm;tjzpfod@k ajymif;vJcJh onf? vmrnfhynma&;pepfopfatmufwiG f ,cifutpdk;&taxmuftyHhwpdwfwydkif;&&SdcJhaomausmif; rsm;/ tpdk;&taxmuftyHh r,laomyk*~vduausmif;rsm;tm;vH;k onf ynma&;0ef}uD;Xme. tkyfcsKyfr_ atmufwGif &Sdoifhonf? yk*~vdutoif;tzGJ@rsm;jzpfaom tpdk;&ESifhroufqdkifaomtzGJ@rsm;jzpfonfh vlr_a&; toif;rsm;/ bmoma&;qdkif&mtoif;rsm;udkvnf; tpdk;&ausmif;rsm;ESifhtòyifynma&;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif &Gufap&ef tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðyoifhonf? odk@aomfvnf; uav;rsm;tm;vHk; rlvwef;ynm+yD;qHk;onftxd ynmoif=um;Edkifa&;rSm tpdk;&tay:wGif t"duwm0ef&SdaevdrfhOD;rnf jzpfonf? yk*~vduausmif;rsm;taejzifh tjcm;enf;vrf;jzifh ynma&;axmufyHhay;r_rsm;aqmif&GufEdkifaomfvnf;/ òr@rsm;ESifh òr@}uD;rsm;wGifom aqmif&GufEdkif=uvdrfhOD;rnfjzpfonf? wbufwGifrl tpdk;&taejzifh vuf&Sdynma&;pepfESifh tus,t f jyef@ wnf axmifxm;aomausmif;rsm;udyk ifqufvufxdef;odrf;xm;&ef vdt k yfvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? od@k rSom ynm a&;tcGifhta&;udk tus,t f jyef@vlwdik f;&&SdcHpm;Edkif+yD;/ vltzGJ@tpnf;&Sdvlwef;pm;ra&G;/ ynmqufvufoif =um;vdak omolrsm;twGuf oif=um;avhvmEdkifcGifh&ap&rnf jzpfonf? od@k aomfvnf; ,ckvuf&SdpepfwGifusifhoHk;aeonfh ynma&;pepfwckvHk;wGif tcrJhynma&;qdkonf rSm a&&Snfxdef;odrf;Edkif&eftwGuf vG,u f lrnfr[kwfay? rdbrsm;taejzifh olwkd@.om;orD;rsm;twGuf ynm a&;qdkif&maxmufyHhay;r_wGif wpdwfwydkif;wm0ef,loifhonfqdkaom tcsufukd todtrSwfðy&ayrnf? txufazmfjyygtcsufrsm;tjyif rdbrsm;xHrStvSLxnfh0ifaiGrsm;&&Sdap&ef v_H@aqmfpnf;&Hk;jcif;/ vlxrk sm;udk v_@H aqmfpnf;&Hk;jcif;rSm jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_obm0ESifhudkufn+D yD;/ ynma&;twGut f oifhawmfqHk;ESifh tjzpfEdkifqHk; b¾maiG&Edkifonfv h rf;jzpfygonf? jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;taejzifh ynma&;udt k av;xm;avh&Sd=u+yD; “ody`HorRH "meH ewW”d [kqdkavh&Sd =uygonf? t"dy`g,frSm pufr_ody`Hynmtm;jzifh&vmaomtusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh wlaom tusKd;pD;yGm;r&Sd[k t"dy`g,f&ygonf? ynma&;twGuv f SL'gef;jcif;/ tjcm;aomolrsm;udk ynmoif=um;Edkif&ef axmufyHhay;jcif;wdk@rSm tvSL&Sifrsm;twGuf ukokdvfrsm;pGmjzpfaponf[k ,lqxm;=uygonf? rdbrsm;om ru/ tjcm;aomomrefjynfolrsm;yif ynma&;twGuf vSL'gef;=uayvdrfhrnf? xdkod@k ynma&;twGuf tvSL xnf0h ifvmapa&;twGuf tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðyoifhayonf?

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pHcsdefrDxkwv f kyfr_udk ta&;ay;aom,Ofaus;r_w&yfudkyg xlaxmif&ef vdktyfygonf? tjzpfavmufudkvufcH aom/ “'DavmufESifh &ygw,fuGm”[laom pnf;urf;avsmh&Jr_awGukd vufcHEdkifrnf r[kwfyg? u|efawmfwd@k . ,Ofaus;r_w&yf vHk;onf t&nftaoG;ud&k zdk@ xkwfvkyfEdkifaom tajctaeod@k a&muf&Sd&ef vdkygrnf? taumif;xuf tjzpfudk ta&;xm;aom avsm&h J&J pnf;urf;rsm;ESifh u|efawmfwdk@ wufvm&efta=umif;r&Sd yg? q&maZmf*sDwcgu wifjycJhovd/k jrefrmwdk@onf wdik f;jynftpwGif aooyfaumif;rGefzdk@xuf/ rnfol u tòyifa&S@u a&mufo avmufyJqdkaom rlwnfIqHk;jzwfaom ‘tjzpf,Ofaus;r_’rS wdusrSefuef/ pHcsdef udu k f/ &wDrSef/ rDvDrDwm twdik f;twmtwdik f; xkwfvkyfEdkifaom ,Ofaus;r_udk tajccHxm;Edkifatmif óu;yrf; zdk@vdyk gonf? uH&mZm}uD;/ uH&mZmi,fwdk@onf ,SOfòyifeef;awmf aqmuf&mwGif tjzpfaqmifvkyfaom/ uH &mZmi,fudk tEdkifay;cJh+yD;/ opf}uD;0g;}uD;jzifh tcdkiftcef@aqmufvkyfaom uH&mZm}uD;rSm pa&G;udu k f t&nf rSefatmifvkyfonfud/k tcsdefaESmif;onfqdkI tjzpfaqmufoludk tEdkifay;cJhygonf? ,if;tjzpf/ tay:,Hvkyfjyaom,Ofaus;r_onf jrefrmhtrltusifhrsm;wGif tawmfcdik fjrJae+yD jzpfyg onf? vlawmfESifhvlaumif; wGif vlawmfu vlaumif;avmufta&;r}uD;/ tjzpfvkyfaomolu a&S@a&muf+yD; taumif;vkyfaomolu aemufwGifusefaeygonf? ,if;om"ursm;rSm jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf pwifcJhonfh acwfrS tpðycJh&m/ ,ckqdkv#if tawmfyifta&xlae+yD jzpfygonf? yg&*lrsm;rsm;xGuaf tmif/ (Ph. D) bGJ@awGukd omomxdk;xdk; t&nftaoG;rrSefbJ ay;aeojzifh/ “[dkvl onfvl (awG@or#vl) yg&*l/ jrifjrif or# ygarmuQ”acwfod@k a&mufcJ+h yD jzpfygonf? tjzpfudo k m =unfh onf/h tkyfcsKyfa&;atmufwGif aecJhonfrSm umv=um anmif;cJh+yD jzpfojzifh/ bGJ@awG *k%fxl;awG azmif;yGae +yD;/ tESpfr&Sd aomawmwGif =uufqlyifrsm; rif;rlaecJhygonf? tkyfcsKyfol rsm;uvnf;/ tjzpfudo k m *&kpdkuf+yD;/ taumif;tawmfudk wefzdk;rxm;ojzifh/ qm;rxGufbJ qm;a&udv k ,fuGif;xJxnfhI qm;csufjyr_/ opfyif rpdkuf&bJESifh vl}uD;jrif&ef awmwef;}uD;awmifjzpfae+yD [lI vl}uD;oGm;&mvrf;wav#muf/ ,m,DqGJpdkuf opf yifwef;wdk@ pdkufjyaom t&m&Sdrsm;aumif;pm;aeaomacwfwGif/ wu,ft&nftaoG; aumif;&efrvd/k tjzpf udyk J *&kxm; +yD; t&nftaoG;udk *&krxm;cJhonfrSm =um+yD jzpfygonf? TuJhodk@vkyfaqmifr_rsm;onf/ pufr_ pepfudk ajymif;vJa&;. }uD;pGmaom taESmifht,Sufrsm; jzpfae&ygonf? od@k twGuaf =umifh u|efawmfwdk@xlaxmif&ef wifjyaeaom/ acwfopfwGif t&nftaoG;udu k f/ pH0if/ &wDuku d fxw k fvkyfEdkifaom ynm&SifawG/ wwfu|rf;olawG arG;xkw&f ef vdt k yfygonf? u|efawmfwdk@. ynma&;pepfonf u|rf;usifwwfajrmufaom vli,frsm;/ ynm&Sifrsm;udk pwifxkwfvkyf&ef vdt k yfygonf? trsKd;om;,Ofaus;r_udk jyefvnfxal xmif&mwGif u|rf;usifwwf ajrmuf/ tqifhjrifhpGm wwfu|rf;olrsm;ud/k OD;pm;ay;xkwfvkyf&ef vdkygonf? u|efawmfwdk@. pOf;pm;csufrsm;udk tjrpfuae awmfvSefypf&ef vdt k yfygrnf? xdx k ufru/ vlopf/ pdwfopf/ t&nftaoG;opfrsm; jynfph Hkaom wwfu|rf;olrsm;ay:vmrnfh trsKd;om;ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;}uD; w&yfud/k wnfaqmufzdk@ vdkygvdrfhrnf? vlawmfrvdk/ vlaumif;bJvdo k nf qdkonfrSm/ vkyfief;wwfu|rf;r_xuf vl}uD;udk &dkao/ usKd;EGH/ opPm &Sdaom “rSefyghbk&m; wynf”h awGukyd J/ arG;xkw&f ef vufcHxm;cJhonfrSm tawmfyif=umcJhyg+yD? u|efawmfwd@k . ,Ofaus;r_w&yfvHk;udk awmfvSefa&;ozG,fajymif;vJ rvkyfbJ/ pH&nfuku d f wdusrSef uefaom ypPnf;rsm;udk xkwv f kyfEdkifrnf r[kwfyg? u|efawmfwdk@. tawG;tac:/ vkyfyHkudik fyHk/ cH,lcsufrsm;udkyg tppajymif;+yD;/ trsKd; om;awmfvSefa&;w&yf ðyvkyfzdk@ vdt k yfaeygonf?

205

tcef; (10) tajccHtaqmuftOD

206

tcef; (10) tajccHtaqmuftOD tajccHtaqmuftODqdkonfrSmvltrsm;wdu k f&dkufpm;oH;k Ir&aom/ wdu k f&dkufxkwfvkyfr_rðyEdkifaom 0efaqmifr_ESifh taqmuftOD/ ypPnf;rsm; jzpfygonf? od@k aomfvnf;TtajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m ypPnf;rsm; u tjcm;aompD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;aqmifwm trsKd;rsKd;jzpfaom/ pm;oH;k r_ESifh xkwfvkyfr_rsm;udk taxmuftulðy ygonf? xdktwGuaf =umifhtajccHtaqmuftODrsm;udk wdkuf&dkufxkwv f kyfr_qefaomvkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;ESifh oD;jcm;uGjJ ym;pGmazmfjyEdkifygonf? ta=umif;rSm TtajccHtaqmuftODrsm;wGif a&&Snf=umjrifhcHaomypPnf; rsm;yg0ifygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh tajccHtaqmuftODudk &Hzef&Hcg ‘vlr_a&;qdkif&mðcHiHk&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ukefus 94 p&dwf’ tjzpfazmfjyavh&Sd=uygonf? tajccHtaqmuftOD. t"duusaomtpdwftydkif;rsm;rSm o,f,lydk@ aqmifa&;qdkif&mudpP&yfrsm;/ pGrf;tifqdkif&mudpP&yfrsm;jzpf+yD; tjcm;aomudpP&yftrsKd;rsKd;vnf; yg0ifygonf?

Oyrmtm;jzifh- qufo, G fa&;qdkif&mudpP&yfrsm;/ usef;rma&;0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;/ a&jzef@jzL;a&;/ qnf ajrmif;ESifh pGef@xkwfydkufrsm;tjyif tus,t f jyef@jzpfaomòr@jyqdkif&mvkyfief;aqmifwmrsm; yg0ifonf? acwfrDEdkifiHawmfwckwGif/ xkwfvkyfpGrf;&nfjrifhaompD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wckonf tajccHtaqmuftOD yHhydk;r_ESifh pepfrsm;aumif;aumif;&SdrSom vkyfief;vnfywfaqmif&GufEdkifrnfjzpfonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh o,f,lydk@ aqmifa&;vkyfief;rsm;/ qufoG,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh jynfot l rsm;oHk;vkyfief;rsm; vdt k yfonf? Todk@aom tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;/ pepfrsm;udw k nfaqmuf&efqdkonfrSm vGefpGmrSaiGukefa=u;usrsm;aomudpPjzpfouJh od@k &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESH&r_rSmvnf;rsm;jym;vSonf? T&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESH&r_xm;aomaiGa=u;rsm;udk tcsdefwdktwGif;jyef&&ef qdkonfrSm rjzpfEdkifay? t'rfprpf95 uazmfjycJhonft h wdkif; tpdk;&taejzifhTuJo h dk@aompepfrsm;jzpfay:apa&; twGuf aqmif&Gufay;&eft"duwm0ef&Sdonf? “Tjynfot l rsm;ESifhoufqdkifaom vkyfief;rsm;rSm/ vlr_tzGJ@ tpnf;wckvH;k twGuf aumif;usKd;}uD;rm;vSaomfvnf;/ Tvkyfief;rsm;rS&&Sdaom tjrwftpGef;rsm;rSm rnf onfo h lwOD;wa,mufudk jyefay;&ef/ odk@r[kwf vlwpkudkjyefay;&efqdkonfrSm/ obm0t&udk rjzpfEdkifay? xdk twGuaf =umifh vlwOD;wa,mufu/ od@k r[kwfvw l pku TuJo h d@k aomvkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;udk pwifwnf axmif&ef/ xdef;odrf;&efqdkonfrSm ar#mfvifhxm;&efrjzpfEdkifay?” [ka&;om;azmfjycJhonf? od@k aomfvnf;/ acwfopfumvwGif yk*~vduvkyfief;rsm;/ ukr`%Drsm;taejzifh TuJhodk@aomjynfol trsm;ESifhoufqdkifonfh vkyfief;rsm;udk wnfaqmuf&ef/ xdef;odrf;&efESifh pDrHcef@cGJ&efudpPrsm;wGif ta&;}uD; aomtcef;u¾rSaeI ydkIyg0ifvm=uonfudk awG@&onf? acwfopfaumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;onf }uD;rm;vS+yD;/ twdik f;tq}uD;rm;aom t&if;tjrpfrsm;/ acwfrDenf;ynmrsm;ydkifqdkifxm;=uonf? TtwGufa=umifh tajc taeudt k ajymif;tvJjzpfvmap+yD; ao;i,faomtpdwftydkif;av;rsm;uyif/ xdxda&mufa&mufESifh tjrwf tpGef;&&Sdapa&;twGuf aqmif&GufvmEdkif=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh }uD;rm;aomjynfol trsm;ESifhqdkifonfv h kyfief;rsm;udk axmufyHhay;jcif;ESifh pDrHcef@cGJjcif;wd@k omru/ tjcm;aomaqmif&GufEdkifonfh ta&;}uD;aom vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm; &Sdaeao;onf? Oyrmtm;jzifh-pm;oH;k olrsm;.tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf um uG,af pmifha&Smufay;jcif;ESifh vlr_a&;t&vdv k m;tyfaom&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk jzpfonfh obm0ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&;uJo h dk@aom udpPrsm;udk umuG,f=uyfrwfay;jcif; jzpfonf? trsm;pkaom jynfot l rsm;ESifhouf qdkifonfv h kyfief;rsm;rSm vuf0g;}uD;tkyfyHkpHqefqefaomfvnf;aumif;/ wpdwfwydkif;vuf0g;}uD;tkyfcsKyfudik f xm;aomyHkpHaomfvnf;aumif; &Sdwwf&m/ usKd;a=umif;rqDavsmfaom tqrwefaps;E_ef;rsm;rwifap&ef xdef; odrf;}uD;=uyfay;jcif;/ xkwfvkyf0efaqmifr_t&nftaoG;udk }uD;=uyfay;jcif;ESifh 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;aqmif&Guf 94 95

Social overhead capital Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, 1776, Book V, Chap.1, Part III.

207

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Ttcef;wGif jrefrmEdkifiH.tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m aemufcHordkif;a=umif;ESifh vuf&SdzGH@òz;r_ twGuf jy\emrsm;udw k ifjyrnfjzpf+yD;/ aemufydkif;wGiftajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&mudpPrsm;udk rnfuhJod@k &efyHk aiGaxmufyHh=urnfenf;/ rnfuhJod@k xdef;odrf;pDrHcef@cGJ=urnfenf;/ tpdk;&ESifh yk*~vduvkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;. tcef;u¾qufpyfyHk/ ponft h us,t f jyef@aom ar;cGef;rsm;udk aqG;aEG;azmfjyoGm;rnfjzpfonf? xd@k tjyif tajccHtaqmufODzGH@òz;a&;vkyfief;rsm;taejzifh EdkifiH. pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_twGuf rnfokd@rnfyHktaxmuf tulðy Edkifrnfqdkonfukdyg aqG;aEG;wifjyygrnf? xd@k tjyif rl0g'qdkif&mudpP&yfrsm; jyifqifajymif;vJ&ef vdt k yf aer_rsm;/ jrefrmEdkifiH. tajccHtaqmuftODzGH@òz;wdk;wufr_twGuf r[mAsL[mqdkif&m a&G;cs,fp&m enf;vrf; rsm;udk aqG;aEG;wifjyoGm;ygrnf?

Z,m; (10? 1) tajccHtaqmuftOD !$ef;jyudef;rsm; jrefrm tif'dkeD;&Sm; rav;&Sm; zdvpfydkif xdkif; tus,ft0ef; (pwk&ef;uDvdkrDwm) 1990 677˜ 000 1˜905˜ 000 330˜ 000 300˜ 000 513˜ 000 cif;xm;aomum;vrf; (1000 pwk&ef; 9² 1 61² 1 84² 0 74² 1 77² 8 uDvdktwGif;&Sd t&Snf) 1990 &xm;vrf; (1000 pwk&ef; uDvdktwGif;&Sd 6² 9 3² 7 6² 7 1² 6 7² 7 t&Snf) 1990 aomufoHk;a&oef@&&Sdaom vlOD;a& (199095) aus;vuf 39 54 66 77 87 òr@jy 36 79 96 93 98 pmwdkuf (vlwodef;v#if ysrf;r#) 1991 2² 8 5² 4 12² 4 4 7² 3 w,fvDzkef;vdkif; (vlwaxmifv#if ysrf;r#) 0² 2 0² 7 9² 9 1² 0 2² 8 1992 rl&if;? Human Development Report 1996, UNDP, New York, 1996. World Development Report 1996, World Bank, Washington D.C., 1996.

vuf&SdtajccHtaqmuftODrsm;tajctae

zGH@òz;r_enf;yg;aomEdkifiHrsm;wGif wnf&Sdaeonft h ajccHtaqmuftOD tqifhtwef;rSm/ zGH@òz;+yD;EdkifiH rsm;wGif&Sdonfh tajccHtaqmuftODtqifhtwef;xuf a,bk,stm;jzifh edrfhusygonf? trSefwGif tajccH taqmuftODrsm;wnf&Sdr_rSm zGH@òz;r_vkyfief;rsm;twGuf rsm;pGmtaxmuftyHhðyaeonft h wGufa=umifh/ zGH@òz;r_ aES;auG;edrfhusae&aomEdkifiHrsm;. rzGH@òz;&aomta=umif;rSm tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;csKd@wJah eaoma=umifh[k yifajymEdkifygonf? zGH@òz;r_aES;auG;edrfhusaeaom EdkifiHrsm;.pHcsdefpHE_ef;ESifh jyefvnfEd_if;,SOfv#ifyif/ jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd vuf&SdtajccHtaqmuftODrsm;rSm rsm;pGmvdt k yfcsuf&Sdaea=umif; awG@&ayonf? Ttcsufudk Z,m; (10?

1) wGifa'owGif;&Sd tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfazmfjyxm;ygonf? tjcm;aomzGH@òz;qJEdkifiHrsm;uJo h dk@yif/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGifñuHawG@ae&aom tajccHtaqmuftODzGH@òz;r_qdkif &mjy\emrsm;rSm tpdk;&.vuf0g;}uD;tkyfcsKyfudik fr_tay:Y rlwnfaeygonf? tpdk;&uydkifqdkifjcif;/ vkyfief; rsm;aqmif&Gufaejcif;/ tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;udk &efyHkaiGaxmufyHhaejcif; ponf rsm;onf yifrjy\emjzpfygonf? tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m udpPrsm;udk trsKd;om;zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_twGuf r[mAsL[musaom u¾wcktjzpf owfrSwfxm;+yD;/ xdt k wGuaf =umifhyif yk*~vduu¾/ vkyfief;&Sifrsm; taejzifh tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m0efaqmifr_rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&GufcGifu h dk uef@owfxm;ygonf? tcsKd@ aomtpk&S,f,mrsm; ydkifqkdifcGifhudo k mcGifhðyxm;ygonf? Tywf0ef;usiftajctaewGif tajccHtaqmuftOD qdkif&m0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;rSm òyifqdkifr_vnf;r&Sd/ oD;jcm;a'otvdu k f vGwv f yfpGmvkyfudik faqmif&GufcGifh 208

vnf; r&Sdjzpfae&ygonf? xdktwGuaf =umifhyif xda&mufpGmaqmif&GufEdkifr_ESifh T0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;. pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_ yrm%ta&twGuyf g usqif;vm&ygonf? vuf&Sdtpdk;&vufxufwGif/ tajccHtaqmuftODzGH@òz;wdk;wufr_udk tm&HkðyvkyfaqmifvmcJhygonf? ‚if;.a=ujimxm;aom trsKd;om;a&;wm0efwckrSm “jynfaxmifpkw0Sef;vHk;wGif vrf;yef;qufoG,af &;vHðk cH acsmarG@apa&;” [kazmfjyxm;+yD;/ a'otoD;oD;=um;wGifzGH@òz;r_uGm[csuf enf;Edkifor#enf;yg;a&;udk txl; &nfrSef;csufwcktaejzifh csrSwfxm;ygonf? t"duusaomzGH@òz;a&;pDrHcsufrsm;udk “txl;pDrHcsufrsm;” tjzpf owfrSwfxm;+yD;/ &efyHkaiGbwf*sufrsm; OD;pm;ay;cGifhðyjcif;/ tqifhjrifhtm%mydkifrsm;u }uD;=uyfaqmif&Gufjcif; rsm; ðyaeygonf? vGefcJhaom (5) ESpfwmumvtwGif;wGif jynfot l rsm;qdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;ESifh tajccHtaqmuftOD zGH@òz;a&;qdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;wGif &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHoHk;pGJaiGrSm tpOfojzifhjrifhwufaecJh+yD;/ vGefcJhaom (10) ESpfwm umvtwGif; wdik f;jynf.jynfwGif;pkpkaygif;xkwfvkyfr_wefzdk; (*sD'DyD) . 5 &mcdkifE_ef;cef@ ysrf;r#&SdaecJhygonf? &xm;vrf;rsm;ESifh um;vrf;rsm;azmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif tvsiftjrefwd;k wufvmonfudk awG@&ygonf? qnfa&ay;pDrHudef;rsm;wGif/ wl;ajrmif;azmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGifvnf; wdk;wufvmcJhygonf? aiGa=u;&if; ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; txl;wnfhoGif;cJhaomfvnf;/ tajccHtaqmuftODzGH@òz;wdk;wufr_tajctaerSm cef@rSef;xm; oavmuf wd;k wufvmcJhjcif; r&Sdao;yg? tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;wGif txl;jrifhrm;oHk;pGJr_jyae aom jrefrmusyfaiGwefzdk;jzifh azmfjyaer_rsm;rSm/ tpOfojzifhusqif;aeaom usyfaiGwefzdk;ESifhEd_if;pmvdkufygu jyefvnfacszsufvku d fonfhES,f &SdaecJhygonf? tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif xnfh oGif;aiGESifh tv[\jzpf&r_wefzdk;E_ef;xm; Ed_if;,SOf=unfhygu }uD;rm;aeonfudak wG@&rnfjzpfonf? xd@k tjyif vuf&Sd &SdaeaomtajccHtaqmuftODrsm;. 0efaqmifr_t&nftaoG;rSmvnf; usqif;vmaeonf? Oyrm tm;jzifhvGefcJhaomtESpf (20) twGif;&Sd pGrf;tifxkwv f kyfr_udk jyefvnfppfaq;=unfah omtcg/ pGrf;tifxkwf vkyfr_,lepfwck wdik f;rSqHk;&_H;r_E_ef;onf (1973) ckESpfwGif pkpkaygif;pGrf;tifxkwfvkyfr_. (21² 5) &mcdkifE_ef;&Sd&mrS/ (1996) ckESpf wGif (40) &mcdkifE_ef;jzpfvmonfudk awG@&onf? TuJo h dk@tcsKd;tpm;}uD;rm;aom qHk;&H_;r_ESifh xda&mufr_enf;jcif;.t"duta=umif;t&if;rSm aumif;pGm*&kpdkufr_r&Sdjcif;ESifh xdef;csKyfr_ESifh ðyjyifxdef;odrf;r_ twGuf b¾maiG vHak vmufpGm cGJa0csay;Edkifjcif;r&Sdaoma=umifh jzpfonf? xd@k tjyifTvkyf ief;u¾taejzifh pDrHcsufrsm;aqmif&Guf&mwGif ae&mvGJrSm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;vnf; &SdaecJhonf? Oyrmazmfjy&v#if ukvor*~ zGH@òz;a&;tpDtpOf (,ltJef'DyD) . avhvmcsufw&yfY rD;&xm;o,f,yl dk@aqmifa&;vkyfief;wGif/ &xm;acgif;ESifh wGo J pfrsm;xyfrH&&Sda&;twGuf tm&Hkðyaeaomwrf;!$wfr_udak wG@&+yD;/ &xm;vrf;a=umif;rsm; ðyjyifxdef;odrf; a&;udpPrsm;twGuf ypfy,fxm;onfudk awG@=u&onf? 96 txufazmfjyygudef;*%ef;rsm;t& &kyf0wˆK tajccHtaqmuftODzGH@òz;a&;twGuf/ axmufyHhxnfh oGif;r_rsm;vmonfudk todtrSwfðy&rnfjzpfaomfvnf;/ t&nftaoG;jrifhrm;apa&;ESifh qufvuftoH;k ðyEdkif apa&;udpPrsm;wGifrl ta[moduHjzpfaeonfudak wG@=u&onf? xd@k tjyifa'oqdkif&mrsm;twGuf/ vkyfief;rsm; tvkyfjzpfr_twGuf/ 0ifaiGwdk;wufvmr_qdkif&mudpPrsm;twGuw f Gifvnf; odoo d momtusKd;oufa&mufr_ jzpf rvmonfudk awG@=u&rnfjzpfonf? xdkr#ru/ azmfjyygudef;*%ef;rsm;t&vnf; 0,fvdktm;qdkif&mzGH@òz;r_ESifh tajccHtaqmuftODtcsKd;tpm; rr#w&Hkru/ vdu k frDr_r&Sdonfudk awG@&onf? TuJhodk@aomudpPrsm;udk tav;ay;azmfjy&efESifh wnf&Sdaeaomjy\emrsm;udak xmufjyEdkif&ef vuf&Sdwnf&SdaeaomjrefrmEdkifiH. tajccHtaqmuftODtpkudk u¾i,frsm;tvdu k f/ vkyfief;tvdkuftEkpdwfI tusOf;avhvmazmfjy&ef vdkrnf jzpfygonf?

96

UNDP, Transport Sector Analysis, 1989.

209

t"duusaom tajccHtaqmuftODtpk

v#yfppfpGrf;tif (1960) ckESpfrsm;uyif jrefrmEdkifiHwGifv#yfppfpGrf;tm;axmufyHhr_tuef@towfa=umifh/ v#yfppfoHk;pGJr_ rSm uef@owfzdESdyfxm;onfhES,f&SdcJhonf? v#yfppfpGrf;tm;xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;Y rxda&mufr_rsm;&Sdaeonfh tjyif/ v#yfppfpGrf;tm;jzef@jzL;aomuGef,ufóu;wef;pepfwGifvnf; csKd@,Gif;r_rsm;&SdaecJhonf? urBmhb%ftae jzifh trSefwu,fazmfjycJh&mwGif/ jrefrmEdkifiHw0Sef;jzef@jzL;aeaom v#yfppfóu;wef;uGef,ufrsm;. tajctae rSm vGefpGmcsKd@wJah e+yD;/ jyefvnfjyifqifrGrf;rHa&;twGuf ta&;w}uD;vdt k yfaeonf [k azmfjycJhonf? 97 vdt k yf aompGrf;tifyrm%udk &&Sdapa&;twGuf &efukefòr@wGif &yfuGufwckvH;k udk rD;jzwfypfjcif;/ qifajczkef;&yfuGuf rsm;udk rD;jzwfjcif;rsm;aqmif&GufcJo h nf? v#yfppf"gwftm;rjynf0h jcif;ESifh jywfawmufjcif;rsm;tpOfojzifhñuH& +yD;/ pm;oHk;olrsm;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;twGuf r=umc%ñuH&aomjy\em t"dutcuftcJrSm v#yfppf"gwftm;rwnf+idrfbJ/ &kwfw&ufaqmifhwufjcif;/ usqif;jcif;wdk@jzpfonf? òr@rsm;pGmrSm tcsdefuef@owf rD;ay;aompepfusifhoH;k ae+yD;/ aus;vuftrsm;tjym;wGif v#yfppfrD;ay;Edkifr_&mcdkifE_ef;rSm (10) &mcdkifE_ef; atmuf avsmeh nf;+yD; wnf&Sdaeonf?

Z,m;? (10? 2) v#yfppf"gwftm;oH;k pGJr_ pkpkaygif; (uDvdk0yfoef;aygif;) rJ efrm tif'dkeD;&Sm; rav;&Sm; zdvpfydkif xdkif;EdkifiH

1994 3500 61370 40027 26425 75278

vlwOD;csif;oHk;pGJr_ 1970 22 19 338 235 124

1994 77 315 2032 399 1294

rl&if;? UNDP, Human Development Report 1997, New York, UNDP. tjcm;aomta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfaomtcg/ jrefrmEdkifiHonf tjcm;aomenf;vrf; rsm;tm;jzifh v#yfppf"gwftm;xkwfvyk f&ef tcGifhtvrf;rsm;pGm&Sdaeaomfvnf;/ vlwOD;csif;v#yfppf"gwftm;oHk; pGJr_ tenf;qHk;jzpfaeonfudak wG@&onf? v#yfppf"gwftm;tvHktavmuf jzef@jzL;ray;Edkifr_onf/ pufr_ZkHrsm;zGH@ òz;vmapa&;/ pufr_xkwu f kefrsm;wd;k wufvmapa&;twGuf t"dutcuftcJjzpfaeonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; od@k EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; pwif0ifa&mufvmcsdefrSpI/ jrefrmtpdk;&taejzifh *syef/ xdik f;ESifh puFmylEdkifiHrsm; rS pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ud/k (1996) ckESpfwGif r*Fvm'Hk/ oefvsif/ vdi_ fom,mpaoma'orsm;wGif pufr_ZkHrsm; wnfaxmif&ef OD;pm;ay;zdwfac:cJo h nf? od@k aomfvnf; TpDrHcsufrsm;tm;vHk;onf a&S@qufrwufEdkifbJ wef@ vsu&f Sdonf? ta=umif;rSm xdak 'orsm;odk@axmufyHhay;Edkifaom v#yfppfpGrf;tifrvHak vmufr_a=umifh jzpfonf?

(1988) ckESpfwGif aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk pwifusifo h Hk;cJhcsdefrSpI/ v#yfppf"gwftm;vdt k yfr_ txdyf rSmwjznf;jznf;jrifhwufvmcJhonf? (1988/ 89) ckESpfwGif (332) ruf*g0yf&Sd&mrS (1996/ 97) ckESpfwGif (680) ruf*g0yf&SdvmcJhonf? tpdk;&taejzifh TuJhod@k ESpfqcef@jrifhwufvmaom pGrf;tifvdt k yfr_udk v#yfppf"gwftm; wd;k jr‡ifhxkwv f kyfjcif;jzifh ajz&Sif;&efóu;yrf;cJhonf? (1988/ 89) ckESpfwGif v#yfppf"gwftm; (2² 226) *spf*g0yf xkwv f kyf&mrS (1996/ 97) ckESpfwGif xkwv f kyfr_ (4² 256) *spf*g0yfjzpfvmcJhonf? od@k aomfvnf;v#yfppf"gwf tm;wd;k wufxkwv f kyfr_rSm pepftwGif;rxda&mufr_ESifh yHkysuf,Gif;apr_rsm;a=umifh rsm;pGmjyefvnfusqif;ap& 97

World Bank, "Myanmar: Energy Sector Investment and Policy Review Study." Washington, D.C.: World Bank, March 16, 1992, Report No. 10394-BA, p. 51.

210

onf? TwòyifeufumvtwGif;rSmyif toH;k cspm&if;tif;ynmwGucf sufr_t& v#yfppf"gwftm;qHk;&_H;r_E_ef;rSm pkpkaygif;v#yfppfxkwfvkyfr_. (40) &mcdkifE_ef;&Sdvmaoma=umifh pdk;&drfzG,ftajctaeqdkufa&mufvmapcJhonf? tjcm;aom ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;wGif v#yfppf"gwftm;qHk;&_H;r_E_ef;rSm pkpkaygif;xkwv f kyfr_. (10) &mcdkif E_ef;r#om &Sdonf? Todk@qHk;&_H;&aomta=umif;rSm w&m;r0ifrD;óu; cdk;IoG,fwef;jcif;ESifh tus,t f jyef@ t*wdvku d fpm;r_rsm;&Sdaejcif;/ pm&if;tif;r0ifaom/ avsmhenf;pm&if;jyxm;aom oHk;pGJr_rsm;&Sdaejcif;wdk@ a=umifhjzpfonf? tjcm;aom tajccHtaqmuftOD0efaqmifr_rsm;enf;wl/ jrefrmEdkifiH.v#yfppfpGrf;tifxkwv f kyfa&; vkyfief;u¾onfvnf; tca=u;aiGowfrSwfaumufcHr_ESifh 0efaqmifjzef@jzL;r_vkyfief;rsm;wGif pD;yGm;a&;qef qefaqmif&Gufr_tajccHr&Sdaoma=umifh/ xdcdu k fepfemae&onf? (1997) ckESpfpm&if;rsm;t& v#yfppf"gwftm; (1) uDvd0k yftay:ysrf;r#aumufcHr_tcGefE_ef;xm;rSm (1² 2) usyfom&Sdaeonf? vuf&Sdtpdk;&.w&m;0ifaiGvJ vS,Ef _ef;t&yifv#if owfrSwfxm;aomwefzdk;E_ef;xm;rSm/ xkwfvkyfr_ukefusp&dwfumrdap&efyif r&SdEdkifjzpfae &onf? v#yfppf"gwftm;tzdk;tcaumufcHr_E_ef;xm;rSm pD;yGm;a&;t&pOf;pm;aqmif&Gufr_r[kwfbJ/ xdu k ¾. aiGa=u;vnfywfpD;qif;r_ wnf+idrfajyvnfapa&;twGu&f nf&G,faom xkwv f kyfr_wefzdk; jyefvnfu f mrdap&ef aumufcHaompepfvnf; r[kwfay? tpdk;&taejzifh obm0"gwfaiG@ESifh a&tm;v#yfppfxkwv f kyfr_ (97 &mcdkif E_ef;) udk v#yfppfpGrf;tifxkwfvkyfr_vkyfief;rsm;. tajccHtjzpftoH;k ðyaomfvnf;/ Tt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk pGrf;tift&if;tjrpf&Sm;yg;aom tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;od@k yif wifydk@a&mif;csEdkifonf? jynfwGif;xkwv f kyfoH;k pGJr_ twGuf 0efaqmifr_aps;E_ef;csKdcsKdomomjzifh jzef@jzL;aeaom/ epfemae&aomtcGifhtvrf;wefzdk;rSm/ jyifyaps; uGuEf _ef;xm;ESifhwGufcsu=f unfhrnfqdkygu vGefpGmrsm;vSonf? xd@k tjyif umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;XmeESifh tjcm;aomtpdk;&Xmersm;odk@ p&dwftvum;eD;yg;r#jzifh axmufyHhaeaom/ pm&if;jywifoGif;xm;jcif;r&Sdaom pGrf;tifxkwfvyk fr_rsm;vnf;&Sdaeao;onfhtjyif/ a,bk ,stm;jzifh tqrwefcsJ@xGifaeaomvufeufukid fwyfXmersm;ESifh umuG,fa&;ypPnf;xkwfpuf&Hkrsm;onfvnf; xdpk Grf;tifXme. 0ifaiGESifhxGufaiGrr#bJ/ uGm[r_}uD;rm;vmapaom ta=umif;w&yfjzpfonf[k ,H=k unf& onf? EdkfifiHydkifpuf&Hkrsm;ESifh tpdk;&&Hk;rsm;od@k axmufyHhay;aeaomyHkpHESifhrwluJjG ym;jcm;em;pGm/ tpdk;&taejzifh vufawG@wGif aus;vufa'orsm;od@k v#yfppf"gwftm;axmufyHhay;a&;vkyfief;rsm;csJ@xGifa&;udk vspfvsL&_xm;cJh onf? rsm;r=umrDtem*wfumvwGif/ wefzdk;xyfaqmif;apaomxkwfvkyfr_vkyfief;rsm;/ pufr_xkwu f kefvkyf ief;rsm;wd;k wufvmonfhESifhtr#/ v#yfppf"gwftm;vdt k yfcsufvnf; ydkIrsm;jym;vmvdrfhrnfjzpfonf? tpdk;& taejzifh Todk@rsm;jym;vmaomjynfwiG f;v#yfppf"gwftm;oH;k pGJr_/ vdt k yfcsufukd rnfodk@jznfq h nf;ay;rnfqdk onfrSm óuwifpOf;pm;&awmhrnfjzpfonf? tjzpfEdkifqHk;aomt&if;tjrpfwckrSm rkwWrurf;vGefyifv,fjyifrS obm0"gwfaiG@odkufjzpf+yD;/ a&wdu k mvESifh tv,ftvwfumvwGif/ v#yfppf"gwftm;jznfhqnf;ay;&ef jynfy &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;.yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_jzifh aqmif&GufEdkifonf? xdk@tjyifv#yfppf"gwftm;tzdk;tc owfrSwfonfhrl0g'udv k nf; pepfwusjyifqif&efvdt k yfvdrfhrnf[k t=uHðy&ayvdrfhrnf? tpdk;&rSaqmif&Guf xm;aom avhvmcsuft&yif rxkwv f kyf&ao;aom a&tm;v#yfppfxkwv f kyfEdkifrnfh t&if;tjrpfrsm;. jzpf EdkifacsrSm a'o toD;oD;wGif pkpkaygif; (6421² 4) r*~g0yf&Sdao;onf[kqdkonf? ,ckvuf&SdwGif a&tm;v#yfppf xkwv f kyfaeaom taetxm;rSmt&if;tjrpfrsm;. (5) &mcdkifE_ef;r#udo k m toH;k ðyaeonfqdkaoma=umifh/ ukefusp&dwfoufomaom/ tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&mpGrf;tifwckjzpfaom a&tm;v#yfppfxkwfvkyfa&;udv k nf; topfwzef tm&Hkpdkufaqmif&Gufoifhygonf? qufvufzGH@òz;ap&efaqmif&Gufr_rsm;wGif obm0ywf0ef;usif rysufpD;&avatmif/ oifhavsmfaomppfaq;r_rsm;aqmif&Gufap+yD; wd;k csJ@Edkifrnfjzpfonf? o,f,yl dk@aqmifa&; jrefrmEdkifiH. o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;u¾onf vuf&SdtajctaewGif vHak vmufr_r&SdbJ/ vdt k yfcsuf rsm;rsm;jym;pGm&Sdaeonfudk awG@=u&rnfjzpfonf? (1996/ 97) ckESpfpm&if;rsm;t& jynfwiG f;pkpkaygif;xkwfvkyf 211

r_wefzdk;. (4) &mcdkifE_ef;r#om&Sd+yD;/ (1990) ckESpfvkyfom;ae&mcsxm;r_ udef;*%ef;aumuf,lr_pm&if;t& pkpk aygif;vkyfom;tiftm;. (3² 78) &mcdkifE_ef;udo k m tvkyfae&mcsxm;ay;Edkifonfudk awG@&onf? TtcsKd; tpm;onf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmrajymif;vJbJ onftwdik f;wnf&SdaecJh+yD;/ wdkif;jynf. o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;tajccH taqmuftODrsm;vHkavmufr_r&Sdonfudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm;awG@Edkifonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_twGuf vdktyfcsufrsm;udk trDrjznfq h nf;ay;EdkifbJ&Sdae&onf? tpkd;&.pm&if;tif;rsm;t&/ jynfaxmifpkum;vrf;.t&SnfrSm (1987/ 88) ckESpfwGif (14532) rdkif&Sd &mrS (1996/ 97) ckESpfwGif (17301) rdkifodk@wdk;wufvmonfudk azmfjyxm;onf? wenf;azmfjy&rnfqdkv#if vGefcJhaom (10) ESpfwmtwGif; wESpfv#ifysrf;r# (1² 89) &mcdkifE_ef;omESpfpOfwd;k wufcJhonfudk awG@&onf? od@k aomfvnf; Ed_if;,SOfcsuft& Twd;k wufr_E_ef;onf qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&tkyfcsKyfpOfumvwdk;wufr_E_ef;xufrsm; jym;aeonfudk todtrSwfðy&rnfjzpfonf? od@k aomfvnf; TwOD;csif;ysrf;r#E_ef;ESifh a'otvdu k fvOl D;a& xlxyfr_E_ef;ESifh jyefwGuf=unfhrnfqdkygu/ jrefrmEdkifiH.vrf;yef;qufo, G fa&;uGef,ufrSm tenf;tusOf;r#om v$rf;ðcHaeao;onfudk awG@Edkifonf? vl (1000) aexdik fr_twGuf vrf;ysrf;r# (0² 37) rdkifom&Sdaeao;+yD;/ wpf pwk&ef;rdkifwGif vrf; (0² 07) rdkifom &Sdaeao;onf? &xm;vrf;rsm;taejzifh vGefcJhaom (10) ESpfwmumvtwGif; ESpfpOfysrf;r# (3² 4) rdkifE_ef;wdk;wufcJh onf? odk@aomfvnf;0efo,fydk@EdkifaompGrf;tm;rSm vGefcJhaomESpfrsm;twGif;wdk;wufvmaom c&D;oGm;vmydk@ aqmifr_rsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfygu t}uD;tus,frvHak vmufr_&Sdaeonf? &xm;vrf;opfrdkifaygif; (580) ausmx f yfrH wd;k wufcJhonf? od@k aomfvnf; &xm;wGrJ sm;/ &xm;rsm;. yrm%rSmavsmhenf;usqif;vmcJhonf? ðyjyifxdef; odrf;r_nHhzsif;aomtaetxm;atmufwGif ajy;qGJaexm;&xm;wGt J pkrsm;rSm avsmhenf;vmonf? vGefcJhaom ESpfrsm;twGif; ysufpD;vmonf? &xm;vrf;rsm;ESifh &xm;vrf;atmufcHausmufrsm;rSm csKd@,Gif;vmcJh+yD;/ &xm; ajy;qGJr_vrf;wav#mufvH;k wGif v_yfcgr_rsm;/ ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif &xm;t&SdefrwifEdkifr_rsm; jzpfvm& onf? xdt k wGufa=umifh&xm;vrf;ydkif;wGifa&m/ ajy;qGJaeaom,mOfrsm;wGifyg tv#iftjrefjyifqif&efvdt k yf ae+yDjzpfonf? vuf&Sdtpdk;&taejzifh jrefrmEdkifiH.awmifESifhajrmufpD;qif;aeaom {&m0wDjrpf. ta&S@-taemuf qufo, G fr_ukef;vrf;a=umif;rsm; cufcJr_&Sdaeonfudk todtrSwfðycJh+yD;/ {&m0wDjrpf0u|ef;ay:a'owGifvnf; acsmif;i,f/ jrpfi,frsm;a=umifh ,cifuukef;vrf;raygufEdkifbJ avSi,frsm;jzifhoGm;vmqufoG,af e&aom/ cuf cJaeaomtajctaeudk todtrSwfðycJhonf? Ta'orsm;wGif wHwm;rsm;aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;udk tav; ay;cJh+yD;/ xdt k csdefrSpwifI ay (1000) ausmaf omwHwm;}uD;aygif; (7) pif;ESifh wHwm;wdak ygif; (88) ckudw k nf aqmufcJo h nf? {&m0wDjrpf0u|ef;ay:a'owGif AdkvfjrwfxGef;wHwm;ESifh rtlyifwHwm;wdk@ wnfaqmuf+yD;pD;cJh+yD;/ tjcm;wbufwGif &efukefjrpfudjk zwful;aombk&ifhaemifwHwm;udk wnfaqmufEdkifcJh onf? ,ckt}udrf onf yxrOD;qHk;t}udrftjzpf/ {&m0wDjrpf0u|ef;ay:a'orS xkwv f kyfaomxkwu f kefrsm;udk &efukefòr@ofkd@ukef;vrf;rS &mcdkifE_ef;jynfw h ifydk@Edkifawmhrnfh tajctaejzpfonf? ,cifa&vrf;rSoGm;vmae&r_ ESifhpmv#if tcsdef oHk;yHkwpfyHkr# oufomoGm;cJh&onf?

212

yHk (10? 1) o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;u¾ zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_ Figure 10.1. Transport Sector Development 20000

Rail

Road

Miles

15000 10000 5000 0 1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

wbufwGifTuJhod@k jynfwiG f;ukefoG,fr_qufo, G fa&;vrf;a=umif;rsm; zGH@òz;vmcJhaomfvnf;/ qef@ usifbufjzpfae&aom taetxm;rSm jynfyydk@aqmifEdkifa&;twGuf wckwnf;aomvrf;a=umif;jzpfonfh/ &efukefqdyfurf;rSm/ olEdkifaom0efxufydkrdkxrf;aqmifae&aomtajctae jzpfaeonf? (1997) ckESpf pm&if; rsm;t& &efukefqdyfurf;taejzifh jynfwGif;ESifhjynfyukefrsm;rS wefcsdefaygif; (6) oef;cef@udk vufcHaqmif&Guf cswifay;cJh&onf? ‚if;rSm &efukefqdyfurf;. wESpf0efaqmifcswifEdkifaom yrm%wefcsdef (3² 5) xufausmf vGefaeonf? (1960 ckESpfrsm;wGif &efukefqdyfurf;rS ukefwefcsdefysrf;r#wESpfv#if ESpfoef;cef@ cswifay;cJhonf?) tpdk;&taejzifh jynfyrS&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; zdwfac:I &efukef qdyfurf;opfaqmufvkyf&eftwGuf óu;yrf;cJhonf? &efukefòr@awmifzuf (10) rdkiftuGm&Sd oDv0gqdyfurf;ESifh weoFm&Durf;&dk;wef;a'owGif xm;0,fqdyfurf;udk wnfaqmufcJo h nf? xm;0,fqdyfurf;rSm xdik f;EdkifiH taemufzufyifv,fqdyfurf;zGH@òz;wd;k wufa&; r[m pDrHcsuft& qufpyf&efjzpf+yD;/ tem*wfwiG f&xm;vrf;/ um;vrf;rsm;qufpyf&ef vsmxm;onf?

EdkifiH.o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;pepftwGuf t"duzdpD;aeaomjy\emw&yfrSm &if;ESD;aiGa=u;rsm;csKd@wJhae jcif;ESifh avmifpmqDESifh puftydkypPnf;rsm;csKd@wJah ejcif;wd@k jzpfygonf? avmifpmqD&Sm;yg;r_jy\ema=umifh yk*~vd uydkif;rS aqmif&Gufaeaomo,f,yl dk@aqmifa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif aps;E_ef;}uD;jrifhpGmawmif;cHjcif;rsm;jzpfvm&yg onf? yk*~vduu¾taejzifh o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;vkyfief; 0efaqmifr_rsm;tm;vH;k . (65) &mcdkifE_ef;udk xrf; aqmifaeygonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh tpdk;&rSaqmif&Gufvdak om zGH@òz;a&;vkyfief;rsm;rSmvnf; aESmifhaES;ap&ef jzpfae&ygonf? zGH@òz;r_wk@H qdkif;aeaomqufo, G fa&;vrf;a=umif;uGef,ufrsm;. xdyfqHk;wGif/ tpdk;&taejzifh rvdv k m;tyfaom tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&mxdef;csKyfr_rsm;udx k yfrHaqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh jy\emudk ydkqdk;apygonf? xdk@ tjyif jynfwiG f;od@k wifoGif;vmaomukefrsm;jzpfonfh avmifpmqD ponfjzifhtay:wGifvnf;jzef@jzL;r_qdkif&m udpPrsm;wGif uef@owfcsKyfcs,fxm;jcif;/ aps;E_ef;xdef;csKyfaomrl0g'rsm;jzifh 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;rsm; &Sdaeyg onf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- tpdk;&u &efukefòr@wGif;ajyqGJaeaom yk*~vduydkifbwfpfum;vdik frsm;wGif ,mOfpD;cE_ef; xm;rsm;udk rlaoowfrSwfjcif;rsKd;jzpfygonf? TuJo h dk@tpDtrHrsm;onf yk*~vdu0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm; tcsif; csif; òyifqdkifr_udt k m;ay;&mra&mufapbJ/ xda&mufr_avsmhenf;usqif;apjcif;ESifh 0efaqmifr_t&nftaoG;us qif;apjcif;rsm; jzpfvm&ygonf?

Miles per 1,000 pop

Figure. 10.2. Progress of Road and Rail Network (miles per 1,000 population)

yHk (10? 2) um;vrf;ESifh &xm;vrf;uGef,ufrsm;wd;k wuf vmr_jyyHk? (vl 1000 v#if&Sdaom ysrf;r#rdkif)

0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 50 955 960 965 970 975 980 985 990 995 19 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Rail

Road

w,fvzD kef;ESifh a=u;eef;qufoG,fa&; jrefrmEdkifiHonf +Adwdo#ukv d dkeDtkyfcskKyfolrsm;u w,fvDzkef;pepf pwiftoHk;ðyvmapcJhaom (19) &mpkaESmif;ydkif;umvrsm;uyif tqifhjrifhw,fvDzkef;ESifh a=u;eef;qufoG,fa&;pepfudk pwiftoH;k ðyEdkifcJh=u onf? od@k aomfvnf; vuf&SdjrefrmEdkifiHwGif&Sdaeaom w,fvDzkef;ESifh a=u;eef;qufo, G fa&;pepfrSm ,ckwdik f acwfaemufusaeaompufrsm;ESifh ud&d,mrsm;udktoH;k ðyae&qJ jzpfonf? vuf&Sdtpdk;&taejzifh w,fvDzkef; ESifha=u;eef;qufoG,fa&;u¾. ta&;ygr_udt k odtrSwfðy+yD;/ xdv k kyfief;rsm;udak cwfrDatmif aqmif&GufEdkif apa&;twGuf }uD;=uyf&efoD;oef@0ef}uD;Xmewckudk zGifhvSpfcJhonf? acwfrDzGH@òz;apa&;twGuf tpDtpOfrsm;cs rSwfcJ+h yD;/ enf;ynmopfrsm;jzpfaom 'pf*spfw,fESifh q,fvlvmzkef;rsm;udk pwifwyfqifcJhonf? od@k aomfvnf; ,ckwdik f jrefrmEdkifiHonfurBmay:wGif w,fvDzkef;qufoG,fr_ vlOD;a&t&=unfv h #if tenf;qHk;EdkifiHwcktjzpf aemufususefae&qJjzpfonf? TtajctaerSmvnf; tHh=op&mr[kwfay? Tqufo, G fa&;u¾twGuo f H;k aiGtcsKd;rSm vGefcJhaom (10) ESpfwmumvtwGif; wdik f;jynf.pkpkaygif;jynfwiG f;xkwu f kefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD) &mcdkif E_ef;. rajymif;rvJ udef;aoozG,fjzpfaecJh+yD;/ *sD'DyD.ysrf;r# (0² 4) &mcdkifE_ef;r#om&Sdonf? òr@jyrsm;rSvGefaomf w,fvDzkef;qufo, G fa&;tajccHtaqmuftODrSm rvHkravmufcsKd@wJhae+yD;/ aus; vufrsm;wGif tajccHw,fvDzkef;qufo, G fEdkifaompepfrSm r&Sdoavmufjzpfonf? aus;vufa'orsm;wGif w,fvDzkef;qufo, G fa&; ,EW,m;rsm;wyfqifa&;twGuf aps;E_ef;csKdcsKdomomjzifh aqmif&GufEdkifaompepfrsm; &Sdaomfvnf;/ TtcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiHutoHk;csr_ r&Sdao;ay? òr@jya'orsm;wGifvnf;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyf ief;opfrsm;rSm aps;uGuftajccHaompD;yGm;a&;pepfod@k ajymif;vJvmonfESifhtr# vuf&Sd&Sdaeaom w,fvDzkef; qufo, G fa&;pepfwGif;rS awmif;qdkr_ydkrsm;vmcJhonf? cef@rSef;wGufcsurf _wckt& óu;vdik f;qufoG,&f eftwGuf apmifhqdkif;aeaomOD;a&rSm &efukefa'owckwnf;wGifyif cef@rSef; (50000) &Sdaeonf?98 trSefpm&if;rSm T cef@rSef;r_xufrsm;aeEdkifonf?

98

Economic Intelligence Unit. Myanmar: Country Profile 1997. London: The Economist.

214

Z,m; (10? 3) qufoG,af &;u¾zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_ 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 pmwdkuf 386 529 653 763 926 939 w,fvDzkef; 9155 15211 19529 26458 30938 rl&if;? Various Issues, Statistical Year Book, Union of Burma.

1980 955 40514

1985 980 47512

1990 1152 95646

1995 1192 190542

vuf&SdumvwGif tpdk;&taejzifhTu¾udkoD;oef@csKyfudik fxm;qJ&Sdaeao;onf? odk@aomfvnf;&Sd aeaomvkyfief;rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifr_rsm;rSmwdk;wufvmaeaom 0,fvkt d m;awmif;qdkcsufukd xda&mufatmif jznfq h nf;jcif;rðyEdkifay? ,cktcsdefwdik f EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udk vHkðcHa&;ta=umif;jycsufjzifhtpdk;&u y,fcscJh +yD;/ cGifhrðyao;bJ&Sdaeonf? jzpfay:aeaomowif;enf;ynmawmfvSefa&;rS tcGifhtvrf;aumif;rsm; udk &,lEdkifa&;twGufvnf; tpdk;&taejzifh jyifqifr_r&Sdao;ay? xd@k tjyifEdkifiHwumw,fvDzkef;qufo, G f r_ rsm;ESifh zufpfqufo, G fr_rsm;twGuf ydkIwif;usyfaompnf;rsOf;rsm;yif jyXmef;cJhao;onf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif pD;yGm;a&;t& toH;k ðyEdkifaom tifwmeuf0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;udk cGifhrðyao;ay? tpdk;&Oya'rsm;u uGefjyLwmrdk'rf toHk;ðyr_twGu/f ò*[fwkqufo, G fa&;pavmif;rsm;ESifh zufpfydk@pufrsm;ydkifqdfkifr_twGuf vdik fpif cGifhðycsuf&,l&ef wif;usyfaomOya'rsm; jyXmef;xm;onf?

tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m rl0g'rsm;ESifhywfoufaom aemufcHordkif;

udv k dek DacwfrwdkifrDumvu jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rd&dk;zvmv,fvkyfief;ESifh tcsKd@aomvloH;k ukefypPnf;rsm; xkwv f kyfaom &dk;&Sif;aom rdrdbmomzlvHak &;pD;yGm;a&;pepfudkomusifo h Hk;cJh=uonf? od@k aomfvnf;acwfopf óu rdrdbmomzlvHak &;pD;yGm;a&;pepf pHyHkpHrsm;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHonf twdtuswlnDr_r&SdcJhyg? ta=umif;rSm twdwu f mvjrefrmEdkifiH. pD;yGm;a&;wGif tcsKd@aomrdrdu|rf;usifr_udk txl;ðyvkyfaompD;yGm;a&;aqmif&Guf csufrsm;99 &SdaecJhonf? EdkifiHa'otcsKd@ESifh txl;ojzifh&Gmrsm;tqifhwGifyif u|rf;usifr_tvdkuftxl; xkwv f k yf jcif;rsm;&SdcJh=uonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh tcsKd@aomaus;&Gmrsm;utdk;zkwfaomvkyfief;udk t"duxm;toufarG;=u +yD;/ tcsKd@u u|JEGm;arG;jrLjcif;/ tcsKd@u}udrfxnfy&dabm*rsm;vkyfjcif; pojzifh&SdcJh=uonf? Ttaetxm;udk wGuq f ygu TxkwfukefypPnf;rsm;udk o,f,lwifydk@aomtajccHtaqmuftOD/ vrf;yef;qufo, G fa&; wpHkw&m&Sd&ayrnf? xdk@tjyif pD;yGm;a&;pepfudkvnfywfaprnfh aps;uGufqdkif&mzGJ@pnf;r_yHkpH wpHkw&m&Sd&ay vdrfhrnf? xdt k wGuaf =umifhom Tod@k tqifhjrifhyHkpHtxl;xkwfvkyftoufarG;0rf;ausmif;r_rsm; &Sdae&jcif;jzpf onf? xdk@tjyifjrefrm EdkifiHtv,fydkif; ajcmufaoG@a'o[kac:aoma'orsm;wGifvnf; qnfa&ay;pdkufEdkif aom wl;ajrmif;a&ay;a&; pepfrsm; &SdaecJhonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh qefpyg;udk rdrd0rf;pm zlvHak &;twGuf pdkufysKd;r_omrubJ/ aps;uGuf0if oD;ESHrsm;udv k nf; pdkufysKd;cJh=uonf? od@k aomf udkvdek Dpepfa&mufrSyif acwfopftajccHtaqmuftODrsm;jzpfaom jynfol@0efxrf;vkyfief; rsm;ESifh vltrsm;ESifhoufqdkifaomXmersm;/ vkyfief;rsm;udk pwifaqmif&GufEdkifcJh=uonf? wESpfumvywfvH;k toH;k ðyEdkifaom/ txl;ojzifhrdk;jyif;xefaom jrefrmEdkifiHrkwfokef&moDwGifyif toH;k ðyEdkifaom acwfrDum;vrf; rsm;udk a'otESH@tjym;wGif wnfaqmufcJ=h uonf? &xm;vrf;rsm;udv k nf; wnfaqmufcJo h nf? xd@k tjyif pufwyf,mOfrsm;jzifh c&D;onfydk@aqmifa&;vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonf/h armfawmfbkwfrsm;jzifhvnf; EdkifiHjrpfa=umrsm; wav#mufoGm;vmEdkifcJh=uonf? t"duòr@}uD;rsm;jzpfaom &efukef/ armfvòrif/ ykodrf/ ppfawGwkd@wGif qdyfurf; rsm;udkvnf; wnfaqmufcJo h nf? v#yfppf"gwftm;ay;vkyfief;vnf; pwifvmEdkif+yD; (1939) ckESpfwGif òr@aygif; (100) ausmo f dk@ jyef@ESH@aqmif&GufEdkifae+yDjzpfonf? xd@k tjyifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;trsm;ESifh pufr_vkyfief;rsm;od@k vnf; v#yfppf"gwftm;jzef@jzL;ay;jcif;rsm; aqmif&GufEdkifcJhonf?

99

Specialization of economic activities

215

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ydk@Edkifap&ef jzpfonf? ajy;qGJaeaomava=umif;vdik frsm;vnf; rsm;jym;vm+yD;/ EdkifiHESifh tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;udk ysHoef;qufoG,o f nfh av,mOfacgufa&vnf; rsm;vmonf? xd@k tjyifqdyfurf;,EW,m;rsm;udkvnf; csJ@xGifcJh aomfvnf; &efukefòr@w0dkufa'owGifom tajcpkaeao;onf? TuJo h dk@udef;*%ef;t&wd;k wufrsm;jym;vmr_ rsm;tjyif/ tpdk;&taejzifh tcsKd@aomwDxGifqef;opfr_rsm;vnf; ðyvkyfcJhonf? txl;ojzifhta&;ygaom aqmif&Gufcsurf Sm EdkifiH&yfjcm;yk*~vduukr`%Drsm;udk jynfwGif;tajccHtaqmuftODwnfaqmufr_vkyfief;rsm; wGif pD;yGm;a&;tajccHqGJaqmifr_jzifh 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcGifhðycJhonf? Tvkyfief;rsm;onf vufawG@toH;k 0if aom vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonf? ta=umif;rSm tpdk;&ud, k fY. tajccHtaqmuftODcsJ@xGifwnfaqmufa&; vkyfief;rsm;onf b¾ma&;tajctaea=umifh tuef@towf&Sdaeaoma=umifh jzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; vuf awG@wGif tusKd;jzpfxGef;r_ xl;xl;jcm;jcm; rawG@&ao;ay? yHk (10? 3) (1997/ 98) EdkifiHawmf&oH;k aiGpm&if; (bwf*suf) rS toH;k p&dwfrsm;teuf t"duusaom tajccH taqmuftODwnfaqmufr_vkyfief;rsm;twGuf aiGvHk;aiG&if;cGJa0oH;k pGJr_jyyHk? Power

Transport and Communication

Current 38%

Capital 62%

Current 42% Capital 58%

rl&if;? Review of the Financial, Economic and Social Conditions for

1996/97. Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development, Union of Myanmar. 1997.

tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;. vuf&Sdtaetxm;rSm acwfaemufuscsKd@,Gif;vsu&f Sdonf? TtajccH taqmuftODwckvH;k udk jyefvnfjyifqifrGrf;rH&efqdkv#if/ aiGa=u;t&if;tjrpf ajrmufrsm;pGmvdt k yfaeonf? xd@k tjyiftuef@towf&Sdaom pGrf;tm;pkrsm;udk tusKd;&SdpGmcGJa0ae&mcsxm;Edkifa&;twGuq f dkv#if/ pDrHcsuf topf/ taqmuftODtopfrsm;xyfrHaqmufvkyfjcif;xufpmv#if/ vuf&Sd&Sdaeaompepfudk ydkrdkxda&mufap&ef jyifqifrGrf;rHjcif;/ xdef;odrf;jcif;rsm;udk OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf&efvdktyfonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- EdkifiHawmftpdk;&. &oH;k aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf; (1997-98) udk jyef=unfv h #if/ tajccHtaqmuftODu¾wGif EdkifiHawmfrSaiGvH;k aiG&if; jzifhpdkufxw k foH;k pGJaom toHk;p&dwfrsm;udo k mawG@&+yD;/ tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;rS &&Sdaom0ifaiGjzifhjyefvnf oH;k pGJEdkifjcif;udk rawG@&ay? tu,fItajccHtaqmuftODrsm;udk pepfwusjyefvnfae&mcsxm; zGJ@pnf;a&;ESifh ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf rl0g'csrSwfxm;r_ aocsmr&Sdygu/ xyfrHaqmufvkyfaom pDrHcsuftopf rsm;onfvnf; rdrdwdk@vdv k m;aom&v'fudk ay;pGrf;Edkifrnf r[kwfay? jynfolvx l k. vlr_zlvHak &;twGuf tjcm;wbufwvrf;rStusKd;ðyEdkifapaom EdkifiHawmfb¾maiGrsm;onfvnf;/ qufvufI wvGo J H;k pGJaerdap vdrfhrnf jzpfonf?

217

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tajccHtaqmuftODzGH@òz;wdk;wufa&;twGuf csOf;uyfyHkrsm;

txufwGifazmfjycJhaom tajccHtaqmuftODzGH@òz;r_qdkif&m &nfrSef;csufrsm;onf/ rl0g'csrSwfa&;qGJ olrsm;twGuf vufawG@vkyfaqmif&ef a,bk,sodyfusvGef;onf[k qdkvdku qdkEdkifygonf? odk@aomfvufawG@ csOf;uyfr_zufu=unfv h #if rdrdwdk@taejzifh xif&Sm;aomcsOf;uyfyHk (2) rsKd;udk a&G;cs,fp&mtjzpfwifjyvdkygonf? yxrcsOf;uyfyHkrSm tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;udk vdktyfcsuf/ awmif;qdkcsufudkjznfhqnf;ay;&ef vdu k fvaH qmif &Gufay;aomcsOf;uyfyHkrsKd;jzpfygonf? qdkvdo k nfrSm tu,fIv#yfppfpGrf;tifudk vltrsm;uydkrdktvd&k Sdvmygu/ r=umc%rD;jywfjcif;/ rD;tm;usjcif;rsm; jzpfvmrnfjzpfonf? xdktajctaewGif rdrdwd@k uv#yfppf"gwftm;xkwf vkyfr_wdk;ay;&ef jzpfygonf? tvm;wlyif o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;u¾wGifvnf;um;vrf;rsm; vrf;ydwfqdk@r_tjzpf rsm;vmygu vrf;rsm;vdt k yfae+yD;/ rD;&xm;o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;csJ@xGif&rnfukd jyaeygonf? rdrdwd@k zufrS ydkrdk axmufyHhEdkifap&ef óu;yrf;a&;jzpfygonf? od@k aomfvnf; Todk@csOf;uyfaqmif&GufaeyHkudk zGH@òz;a&;qdkif&mtjrifbufrS csOf;uyfygu auseyftm;&zG,f&Sdvdrfhrnf r[kwfay? tjcm;wbufrSjyef=unfhv#if pD;yGm;a&;pepfzGH@òz;wd;k wufr_onf/ tajccH taqmuftODtuef@towftay:wGif tjrJwnfrDSaejyefygonf? tjcm;wbufrS=unfjh yefv#ifvnf; tajccH taqmuftODzGH@òz;wdk;wufvmwdik f; pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;vmaprnf[k tmrcHcsufray;Edkifyg? tajccHtaqmuftOD u pD;yGm;a&;u¾twGif;&Sd tjcm;ta=umif;tcsufrsm;udk wnfrDSI/ wpHkw&mtusKd;ðyEdkifygonf?

TuJo h dk@aomcsOf;uyfyHkrsKd;udk ydkIacwfrDwdk;wufpGm a,bk,sajymqdkoHk;pGJavh&Sdolrsm;rSm EdkifiHwum tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ txl;ojzifhurBmhb%frS jzpfygonf? TcsOf;uyfyHkt& tajccHtaqmuftODxyfrHcsJ@xGifr_E_ef; xm;onf/ TtaqmuftODrsm;udk tem*wfwGifxyfrHvdt k yfvmrnft h aetxm;ESifh wGucf sufaqmif&Guf&ef jzpfygonf? Tod@k wGucf suf&mwGif &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHjcif;tm;jzifh jyef&vmEdkifaom vlr_a&;t&aumif;usKd;tjzpf/ Taqmufvkyfvdu k faomtajccHtaqmuftODrS tem*wfwiG faiGjyef0ifvmEdkifrnfhtaetxm;udk tajccHI wGucf suf=uygonf? Todk@aomydkItqifhjrifhacwfrDaom wGucf sufyHkrsKd;Yyif tajccHtaqmuftODu¾onf/ tjcm;u¾rsm;ESifhtwl pD;yGGg;a&;zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_twGuf tcsufwcktjzpf taxmuftulðya=umif; jyaeyg onf? tajccHtaqmuftODwckwnf;a=umifh pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;r_udjk zpfaponf r[kwfyg?

Ed_if;,SOfcsuft&ajym&rnfqdkv#if/ tjcm;csOf;uyfenf;wckrSm awmif;qdkcsufudk ar#mfrSef;óuvGefI tajccHtaqmuftODudk aqmufvkyfjcif;jzpfygonf? Todk@aomcsOf;uyfyHkrsKd;udk ppf+yD;acwfumvwGifxif&Sm; 218

ausm=f um;aom zGH@òz;a&;qdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sif/ uG,fvGefav+yD;aomygarmuQ &uf*g ewfufqD;100 u txl; t=uHðycJhygonf? qdkvdkonfrSm tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;udk vuf&Sdtaetxm;wGifvdktyfcsufxuf tenf; i,fóuwGufI/ ydkIaqmufvkyfap&ef jzpfygonf? xdkodk@aqmufvkyfxm;onft h wGuaf =umifh tajccH taqmuftODu pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_udk wk@H qGJaeapvdrfhrnf r[kwfawmhyg? xdkr#ru tajccHtaqmuf tODrsm;&Sdxm;+yD; jzpfaoma=umifh/ pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;ap&eftwGuf tcGifhtvrf;opfrsm;ay:xGef;apvdrfhrnfjzpf onf? ydkIawmif;qdkr_rsm; jzpfvmvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? Tt,ltqt& tajccHtaqmuftODzGH@òz;wdk;wufr_ twGuaf =umifh pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_udk jzpfap&Hkr#ru/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;udv k nf; ydkIxda&muf xufjrufaomvrf;a=umif;odk@ vrf;!$efay;apEdkifvdrfhrnf jzpfonf?

TcsOf;uyfyHkenf;vrf;onf puFmylEdkifiHtaejzifh (1980) ckESpfumvrsm;twGif; ,ckzGH@òz;wdk;wufr_ t&SdefpwifaepOfuwnf;u pIvdu k femusifo h Hk;cJhaomcsOf;uyfyHk jzpfygonf? tqifhjrifhpufr_enf;ynmrsm;jzpf aom tDvufx&Gefepfenf;ynm/ owif;qufoG,fa&;enf;ynm/ tEkpdwftif*sifeD,mynmrsm; zGH@òz;wdk;wuf vmaomumvwGif/ puFmylEdkifiHtaejzifh acwfudkóuI pufr_enf;ynmausmif;rsm;/ aumvdyfrsm;ESifh okawoeXmersm;zGifhvSpfxm;cJhygonf? pufr_enf;ynmu|rf;usifaom vkyfom;tiftm;pkrsm;arG;xkwfxm; +yD;/ tpdk;&,EW,m;pepfwckvHk;udv k nf; uGefjyLwmpepfjzifh wyfqiftoH;k ðy qufoG,x f m;cJhygonf? aemuf ydkif;tqifhjrifhpufr_enf;ynmrsm; wGifwGifus,fus,ftoH;k ðyvmaomumvwGif/ puFmyltaejzifh tawG@ tñuHºu,f0ae&Hkr#omru/ uGefjyLwmenf;ynmjzifhu|rf;0ifxm;aom EdkifiHwcktjzpfjyifqif toifh&Sdxm;+yD; jzpfaecJhygonf? owif;qufoG,fa&;enf;ynmESifh pufr_zGH@òz;r_udk a&S@aqmifEdkifcJhygonf?

TcsOf;uyfyHkwGif tjcm;tm;aumif;csufwck&Sdygao;onf? tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;udk vdktyfcsuf xufa&S@óuI aqmufvkyfxm;aoma=umifh/ rdrdwdk@taejzifh pDrHudef;rsm;udk ydkIaumif;atmifa&;qGJEdkif+yD;/ rsKd; rwlaom tajccHtaqmuftODu¾rsm;tcsif;csif; ydkrdkcsdwfqufr_&ap&ef yl;aygif;pOf;pm;Edkifjcif; jzpfygonf?

TonfrSm txl;ojzifhtajccHtaqmuftODyHhydk;ay;a&;vkyfief;udk enf;vrf;toG,foG,jf zihf aqmif&GufEdkif aomumvY taumif;qHk;enf;vrf;udk a&G;cs,fEdkifr_twGuf txl;ta&;}uD;vSygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh o,f,l ydk@aqmifa&;u¾Y um;vrf;/ &xm;vrf;/ a&vrf; ponfrsm;udk taumif;qHk;a&G;cs,f&efjzpf+yD;/ avmifpmpGrf; tifwGifvnf; a&eH/ ausmufrD;aoG;/ EsLuvD;,m;/ aepGrf;tif ponfrsm;udk pepfwusa&G;cs,fEdkifap&efjzpf onf?

Tod@k aomcsOf;uyfyHktwGuf azmfjy&eftaumif;qHk;OyrmrSm òr@jyrsm;tjzpfwdk;csJ@wnfaqmuf&mY jzpfonf? a,bk,stm;jzifh zGH@òz;r_enf;aomEdkifiHrsm;Y òr@jyjzpfay:vmyHkenf;rSm/ òr@i,fuav;&Sdvlrsm;u olwdk@ pdwfwkid f;uspka0;vm+yD;/ tqifajyovdk wdk;csJ@aexdkifvm=ujcif; jzpfonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh òr@jyrsm;zGH@òz;vmyHk rSm tm;enf;csKd@,Gif;csufrsm;pGmjzifh jzpfvm&ygonf? txl;ojzifh òr@}uD;ab;wGifywfvnf0dkif;aeaomòr@i,f rsm;tjzpf jzpfvmjcif;/ odk@r[kwf ta&;ygaomòr@}uD;tcsKd@teD;wGifomuGufI pka0;aejcif;rsKd; jzpfwwfygonf? ta=umif;rSm vltrsm;upIpka0;vm=u+yD;aemufrS/ tpdk;&uaemufuvdkufI òr@jytajccHtaqmuftODrsm; vdu k fI jyifqifay;&aoma=umifh/ aemufrSvdkufI axmufyHhay;&aoma=umifh jzpfygonf? txufazmfjyxm; aomcsOf;uyfyHkenf;vrf;wGif qef@usifbuftm;jzifh tpdk;&uòr@jyrsm;wd;k wufvmyHk/ wdk;wufvmE_ef;udk óuwif pDrHEdkif+yD;/ òr@jyqdkif&mtajccHvlr_taqmuftODrsm; óuwifjznfhqnf;xm;Edkifaoma=umifh ydkIxda&muf xuf jrufpGmaqmif&GufEdkifygonf? xd@k tjyif xdck sOf;uyfyHkudk ydkIta&;}uD;pGmaqmif&GufEdkifaomudpPrsm; &Sdygao;onf? r=umao;rD acwfumvtwGif; pdwf0ifpm;p&mtaumif;qHk;tajctaerSm pufr_enf;ynmopfrsm;wDxiG fvmr_ESifh jzef@a0 oH;k pGJvmr_yif jzpfygonf? txl;ojzifhuGefjyLwmpepfwGifjzpf+yD;/ tcsuftvufodak vSmifxm;r_/ jyefazmfxkwfEdkif r_/ qufoG,fjzef@a0Edkifr_yif jzpfygonf? Towif;enf;ynma=umifh ukefxkwfpGrf;tm;rsm;wGif rsm;pGmajymif;vJ wd;k wufr_rsm;jzpfay:vmapcJh+yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;u¾trsm;tjym;wGifvnf; tusKd;oufa&mufr_&SdapcJhygonf?

100

Prof. Ragnar Nurkse

219

od@k aomfvnf; Ttqifhjrifhenf;ynmrsm;onf zGH@òz;+yD;EdkifiH}uD;rsm;wGifom trsm;qHk;wdk;wufzGH@òz;ae=uyg onf? zGH@òz;r_enf;aomEdkifiHrsm;wGif tajccsEdkifjcif;yif r&Sdao;yg? txl;ojzifh rdrdwd@k a'o&SdEdkifiHrsm;wGif jzpfyg onf? TtajctaewGif jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifhacwfa&S@óuajy;+yD;/ Tenf;ynmrsm;udk tjrefvufvrS f;&,lEdkif a&;rSm txl;ta&;}uD;+yD;/ tcGifhtvrf;w&yfjzpfygonf? Todk@aqmuf&GufEdkif&eftwGuq f dkv#if qufo, G fa&; qdkif&mtajccHtaqmuftODrsm;udk jznfq h nf;ay;xm;&efvdt k yfygvdrfhrnf? tqifhjrifhqufoG,fa&;enf;ynm toH;k ðyvmjcif;tm;jzifh EdkifiH&yfjcm;toD;oD;ESifhqufoG,fEdkifapjcif;/ rdrdwdk@EdkifiHtwGif;qufoG,rf _v#ifjref aumif;rGefvmapI pD;yGGg;a&;zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_udkomru/ jrefrmEdkifiHzGH@òz;wdk;wufr_twGuf ckefysHausmfvm$ ;I&ap Edkifaom/ tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;udk trDvdu k fapEdkifaom tajctaeudak y;vdrfhrnf jzpfonf?

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aomudpPrsm;wGif v,form;rsm;ud, k fwkid f tjcm;aomtoufarG;0rf;ausmif;r_vkyfief;rsm;odk@ oGm;a&mufvkyf udik fap&ef pDpOfay;Edkifygao;onf? Tenf;tm;jzifh tajccHtaqmuftODtwGuf awmif;qdkcsufukv d nf; avsmeh nf;usqif;apEdkifygonf? xd@k tjyif &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ðy&rnf&h efyHkaiGrsm;udk tjcm;tusKd;&SdaprnfhudpPrsm; twGuf ajymif;vJtoH;k csEdkifygu jzpfay:vmEdkifrnfhtcGifhtvrf;qdkif&mwefzdk;101 udv k nf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm; wGucf sufoifhygonf? tu,fIqnfwckwnfaqmuf+yD; jzpfaeygu tenf;qHk;tm;jzifh/ xdkqnf.tusKd;udk cH pm;&onfh v,form;rsm;onf qnfvnfywfaer_twGuu f kefusp&dwfukd ay;aqmifEdkifpGrf;&Sdoifh+yD;/ jyefvnf rGrf;rHa&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuv f nf; xnfh0ifEdkifpGrf;&Sdoifhonf? xdkod@k raqmif&GufEdkifygu TpDrHcsufrsm;onf/ aiGa=u;wefzdk;}uD;pGm qufvufaxmufyHhae&rnfhpDrHudef;rsm; jzpfae+yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;t&vnf; wGufacsrudu k fEdkif yg? od@k aomfvnf; tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&mu¾trsKd;rsKd;wGif jynforl sm;tm;vHk; wef;wlnDr#tusKd; cHpm;cGifhjzpfapvdrfhrnf/ twlwl0ifaiGjzpfvmapvdrfhrnf[k xifrSwfxm;=ucsufrSm rrSefuefyg? xd@k tjyif,ck vufcHoH;k pGJEdkif=u+yDjzpfaom pufr_enf;ynmzGH@òz;r_rsm;rSwqifh vlyk*~dKvfwOD;csif;tusKd;tjrwf&&SdyHkudk ydkIwdus aocsmatmif wGucf sufEdkif=u+yD jzpfonf? xdktwGuaf =umifh tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;wnfaqmufay;jcif; a=umifh cHpm;&&Sdrnft h usKd;tjrwfrsm;tay:rlwnfI vlwOD;csif;xHrSjyefvnfaumufcHjcif;udk/ olwk@d tusKd; cHpm;&r_tvdu k f aqmif&GufEdkif+yDjzpfonf? Trl0g'udk oH;k pGJolu oHo k avmufay;apaomrl0g'tjzpf tod trSwfðyxm;=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&mudpPrsm;wGif Trltwdik f; tjynft h 0 w&m;aousifo h Hk;Edkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg? tu,fI Ttwdik f;omusifo h Hk;ygu T0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;onf yk*~vduydkif vkyfief;rsm;ozG,f jzpfvm=uvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; tenf;qHk; oH;k oluoH;k oavmuf ay;apaom rl0g'udk jzpfEdkifoavmuf usifo h H;k oifhygonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh acwfrDum;vrf;r}uD;rsm;. tusKd;aus;Zl;udk cHpm;&aom um;ydkif&Sifrsm;u xdu k foifhoavmufuscH&rnf jzpfygonf? xdktcgvrf;r}uD; rsm;. ðyjyifxdef;odrf;p&dwfrsm;/ wnfaqmufa&;p&dwfrsm;udk tjcm;EdkifiHom;rsm;xuf/ um;ydkif&Sifrsm;u ydkI uscH=u&vdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? yk*~vduu¾yg0ifaqmif&Gufr_udk wd;k csJ@a&; EdkifiHawmftpdk;&taejzifh tajccHtaqmuftODzGH@òz;r_qdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;udk axmufyHhay;&efESifh }uD;=uyf&efwm0ef&Sdaomfvnf;/ ‚if;u¾wGif yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;bufu yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifaomtcef;udk wdusaocsmpGm jyXmef;xm;ay;oifhonf? wbufwiG f tpdk;&taejzifh tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm; wnfaqmufr_ESifh 0efaqmifr_wGifjynfot l rsm;. tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf t"duwm0ef&Sdoltaejzifh csKyfudik fxm; oifhaomfvnf;/ Tvkyfief;rsm;tm;vH;k udk tpdk;&ucsnf;uscHap&ef/ jynfolwOD;csif; od@k r[kwftpktzGJ@rsm;u toifh&,lok;H pGJ&efar#mfvifhxm;I rjzpfEdkifyg? tjcm;wbufwGifvnf; zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHi,fwckwGif tcsKd@utqdk; zufujrifavh&Sd=uaomtjrifrSm yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;taejzifh aiG&if;tESD;}uD;rm;aomtajccHtaqmuf tODqdkif&mudpPrsm;wGif &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESH&ef cJ,Of;vdrfhrnf[k jrif=uonf? od@k aomfvnf; rdrdwdk@taejzifhrl yk*~vduu¾rS&if;ESD;xnfh0ifvmEdkifaomtaetxm;udk jrefrmEdkifiH wGiftqdk;bufu jrifrxm;yg? jrefrmEdkifiH. tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;zGH@òz;wd;k wufa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif yk*~ vdu vkyfief;&Sifrsm;bufu wwwfwtm;yg0ifvmEdkifaom tvm;tvm&Sdygonf? Tae&mwGif tpdk;&. t"duwm0efrSm pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf tqifajyacsmarG@Edkifaom0ef;usifudk zefwD;ay;&efyif jzpfyg onf? 'kwd,tcsufrSm ,ae@umvwGif enf;ynmopfrsm;jzpfay:wd;k wufaer_ESifh pD;yGm;a&;0ef;usifajymif;vJ jzpfay: aer_a=umifh/ yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;taejzifh tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;wGif aumif;pGm yg0if aqmif&GufEdkifacsESifh tjrwftpGef;&Edkifacs&Sdygonf? txl;ojzifh w,fvDa=u;eef;qufoG,fa&;vkyfief; rsm;ESifh v#yfppfxkwv f kyfr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif jzpfygonf? yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;taejzifh w,fvDzkef;qufoG,f 101

Opportunity cost

222

a&;u¾wGif vufudik frdkbdkif;zkef;rsm;ESifh tifwmeuf0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&GufEdkif=u+yD;/ v#yfppf xkwv f kyfr_ vkyfief;rsm;wGifvnf;/ yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;taejzifh v#yfppfxkwv f kyfjcif;ESifh jzef@jzL;jcif;udk a'o qdkif&mtwGif;&Sd *&pfóu;wef;pepfrsm;twGif; qufoG,af qmif&GufcGifðh yEdkifygonf? wEdkifiHvH;k qdkif&m aumif;uifóu;wef;pepfudkrl tpdk;&uomqufvufxdef;odrf;xm;oifhygonf? cGJjcm;vkyfudik f&efcufcJaom &xm;ydk@aqmifa&;vkyfief;wGifyif/ yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;udk tcsKd@aomtpdwftydkif;vkyfief;rsm;Y yk*~vdu vkyfief;&Sifrsm;udk cGJa0wm0efcsxm;ay;Edkifygonf? od@k aomfvnf; tajccHtaqmuftODvkyfief;rsm;wGif yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcGifhðy rnfqdkygu/ rdrdwdk@.vGwfvyfpGmvkyfaqmifcGifhtm%mESifh &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESH+yD;v#if tjrwfrsm;udk aiGjyefvJv, S fI r& aomjy\em pojzifh pGef@pm;&r_tEW&m,f&Sdygonf? yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;. &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_qdkif&mudpPrsm; twGuf wdus&Sif;vif;aomOya'/ pnf;rsOf;rsm;jyXmef;xm;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh/ vGwfvyfpGmvkyfaqmifcGifhtm%m ESifhywfoufI&_yfaxG;r_/ tEW&m,fenf;apEdkifygonf? xd@k tjyif yGifhvif;jrifomaom/ wm0ef,lwm0efcHr_&Sdaom tpdk;&pepfudv k nf; usifhoH;k &efvdt k yfygonf? tpdk;&taejzifhwnf+idrfaom trsKd;om;ruU&dkpD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m rl0g'rsm; csrSwfusifo h Hk;jcif;tm;jzifh tjrwfaiGrsm;udk jyefvJv, S f&efcufcJapEdkifaom jy\emudkvnf;&Sif;Edkifyg onf? xdk@tjyifTtEW&m,frsm;udk av#meh nf;ap&eftwGuf umuG,af omenf;vrf;rsm;udk toHk;ðyEdkifa=umif; wdusaomtmrcHcsufay;xm;&ef vdt k yfygonf? xd@k tjyif tpdk;&taejzifh tcsKd@aomtpdk;&Xmersm;twGif; òyifqdkifr_ESifh 0efaqmifr_ay;aomyk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;twGif òyifqdkifr_udjk r‡ifhwifay;&ef vdt k yfygonf? xd@k tjyif0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm; pH&nfpH!$ef;rDapa&;twGuf wdusaompnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufrsm;/ pHowfrSwf csufrsm;/ oifhawmfaomaps;E_ef;rsm;/ obm0ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;r_qdkif&m vdkufem&rnfu h sifhxH;k rsm;/ ab; Oyg'fenf;ap&ef pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkvnf; jyXmef;xm;ay;&ef vdt k yfygonf? ydkIta&;}uD;aomtcsufrSm TOya' pnf;rsOf;rsm;wGif vuf0g;}uD;tkyfcsKyfudik faomukr`%Drsm;jzpfrvmap&eftwGuf umuG,fwm;qD;aomvkyfxH;k vkyfenf;rsm;udv k nf; jyXmef;&ygrnf? TOya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk wdusaocsmjyXmef;vmonfESifhtr#/ ‚if;wdk@udk pnf;=uyfrnfXh mersm;udk zGJ@pnf;apmifh=unfhap&rnf jzpfygonf? tzGJ@tpnf;pepfqdkif&m ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; yxrESifhta&;t}uD;qHk;tcsufrSm/ òyifqdkifr_&Sdaom aps;uGufpepfudck sJ@xGifI/ tajccHtaqmuftOD aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh pDrHcef@cGJa&;/ 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;udyk g0ifaqmif &Gufapvdo k nfqdkv#if/ tus,ftjyef@aom tpdk;&Xmersm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&mpepfrsm;udk ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; vkyf&ef vdt k yfygonf? wbufwGif yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;rS tcsKd@aomtajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&mvkyfief; rsm;udk 0ifa&mufaqmif&GufaecdkufwiG f/ aemufqufwGq J dk;usKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;ESifh cGJa0r_qdkif&mrnDrr#r_rsm; rjzpfay:ap&ef/ òyifqdkifr_&Sdaomaps;uGufpepfudk zefwD;ay;Edkifygonf? xdk@tjyif tpdk;&taejzifh tajccH taqmuftODvkyfief;rsm;udk toH;k ðyjcif;/ wnfaqmufjcif;/ &efyHkaiGxnfh0if&if;ESD;jcif;/ pDrHcef@cGJjcif;vkyfief; rsm;wGif tpdk;&- yk*~vdu yl;wGJvkyfaqmifEdkifaomvkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; &SmazGEdkifygonf? tjcm;wenf;tm;jzifh vnf;/ tpdk;&Xmersm;taejzifh tajccHtaqmuftODwnfaqmufjcif;ESifh 0efaqmifr_qdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;wGif pm;oHk;olrsm;tusKd; ydkrdk&&Sdapa&;twGuf pD;yGm;a&;qefqefusifhoH;k vkyfudik fr_rsKd;udk tm;ay;aqmif&GufEdkifyg onf? xdk@tjyiftcsKd@aom vkyfief;rsm;wGif yk*~vdu0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;udk uefx&dkufoabmjzifh iSm;&rf; Edkifygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh vrf;jyifqifa&;vkyfief;rsm;/ tr_dufodrf;vkyfief;rsm; jzpfygonf? xd@k tjyiftcsKd@ vkyfief;rsm;udv k nf; tiSm;csxm; aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh/ TtajccHtaqmuftODu¾rS &efyHkaiGjyef&apEdkifyg onf? aps;uGut f &òyifqdkifr_pepfudk zGifhxm;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh/ ydkIvkyfief;pGrf;aqmifEdkifaom 0efaqmifr_ vkyfief;rsm;udk a&G;cs,fwm0efay;Edkif+yD;/ tpdk;&0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;udv k nf; òyifqdkifol&Sdaeaoma=umifh t&nftaoG;wufvmapEdkifygonf? jzpfEdkifaomtajctae&Sdyguvnf;/ yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;u pwifxm; aomvkyfief;rsm;wGif tpdk;&u&efyHkaiGyHhydk;ay;Edkifa&; óu;yrf;oifhygonf? Tenf;tm;jzifhyk*~vduvkyfief;&Sif 223

wOD;wnf;u TpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wGif vuf0g;}uD;tkyfjzpfvmEdkifaom tajctaeudv k nf; umuG,fay;&m a&mufygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh vuf&Sdtaetxm;wGif tpdk;&ESifhzufpyf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHxm;aom EdkifiHjcm;rdkbdkif; w,fvDzkef; ukr`%D (2) ckudk/ tjcm;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;yg yg0ifvkyfudik fvmEdkifap&ef zGifhay;oifhygonf? Todk@ aqmif&Gufay;rSom w,fvDzkef;&&Sd&efapmifhqdkif;ae=uaom vl (20000) qdkonfh pm&if;udak vsmu h saprnf jzpfygonf? w,fvDzkef;udk tvsiftjref&&SdEdkif+yD;/ vkyfief;&SifwOD;wnf;u vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;onfh tae txm;udv k nf; yaysmufapEdkifygonf? xdk@tjyiftpdk;&jzpfap/ yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;jzpfap 0efaqmifaer_. t&nftaoG;udk xdef;Edkifap&eftwGuf wdusaompnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; csrSwfaqmif&Gufoifhygonf?

Ttcsufukd a&S@tcef; rsm;wGif tus,af qG;aEG;wifjycJh+yD; jzpfygonf? ukefoG,fr_zGH@òz;vmEdkifaom tvm;tvmudw k GufqI tajccHtaqmuftODudk wdk;csJ@zGH@òz;apa&; rdrdwd@k taejzifhwifjycJhonfrSm v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;u¾ESifh pufr_u¾udk wckESifhwckjznfq h nf; tusKd;ðyapaomyHkpHjzifh oGm;oifhonf[k wifjycJh+yD;jzpfygonf? TtajctaewGif pdkufysKd;a&;xGufuek fypPnf; rsm;udk }udwfcGjJ yifqifaom/ pufr_xkwfukefrsm;tjzpf xkwfvkyfaom/ vkyfief;rsm;zGH@òz;vm=urnf jzpfygonf?

Tvkyfief;rsm;Y vkyftm;udt k ajccHonfph uf&Hkrsm;a&m/ u|rf;usifr_tajccHonfhpuf&Hkrsm;yg zGH@òz;vmapvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? Tpuf&Hkrsm;udk &efukefESifhteD;w0dkufa'orsm;wGifom zGH@òz;aeapIrjzpfyg? wEdkifiHvH;k twdik f; twmodk@ jzef@csap&rnf jzpfygonf? pufr_ZkHrsm;/ pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk òr@}uD;wckESpfck/ a'otcsKd@wGifom pkðyH aeapjcif;onf/ rvdv k m;tyfaom obm0ywf0ef;usifysufpD;r_rsm;ESifh zGH@òz;r_qdkif&mqdk;usKd;rsm;udk jzpfapyg onf? EdkifiHtESH@tjym;wGif pufr_ZkHrsm;wnf&SdzGH@òz;apEdkifrSomv#if a&&SnftwGuyf dkI tusKd;&Sdaprnfjzpfyg onf? ae&ma'ot&aomfvnf;aumif;/ c&D;t&aomfvnf;aumif;/ vlr_a&;t&aomfvnf;aumif; ydkI tusKd;wdk;wufapEdkifygonf? vuf&SdzGH@òz;r_ESifh ukefoG,fr_taetxm;rsm;t&/ rdrdwdk@taejzifhatmufazmfjyygòr@rsm;wGif zGH@òz;r_ tcsuftcsmA[dkXmersm; jzpfvmEdkifonf[kwGufqygonf? ‚if;wd@k rSm ykodrf/ ppfawG/ armfvòrif/ ysOf;rem;awmifil/ jynf/ rauG;-a&eHacsmif;/ jrif;jcH-rdwˆDvm/ awmif}uD;òr@rsm; jzpfygonf? wenf;qdk&v#if {&m0wDjrpf 0Srf;/ ppfawmif;jrpf0Srf;/ oHviG fjrpf0Srf;/ &Srf;jynfe,f/ ta&S@awmifurf;&dk;wef;a'orsm;onf EdkifiH.pufr_ cg;ywfvrf;a=umif;ozG,f jzpfvmEdkifygonf? &efukefESifh ykodrfa'orsm;onf vlt&if;tjrpftiftm;ESifh o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;vG,fulaoma=umifhvnf;aumif;/ jynfyxGufaygufjzpfaom a&vrf;/ ava=umif;vdik f;rsm; ESifheD;pyf tqifajyacsmarG@aoma=umifhvnf;aumif; tqifhjrifhpufr_vkyfief;rsm;zGH@òz;vmEdkifrnfh pHjyae&m aumif;rsm; jzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif ykodrfòr@taejzifh pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;xGufukefrsm;ESifh opfawmxGufukefrsm; udx k yfqifhxkwv f kyfaom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;twGuf tcsuftjcmae&maumif; jzpfygonf? {&m0wDjrpf0Srf;ESifh ppfawmif;jrpf0Srf;a'orsm;onf pdkufysKd;xGuu f kefrsm;udk xyfrHxkwv f kyfaom pufr_ZkrH sm;jzpfvmap&Hkr#rubJ/ olwk@d .xl;jcm;aomtaetxm;a=umifh tjcm;pufr_xkwfukefrsm;vnf; zGH@òz;vmEdkifygonf? jynfòr@onf vuf&SdtajctaewGifyif t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;wnfaxmifxm;+yD;jzpf+yD;/ rauG;-a&eHacsmif;a'oonf bdvyfajrESifh a&eH"gwkypPnf;rsm;xkwv f kyfaom pufr_a'otjzpf zGH@òz;aecJh+yD; jzpfygonf? &Srf;jynfe,fwiG f awmif}uD;òr@onf pdkufysKd;a&;xGufuek frsm;xkwv f kyfaoma'oomru/ owWKwGif;vkyfief;rsm;vkyfudik fEdkifaom a'orsm;jzpfygonf? pnfoGwfvkyfief;rsm;/ owWK&nfóuvkyfief;rsm;ESifh tjcm;aomxyfqifhxkwfydk;onfhpuf&Hk rsm;udk wnfaxmifapoihfygonf? jrif;jcH/ rHk&Gm/ rEWav;taejzifh csnfr#iftxnfvkyfief;ESifh tjcm;vkyfom; tiftm;vdt k yfonfph ufr_vkyfief;rsm; xlaxmifapoifhygonf? xd@k tjyif rd&dk;zvmvufr_ypPnf;rsm;udkvnf; xkwv f kyfEdkifygonf? ppfawGtaejzifh 0g;jzifhvkyfaomvkyfief;puf&Hkrsm;/ puULpufrsm;/ "gwkypPnf;puf&Hkrsm;udk jynfawmfompDrHudef;umvuwnf;u tpysKd;xm;+yD;jzpfaoma=umifh/ qufvufaqmif&GufEdkifygonf?102 ta&S@ awmifurf;&dk;wef;jzpfaom u&ifjynfe,f/ rGefjynfe,f/ urf;&dk;wef;a'orsm;wGif armfvòrifòr@onf 102

K. T. A Report.

224

a&eH"gwk ypPnf;rsm;xkwfvkyfonfh A[dkcsufrjzpfvmEdkifygonf? xd@k tjyifopfvkyfief;tajccHonfh puf&Hkrsm;/ tjcm;pufr_ xkwu f kefrsm;udkvnf; xdik f;EdkifiHESifhqufo, G fa&;r[mAsL[musaom taetxm;tay: tajccHIvnf; aumif;/ rkwWryifv,fauG@&Sda&eHESifh obm0"gwfaiG@uGif;rsm;udk tajccHIaomfvnf;aumif; aqmif&Gufapoifh ygonf? tjcm;wbufwGifvnf; Tpufr_ZkHrsm;ESifhzGH@òz;r_p}uFefrsm;udk oifhavsmaf omqufo, G fa&;pepf/ o,f ,lydk@aqmifa&;pepfjzifh csdwfqufay;&rnfjzpfonf? xdk@tjyiftdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;wGif&Sdaeaom uGef,ufrsm;ESifh vnf;csdwfqufap&rnf jzpfonf? Aef;armfESifhvm;&_d;òr@rsm;onf vuf&Sdtaetxm;Yyif/ w&kwfEdkifiHESifh*dwf wHcg;òr@tjzpf qufoG,fvsuf&Sdae+yD;/ tvm;wlyifusKfdif;wHkESifh armfvòrifòr@onfvnf; xdik f;EdkifiHESifhqufoG,f &m *dwfaygufjzpfaeonf? Tod@k ukefoG,fa&;e,fpyfp}uFefrsm;udk taxmuftulðyEdkifap&eftwGu/f tjcm; wbufwGifvnf;zGH@òz;aeaom w&kwfEdkifiH/ ulrif;&Sd&xm;vrf;/ um;vrf;uGef,ufrsm;ESifh qufo, G f&efvd+k yD;/ xdik f;EdkifiHzuf&Sd befaumuf-csif;rdkifuGef,ufESifhvnf;csdwfqufay;ap&ef vdktyfygonf? xdk@tjyif{&m0wDjrpf a=umif;vrf;w&kwfEdkifiH ,leefjynfe,frS tdENd,ork'N&modk@ukefoG,faomvrf;tjzpf toH;k ðyEdkifygonf? &efukef a&eufqdyfurf;/ odk@r[kwfykodrfa&eufqdyfurf;udk toH;k ðyjcif;tm;jzifh o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;ukefus p&dwfrsm; ydkI oufomaprnf jzpfonf? Ta&vrf;ESifhtwl tòyif&xm;vrf;/ um;vrf;rsm;wnfaqmufI zGifhay;apjcif;tm;jzifh/ ukef;wGif;ydwfjzpfaom w&kwfEdkifiHta&S@awmifydkif;twGuf yifv,fxGuaf yguf&aprnf jzpfonf? Tod@k tm;jzifh w&kwf/ jrefrmESpfEdkifiH=um;yl;aygif;qufqHa&;udkvnf; tqifhjrifhaqmif&GufapEdkifvdrfh rnf jzpfonf? taemufzufe,fpyfwGifrl tdENd,EdkifiHESifhqufoG,af &;vrf;a=umif;rSmrl ta&;ygvdrfhrnf[k r,lqEdkifajc? ta=umif;rSmTa'oonf tdENd,EdkifiH.pD;yGm;a&;A[dkcsufrESifh a0;uGmaoma'oomjzpf+yD;/ vlOD;a&usyJ g;jcif;/ pD;yGm;a&;t&vnf; ta&;rygaoma=umifhjzpfygonf? od@k aomfvnf;/ ,ckt=uHðywifjycsufrsm;rSm pOf;pm;Edkifap&efwifjyr_rsKd;omjzpf+yD;/ Ttaetxm;udk tjrJjyefvnfppfaq;oH;k oyfae&ef vdt k yfvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? xd@k tjyif rdrdwd@k wifjyxm;csufrSma&wdkESifh tv,ftvwfumv teSpf (20) udo k m ar#mfrSef;wifjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf? a&&Snftaetxm;wGifrl a'orsm;/ jynfe,frsm;wGif pD;yGm;a&;ESifh ukefoG,af &;A[dkcsufrrsm;ydkI jzpfay:wd;k wufvmEdkifygonf? azmfjy xm;aomajryHkwGif rdrdwdk@t=uHðyvdak om zGH@òz;vmrnfhA[dkcsufr rsm;udkwifjyxm;ygonf? vltrsm; &,loHk;pGJEdkifap&eftajctae wd;k wufapjcif;? tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;onf qif;&JEGrf;yg;r_avsmu h sa&;twGufaomfvnf;aumif;/ aus;vufESifh òr@jyuGm[r_rsm; enf;yg;a&;twGufvnf; ta&;}uD;ygonf? acwfopftajccHtaqmuftODrsm;oH;k pGJapEdkifjcif; jzifh/ qif;&Jolrsm;twGufyHkrSefESifh ydkIjrifhrm;aom0ifaiGudk &&SdapEdkif+yD;/ aus;vufa'oaevlxkrsm;udv k nf; ydkI tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ydkrsm;apygonf? òr@jyaeqif;&Jaomvlxkrsm;twGuv f nf; vlxko,f,lydk@aqmifa&;vkyfief; rsm;udk aps;E_ef;oufompGmjzifh&&Sdapjcif;jzifh olwkd@.vlaer_b0wd;k wufr_twGuf rsm;pGmtaxmuftulðyyg onf? òr@jyaejynfolrsm;taejzifh ae@pOfc&D;oGm;vm&efukefusp&dwfrSm r=umao;rDuaumuf,lcJhaom rdom;pkwck.toH;k p&dwfppfwrf;t& olwk@d 0ifaiG. (10) &mcdkifE_ef;cef@ oHk;pGJae&ygonf? tcsKd@aomae&mrsm;wGif tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;udk qif;&Jaomjynfolrsm;u r&&Sd roH;k pGJEdkifjcif; rSm/ tajccHtaqmuftODESifhywfoufaomaps;E_ef;owfrSwfr_Y tm;enf;csufrsm;&Sdaeaoma=umifh jzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd vlvwfwef;pm;rdom;pkwcktwGuf w,fvDzkef;vdik f;&&Sd&efqdkonfrSm rjzpfEdkifoavmuf&Sd+yD;/ w,fvDzkef;vdik f;qufo, G fr_twGuf aps;E_ef;onf tar&duefa':vm (1200) cef@ukefusrnf jzpfygonf? jynf wGif;w,fvDzkef;qufoG,cf E_ef;xm;rSm tpdk;&uaxmufyHhr_ay;xm;&+yD;/ w,fvDzkef;wcgac:v#if (1) usyfom aumufcHygonf? (jyifyaps;uGufaps;E_ef;t&qdkv#if tar&duefa':vm 0² 002 om&Sdygonf?) aus;vufa'o &Sdvrf;rsm;ESifh qufoG,fa&;,EW,m;rsm;zGH@òz;apa&;onf tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifaomtpdk;&wck. wm0efom jzpfygonf? tpdk;&uyHhydk;axmufyHhr_rsm;vnf; vdt k yfaumif; vdt k yfrnfjzpfygonf? ta=umif;rSmaus;vuf a'oaejynfolrsm;.c&D;oGm;vma&;ESifh qufo, G fa&;pepfzGH@òz;r_rS&&Sdvmrnfh vlr_zlvHak &;tusKd;rsm;onf/ 225

xnfo h Gif;xm;onfh&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;xuf rsm;pGmjyef&&SdapEdkifaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? xdk@tjyifTvkyfief;rsm; udk vkyfaqmif&efyk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;taejzifhvnf; TuJo h dk@aomtajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm; udk pD;yGm;a&;tusKd;tjrwfjzpfatmif wnfaqmuf&ef/ vnfywf&efrjzpfEdkifaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? ydkIta&;}uD;aomtcsufrSm/ pepfwuspDrHxm;aom tajccHtaqmuftODpepfudk jrefrmEdkifiHwGif wnfaqmufEdkifygu/ wdik f;&if;om;a'owckESifhwckt=um; tuGmta0;udv k nf;aumif;/ e,fpyfa'orsm;ESifh qufo, G fa&;udv k nf;aumif; wd;k wufvmapEdkifygonf? tcsKd@aomtajccHtaqmuftODrsm;wnfaqmufa&; ESifhxdef;odrf;a&; ukefusp&dwfrsm; (txl;ojzifhvrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;ESifh qufo, G fa&;pepf) udx k laxmifay; jcif;jzifh a'otoD;oD;t=um;uGm[aer_udv k nf; avsmu h sapEdkifygonf? xdk@tjyifwdkif;&if;om;tkyfpktoD;oD; t=um;vnf; ydkIul;vl;qufqHr_&Sdapum o[Zmwjzpfaprnf jzpfygonf? tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm; ‘ta&twGuf’ rSonf ‘t&nftaoG;’od@k zGH@òz;vmapa&; vmrnft h em*wfumvrsm;wGif jzpfvmEdkifaom tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&mjy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif; Edkifap&eftwGu/f tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif pGrf;&nft&nftaoG;rxufjrufr_ ESifhavvGifhðyef;wD;r_rsm;udk jyifqif&eftcsdefyif jzpfygonf? xd@k tjyif&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_topfrsm;taejzifh ydkIxd a&mufxufjrufap&efvdktyf+yD;/ pm;oHk;olrsm;. vdktyfcsufESifhtnD jzpfap&ygrnf? Tvkyfief;pOfwGif/ tajccH taqmuftODvkyfief;rsm;udk ‘ta&twGufrsm;’ rsm;jym;vmatmifóu;yrf;aernft h pm;/ tajccHtaqmuf tODqdkif&m0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;. ‘t&nftaoG;’jrifhrm;apa&;udk OD;pm;ay;oifhygonf? 0efaqmifr_t&nf taoG;edrfhusjcif;ESifh tm;xm;IrjzpfEdkifaom0efaqmifr_rsm;onf/ pm;oHk;olrsm;udk ab;xGufapygonf? xd@k tjyift&H&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udk aemufuvdkufae&aoma=umifh ukefusp&dwfvnf; ydkrsm;apygonf? Oyrm tm;jzifh r=umc%rD;ysufjcif;onf yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;twGuf rsm;pGmxdcdu k fepfemap&Hkr#ru/ v#yfppf"gwf tm;vdt k yfonft h csdef&&Sdatmif 'DZ,ftif*sifrD;pufrsm;xyf0,f=u&aoma=umifh ukefusp&dwfydkrsm;apyg onf? xdk@tjyifjrefrmEdkifiHwGif w,fvDzkef;toH;k ðyvdo k lwOD;tzdk@ w,fvDzkef;vdik f;wyfqif&ef (2-3) ESpfapmifh qdkif;ae&jcif;rSm yHkrSefozG,fjzpfaeygonf? xd@k tjyif&Hzef&Hcgqdkovdk jynfolrsm;zufu tajccHtaqmuftOD awmif;qdkr_enf;aeapa&;twGuf/ tpdk;&zufuzdtm;ay;aqmif&Gufxm;+yD;/ Ttajctaea=umifh vmbfpm;r_ rsm;ay:aygufap&ygonf? vpm0ifaiGrvHak vmufaom tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m0efaqmifr_vkyfae=u& aom0efxrf;rsm;u tusifhysufvmbfpm;r_rsm; jzpfvmap&ygonf? xdef;odrf;jyifqifr_csKd@wJah ejcif;onf jrefrmEdkifiHtajccHtaqmuftODvkyfief;rsm;twGuf odomxif &Sm;aom tajctaejzpfygonf? xd@k tjyiftajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udk &nf&G,fcsu}f uD;}uD; jzifh ae&mvGJrSm;aompDrHcsufrsm;wGif &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHaejcif;rsm;&Sdygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh EdkifiHjcm;c&D;oGm;vkyfief; wd;k wufapa&;twGuf &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;rSm tvGeftrif;oH;k pGJae&+yD;/ wdik f;jynfpD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wufa&; twGurf nfod@k r# taxmuftulrðyEdkifyg? &Sd+yD;om;tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;udk jyefvnfrGrfrHjcif;rS jyefvnf& vmEdkifaomtusKd;tjrwfrSm/ tajccHtaqmuftODopfrsm;aqmufvkyfjcif;jzifh &vmEdkifaomtusKd;tjrwf xuf (2) qcef@rsm;jym;ygonf? TtajctaewGif jyifqifrGrf;rHr_avsmhenf;vmjcif;onf 0efaqmifr_t&nf taoG;udk usqif;ap&Hkr#ru/ oH;k pGJolrsm;twGuf p&dwfudv k nf; wd;k wufukefusapygonf? tpdk;&taejzifh wdik f;jynftwGut f ajccHtaqmuftOD pDrHcsuftopfrsm;aqmufvkyf&mwGif ukefusaiG-jyef&rnfhtusKd;aocsm wGucf sufaqmif&Gufr_rsKd; jzpfapoifhygonf? yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;uaqmif&Gufaom tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;zufod@k ajymif;vJ apa&;onf/ twdwfu,lqxm;cJh=uaomEdkifiHawmfydkifqdkonfESifh tpdk;&u0efaqmifr_ay;&rnf[laomtjrif udk ajymif;vJapEdkifygonf? xdk@tjyifòyifqdkifr_&Sdaom aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk tpm;xdk;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh/ vkyfief;aqmif&Guf&mwGif rxda&mufrxufjrufr_rsm;ESifh avvGifhðyef;wD;r_rsm;udk usqif;apEdkifygonf? tpdk;& vkyfief;rsm;rSaxmufyHhay;jcif;ESifh wm0ef,lr_rSm t"dutcef;u¾wGif qufvuf&Sdaernfjzpfaomfvnf;/ pDrH cef@cGJr_qdkif&m 0efxrf;rsm;avhusifo h ifwef;ay;jcif;/ ukefusaiGwefzdk;wGufcsujf cif;qdkif&mpepfudk oH;k apjcif;/ 226

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tcef; (11) pD;yGm;a&;zGJŒpnf;r+qdkif&m pepfrsm;

228

tcef; (11) pD;yGm;a&;zGJŒpnf;r+qdkif&m pepfrsm; rdrdwd@k taejzifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGifaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk jyefvnftouf0ifap&efESifh vuf&Sdtajc taeudðk yjyifrGrf;rHap&ef tav;ay;azmfjycJh+yD; jzpfygonf? tu,fIaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfESifh oufqdkifae aompD;yGm;a&;taqmuftODpepfrsm;/ aps;uGufudk axmufueftm;ay;xm;aom pD;yGm;a&;zGJ@pnf;r_qdkif&m pepfrsm;u aumif;rGefpGmvnfywfrSomv#if/ aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;onfvnf; aumif;rGefxda&mufpGmvnfywf aqmif&GufEdkifvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m taqmuftODpepfrsm; rnfr#tm;aumif;onf/ rnfr#twdik f;twmtxd =uyf=uyfrwfrwfaqmif&GufEdkifonfqdkonfrSmvnf; TpD;yGm;a&;pepftwGif;yg0if v_yf&Sm; aqmif&Gufae=uaomolrsm;. trltusifhrsm;ESifh wefzdk;xm;csufrsm;tay:wGif wzefrlwnfaejyefyg onf? aps;uGut f wGif;yg0ifaqmif&Gufae=uaomolrsm; tcsif;csif; ESpfumv=um&Snf tjyeftvSef,H=k unfr_ wnfaqmuf=u&efvdktyfouJhod@k / pD;yGm;a&;vkyfaqmifae=uolrsm;. trltusifhrsm;udk xdef;nd‡Edkif&ef oifh avsmaf omOya'pnf;rsOf; wpHkw&mvnf; vdt k yfvdrfhrnfjzpfygonf? TuJo h dk@pD;yGm;a&;t& qufqHa&;udk tpdk;&u pDrHcef@cGJaomtcef;u¾wGif tpdk;&zufYvnf; cdkifrmtm;aumif;aom/ &dk;om;ajzmifhrwfaom jynfol@0efxrf;rsm;jzifh aumif;rGefaomtpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfrsKd;jzifh axmufulaqmif&Gufay;&ef vdt k yfrnfjzpf ygonf? Ttcef;wGif jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd pD;yGm;a&;zGJ@pnf;r_qdkif&m pepfrsm;/ ‚if;udak xmufyHhay;rnfh zGJ@pnf;r_pepfrsm; udk rnfokd@cdkifrmtm;aumif;ap&ef aqmif&GufoifhonfESifh ywfoufIaqG;aEG;azmfjyoGm;rnf jzpfygonf?

vuf&Sd pD;yGm;a&;zGJ@pnf;r_qdkif&mpepfrsm;. tajctae +yD;cJhaomtcef;rsm;wGif jrefrmEkdifiH. pD;yGm;a&;edrhfusr_/ c|wfðcHus&r_tajctaersm;/ txl;ojzifh ppf+yD;umvwGif pD;yGm;a&; tqifhwlwpl cJh=uonfh a'owGif;&Sd tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;xuf rsm;pGmaemufususef aecJhaom tajctaersm;ukd ok;H oyfazmfjycJh+yD; jzpfygonf? ,if;odk@edrfhususefae&r_onf xkwu f kefyrm% avsmu h sqif;oGm;aoma=umifh r[kwfbJ/ aps;}uD;I t&nftaoG;edrfhonffh ukefxkwv f kyfr_ykdif;qkdif&m tm;enf; csufrsm;a=umifhr#om r[kwfyg? ydkIta&;}uD;aomtcsufrSm ,if;ukefypPnf;rsm;ukd a&mif;0,fazmufum; onfah ps;uGuv f nfywfr_Y vGwfvyfcGifh &Sdjcif;- r&Sdjcif;ESifh ydkIoufqkdifygonf? a±S;acwfukd rDolwcsKd@u jrefrm EkdifiHwGif vGwv f yfpGma&mif;0,fazmufum;EkdifcJhonfh aps;uGufpepfrsm; umv=um&Snf &SdcJhonfukd rSwfrd=uyg onf? okd@aomfvnf; ,if;umvrsm;Yyif c|wf,iG f;csufrsm;/ rnDr#r_rsm;&SdcJhonfukv d nf; owdcsyf&ef vkt d yfyg onf? ukv d ked Dacwfrwkdifcif jrefrmbk&ifrsm;tkyfcsKyfpOfumvuyif tjynft h pHkrzGH@òz;aomfvnf;/ twkdif; twmwcktxd vGwfvyfyGifhvif;aom aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf wnf&SdaecJhonf? jynfwiG f;xGufukefypPnf;rsm; ESifh obm0xGufukefrsm;jzpf=uaom u|ef;/ v,f,mxGufukefrsm;ukd a&mif;0,fazmufum;cJh=u+yD;/ aiGa=u; zvS,af &;pepftjzpf aiGtav;csdefESifh aiG'*Fg;rsm;udk toH;k ðycJh=uonf? ukdvked DacwfwiG f aps;uGupf D;yGm;a&; pepf vsifjrefpGm zGH@òz;}uD;xGm;vmcJhonf? jrefrmEkdifiHxGufpyg;wefcsdefokH;oef;ausmu f dk wifydk@a&mif;cscJh+yD;/ u|ef; opfwefcsdef (4) odef;ESifh tjcm;"gwfowWKypPnfrsm; wifydk@cJhonf? b%frsm;ESifh tjcm;aiGacs;iSm;r_pepfuGef&uf rsm;vnf; rjynfph Hkonfhwkdif aiGa=u;qdkif&mtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tjzpf wpHkw&mzGH@òz;ay:aygufvmonf? wbuf wGifvnf; urBmhqefaps;usonfhtcsdef/ qefukefonf}uD;rsm;. vuf0g;}uD;tkyf tjrwfxw k fonfh tajctae rsm;a=umifh v,form;olykefxr_vnf; ay:aygufcJ&h onf? udv k dkeDtpkd;&taejzifh Todk@aiGacs;iSm;r_/ twdk;E_ef; }uD;jrifhpGm,laer_rsm;udk xdef;csKyfr_r&SdcJhay? TaiGaiGacs;r_pepfrsm;a=umifhvnf; v,f,mqHk;&_H;cJh&+yD;/ v,f orm;rsm; v,frJhtajctaeokd@ qkdufa&mufcJh&+yD;/ aus;vufwGif qif;&JrGJawr_ xlajymcJh&onf?

229

qkd±S,fvpftpdk;& tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfatmufwGifrl/ jynfol@vlxktusKd;twGuf[kqdkum aps;uGufudk wif;usyfpGmxdef;csKyfpDrHr_rsm;a=umifh/ aps;uGufyHkpHysuf,iG f;cJh&+yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;edrfhusvmcJh&onf? aemufqHk; w&m;r#wr_uif;rJhonfh tajctaeudk wEdkifiHvk;H twkid f;twmjzifh cHpm;cJh=u&+yD;/ ESpf (30) ausmf Ttajc taetwdkif;=umjrifhcJhonf? pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_±_axmifhrS =unfhonfjzpfap/ w&m;r#wr_±_axmifhrS=unfhonf jzpfap/ vlr_pD;yGm;a&; pepfwck. pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_/ atmifjrifr_onf aps;uGufrsm;ukd tpkd;&xdef;csKyfr_atmufwGif rnfonft h wkid f; twmtxdvw G fvyfcGifhay;xm;oenf;qkdonfh tcsufwiG fom wnfonfr[kwfyg? ,if;aps;uGufrsm; rnfokd@ v_yf&Sm;vnfywfaeoenf;/ tpkd;&.rl0g'rsm;uvnf; rnfokd@xdef;csKyfaqmif&Gufaeoenf; [lonfhtcsuf omrubJ/ tpdk;&u rnfod@k ðyrlaeoenf;/ rnfr#twdkif; twmtxd wif;wif;usyfusyf csKyfudkifxm;oenf; paomtcsufrsm;wGifvnf; rsm;pGmwnfrSDaeygonf?

Tok@d vsif/ aps;uGufrsm;.v_yf&Sm;vnfywfaeyHkESifh tpkd;&rsm;. ðyrlaqmif&Gufaer_rsm;onf rdrd wd@k u pD;yGm;a&;zGJ@pnf;r_qdkif&mpepfrsm;[k trnfay;xm;aompepfrsm; (institutions) wenf;qkd&aomf/ vufcHowfrSwfusifhoHk;aeaom wefzdk;rsm; (norms)/ okd@r[kwf vltrsm;vkdufemaqmif±Gufonft h rltusifh rsm;tay:wGif wnfrSDaeayonf? ,ckvuf&Sd tajctaersm;wGif pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttkHpepfrsm;onf 0rf; enf;zG,f&maumif;avmufatmif ,d, k Gif;ysufpD;,kd,Gif;onfh tajctaeY &Sdaeonf? atmufwGifazmfjyxm; onfh tajctaersm;onf ,ckvuf&SdpD;yGm;a&;taqmufttkHpepfrsm;. ysufpD;,dk,Gif;aer_ukd tusOf;wifjy xm;csufyif jzpfygonf?

(1) ,cktajctaewGif jrefrmEdkifiHY aps;uGufrsm; pnfyifay:xGef;vmaeonf pepfwusðypkysKd;axmif xm;jcif;xuf/ tvkt d avsmufwnf&Sdaekjcif;rsKd;jzpfonf? jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd vGwfvyfaomaps;uGufrsm;. vkyfudik faqmif&Gufaer_ trsm;pkonf Oya'abmifjyify/ rD;ckd;a&mife,fy,frsm;wGifv_yf&Sm;aqmif&Guf ae=ujcif;jzpf+yD;/ tpkd;&u w&m;0ifcGifhðyrxm;aomfvnf; vspfvsL±_xm;onfh oabm&Sdonf? ,if; tajctaersm;a=umifh aps;uGufrsm;wnf&Sdr_onf ra&&mraocsmonfhoabmaqmifaeonf?

(2) ukefoG,fa&;ukd uef@owfcsKyfcs,fxm;onfh ,ciftpkd;&rsm;. pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;twdik f; vkyfudik f aqmif&Gufae=uqJjzpfonf? tpkd;&wm0ef&Sdolrsm;u ,if;Oya'rsm;ukd pdwfwkdif;ustoHk;ðycGifh &Sdae ao;onf? rsm;ajrmifaom vkyfxH;k vkyfenf;rsm;udk vdkufemae&jcif;ESifh XmetoD;oD;. cGifðycsufrsm; awmif;cHae&r_a=umifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tzkd@tcsdefukef/ aiGukefI tvkyfrjzpfonhf oabm&Sdae onf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wckvkyf&ef aqmif±Gufr_ukefusp&dwf103onf tvGef}uD;jrifhaeonf?

(3) ,cifumvrsm;Y vlr_ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;rsm;twGu/f cdkifrmtm;aumif;pGm wnfaqmufxm; cJhaom/ emrnfaumif;&cJhaom tpkd;&0efxrf;pepfonfvnf; vkH;0,dk,Gif;ysufpD;oGm;onfh tajcwGif &Sdaeonf? tawG@tñuH&ifhusufonf/h avhusifhysKd;axmifxm;onfh 0efxrf;aumif;rsm;onfvnf; yifpif,lonft h csdef/ aemufwufvmonfh 0efxrf;pkrsm;onf ,cift&Sdeft0gukd tay:,Hr#omxdef; xm;Ekdifonf? vufawG@wGif 0efxrf;trsm;pkonf avhusifhr_/ vkyfykdifcGifhESifh wm0efcHr_rsm; vk;H 0uif;rJh onft h jyif/ tpktzGJ@tvdu k fpdwf"gwfvnf; csKd@wJhaeonf? ppf&_H;I xGufajy;cdkvH_vm=u&olrsm; ozG,f/ ociftopfrsm;tóuufaqmifay;&efom pOf;pm;ae&onfb h 0udak &mufaeonf? aiGa=u; azmif;yGr_tvGefjrifhrm;onfah cwfwGif rdrdwk@d 0rf;pmtwGuf/ tcsdefydkaemufxyftvkyfrsm; vkyf&jcif;/ ti,fpm;vmbfay;vmbf,lr_rsm;jzifh aiG&Smae&onfh tajcok@d qkdufaeonf?

(4) w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfrsm;jzpfonfh w&m;Oya'rsm;/ w&m;±kH;rsm;ESifh w&m;ol}uD;rsm;ukdvnf; tajccHrS pI ðyjyifajymif;vJ&ef vkt d yfaeonf? qkd±S,fvpfacwf jynfo›lw&m;±kH;pepfatmufwGif aqmif&Guf cJh=ur_a=umifh EkdifiH.w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfwGif EkdifiHwumtqifhrSDaomOya'ynmESifh tawG@tñuH&Sd 103

transaction cost

230

aom ynm±Sifrsm;ukd qkH;±_H;cJhonf? ,if;tajctaersm;wGif EkdifiHawmfw&m;pD&ifa&;abmiftwGif;&Sd 0efxrf;rsm;taejzifh zGH@òz;&_yfaxG;vmrnfh aps;uGufpepfwHcg;zGifhpD;yGm;a&;pepfrsm;ESifh avsmn f Donhf Oya'pepfrsm;ukd usifhok;H wwf&ef tqifoifhrjzpfao;ay?,ciftpkd;&vufxufrsm;u csrSwfcJhonfh Oya' tpkpkukd jyefvnfjyifqifjcif;/ topfjyXmef;jcif;ESifh vG,ful&Sif;vif;ap&ef aqmif&Gufay;jcif; rsm; vkt d yfaeonf?

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Max Weber: Rule of Law

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EdkifiH.acgif;aqmifydkif;rsm;taejzifh TuJo h dk@pdk;&drfzG,f&mjy\em tajctaersm;udjk zwfausmaf e&qJ ueOD;umvrsm;rSmyif &J&ifhaomqHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfaqmif&GufcJ=h uonf? olwkd@taejzifh twGif;0efrsm;udk jyefvnfpkpnf;cJh=u+yD;/ 0ef}uD;Xmersm;udk A[dkðyT tpdk;&Xmersm;ESifh jynfol@0efxrf;Xmersm;udk jyefvnfjyif qifzGJ@pnf;cJh=uonf? tqifhjrifhESifh tv,ftvwfwef;tpdk;& t&m&Sdrsm;/ tpdk;&pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; refae*sm rsm;udk avhusifhysKd;axmifay;Edkifa&;twGuf A[dk0efxrf;aumvdyfudk wnfaxmifcJhonf? xd@k tjyif a'oqdkif&m tpdk;&Xmersm;udk 'Drdkua&pDenf;usðyjyifajymif;vJzGJ@pnf;cJh+yD;/ tpdk;&.vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;udv k nf; A[dkOD;pD; csKyfudkifr_ av#mch say;cJhonf? xdk@tjyifw&m;pD&ifa&;pepfESifh w&m;Oya'yk'frrsm;udk &dk;&Sif;vG,fulap&ef jyef vnfjyifqifcJhonf? od@k aomfvnf; zGJ@pnf;r_pepfqdkif&mðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;ESifh ajymif;vJr_t&Sdeft[kefrSm tvsifpvdak qmif&GufI&aom taetxm;r[kwfay? tcsdef,lvkyfaqmif&onfhudpPrsm; jzpfonf? od@k aomf vlxak &G;cs,fwifajr‡mufxm;aom tpdk;&twGuf tcsdefukefoGm;cJh&onf? (14) ESpft=umwGif ðzwfcscH&+yD;/ ppf tm%modrf;cHcJh&onf?

(1962) ckESpfwGif tm%modrf;wufvmaom qdk&S,fvpfppftpdk;&taejzifh/ ,cift&yfom;tpdk;& vufxufuaqmif&GufcJah om zGJ@pnf;r_qdkif&mpepfrsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;zGH@òz;r_qdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;udk &yfwef@ap cJh&Hkr#ru/ ,cifaqmif&GufcJhaom vkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm;. vm;&mudk ajymif;jyef jyefoGm;apcJhonf? qdk&S,fvpf pepfudk wnfaxmif&efóu;yrf;onfqdkaomfvnf;/ trSefwu,fwiG f olwkd@enf;pepf[efjzifhom aqmif&GufcJh jcif;jzpfonf? topfwufvmaomtpdk;&u aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk zsufodrf;cJh+yD;/ aps;uGufpD;yGGg;a&;pepfudk vnfywfaeap&ef taxmuftuljzpfapaom zGJ@pnf;r_pepfrsm;tm;vH;k udkyg zsufodrf;cJhonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh yk*~vduydkifqdkifcGifhqdkif&m Oya'rsm;ESifh pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;qdkif&mudpPrsm;/ w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfrsm;ESifh a&S@aersm;/ aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf. aiGa=u;vnfywfr_udk axmufyHhay;aeaom aiGa=u;qdkif&mtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh b%f vkyfief;rsm;tm;vH;k tygt0ifzsuford f;cHcJh=u&onf? ydkIqdk;&Gm;apaomtajctaerSm ygvDreftpdk;&vufxufwGif/ EdkifiHjcm;om0efxrf;rsm;udk tpm;xd;k Edkifap&eftwGuf pnf;&Hk;I avhusifyh sKd;axmifxm;cJhaom jynfol@0efxrf;,EW,m;rsm;aemufuG,fwiG f acsmif xd;k xm;apcJhjcif; jzpfonf? tpdk;&Xmersm;. tqifhjrifh0efxrf;wm0ef,laeaom t&yfom;t&m&Sdrsm;ae&m wGif/ &nfrSef;csufatmifjrifapa&;twGuf rnfonfhenf;jzifh&& aqmif&Guf&efavhusifhxm;cJhaom ppfwyft&m &Sdrsm;jzifh tpm;xdk;cJhonf? t&yfzuftkyfcsKyfa&;Xmersm;wGif qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfaqmif&Guf&mwGifvnf; ppfyHkpH twdik f;vdu k fem=u&onf? tu,fI tqifhwckwGif&SdaomXmet&m&Sdtaejzifh qHk;jzwfcsufudkwm0efcHrcsrSwf vdyk gu txufwqifhodk@ wifjyvdu k f&Hkomjzpfonf?

EdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;r_qdkif&mpepfrsm;tajctae/ aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf tvkyfjzpfapa&;twGuf aqmif&Guf yHhydk;ay;Edkifaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. tajctaerSm qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;umv aemufydkif; wGif/ &mpkESpf wckvHk;twGif; tpdk;&vufxuftqufquf. tedrfhqHk;taetxm;odk@a&muf&SdcJh&onf?

(1988) ckESpfwGif EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ (e0w) ppftpdk;&tm%m&vmaom tcg ðyvkyfcJhaomtajymif;tvJ}uD;wckrSm/ ,cifqdk&S,fvpftpdk;&vufxufwGif csrSwfcJhaomaps;uGufpD;yGm; a&;pepftay:wGifcsKyfudik fxdef;csKyfr_ tm;vH;k udk jyefvnfajzavsmh&jcif;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;pepftwGif; aps;uGujf yef vnfzGH@òz;&Sifoefvmap&ef tm;ay;&jcif;jzpfonf? vltrsm;taejzifh ,cktcgolwkd@. pD;yGm;a&;vkyfaqmifr_ rsm;wGif ydkrdkvGwfvyfcGifh&vm=uonf? txl;ojzifhEdkifiHjcm;ukefoG,af &;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;u¾wGif jzpfonf? od@k aomfvnf; aps;uGufukd ,cifumvrsm;xuf ydkrdkvGwv f yfcGifhay;aqmif&Gufap&Hkr#jzifh pD;yGm;a&;zGH@ òz;wdk;wufap&eftwGuf rvHak vmufyg? aps;uGuftaejzifh rnfonft h &mr#r&Sdaom av[me,fxw J Gif/ &Sif oefEdkifpGrf; r&Sdyg? aps;uGufudk axmufyHhusm;uefay;aom tjcm; zGJ@pnf;r_qdkif&mpepfrsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;&SdrS 234

omv#if vnfywfv_yf&Sm;Edkifrnfjzpfonf? ,cifygvDreftpdk;&vufxufu wnfaxmufzGH@òz;ap&eftm;xkwf cJhaom aps;uGufqdkif&m zGJ@pnf;r_pepfrsm;onf/ &mpkESpf. av;yHkwyHkr#aom umvtwGif;zsufqD;cHcJh=u&+yD;/ qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&. vGrJ Sm;aompDrHtkyfcsKyfr_rsm;atmufwGif wdrfðryfaysmufuG,fcJh&onf? vuf&Sdppftpdk;& taejzifh Todk@ysufpD;&r_rsm;udk jyefvnfjyifqif&ef óu;yrf;tm;xkwrf _ r&Sdao;ay? vuf&Sdtaetxm;. yxrOD;qHk;aomtm;enf;csufrSm/ vuf&SdwHcg;zGifhpD;yGm;a&;pepfaqmif&Gufae aomtajctaerSm [dkjyef@onfusw J pdwfwydkif;r#om &Sdaeao;+yD;/ tcsKd@aompD;yGm;a&;u¾rsm;rSm tpdk;&. wdu k f&dkufxdef;csKyfr_atmufrSmyif &Sdaeao;onf? Oyrmtm;jzifh &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_qdkif&mudpPrsm;ESifh b%fvkyfief; qdkif&m aiGa=u;v$aJ jymif;r_rsm; jzpfonf? tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGifvnf;/ tpdk;&taejzifhtcsKd@aom EdkifiHawmfydkif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk yk*~vduydkifv$aJ jymif;ay;tyf&ef pDrHaqmif&Gufr_rsm;&Sdaeonf? odk@aomfvnf;Tod@k yk*~ vduvufodk@ v$aJ jymif;ay;tyfaomvkyfief;pOfwGif yGifhvif;jrifomr_rsKd;r&SdbJ/ rnfokd@rnfyHkaqmif&Gufrnf[k vnf; pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm; pepfwuscsrSwfaqmif&Gufr_ r&Sday? xd@k tjyif rnfuJhod@k aom EdkifiHydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyf ief;rsm;udk a&mif;csay;rnf[lI owfrSwfxm;aompHrsm;r&Sdyg? aemuftm;enf;csufwckrSm vGefcJhaomESpfrsm;twGif; tqrwefcsJ@xGifvmcJhonf tpdk;&vkyfief;rsm; yrm%jzpfygonf? vdt k yfaomtpdk;&. vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;xuf rsm;pGmydkvGefaeygonf? tpdk;&0ef}uD;Xme rsm;wdk;csJ@zGJ@pnf;cJh+yD;/ TtwGufa=umifhjynfol@b¾maiGrsm; ðyef;wD;&&Hkr#ru/ vkyfief;rsm;xyfaeaoma=umifh jy\emwcktay:wGifyif xda&mufxufjrufpGmajz&Sif;Edkifr_ usqif;vm&ygonf? ,ckppftpdk;&onfvnf;/ ,cifqdk&S,fvpftpdk;&uJhod@k yif ppfwyft&m&Sdrsm;udk jynfol@tkyfcsKyfa&;/ pDrHcef@cGJa&;Xmersm;. t"duusaomwm0efrsm;wGif qufvufcef@tyfaeaoma=umifh/ jynfol@tkyfcsKyfpDrHcef@cGJ a&;pepf ydkIcsdeJ@tm;enf;ap&ygonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh qHk;jzwfcsufcs&mudpPrsm;wGif t"rRaqmif&Gufaponf rsm; jzpfap+yD;/ rnfonft h wGufa=umifhqHk;jzwfcsuf cs&onfudkvnf; vltrsm;udk &Sif;vif;wifjyjcif;r&Sdyg? yGifh vif;jrifomr_ESifh a&S@aemufnD!Gwfr_usqif;vmcJh&ygonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;aqmif&Guf vdak om jynfolrsm;jzpfap/ EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;jzpfap rnfokd@aomqHk;jzwfcsufrsKd;csrSwfrnf/ rnfod@k aompnf;rsOf; pnf;urf;rsm;jzifh vkyfief;rsm;aqmif&Guf=u&rnfudk r&Sif;vif;Edkifjzpf&ygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh jyefvSefppf aq;r_enf;vm+yD;/ vmbfpm; jcpm;r_ tESH@tjym;jzpfvm&ygonf? aemufqHk;tcsuftaejzifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifhoufqdkifaom w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfudk jyefvnf wnfaqmufjcif;rðyao;yg? ‚if;rSm qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&vufxufuyif òzvScJ HcJh&+yD; jzpfygonf? Tvkyfief;rsm;udk ,ckwdik f udkvdkeDacwfOya'/ ygvDreftpdk;&acwfOya'/ qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&acwfOya'ponf/h a&maxG;aeaom Oya' (3) pHkjzifh vnfywfajz&Sif;qJ jzpfygonf? Tvdktyfcsufrsm;ud=k unfjh cif;tm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;r_qdkif&mpepfrsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m. rjynfhrpHk tm;enf;csufrsm;udkawG@ae&ygonf? TtwGuaf =umifh wdik f;jynfukdwHcg;zGifh pD;yGm;a&;pepfajymif;vJusifhoHk;cJhaomfvnf;/ pD;yGm;a&;tajctae odoo d momwd;k wufr_r&Sdvmonfudk awG@& rnfjzpfonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh aemiftem*wfwiG f T zGJ@pnf;r_qdkif&mpepfrsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk wdk;wuf vmap&ef ta&;ay;aqmif&Guf&vdrfhrnf jzpfonf?

235

pD;yGm;a&;zGJ@pnf;r_qdkif&m pepfrsm;zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_twGuf &nfrSef;csufrsm; ,cifuazmfjycJhaomtcef;rsm;wGif/ rdrdwdk@taejzifh jrefrmEdkifiHtem*wfzGH@òz;wd;k wufr_twGuf tjrif udak zmfjycJh+yD; jzpfygonf? txl;ojzifhpD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_ESifh pD;yGm;a&;pepf. zGJ@pnf;yHkqdkif&m ajymif;vJap a&; udpPrsm;udk azmfjycJh=uygonf? xdk@tjyifynma&;qdkif&m/ tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m/ trsKd;om; ruU&dk pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m pojzifhðyjyifajymif;vJ&ef vdktyfaeaom tajctaersm;udk azmfjycJhygonf? Ttajymif; tvJrsm;udk jrefEdkifor#jrefatmif aqmif&Guf&efqdkonfrSm a&mpyfxm;aompD;yGm;a&;pepf106 udk csrSwfusifhoHk; &efyifjzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh aps;uGupf D;yGm;a&;pepfqdkif&m tiftm;pkrsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;aqmifwm rsm;. A[dk csufrae&mwGifxm;+yD;/ tcsKd@tenf;tusOf;aomu¾rsm;udk trsm;jynfot l usKd;twGuf tpdk;& .xdef;csKyfr_ =oZm/ vrf;!$efr_atmufwGifxm;&efjzpfygonf?

T&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk jynfhajrmufap&ef aqmif&Guf&efqdkonfrSm/ pD;yGm;a&;pepfudak csmarG@pGmvnf ywfapEdkifrnfh tcsKd@aom zGJ@pnf;r_pepfrsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;vdt k yfygonf? TtzGJ@tpnf;pepfrsm;rSm rnfonfh enf;ESifhr# olwdk@bmom zGH@òz;wdk;wufEdkifpGrf;r&Sdyg? Todk@wd;k wufEdkifonfqdkv#ifaomfrS wdik f;jynfzGH@òz; wdk;wuf aponftxd v#ifjrefpGmzGH@òz;vmEdkifpGrf; r&Sd=uyg? xdt k wGuaf =umifh TtzGJ@tpnf;pepfrsm;udk tpdk;&u wrif wumrl0g'rsm;csrSwfum aqmif&Gufay;=u&rnfjzpfygonf? Oya'topfrsm;/ pnf;rsOf;topfrsm;csrSwfay;&Hkr# jzifh rvHkavmufyg? ydkIta&;}uD;onfrSm avhusifhynmay;r_/ tpdk;&.tkyfcsKyfvkyfudik fr_qdkif&m oabmxm; wefzdk;rsm;udk vltrsm;u vufcH,H=k unfvdkufemvmonftxd/ aumif;rGefpGmvkyfudik f aqmif&GufvmEdkifonf txd aqmif&Guf=u&aomvkyfief; jzpfygonf? tcsKd@aomudpPrsm;wGif tpdk;&ud, k fwdkifu vdt k yfaom tzGJ@ tpnf;rsm;udk pwifxlaxmifvkyfudik f&onfrsKd;vnf; &Sdwwfygonf? aemufydkif;wGifrS yk*~vdu vkyfief;rsm;. pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_atmufodk@v$Jajymif;ay;tyf&onfrsKd;vnf; &SdEdkifygonf? zGJ@pnf;r_qdkif&mpepfrsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;zGH@òz;wd;k wufapa&;vkyfief;ESifh ywfoufI tus,ftm;jzifh trsKd;tpm; (3) rsKd;cGJjcm;Edkifygonf? yxrtrsKd;tpm;rSm aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfxda&mufxufjrufpGm vnf ywftvkyfjzpfapEdkifa&;twGuf vdt k yfaomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; jzpfygonf? 'kwd,trsKd;tpm;rSm aps;uGufpD;yGm; a&;pepftwGif; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;aqmif&GufEdkifrnfh w&m;Oya'tajccHjzpfygonf? aemufqHk;taejzifh jynfol@tkyfcsKyfpDrHcef@cGJa&;qdkif&m tzGJ@tpnf;/ ,EW,m;rsm;jzpfygonf? ‚if;wd@k taejzifh tpdk;&u aps;uGufrsm; acsmarG@pGmvnfywfaeap&ef rnfok@d OD;aqmifvrf;!$efrnf/ vltrsm;twGufvnf; tusKd;jzpfxGef;ap&atmif rnfokd@aqmif&Gufrnf[laom vkyfief;rsm;jzpfygonf? ta&;}uD;aomtcsufrSm rdrdwdk@taejzifhvrf;c&D;wGifñuH&rnfh aps;uGuaf csmarG@pGmvnfywfEdkifa&; twGuf tcuftcJrsm;/ ydwfqdk@wm;qD;r_rsm; udkz,f&Sm;&efpdwfapmaeonfESifhtwl/ tjcm;wbufwiG f rdrdwdk@ taejzifh tcsKd@aomtiftm;pkrsm;.tusKd;tjrwftwGuf vuf0g;}uD;tkyfcsKyfudik fvdak om oabmobm0 a=umifh aps;uGuf.vGwfvyfpGmvnfywfvkyfudik faer_udk rxdcdkufap&efvnf; umuG,fay;&efvdt k yfygonf?

TuJo h dk@aompD;yGm;a&;vkyf&yfrsm;a=umifh rr#wr_rsm;jzpfvmEdkifonfqdkonfudkvnf; tpdk;&taejzifh xnfh oGif;pOf;pm;xm;&ef vdt k yfygonf? zGJ@pnf;r_pepfqdkif&m/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;qdkif&m zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_vkyfief;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI tao;pdwfudk atmufwiG f qufvufaqG;aEG; azmfjyxm;ygonf?

106

Mixed Economy

236

zGJŒpnf;r+pepfqdkif&m ðyjyifajymif;vJr+twGuf vrf;!$efcsufrsm; aps;uGufðyjyifajymif;vJr_ aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk jrefrmEdkifiH tem*wfzGH@òz;wd;k wufr_twGuf tajccHtjzpf tqdkðywifjy& jcif;rSm/ pD;yGm;a&;ynmoabmw&m;a&;qdkif&m tajccHrsm;ESifh oufqdkifygonf? Toabmw&m;rSm Tpepf atmufwGif woD;yk*~vvlrsm;wOD;csif;pD. rdrdwd@k tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufae=u&if;rSmyif/ vl trsm;.tusKd;pD;yGm;udv k nf; jr‡ifhwifay;Edkifonf[laom t,ltqjzpfygonf? TonfrSm pD;yGm;a&;ynm wGif azmfjyavh&Sd=uaom “rjrif&aomvufuxdef;nd‡ay;xm;onf”107[laom t,ltqyifjzpfygonf? odk@ twGuaf =umifhyif pD;yGm;a&;qdkifwmvkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;udk wwfEdkifor# yk*~vduu¾udkvkyfydkifcGifhðyap&ef vdv k m;+yD;/ vGwv f yfaomaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;tiftm;pkrsm;. òyifqdkifr_udck Gifhðyap&ef jzpfygonf? wcgw&HwGif aps;uGufpepfudk ol@bmomcGifhðyxm;jcif;tm;jzifh xda&mufatmifjrifaom pD;yGm;a&; pepfjzpfapvdrfhrnf[k ,lqxm;wwf=uygonf? odk@aomfaps;uGuftaejzifh rnfr#twdik f;twmtxd/ xdxd a&mufa&muf atmifatmifjrifjrifpGrf;aqmifEdkifrnfqdkonfrSm aps;uGuftwGif;ukefzvS,fr_udk }uD;=uyfae aom zGJ@pnf;r_qdkif&mpepfrsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;taejzifh rnfr#cdkfifrmtm;aumif;oenf;[laom tcsuftay: wGif/ jyefIwnfrDaeygonf? tajccHt,ltqrSm rdrdbmomvdkvm;Iaps;uGut f wGif; zvS,fa&mif;0,f&ef 0ifa&muf vm=uaom woD;yk*~vrsm;taejzifh ukefypPnf;csif;zvS,f&efjzpfap/ 0efaqmifr_ay;&efjzpfap oabmwlnDpmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;vkyf=uaomtcgY/ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u xrf;aqmifay;&rnfhwm0efrSm Tukef pnfrsm;trSefwu,f zvS,fr_&Sdap&ef =uyfrwfay;&efjzpf+yD;/ oabmwlnDxm;onft h wdkif; wbufuvnf; 0efaqmifr_udk ay;ap&efjzpfonf? qdkvdo k nfrSm Tae&mwGifvltrsm;&Sif;vif;pGmem;vnfxm;aom Oya' w&yf&Sd&rnfjzpf+yD;/ oabmwlnDcsufukd csKd;azmufaombufudt k a&;,ltjypfay;Edkifjcif;/ tjiif;yGm;r_ jy\em rsm;jzpfvmv#if ajz&Sif;Edkifapjcif;wd@k jzpfygonf? od@k aomfvnf; Todk@tm;jzifh vltrsm;uxifovdkvGwv f yfpGm aqmif&GufEdkif=urnf[k qdkvdkonf r[kwfyg? txl;ojzifh vGwfvyfpGmoabmwlnDpmcsKyfcsKyf&efqdkonfrSm aps;uGufpepfabmiftwGif;jzpf&yg rnf? vltrsm;t=um;csKyfqdkxm;aom oabmwlnDcsufpmcsKyfrsm;tm;vHk;udk w&m;0iftodtrSwfðyonf/ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u vdu k fvH=uyfrwf&rnf[k qdkonfr[kwfyg? tu,fItcsKd@aom oabmwlnDcsufrsm;onf vltrsm;. vlr_tusKd;pD;yGm;ysufjym;ap&ef jzpfonfqdkygu/ TuJhod@k aomoabmwlnDcsuf pmcsKyfrsKd;udk vdkuf emap&ef/ pnf;=uyf&efrvdkyg? rjrif&aomvufoabmw&m;taejzifh vkyfudik faqmif&Guf&mwGif twdik f;twm wcktxdom aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? t&Sif;vif;qHk; OyrmrSm/ oabmwlnDcsufwckwGif yg0ifywfoufaer_r&Sdaom wwd,yk*~dKvfwOD;udk xdo k abmwlnDcsut f & tjyif;txefepfemap&ef/ xdcdkufap&ef ta=umif;&Sdaeonfqdkonfh OyrmrsKd;jzpfyg onf? Oyrm/ oabmwlncD suft& armif (u) u tjcm;roufqdkifaomvlwOD; armif (*) udo k wf&ef twGuf armif (c) udk tcaiGay; iSm;&rf;jcif;rsKd; jzpfygonf? tu,fIToabmwlnDcsufukd wbufzufu csKd;azmufcJhygu TpmcsKyfygoabmwlnDxm;onfhtwdik f; aqmif&Gufay;ap&ef tpdk;&ud=k uyfrwfapcdkif;&ef awmif;qdkr_rsKd;onf rjzpfEdkifaom Oyrmjzpfygonf? od@k aomfvnf; Tjy\emud&k Sif;vif;ap&eftwGuf TuJhod@k ZmwfqefaomOyrmrsKd;ay;&ef vdktyf rnfr[kwfyg? ydkI&Sif;vif;aom/ ydkItawG@&rsm;aom Oyrmrsm;pGm&Sdygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh tm%mydkifwOD;u aiGa=u;twGuaf omfvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;tusKd;tjrwftwGufaomfvnf;aumif; t*wdvdkufpm;I rvkyfoifh aomudpPrsKd;udk w&m;r0ifa&mif;csjcif;rsm;jzpfEdkifygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifharmfawmf,mOfarmif;vdkifpif/ wuUodkvf bGJ@/ tpdk;&.0,fcGifah &mif;cGifh vdkifpif pojzifhjzpfygonf? TudpPrsKd;wGif vlr_a&;&_axmifhrS=unfhygu tjypfrsm; pGm&Sdaeygonf? TuJo h dk@t*wdvdu k fpm;aomvkyf&yfrsKd;udk vlr_usif0h ef&_axmifhrSaeI rdrdwdk@u uef@uGufEdkifyg 107

Invisible Hand Theory

237

onf? ta=umif;rSmxdjk ynfol@0efxrf;taejzifh r&dk;om;aoma=umifh jzpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; vlr_tusKd;pD; yGm;&_axmifhrS =unfhygu/ Tvkyf&yfrsKd;onfqdk;&Gm;vGef;+yD;/ wm;qD;&rnfu h dpPrsKd;jzpfygonf? ta=umif;rSm TuJh od@k t*wdvdkufpm;r_ðyaomolESifh vufcHol (2) OD;vHk; tusKd;pD;yGm;jzpfapEdkifaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? xdo k lrsm;u tjcm;aomolrsm;.tusKd;pD;yGm;epfemap&efta=umif;tay: tajccHI ðyrlaqmif&Gufae=uaom a=umifh jzpfygonf? Oyrm Tvkyf&yfwGif yg0ifywfoufr_r&Sdaom jynfov l lxktrsm;u epfem&rnfu h def; jzpfyg onf?

TuJo h dk@ t*wdvkdufpm;aomvkyf&yfrsKd;udk tm;ray;bJ &_wfcs&rnfjzpfovd/k a&SmifusOf&rnf jzpfyg onf? odk@aomfvnf; tpOfojzifhvG,u f lvSonf r[kwfyg? xd@k tjyifEdkifiHawmftpdk;&taejzifh TuJo h dk@aom udpP&yfrsKd;tm;vH;k udk udik fwG,af qmif&Guf&efrSm tukeftusrsm;vSygonf? od@k aomfvnf; owdðy&eftcsuf wckrSm wdkif;jynftwGif;&Sd pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tay:wGif csKyfudik fr_rsm; rsm;jym;aevGef;yguvnf; TuJhodk@ t*wdvku d fpm;r_rsm;trsm;tjym; jzpfvmwwfjcif;yif jzpfygonf? xdef;csKyfr_rsm;u xdef;csKyfr_topfrsm;ESifh rxda&mufrxufjrufaom pGrf;aqmifr_rsm;udk aygufzGm;apygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifhyif xdef;csKyfr_rsm; rrsm; apa&;twGuo f wdxm;aqmif&Guf&ef ta&;}uD;ygonf? txl;ojzifhvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;w&yfvHk;udk epfemap&ef&Sd aomudpPtenf;tusOf;tay:om xdef;csKyfr_rsm; aqmif&Gufapoifhygonf? txufazmfjyygOyrmonf vGwfvyfpGmoabmwlnDpmcsKyfrsm;csKyfqdkcGifh. ¹cif;csufrsm;teufrS tqifhwckomjzpfygonf? vlwOD;wa,mufu TuJhod@k aompD;yGm;a&;oabmwlnDr_rsKd;xJ pdwfvdkvuf& 0ifa&mufvdkygu/ trSefwGif xdkoluk, d fwkid f. tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuyf ifysufpD;apwwfaom oabm&Sdygonf? tjcm;azmfjy&ef0rf;enf;zG,f&maumif;aom OyrmwckrSmrl;,pfaq;0g;a&mif;0,faom aps;uGufrsKd;jzpfygonf? txl;ojzifh vli,frsm;tzdk@/ rl;,pfaq;0g;a&mif;0,f=uaom aps;uGuftwGif;od@k pdwfvkdvuf&0ifvdak vh&Sd=u ygonf? odk@aomfvnf; vlr_todik f;u TuJhod@k aomaps;uGufrsKd;udv k kyfaqmif&ef cGifhrðy=uyg? ta=umif;rSm rl;,pfaq;0g;taejzifh oHk;pGJoludk a&wdu k mvwGif om,mr_ay;aumif;ay;Edkifaomfvnf;/ a&&SnfwiG f ‚if;. b0udyk sufpD;apEdkifaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? rdrdwd@k taejzifh vGwv f yfaomaps;uGufpepf. ¹cif;csufrsm;udkpOf;pm;azmfjycJh=uygonf? xdk@tjyif oabmwlnDr_pmcsKyfrsm;tay:vnf; ‚if;.jrifhjrwfr_oabmudk azmfjycJhygonf? odk@aomfvnf; Tae&mwGif owdðy&efrSm ‚if;Oyrmrsm;onf a,bk,sOya'orsm;.c|if;csuftcsKd@udkom a&G;xkwaf zmfjyxm;jcif; jzpfyg onf? a,bk,sOya'orSm aps;uGuu f dv k GwfvyfpGmv_yf&Sm;vkyfudik fcGifhay;oifhonf[laom t,ltqyifjzpfyg onf? xd&k nf&G,fcsufjzifhyif EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rsm;onf aps;uGuftwGif;rdrdqENjzifh 0ifa&mufvm=uolrsm;. oabmwlnDcsuf pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;udk ouf0ifapatmif tm%moabmjzifhaqmif&Gufay;=u&efyif jzpfyg onf? ta=umif;rSm udpPrsm;pGmwGif vltrsm;taejzifh rdrdtusKd;pD;yGm;udkom=unfw h wf=u+yD;/ vltrsm;'kuQ a&mufapaomvkyf&yfrsKd;rS a&Smif&Sm;wwf=uaom oabma=umifhyif jzpfygonf?

yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ tjcm;owdðy&eftcsufwckrSm aps;uGufpepfonf &Sif;vif;vG,fulaom/ tm%mjzifh=uyfrwfay;Edkif aom yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_tay:Y tajcðyaeonf[laom tcsufjzpfygonf? qdkvdo k nfrSm jynfolrsm;.yk*~vdu qdkif&mydkifqdkifr_rsm;udk EdkifiHawmfutodtrSwfðyay;jcif;jzpfygonf? tu,fI Tod@k wpHkwa,mufu ydkifqdkif aomyk*~vdu ydkifqdkifr_udk tjcm;olrsm;utvGJoH;k pm;ðyygu/ EdkifiHawmfu Oya'rsm;jzifh=uyfrwfumuG,fay; jcif;jzpfonf? Todk@aom yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_tcGifhta&;qdkonfrSm jynfot l rsm;udkpkaqmif;&ef/ rdrdydkifqdkifr_rsm; wd;k yGm;vmap&ef vkyfaqmif=uHq&ef taumif;qHk;ay;aom rufvk;H jzpfygonf? xdt k ajctaewGif pD;yGm;a&; pepf wckvHk;. xkwv f kyfa&;pGrf;tm;pkrsm; wdk;yGm;rsm;jym;vmvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? od@k aomfvnf; yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_qdkonfrSm vG,u f l&Sif;vif;aom oabmw&m;r[kwfyg? Oyrmtm; jzifh vltrsm;taejzifhrdrdydkifqdkifaomypPnf;OpPmrsm;udk rdrdóuufovdv k kyfaqmifcGifh r&Sdyg? olwd@k ypPnf;OpPmrsm; tay:Y ydkifqdkifcGifhqdkonfrSm tuef@towfrsm;&Sdygonf? tqHk;pGefaomOyrmay;I azmfjy&aomf/ vlwOD; 238

taejzifh olvHk;0ydkifqdkifaomtdrfwvHk;udk rD;wif&_d@cGifhr&Sdyg? ta=umif;rSm tjcm;aomtdrfrsm;od@k rD;ul;puf avmifu|rf;Edkifaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? tvm;wlyif ypPnf;OpPmrsm;udk ydkifqdkifcGifh[kqdk&mY vdu k femapmifhxdef; &rnfh usifh0wf0wW&m;rsm;&Sdygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh tdrfwvHk;ydkifqdkifxm;aomolwOD;taejzifh xdt k drfudkoef@ &Sif;/ vHðk cHpGmxm;&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf? ta=umif;rSmol.twGufomrubJ/ &yfuGuf0ef;usiftwGufvnf;jzpfyg onf? xd@k tjyif ydkifqdkifol.tcGifhta&;qdkonfrSmvnf;/ rnfuJo h dk@ydkifqdkifcJhoenf;qdkonft h ay:rlwnfI oabmwlnDcsufpmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;t&/ ydkifqdkifoltcGifhta&;wGif uef@owfcsufrsm;&SdEdkifygonf? ydkI&_yfaxG; aomydkifqdkifr_yHkpHrsKd;/ Oyrm-ukr`%Dwckydkifqdkifr_rsKd;wGif/ ukr`%Dudyk dkifqdkifoltaejzifh ydkifqdkifa=umif;ra=ujimrD wGif/ w&m;0ifydkifqdkifcGifh tcGifhta&;&Sda=umif;Oya'a=umif;t& aocsm&Sif;vif;ap&ygvdrfhrnf? xdt k wGuf a=umifhyk*~vduydkifqdkifcGifhtcGifhta&;qdkonfrSm rsm;pGmus,fjyef@aomoabmaqmif+yD;/ w&m;0ifowfrSwf azmfjyxm;aom/ xd@k tjyifw&m;0ifowfrSwfxm;jcif;r&Sdaom 0wW&m;vdu k femapmifhxdef;&r_rsm;+yD;rS ºuif;usef aom tcGifhta&;rsm; jzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh w&m;0ifpmcsKyfpmwrf;wckcsKyfqdk=u&mwGif ta&;ay:jzpfvm Edkifaomtajctaersm;tm;vHk;udk óuwifwGufqI t&m&mjynfph HkaompmcsKyfrsKd; azmfjyI r&ouJo h dk@yifjzpfyg onf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh EdkifiHawmftpdk;&taejzifh jynfoltrsm;. taxGaxGaomydkifqdkifr_rsm;udak v;pm;&ef wm0ef&Sdaomwcsdefwnf;wGif/ xdo k d@k ydkifqdkifr_[laomtcGifhta&;Yvnf; tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifhvdu k femapmifhxdef;& rnfw h m0efrsm;&Sdaeonfudk od=u&rnfjzpfonf? trsKd;tpm;rwlnaD omydkifqdkifr_trsKd;rsKd;ESifhywfoufI rwl nDaomtcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh 0wW&m;rsm;&SdEdkifygonf?

Tod@k aomtajctaersKd;wGif twdtusazmfjyrxm;aomwm0ef0wW&m;rsm;ESifh twdtusazmfjy xm;aom0wW&m;rsm;udk ydkifqdkifol.ukefusp&dwfrsm;tjzpf owfrSwf&rnfjzpfygonf? tpdk;&taejzifh ydkrdk xdef;csKyfr_rsm;vmavav/ ydkifqdkifcGifhtcGifhta&;Y csKyfcs,fr_rsm;vmavavyif jzpfygonf? TudpPESifhywfouf aomaqmif&Guf&eftcsdef ydk,l&avavjzpf+yD;/ aqmif&Gufr_ukefusp&dwfydkrsm;avavyif jzpfygonf? xdk@ tjyifvdu k femapmifhxdef;&rnfh0wW&m;rsm;udk rnfokd@rnfyHkazmfjyxm;onfESifhywfoufIaomfvnf;aumif;/ T onfrsm;udk rnfuho J dk@wpdkufrwfrwfapmifhxdef;onfESifhywfoufIaomfvnf;aumif; paomtcsufrsm;rSm ta&;}uD;aomtcsufrsm; jzpfygonf? tu,fIvdkufemapmifhxdef;&rnfh0wW&m;rsm;udk rwdrusESifh r&Sif; rvif;azmfjyxm;ygu/ xdkydkifqdkifr_tay:toHk;csjcif;ESifhywfoufI aqmif&Gufr_ukefusp&dwfrsm;ydkI ukefus& rnfjzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif[dkw,fvkyfief;aqmif&Gufaeaom vkyfief;&SifwOD;u tpdk;&ydkifqdkifaomajrae &may:wGif [dkw,faqmufvkyfcGifh&atmif rnfr#cufcJpGmaqmif&Gufvyk fudik f&a=umif; ajymjyygonf? tjcm;vdk tyfcsufrsm;wGif tca=u;aiGrsm;/ txl;ay;&aiGrsm;/ aemufqHk;pmcsKyfcsKyfqdk+yD;aemufydkif;wGifrS ajymif;vJr_rsm; xyfrHvkyfaqmifonfudk ñuHcJ&h ygonf? xdk@tjyif xdktaqmuftOD;wGifjyefvnfjyifqifajymif;vJvkyfaqmif or#udkvnf; tpdk;&xHrScGifhðycsuf,&l ygonf? Ttcsufrsm;tm;vH;k u xdkEdkifiHtwGif;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;aqmif &Gufaer_rsm;twGuf vkyfief;aqmif&Gufr_ukefusp&dwfydkrsm;apygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGifv,f vkyfudik fae=uaom v,form;rsm;wGif tuef@towfjzifhom ajrydkifcGifh cGifhðyxm;ygonf? ol@taejzifh tpdk;& . ydkifqdkifr_twGufrnfr#ay;aqmifae&a=umif; twdtusrodouJo h dk@/ xGu&f Sdor#oD;ESH.rnfr#tpdwftydkif; udk tpdk;&uawmif;qdkvmvdrfhrnf/ ay;&rnfukdvnf; aocsmrod&Sdyg? xdk@tjyifTajruGufukd tjcm;olrsm;xH od@k a&mif;cscGifh r&Sdyg? xdk@tjyifTajruGuaf y:Y pdkufysKd;aomoD;ESHrsm;rSmvnf; pDrHudef;t&pdkufysKd;r_rsKd;udk vdkuf vHaqmif&Guf&ygonf? TtajctaeatmufwGif ol.yk*~vduydkifqdkifcGifhrSm aocsma&&mr_r&SdouJo h d@k / wdwd ususjyXmef;xm;jcif;vnf; r&Sdyg? xdt k wGuaf =umifh TajruGufukzd GH@òz;wdk;wufvmap&ef ol@taejzifhxyfrH &if;ESD; jr‡KyfESHvdkpdwfvnf; r&Sdyg? Tod@k aomtajctaersm;atmufwiG f vGwv f yfaomaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&; pepf udk jyefvnf azmfaqmifrnfqdkygu atmufygtqifhrsm;udk vkyfaqmif&efvdt k yfygvdrfhrnf? (u) a&mif;csukefoG,fEdkifaom ypPnf;rsm;tay:Y yk*~vduydkifqdkifcGifh/ a&$@ajymif;r_/ v$aJ jymif;ay;tyfr_/ a&mif;cs r_ESifhywfoufaom uef@owfcsufrsm;tm;vHk;udk z,f&Sm;oifhygonf?

239

(c) ,cktajctaeY uef@owfxm;aomajr,mydkifqdkifr_udk aocsmjyefvnfpDppfoifhygonf? rnfokd@aomajr uGurf sKd;rqdk ajrydkifqdkifcGifhESifh ajrydkifqdkifol.tcGifhta&;udk wdusaocsmpGm jyXmef;apoifhygonf? (*) tpdk;&rSjzpfap/ a'oqdkif&mtm%mydkifrsm;rSjzpfap ajrrsm;udk vHak vmufaomwef&mwefzdk;avsmfa=u; ray;bJ/ odrf;,lcGifh r&Sdap&yg? avsmaf =u;ay;aqmif&mwGifvnf; aps;uGuaf ygufaps;jzifhom ay;acsap&rnf jzpfygonf?

(C) jrefrmrif;rsm;ESifh +Adwdo#udv k dek DtkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh ygvDreftpdk;&tygt0if tpdk;&tpOftqufu/ wdik f;jynf twGif;&Sd ajrrsm;tm;vH;k udk tpdk;&ydkifqdkifonf[k usifo h Hk;cJhygonf? Todk@vGJrSm;aer_udk jyefvnfjyifqifapoifh ygonf? ajrrsm;udk yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ESifhywfoufIwdwu d susjyXmef;ay;&ef vdt k yf+yD;/ ajrydkifol.tcGifhta&;udk vnf; wdwu d susjyXmef;ay;+yD; tpdk;&uav;pm;vdkufemap&ef vdt k yfygonf? (i) v,f,mvkyfief;cGifhESifhywfoufaom/ v,f,mxGufukefypPnf;rsm;udk zvS,fa&mif;0,fcGifhESifhywfouf aom uef@owfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm;tm;vH;k udk z,f&Sm;oifhygonf? EdkifiHjcm;aiGzvS,faomaps;uGu/f jynfyodk@wifydk@ a&mif;csr_ESifh wifoGif;r_/ aiGa=u;aps;uGufrsm;tm;vH;k udk vGwfvyfpGmvkyfaqmifcGifh ðyoifhygonf? twkty vdrfnmr_rsm;ESifh aps;uGufrwnfr+idrfjzpfaprnfah b;rS umuG,fjcif;rsKd;twGuaf qmif&Gufaom xdef;csKyfr_rsKd;udk omaqmif&Gufoifhygonf? (p) tpdk;&. ukefypPnf;rsm;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh ywfoufaompmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;ESifh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk vGwv f yf yGifhvif;aomaps;òyifpepfjzifh wdusowfrSwfxm;aomazmfjycsufrsm;jzifh aqmif&Gufoifhygonf? pmcsKyfpmwrf; ðyvkyfoabmwln+D yD;aemufydkif;wGifrS ajymif;vJjyifqifr_rsm; rvkyfap&yg? pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;aqmif&Guf&mY vnf; rlvazmfjyxm;aomt&nftcsif;jynfrh Dolrsm;/ rlvzdwfac:pOfu aps;òyifaqmif&Guf&efazmfjyxm;aom vdt k yfcsufjynfhrDolrsm;udo k m uefx&dkufcGifhðyap&ygrnf? xd@k tjyif tjcm;xnfo h Gif;pOf;pm;&rnfh tcsufwck&Sdygao;onf? ,ciftcef;rsm;wGif azmfjyxm; onft h wdik f; vGwfvyfaomaps;uGupf D;yGm;a&;pepf. t"dutm;enf;csufrSm/ tcsKd@aomtajctaersm;wGif jynfolrsm;twGif; 0ifaiGtcsKd;tpm;rnDr#r_rsm;/ vlwef;pm;rnDr#r_}uD;xGm;vmEdkifjcif; jzpfygonf? odk@aomf vnf; tpydkif;umvwGifyifvltrsm;twGif;cGJa0ay;r_ rnDr#ygu/ Todk@rvdv k m;tyfaomaemufqufwGJ &v'frsm;jzpfvmap&ef ta=umif;ydkrsm;ygonf? Ed_if;,SOfcsuft& pwifpOfuyifomwlnDr#cGJa0r_rsKd;jzifh ydkif qdkifr_cGJa0jcif;udk pwifygu/ aemufydkif;aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;aqmif&Gufr_wGif 0ifaiGrnDr#r_enf;+yD;/ vlwef;pm; uGm[r_vnf; enf;yg;vdrfhrnfjzpfonf? xd@k twGufa=umifh rdrdwdk@taejzifhrlvpwifpOfuwnf;u ydkifqdkifr_cGJa0 pOfwGif rnDr#r_jzifhpwifcJhygu/ aemufydkif;wGif TtusKfd;pD;yGm;a=umifhjzpfvmaom cGJa0r_rnDr#jcif;rsm; quf vufjzpfvmEdkifygonf? TtjrifzufrS=unfhrnfqdkv#if ta&;t}uD;qHk;aomydkifqdkifr_cJGa0&efydkifqdkifr_rSm v,f ,mpdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;u¾&Sd ajrrsm;yif jzpfygonf?

Oya'a&;qdkif&mðyjyifajymif;vJr_

txufazmfjyyg tcef;i,fwiG f/ vGwv f yfpGmoabmwlnDcsKyfqdkEdkifaompmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;oabm obm0ESifh yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_tcGifhta&;rsm;ta=umif;udk azmfjycJhygonf? Ttcsufrsm;onf aps;uGufwck acsmarG@pGmvnfywfEdkif&eftwGuf r&Sdrjzpfvdt k yfaomtajccHvdktyfcsufrsm; jzpfygonf? wenf;qdk&aomf T vdt k yfcsufrsm;udk jynfhpHkap&efqdkonfrSm vuf&Sdw&m;Oya'pepfudk ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm; vkyfaqmif&efvdt k yfyg onf? txl;ojzifh EdkifiHtwGif;&SdOya'rsm;/ w&m;cHk&Hk;pepfrsm;ESifh Oya'rsm;udkpnf;=uyfay;rnf, h EW,m;rsm;udk yg jyifqif&efvdt k yfygvdrfhrnf?

EdkifiHtwGif;&SdOya'rsm;qdkonfrSm/ txl;ojzifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh oufqdkifaomOya'rsm;udk acwfESifhavsmfnDap&ef jyefvnfjyifqif&efvdt k yfygonf? txl;ojzifhacwfrD&_yfaxG;vmaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; rsm;ESifhavsmfnDap&ef jyifqif&ygvdrfhrnf? xdk@tjyiftcsKd@udk Oya'yk'frrsm;tjzpfa&;qGJjcif;/ tcsKd@Oya'rsm;udk vG,u f lpGmoabmaygufap&ef jyifqifzGifhqdka&;om;jcif;rsm; aqmif&Guf&efvdt k yfygonf? odk@rSomjynfolrsm; taejzifh olwkd@tay:oufa&mufaeaomOya'rsm;udk em;vnfoabmaygufEdkifvdrfhrnfjzpfonf? xdt k xufyg 240

azmfjycsufrsm;tjyif ydkIta&;}uD;onfrSm Oya'rsm;onf jynforl sm;.qENudx k if[yf&ygvdrfhrnf? odk@rSom TOya'rsm;udv k ltrsm;u vdkufemapmifhxdef;=urnf jzpfygonf? vltrsm;.tðytrlrsm;udk apmifh=unfx h def; odr;f ap&ef &Jrsm;jzifhaqmif&Guf=uyfrwf&jcif;rsKd; uif;ygvdrfhrnf? rnfokd@yif qdkapumrl vltrsm;taejzifh aemufqHk;w&m;&Hk;wGif&ifqdkifajz&Sif;=u&aom taetxm; rsKd;udk a&mufwwfygonf? vltcsif;csif;=um; tjiif;yGm;rajyvnfr_a=umifhjzpfap/ Oya'csKd;azmufr_a=umifh vlwOD;udk ta&;,laoma=umifhjzpfap w&m;&Hk;wGif&ifqdkif=u&ygonf? ,ae@&ifqdkifae&aomjy\emrSm T tr_rsm;ajyvnfapa&;twGuf =uef@=umapmifhqdkif;ae&r_jzpfygonf? xdktwGuaf =umifh w&m;rr_ESifh &mZ0wfr_ qdkif&mw&m;cHk&Hk; vkyfxH;k vkyfenf;rsm;udk &Sif;vif;vG,fulap&efjyifqif&efvdktyf+yD;/ tcsdefukef+yD;=uef@=umap& jcif;r&Sdap&atmif jyifqifzGJ@pnf;oifhygonf?

tkyfcsKyfa&;u¾qdkif&mðyjyifajymif;vJr_ txufazmfjyygtcef;wGif rdrdwdk@taejzifhtkyfcsKyfa&;pepftwGif; }uD;rm;pGmñuHae&aom tpDtpOf rus z&dkz&Jjzpfr_rsm;udk azmfjycJhygonf? twdwu f mvu jrefrmEdkifiHwGiftkyfcsKyfa&;u¾aqmif&Gufr_twGuf ordkif;tpOfvmaumif;&SdcJhygonf? (1960) ckESpfrsm;u aqmif&GufcJhaomtkyfcsKyfa&;u¾ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsKd;udk ,cktcg jyefvnfaqmif&Gufoifhygonf? xdt k csdefu ppfwyfutm%modrf;ydkufcJhaoma=umifh xdv k kyfief;rsm; +yD;jywfatmif raqmif&GufcJ=h u&yg? xd@k tjyif rdrdwdk@taejzifh tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&moDtdk&Doabmw&m;rsm;ESifh topfaom pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mtzGJ@tpnf;pepfrsm;rS oifcef;pmrsm;pGm&&Sdxm;=u+yD jzpfygonf? EdkifiHawmfydkif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;taejzifh yk*~vduu¾xuf ydkIomvGefpGrf;aqmifEdkifonf[lI qifajc ay;&ef ta=umif;tcsufr&Sdawmhyg? Ttcsufonfyif vufawG@ñuHae&aomtajctaejzpfygonf? tpdk;& vkyfief;jzpfap/ yk*~vduvkyfief;jzpfap tzGJ@tpnf;wckwGifOD;aqmift&m&Sdae&mwm0ef,l=u&olrsm;. aqmif &Gufr_rSm twlwlyifjzpfygonf? ñuH&aomjy\emrsm;rSmvnf; twlwjl zpfygonf? ‚if;wdk@rSm ud, k fpm;ðyr_ jy\emjzpfygonf? jy\emrSm rlrsm;twdik f;0efxrf;rsm;u &dk;om;pGm/ óu;pm;pGmvdu k femvkyfudkifjcif;&Sd-r&SdfESifh xdOk D;aqmifoluvnf; xdkrlrsm;twdik f;aqmif&Gufvku d femr_ &Sd-r&SdqdkaomudpPyif jzpfygonf? tajzrSm xdt k zGJ@ tpnf;. xGu&f Sdvmaom&v'ftay:rS pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;jzifhwdkif;wmowfrSwf&efjzpfI/ 0efxrf;rsm; wufºu pGm vkyfudik faqmif&Gufvmapa&;twGuf v_H@aqmfay;rnfhrufvH;k pepfrsm; xm;&Sda&;jzpfygonf? wenf;qdk&aomf vltrsm;udv k kyfudik faqmif&Gufvdpk dwf&SdvmatmifE_d;aqmfay;jcif;udk rdrdudk,fusKd;pD; yGm;wdk;wufrsm;jym;apr_twGuf[k t"dy`g,fzGifh=uaomfvnf;/ tjcm;aomacgif;aqmifr_/ pDrHcef@cGJr_.tpdwf tydkif;rsm;jzpfaom opPm&Sdr_/ oHEMdXmefxm;qHk;jzwfcsux f m;r_/ tzGJ@tpnf;tkyfpkqdkif&m,Ofaus;r_/ tkyfpkvdkuf zefwD;wDxGifr_ ponfrsm;ESifh ra&maxG;apoifhyg? od@k aomfvnf;pDrHcef@cGJr_qdkonfrSm vltrsm;udpk nf;&Hk;v_@H aqmfI ydkIjrifhaom/ ydkIrsm;jym;aom&v'f&ap&ef zefwD;wDxGifvkyfaqmifjcif;onf ta&;}uD;aomtcsuf wckjzpfa=umif; todtrSwfðyxm;oifhygonf? wbufwGif tzGJ@tpnf;. atmifjrifr_&v'frsm;udk wdik f;wmyHk wdik f;wmenf;ESifh rufvkH;ay;aqmif&Gufjcif;wdk@&Sd+yD;/ tjcm;wbufwiG f wDxiG fzefwD;r_&Sdaom/ wm0efodaompDrH cef@cGJr_ acgif;aqmifr_zGH@òz;ap&ef ta&;}uD;onfudk todtrSwfðyxm;&ayrnf? tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m,EW,m;rsm; ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf aqmif&Gufoifhaomvrf;!$efrlrsm;rSm atmufygtwdik f; jzpfygonf?

1? jynfol@0efxrf;vkyfief;rsm;. zGJ@pnf;yHk? jynfol@0efxrf;vkyfief;rsm; zGH@òz;r_twGuaf qmif&Gufa&;vkyfief;rsm; wGif/ tajccH&rnfhrlrsm;rSm txufydkif;/ tv,fydkif;ESifh atmufydkif;0efxrf;rsm;wGif oD;jcm;xl;c|efonfph Grf;&nf udw k d;k wufvmapa&;yif jzpfygonf? w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;pepftpDtpOfuser_twGuf ud, k fusifh w&m;aumif;aom/ ar#mfjrifwwfaombk&ifqdkonfh t,ltqrSm ,ae@umvwGif acwfrrDawmhyg? rsm;pGm aomtv,ftvwfwef;ESifh atmufajctvkyfrsm;onf oD;jcm;vkyfief;rsm;udak qmif&Guf&ef oD;jcm;u|rf;usif 241

r_t&nftcsif;rsm; vdt k yfae=u+yDjzpfygonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh jynfol@0efxrf;rsm;taejzifh atmufygau'g 0efxrf;rsm;&&Sdatmif avhusifhysKd;axmifoifhygonf?  txl;u|rf;usifr_vdak om 0efaqmifr_rsm;  pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m 0efaqmifr_rsm;  tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m 0efaqmifr_rsm; jzpfygonf?

0ef}uD;Xmersm;. xdyfwef;ae&mwm0efrsm;jzpfaom twGif;0efrsm;/ aumfr&Sifemrsm;/ Xme}uD;rSL;rsm; onf/ txufazmfjyyg Xme (3) rsKd;rS0efxrf;rsm;rS xl;c|efolrsm;jzifha&G;cs,fjznfhoifhygonf? txufwef;&mxl; rsm;twGuf 0efxrf;pnf;&Hk;&SmazG&mwGif txufazmfjyygt&nftcsif; (3) rsKd;vH;k rS u|rf;usifolrsm;ud&k SmazG pnf;&Hk;oifhygonf?

2? 0efxrf;odrf;oGif;pnf;&Hk;a&;qdkif&mrlrsm;? 0efxrf;tjzpf tvkyfoiftjzpfrSp0ifaomae&mrsm;wGif rsm;pGm pnf;urf;wif;usyfr_ r&Sdoifhyg? rsm;aomtm;jzifh tvkyfoifrsm;0if&mwGif tv,fydkif;ESifhatmufajctqifhrsm; wGif vdt k yfcsuft&jzpfEdkifaomfvnf;/ txufwef;tqifhrsm;odk@ wdu k f&dkufcef@tyfjcif;rsKd;udv k nf; aqmif&Guf apoifhygonf? jynfol@0efxrf;cef@tyfr_twGuu f dk vGwfvyfyGifhvif;aomppfaq;ar;jref;r_rsm;jzifh ac:qdk&efvdk tyf+yD;/ jynfol@0efxrf;cef@tyfa&;aumfr&Sifu vGwfvyfpGma&G;cs,fwm0efay;tyfr_rsKd;vnf; aqmif&GufEdkifyg onf?

3? pGrf;aqmif&nfjyefvnfppfaq;jcif;ESifh rufvkH;pepf? pGrf;aqmif&nfjyefvnfppfaq;jcif;udk vlwOD;csif;. pGrf;aqmifr_tay:Yaomfvnf;aumif;/ Xme,lepftvdu k faomfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? Xme,lepf wckpD. pGrf;aqmifr_udjk yefvnfppfaq;Edkif&eftwGuf pDrHcef@cGJr_qdkif&mwGufcsuf pm&if;oGif;jcif;pepf108 udk pwif usifhoH;k oifhygonf? owdðy&eftcsufrSm T&nf&G,fcsufrsm;twdik f;aqmif&Guf&ef (1957) ckESpfumv uwnf;u jrefrmEdkifiHwGifpwifusifo h H;k &efóu;yrf;vmcJh+yD;/ ppftpdk;&tm%modrf;r_a=umifhom &yfqdkif;oGm;cJh &jcif; jzpfygonf? &mxl;wifay;r_ESifh rufvHk;ay;r_rsm;tm;vHk;udk TpGrf;aqmif&nfjyefvnf ppfaq;jcif; &v'f twdik f;om aqmif&Gufapoifhygonf?

4? 0efxrf;qdkif&mtcGifhta&;/ vHðk cHr_ESifh tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m,Ofaus;r_? vuf&SdumvwGif 0efxrf;rsm;. pdwf "gwfa&;&m zGH@òz;r_taetxm;rSm tedrfhqHk;tajctaewGif &Sdaeygonf? ta=umif;rSm 0efxrf;b0.vHðk cHr_r&Sd jcif;/ aiGazmif;yGr_E_ef;}uD;jrifhjcif;/ tqifhjrifh&mxl;rsm;odk@ &mxl;wd;k wufEdkifaomtcGifhtvrf;r&Sdjcif;wd@k a=umifh jzpfygonf? vuf&Sdppftpdk;&taejzifh 0efxrf;avmuudka,bk,svspfvsL&_xm;&Hkr#ru/ txiftjrifvnf; ao;ygonf? ta&;}uD;aomtcsufrSm&mxl;wdk;jr‡ifhay;jcif;ESifh rufvk;H rsm;ay;jcif;udk yGifhyGifhvif;vif;owfrSwf azmfjyxm;aom pHE_ef;rsm;ESifh jyefvnfppfaq;jcif;&v'fpHrsm;tay:wGifom tajcðyIaqmif&Gufoifhygonf? tvm;wlyif ta&;,ltjypfay;jcif;/ tvkyfðzwfjcif;rsm;udkvnf; vGwv f yfyGifhvif;aomppfaq;r_/ aumfrwD w&yf. pHkprf;ppfaq;r_jzifhom aqmif&Gufapoifhygonf?

5? jynfo@l 0efxrf;rsm;twGufynma&;? jynfol@0efxrf;rsm;udk ydkIxda&mufpGmaqmif&GufvmEdkifap&ef/ vlr_ a&;t&ydkI wm0efcHr_&Sdvmap&ef/ &v'faumif;xGuaf &;twGufOD;wnfvkyfudkifwwfaomtusif&h vmap&ef qdkv#if avhusifhynmay;r_/ jyifqifr_rsm;vdktyfygonf? 0efxrf;avmif;rsm;udk t&nftaoG;jynfhrDap&ef jyifqifapjcif;/ txuf&mxl;topf/ wm0eftopftwGuf avhusifyh nmay;jcif;rsm;udk aqmif&Gufoifhygonf?

6? vkyfief;a&maxG;/ xyfaer_jy\em? qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;umvtwGif;Y jynfol@0efxrf;vkyfief; wpHkvHk;udk tqrwefwdk;csJ@cJhygonf? TuJhod@k aomXmetrsm;tjym;/ tzGJ@tpnf;trsm;tjym;rSm ,ckumv aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfusifo h Hk;vmaom acwfwiG f acwfESifhavsmfnDr_r&Sdawmhyg? EdkifiHwGift"duvdt k yfaeonf rSm ao;i,fI/ uspfvspfaom,EW,m;omjzpf+yD;/ yGa,mif;azmif;yGaeaom AsL&dkua&pD,EW,m;r[kwfyg? T tajctaewGif jyefvnfpkzGJ@jcif;rsm;aqmif&Gufygu xyfaeaomvkyfief;rsm;rSydkxGufvmrnf/h avsm&h rnfh0ef xrf;tiftm;trsm;pkudk owdjzifhudik fwG,&f ef/ olwdk@.vlr_a&;epfemr_udk *&kðyudik fwG,f&ef vdt k yfygonf?

108

Management accounting

242

xdo k lrsm;udk jyefvnfavhusifhay;jcif;/ vHak vmufaomepfema=u;rsm;ay;jcif;/ vdt k yfaomaxmufyHhulnDr_rsm; ay;jcif;jzifh ponfhenf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh aqmif&Gufoifhygonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyifvkyfief;rsm;udk uspfvspfapjcif;/ jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;jcif;rsm;udkvnf; taqmwvsifaqmif&Gufap&rnf jzpfygonf?

òyifqdkifr_udk trsKd;om;rl0g'w&yftjzpfzefwD;a&; ESpfaygif; (150) ausmf acwfopfpufr_xGef;um;+yD;aomurBmESifh &ifqdkifaqmif&Guf+yD;onfah emufydkif;/ jrefrmjynfov l lxktaejzifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGifvuf0g;}uD;tkyfaqmif&Gufr_. qdk;0g;cg;oD;aomtusKd; &v'frsm;udk jrifawG@cJh=u&+yD; jzpfygonf? (1920) ckESpfrSpwifvmcJhaom uGefjrLepfv_yf&Sm;r_a=umifhvnf;/ TcHpm;csufrsm;xºuEdkifygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH. yxrOD;qHk;aom'Drdkua&pDenf;us zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk (1947) ckESpfwGifjyXmef;EdkifcJh+yD;/ ,if;tajccHOya'wGif “ umw,f/ qif'Dudwf/ x&yfpfpaom aps;E_ef;udkxdef; csKyf&efESifh aps;uGufudck s,fvS,f&ef&nf&G,fcsujf zifh zGJ@pnf;xm;aom yk*~vduvuf0g;}uD;tkyftzGJ@rsm;/ wenf; tm;jzifh trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;tusKd;pD;yGm;udk xdcdu k faprnfhtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk wm;jrpfrnf? ” [kazmfjycJhyg onf? vuf&Sd taetxm;wGif/ aps;uGut f ay:wGif trsKd;rsKd;aomxdef;csKyfr_rsm;a=umifh òyifqdkifr_udt k m; ray;aomvkyf&yfrsm;/ rsufESmvdkuftcGifha&;ay;aom vkyf&yfrsm;jzpfvm&ygonf? wòyifeufwnf;rSmyifjynfol trsm; tusKd;pD;yGm;udv k nf; xdcdkufap+yD;/ pm;oHk;olrsm;tzdk@ aps;E_ef;}uD;jrifhr_rsm;ESifh&ifqdkif=u&ygonf? tjcm; wbufwGifEdkifiH&yfjcm;ukr`%D}uD;rsm;. vuf0g;}uD;tkyfcs,fvS,fr_udkwm;qD;&if;/ jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;. tusKd; pD;yGm;udk jyefIxdcdkuf&aomtaetxm;jzpfvmygonf? rdrdudk,fusKd;pD;yGm;umuG,fwm;qD;a&;twGuf wHcg; ydwfrl0g'rsm;csrSwfusihfoH;k a&;twGuf wdu k fwGef;r_rsm;jzpfvmygonf? Tvuf0g;}uD;tkyfvkyfief;rsm;. oabm obm0ESifh twdik f;tqudk owfrSwfqHk;jzwfcsufr&SdbJ/ uef@owfwm;qD;vdkaomvkyf&yfrsm;a=umifh òyifqdkifr_ rsm;rSm ydkIcufcJaom/ ra&&mraocsmaom tajctaejzpfap&ygonf?

Ttaetxm;wGif rdrdwdk@pOf;pm;xm;csufrSm vuf0g;}uD;tkyfvkyfief;tifyg,mrsm; ay:aygufvmEdkif aomtEW&m,f/ rdrdwdik f;jynf&Sd jynfolrsm;.tusKd;pD;yGm;udkxdcdkufapEdkifaom tEW&m,fvnf;&Sdygonf? ta&S@ tm&SEdkifiHrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;rsm;.tawG@tñuHukjd yefavhvm=unfyh gu t&if;}uD;rsm;rSaeI ud&k D;,m;wGif acsbdk; (Chaebol) wd@k uJhodk@aom vuf0g;}uD;tkyft&if;&Siftkyfpk}uD;rsm;rSaeI tif'dkeD;&Sm;&Sd vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;tESD;rsm;udk awG@=u&ygonf? Ed_if;,SOfcsuft&qdkv#if wdkif0rf&SdpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;rSm ydkI òyifqdkifr_ aumif;+yD;/ ydkIomwlnDr#oabmaqmifygonf? Ttajctaersm;u vltrsm;.tusKd;pD;yGm;udk &dkufcwfr_&Sd apygonf? Tavhvmcsuft&/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif òyifqdkifr_xGef;um;apa&;twGuf atmufygudpPrsm;udk aqmif &Guf&ef vrf;!$efvdkygonf?

1? xdef;csKyfuef@owfr_rsm;rS taumif;qHk;aomumuG,fenf;rSm aps;uGufqdkif&mtaqmuftODpepfrsm;ESifh qufqHaqmif&Guf&mwGif twm;tqD;jzpfapaomt&mrsm;tm;vH;k udk z,f&Sm;&efyif jzpfygonf? xd@k tjyif EdkifiH&yfjcm;ukefoG,fa&;ESifh &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_udpPrsm;twGuf wHcg;zGifhxm;aom/ yGifhvif;aomrludk wpdkufrwfrwf a&S@aemufnD!GwfpGm usifhoHk;oifhygonf? Trlrsm;twdik f;vnf; wpdkufrwfrwfvdkufem aqmif&Gufoifhygonf?

2? xdef;csKyfuef@owfr_rsm;jzpfaponfh jrifomaomvkyf&yfrsm;rSm oD;oef@a&G;cs,fI (z&efcsKduf) a&mif;cscGifh csay;jcif;/ wOD;wnf; rlydkifcGifhtjzpfa&mif;0,fqufqHapjcif;/ vlwOD; odk@r[kwf tzGJ@wckudo k D;oef@txl;tcGifh ta&;csay;jcif;rsKd; jzpfygonf? Tvkyf&yfrsKd;udk raqmif&Gufoifhyg? vmbfay;jcif;jzifh vlwOD;taejzifhoD;oef@ aps;uGufwcktwGuf oD;oef@cs,fv, S fa&mif;0,fcGifhrsKd;&Edkifygonf? Todk@vmbfay;&aoma=umifhukefuspm; &dwfukd pm;oH;k olrsm;udk aps;ydkwifjcif;jzifh jyefvnf&,lygonf? TuJo h dk@aomvkyf&yfrsm;rSm twdwu f mvu ‘aqGrsKd;om;csif;aumif;pm;a&;t&if;&SifpepftwGif;’wGif rsm;pGmawG@cJh&ygonf? vGwv f yfaomaps;òyifpepfjzifh 243

wif'gac:,lapjcif;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif txl;oD;oef@tcGifhta&;rsm; cGifhrðyjcif;ponfjzifh vGwfvyf aom aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfjzpfay:vmatmif aqmif&GufEdkifygonf?

3? ukefoG,fr_ESifh òyifqdkifr_rsm;udt k [ef@twm;jzpfapaomudpPrsm;udk apmifh=unf}h uD;=uyf&ef/ ta&;,laqmif &Guf&efaumfr&Sifw&yfzGJ@pnf;oifhygonf? od@k aomfvnf; Todk@pnf;rsOf;csrSwfr_rsm;/ xdef;csKyfr_rsm;onftem xufaq;uydkav;qdkovdk jzpfwwfaom oabmvnf;&Sdygonf? xdo k dk@topfzGJ@pnf;aqmif&Gufaom aumfr&Sifonf/ aps;uGufvGwfvyfr_twGuf t[ef@twm;jzpfapaomudpPrsm;udk xdef;csKyfaqmif&GufaepOfrSm yif/ vGwv f yfaomaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfudkvnf; ,H=k unfouf0ifaomtzGJ@tpnf;rsKd; jzpfap&ygrnf?

4? vuf0g;}uD;tkyfvkyfief;rsm;tay: tao;pdwfppfaq;jcif;ESifh ta&;,ljcif;ðyrnft h pm; aqmif&Guf&efta&; }uD;aomtjcm;udpPwckrSm ‚if;.,SOfòyifzuftwGuftcGifhtvrf;udk zGifhay;jcif;jzpfygonf? tu,fIvkyfief; wcku obm0t&udkyif vuf0g;}uD;tkyftoGifaqmifaeygu/ tpdwftydkif;rsm;tvdkufcGaJ 0csay;jcif;tm;jzifh vnf;aumif;/ rwlaompDrHtkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGifoD;oef@pDvkyfudik faqmif&Gufapjcif;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ vuf 0g;}uD;tkyfoabmjzpfapr_udk av#mhcsEdkifygonf?

yk*~vduydkifðyvkyfa&;qdkif&m rl0g' jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf uHaumif;onf[kqdk&rnfrSm qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepfrS aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf od@k ul;ajymif;aomumvwGif/ trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;twGif;Y usef&SdaeaomEdkifiHawmfydkif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; taejzifh twdik f;twm}uD;}uD;rm;rm; usefrae&pfjcif; jzpfygonf? qdk&S,fvpfpepfjzifh tkyfcsKyfa&; acwf aumif;csdef umvuyif v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;u¾udkA[dkrS pDrHudef;rsm;csrSwfaqmif&Gufaomfvnf;/ atmufajc wGif/ yk*~vdutqifhjzifh vnfywfvyk fudik fcJhjcif; jzpfygonf? EdkifiHawmfydkifpuf&Hktvkyf&Hkrsm;rS xGufuek frsm;rSm pkpkaygif; pufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm;rS xGufukefrsm;.wefzdk;. &mcdkifE_ef;tenf;i,fom&Sdygonf? EdkifiHawmfydkif puf&Hktvkyf&Hk (1675) &Sdonft h euf/ puf&Hk (417) &Hkonfom tvkyform;w&mausmftvkyfcef@xm;Edkifaom puf&Hkrsm; jzpfygonf? trsm;pkrSm ,cifuyk*~vduxHrS jynfolydkifodrf;ydkufcJah omvloH;k ukefxkwv f kyfief;rsm; jzpfygonf? puf&Hktrsm;pkrS ukef=urf;rsm;jywfvyfr_a=umifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHjcm;rS 0,f,lwifoGif;&aom puftydkypPnf;rsm;jywfvyfaeaoma=umifhaomfvnf;aumif; t&_H;jyae=uygonf? Tjy\emrsm;. t"du ta=umif;rSmpDrHcef@cGJa&;nHhzsif;aoma=umifhvnf;aumif;/ acwfrDpufypPnf;rsm; xyfrHjznfhqnf;Edkifjcif;r&Sd aoma=umifh vnf;aumif;jzpfygonf? rsm;pGmaompuf&Hkrsm;/ vkyfief;rsm;rSm pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_topfjzifh raqmif &Gufygu/ &if;ESD; aiGa=u;topfrsm;xyfrHxnfh0if&ef r&SmazGEdkifygu yGifhvif; Iòyifqdkifr_&Sdvmrnf0h ef;usifwGif qufvuf&yfwnfEdkif=urnf r[kwfyg? tpdk;&taejzifh ,cifuydkif&Sifa[mif;rsm;udk vkyfief;rsm;vufv$aJ jymif; ,lEdkif&ef zdwfac:cJhygonf? EdkifiH&yfjcm;rSvkyfief;&Sifrsm;jzifhvnf; Tpuf&Hktvkyf&Hkrsm;udk vufv$aJ jymif;,l&ef zdwfac:aqG;aEG;r_rsm; &SdcJhygonf?

Tod@k aqG;aEG;r_rsm;wGif ratmifjrifbJ/ xpfaighae&+yD;/ vkyfief;&Siftopfbufuvnf; vufrcHEdkif& onfh ta=umif; (2) &yf&Sdygonf? wckrSmtpdk;&taejzifh olwdk@&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHxm;r_rsm;. pm&if;ygwefzdk;twdik f; jyefvnf&,lvkjd cif;jzpf+yD;/ 'kwd,tcsufrSm tpdk;&taejzifhvkyfief;&Siftopfudk ,cifcef@xm;aom/ ydkv#Hjzpfae aom0efxrf;rsm;udk Ttwdkif;vufcH,l&efawmif;qdkaeaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? rdrdwdk@.,lqcsufrSm ,cifu &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHxm;aomwefzdk;rsm;twdik f; jyef&&efawmif;qdkaer_rSm pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wGif&,fp&mozG,fjzpfaeyg onf? ta=umif;rSm puf&Hktrsm;pkonf tdkrif;a[mif;EGrf;ae+yD;/ pepfwusvnfywfaeEdkifjcif;vnf; r&Sdawmh aoma=umifh jzpfygonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif &&maygufaps;jzifha&mif;csypfjcif;rSmvnf; tjcm;&,fp&mjzpfaeaomudpPw&yfjzpf ygonf? TonfrSmvnf; omwlnDr#r_r&Sdaom/ usKd;a=umif;rqDavsmaf omudpPjzpfygonf? &k&Sm;EdkifiHwGif yk*~vduydkifðyvkyfcJhaomvkyfief;tawG@tñuHrsm;t& vkyfief;trsm;pkonf trSefwu,fvkyfudik faqmif&Gufrnfh pGef@OD;wDxiG fvkyfief;&Sifrsm;.vufok@d a&mufrvmbJ/ cdkom;"g;jytkyfpkvufodk@om a&mufoGm;&jcif;rsKd; rjzpfap 244

&atmif aqmif&Gufoifhygonf? oifhavsmaf omaqmif&Guf&efenf;vrf;rSm pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;aqmif&Guf=u ouJo h dk@ vlwOD;uvkyfief;vnfywfaeEdkifaomtajctaea&mufatmif jyifqiftm;pdkuf/ tjcm;wa,mufu aiGa=u;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_topfrsm;ESifh enf;ynmrsm;udk ,laqmifvmapaompdkufxkwv f kyfudkifr_rsKd; jzpfygonf? xdk puf&Hktvkyf&Hkrsm;. a&mif;csrnfhwefzdk;onf/ vuf&Sdxkwfukefrsm;rS aiG0ifapEdkifaomtvm;tvmESifh pufrsm; .vuf&Sdwefzdk;rsm;tay:/ u|rf;usifvyk fom;rsm;ESifh vuf&Sdxd;k azmufxm;Edkifaomaps;uGut f ay:rlwnfI qHk; jzwfapoifhygonf? tu,fIpuf&Hkrsm;&Sd pufypPnf;rsm;onfacwfrrDawmhbJ/ toH;k ðy&efrjzpfEdkifawmhygu/ vuf&Sdxkwv f kyfaeaomxkwfukefrsm;ESifh aps;uGufwifydk@aejcif;vnf; r&Sdygu/ xdkpuf&Hk.wefzdk;udk ajrESifh taqmuftODaps;tjzpfom tajccHowfrSwfoifhygonf? ydkv#aH eaomtvkyform;rsm;. jy\emrSmtpdk;&u om wm0ef,laqmif&Guf&rnfhjy\emjzpfygonf? xdjk y\em. tajzudkrdrdwkd@ud, k fwdik f&SmazG=u&rnfjzpfyg onf? ydkv#aH eaomtvkyform;rsm;. 0efxkyf0efydk;udk aemufxyftopfvmrnfhpuf&Hkydkif&SifxHodk@ rv$t J yfoifh yg? Ttajctaetwdik f;aqmif&Gufygu yk*~vduvufvJa$ jymif;ay;tyfa&;nd‡Ed_if;r_rsm;onf ajyvnfp&m ta=umif;&Sdygonf? puf&Hkrsm;/ vkyfief;rsm;udk yk*~vduydkifoufoufjzpfap/ zufpyfvkyfief;rsm;tjzpf jzpfap yl;wGaJ qmif&GufEdkif=uygonf?

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tcef; (12) txl;OD;pm;ay;tpDtpOfrsm;/ vufawGŒtaumiftxnfazmf&mYñuHawGŒ&rnfh jy\emrsm;

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tcef; (12) txl;OD;pm;ay;tpDtpOfrsm;/ vufawGŒtaumiftxnfazmf&mYñuHawGŒ&rnfh jy\emrsm; ,ckpmwrf;wGif rdrdwdk@wifjytyfonfrSm jrefrmEdkifiH. a&&SnfpD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;wckr[kwfyg? pDrHudef; wck[kqdk&m0,f wdusaom&nfrSef;csufypfrSwfrsm;/ t&if;tjrpfrsm;udktao;pdwfazmfjy&ef&Sd+yD; ,if;tpDtpOf rsm;udk rnfodk@rnfykH qufpyfrnf/ tqifhqifh rnfokd@aqmif&GufomG ;rnf// xGuaf y:vmaom&v'frsm;udk rnf od@k wdik f;wmrnf ponfjzifh wdwdusus a&;qGJ&ayrnf? xd@k tjyif pDrHudef;[lonfrSm ,if;pDrHudef;udk vufawG@ taumiftxnfazmf=u&rnfh wm0ef&Sdyk*~dKvfrsm;udk,fwkid f a&;qGJoifhayonf? ,ckðypkaom pmwrf;onf jrefrmEdkifiH. a&&SnfzGH@òz;wd;k wufr_udk a&S›±_aom r[mAsL[majrmufonfhtjrifESifh ,if;tjrifjzpfvm&jcif;. tajccHta=umif;w&m;rsm;ESifhpOf;pm;csufrsm;udkom wifjyxm;jcif;jzpf+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifha&S›vmrnfh (21) &mpktwGif;wGif atmifjrifpGm zG@Hòz;wd;k wufvmrnfh EdkifiHwcktjzpfa&mufvm&ef aqmif&Gufoifhonft h csuf rsm;udk pOf;pm;Edkif&efom &nf&G,fygonf? xd@k tjyif ,ckpmwrf;onf wm0ef&Sdyk*~dKvffrsm;/ avhvmolrsm;/ ynm &Sifrsm; xyfrHpOf;pm;/ jznfhpGufEdkif&eftaxmuftulðytyfaom tajccH&nf!ïef;csufwckjzpf&efvnf; &nf&G,f ygonf? rdrdwd@k . a&S›tjrifonf aemifvmrnft h em*wfwiG f jzpfoifhaom/ aqmif&GufI&aom pD;yGm;a&; ajymif;vJr_tajctaeopfw&yfudk a&S›±_ayonf? r[mAsL[mw&yf[lonfrSmvnf; ,if;a&S›tjrifudk owfrSwf xm;aom umvwcktwGif; vufawG@taumiftxnfazmfI atmifjrifEdkifaom vrf;pOfjzpfonf? Tr[m AsL[mwGif jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;. ta&;}uD;aomu¾rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;I a&&Snf&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk azmfjyxm;+yD;/ ,if;odk@a&S›±_aom a&G;cs,faqmif&GufomG ;Edkifaom enf;emed\,rsm;udk azmfjyxm;ygonf? xd@k tjyifT r[mAsL[monf tqdkyg &nfrSef;csuf yef;wdik frsm;qDod@k a&muf&mvrf;a=umif;udk azmfjyrnfh vrf;jyajrykHwcsyf vnf; jzpfygonf? od@k yifjim;vnf; rdrdwdk@ &nfrSef;csufrsm; tqkH;owftxd &rSDEdkifa&;onf ywf0ef;usif tajc taersm;wGif rnfokd@ ajymif;vJoGm;oenf;/ ,if;ajymif;vJcsufrsm;u wd;k wufr_vrf;a=umif;udk rnfodk@xyfrH ajymif;vJapoenf;/ xdk@tjyif vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&; tajctae pepfrsm;udk uef@owfr_rsm; jzpfvmrnfavm/ ponft h csufrsm;ay: wGifvnf; wnfaeygao;onf? rdrdwd@k vuf0,f&Sdaom t&if;tjrpfrsm;. uef@owfcsuf/ taqmwv#if aqmif&Guf&ef&SdaomudpP rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;zG@Hòz;r_tqifhqifhtwGuf vdt k yfcsuftrsKd;rsKd;wdk@tm; axmufcsifhaomtm;jzihf rdrdwdk@taejzifh OD;pm;ay;r_abmifrsm;udk pepfwus csrSwfxm;&ef vdkygonf? Trlrsm;wGif rnfonfah qmif&Gufr_rsm;udk tav; xm;pOf;pm;oGm;rnf/ rnfonfhvkyfief;pOfrsm;onf umv&SnfwGif aqmif&GufomG ;oifhonf/ rnfonfh vkyfief; rsKd;onf txl;aqmif&Guf&rnf/ t&if;tESD;rsm;rsm;jzifh aqmif&Guf&rnf ponfjzifh tao;pdwf pOf;pm;xm;&ef vdak yonf? odk@jzpfI Tr[mAsL[mudk vufawG@taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif ñuHawG@&rnhftcuftcJ jy\emtm;vk;H udk ,ck csaqG;aEG;rSomv#if rdrdwdk@ wifjyaom r[mAsL[m. uef@owfr_udk em;vnfEdkifay vdrfhrnf?

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OD;pm;ay;tpDtpOf owfrSwfjcif; bufpkHr[mAsL[mwck (Comprehensive Strategy) [lonfrSm tzGJ@tpnf;wck/ EdkifiHwck/ aumfydk a&;&Sif;wck/ Xmewck. a&&Snfaqmif&GufomG ;&rnfh ay:vpDESifh vkyfief;pOfvnf;jzpfonf? TjzpfpOfwGifyg0if aom vkyfief;pOfrsm;ESihf aqmif&Gufr_rsm;onf umvtvdkufuJjG ym;r_&Sd+yD; a&S›aemuf wck+yD;rSwck aqmif&Guf I&onfh tpDtpOfvnf;&Sdayonf? zG@Hòz;r_jzpfpOf. tapmydkif;umvrsm;wGif aqmif&Guf&rnfh tcsufrsm;onf aemufydkif;umvrsm;wGif zG@Hòz;r_wd;k wufE_ef;t&Sdefjr‡ifh aqmif&GufoGm;&rnf odk@r[kwf tqifhaemufwqifhodk@ wufvSrf;Edkif&ef t&Sdef,laqmif&GufomG ;&rnfh tcsufrsm;ESifh uGjJ ym;jcm;em;r_&Sdygonf? TjzpfpOfwGif wckESifh wcktquftpyf&Sd&Sd aqmif&GufoGm;&rnfhtcsufrsm; &Sdovdk wqifh+yD;wqifh aqmif&Guf&ef&Sdonfh tcsufrsm; udv k nf; wdusaomtpDtpOftwdik f; aqmif&GufomG ;&ef vdak yonf? odk@aomfvnf; Tod@k qdkjciftm;jzifh r[m AsL[mpOf;pm;csuf {&d,m (9) ckwGif&Sdaom qufpyfaeaomvkyfief;rsm;udk tprSpwifI aqmif&Guf&efrvdt k yf [kqdkvdjk cif;r [kwfyg? trSefwGif r[m AsL[mpOf;pm;csuf {&d,mtm;vH;k udk vkyfief;rsm;pwifcsdefuyif pwif udik fwG,af jz&Sif;oGm;=u&rnf jzpfygonf? rwlaomtqifhrsm;wGif rwlnaD omOD;pm;ay;r_rsm; &SdoGm;rnfom jzpfygonf? ynma&;u¾qdkv#if rdrdwdk@&nfrSef;xm;aomtqifhod@k a&mufapa&;twGuf ESpfESpfq,fausmjf yef vnftcsdef,l vkyfaqmif=u&rnf jzpfygonf? rdrdwd@k . r[mAsL[mwGif yxrOD;qkH;aqmif&Guf&rnfh OD;pm;ay;tpDtpOfrSm pD;yGm;a&;wckvk;H tm; tcsdefwdkwdt k wGif; tvkyfjzpfjzpf/ vnfywfEdkifrnfhtqifhodk@a&mufvmap&ef óu;yrf;jcif;jzpfayonf? rdrdwdk@ rSef;qonfrSm ig;ESpfcef@ ,if;tajctaeod@k a&mufatmif óu;yrf;&rnf[k xifjrifygonf? rdrdwdk@ ar#mfrSef;onf rSm okH;ESpfumvtwGif;wGif EdkifiH.aiGa=u;pepfudk wnf+idrfatmif aqmif&GufEdkif&rnf jzpfygonf? vJvS,I f &Edkifaom aiGa=u;udkvnf; ajymif;vJ+yD;om;jzpf&ygrnf? xdk@tjyifb¾ma&;tajctaeudv k nf; uspfvpfap&ef tcdkiftrm csrSwf+yD;om;jzpf&ygrnf/ wHcg;zGifhpD;yGm;a&;ajymif;vJr_tqifhqifhudk jzwfoef;oGm;Edkif&efvdt k yfonfh aps;uGufrsm;zGifhvSpfwnfaqmufoGm;&rnfhvkyfief;pOfrsm;udkvnf; +yD;jywfatmif aqmif&GufoGm;&rnf[k,lq xm;ygonf? Ttajctaersm; r&&Sdygu pD;yGm;a&;pepftaejzifh pwifv_yf&Sm;Edkifrnfr[kwfbJ/ rdrdwd@k t=uHðy xm;aom r[mAsL[mtwdik f;vnf; pwifEdkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg? rdrdwd@k r[mAsL[m. aemufwqifhwGifpOf;pm;&rnfh OD;pm;ay;tpDtpOfrSm vuf&SdpD;yGm;a&;tcif; tusif;twGif;wGif vG,v f ifhwulatmifjrifEdkifaom tvm;tvmaumif;rsm;/ ,SOfòyiftm;omcsufrsm;tay: tjynft h 0 taumiftxnfazmfEkdifor# aqmif&GufomG ;a&;yifjzpfygonf? (5) ESpfrS (7) ESpftxd=umjrifhrnfh wdak wmif;aom tcsdefumvtwGif;wGif aqmif&Guf&efaumif;onfh pD;yGm;a&;tvm;tvmrsm;rSm v,f,m zG@òH z;r_vkyfief;yifjzpfonf? ukefxkwfvkyfE_ef;udk jr‡ifhwifEdkifaom wefzdk;jrifhonfhoD;ESHrsm;udk xkwfvyk fEkdifaom pm;okH;ukefacsm wdu k f±dkufxkwfvkyfrnfh tqifhjrifhv,f,mpD;yGm;a&;pepfwckjzpfvm&ef aqmif&Guf&ygvdrfhrnf? xd@k twl opfawmxGufukefypPnf;rsm;udk wefzdk;jr‡ifh/ tacsmowfxkwv f kyfEdkifrnfv h kyfief;rsKd;ESifh vkyftm;udk tajccHaom pufr_vkyfief;rsm; xlaxmifoGm;Edkifa&;udkvnf; TtqifhwGif aqmif&Guf&ef&Sdygonf? rdrdwd@k r[mAsL[mwGif wwd,tqifh OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf&rnfh tpDtpOfrSmrl rdrdwd@k .ukefxkwf u¾ESifh pufr_u¾rsm;.zGH@pnf;yHkrsm;udk tajccHrSpI ajymif;vJðyjyifEdkifa&;yifjzpfonf? rdrdfwd@k jrefrmEdkifiHonf t&Sdefjrefjrefwdk;wufEdkfifaomzG@Hòz;r_tqifhtwef;odk@ aemufqkH;ay: pufr_enf;ynmrsm;jzpfaom uGefjyLwmESifh owif;enf;ynm/ wefzdk;jr‡ifh pufr_enf;ynmtajccHaom pufr_vkyfief;rsm; xlaxmifvmEkdifjcif;jzihfvnf; aumif;/ EdkifiHESifh a'o.a&ajrtajccHrsm;ESifh udu k fnDrnfh ukefxkwpf ufr_vkyfief;rsm; xlaxmifjcif;jzifhvnf; aumif;/ vGwv f yfonft h m&SukefoG,fr_pepfatmufwGif wufvSrf;oGm;Edkifayonf? T&nfrSef;csufrsm;jynfhrD a&;twGuf ynma&;pepf ðyjyifajymif;vJ&efvdt k yfouJhod@k / pufr_enf;ynmoif=um;r_ ydkrdkaumif;rGefvmap a&;/ okawoeaqmif&Gufr_rsm; ydkrdkwd;k wufvmEdkifa&;ponfh aqmif&Gufcsurf sm;udv k nf; pDpOfaqmif&Guf oGm;&ef vkad yonf? xdk@tjyif yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;udk ,if;wd@k vdt k yfaom pufr_enf;ynmrsm;wifoGif;Edkif a&;/ wDxGiftokH;csEdkifa&;wdk@twGuv f nf; taxmuftulðyoGm;Edkif&ef vdak yonf?

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yxrtqifhf? toGiful;ajymif;a&;ESifhwnf+idrfr_&&Sda&; aqmif&Gufr_tqifhqifh rdrdwd@k taejzifh r[mAsL[mykHpHwGif ta&;ygaom pD;yGm;a&;u¾}uD; (9) &yfudk owfrSwfazmfjyxm; +yD;jzpfygonf? ,if;ta&;ygaomu¾rsm;tm;vH;k onf jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh v,f,mxkwfukefpD;yGm;a&;tqifh wGifomusefae&aom/ aumif;pGmrzGH@òz;ao;aomukefoG,fa&;ESifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;om&Sdao; aom tajctaerS wd;k xGufEdkifa&;twGuf ta&;}uD;aom t"duaomhcsufrsm;jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH. yuwdtajctaersm;udk avhvmygu udv k kdeD tkyfcsKyfa&;umvESifh,if;aemufydkif; (1950) ckESpfrsm;wGif ygvD ref'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&vufxufrsm;wGif wnfaxmifvmcJhaom pD;yGm;a&;taqmuftOD/ tzGJ@tpnf;pepfrsm; onfvnf; tm;vk;H eD;yg;òyvJysufpD;cJhonfudk awG@&rnfjzpfonf? ,if;ysufpD;oGm;aom taqmufttkHrsm; ae&mwGif tpm;xdk;cJhaomtpkd;&Xmersm;onfvnf; y&rf;ywmjzihf c%yef;aqmif&Gufr_rsKd;omjzpf+yD; tpdk;& csKyfudkifr_udk A[dkðyxm;onfh ,EW,m;rsKd;jzpfaeonf? xdt k ajctaewGif tpdk;&Xmersm;Y vufwef;csrSwfae aomwm;jrpfcsufrsm;/ trdef@rsm;ESifhom v$rf;ðcHxm;onfudk awG@Edkifayonf? v,f,mydk@ukefrsm;ESifh ywfouf aom vdik fpifxkwfay;jcif;/ qefwifydk@a&mif;csr_udk xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;/ EdkifiHjcm;aiGr&SdbJESihf oGif;ukefvdik fpifrsm; xkwaf y;jcif;ponfh vkyfief;rsm;om aqmif&Gufae=uonfudk awG@=u&onf? tpdk;&0ef}uD;pepfESifh pkaygif; OD;aqmifr_t& pD;yGm;a&;u¾toD;oD;udk [efcsufnDnDxdef;nd‡ aqmif&GufomG ;&rnfhtpm;/ 0ef}uD;wOD;pDu XmewckpDudk rdrdwdk@tydkifpm;&xm;onfhyrm pkaygif;OD;aqmifr_/ Xmetcsif;csif; qufpyfaqmif&Gufr_rsKd; vkH;0r&Sd bJ y&rf;ywmaqmif&GufvmcJhonf? ,cktcgwGif tpkd;&Xmewckcsif;onf 0ef}uD;XmewckpDtaejzihf zGJ@pnf; vmcJh&m 0ef}uD;Xmeaygif; (40) ausm&f Sdvmonftxd azmif;yGvmonfudk awG@&onf?

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249

vkyf ief;vdt k yfcsufrsm;tjzpf atmufazmfjyyg u¾ok;H &yfudk tm&Hkxm;aqmif&GufomG ;&ef t=uHðytyfay onf? ‚if;wdk@rSm æ (1) trsKd;om;rufu±dkpD;yGm;a&;0ef;usif wnf+idrfr_ jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;/ (2) aps;uGufzGifhonfu h dpPrsm;udk ydkrdkaumif;rGefpGmaqmif&Guf+yD; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh ydkrdkrdwfzuf o[Zmwjzpfaprnfh xdef;csKyfr_pnf;rsOf;rsm;/ Oya'rlrsm; csrSwfv#uf jynfwiG f;/ jynfy&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_vkyfief;rsm; ydkrdkwd;k wufvmap&ef tm;ay;a&;/ (3) ueOD;pD;yGm;zG@òH z;r_vkyfief;rsm;udk taxmuftulðyEdkifrnfh tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;udk jyefvnf jyifqifa&;ESifh ydkrdkwd;k wufvmap&ef ðyjyifwnfaqmufoGm;a&; ponfwd@k jzpfonf? yxrtcsuftaejzifh/ ,cktaetxm;wGif aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_E_ef;jrihfrm;jcif;/ wae@wjcm; }uD;rm;wd;k yGm;vmaeaom bwf*sufvdkaiGjyr_jy\em/ tuef@towfrJh aiGpuUL±kdufESdyfok;H pGJaejcif;/ jyifyaygufaps;wGif w&m;0ifaiGvJvS,fE_ef;xuf tq (50) ausmjf rifhwufaeaom jrefrmaiGvJE_ef;ponfh 0daoovuQ%mrsm; onf trsKd;om;rufu±dkpD;yGm;a&;tajctae. }uD;rm;aomjy\emrsm;udk &nf!ïef;azmfjyaeygonf? ,ck vuf&SdtajctaewGif t"dutusqkH; vdt k yfcsufrSm tpkd;&. &oH;k aiGpm&if;&Sd 0ifaiG-xGuaf iG r#wr_&Sdatmif xdef;nda‡ &;yifjzpfygonf? vGefcJhaom q,fESpfwmumvtwGif; pnf;rJhurf;rJhokH;pGJcJhaom b¾ma&;rla=umifh aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_ESifh jrefrmusyfaiGwefzdk; rcdkifrmr_ponfh &v'fqdk;rsm; xGuaf y:vmcJh&jcif;vnf;jzpfygonf? tpkd;&b¾maiG. &okH;aiGpm&if;rnDr#r_jzpf&jcif;. t"duta=umif;&if;rSmvnf; umuG,fa&;tok;H p&dwf tqrwef}uD;xm;vmr_ESifh t±H_;ay:aeaom tpdk;&pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;/ aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;tay: qufvuf axmufyHhae&onfh ukefusp&dwfrsm;a=umihfyif jzpfonff? wbufwGifvnf; tpdk;&rSaeItcGefaiGaumufcH Edkif aompD;yGm;a&;tajccH109udk }uD;xGm;vmatmifrvkyfay;Edkifjcif;ESifh tcGefwdrf;a&Smifr_jy\emrsm;udkvnf; ajy vnfatmifrajz&Sif;Edkifr_wkd@a=umifh tajctaerSm ydkrdkqdk;0g;vmapchJygonf? pD;yGm;a&;wnf+idrfr_udk a&S›±_ aqmif &Gufrnfh rnfokd@aomtpDtpOfrsKKd;Yrqdk Tjy\emrsm;udk udik fwG,fajz&Sif;oGm;&efvdktyfrnfjzpfygonf?

Tae&mwGif tok;H p&dwfrsm;udkav#mch sjcif;/ EdkifiHydkifpD;yGm;a&;aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;udk yk*~vduydkiftjzpf toGiful;ajymif;jcif;/ tcGeftaumufrsm; ydkrdkwdk;wuf&&SdEdkif&efaqmif&Gufjcif; ponfh OD;pm;ay;vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfaqmifoGm;&rnfjzpfygonf? EdkifiHjcm;aiGvJE_ef; aps;uGufwnf+idrfvmap&efvnf; aqmif&GufomG ;&efvdk tyfygonf? jrefrmusyfaiGudk oifhawmfonfh EdkifiHjcm;aiGwckjzifh wefzdk;owfrSwfjcif; odk@r[kwf ukefoG,fa&; csif;qufpyfaeonfhEdkifiHjcm;aiGrsm;ESihfwefzdk;owfrSwfjcif;jzifh jrefrmusyfaiGwefzdk;tm; usm;uefay;rnfhpepf wck&Sd&efvnf; ta&;}uD;aeygonf? Tðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;onf urBmhaiGa=u;&efykHaiGtzGJ@ (tdkiftrftufzf) od@k r[kwf tjcm;oifhavsmo f nfh aiGa&;a=u;a&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. tultnDjzifh tapmydkif;umvrSmyif aqmif&Gufoifhonfh udpPrsKd;jzpfygonf? Tae&mwGif rdrdwd@k jrefrmEdkifiHtzdk@ a&G;p&mvrf; tjcm;r&Sday? xdt k zGJ@ tpnf;rsm;. owfrSwfxm;onfhabmiftwGif;/ aq;cg;}uD;pm;+yD;rSom aqmif&GufomG ;&rnf jzpfygonf? ,if; tcsufrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;I tav;*±kðy&rnfh tao;pdwftcsufrsm;udk +yD;cJhonft h cef;rsm;Y wifjycJh+yD;jzpfyg onf? aemufwqifhwGif ,ckvuf&Sd&Sd+yD;om; pD;yGm;a&;tvm;tvmaumif;rsm;tay: tjynfht0azmfxkwf tok;H csEdkifa&;twGuf vkyfoavmufvkyfcaumif;aumif;&EdkifaomtcGifhtvrf;rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm; twGuf vdt k yfaomaiGacs;,lEdkifonfh aºu;ay;rnfht&if;tESD;rsm; &&Sd&efvdt k yfygonf? tu,fI aiGa=u; bkwftzGJ@ (currency board) pepfudk csrSwfok;H pGJrnfqdkygu/ aiGa=u;qdkif&mrlrsm;udk TpepfabmiftwGif;rS pepfwusqufvuf aqmif&GufoGm;&rnfjzpfygonf? wbufwGif tpdk;&b¾maiG&oH;k aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;udk pepfwus pnf;urf;&Sd&efvdt k yfouJo h dk@/ wbufwGifvnf; csJ@xGifvmrnfh pD;yGm;a&;w&yf. aiGom;vdt k yfr_udk vnf; aqmifusOf;ay;&rnfhtajctaeESpfrsKd;udk [efcsufnn D D xdef;nda‡ y;oGm;&efvdktyfygonf?

109

tax base

250

wcsdefwnf;vdkvkdrSmyif jrefrmEdkifiH. tajccHtaqmufttkHvdktyfcsufrsm;udk ydkrdkus,jf yef@vmrnfh ukefoG,fa&;yrm%udk taxmuftulðyEdkifrnfh taetxm;w&yftxd wdk;csJ@wnfaqmufoGm;&ef vdt k yfyg onf? ,kwfpGtqkH; ,ckvuf&SdtajccH taqmuftODyrm%xuf ESpfqwdk; axmufydk@ay;Edkifaom tqifhtxd &Sdvmap&efvnf; aqmif&GufoGm;&ef vdt k yfygonf? zG@Hòz;r_r[mAsL[m apmapmydkif;tqifhrsm;Yyif tajccH taqmufttkHwnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;trsm;pkudk OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf&rnfjzpfonf? ,if;vkyfief;pDrHcsufrsm; udk aiGa&;a=u;a&;tm;jzihfaxmufyHhEdkif&ef EdkifiHwumtultnDrsm;/ acs;aiGrsm;&,l&ef vdktyfouJo h dk@ EdkifiH jcm;ESifh jynfwGif;yk*~vduu¾rsm;udv k nf; yg0ifaqmif&GufcGifhrsm;&vm&ef vrf;zGifhay;&ef vdt k yfygonf? ,if; vkt d yfcsufrsm;udjk ynfhrSDatmifaqmif&Guf&ef tqifhrsm;cGJjcm;xm;&Sd+yD; ukefoG,fa&;u¾csJ@xGifr_udk taxmuf tulðyEdkifaprnfh tajccHtaqmufttkHwd;k csJ@vkyfief;rsm;udk OD;pm;ay;aqmif&GufomG ;oifhygonf? ,ckyxrtqifhYyif ta&;}uD;onfhtjcm;tcsufwckrSm EdkifiHjcm;ESifh jynfwiG f;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; udk tm;ay;rnfh aps;uGufzGifhonfah qmif&Gufcsufrsm;/ aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfqdkif&m tzGJ@tpnf;pepfrsm; ydkrdk aumif;rGefpGmvnfywfvmapa&;twGuf vkyk fief;pOfrsm;udk vkyfudik foGm;&efjzpfonf? twdwfumv qdk&S,f vpfpepfrS tarGqufcHxm;aom ,ae@tkyfcsKyfa&;,EW,m;rsm;onf xda&mufxufjrufr_r&Sd&Hkr#ru/ óu;eD pepf.tusifhqkd;rsm;jzpfaom vmbfay;vmbf,lr_rsm;/ rlt&r[kwfbJ vufwef;csrSwfonfh qkH;jzwfr_rsm;jzihf xdef;csKyfaeum qkwf,kwv f #uf&Sdygonf? Ttcsufudk jyifqif&efrSm tpkd;&onf tm%mydkiftqifhqifh. vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk wajy;nDjzpfap&ef/ &Sif;vif;jrefqefaom qkH;jzwfydkifcGifhrsm;udktyfESif;I A[dkcsKyfudik fr_udk enf;Edkifor#enf;vm&ef aqmif&Guf&ygrnf? tqdkygaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;wGif jynfwGif;/ jynfy ukefoG,fr_pD; a=umif;udk t[ef@twm;jzpfaeonfh tpdk;&ucsrSwfxm;onfh twm;tqD;rSefor# udk z,f&Sm;ypf&efvdkyg onf? xd@k tjyif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk xdef;csKyfxm;aom trdef@tm%mrsm;/ pOf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;udv k nf;acwf ESifhavsmn f D&ef ðyjyifajymif;vJoGm;&ef vdktyfygonf? xdkðyjyifajymif;vJr_tm;vkH;onf tpkd;&tkyfcsKyfa&; ,EW,m;}uD;wckvk;H tm; jyefvnfwnfaqmufjcif;jzpf+yD; p&dwfusOf;usOf;jzihf xdxda&mufa&muf aqmif&GufEdkif rnfh tpdk;&,EW,m;opfw&yfjzpfvma&;udk OD;wnf&efvdktyfygonf? xdt k cgwGif jrefrmEdkifiHonf t}uD;rm; qkH;jy\emw&yfjzpfonfh rvdktyfbJ tydkjzpfaeonfh 0efxrf;tiftm;udk av#mch s&rnfw h m0efESifh jynfolydkif puf±kH/ tvkyf±kHrsm;udk yk*~vduydkifðyvkyfonft h cg av#mhcscH&rnfh tvkyfðywfoGm;rnfhtvkyform;xkukd wm0ef ,l&rnfh jy\emjzpfygonf? tjcm;wbufwGifvnf; jrefrmEdkifiH. tm;omcsufw&yfrSm +Adwdo#ukv d dkeDpepf vufxufu ðypkcJhaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;tufOya'/ ukr`%D tufOya'/ pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;ESifhqdkifaom tuf Oya' ponfOh ya'rsm;onf qdk&S,fvpfacwfwiG f qdk&S,fvpfOya'rsm;udo k mok;H &I ESpfcsKd@aeonfw h dik f ,ae@ acwftxd tok;H ðyI&ao;onfh Oya'tarGtESpfrsm; &Sdaejcif;jzpfonf? ,ckvuf&Sdtpdk;&umvwGif ul;l oef; a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh ywfoufonfh tufOya'rsm;udk tm;vk;H eD;yg; ðyjyifajymif;vJ+yD;jzpfaomfvnf; aemifumv tpkd;&opfwGif aqmif&Gufrnfu h kefoG,af &;/ b¾ma&;vrf;zGifhr_tajctaeopfrsm;ESifhav#mn f Datmif acwfESifh tnD ðyjyifay;&ef vdak o;+yD; ,if;Oya'ðyjyifr_rsm;udk tqifhvdu k f aqmif&GufomG ;oifhayonf?

'kwd,tqifh? vG,fvifhwultoifh&&SdEdkfifaom pD;yGm;a&;tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk tokH;csjcif; ESifh ukefxkwfpGrf;tm;udk jr‡ifhwifapjcif; Tpmwrf;.tapmydkif;wGif csJ@xGifr_udk jrefjrefqefqefwd;k jr‡ifhaqmif&GufEdkifrnfh pD;yGm;a&;u¾rsm; jzpfaom v,f,m/ v,f,mopfawmtajccHaom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;ESifh vkyfom;tiftm;udk tajccHaom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;ta=umif;udk wifjycJh+yD;jzpfavonf? ,ckavmavmq,fwiG f vuf&Sdtpdk;&rS v,f,mxGuf ukew f kd;jr‡ifha&;/ txGuEf _ef;wd;k wufa&; aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf qufIwufEdkfifajcr&Sdonfh tajctaersKd; wGif awG@&ygonf? aps;uGufukd csKyfudkifxm;onfh tpdk;&uef@owfr_rsm;a=umifh qefpyg; xkwv f kyfr_onfvnf; qufvufrwd;k wufEdkifawmhbJ/ wef@aeonfudk awG@Edkfifayonf? od@k &mwGif jrefrmEdkifiHY yvyfajr/ jyefvnf azmfxw k fEdkifaom ajrvGwaf jr±dkif;ESifh opfawmajrtygt0if pdkufysKd;Edkifaom ajr{&d,m tawmftwefusef 251

ao;onfudk awG@&onf? vuf&Sd pdkufysKd;ajrpkpkaygif;. pdkufysKd;r_odyfonf;E_ef;110onfvnf; tjcm;ta&S@awmif tm&SEdkifiHrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfygu enf;yg;aeao;I qufIwd;k cJs@pdkufysKd;vdku pdkufysKd;Edkifao;onfh tm;omcsuf w&yfvnf; &Sdygao;onf? od@k aomf aps;uGufxdef;csKyfr_u ,ckxufwdik f &Sdaeao;I v,form;OD;}uD;rsm;/ ukeo f nfrsm;/ pufr_vkyfief;&Sifrsm;ESif@ wifydk@olrsm;ta=um; &Sdoihf&Sdtyfaom aps;uGuftcsdwftqufrsm; rxGef;um;Edkif±kHr#ru puf}udwftm;/ odak vSmifr_/ aiGacs;iSm;r_ ponfh taxmuftulðyvkyfief;pkrsm; tae txm;rSmvnf; tm;&p&mr&Sdacs? xkd@tjyif woD;rS ok;H oD;txd aEGrdk;aqmif; Owkra&G; pdkufysKd;Edkifrnfh tajc taeod@k a&muf&Sd&efrSmvnf; a&t&if;tjrpf&SmazGay;a0Edkifr_ rvkaH vmufao;I jzpfoifhoavmufrjzpfEdkif ao;yg? od@k jzpfI v,f,mukefxkwv f kyfr_wd;k wufr_udk a&wdEk Sifhtv,ftvwfumvtydkif;tjcm;twGif; jref jrefqefqefaqmifusOf;Edkifrnfh udpP&yfrsm;udk OD;pm;ay;r_tqifhwGif aqmif&GufomG ;&rnfjzpfygonf? xd@k twl EdkifiHjcm;v,f,mpD;yGm;a&;aumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;udkvnf; ajrvGwaf jr±dkif;rsm;azmfxkwf tok;H cscGifhðyoihfygonf? v,f,mopfawmxGufypPnf;rsm;udk wefzdk;jr‡ifhxkwfvkyfEdkifrnfh pufr_vkyfief;rsKd;qdk v#ifrl txl;tcGifhta&;rsm;/ tjcm;rufvkH;rsm;ay;v#uf tm;ay;oihfygonf? xdk@tjyif EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ rsm;rsm;vmEdkif&ef vrf;zGifhay;Edkifaom/ vkyfom;tiftm;udktajccHonfh pufr_vkyfief;rsm; ay:xGef;vma&;udk tm;ay;onfh ay:vpDrsm;udt k m;vnf; OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Gufoifhygao;onf?

wwd,tqifh? jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;.,SOfòyiftm;omEdkifaom tajccHabmifrsm;udk ajymif;vJ jcif; aemifvmrnfh (20) ESpfESifh (25) ESpftwGif;wGif jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;onftajccHrSpI ajymif;vJvm+yD; ,SOfòyiftm;omr_tajccHrsm;onfvnf; vdu k fIajymif;vJvm&efvdt k yfygonf? odk@rSom pufr_vkyfief;trsKd; tpm;opfrsm;ay:xGef;vm+yD; wdk;wufr_E_ef;vnf; jrefqefvmrnfjzpfygonf? ,if;ajymif;vJr_. tajccHrsm;udk rdrdwd@k wifjyxm;+yD;jzpf&m ,ckwzef jyefvnfpkpnf;wifjyrnf jzpfygonf?

1? yk*~vduvkyfief;rsm;udk tm;ay;v#uf pD;yGGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm;zGJ@pnf;r_yHkpHrsm; ajymif;vJr_udk jzpfap+yD; tpkd;& taejzihfrl pnf;urf;xdef;csKyfa&;ESifh taxmuftulðya&;tqifhYom pD;yGm;a&;wGif yg0ifaqmif&Gufoifhonf?

2? pD;yGm;a&;ajymif;vJr_.tajccHtjzpf ynma&;udkjr‡ifhwifay;a&;ESifh oif=um;avhvmEdkifr_udk jr‡ifhwifay;&ef vdt k yfygonf? txl;ojzifhpufr_enf;ynmwdk;wufr_udk tm;ay;oifhygonf??

3? pD;yGm;a&;u¾wGif wm0ef,lae&aom tpdk;&Xmersm;udkvnf; yGifhvif;jrifomaom/ rSefrSefuefuefESifh a&S›aemufnDnw G fpGmaqmif&GufvmEdkifap&ef vdktyfonfrsm;udk tm;jznfah y;oifhygonf?

4? tcsKd@jzpfEdkifajc&Sdonfh pufr_vkyfief;rsm;. ,SOfòyiftom&r_udjk zpfvmap&ef tm;ay;&efvdt k yfygonf? od@k rS om yGifhvif;aomEdkifiHwumaps;uGut f wGif;Y/ aps;uGut f iftm;pkrsm;ESifh qufqHa&; o[ZmwjzpfpGm rdrd xkwu f kefrsm; 0ifa&muf,SOfòyifEdkifapa&;twGuf aqmif&GufEdkifapvdrfhrnf jzpfonf?

5? tajccHtaqmufttkHrsm;. tqifhtwef;ESifh t&nfaoG;udk pufr_u¾wd;k csJ@Edkifr_ESifh ,SOfI tjrJwap wd;k wufaeap&efvnf; aqmif&Gufxm;oifhygonf?

6? vkyfom;jynfolw&yfvk;H . vlaer_tqifhtwef;wdk;jr‡ifhxm;a&;udv k nf; OD;pm;ay;&rnf jzpfonf?

7? a&&SnfwnfwhHrnfhzG@Hòz;wd;k wufr_udk a&S›±_onfhtaejzifh ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;rlabmifrsm;vnf; csrSwf aqmif&GufomG ;&efvdyk gonf?

8? jynfwGif; trsKd;om;pkaqmif;aiGyrm%udk jr‡ifhwif&ef vdktyfouJo h dk@/ jynfwiG f;t&if;tjrpf (pGrf;tm;pk) rsm;udkvnf; ysKd;axmifjr‡ifhwifay;&ef vdt k yfygrnf?

110

cropping intensity

252

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Modernization

253

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Fiscal consolidation Income tax 114 Business profit tax 113

254

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low starting level politics of development process

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Strategy of optimizing resource use decentralization

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tcef; (13) ed*kH;

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tcef; (13) ed*kH; Ttcef;wGif/ ta&;}uD;onf[k,lqaom rdrdwdk@wifjyxm;onfh r[mAsL[mvkyfief;pOfudk atmif jrifpGmtaumiftxnfazmfEdkif&eftwGuf aqmif&Guf&rnfh oifhavsmo f nfv h lr_a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m tajccH pOf;pm;awG;ac:csufrsm;udk wifjyxm;ygonf? Todk@wifjy&mwGif jrefrmEdkifiH.vuf&Sdtajctaetay:wGif vnf;aumif;/ vGefcJhaomESpfrsm;twGif;u ta&S@tm&SEdkifiHrsm; wd;k wufatmifjrifvmcJhyHkudkvnf;aumif; tajccHpOf;pm;azmfjycsufrsm; jzpfygonf? Todk@wifjyxm;aomtjrifrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Guf &mY jzpfEdkif/ rjzpfEdkifqdkonfrSm wdik f;jynf.vuf&Sdtajctaetay:rlwnfygonf? vGwv f yfyGifhvif;aompepf wckjzpfapa&;twGuf tenf;qHk;vdt k yfaomvlr_a&;/ EdkifiHa&;taetxm;vdt k yfcsufrsm;udk rnfr#&Sd+yDenf;? wdik f;jynfukad ps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfusifhoH;k &eftwGuf wHcg;zGifh&mvrf;a=umif;Y rnfonft h iftm;pkrsm;ua&S@ wGif&Sdae=uoenf; paomar;cGef;rsm;udk pOf;pm;=u&ayvdrfhrnf?

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tae/ xl;jcm;aomordkif;aemufcH &SdaeonfhEdkifiHwcktwGuf r[mAsL[mwcka&;qGJ&mwGifrnfr#cufcJpGm jy\emrsm;udak usmv f $m;jzwfoef;& onfudk odjrifcHpm;Edkifvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? rdrdwd‹k yxrOD;qHk;ñuHawG‹&aomjy\emrSm tpdk;&ESifh yk*~vdutcef;u¾rsm;udk rnfod‹k rnfyHkcGJjcm; owfrSwfrnfenf;[lonfh jy\emyifjzpfonf? rdrdwd‹k EdkifiH. tem*wfpD;yGm;a&;b0wGif yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;onfom OD;aqmiftcef;u¾rS yg0if&rnfqdkonfum; jiif;zG,fr&Sdacs? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmñuHawG‹cJ&h aomqdk&S,fvpfacwf.tawG‹tñuHqdk;rsm;uvnf; oifcef;pmay;v#uf&Sdonf? rdrdwd‹k taejzifh aps;uGuf,SOf +ydKifr_ESifh yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;onf t&if;tjrpfrsm;cGJa0oH;k pGJae&mcsxm;r_Y ydkrdktusKd;&Sd&SdxufjrufpGm vkyfaqmifEdkifa=umif;odcJh+yD;jzpfonf? xd@k jyifaps;uGufryGifhwyGifhumvrsm;Yyifv#if jzpfonfhenf;jzifhatmifjrif atmifaqmif&GufEdkif=uaom jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;. wDxiG f=uHqEdkifr_tpGrf;tprsm;udkvnf; tod trSwfðy=u&rnfjzpfonf? tem*wfEdkifiH. yk*~vduu¾&Sifoef}uD;xGm;vmrnfh ta&;twGuftm;xm;& rnfh tiftm;rsm;jzpfonf? wbufwiG fvnf;tusKd;jzpfxGef;EdkifrnfhpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&Gufonfh tcg tpdk;&Y }uD;rm;aomtuef@towfrsm;&Sdaeonfudkvnf; jrifawG@cJh&+yD;jzpfonf// odk@jzpfI rdrdwdk@.zGH@òz;r_ r[mAsL[mwGif yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. tcef;u¾udk ta&;ygaom tcef;Yxm;&Sd&ef rkcsvdt k yfay onf? aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfjzifh t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk tusKd;&SdpGmcGJa0oH;k pGJae&mcsxm;Edkifonf [laom oDtdk&Donf ,cifu tvH;k pHkrSefuefcJhaomfvnf; ,cktcg aemufxyfawG@&Sdvmr_rsm;a=umifh uHaouHr rajym Edkifawmhacs? ,cifuwnf;u od&Sdxm;+yD;om;jy\emrsm;jzpfaom cGJjcm;owfrSwfajz&Sif;Ir&onfh jy\em/119 &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ay:rS ydkrdk&&SdvmaomtusKd;tjrwf/120 ab;xGu&f v'frsm;121 ponfwdk@tjyif/ ,ck acwfay:pD;yGm;a&;ynm.awG@&Sdcsufrsm;jzpfaom aps;uGu. f rjynfhpHkr_oabmw&m;122 owif;rnDr#r_/123 owif;wefzdk;ESifh owif;uef@owfcsufrsm;ponfh tcsufrsm;a=umifh/ aps;uGufonf t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk ya&wdk trSwfYxda&mufaomr#ajctaetxm;124 twdik f; cGJjcm;oH;k pGJEdkifatmifzefwD;ay;vdrhfrnf[laom t,ltq udrk sm;pGm oHo,&Sdar;cGef;xkwfvmavonf? ya&wdk. xda&mufaomr#ajctrSwf (Pareto-efficiency) [l onfrSm t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk pepfwustusKd;&Sd&SdcGJjcrf;oH;k pGJEdkifonfh tajctaewckjzpf+yD; ,if;tajctaewGif rnfolrqdk rdrdwdk@zlvHrk _tusKd;pD;yGm;trsm;qHk;twGuf tjcm;olrsm;. tusKd;pD;yGm;udk xdcdu k fp&mrvdkbJ aqmif &GufEdkifrnfjzpfonf// tjcm;wbufwGifvnf; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif xJxJ0if0if yg0ifaqmif&GufpDrHcef@cGJ&aom tpdk;& u¾. tuef@towfrsm;/ vkyfief;yHkysuf,iG f;r_rsm; rsm;jym;vmonfh ta=umif;udv k nf; rdrdwd@k ydkrdkjynfhpHkpGm od&SdcJh&+yDjzpfonf? tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;. rsufESmomvdkuf t*wdvku d fpm;r_rsm;/ wm0efcHr_ twdtusvyk fI r&Edkifonfh tcuftcJrsm;/ jynfoltrsm;twGuf 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&Guf&mwGif oHk;pGJolrsm;ESifh ay;aqmifolrsm;t=um;wGif vGJacsmfcsufrsm;/ 0efydapaom 0efxrf;ydkrsm;twGuf ay;aqmifae&aomtzdk;tc rsm;/ tusKd;pD;yGm;qdkif&mxdyfwdkufawG@r_ yÉdyuQrsm;/ &nfrSef;csufvJa$ csmfr_rsm; ponfhjy\emrsm;udkvnf; awG@=u&ygonf? odk@aomfvnf; tzGJ@tpnf;t}uD;pm;rsm;wGif awG@ñuH&+rJjzpfonfh jy\emrsm;jzpfaom udk,f pm;ðyr_jy\em/ &nfrSef;csufqdkif&mowfrSwfa&;twGuf yÉdyuQrsm; (Goal conflicts) owif;ESifh vkyfief; ukefusp&dwfrsm;125 ponfwdk@onf/ tpdk;&jzpfap/ rnfonft h zGJ@tpnf;jzpfap ñuHawG@&+rJjzpfonfh jy\emrsm; jzpfygonf// 119 120 121 122 123 124 125

Indivisibility Increasing return Externalities Incomplete market information asymmetry Pareto-efficient manner Information and transaction costs

260

pifppf/ aps;uGufESifh tpdk;& ESpfckpvH;k onf pif;vHk;acsmjynfhpHkaumif;rGef=uonf r[kwfyg? aps;uGufESifh tpdk;&=um; rnfonfudktomay;&rnf[lonft h csufonf oDtdk&Doabmw&m;twdik f;tajzxkwfonfxuf vufawG@tawG@tñuHrsm;t& pOf;pm;qHk;jzwfjcif;u ydkrdkrSefuefEdkifygvdrfhrnf? tpdk;&ESifh aps;uGufwd@k onf ol@ ae&mESifhol omvGefaumif;rGefatmifpGrf;aqmifEdkif=uonfjzpf&m ,SOf+ydKiftcGifhomr_rl (comparative advantage) t& rnfonhaf e&mwGif rnfonfOh D;aqmifr_udk tomay;&rnfukd qHk;jzwfjcif;u ydkrdkrSefuefEdkifyg onf? yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;wGif owfrSwf=uavh&Sdaom tedrfhqHk;tjrwfrsOf; (bottom line) udk owfrSwfa&;twGuf tpdk;&tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif rjzpfEdkifyg? TuJo h dk@tedrfhqHk;tjrwftpGef;&a&;twGuf tedrfhqHk;rsOf; owfrSwfxm;r_r&Sdaoma=umifhvnf;/ ‚if;tpdk;&ydkiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf twGif;tjyifpdefac:r_ rsm;tay: wH@k jyefEdkifpGrf;r&SdbJ jzpfaewwf=uygonf? TwGif tusKd;tjrwfvkH;0r&SdI qufvuf&yfwnfae&ef vH;k 0roifhawmfonfh tpdk;&aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;vnf; qufvufwnf&Sdaewwfonfh tajctaejzpfae&+yD;/ ,if;odk@wnfwHah eap&efvnf;/ tusKd;pD;yGm;jzpfaeaomtxl;tiftm;pkrsm;uvnf; usm;uefay;xm;=uyg onf? rufvkH;ay;onfhpepfrsm;udk tpdk;&.pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;Xmersm;wGif toHk;ðyEdkif&ef uef@owfcsurf sm;&Sdae aoma=umifh/ ‚if;vkyfief;rsm;t&nftaoG;jrifhvmap&efvnf; aqmif&Guf&ef cufcJwwfygonf? odk@jzpfI pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,fwiG f yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;onf tpdk;&xuf ydkrdktm;ompGmaqmif&GufEdkifonfrSm txift&Sm; jzpfygonf? od@k aomfvnf;/ tjcm;wbufwGif tpdk;&u¾u ydkrdkomvGefaumif;rGefatmif aqmif&GufEdkifonfh tajctaersm;vnf; &Sdygonf// tpdk;&wckonf wdik f;oljynfom;rsm;tay: tm%moH;k I vlr_b0wckvH;k twGuf tusKd;ðyrnfah qmif&Gufcsufrsm;/ vdt k yfcsufrsm;twGuf vdu k femaqmif&Gufap&ef wdkufwGef;Edkifaom wckwnf;aomtiftm;pk jzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh vrf;pnf;urf;rsm;vdu k fem&ef/ tcGeftaumufrsm;ay; aqmif&ef/ EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;aqmif&Guf&ef/ ponfhudpPrsm;udk tpdk;&uom aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? tzGJ@ tpnf;rsm;. OD;wnfcsufrsm; trsm;tjym;jzpfaeaomtajctaersKd;&Sdwwf+yD;/ ,if;wdk@.aqmif&Gufcsufrsm; onfvnf; wdik f;wmI r&EdkifaomtajctaersKd; &Sdwwfygonf? xdk@tjyifaiGa=u;jzifh a&mif;0,fzvS,fIr& onfh 0efaqmifvkyfief;/ ukefxkwfvyk fief;rsm; pojzifhwm0efrsm;wGifrl tpdk;&uom wm0ef,laqmif&Gufoifhyg onf? pD;yGm;a&;tawG;tac:ynm&Sif}uD;jzpfaom t'rfprpfuyif ta&;}uD;vSaom/ tpm;xd;k Edkifp&mr&Sd tpdk;&. tcef;u¾/ wm0efydkif;rsm;udk todtrSwfðyazmfjycJhygonf? tpdk;&taejzifh vlxu k dk t&SnftusKd;ðy rnfv h kyfief;rsm;/ Oyrmtm;jzifh ynma&;ponfwdk@wGif yg0ifapoifhonf[k azmfjycJhonf? Todk@v#if aps;uGuf ESifh tpdk;&u¾rsm;onf wckESifhwck/ wcktpm;tjcm;wcka&G;cs,fzG,f&m[k rjrifapbJ/ tcsif;csif; tjyef tvSefjznfq h nf;tusKd;ðyaeaom/ wckESifhwck u|ef;udik f;rSD/ udik f;u|ef;rSDjzpfaeonfhrdwfzufu¾rsm;tjzpf &_jrif =uapvdkygonf? wckurpGrf;EdkfifaomudpPrsm;wGif tjcm;wcku pGrf;Edkifonfrsm;&Sdygonf? rdrdwd@k . (37) ESpf =umcJh+yDjzpfaomtawG@tñuHrsm;t&/ tpdk;&rS ukefxkwv f kyfief;rsm;wGif OD;aqmifpDrHaqmif&Gufonft h csuf tay:vH;k 0rjzpfEkdif[kjrifrdonf? od@k aomfEdkifiHawmfpD;yGm;a&;. a&&SnftusKd;rsm;jzpfvmatmif/ txl;ojzifh wdkif;jynf. ,SOfòyiftcGifhomr_tajctaeudk jr‡ifhwifay;onfhvkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&Gufay;Edkifaom tpdk;& pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. tcef;udkvnf;todtrSwfðy&rnf jzpfygonf? Tae&mwGif yk*~vdu ukr`%Drsm;udkom vkyu f dik faqmif&Guf&ef uef@owfv$wfxm;ygu ,if;tusKd;jzpfxGef;r_rsm;udk ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm apmifhqdkif;ae&vdrfh rnf jzpfonf? aemufar;cGef;rsm;um; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk u¾tvdu k f od@k r[kwf tjcm;u¾rsm;a&maESmI rnfokd@a&G;cs,frnfenf;? rnfonfph D;yGm;a&;u¾rsm;udk OD;pm;ay;rnfenf;? a&&SnfumvwGif zGH@òz;apa&; twGuf u¾tvdu k f r[mAsL[mrsm;udk rnfod@k rnfyHk a&maESmtaumiftxnfazmfomG ;rnfenf;? pojzifh ar;cGef;rsm;jzpfonf? pufr_u¾/ v,f,mu¾/ obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm; zGH@òz;apa&;u¾rsm; ponfrsm; teuf rnfonfhu¾udOk D;pm;ay;oifhoenf;? ,if;ta&;}uD;u¾oH;k cktaejzifh rdrdwd@k . zGH@òz;r_r[mAsL[m wpHv k Hk;wGifrnfodk@[efcsufnn D D yg0ifEdkifrnfenf; ponfwdk@udkvnf; pOf;pm;zG,f&mjzpfonf? v,f,mu¾ onf zGH@òz;r_vkyfief;pOf.tp[k ajymprSwfðy=uonf? v,f,mu¾rS tydkxGu&f Sdvmaomxkwfuek frsm;jzifh 261

wd;k yGm;rsm;jym;vmaeaom pufr_u¾.tvkyform;rsm;udk au|;arG;&eftwGufvnf;aumif;/ v,f,mu¾ wGif ºu,f0wd;k wufvmjcif;jzifh pufr_u¾. xkwfukefrsm;a&mif;csEdkifonfh aps;uGufrsm;jzpfvmEdkifonf? pm;eyf&duQmrzlvH_aomEdkifiHrsm;twGuf/ pm;eyf&duQmzlvHak pa&;onf xdkEdkifiH.zGH@òz;r_tapmydkif;umvrsm;. t"duOD;wnfcsuf jzpfaewwfonf? tu,fI EdkifiHjcm;oHk;aiGjzifh pm;eyf&duQmwifoGif;ae&ygu/ pufr_u¾ESifh tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;u¾rsm;wGifoHk;Edkifaom EdkifiHjcm;aiGrsm;/ pm;oHk;ukefypPnf;rsm;ESifh ukefae&v#if tusKd;r&Sday// awmifud;k &D;,m;ESifh xdik f0rfwdk@wGif Ttcsufudk tav;xm;I xdEk dkifiHrsm;. ueOD;zGH@òz;wdk;wufa&;tpDtpOf wGif v,f,mu¾udk OD;pm;ay;aqmif&GufcJ=h ujcif; jzpfonf// od@k aomfvnf; rdrdwdk@jrefrmEdkifiHonf a&S;&mpkESpfrsm;pGmuyif pm;eyf&duQmzlvHkcJhaom/ ydkv#aH om EdkifiH wcktjzpf uHaumif;axmufrpGmwnf&SdaecJhonf// od@k aomfjim; jrefrmEdkifiH. t"dujy\emonf v,f,m u¾udk tjynft h 0wd;k wufzGH@òz;r_&Ekdif&efraqmif&GufEdkifonfh jy\emjzpfonf? Tv,f,mu¾. pufr_ enf;ynm/ tquftpyfESifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;enf;vrf;rsm;rSm rsm;pGm acwfaemufusv#u&f Sdonf? xdk@tjyif/ vuf&Sd&Sdaeaompdkuf{ursm;ESifh tvm;tvm&SdaompdkufysKd;ajrwd;k csJ@r_udkvnf; tusKd;&Sd&Sd raqmif&GufEdkifao; acs? v,f,maps;uGufwiG f tpdk;&csKyfudik fr_rsm;uvnf; tvGeftu|Hjzpfaeonf? xd@k tjyif rdrdwd@k em;vnf& rnft h csufrSm jrefrmEdkifiH. v,f,mtvm;tvmrsm;onf aumif;onf[kqdkEdkifaomfvnf; v,f,mu¾ wckwnf; tm;xm;aqmif&Gufaeaom =opa=w;v#/ e,l;ZDvefpaomEdkifiHrsm;ESifhrl ,SOfòyifI rjzpfEdkifacs? xdk@ a=umifh rdrdwdk@onf v,f,mu¾wckwnf;jzifh vlaer_tqifhtwef;udk tjcm;ta&S@tm&SEdkifiHrsm;ESifhwef;wl &ifaygifwef;vdu k fvmonfh tqifhxda&mufatmif aqmif&GufEdkifvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhrxm;acs? tjcm;aomoufaojyp&m udef;*%ef;rsm;t&vnf;/ vufwiftar&duEdkifiHrsm;wGif ñuHawG@&onfh oifcef;pmrsm;t&/ v,f,mu¾wd;k wufr_wckwnf;jzifh ,if;EdkifiHrsm;. pkpkaygif;jynfwGif;xkwfuek fwefzdk; (*sD'DyD) wd;k wufE_ef; odoo d momjrihfwufvmcJhonfudk awG@=u&onf? odk@aomfvnf; ,if;odk@wdk;wufcJhaom tcsdefumvrSmwdkawmif;vSI/ ‚if;awG@&Sdcsuftay: qHk;jzwf&ef rjzpfEdkifacs// wbufwiG fvnf; ppfr_xGef;opf zGH@òz;vmcJhaom ta&S@tm&SEdkifiHrsm;./ zGH@òz;r_yHkpHwGif pufr_u¾t"du tqHk;tjzwfusa=umif;udkvnf; awG@cJh &+yD;jzpfonf? t&if;xnfo h Gif;r_rS xkwfvkyfEdkifpGrf;rSm pufr_u¾wGif ydkrdkrsm;jym;+yD;/ a&&SnfwGif pufr_u¾ onfom vkyftm;xnfo h Gif;r_rS xkwv f kyfEdkifpGrf;udk ydkrdkwefzdk;wufaponf jzpfonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh rdrdwdk@ .csOf;uyfyHkrSm/ wbufwiG fv,f,mu¾zGH@òz;r_udk tjynft h 0jr‡ifhwiftoH;k csI/ tjcm;wbufwGifvnf; pufr_ u¾udk a&&SnfpD;yGm;a&; zHG hòz;r_wpHkvHk;. t"duarmif;ESifa&;tm; tif*siftjzpftoHk;ðya&;jzpfonf? aemufar;cGef;wckrSmrl/ obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm; xkw, f ltoHk;csr_onf rdrdwdk@. pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;r_ r[m AsL[mwckvH;k wGif rnfonft h cef;rS yg0ifrnfenf;[lonfh tcsufjzpfonf? obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm;wGif jyefvnf jznfw h if;Ekdifaomt&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifh jyeffvnfjznfhwif;Ir&onfht&if;tjrpfrsm; ponfjzifh[lI &Sdonf? jyef vnfjznfhwif;Ir&onfh t&if;tjrpfrsm;wGif o,HZmwypPnf;trsdK;rsdK;jzpfaom wGif;xGufypPnf;trsdK;rsdK;/ a&eH/ obm0"gwfaiG@/ "gwfowWKESifh tzdk;wefausmufoHywWjrm; ponfwdk@jzpfonf? (19) &mpk udv k dek DacwfOD; umvrsm;uyif jrefrmEkdifiH.o,HZmwaygºuG,f0r_udk urBmu todtrSwfðycJh=uonf// jrefrmhausmufpdrf;/ ywWjrm;/ a&$/ aiG/ pdefESif htjcm;ausmufoHypPnf;rsm;. aygºu,f0r_*k%fowif;udk yHkjyifozG,f t}udrf}udrfjyef ajymcJh=uonf? odk@aomfowWKausmrsm;ydkifqdkifr_ txl;ojzifh aiG/ cJrjzL/ wefpwif/ oH&dkif;ESifh obm0"gwfaiG@ rsm;taejzifhrl rav;&Sm;/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHrsm;. csrf;omr_avmuf r,SOfEdkifacs// ,if;obm0pGrf;tm;rsm; ukef crf;wwfaomoabm&SdonfESifhtr#/ ‚if;wd@k udk EdkifiH.taxGaxGzGH@òz;r_twGuf trSefwu,f tusKd;&Sdrnfh tajctaeYom wl;,lok;H pGJoifhonf? ‚if;obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm;udk txdrf;tuGyfrJhwl;azmfok;H pGJaeygu rdrd wd@k wdik f;jynf. obm00ef;usifpepfudkyg aemufqHk; xdcdkufysufpD;apvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? wdik f;jynf. taxGaxGzGH@òz;r_udk rjzpfapbJ/ jyefvnfjznfw h if;I r&Edkifonfh obm0t&if;jrpfrsm;udk om tm;xm;azmfxkwfok;H pGJaeygu/ trSefpifppf tdyfrufurBmxJYa&$EdkifiHudk wnfaqmufaejcif;om jzpfay vdrfhrnf? rdrdwd@k ydkifqdkifaom jyefvnfjznfw h if;I&onfht&if;jzpfrsm;uom trSefwu,fwGif/ wdik f;jynf. a&&SnfzGH@òz;r_twGuf tvm;tvmaumif;rsm; jzpfapvdrfhrnfjzpfonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH. jyefvnfjznfw h if;I& 262

aomt&if;jrpfrsm;jzpfonfh tjrJpdrf;opfawmrsm;/ yx0Dajr}uD;ESifh jrpf (a&) t&if;tjrpfrsm;&Sdaeonf? wbufwGif tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfcsuft&tawmftwefi,faomvlOD;a&wd@k a=umifh a&S@vmrnfh tem*wftwGuf tcGifhtvrf;aumif;rsm;&Sdaeayonf? a&S@vmrnfu h mvudkrSef;ar#mf=unfhygu wd;k wufvm rnfv h lOD;a&/ obm0ywf0ef;usifysufpD;r_/ tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;wGif csrf;omºu,f0vmr_/ ponft h aetxm;rsm; wGif rdrdwd@k EdkifiH.obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm;ESifh ‚if;udt k ajccHaomxGuu f kefrsm;rS&&Sdrnfah ps;E_ef;rsm;onf xdyf wef;aps;aumif;&&SdEdkifonf? TtajctaerSm twdwu f mvuñuH&aom qefpyg;aps;E_ef;ysufonfh tajc taersKd;/ v,f,mxGuu f kefydk@EdkifiHrsm;wGif aps;uGufysuf&onfh tajctaersKd;ESifh qef@usifbufjzpfonf?

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Tod@k v#if / rdrdwdk@EdkifiH. pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;r_t&Sdefonf rnfr#jrefjrefwd;k wufEdkifrnfqdkonfrSm acwfrD pufr_enf;ynmrsm;udk rnfr#jrefjrefv$aJ jymif;&,lEdkifoenf;? oif,lEdkifoenf;? toH;k csEdkifoenf; [laom tcsufrsm;tay:rlwnfa=umif; aumufcsucf sEdkifonf? pufr_enf;ynmtqifhjr‡ifha&;ESifh rdrdwdk@vkyfom;rsm;. enf;ynmt&nftaoG;xufjrufvma&;twGuf aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf jrefrmhtrsKd;om;tem*wftwGuf ta&;}uD;onfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;jzpfI/ ,if;vkyfief;pOfrsm;uomv#if wdik f;jynfzGH@òz;r_atmifjrifa&;twGuf t"duaomhcsufrsm;jzpfayvdrfhrnf// rdrdwdk@.aemifvmrnfh (25) ESpftwGif;óu;yrf;csufrsm;onf pmoifausmif; rsm;twGif;/ vkyfief;cGifrsm;twGif;Y vl}uD;vli,fra&G;oif,lr_topfrsm;/ enf;ynmtopfrsm; ydkrdk&&Sdvm&ef tm;ay;onfhtpDtpOfrsm;yif jzpfonf? xdk@twGuaf =umifh rdrdwdk@taejzifhtqdkðyvdo k nfrSm pufr_enf;ynm v$aJ jymif;a&;/ pufr_enf;ynmoifwef;rsm;aqmif&Gufjcif;/ pGef@OD;wDxiG fvkyfief;&Sifrsm; ay:aygufvmap&ef wGef; tm;ay;jr‡ifhwifay;jcif;tm;jzifh aqmif&GufomG ;ap&ef vdt k yfygonf? xdk@tjyifpufr_zGH@òz;r_udk xlaxmif&mY jynfwiG f;jynfyyk*~vduu¾.yg0ifr_udk txl;tm;ay;&rnfjzpf+yD;/ txl;ojzifh EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_rsm;. tcef;u¾onf ta&;ygvmrnf jzpfayonf? pufr_vkyfief;u¾ajymif;vJa&;. t"duyHkpHwGif EdkifiHwum aps;uGuf.òyifqdkifr_udk vGwfvyfpGmzGifhay;xm;rnfjzpf+yD;/ tcsKd@aomypPnf;rsm;xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk txl;ðyu|rf;usifvmatmif tm;ay;&rnfjzpfonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh ,SOf+ydKiftcGifhomr_ jzpfay:vmaprnf jzpf onf? od@k aomfvnf;/ Tae&mwGif aps;uGufrsm;udzk Gifhay;jcif;/ yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk ysKd;axmif tm;ay;jcif;/ pufr_vkyfief;tajccHtaqmuftODrsm; wnfaqmufjcif;udpPrsm;wGif/ atmufygtajccHvdt k yf csuf (2) ck r&Sdrae&Sd&ef vdt k yfonfudk rsufuG,fðyxm;I rjzpfEdkifay? ‚if;wd@k rSmtajccH taqmuftODrsm;udk tajccHususjyefvnfðyjyif&efESifh aps;uGufESifh tpdk;&u¾qdkif&mtzGJ@tpnf;pepfrsm;udk jyefvnfI pepfwus zGJ@pnf;jcif;/ jyefvnfrGrf;rHjcif;rsm;aqmif&Guf&efyif jzpfonf? Ttcsufrsm;udk rdrdwdk@wifjyxm;aom tpD&ifcH pmwGif aocsmaxmufjyxm;ygonf? xdk@tjyif tajccHtaqmuftODaqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif yk*~vdu 263

vkyfief;&Sifrsm;yg yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifap&ef rdrdwd@k ut=uHðyxm;ygonf? Todk@ Tvkyfief;rsm; aqmufvkyfI ukefus&r_/ aºu;wif&r_paom0efxkyf0efydk;rsm;rS oufomapvdrfhrnfjzpfonf? ðcHIazmfjy&v#if rdrdwdk@wifjyxm;aomtcsufrsm;onf/ aps;uGuf/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh qDavsmf rdwfzufjzpfaom r[mAsL[mjzpfygonf? Ttaetxm;rsKd;udk ta&S@tm&SEdkifiHrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;pepfrsm;wGif awG@=u&rnfjzpfonf? EdkifiHjcm;ukr`%Drsm;.ydkifqdkifr_tpk&S,f,mrsm;udk uef@owfxm;r_r&SdbJ/ trsm;qHk;cGifhðy xm;+yD;/ rdrdvdv k m;aomu¾rsm;od@k EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; 0ifa&mufvmap&efvnf; rufvH;k rsm;aqmif &Gufay;=u&rnfjzpfonf? xdk@tjyif tjrifhqHk;xifomjrifom&Sdaom/ wm0ef,lr_ wm0efcHr_&Sdaom/ worwf wnf;wnf+idrfaom 0ef;usiftaetxm;Y vkyfudik faqmif&GufcGifh&apa&;twGuv f nf;/ jyifqifay;&rnfjzpf onf? rnfodk@qdkapumrl rdrdwdk@. zGH@òz;r_r[mAsL[mwGif EdkifiHjcm;yg0ifr_udk wHcg;zGifhv#uftpGrf;ukeftm;ay; rnfjzpfaomfvnf;/ Tr[mAsL[m. atmifjrifr_onf jynfwGif;tajctaersm;omru/ rdrdwdk@rxdef;csKyfEdkif aom jyifytajctaersm;ay:wGifvnf; wnfrSDaea=umif; oabmaygufygonf? rwnf+idrfao;aomta&S@ tm&SEdkifiHrsm;.pD;yGm;a&;tajctaersm;ESifh pufr_zGH‹òz;+yD;EdkifiHrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;aES;auG;aer_rsm;onfvnf; rdrd wd@k . zGH@òz;r_t&Sdefudk wef@aeap&efta=umif; jzpfEdkifygonf? od‹k jzpfI rdrdwdk‹.r[mAsL[mwGif jynfwiG f;t&if; tjrpfrsm;udv k nf; tjynft h 0toH;k csxkwfazmfoHk;pGJEdkifrnfhenf;rsm;udv k nf; wifjyxm;+yD;/ vdt k yfygu rdrdwdk@ .ar#mfrSef;xm;csufrsm;udk umva'oESifhtnD vdt k yfovdk vufawG@ususðyjyifpOf;pm;&efvnf; vrf;zGifhxm; &efvdak =umif; wifjytyfygonf?

a&S hodk@csD&mvrf; Tavhvmcsufpmwrf;udk jrefrmEdkifiH. a&&SnftusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh vlr_zlvHak &;udk OD;xdyfxm;aom jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifwpku pkaygif;wifjycJhjcif;jzpfygonf? Tpmwrf;onf yg0ifa&;qGJoltm;vH;k . pD;yGm; a&;qdkif&moabmw&m;ESifh ±_axmifhrsm;tay:wGif trsm;óuufnDr_udk tajccHum taxGaxGaom ,lqcsuf rsm;/ wGufqcsufrsm;udk pkpnf;azmfjyxm;onfhpmwrf;jzpfygonf? rdrdwdk@a&;qGJoltm;vH;k u wnDw!Gwf wnf; vufcHaomtcsufrSm tu,fI jrefrmEdkifiHolEdkifiHom;tm;vH;k ESifh wdik f;jynfacgif;aqmifrsm;u =uH@cdkif aomqENjzifh pGrf;aqmif=urnfqdkygu (21) &mpktwGif;ñuH=u&rnfh pdefac:csujf y\emrsm;/ tcGifhtvrf;rsm; udk aumif;pGmausmv f $m; jzwfoef;Edkif=urnf[laom tcsufyifjzpfygonf? Tynm&Sifrsm;tzGJ@rScdkifrmaom oH;k oyfcsufrSm oifhavsmfaomobm0 pGrf;tm;rsm;ESifh vlom;t&if;tjrpfºu,f0r_ay;ygvsu/f 'kwd,urBmppf +yD;umvwGif wmxGufapmcJhygv#u/f jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh acwfrDzGH@òz;wdk;wufaompufr_EdkifiHwcktjzpfod@k a&muf&ef tcGifhtvrf;aumif;rsm; rsm;pGmvufvGwcf Jh&aomtjzpf jzpfygonf? tu,fI EdkifiHa&;0ef;usifwGif rdrdwd@k tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;twGuf tav#mrh ay;Edkif=ubJ/ acgif;rmwif;cHae=urnfqdkygu aemufw}udrfxyfay; vmaom tcGifhtvrf;aumif;rsm;udkvnf; xyfrHvufv$wq f Hk;&_H;&zG,f&Sdygonf? tvsiftjrefajymif;vJae aomurBm}uD;wGif rdrdwdk@.EdkifiH&yfwnf&Sifoefa&;ESifh zGH@òz;wdk;wufa&;tcGifhtvrf;rsm; xyfrHIxm0&qHk;=u& awmhrnfu h def; jzpfygonf? azmfjycJhaom pmrsufeSmrsm;wGif rdrdwd@k ynm&Sifrsm;tzGJ@taejzifh rdrdwd@k EdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;pepf a&&SnfzGH@òz; wd;k wufr_twGuf/ yGifhvif;aomEdkifiHwumqufqHa&;tcif;tusif;ay:wGif usKd;a=umif;nD!Gwfdaom vrf;!$ef rlrsm;udk wifjyxm;ygonf? Tvkyfief;udpPrsm;rSm oduQm&SdpGm/ wef;wl&nfw&l SdpGm/ ,Ofaus;r_xH;k wrf;rsm;ESifh avsmn f DpGmaqmif&GufEdkifaomudpPrsm;jzpf+yD;/ ,ckwdik fwGef;wdu k fvkyfaqmif&jcif; r&Sdao;yg? rdrdwd@k ynm&Sifrsm; tpktaejzifh tcdkiftrm,Hk=unfxm;csufrSm Twifjyxm;aomrlrsm;udk xifomjrifom&Sdaom/ wm0ef,lr_ wm0efcHr_&Sdaom/ worwfwnf;wnf+idrfaom tpdk;&pepfrsKd;atmufwGifaqmif&Gufvkyfudik f&efvdt k yf+yD;/ jynfow l &yfvHk;uaxmufcHyHhydk;r_/ jynfoal xmufcHr_ tjynfh&Sdaomacgif;aqmifr_atmufwGifvkyfudkif&ef vdt k yf ygvdrfhrnf? odk@rSom vrf;c&D;wav#mufwGifñuHawG@&rnfh tcuftcJrsm;udk ausmv f $m;Edkifrnfjzpf+yD;/ &ifqdkif& aomjy\emrsm;udv k nf; =uHh=uHhcHckcHEdkifvdrfhrnf jzpfonf?

264

vltrsm;yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ r&&SdbJ/ yGifhvif;jrifomr_r&SdbJ/ trsm;óuufnDr_r&SdbJ aqmif&GufcJh aom pepfrsKd;onf twdwt f awG@tñuHt& rnfr#rSm;,Gif;a=umif; rdrdwdk@awG@&SdcJh&+yDjzpfygonf? pepf.tm; enf;csuf rsm;udk *&krrl vspfvsLðyxm;cJh=uygonf? aemufqHk;òyvJ&aomtajctaeod@k wdik fcJh&ygonf? rdrdwdk@ taejzifh ,H=k unfxm;csufrSm rdrdwd@k EdkifiH.twdwfESifh vuf&Sdumv.acgif;aqmifrsm;onf/ jrefrmvlrsKd; [laomZmwdpdwftaejzifh wlnDr_wck&SdEdkifvdrfhrnf[k ,lqygonf? ‚if;rSm tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGif tm;enf;csuf rsm;&Sdaeaumif; &Sdaeapumrl/ wlnaD omtm;aumif;csufrSm jyif;xefpGJjrJaom trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwfjzpf ygonf? rdrdwdk@ taejzifhom EdkifiH.tem*wftusKd;pD;yGm;twGut f wlwuGxdkif+yD;/ ESD;aESmwdik fyifEdkif=uygu EdkifiH.a&&Snf tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf twlwuGyl;aygif;aqmif&GufEdkif=uvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? jyifqifr_enf;cJhaom rdrdwd@k tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;onfyif ºu,f0csrf;om+yD;/ zGH@òz;r_tqifhtwef;wpHk w&mjrifhaomtaetxm;od@k a&mufae=u+yDjzpfygonf? xdo k lrsm;taejzifh Tc&D;vrf;udkav#mufcJ=h u&mwGif &efpG,f"g;oGm;rsm;udk ab;csdwfxm;cJh=u+yD;/ aphpyfnd‡Ed_if;r_jzifh tcsif;csif;oif,l=ujcif;/ twlwuGn! D Gwaf om bHktusKd;pD;yGm;udk a&S@&_=ujcif;jzifh aqmif&GufcJ=h uygonf? wbufuwbufukd trSm;jrif/ rdrdud, k fudk trSefxif+yD;/ usKd;a=umif; rqDavsmo f nfu h dpP&yfrsm;twGu/f w,loefjzpfae=ujcif;jzifh tm;vH;k yif qif;&J ysufpD;r_EGHwGif;od@k epfðryfcH=uawmhrnfavm ar;&zG,fjzpfygawmhonf?

265

&nf!$ef;pmtkyfrsm;pm&if; Books and Articles in English: On Burma Adas, Michael. The Burma Delta: Economic Development and Social Change in an Asian Rice Frontier, 18521941. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1974.

Andrus, James Russel. Burmese Economic Life. Foreword by John S. Furnivall. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1948; reprint, 1957.

Aung Kin. "Burma in 1982: On the Road to Recovery." Southeast Asian Affairs. London and Singapore: Gower/Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1983, pp. 87-101.

Aung San. Burma's Challenge. Rangoon: New Light of Burma Press, 1946; reprint, Tathetta Sarpay, 1968.

Aung San. "Blue Print for Burma." Reprint. The Guardian, March 1957, pp. 33-35.

Aung Tun Thet. Burmese Entrepreneurship: Creative Response in the Colonial Economy. Stuggart: SteinerVerl., Weisbaden, 1989.

Aye Hlaing. "Trends of Economic Growth and Income Distribution in Burma, 1870-1940." The Journal of the Burma Research Society, XLVII, i, 1964, pp. 89-148.

Ba Maw. "Burma's New Order Plan." Burma, 1, no. 1, 1944, pp. 104-109.

Ba Han, Maung. The Planned State. Rangoon: Rasika Ranjani, 1947.

Ba Swe, U. A Guide to Socialism in Burma. Rangoon: Government Printing and Stationary, 1956.

Badgley, John. "The Burmese Way to Capitalism." Southeast Asian Affairs.

Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1990, pp. 229-39.

Becka, Jan. "Planning for New Burma: Major-General Aung San's Views of Economic Development." Archiv Orientalni, 56, 1988, pp. 1-15.

Butwell, Richard A. U Nu of Burma. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1963.

Butwell, Richard. "Civilians and Soldiers in Burma." Studies in Asia, Robert K. Sakai, ed. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1961, pp. 74-85.

Chakravarti, N. R. The Indian Minority in Burma: The Rise and Decline of an Immigrant Community.

Foreword by Hugh Tinker. London: Oxford University Press for the Institute of Race Relations, 1971.

Chao Tzang Yaunghwe. The Shan of Burma: Memoirs of a Shan Exile. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1987.

Cook, Paul. "Privatization in Myanmar." In Cook, Paul and F. Nixson, eds., The Move to the Market.

London: Macmillan, 1993. ________ and M. Minogue. "Economic Reform and Political Change in Myanmar (Burma)" World Development. Vol. 21, No. 7, 1993.

Corley, T. A. B. A History of the Burmah Oil Company, Vol. II: 1924-66. London: Heinemann, 1988.

Dapice, David O. "Policies to Increase and Sustain Agricultural Output in Myanmar." Cambridge: Harvard Institute of International Development, unpublished monograph, 1996.

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Donnison, F. S. V. Public Administration in Burma. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1953. ________. "The Fashioning of Leviathan."Journal of Burma Research Society. Vol. 29, No. 3, 1939. ________. Colonial Policy and Practice. New York: New York University Press, 1956.

Fenichel, Allen. H. and W. G. Huff. The Impact of Colonialism in Burmese Economic Development. McGill University, Centre for Developing-Area Studies, Occasional Paper no. 7. Montreal: Centre for Developing-Area Studies, 1971. ________. "Colonialism and the Economic System of Independent Burma." Modern Asian Studies 9, no. 3, 1975, pp. 321-35. ________ and Azfar Khan, "The Burmese Way to 'Socialism'." World Development, Vol. 9, No. 9/10, 1981, pp. 813-24.

Furnivall, John. S. An Introduction to the Political Economy of Burma. 3d ed. Rangoon: People's Literature Committee and House, 1957.

Ghosh, Anjali. Burma: A Case of Aborted Development. Calcutta: Papyrus, 1989.

Guyot, James F. "Bureaucratic Transformation in Burma." Asian Bureaucratic Systems Emergent from the British Imperial Tradition, Braibanti, Ralph, ed. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1966, pp. 354-443. ________. "Burma in 1988: Perestroika with a Military Face." Southeast Asian Affairs, 1989.

Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1989, pp. 107-33.

Hagen, E.E. The Economic Development of Burma. Washington D.C.: National Planning Association, 1956.

Hill, Hal and Sisira Jayasuriya. An Inward-Looking Economy in Transition: Economic Development in Burma since the 1960s. Occasional Paper no.80. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1986.

Hla Myint. Southeast Asia's Economy: Development Policies in the 1970s. New York: Praeger, 1972.

Htin Aung, Maung. The Stricken Peacock: Anglo-Burmese Relations, 1752-1948. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1965.

Innes-Brown, Marc and Mark. J. Valencia. "Thailand Resource Diplomacy in Indochina and Myanmar." Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 14, No. 4, March 1993.

International Labour Office. The Trade Union Situation in Burma. Geneva: International Labour Office, 1962.

International Monetary Fund (IMF). "Burma: Recent Economic Developments."

Washington, D.C., 20 May 1987. ________. "Burma: Recent Economic Developments." Washington, D.C., 16 June 1988. ________. "Burma: Recent Economic Developments." Washington, D.C., 15, June 1997.

Jayasuriya, S.K. "Technical Change and Revival of the Burmese Rice Industry." The Developing Economies. Vol. 22, No. 2, 1984.

Khin, U. Fisheries in Burma. Rangoon: Government Printing and Stationary, 1948.

Khin Maung Gyi, Pagan U. Memoirs of the Oil Industry in Burma (1905 A.D.-1980 A.D.). Rangoon: n.p., 1989.

Khin Maung Kyi. "Western Enterprise and Economic Development in Burma." The Journal of the Burma Research Society, LIII, i, 1970, pp. 25-51. ________. "Process of Communication in Modernization of Rural Society: A Survey Report on Two Burmese Villages." In Malayan Economic Review, Vol. XII, No. 1, 1973, pp. 55-73. ________. "Institutional Problems of Planning in Developing Countries: Burmese Case Study." (A Conference Paper, Published as a Manuscript). East Berlin, G.D.R.: Advanced School of Economics, 1974.

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________. "Economic Development and Agriculture: A Prognostic Review." Rangoon: Economic Science Division, Burma Research Congress, Ministry of National Planning, 1975. ________. "Social Science in Burma." In Social Science in Asia, Vol. III, UNECO, 1977. ________. "Problems of Agricultural Policy in Some Trade Dependent Small Countries: A Comparative Study of Burma and Thailand." In Kajian Economy Malaysia, Vol. XVI, No. 1 and 2, 1980, pp.344-352. ________. "Economic of Rice Production in Burma." In The Southeast Asian Economic Review, Vol.2 , 1980. ________. "Modernization of Burmese Agriculture." In Southeast Asian Affairs, 1982. Singapore: Heinemann/Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1982, pp. 115-31. ________. "Political Economy of Agricultural Modernization in Burma." A Conference Paper, South-east Asian Division of Social Science Research Council, Chienmai, 1987. ________. "Problems of Socialist State Enterprise in International Economy: A Case Study of Competitiveness of Public Enterprise in a Trade-Dependent Developing Country."

Discussion paper, Singapore, n.d. ________. "Administrative Patterns in Historial Burma Southeast Asians Perspective No.1, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1972. ________. "Will Forever Flow the Irrawaddy?" Southeast Asians Affairs, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1994.

Khin Maung Nyunt. Foreign Loans and Aid in the Economic Development of Burma 1974/75 to 1985/86.

Institute of Asian Studies, Monograph no. 46. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University, 1990.

Khin Win, U. A Century of Rice Improvement in Burma. Manila: International Rice Research Institute, 1991.

Knappen Tippetts Abbett Engineering Co. Comprehensive Report, Economic and Engineering Development of Burma. Prepared for the Government of the Union of Burma by Knappen Tippetts Abett McCarthy, Engineers, in association with Pierce Management, Inc., and Robert R. Nathan Associates, Inc., 2 vols., August 1953.

Kyi May Kaung. "Theories, Paradigms, or Models in Burma Studies." Asian Survey, November 1995, pp. 1030-41.

Lintner, Bertil. Outrage: Burma's Struggle for Democracy. Bangkok: White Lotus, 1990.

Lissak, Moshe. Military Role in Modernization: Civil-Military Relations in Thailand and Burma. London: Sage, 1976.

Mali. K. S. Fiscal Aspects of Development Planning in Burma, 1950-1960. Rangoon: Department of Economics, University of Rangoon, 1962.

Maung Maung. Burma's Constitution. 2d ed. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1961. ________. Burma and General Ne Win. London: Asia Publishing House, 1969.

Maung Maung, U. From Sangha to Laity: Nationalist Movements of Burma, 1920-1940. Australian National University, Monographs on Southeast Asia no. 4. New Delhi: Manohar, 1980. ________. Burmese Nationalist Movements, 1940-1948. Edinburgh: Kiscadale, 1989.

Maung Maung Gyi. Burmese Political Values: The Socio-Political Roots of Authoritarianism. New York: Praeger, 1983.

Maung Shein. Burma's Transport and Foreign Trade (1885-1914). Rangoon: Department of Economics, University of Rangoon, 1964.

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yg0ifa&;om;ðypk-uolrsm; Tavhvmazmfjyxm;aompmwrf;onf jrefrmEdkifiHjynfwiG f;ESifh jynfywGifaexdik f=uaom pD;yGm;a&; ynm&Sif rsm;. yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf r_a=umifh ay:xGuv f mcJhaom&v'f jzpfygonf? xdkynm&Sifrsm;taejzifh olwdk@. tvkyfoufwrf;umvtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh=uolrsm; jzpfyg onf? atmufwGifazmfjyxm;aom yg0ifa&;om;ðypkolrsm;tjyif/ enf;vrf;aygif;pHkjzifh tzufzufrST tpD tpOftay: yHhydk;ulnD/ t=uH^m%fay;cJh=uaom ynm&Siftrsm;tjym;&Sdygonf? od@k aomfvnf; xdo k lrsm;. qEN a=umifh trnfrazmfjyEdkifbJ &Sdae&ygonf? xdo k lrsm;.qENudk av;pm;aomtm;jzifh xdkynm&Sifrsm;. trnf rsm;udk csefvSyfxm;cJh&ygonf?

ygarmuQ cifarmif=unf bD/ uGrf (&efukef)? trf/ bD/ at ([m;Awf)? yD/ tdyfcsf/ 'D (aumfeJvf) &efukefwuUodkvf/ pD;yGm;a&;wuUokv d fr[mXmewGif enf;jyq&mtjzpfESifh aemufydkif;wGif ygarmuQ tjzpf (1954) rS (1978) ckESpf txdwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? ygwefeD,ef rav;&Sm;wuUodv k f (Universiti Pertanian Malaysia) wGif pdkufysKd;a&;qdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;ynmygarmuQtjzpf (1978-79) wGif wm0ef,lcJo h nf?

(1979-1988) umvwGif puFmyltrsKd;om;wuUodv k f (National University of Singapore) wGif pD;yGm;a&; qdkif&mpDrHcef@cGJr_ynm wGJzufygarmuQtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifonf? (1988-90) wGif EdkifiHwum a&ay; wl;ajrmif;rsm; pDrHcef@cGJr_ody`H (International Irrigation Management Institute) Y txufwef; pDrHcef@cGJ a&;txl;u|rf;usifoltjzpf wm0ef,lonf? (1991-98) wGif puFmyltrsKd;om;wuUodkvfY pD;yGm;a&; qdkif&mrl0g'rsm;XmeY tqifhjrifhokcrdeftzGJ@0iftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifonf? ol. jrefrmEdkifiHESifh oufqdkif aom okawoeðycsufrsm;wGif jynfwiG f;pufr_ vkyfief;rsm;tajctaeudk okawoeðyjcif;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; rsm; tajctaeudak vhvmjcif;/ tpDtpOfa&;qGJjcif;ESifh aps;E_ef;owfrSwfr_ vkyfief;rsm;tay:wGif avhvmjcif;/ EdkifiHawmfydkif puf&Hkrsm;udkjyefvnfzGJ@pnf;r_qdkif&mudpPrsm;ESifh tjcm;aom jrefrmEdkifiH.pD;yGm;a&; zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_ qdkif&mudpPrsm;udk avhvmokawoeðycJhonf? xdk@tjyif tpdk;&.vkyfief;Xmetrsm;tjym;wGif t=uHay;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- ukefoG,af &;0ef}uD;Xme. aps;E_ef;owfrSwfa&;aumfrwD/ ukefaps;E_ef;}uD;=uyfxdef;csKyfa&; aumfrwD/ o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;0ef}uD;Xme. &xm;o,f,lydk@aqmifa&; aumfrwD/ ynma&;0ef}uD;Xme/ b¾ma&;ESifh pDrHudef;0ef}uD;Xmersm; jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif a'gufwmcifarmif =unfonf trsKd;om;a&;vrf;!$efrl rsm;a&;qGJa&;qdkif&m t=uHay;aumfrwD (txl;ojzifh 33- OD; aumfrwD [k vlodrsm;onf?) tzGJ@0ifwOD;vnf;jzpfonf? xdak umfrwDrS jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD OuUXxHok@d t=uH ðycsufrsm; wifoGif;ay;cJh&onf? xd@k tjyif ynm&Sifrsm; qdkif&mtoif;tzGJ@tawmfrsm;rsm;wGifvnf; *k%fxl; aqmifwm0efrsm; ,lcJo h nf? jrefrmEdkifiHokawoetoif; (Burma Research Society) wGif tzGJ@0if/ twGif; a&;rSL;/ aemufydkif;wGif OuUXtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtv,fydkif;wGif&Sdaom òr@i,fav;wck &Sd òr@ol}uD;rdom;pkrSaygufzGm;vmcJholjzpf+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ aemufydkif;wGifvli,fv_yf&Sm;r_ acgif;aqmiftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ wufºuv_yf&Sm;cJholjzpf onf?

278

ygarmuQ a&mfe,fvf zif'av

bD/ at (&efukef)? yD/ tdyfcsf/ 'D (trftdkifwD)? okcrdeftzGJ@0if (1935) ckESpfwGif &efukefYzGm;jrifcJh+yD;/ pdef*|ef; 'dkiftdkpDqefa,mufsm;av;rsm; txufwef;ausmif;ESifh &efukefwuUodkvfwkd@wGif ynm oif=um;cJhonf? (1954) ckESpfwGif &efukefwuUodkvfrS bD/ at (0dZ…m) bGJ@&&SdcJh onf? (1957) ckESpftxd &efukefwuUodv k fwGif pD;yGm;a&;bmom enf;jyq&mtjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? aemufydkif;wGif zdk@'f azmifa';&Sif;ynmoifqkjzifh rufqmcsL;qufpufr_wuUodkvf (trftdkifwD) odk@ oGm;a&muf avhvmcJh+yD;/ yg&*lbGJ@ (yD/ tdyfcsf/ 'D) udk (1960) ckESpfwGif &&SdcJhonf? yg&*lbGJ@&&Sd+yD;aemuf jrefrmEdkifiHod@k jyefvm +yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;wuUodkvfwiG f enf;jyq&mtjzpf/ okawoeygarmuQtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? (1969) ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHrSxGucf GgcJh+yD;/ e,l;a,mufòr@&Sd udv k HbD,mwuUodv k fwGif ,cifpD;yGm;a&;r[mXmeOuUX jzpfol &*f*em aemhufpfcf. pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m ygarmuQ (Ragnar Norkse Professor of Economics) tjzpf wm0ef,lcJo h nf? ol@taejzifh pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;pGmudk yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf? ola&;om;cJhaompmtkyfrsm;rSm æ - ukefoG,fa&;ESifh txl;ðyvkyfief;udpP&yfrsm; (1970) (Trade and Specialization, Penguin, 1970)

- EdkifiHwum ukefoG,af &;ESifh zGH@òz;r_qdkif&m oabmw&m;rsm; (1973) (International Trade and Development Theory, Columbia University Press, 1973)

- ukefoG,fa&;/ zGH@òz;r_ESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m pD;yGm;a&;ynm? a&mfe,fzif'av. txl;aumufE_wfxm;aom tufaq;rsm; (1993) (Trade, Development and Political Economy: Selected Essays of Ronald Findlay, Edward Elgar, 1993) jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif atmufazmfjyygpmtkyfrsm;udk yl;wGJwnf;jzwfoltjzpf wm0ef,lcJh onf?

- qif;&JrGJawr_/ r#wr_/ pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;r_qdkif&m EdkifiHa&;&m pD;yGm;a&;ynm? yGifhvif;aom pD;yGm;a&;pepfusifhoH;k aeaom EdkifiHi,f (5) ckudk avhvmcsuf (1993) (The Political Economy of Poverty, Equity and Grwoth: Five Small Open Economies, Oxford University Press, 1993)

- ukefoG,fr_ESifh pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_ESifh vuQ%mtcsKd;tpm;rsm; (1995) (Factor Proportion, Trade and Growth, MIT Press, 1995)

xd@k tjyif pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m*sme,frsm;wGif EdkifiHwumukefoG,fr_/ pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_ESifh EdkifiHa&;&mpD;yGm; a&;ynm&yfqdkif&m udpP&yfrsm;udk aqmif;yg;rsm;/ pmwrf;rsm; trsm;tjym;a&;om;cJhonf? xd@k tjyif EdkifiH wumpD;yGm;a&;&m avhvma&;ody`H (Institute for International Economic Studies) (pawmh[krf;)/ pawmh[krf; pD;yGm;a&;ynmoifausmif;/ tqifhjrifh EdkifiHwumudpP&yfrsm; avhvma&;qdkif&mody`H (Institute for Higher International Studies) (*smr%D)/ vpfpbGef;&Sd e,l;,leDAmpwDwuUodkvf/ puFmylEdkifiH&Sd ta&S@awmiftm&S avhvma&;qdkif&mody`H (The Institute of Southeast Asian Studies)/ ezfzD;vfaumvdyf (Nuffield College)/ atmufpzdk@'fwuUokv d f ESifh zl'efwuUodv k f (Fudan University) (&Sef[dkif;) wd@k wGif {nfh ygarmuQtjzpf wm0ef,lcJhonf?

ygarmuQ tm&f/ trf/ qGef'&rf bD/ at (&efukef)? yD/ tdyfcsf/ 'D (vef'ef)?

(1964) ckESpftxd &efukefwuUodv k fwiG f pm&if;tif;ynmygarmuQtjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? aemufydkif;wGif rav;&Sm;EdkifiHwGif ukvor*~vkyfief;wm0efrsm; ajymif;a&$@wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? ukv or*~/ tm&SESifh zpdzdwf qdkif&m pD;yGm;a&;ESifhvlr_a&;qdkif&maumfr&Sif (ESCAP)/ ukvor*~uav;rsm;&efyHkaiG tzGJ@ (UNICEF)/ aemufydkif; urBmhb%fwdk@wGif OD;aqmifwm0efrsm;xrf;aqmifcJhonf? urBmhb%f. rl0g' rsm;jyifqifa&;qGJa&;XmewGif 'k-!$ef=um;a&;rSL;tjzpf wm0ef,lcJo h nf? ol. jrefrmEdkifiHESifhywfoufaom 279

okawoeðyavhvmcsufrsm;wGif vlOD;a&ESifh oef;acgifpm&if;qdkif&mudpP&yfrsm;/ rdom;pkwckcsif;0ifaiGqdkif&m avhvmr_rsm;/ aus;vufqdkif&m avhvmcsufrsm;/ aiGa=u;qdkif&m/ b¾ma&;qdkif&m/ ukefoG,fr_jy\emrsm; qdkif&mrl0g'a&;&mavhvmr_rsm;udk aqmif&GufcJo h nf? jrefrmEdkifiH ajr,mESifh v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;qdkif&m aumfr&SiftzGJ@0ifwOD;taejzifh jrefrmtpdk;&. pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mrl0g'jy\emrsm;udk t=uHay;tjzpfaqmif&GufcJh onf? zGH@òz;r_a&;&mqdkif&mbmom&yfwGif pmwrf;trsm;tjym; yHkESdyfxkwaf 0cJhonf? xdk@tjyif tdENd,EdkifiH pDrHudef;rsm;a&;qGJa&;aumfr&Siftygt0if EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGifvnf; t=uHay;tjzpfaqmif&GufcJh onf? tem; r,lrDumvtxd =opa=wvsEdkifiHtrsKd;om;wuUodv k f/ tqifhjrifhtm&SESifh ypdzdwfa&;&mavhvm a&;ausmif; (Advanced School of Asia Pacific Studies, Australian National University) wGif tqifhjrifhpD;yGm;a&;ynm&SifwOD;taejzifh wm0ef,lcJhonf?

ygarmuQjrarmif

bD/ at (&efukef)? trf/ at (rDcsD*ef)? yD/ tdyfcsf/ 'D (tar&du uufovpfwuUodkvf)?

1962 ckESpfwGif aròr@ppfwuUokdvfY vufaxmufygarmuQtjzpfESifh pD;yGm;a&;ynmXmeOuUXtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? xdk@tjyif {nfhygarmuQtjzpf zvuf&SmOya'ESifhoHwrefa&;&mausmif; (tar&duef)/ vef'efpD;yGm;a&;ynmoifausmif; (t*Fvef)/ ta&S@-taemufavhvma&;A[dkXme (East-West Center) rsm; wGifwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? (Tpmtkyfa&;aepOf) vuf&Sd umvwGif abmhpwGefaumvdyf/ pDrHcef@cGJa&;ynm oifausmif;Y aiGa=u;qdkif&mbmom&yfrsm;oif=um;aom ygarmuQtjzpf wm0ef,lvsu&f Sdonf? jrefrmEdkifiH pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeESifh ywfoufI pmtkyf/ pmwrf;aygif;rsm;pGm a&;om;cJh+yD; atmufazmfjyygpmtkyfrsm; tygt0if yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf?

- jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd tm%m&SiftkyfcsKyfa&;pepf? pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_tvm;tvm cef@rSef;csuf (1992) (Totalitarianism in Burma: Prospects for Economic Development, Paragon House, 1992)

- jrefrmEdkifiH qif;&JwGif;odk@oGm;&mvrf; (1991)

(The Burma Road to Poverty, New York, Praeger Publishers, 1991.)

- jrefrmESifh ygupPwef? zGH@òz;r_qdkif&mudpPrsm;wGif Ed_if;,SOfavhvmcsuf (1971)

(Burma and Pakistan: A comparative Study in Development, New York, Praeger, 1971.)

a'gufwmrsKd;!Gef@ bD/ at (&efukef)? yD/ tdyfcsf/ 'D (0ifpfuGefqif)? &efukefwuUodkvf/ pD;yGm;a&;wuUokv d f r[mXmewGif vufaxmufenf;jyq&mtjzpfESifh aemufydkif; wGif enf;jyq&mtjzpf (1966) rS (1979) ckESpf txdwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiH ukefoG,fa&;0ef}uD; XmewGif t=uHay;tjzpfwm0ef,laepOfumvtwGif; jrefrmEdkifiHaus;vufrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;b0ESifh pdkufysKd;a&; qdkif&mzGH@òz;wd;k wufr_udpPrsm;udk okaooeavhvmcsufrsm; trsm;tjym;ðycJhonf? (1979) ckESpfrSaeI rav;&Sm;EdkifiH/ qmbm;a'owGif aus;vufzGH@òz;a&;aumfydka&;&Sif;Y av;ESpf=umwm0efxrf;aqmifcsdefrSpI zGH@òz;a&;vkyfief;rsm;e,fy,fodk@ 0ifa&mufcJh onf? (1983) ckESpfrS (1989) ckESpftxd ygyl0ge,l;*DeDEdkifiHwGif b¾ma&;ESifh pDrHudef; 0ef}uD;XmewGif txl;pD;yGm;a&; ynm&Siftjzpf cef@tyfwm0efay;cH&+yD;/ aemufydkif;wGif xd0k ef}uD;XmeYyif pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;a&;qGJa&;ESifh rl0g'a&;&m udpP&yfrsm;twGuf vufaxmuftwGif;0ef tjzpf wm0efay;cef@tyfcH&onf? olonf taemufydkif;=opa=wvs usef;rma&;XmewGif ig;ESpfausmf wm0ef xrf;aqmifcJhao;onf? ,cktcgwGif =opa=wvsEdkifiH&Sd tD'pf udk0ifwuUodkvf (Edith Cowen University)/ zGH@òz;a&;qdkif&mavhvma&;A[dkXmewGif ynm&SifwOD;tjzpf wm0ef,lvsuf&Sdonf?

280

OD;aZmfOD;

trf/ tdkif/ at (udkvHbD,m)?

(1982) ckESpfrS (1988) ckESpftxd &efukefaq;wuUodv k f (1) wGif ynmoif=um;cJhonf? txufwef; ausmif;om;b0ESifh wuUodkvf ausmif;om;b0wGif wdik f;jynf&Sdxl;c|efausmif;om;rsm;udk csD;jr‡ifhaom vl&nf c|efqkrsm; (2) }udrf &&SdcJhonf? wuUodv k fynma&;twGuf EdkifiHawmfynmoifqk&&SdcJhonf? (1988) ckESpfwGif ppftpdk;&qef@usifa&; ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif wufºupGmyg0ifaqmif&GufcJah om ausmif;om; acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfonf? ppftpdk;&rS wufºuv_yf&Sm;olrsm;udk tjyif;txefESdrfeif;zdESdyfaomumvwGifxdik f;/ jrefrme,fpyf&Sd 'kuQonfpcef;wckod@k oGm;a&mufaexdik fcJh+yD;/ 'kuQonfrsm;. vlr_a&;axmufyHhay;a&; vkyfief; rsm;udk (3) ESpfwdik f wm0efxrf;aqmifay;cJhonf? (1994) ckESpfwGif ruf*GdKif;,m;zJvdk;&Spfqk&&Sd+yD;/ udv k HbD,m wuUodv k f/ EdkifiHwuma&;&mESifh vlr_a&;&mausmif; (School of International and Public Affairs) wGif (2) ESpfoif=um;+yD;aemuf EdkifiHwumavhvma&;qdkif&m r[mbGJ@ &&SdcJhonf? 1996-98 ckESpftwGif; jrefrmh pD;yGm;a&;okawoepDrHcsuftwGuf okawoevufaxmuftjzpf aqmif&GufcJ+yD;/ 0g±Sifwef'DpDòr@awmf&Sd tar&duefwuUokv d f pD;yGm;a&;ynmXmeSrSvnf; zG@Hòz;r_aiGa&;a=u;a&;ESifh b%frsm;qkdif&m pD;yGm;a&;r[m0dZm… bGJ@ukd (2002) ckESpfwGif &±SdcJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiH'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;twGuf aqmif;yg;trsm;tjym;a&;om;cJh+yD;/ wufºupGmyg0ifv_yf&Sm; aeqJjzpfonf? (1998) ckESpfrS ,cktcsdefxd tar&dueftajcpkduf jrefrmh'Drkdua&pD &efykHaiGtzG@JwGif okawoeESifh ay:vpDrsm;qkdif&m !$ef=um;a&;rSL;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmufvsuf±Sd+yD;/ wbuf wGifvnf; tar&duef wuUodkvf/ EdkifiHwuma&;&m0efaqmifr_qdkif&mausmif; (School of International Service) wGif/ [wfpf ynm&Sif (Hurst Scholar) tjzpfavhvmaeygonf? EdkifiHwumavhvma&;ESifh zG@Hòz;r_ qdkif&mbmom&yfudk yg&*lbGJ@ (yD/ tdyfcsf/ 'D) ukd (2005) ckESpfwGif pD;yGm;a&;toGiful;ajymif;r_qkdif&m EkdifiHa&; tajccHrsm;ta=umif;ukd usrf;ðypkwifoGif;cJhygonf?

281

0rf;enf;a-uuGJjcif; Tpmwrf;rsm;udk (rlv t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh) yHkESdyfxkwfa0Edkif&eftwGuf pmpDpm&dkufaepOfrSmyif rdrdwd@k . cifrifav;pm;&aom vkyfazmfukid fzuf ygarmuQ a'gufwmjrarmifonf/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpk/ rufqmcsL;qufjynfe,f/ abmhpwGef貌r@&Sd aetdrfY uG,v f GeftedpPa&mufcJhygonf? a'gufwmjrarmiftaejzifh Tod@k rdrdwdk@. pkaygif;贸u;yrf;tm;xkwx f m;aom Tpmwrf;jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf tm;oGefcGefpdkuf rem;rae ZGJebJjzifh贸u;yrf;tm;xkwfcJo h l jzpfygonf? ol@taejzifh olavhvmxm;cJhaom jrefrmEdkifiH.pD;yGm;a&; tajc taeqdkif&mudpP&yfrsm;ESifh vlr_a&;ajymif;vJ r_jzpfpOfqdkif&mudpPrsm;wGif vltrsm;todtrSwf冒ycH&avmuf atmif/ xif&Sm;olynm&SifwOD;jzpfygonf? ol.uG,fvGefr_rSm ynm&Siftodik f;t0dkif;twGufaomfvnf; aumif;/ jrefrmjynf vlr_a&;toGifajymif;vJr_qdkif&m udpP&yfrsm;twGuaf omfvnf;aumif;/ tpm;xd;k r&aom qHk;&_H;r_jzpfygonf?

282

bmomjyefqkdolESifh wnf;jzwfol Tpmtkyfukd jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;bmom&yf avhvmvkdufpm;ol jrefrmausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;u 0kdif;0ef;bmomjyefqkd=uygonf? xk@d aemuf pmrl=urf;rsm;ESifh tcef;trsm;pkukd OD;atmifoljidrf;rS wm0ef,l bmomjyefqkd n‡dE_dif;wnf;jzwfI aemufqkH;tqifh wnf;jzwfr_ukd ygarmuQa'gufwmcifarmif=unf/ OD;aZmfOD; ESifh a':ar+idrf;wd@k u aqmif±Gufygonf?

OD;atmifoljidrf; trf/ yD/ at/ ([m;Awf)?

(1982) rS (1988) ckESpftxd aq;wuUodv k f (2) wGif ynmoif=um;cJh+yD;/ (1988) 'Drdkua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_a=umifh aemufqHk;ESpf tydkif; (c) trf-bD-bD-tufpftwef;Y ynmoif=um;aeqJ xkid f;EkdifiHe,fpyfok@d a&muf&SdcJh onf? jrefrmEdkifiHvH;k qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm; 'Drdku&ufwpfwyfOD; (ABSDF)/ vl@abmifopf 'Drdku&ufwpf ygwDwdk@wGif acgif;aqmiftjzpfwm0ef,laqmif&GufcJhonf? rdk;óu;/ acwfòyif/ a'gif;tdk;a0/ aA'gvrf;/ (Dawn News Bulletin, Vocie of Burma, Irrawaddy) pmapmifrsm;wGif tcgtm;avsmfpGm aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;cJh onf? “jynfow l dk@. vGwaf jrmufvrf; (EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_ynmay; pmapmif) bmomjyef/ 1997/ “pnf;&Hk;a&;rª; vufpGJ” (SYCB rSxkwfa0/ 1999)/ “EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_vufpGJ” (EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_aumfrwDrSxkwfa0/ 1997/ udak usmx f ifESifh yl;wGaJ &;om;)/ “*vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;”/ vl@abmifopfygwDrSxkwaf 0/ 2002/ ponfh pmtkyf rsm; a&;om;cJhonf? tar&duefEdkifiH/ [m;bwfwuUodkvfrS (2002) ckESpfwGif vlxt k kyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m r[mbGJ@ (M. P. A) &&SdcJhonf?

a':ar+idrf; trnf&if;rSm a':+idrf;cufcufjzpfonf? uavmiftrnf-ar+idrf;jzpfonf? (1994) ckESpfwGif &efukefwuUodv k frS jrefrmpmbmom&yfjzifh r[m0dZ…mbGJ@&&SdcJhonf? (1986) ckESpfrSpI &efukefwuUodv k f/ v_dife,fajr/ jrefrmpm XmewGif enf;jyq&mr wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? (2005) ckESpfazaz:0g&Dvxd '*HkwuUodkvf/ jrefrmpmXme wGif uxdutjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? (1987) ckESpfrSpI (2005) ckESpf azaz:0g&Dvxd pma&;q&mtjzpf jrefrmEdkifiHrS r*~Zif;rsm;wGif 0wˆKwdrk sm;ESifh uAsmrsm;a&;om;cJhonf? vHk;csif;pmtkyf (12) tkyf a&;om;xkwf a0cJhonf? (2005) ckESpf/ rwfvwGif xdfik f;EdkifiHe,fpyfodk@ a&muf&SdcJhonf? (2005) ckESpf/ rwfvrS (2006) ckESpf/ arvtxd 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH (DVB) wGif tywfpOftoHvi$ fhtpDtpOfwck wm0ef,lcJhonf? (2006) ckESpf/ azaz:0g&DvrSpI ,ae@xd vGwv f yfaomtm&StoHa&'D,dk (RFA) wGif ynma&;u¾udk tywfpOf wm0ef,ltoHvi$ fhaeqJjzpfonf? acwfòyifvpOfxkwf owif;pmwGif aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;cJh+yD;/ jynfya&muf tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. pmapmifr*~Zif;rsm;wGif tcgtm;avsmfpGm aqmif;yg;/ 0wˆKwdkrsm; a&;om;aeygonf?

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