Various Authors, Pyi Khine Phyo Sit Arnarshin Sanit Ei Dauktine Myar

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NDD-DRD P.O Box 179 Mae Sot, Tak 63110, Thailand ndddrd07@csloxinfo.com

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'Dru kd a&pDEiS zhf @HG +zdK;wd;k wufa&;tiftm;pk. okawoeESihf rSww f rf;wifXme (NDDDRD) taejzifh jynfci kd +f zKd ;toif;. v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u G rf r_ sm;ESiyhf wfoufonf@ rSww f rf;rSw&f m rsm;udk pepfwus pkaqmif;+y;D rSww f rf;wifxm;cJo h nft h jyif xl;jcm;csurf sm;udv k nf; tywfpOf jynfwiG ;f owif;oH;k oyfcsuf (Weekly Inside News Commentary) rsm;jzifh tcgtm;av#mf pGm oH;k oyfaz: jycJo h nf? jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;. twGi;f o&kyrf eS rf sm;udk Edik if w H umrS avhvmod&ESd ikd f ap&eftwGuf “The White Shirts” trnf&Sd pmwrf;wpfapmifukd 2006 ckEpS /f arvwGif t*Fvyd b f momjzifh xkwaf 0jzef@cscd +hJ yD; jzpfygonf? ,ckwpf}udrw f iG v f nf; “jynfcikd +f zdK; od@k r[kwf ppftm%m&Sipf epf.a'guw f ikd rf sm;” trnf&Sd pmwrf;udk jrefrmbmomjzifh a&;om;jyKpkI jzef@a0vdu k yf gonf? &nf&, G cf surf mS jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;wGif ta=umif;trsKd ;rsKd ;a=umifh yg0ifae=u&olrsm;tygt0if jrefrmjynfol wpf&yfv;kH taejzifh ppftm%m&Sirf sm;u jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;tm; rnfonf@&nf&, G cf sujf zifh zG@J pnf;ay;xm;+yD; rnfo@kd toH;k csaeonfukd trSet f wdik ;f / t&dt S wdik ;f / odjrifoabmayguf em;vnfvm=u+y;D trSm;trSeu f kd a0befyikd ;f jcm; qH;k jzwfEikd af p&ef &nf&, G yf ga=umif; rdwq f uf wifjytyfygonf?

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7

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8

'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;p m;pkk

tcef ; (1) jynf a xmif p k } uH @ cd k i f a &;ES i f h z G H @ +zd K ;a&;toif ; zG J @ pnf ; yk H ? jynfcikd +f zdK; (ac: ) jynfaxmifp}k uhcH ikd af &;ESizhf +HG zdK;a&;toif;udk 1993 ckEpS /f pufwif bmv 15 &ufae@wiG f toif;tzG@J zG@J pnf;a&;qdik &f mOya' Association Law (SLORC Law 6/88) atmufwi G f ppftpk;d &u uruxjyKI zG@J pnf;wnfaxmifcjhJ cif; jzpfonf? jynfxaJ &; 0ef}uD;XmewGif rSww f rf;wif&mY jynfot l usK;d udk o,fy;kd aqmif&u G rf nf@ vlra_ &;tzG@J wpfck taejzifo h m rSwyf w kH ifcahJ omfvnf; wu,fv h ufawG@wiG rf l ppftm%m&Sif oufq;kd &Snaf pa&; twGuf w&m;0ifygww D pfct k oGif zefw;D +yD; Edik if aH &;avmuxJo@kd 0ifa&muf&ef ajcvSr;f jyif ae+yD jzpfonf? 2005 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmv (6)&ufae@ eHeufyidk ;f &efuek +f rKd @/ wuUov kd &f yd o f mvrf;&Sd jynfcikd +f zKd ; A[dXk mecsKyw f iG f jyKvyk cf o hJ nfh owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGw J iG f jynfcikd +f zKd ; taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; OD;aX;OD; (ac: ) Adv k cf sKyfaX;OD;u Ekid if aH &;tajctaeESihf vlxq k ENtay:rlwnf+y;D tzG@J 0if (22)oef;ausm&f adS om jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J ukd Ekid if aH &;ygww D pf&yftjzpf ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;aumif; zG@J pnf;rnf[k t&dyt f jrGuf ajym=um;cJo h nf? wqufwnf;Yyif toif;.pkz@JG y/Hk avhusio hf if=um;ay;ykEH iS hf v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;t& etz ppftpd;k &onf ‚if;wd@k .tm%mwnf+rJa&;twGuf jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;udk Ekid if aH &;awmifyH (Political Wing) wpfct k aejzifh tok;H cs&ef&nf&, G +f yD; zG@J pnf;cJo h nfrmS xif&mS ;ayonf? jynfcidk +f zdK;toif;tm; A[dek m,uESifh em,utzG@J rsm;/ taxGtaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;/ wGzJ uftwGi;f a&;rSL;/ A[kt d vkyrf a_ qmifaumfrwDEiS hf t+rJwrf;tzG@J 0ifrsm;jzifh zG@J pnf;xm; onf? txl;ojzifh A[dek m,utzG@J 0ifrsm;wGif wyfrawmfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf/ 'kw, d wyfr awmfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKy/f umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf (=unf;)/ umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKy(f av)/ umuG,f a&;OD;pD;csKyf(a&)/ ppfr[mAsL[m avhvma&;Xme}uD;rSL;/ ppfa&;csKyf/ ppfaxmufcsKyf/ ppfO;D pD; t&m&Scd sKy(f =unf;)ESihf ppfwikd ;f rSL;rsm;tm;vk;H yg0ifonfukd awG@&&Sd onf? A[dek m,utzG@J 0ifrsm; jzpf=uonfh ppfwikd ;f rSL;rsm;onf oufqikd &f m jynfe,fEiS w hf ikd ;f toif;rsm;wGif em,ursm; 2 jzpfae=uonfukd awG@&&Sd onf? xd@k tjyif toif;. taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;/ twGi;f a&;rSL; tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf A[dt k vkyt f r_aqmifaumfrwDtzG@J 0ifrsm;udv k nf; ppftpd;k & 0ef}uD;rsm;/ 'k 0ef}uD;rsm;ESihf zG@J pnf;xm;onfukd awG@&onf? jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;udk wdik ;f tqif/h c¶dik t f qif/h +rKd @e,ftqif/h &yfuu G t f qif/h aus;&Gm tqif[ h I l us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ zG@J pnf;xm;+yD; toif;udk txufraS tmufo@kd qifu h q J ifu h J vkyyf ikd cf iG t hf m%mtyfEiS ;f xm;aom zG@J pnf;ykrH sKd ;jzifh vnfywfaqmif&u G o f nf? od@k aomfvnf; jynfcidk +f zdK;toif;. A[kXd mecsKyfrS aus;&Gmrsm;&St d oif;cGrJ sm;txd &mxl;}uD;rsm;udk ppfwyf

9

jynf c d k i f ò zd ;

od k Πr[k w f

ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;

xdyyf ikd ;f t&m&S}d uD;rsm;uom qkyu f ikd x f m;onf? xd@k jyif jynfcidk +f zdK;toif;onf jrefrmEdik if H w0Sr;f vH;k &Sd aus;&Gm&yfuu G f &,u OuUXrsm;ESihf +rdK@e,f r,u OuUXrsm;udv k nf; vkyk yf ikd cf iG hf tm%mrsm; ay;tyfxm;onfukd awG@&onf? xdo k @kd vkyyf ikd cf iG t hf m%mrsm; ay;tyfxm;jcif; onf oufqdkif&mwm0ef&Sdolrsm;udk t=urf;zufr_rsm;/ vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_rsm;ESifh vmbfay;vmbf,rl r_ sm; ydrk u kd sL;vGev f map&ef wGe;f tm;ay;ouJo h @kd jzpfaeonf? toif;.vkyif ef;rsm;udk ykrH eS v f y_ &f mS ;aqmif&u G Ef ikd &f eftwGuf etztm%mydik rf sm; u &kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f m taxmuftulypPn;f rsm;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;tcGit hf vrf;rsm;udk pDpOfaqmif&u G af y; 3 k nf; toif;.e,ursm;jzpfaom a'oqdik &f m ppfwikd ;f rSL; onf? jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;¶H;k rsm;udv rsm;tjyif oufqikd &f m jynfe,f/ wdik ;f wm0efcH A[dt k vkyt f r_aqmifaumfrwDtzG@J 0if 0ef}u;D rsm;. yH@y;kd aqmif&u G rf j_ zihf zG@J pnf;avh&o Sd nf? xd@k a=umifh jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;rsm;ESihf &H;k rsm;onf ppftpd;k &. pD;yGm;a&;taxmuftyH@rsm;&&d+S yD; ykrH eS v f nfywf aqmif&u G af eEdik jf cif; jzpfonf? txufazmfjyyg zG@J pnf;ykrH sm;udk =unfjh cif;tm;jzifh jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;onf etzppf tm%m&Sirf sm;u zG@J pnf;ay;xm;aom vufuikd w f w k t f zG@J wpfck taejzifo h mru etz tm %m&Sirf sm;ud, k w f idk f yg0ifaeaom tm%m&tzG@J tpnf;}u;D wpfck jzpfaeonfukd awG@Eikd o f nf? jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;. taxGaxGtwGi;f a&rSL;jzpfol v,f,mpdu k yf sK;d a&;ESihf qnf ajrmif;0ef}uD;Xme 0ef}uD; (Adv k cf sKyf)OD;aX;OD;u jynfcidk +f zdK;toif;. OD;wnfcsurf sm;onf Edik if H awmf+ird 0f yfyjd ym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzG@J (e0w) (1997 ckEpS t f xd ac:a0:ok;H pGcJ ahJ om ppftpd;k & trnf). OD;wnfcsurf sm;ESihf tvm;wljzpfa=umif;/ toif; pwifz@JG pnf;wnfaxmif+yD; &uf owWywftenf;i,ftwGi;f Y xkwaf zmfajymqdck o hJ nf?4 jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm;tm;vH;k onf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if EH iS hf jrefrmEdik if o H m;wd@k tm; opPm&S&d ef/ 'd@k wm0efta&;oH;k yg;twdik ;f vdu k ef musi}hf uH&ef/ at;csr;f om,m+yD; acwfrD zG@H +zdK;wd;k wufaom Edik if aH wmfopf}uD;ay:xGe;f vm&ef/ r&yfrem; }udK;yrf;tm;xkw=f u&efEiS hf toif;}uD;.usi0hf wf(Code of Conducts)rsm;udk vdu k ef m&ef usr;f opPm used q f =kd u&onf?5 'd@k wm0efta&;oH;k yg;rSm jynfaxmifprk +ydKuGaJ &;/ wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!w $ rf _ r+ydKuGaJ &;ESihf tcsKyftcsmtm%mwnfwchH idk +f rJa&; wd@k jzpfonf? jynfcidk +f zdK;toif;onf Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &; OD;wnfcsu(f 12)&yf zG@H +zdK;wd;k wufa&;udv k nf; OD;wnfaqmif&u G &f onf? jynfcikd +f zdK; toif;u csrw S x f m;aom tqdyk g OD;wnfcsu(f 12)&yfEiS hf 'd@k wm0efta&; (3)yg;wd@k rmS wu,f vufawG@wiG f tESpo f m&tm;jzifh uif;rJ+h yD; 0g'jzef@csad &;r#om jzpfayonf? od@k aomfvnf; jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;onf Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;udk wdu k f¶u kd +f cdr;f ajcmufae aom t=urf;zufrr_ sm; jzpfay:vmatmif toH;k jyKEdik o f nfh tcsu(f 4)&yfyg jynfo@l oabm xm;rsm;udk csrw S cf o hJ nf? tqdyk g jynfo@l oabmxm;(4)&yfrmS jynfytm;ud;k ykqed ¶f ;kd / tqd;k jrif 0g'rD sm;tm; qef@usi=f u/ Edik if aH wmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H +zKd ;wd;k wufa&;udk aESmif, h u S zf suf

10

'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;p m;pkk

qD;olrsm;tm; qef@usi=f u/ Edik if aH wmf.jynfwiG ;f a&;udk 0ifa&mufpu G zf uf aESmuf,u S af om jynfyEkid if rH sm;tm; qef@usi=f u/ jynfwiG ;f jynfy tzsuo f rm;rsm;tm; bH&k efot l jzpf owfrw S f acsre_ ;f =u [lIjzpfonf? jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;.vkyif ef;onf tqdyk g tcsu(f 4)csuu f kd udik q f I JG ppftpd;k &tm; xdyg;vmolreS o f r#ukd tjrpfjywfacsre_ ;f &efyif jzpfonf? jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;udk ppftm%m&Sio f ufq;kd &Snaf p&efEiS hf ppftpd;k &tm; qef@usiv f m olrsm;udk wdu k cf u kd af csre_ ;f &ef &nf&, G zf @JG pnf;xm;onf@tavsmuf jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;rS usL;vGef aom vky&f yftm;vk;H twGuf etzppftpd;k &xHwiG o f m vH;k 0 wm0ef&adS yonf? jynfcidk +f zdK; toif;tm; tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;jcif;onf etzppftpd;k &taejzifh omreft&yfom; tpd;k & wpf&yfukd trnfcw H pfct k aejzifo h m zG@J pnf;ay;+y;D ‚if;wd@k .tm%mudk qufvufcsKyfuikd x f m; Edik af &;twGuf }udK;yrf;r_wpfcyk ifjzpfayonf?

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11

jynf c d k i f ò zd ;

od k Πr[k w f

ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;

tcef ; (2) jynfcdkif+zdK;toif;. toif;om;opf wdk;csJ@pkaqmif;jcif;enf;AsL[mrsm;ESifh ynm a&;/ pD ; yG m ;a&;/ usef ; rma&;ES i f h tjcm; u ¾rsm;wG i f 0if a &muf p G u f z uf a er_ r sm;? tjcm;u jrefrmEdik if w H iG f jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;0if ta&twGuo f nf ae@csi;f ncsi;f w[kex f ;kd wd;k wufrsm;jym;vmcJo h nf? 1996 ckEpS f aESmif;ydik ;f umvrsm;wGif toif;0ifaygi;f (5) oef;ausmf 6 r#om &Scd o hJ nf? od@k aomfvnf; 2007 ckEpS w f iG f jynfe,f/ wkid ;f tqifh toif;aygi;f 17 oif;/ c&kid t f qifh toif;aygi;f 66 oif;/ +rdK@e,ftqifh toif;aygi;f 320/ &yfuu G af us;&Gm tqifh toif;aygi;f 15334 oif; zG@J pnf;cJ+h yD;/ toif;0iftjzpf todtrSwjf yK+yD;ol 24 '\r 5 oef;txd tqrwef wd;k wufrsm;jym;vmcJo h nf?7 jrefrmjynfvOl ;D a& pkpak ygi;f (55) oef;ausmf &So d nft h euf (24) oef;ausmo f nf jynfcidk +f zdK;toif;0ifrsm; jzpfvmcJo h nf? tb,fa=umifh Tod@k wd;k wufrsm;jym;vm&oenf;? jynfaxmifp}k uH@cikd af &;ESizhf @HG +zdK;a&;toif;. zG@J pnf;ykYH toif;om;pkaqmif;&mwGif qEN&o Sd rl sm;udo k m pkaqmif;a=umif; azmfjyxm;onf? toif;om;rsm;udk t&G,af &muf+y;D onfh ouf}u;D toif;om;ESihf t&G,rf a&mufao;onfh oufi,ftoif;om;[lI (2)rsK;d cGx J m;onf? touf (10) rS touf (18)ESpt f =um; &So d rl sm;udk oufi,ftoif;om;rsm;/ touf (18)ESpf txuf&o dS rl sm;udk ouf}u;D toif;om;rsm;tjzpf owfrw S x f m;onf?8 jynfcikd +f zKd ;tm%mydik rf sm;onf toif;om;opfpak qmif;&mwGif qENtavsmuf[k ok;H E_e;f xm;aomfvnf; wu,fv h ufawG@wiG rf l toif;0ifjzpf&efqENr&Sad om tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;/ ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;&Sirf sm;yg0ifonfh jrefrmjynfov l x l u k kd toif; 0ifrsm;jzpfvmatmif pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;/ ynma&;/ use;f rma&;ESihf tjcm;u¾rsm;wGif enf;rsK;d pkjH zifh rufv;kH ay; qGaJ qmifpnf;&k;H jcif;rsm; jyKvkycf o hJ nf? xd@k jyif enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh +cdr;f ajcmuf t=uyfuikd I f twif;t"rRpak qmif;jcif;rsm;vnf; jyKvyk cf o hJ nf? TonfrmS jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif; . t"du toif;om;pkaqmif;a&;enf;AsL[m tppftrSerf sm;jzpf+yD; jrefrmhv@l tzG@J tpnf;. t"dutcef;u¾rsm;wGif wjznf;jznf; ae&m,lvmcJo h nf? vlxt k wGi;f Yvnf; ta=umufw &m;rsm;ESihf pd;k &drpf w d rf sm; ydrk w kd ;kd yGm;vmapcJo h nf? jynfcikd +f zKd ;tm%mydik rf sm;onf jynfov l x l u k kd enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzihf vdrv f nfvn S jhf zm;I ppftpd;k &vufuikd w f w k f jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;od@k 0ifa&mufapcJo h nf? toif;om;opfrsm; pkaqmif; &mwGif jynfov l x l . k tdraf xmifpk pm&if;Z,m;rsm;udk =unfI h touf(15) ESprf S (30)ESpf twGi;f &So d rl sm;udk jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;0if tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ touf (30)ESihf (40)t=um; &So d rl sm;udk pGr;f tm;&Sit f zG@J 0ifrsm; tjzpfvnf;aumif; twif;t"rR pm&if;xnfo h iG ;f cJo h nf?

12

'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;p m;pkk

touf(18)ESpt f xuf trsK;d orD;rsm;udv k nf; ppfAv kd cf sKyu f awmfrsm; OD;aqmifonfh trsK;d orD; 9 a&;&mtzG@J wiG f twif;t"rR 0ifa&mufapcJo h nf? xd@k jyif rdom;pktzG@J 0ifrsm; jyefvnfppd pfay; onf[q k I kd &Gmol&mG om; trsm;tjym;udv k nf; jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif;0if av#mufvm$ rsm;udjk znfh &ef twif;tusyf zdtm;ay;cJ=h uonf? tjcm;enf;vrf;wckrmS a&G;aumufyrJG sm;twGuf oef;acgipf m&if; aumufco H nf[q k I kd jynfov l x l u k kd jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif;od@k vdrv f nfow G o f iG ;f 10 cJjh cif;jzpfonf? txl;ojzifh toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef wpfenf;wzHt k m;jzifh ysuu f u G f (od@k )jiif;qef olrsm;udk ynma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ use;f rma&;ESihf vlra_ &;udprP sm;wGif trsK;d rsK;d taESmuft,Suf ay;+y;D tcGit hf vrf;rsm; enf;yg;atmif jyKvyk cf o hJ nf? om"uwpfct k aejzifh yJc;l wkid ;f / ausmuf }u;D +rKd @e,f&dS vufeufuikd u f &ifwidk ;f &if;om;rsm; xde;f csKyf&me,fajrrsm;wGif v,f,mvkyif ef; jzifh toufarG;ae=uaom &Gmom;rsm;udk tm%mydik rf sm;u 1993 ckEpS w f iG f vufeufuikd o f yl ek f rsm;ESihf tquftoG,v f yk o f nf[pk yG pf u JG m twif;t"rR a&G@ajymif;cJ+h yD; ‚if;wd@k v,f,majr rsm;wGif v,f,mvkyu f ikd cf iG u hf ykd g wm;jrpfyw d yf ifco hJ nf? od@k aomfvnf; tm%mydik rf sm;u tqdk ygv,form;tcsK@d ukd ‚if;wd@k taejzifh jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&mufygu qk;H &_;H oGm;cJah om v,f,majrrsm;udk jyefvnfvyk u f ikd cf iG ahf y;rnf[k pnf;&k;H qGaJ qmifco hJ nf?11 tm%mydik rf sm; taejzifh &d;k om;r_r&So d nfrmS odomxif&mS ;vSayonf? jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef zdtm;ay;r_ trsm;qH;k cH&olrsm;rSm ausmif;ol ausmif;om;/ vli,frsm;/ tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;eSihf pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;&Sirf sm; jzpfonf? ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;onf jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;od@k r0ifrae& twif;tusyf 0ifa&mufae&jcif; a=umifh tzG@J 0ifrsm; jzpfae=uonf? tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;tygt0if tpd;k &twGuf tvkyv f yk u f ikd f aeonfh rnforl qdk jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif;od@k wm0efwpfct k aejzihf 0ifa&muf&ef owfrw S jf yXmef; xm;onf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm; xlaxmifvyk u f ikd v f o kd rl sm;taejzihv f nf; jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif;od@k 0ifa&mufygu tudsK;tjrwf tcGit hf vrf;rsm; &&Srd nf[k ar#mv f ifx h m;=uonf? xd@k a=umif@ pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;onf jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef qENr&Sad omfvnf; ‚if;wk@d .vkyif ef; rsm; tqifajyacsmarG@apa&;ESihf ae@pOf&iS o f ef &yfwnfa&;wd@k twGuf toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef qH;k jzwfc=hJ uonf? jynfcikd +f zKd ;tzG@J 0if pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;&Sirf sm;onf ‚if;wd@k . ae@pOf vkyif ef;cGif rsm;wGif txl;tcGit hf a&;rsm;taejzihf tcGeu f if;vGwcf iG &hf &Sjd cif;ESihf tm%mydik rf sm;. tquf rjywf [ef@wm;aESmuf,u S rf r_ sm;rS uif;vGw=f uonf? xd@k jyif twdu k t f cH Edik if aH &;ygw0D ifrsm; kd nf; oufqikd &f mygw/D tzG@J tpnf;rsm;rS E_wx f u G af pI jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef uv zdtm;ay;jcif;/ +crd ;f ajcmuft=uyfuikd jf cif;/ rufv;Hk ay;jcif; pojzifh enf;vrf;trsK;d rsK;d udk toH;k jyK I qGaJ qmifpnf;&k;H cJo h nf? jrefrmEdik if w H iG f ppftpd;k &ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd t f zG@J rsm;t=um; tqufrjywf

13

jynf c d k i f ò zd ;

od k Πr[k w f

ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;

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14

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15

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16

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cGijhf yKcsurf &bJ rnfonfph ;D yGm;a&;vkyif ef;udrk # vkyu f ikd jf cif;rjyK&ef XmecsKyf. 1995 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D 23 &ufpyJG g pmtrSw-f 5§}u@H cikd af &;§95 (061) jzifv h nf;aumif;/ jynfaxmifp}k u@H cdik af &;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif;/ &yfuu G §f aus;&Gmrsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;tvk@d imS rnfonfph ;D yGm;a&; vkyif ef;udrk # vkyu f ikd cf iG rhf jyKa=umif; XmecsKyf. 1995 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D 23 &ufpyJG g pmtrSw-f 5§}uH@cikd af &; §95 (547)jzifv h nf;aumif; !$e=f um;xm;onfukd awG@&onf? od@k aomfvnf; 1995 ckEpS /f Zlvidk_ v f 9 &ufae@wiG f jyKvyk o f nfh jynfcikd +f zKd ; A[dt k vkyf tr_aqmiftzG@J (11§95)tpnf;ta0;rS jynfe,f§wdik ;f §c&kid §f +rKd @e,f jynfaxmifpk }u@H cikd af &; ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif;rsm;onf toif;.&HyaHk iGtwGuf pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm; vkyu f ikd cf iG jhf yK&ef qk;H jzwfco hJ nf? tqdyk gp;D yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm; vkyaf qmif&mwGiv f nf; pnfrsO;f / pnf;urf;rsm;ufkd txl;owdjyK vku d ef maqmif&u G o f mG ;&ef XmecsKyf. 1995 ckEpS /f Zlvid_ v f 27 &ufae@pyJG g pm trSwf 5§}uH@cikd af &;§95 (547)jzifh !$e=f um;cJo h nf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef; vkyaf qmif&mwGif vku d ef m&rnfh pnf;urf;csurf sm;rSm(u) Ekid if EH iS v hf rl sK;d twGuf tusK;d ,kwaf prnfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm; jyKvkyjf cif;rjyK&ef? (c) toif;tqifq h if. h pnf;&k;H a&;udk xdcu kd af prnfh tjcm; pD;yGm;a&;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;rS aqmif &Guaf eonfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif 0ifa&muf,OS +f ydKifaqmif&u G rf _ rjyK&ef? (*) toif;tqifq h if. h *k%o f u d mQ udk !_;d EGr;f ao;odraf paom/ toif;0ifrsm;. tusiphf m&dwW ysujf ym;apaom/ trsm;jynforl sm;.tjrifwiG f rwifw h ,faom pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm; aqmif &Gujf cif; rjyK&ef? (Oyrm-t&ufqikd v f yk if ef;/ om;owfvyk if ef;) ponfw@dk jzpfonf?27 trSew f u,fvufawG@wiG rf l jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif;onf pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm; vkyaf qmif &mwGif azmfjyygtcsurf sm;ESihf qef@usiaf eayonf? jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif;u jrefrmEdik if .

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17

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18

'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;p m;pkk

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19

jynf c d k i f ò zd ;

od k Πr[k w f

ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;

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20

'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;p m;pkk

ay;+cdrf;ajcmufjcif;rsm;udk ae@pOf&ifqdkifcJh&onf? jrefrmppftpdk;&owif;pmrsm;wGif NLD tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf ygwu D kd qef@usiEf w _ x f u G af eonf[k r=umc%qdo k vdk a&;om;azmfjycJo h nf? trSew f u,ftm;jzifh ygw0D iftrsm;pkonf ygwu D kd qef@usiI f Ekwx f u G =f ujcif;r[kwyf J tm%m ydik rf sm;. zdtm;rsm;ESihf rufv;Hk ay;qGaJ qmif pnf;&k;H jcif;rsm;a=umifh Ekwx f u G cf &hJ jcif;jzpfonf? tzG@J 0iftrsm;pkonf ynma&;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;tcGit hf vrf;rsm; ydrk &kd &Srd nf[al om ar#mv f ifch suf rsm;jzifh tzG@J csKyfrS E_wx f u G =f uonf? tjcm;wbufwiG u f m; tm%mydik rf sm;. qENrsm;udk r vdu k af vsmygu rdom;pkpm;0wfaea&;twGuf a&&Sn&f yfwnfa&;udyk g +crd ;f ajcmufvmEkid o f nfh twGuf tzG@J csKyfrES w k x f u G cf &hJ ol trsm;tjym;&Scd o hJ nf? rnfo@kd yifjzpfap tm%mykid rf sm;. twm;tqD; taESmuft,Surf sm;=um;xJuyif }uH@}uH@c+H yD; tzG@J csKyfvyk if ef;rsm;udk wpku d f rwfrwf vkyaf qmifaeolrsm;vnf; &Scd o hJ nf? jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;onf NLD ygwt D m; tiftm;csed @J ap+yD; aemufq;kH wGif ygwt D m; vk;H 0zsuo f rd ;f ypfEikd &f eftxd xdyw f ef;ppft&m&Srd sm;. ulnyD yhH ;kd r_jzifh pepfwus pDru H ed ;f a&;qGJ vkyaf qmifco hJ nf? xd@k enf;wlpmG jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;onf ppftpd;k &u csrw S x f m;aom tao; pdwpf rD cH surf sm;twdik ;f toif;om;opfrsm;udv k nf; pepfwus pkaqmif;cJo h nf? toif;0ifopf rsm; pkaqmif;&mwGif tESmuft,Suaf y;jcif;/ +crd ;f ajcmufjcif; po!fh enf;vrf;rsm;udk toH;k jyK vkyaf qmifaeaomfvnf; jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;. xkwjf yefa=unmcsurf sm;ESihf tpD&ifcpH m trsm; tjym;wGirf _ toif;om;pkaqmif;a&;udk ydrk o kd rd af rG@aom enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh aqmif&u G af e a=umif; azmfjyxm;onf?

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21

jynf c d k i f ò zd ;

od k Πr[k w f

ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;

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2007 ckEpS /f rwfvtwGi;f Y jyifO;D vGi+f rdK@e,f trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf twGi;f a&;rSL; OD;bxl;udk tzG@J csKyfuae E_wx f u G af y;&ef +rdK@e,fjynfaxmifp}k uH@cikd af &;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&; toif;rS OD;cifarmifat;u rufv;Hk ay; qGaJ qmifpnf;&k;H cJo h nf? OD;bxl;.tqdt k & ygw0D if rsm;udk tzG@J csKyfrES w k x f u G &f ef vdu k v f pH nf;&k;H &mwGif tm%mydik rf sm;u aiGa=u;rsm;/ *st D ufpf trf w,fvzD ek ;f rsm;ESihf vkyif ef;vkyyf ikd cf iG u hf efx&ku d rf sm; ay;urf;I pnf;&H;k cJo h nf? od@k aomfvnf; jyifO;D vGif tzG@J csKyf0ifrsm;u tm%mydik rf sm;. rufv;Hk rsm;udk *&krpdu k yf J tzG@J csKyfvyk if ef;rsm;udk t&Sed t f [kerf ysuf qufvufvyk u f ikd o f mG ;rnf[k qk;H jzwfcsucf sco hJ nf?46 1998 ckEpS /f Ed0k ifbmvwGif jrefrmEkid if aH wmifyidk ;f urf;&k;d wef;wdik ;f ppfXmecsKyfwiG f jyKvkyaf om tpnf;ta0;wpfcw k iG f wufa&mufvmaom trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf tzG@J 0ifrsm;udk trSw(f 19) ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;Xmet}uD;tuJ Adv k rf LS ;jrifOh ;D u “rdrw d @kd taejzifh Ekid if w H 0Sr;f jyKvyk af om jynfo@l qENazmfxw k yf rJG sm;wGif azmfxw k jf yocJ=h uaom jynfow l @kd .qEN udk av;pm;&rnfjzpfa=umif;/ jynfov l x l t k aejzifh NLD ygwu D kd w&m;r0iftoif;tjzpf wm; jrpfyw d yf ifay;&ef arwWm&yfcx H m;a=umif;/ xd@k a=umifh +rw d +f rKd @e,ftwGi;f &Sd ygw0D ifrsm;taejzifh ,ckvrukecf if tzG@J csKyrf ES w k x f u G af y;=u&ef ajym=um;vdak =umif;/ owfrw S &f uftwGi;f tzG@J csKyf rS Ekwx f u G af y;&ef ysuu f u G o f rl sm;udk ta&;,laqmif&u G o f mG ;rnfjzpfa=umif;” xkwaf zmf ajym =um;oGm;cJo h nf? tqdyk gowday;csuo f nf trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyftzG@J 0if 1000 ausmf ESihf jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f 200 OD;udk zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f +y;D r=umcif xGuaf y:vmjcif;jzpf 47 onf? jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;onf NLD ygw0D ifrsm;udk +cdr;f ajcmufI ygwrD ES w _ x f u G af pjcif;/ ygwt D m; qef@usi¶f @H_ csjcif;ESihf ygwt D m; zsuo f rd ;f ay;&ef awmif;qdak ejcif;rsm;udk enf;vrf;rsKd ; pHk toH;k jyKI vkyaf qmifco hJ nf? ppftpd;k &ydik rf 'D , D mrsm;ESihf owif;pmrsm;wGiv f nf; NLD ygwD 0ifrsm; Ekwx f u G af eonft h a=umif;udk r=umc% tus,cf s@J I azmfjycJo h nf? 2006 ckepf/ {+yv D ukeyf ikd ;f wGif NLD tzG@J 0if 130 eD;yg;cef@ ygwrD S E_wx f u G cf ahJ =umif; ppftpd;k &rD', D mrsm;u 48 a=unmcJo h nf? od@k &mwGif NLD ygwo D nf tzG@J 0if (4)OD;. w&m;0ifEw _ x f u G pf mrsm;udo k m &&Scd o hJ nf?49 Ttcsuu f kd =unfjh cif;tm;jzifh tjcm;E_wx f u G rf r_ sm;onf twif;tusyf apcdik ;f cHc&hJ jcif;om jzpfEikd zf , G &f I dS ygw0D if(4)OD;omv#if pdwrf vHak oma=umifh ygwo D @kd ‚if;wd@k vyk &f yf rsm;udk 0efccH jhJ cif;jzpfonf?

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22

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23

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NLD ygw0 D iftjzpf qufvuf&yfwnf+y;D jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&efjiif;qef cJjh cif;. tusKd ;quftaejzifh tzG@J csKyyf gw0D ifrsm;rSm pD;yGm;a&;t=uyftwnf;rsm;udk &ifqidk }f uKH awG@=u&+y;D ynma&;qdik &f mtcGit hf vrf;rsm;vnf; enf;yg;apcJo h nf? 2004 ckEpS w f iG f weoFm&D wdik ;f / +rdw+f rdK@e,frS a'ocHtm%mydik rf sm;u NLD ygw0D ifrsm;tm; pmoifausmif;rsm;wGif ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;tjzpf tvkyv f yk u f ikd jf cif;ud&k yfqikd ;f &ef trde@f ay;wm;jrpfco hJ nf? +rw d +f rKd @e,f trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf tvkyt f r_aqmif wpfO;D jzpfol OD;vSxeG ;f (ac: ) OD;qef; v_id t f m; u|e;f pk+rdK@e,f aus;&Gmwpf&mG &Sd ausmif;wpfausmif;wGif tv,fwef;jyq&mtjzpf cef@ tyfjcif;udk jiif;qdck cH &hJ onf? a'ocHtm%mydik Of uUXESihf jynfcikd +f zdK;OuUXrsm;u OD;vSxeG ;f tm; ac:,lawG@qu Hk m a'ocHppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;rsm;. !$e=f um;csut f & trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pD tzG@J csKyf0ifrsm;udk pmoifausmif;rsm;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifciG rhf jyKEdik [ f k ajymqdck o hJ nf?57 rE aW v;wdik ;f anmif;OD;+rdK@e,f&dS trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyftzG@JG 0if usL&Siq f &m OD;aZmfaZmfuv kd nf; tm%mydik rf sm;u zdtm;ay;cJo h nf? OD;aZmfaZmfonf a':atmifqef;

24

'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;p m;pkk

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25

jynf c d k i f ò zd ;

od k Πr[k w f

ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;

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H ta&;ygaom Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ ppfa&;qdik &f may:vpDrsm;ESihf rnfo@kd r# qufE, G yf wfoufrr_ &S=d uay? ‚if;wd@k onf vlxt k usK;d jyKvyk if ef;rsm;/ vlxo k ufomacsmifcsad &;ESihf tqifajyacsmarG@apa&;twGuf yHyh ;kd ay;onfv h yk if ef;rsm;om jzpf=uonf? xdv k rl a_ &;qdik &f mtzG@J tpnf;rsm;onf 'Dru kd a&pD tajccHtw k jf rpfrsm;jzpfouJo h @kd 'Dru kd a&pDw;kd wufz@G +H zKd ;a&;twGuf ta&;ygaom tcef;u¾rS wpdww f a'otm;jzifh yg0ifywfoufae=uonf? vlrq _ ikd &f mtzG@J tpnf;rsm;onf ‚if;wd@k pw d yf g0ifpm;aom ta=umif;t&mwpf&yfukd om tm&kx H m; tav;ay;aqmif&u G jf cif;a=umifv h nf;aumif;/ ao;i,faom tzG@J tpnf; rsm;jzpfjcif;a=umifv h nf;aumif; rdrw d @kd . &nfreS ;f csurf sm;udk xda&mufayguaf jrmufap&ef pGr;f aqmifEikd =f uayonf? TtzG@J tpnf;rsm;onf 'Dru kd a&pDv@l abmif wnfaxmif&mwGif r&Srd jzpf vdt k yfaom tzG@J tpnf;rsm;jzpfonf? xd@k jyif vlxu k t kd ajcjyKaom vl@tzG@J tpnf;rsm;jzpfonfh tm;avsmpf mG ‚if;wd@k .vkyif ef;rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&mwGif vlx. k yl;aygi;f yg0ifr_ udk &&S=d uonf? Tonfum; vlxt k m; trsm;ESiyhf ;l aygi;f aqmif&u G w f wfonfh tavhtusiu hf kd &&Sad ponf? xdt k avhtusio hf nf tem*wfjrefrmEdik if w H iG f 'Dru kd a&pDjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;t wGuf taxmuftuljyKaponf@t&mrsm; jzpfayonf? od@k aomf tm%mudk &moufyefcsKyfuikd &f ef &nf&, G cf sux f m;&So d nfh ppftm%m&Sif Adv k cf sKyf}uD;rsm;onf xd@k uo hJ @kd tajccdik f wd;k wufatmifjrifvmaeaom vlra_ &;qdik &f mtzG@J tpnf;rsm;udk ‚if;wd@k . =oZmatmufwiG x f m;&S&d ef }uKd ;yrf;cJ=h uonf? T}uKd ;yrf;csurf sm;onf ppftm%m&Sirf sm;u aºu;G a=umfaeaom “acwfrzSD @HG +zKd ;wd;k wufaom 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if aH wmfopf }u;D xlaxmifa&;”[lonfh aqmify'k Ef iS hf zDvmqef@usiaf ecJo h nf? tpd;k &r[kwaf om vlrt _ zG@J tpnf;rsm;jzpfonfh omoema&;tzG@J rsm;/ vlr0_ efaqmiftzG@J rsm;/ use;f rma&;jyKpak pmifah &Smuf aomtzGJ@rsm;/ ynma&;tzGJ@rsm; ponfh atmufajctqifh vlr_a&;qdkif&mtzGJ@rsm;onf 'Dru kd a&pDv@l abmiftwGuf a'guw f ikd rf sm;jzpf=uonf? xdt k zG@J tpnf;rsm;udk ppftm%m&Sirf sm;

26

'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;p m;pkk

u ‚if;wd@k . =oZmcHtjzpf }udK;yrf;aejcif;/ zsuo f rd ;f z,f&mS ;jcif; od@k r[kwf xde;f csKyfaejcif; rsm;onf tem*wf'rD u kd a&pDxal xmifa&;twGuf tajccHtw k jf rpfrsm;udk +zdKvSaJ ejcif;jzpf+yD;/ ‚if;wd@k .tm%m qufvufwnf+rJa&;twGuf OD;wnf}udK;yrf;aejcif;om jzpfayonf?60 ppftm%m&Sirf sm;onf ‚if;wd@k .vufuikd w f w k jf zpfonfh jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;tm;tok;H jyKI rdru d , kd u f kd jynfo@l tusKd ;awmfaqmif apwem&Sit f zG@J tpnf;wpfct k oGijf zifh ‚if;wd@k xed ;f csKyfxm;aom rD', D mrsm;wGif r=umc% azmfjycJo h nf? pmoifausmif;rsm;ESihf aq;¶Hrk sm;tm; taxmuftyHyh pPn;f rsm; vSL'ge;f jcif;/ tusO;f axmifrsm;wGif qyfjym/ aq;0g;ypPn;f rsm;ESihf vlo;Hk ukeyf pPn;f rsm; vSL'ge;f jcif;/ a'ozG@H +zKd ;a&;pDru H ed ;f rsm;wGif apwemh0efxrf;rsm;tjzpf tul tnDay;jcif;/ toif;0ifrsm;tm; ynma&;ESihf enf;ynmqkid &f m oifwef;rsm;ay;jcif;tygt0if v,f,mpdu k yf sK;d a&; po!fv h y_ &f mS ;r_trsKd ;rsKd ;wGif yg0ifvyk af qmifco hJ nf? vlxu k ,k=H unftm; xm;&aom apwem&Siv f rl a_ &;tzJ@G tpnf;wpfct k jzpf jynfov l x l . k axmufcrH u _ kd &,l&ef }udK;yrf;cJo h nf? wcsed w f nf;rSmyif vGyv f yf+yD; tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzG@J tpnf;rsm; (NGOs). tcef;u¾rsm;wGiyf g 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufvm+yD; ‚if;wd@k tm; wjznf;jznf;csi;f xde;f csKyfEikd &f ef }uKd ;yrf;vmcJo h nf? Edik if w H um ulnaD xmufyaHh &;at*sipf rD sm;onf jynfov l x l t k wGi;f ‚if;wd@k tultnDrsm; jzef@a0&mwGif jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;. uef@owfxed ;f csKyrf r_ sm;udk r=umc% &ifqikd f cJ&h onf? tusK;d quftaejzihf twdu k t f cHtiftm;pkrsm;ESihf ppftpd;k &tm; tE &W ,fjyKEikd o f nf [k ,lqxm;olrsm;twGuf tultnDtaxmuftyHrh sm;&&S&d ef tcGit hf vrf; enf;yg;apcJo h nf? tcsu(f 7)csuyf g Edik if aH &;vrf;jyajrykEH iS hf trsK;d om;nDvmcHukd axmufct H m;ay;o!fh vlpv k al 0;yGrJ sm;tygt0if etzppftpd;k &tm; axmufct H m;ay;onfh twkta,mif vlpv k l a0;yGrJ sm;udk jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif;u wm0ef,u l si;f ycJo h nf? xd@k tjyif 1990 a&G;aumufyt JG Edik &f ygvrD eftrwfrsm;tm; a0zef¶w _ cf sjcif;/ jrefrmjynfEikd if aH &;tajctaeESiyhf wfoufI a0zef ok;H oyfxm;aom Edik if w H umtzG@J tpnf;rsm;rS xkwjf yefo!fh tpD&ifcpH mrsm;/ xkwjf yefa=unm csurf sm;ESihf Edik if w H umrD', D mrsm;udk wefjyefqef@usif &_wcf sjcif;rsm;tygt0if/ trsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfEiS hf twdu k t f cHtiftm;pkrsm;tm;vk;H udk qef@usix f ;kd ESuo f nfh twkt a,mif vlpv k al 0;yGrJ sm;udv k nf; pepfwus pDpOfusi;f ycJo h nf? tqdyk g vlpv k al 0;yGrJ sm;wGif wufa&mufvmolrsm;rSm jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;0ifrsm;ESihf aus;&Gmrsm;/ +rdK@e,frsm;rS cGw J rf;us pepfjzifh tdraf xmifpw k pfpv k #if tenf;qH;k rdom;pk0ifwpfO;D usEe_ ;f rwufrae& wufa&muf &ef zdtm;ay;cH&olrsm; jzpf=uonf? jynfov l x l t k aejzihf xdv k pl v k al 0;yGrJ sm;od@k wufa&muf ae&jcif;onf ‚if;wd@k tay: usa&mufvmEdik o f nfh ab;tE &W m,fq;kd usK;d rsm;udk a=umuf&@HG ae& aoma=umifh jzpfayonf?

27

jynf c d k i f ò zd ;

od k Πr[k w f

ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;

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H a&&Snzf @HG +zdK;a&;ESihf wnf+idraf &;twGuf rsm;pGm pd;k &drpf &mjzpfayonf? jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;twGuf &HyaHk iGrsm;&&S&d m ae&mtcsK@d ukd avhvm=unfrh nfqv kd #if vlxx k rH S enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh aumufcpH ak qmif;cJo h nfukd awG@&onf? xd@k jyif omreftoif;0if rsm;taejzifv h nf; toif;twGuf aiGa=u;rsm;udk tvSLaiGtaejzifx h nf0h if&ef apcdik ;f jcif; cHc&hJ ouJo h @kd vlxx k rH t S vSLaiGrsm;udv k nf; ud, k w f ikd f vdu k v f aH umufcaH y;&onfrsm;vnf; &Scd o hJ nf? cGw J rf;pepft& wpfEpS v f #if ok;H }urd /f av;}urd cf ef@ aus;&Gmrsm;&Sd jynforl sm;xHrS tvSL aiGrsm; aumufc&H onf? tcsK@d a'ocH jynfcikd +f zdK;acgi;f aqmifyikd ;f rsm;taejzifh ‚if;wd@k u, kd w f ikd f tvSLaiGrsm; ray;aqmif&aomfvnf; a'ocHpnf;&k;H a&;rSL;rsm;udk w&m;0if&;Hk pmrsm; xkwaf y; +y;D &yfuu G /f aus;&Gmrsm;twGi;f tvSLaiGrsm; vdu k v f pH ak qmif;&ef wm0efay;avh&o Sd nf? tvSL

28

'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;p m;pkk

aiG aumufc&H mwGiv f nf; jynfcikd +f zKd ;&k;H rsm; jyKjyif&efEiS hf tok;H taqmify&dabm*rsm; 0,f,&l ef twGuf[k vnf;aumif;/ toif;0ifav#mufv$mykHpHtwGuf[k vnf;aumif;/ jynfcdkif+zdK; wkid ;f tqifah cgi;f aqmifrsm; vma&mufvnfywf&ef {nfch pH m;&dwt f wGu[ f k vnf;aumif; ta=umif;trsKd ;rsK;d jyI omrefjynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;tygt0if jynfov l x l x k rH S aumufcH pkaqmif;=uonf? tcsK@d aom tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;xHrS tvSLaiGrsm;udk wdu k &f u dk af umufcjH cif; r&Sad omfvnf; jynfcikd +f zdK;rS OD;pD;usi;f yaom vlra_ &;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;ESihf jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;om; 0wfpzHk ;kd rsm;twGu[ f k ta=umif;jyI vukev f #if ‚if;wd@k .vpmaiGrsm;xJrS jzwfawmuf,jl cif; udk cH=u&onf? jynfcikd +f zKd ; toif;rSaumufcaH om aiGa=u;yrm%udk rvSL'ge;f Edik o f rl sm;onf vkyt f m;ay; vdu k =f u&onf? vkyt f m;ay; ud, k w f ikd rf vdu k Ef ikd o f rl sm;onf ‚if;wd@k .ae&mwGif tjcm;wpHw k a,mufukd iSm;&rf;I tpm;xd;k ay;&onf?61 ppftpd;k &rS wkid ;f jynfukd pwiftyk cf sKyfcahJ om 1962 ckEpS rf pS I tpd;k &ausmif;rsm;wGif rGeb f mom&yfrsm;udk oif=um;cGihf rjyKcJah y? od@k aomfvnf; aus;vufa'orsm;&Sd rGev f x l u k aus;&Gmrsm;&Sd bkeaf wmf}u;D ausmif;rsm;wGif rGepf mayudk }uKd ;pm;oif,cl o hJ nf? xd@k aemuf aus; &Gmrsm;wGif rGepf mayESihf Ak'b < mom,Ofaus;r_toif;rsm; wnfaxmifI rGepf moifausmif;rsm; zGiv hf pS +f y;D rGepf mwwfajrmufa&; oifwef;rsm;ay;&ef }uKd ;yrf;aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? od@k aomfvnf; 2004 ckepf/ Zlvikd v f twGi;f u etz Adv k cf sKyfarmifbu kd a&;+rKd @e,ftwGi;f &Sd rGeb f mompum; oif=um;aom pmoifausmif;rsm;udk ydwyf pf&efEiS hf tpd;k &ausmif;rsm;wnfaxmif&ef a'ocH tm%mydik rf sm;udk !$e=f um;cJo h nf? 2005 ckEpS /f azazmf0g&v D usKu d rf a&m+rd@k wiG f jyKvkyaf om tpnf;ta0;wpfckwGifvnf; jynfcdkif+zdK; xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;u rGefbmompum; oif=um;jcif;onf Ekid if aH wmfz@HG +zKd ;wd;k wufa&;ESihf pnf;vk;H nD!w $ af &;twGuf twm;tqD;wpf ckjzpfonf[k ajymqdo k mG ;cJo h nf? jynfcidk +f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;udv k nf; rGeaf usmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm; tm; taESmuft,Suaf y;&efEiS hf qufvufziG x hf m;aom pmoifausmif;rsm;tm;ydwyf if&ef 62 apcdik ;f cJo h nf? Tod@k jzifh jrefrmtm%mydik rf sm;onf ae&mwdik ;f / vltzG@J tpnf;wkid ;f wGif tpk tzG@J wpfck ay:ayguv f mrnfukd tvGet f rif; pd;k &drcf =hJ uonf?

NLD ygwr D S vkyaf qmifaeaom vlra_ &;vkyif ef;rsm;wGiv f nf; jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;. wm;qD;[ef@wm;aer_rsm; &Scd o hJ nf? jrefrmjynftES@H wiG f zG@J pnf;xm;aom Edik if aH &;tusO;f om; rsm;ESihf ‚if;wd@k .rdom;pkrsm;tm; tultnDay;aeonfh vlru _ n l aD &;tzG@J rsm;uJo h @kd tvm;wl tzG@J wpfcu k kd NLD ygwu D wrl;a'owGizf @JG pnf;&ef 2004 ckepf/ {+yv D twGi;f u }uKd ;yrf;cJo h nf? od@k aomfvnf; wrl;c¶dik jf ynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;OuUXu tqdyk gvrl u _ n l aD &;tzG@J zG@J pnf;olrsm;tm; ‚if;wd@k .pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif wefjyef*,uf¶u kd rf r_ sm;ESihf awG@}uKH &vdrrhf nf[k +crd ;f ajcmuf 63 ajymqdI k taESmuft,Suaf y;cJo h nf? 2004 ckepfwiG v f nf; jrefrmjynfatmufyikd ;f &Sd a&ab; 'kuo Q nfrsm;tm; NLD ygwrD S qefvLS 'ge;f &ef }uKd ;yrf;cJo h nf? xdt k csed Yf jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;u

29

jynf c d k i f ò zd ;

od k Πr[k w f

ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;

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30

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31

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32

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33

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od k Πr[k w f

ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;

%mydik rf sm;. vkyif ef;qdik &f m pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm;tm; yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G &f ef jiif;qef+yD; 76 jrefrmjynfrS xGucf mG oGm;cJo h nf? txl;ojzifh vufeufuikd yf ÉdyuQrsm; tqufrjywf jzpfymG ; aeaom a'orsm;wGif vlom;csi;f qdik &f m ulnaD xmufyrhH r_ sm; vkyaf qmifaeaom Ekid if w H um at*sipf rD sm;udv k nf; qufvufrvkyaf qmifEikd af tmif wif;usyaf om pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm; csrw S f jyXmef;cJo h nf? xd@k a=umifh u&ifjynfe,fEiS hf rGejf ynfe,ftwGi;f Y 2001 ckEpS rf S pwifI use;f rma&;qdik &f mtultnDrsm; vkyaf qmifaeaom jyifopftajcpdu k f e,fjcm;rJq h &m0efrsm; tzG@J onf 2006 ckEpS /f rwfvwGif tm%mydik rf sm;ESihf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G &f ef jiif;qef+yD; jrefrm 77 jynfrS xGucf mG oGm;cJo h nf? tvm;wlpmG jrefrmEkid if w H iG ;f &Sd tusO;f om;rsm;ESihf &Jbufpcef;rsm;od@k oGm;a&muf um Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm;udk awG@qjHk cif;/ aq;0g;ESihf tjcm;vdt k yfaomypPn;f rsm;udk axmuf yHah y;aeaom *seD AD mtajcpdu k f tdik pf t D mpD (ac: ) urBm=h uufajceDtzG@J }uD;udv k nf; tm%m ydik rf sm;u r=umc% [ef@wm;aESmuf,u S jf cif;rsm; jyKvkycf o hJ nf? ,if;tzG@J }uD;onf jrefrm jynfwiG ;f &Sd tusO;f axmifrsm;wGif ‚if;wd@k .vkyif ef;rsm;udk vGwv f yfpmG vkyu f ikd Ef ikd &f eftwGuf 1999 ckEpS w f iG f jrefrmEdik if H jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD;XmerS cGijhf yKcsuf &&dcS o hJ nf? xdck sed rf pS I jynfwiG ;f tusO;f axmifrsm;ESihf &Jbufpcef;rsm;od@k vpOfyrHk eS o f mG ;a&mufum Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm; ESihf awG@qaHk qG;aEG;jcif;/ aq;0g;ESihf tjcm;vdt k yfaomypPn;f rsm;udk ulnaD xmufyaHh y;cJo h nf?

1999 ckEpS rf S 2005 ckEpS t f wGi;f tusO;f axmifrsm;od@k (435)}udrf oGm;a&mufc+hJ yD;jzpfonf? use;f rma&;vkyif ef;rsm;/ oifwef;rsm;ESihf ajcwkvyk if ef;rsm;tjyif Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm;. rdom;pkrsm;udv k nf; aiGa=u;axmufyrHh r_ sm; ulnaD qmif&u G af y;cJo h nf?78 od@k aomfvnf; 2005 ESpu f ek yf ikd ;f rSpI jrefrmjynftusO;f axmifrsm;od@k oGm;a&muf vnfywfaer_rsm; &kww f &ufqikd ;f iho H mG ;ojzifh axmifwiG ;f &Sd Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm;. tajc tae qd;k 0g;vmcJo h nf? 2006 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmv 21 &ufae@ ICRC . xkwjf yefausnmcsut f & ICRC tzG@J onf jrefrmjynf tusO;f axmifrsm;wGif Eki d if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm;. tajctaersm; udk avhvm&eftwGuf om,m0wDtusO;f axmifo@kd oGm;a&mufvnfywf&ef pDpOfco hJ nf? xdck &D;pOfwiG f jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J u tdik pf t D mpDtzG@J EiS t hf wl vdu k yf gciG jhf yK&rnf[k twif;tusyf awmif;qdck o hJ nft h wGuf ICRC taejzifh tqdyk gc&D;pOfukd zsuo f rd ;f cJo h nf? jynfcidk +f zKd ;tm%m ydkifrsm;onf tusOf;axmifrsm;twGif;&Sd qdk;&Gm;aeaomtajctaersm;udk urBmhrdom;pk todik ;f t0dik ;f tm; vdrn f mzk;H uG,&f eftwGuf urBm=h uufajceDtzG@J . tusO;f axmifrsm;od@k vGyv f yfpmG oGm;a&mufvnfywfciG rhf sm;udk wjznf;jznf; +cdr;f ajcmuf xde;f csKyfvmcJo h nf? xd@k a=umifh Edik if w H um=uufajceDtzG@J rsm;taejzifh jrefrmjynftusO;f axmifrsm;od@k jyefvnfomG ;a&mufEikd &f ef cGijhf yKcsu&f &Sad &;twGuf tvm;tvm tvGeef nf;yg;cJo h nf? tm %mydik rf sm;onf 2005 ckEpS rf pS I urBm=h uufajceDtzG@J rsm;udk enf;vrf;aygi;f pHo k ;kH I tusO;f

34

'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;p m;pkk

axmifrsm;od@k 0ifa&muf rppfaq;Ekid af tmif [ef@wm;xm;cJo h nf?79 2006 ckEpS f Ed0k ifbmv aESmif;ydik ;f wGif rE aW v;/ armfv+rdKif/ bm;tH/ awmif}uD;ESihf usKid ;f wkH ponfh +rdK@}uD; (5)+rdK@wiG f zGiv hf pS x f m;onf Edik if w H um=uufajceDaumfrwD&;Hk rsm;udk ydwyf pf&ef jrefrmtm%mydik rf sm;u 80 trd k cf o hJ nf? tqdyk g&;Hk rsm;udk 'DZifbmv tv,favmufwiG f tm%mykid rf sm;u jyef f e@f xw vnfziG v hf pS cf iG hf ay;cJah omfvnf; tusO;f axmifrsm;od@k oGm;a&mufvnfywfjcif;ukrd _ cGirhf jyK 81 cJhay? tusK;d quftaejzifh tusO;f axmifrsm;od@k vdt k yfaomaq;0g;rsm;udk urBmh =uuf ajceDtzG@J }u;D rS qufvufaxmufyEhH idk jf cif; r&Sad wmhonft h wGuf tusO;f om;rsm;onf iSuzf sm; a&m*g/ ESv;Hk a&m*g/ qD;csKad &m*g tygt0if tjcm;a&m*gtrsK;d rsK;d twGuf aq;0g;jywfvyfrr_ sm; ESihf &ifqidk cf &hJ +yD; use;f rma&;tajctae qd;k 0g;vmcJo h nf? tusO;f axmifrsm;twGi;f aq;0g; jywfvyfrr_ sm;ESihf tm%mydik rf sm;. tcsed rf u D o k ay;jcif;r&Srd r_ sm;a=umifh Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om; 82 aoqk;H r_rsm;vnf; &Scd o hJ nf? jrefrmEdik if w H iG f 1988 ppftm%modr;f +y;D uwnf;u 2006 ckEpS f txd tusO;f axmifrsm;wGif aoqk;H cJo h nfh Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om; 127 OD;ausmf &Scd o hJ nf?83

twk t a,mif vl x k a xmuf c H y G J r sm;/ vl p k v l a 0;yG J r sm;ES i f h qef @ usif & _ w f c syG J r sm; jrefrmppftpd;k &onf twdu k t f cHtiftm;pkrsm;/ jynfyowif;rD', D mrsm;ESihf Edik if H jcm;wkdif;jynfrsm;rS ta&;,lydwfqdk@r_rsm;udk qef@usif&_wfcs&eftwGuf vlpkvla0;yGJrsm;udk jrefrmEdik if w H 0Sr;f wGif usi;f ycJo h nf? ppftpd;k &u wzufowf usi;f yjyKvkyo f nfh trsK;d om; nDvmcHEiS hf vrf;jyajrykH axmufcyH rJG sm;udv k nf; jrefrmEkid if w H 0Sr;f &Sd jynfe,fEiS w hf ikd ;f toD; oD;wGif qufwu kd f usi;f yjyKvkycf o hJ nf? jynfov l x l t k m; rufv;Hk rsm;/ tca=u;aiGrsm; ay;I vnf;aumif;/ enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh +crd ;f ajcmufIvnf;aumif; ppftpd;k &u pdww f ikd ;f us pDraH qmif &Gux f m;onfh vlpv k al 0;yGrJ sm;udk wufa&mufapcJo h nf? ,if;vlpv k al 0;yGrJ sm; usi;f y&mwGif ppftpd;k &vufuikd w f w k f jynfcikd +f zdK; (ac: ) jynfaxmifp}k uH@cikd af &;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif;rS trmcH toif;0ifrsm;u wm0eftoD;oD;cG, J I l twkta,mifaxmufcyH rJG sm;udk usi;f ycJjh cif; jzpfonf? ppfwyfxyd yf ikd ;f acgi;f aqmifrsm;rS OD;aqmifO;D &Gujf yKaeaom jynfcikd +f zdK;toif; pwifz@JG pnf;+yD; csed rf pS wifI qef@usi&f w _ cf syrJG sm;/ twkta,mif vlxak xmufcyH rJG sm;udk vlx. k qENrygyJ t wif;t"rRac:,l pkaqmif;I Ekid if w H 0Sr;f vk;H wGif tqufrjywf usi;f ycJo h nf? 1994 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&DvrS pwifI 2005 ckESpftxd trsKd;om;nDvmcHatmifjrifa&; twkta,mif axmufcyH rJG sm;udk wdik ;f ESijhf ynfe,ftES@H (77)ae&mwGif usi;f ycJo h nf?84 xd@k jyif2005 ckEpS f aemuf ydik ;f umvrsm;rSpI 2007 ckEpS u f mvrsm;txd jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;u OD;aqmifI rsm;jym;vS aom twkta,mif vlxak xmufcyH rJG sm;/ qef@usi&f w _ cf syrJG sm;ESihf vlpv k al 0;yGrJ sm;udk Edik if w H pf 0Sr;f usi;f yjyKvkycf o hJ nf?

35

jynf c d k i f ò zd ;

od k Πr[k w f

ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;

jynfcikd +f zKd ;tm%mydik rf sm;taejzihf ,if;twkta,mifaxmufcyH rJG sm;ESihf vlpv k al 0; yGrJ sm;od@k jynfov l x l t k m; rnfo@kdrnfyHk zdtm;ay;I wufa&mufapcJo h nfukd qufvuf avhvm =urnfjzpfonf?

2003 ckEpS /f pufwifbmvwGif ppftpd;k &. vrf;jyajrykt H m; axmufcq H ENjy&ef +rdwcf &kid t f wGi;f &Sfd jynforl sm;udk wpftrd af xmifv#if 2 a,mufEe_ ;f jr{&mabmvk;H uGi;f wGif vma&mufp&k ;Hk &ef urf&;dk wef;wdik ;f ppfXmecsKyfwidk ;f rSL;u trde@f ay;cJo h nf? wufa&muf&ef ysuf uGuyf gu '%fa=u;aiG (500)usyf ay;aqmif&onf? ,if;vlpv k al 0;yGrJ sm;od@k ppfwyfro d m;pkt odik ;f t0dik ;f rsm;ygrusef wufa&muf&ef apcdik ;f jcif;cH&onf? 2003 ckEpS /f pufwifbmvtwGi;f Y etzppf&;kH csKyf tajrmufwyfz@JG !$e=f um;a&;rSL; Adv k rf LS ;csKyfjr0if;onf weoFm&Dwikd ;f / xm;0,f +rdK@EiS hf +rdw+f rdK@rsm;od@k oGm;a&mufI tajrmufwyf&if; trSwf (201)/ (301)/ (302)/ (304)/ (306)/ (307)/ (309)/ (501)ESihf (401)wd@k rS rdom;pk0ifrsm;udk 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; Adv k cf sKyf 85 cif!e$ @f . tcsu(f 7)csuyf g vrf;jyajryku H kd axmufcq H ENjy&ef pnf;&k;H v_@H aqmfco hJ nf?

2007 ckEpS /f pufwifbmv ucsijf ynfe,f/ jrpf}uD;em;+rdK@ axmufcyH rJG sm;twGuf jynfov l x l u k kd wpftrd w f pfa,mufEe_ ;f wufa&muf&ef zdtm;ay;cJo h nf? wufa&muf&ef ysuu f u G f ygu jyif;xef;pGmta&;,lrnf[k ajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f ppfXmecsKyw f ikd ;f rSL; Adv k cf sKyt f ek ;f jrifu h 86 trde@f xkwcf o hJ nf? Aef;armf+rdK@&dS Xmeqdik &f maygi;f pkrH S 0efxrf;rsm;/ jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf pGr;f tm; &Sif pkpak ygi;f tiftm; 200 cef@ukd Aef;armf-rE aW v; ajy;qGaJ eonfh rSev f b Hk wfpu f m; 5 pD;jzifh jzpf}uD;em;od@k ac:aqmifvmI twkta,mif axmufcyH rJG sm;udk usi;f ycJo h nf?87 xdak xmufcH yGrJ sm;wGif autdik t f kd ac: ucsiv f w G af jrmufa&;tzG@J vnf; tygt0ifjzpfonf? od@k aomf ucsiv f il ,f (200)ausmcf ef@onf ppftpd;k &.axmufcyH rJG sm;tay: autdik t f . kd &yfwnfcsuEf iS yhf wf owfI tcsu(f 7)csuu f akd wmif;qdu k m qef@usi&f w _ cf sco hJ nf? awmif;qdk csu(f 7)csuw f iG f ppfreS o f nfh 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if aH wmf/ wef;wltcGit hf a&;/ ucsiv f rl sK;d pkrsm;tm;vk;H tjrefpnf;vH;k nD!w $ rf &_ &daS &;/ etzppftpd;k &. trsK;d om;nDvmcH }udKqdak xmufcrH u _ kd qef@ usi+f y;D axmufcaH eonfh ucsiv f rl sK;d rsm;tm;vk;H udv k nf; rvdv k m;a=umif;/ trsK;d om;nDvm cHukd }udKqdak xmufcjH cif;tm;jzifh urBmt h jrif/ trsm;tjrifwiG f us&;H_ oGm;onfh *k%o f u d mQ udk jyefvnf&yk o f rd ;f &efEiS hf trsm;.,k=H unfr&_ &Sad &; jyKvyk &f ef tcsed jf zpfonf[k azmfjyyg&cdS o hJ nf?88 jynfcikd +f zdK;onf ppftpd;k &ESihf ‚if;wd@k . ay:vpDrsm;udk axmufct H m;ay;onfh twk ta,mifaxmufcyH rJG sm;udk usi;f yjyKvkycf o hJ nft h jyif twku d t f cHtiftm;pkrsm;udk qef@usif &_wcf sonfh vlpv k al 0;yGrJ sm;udv k nf; usi;f ycJo h nf? ,if;onf jynfcikd +f zdK;tm%mydik rf sm;. &nf&, G cf surf sm;xJrS wpfct k ygt0ifjzpfonf? txl;ojzifh tm%mydik rf sm;. txl;ypfrw S x f m; wdu k cf u kd cf &H onfh tzG@J tpnf;wpfcrk mS +idr;f csr;f a&; Edb k ,fvq f &k iS f a':atmifqef;pk=unf OD; aqmifaom jrefrmEdik if w H iG f t}uD;rm;qk;H twdu k t f cHtzG@J tpnf;wpfcjk zpfonfh 1990 a&G;

36

'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;p m;pkk

aumufyt JG Edik &f trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfyifjzpfonf? jynfcikd +f zdK;tm%mydik rf sm;onf tzG@J csKyfacgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf olr. tzG@J csKyftzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; uef@uu G q f ENjy &ef wpftrd v f #iw f pfa,mufEe_ ;f rvmrae& vma&muf&ef trde@f xw k cf o hJ nf? rvma&mufygu vkyt f m;ay; apckid ;f cH&rnfjzpfa=umif; +cdr;f ajcmufajymqdk I twif;t"rR vlpak qmif;cJo h nf? wpf&mG v#if tenf;qk;H vl(4)OD;rS (20)OD;txd &,u (&yfuu G af t;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H +zKd ;a&; aumifp)D rS rvmrae& twif;t"rR qifah c:ojzifh vma&muf=u&onf? xd@k jyif a':atmifqef; pk=unftm; }uKd qdv k #if axmif'%f (7)ESpf jypf'%fcsrnf[v k nf; &yfuu G af t;csr;f om,ma&; ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;aumifprD sm;u w&m;vGef +cdr;f ajcmufco hJ nf? ,if;&_wcf syrJG sm;twGuf vl (200) cef@ukd t&ufwu kd I f vnf;aumif;/ aiGay;Ivnf;aumif; pnf;&k;H ac:aqmifco hJ nf?89 vGwv f yfpmG pk&;Hk cGi/hf vGwv f yfpmG qENjyydik cf iG o hf nf vlom;tm;vk;H .,k=H unfcsuf jzpfonf? rnforl qdk rdrw d @kd qENukd xkwaf zmfjyoEkid cf iG &hf o dS nf? txl;tcGit hf a&;wpfct k aejzifh jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J ukd qENjyydik cf iG ahf y;jcif;udk vufcEH ikd af omfvnf; tcsK@d jynforl sm;udk twif;t usyf rvdu k rf ae& qENjycdik ;f aejcif;onf vufcEH ikd zf , G &f mr&Sad =umif; 2003 ckEpS /f arv (29)&uf rkH&Gm+rdK@ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf qdkif;bkwfwifyGJwGif jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfu axmufjycJo h nf?90 1998 ckEpS /f atmufwb kd mv rS 1999 ckEpS /f Zefe0gvtxd tifet f ,fv'f yD gwu D kd qef@usiaf om vlpv k al 0;yGrJ sm;udk Ekid if w H 0Sr;f vk;H &Sd +rKd @}u;D (19)ckwiG f usi;f yjyKvyk cf o hJ nf? jynfo@l qENazmfxw k yf [ JG k ppftpd;k &u trnfwyfxm;aom tqdyk g qef@usi&f w _ cf syrJG sm;udk Ekid if w H pf0rS ;f wGif jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;u OD;aqmifusi;f yjyKvkycf o hJ nf? axmifaygi;f rsm;pGmaom jynforl sm;udk a'ocHtm%mydik rf sm;u zdtm;ay; wufa&mufapcJ+h y;D / wufa&mufvmoltrsm;pkrmS jynfcikd f +zdK; (ac: ) jynfaxmifp}k uHcikd af &;ESizhf @HG +zdK;a&;tzG@J 0ifrsm; jzpf=uonf?91 txl;ojzifh 2007 ckEpS /f pufwifbmvESihf atmufwb kd mvrsm;wGif jyKvkycf ahJ om tifet f ,fv'f yD gwD qef@usif a&; twkta,mif vlpv k al 0;rsm;onf ppftm%mydik rf sm;ESihf ‚if;wd@k . vufuikd w f w k f jynfcikd f +zdK;toif;. tm%m&Sio f &kyrf eS u f kd ydrk ykd jD yifpmG ay:vGiaf pcJo h nf?

Edik if aH &;twku d t f cHygwrD sm;udk qef@usiu f ef@uu G o f nfh vlpv k al 0;yGrJ sm;wGif tm%m ykid rf sm;bufrS vkyaf vhvyk x f &So d nfh tcsuw f pfcrk mS ‚if;wd@k u toifah &;I,laqmifvmaom pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm;udk y&dwo f wfxrJ S vlwcsKd @tm; wufa&mufI zwf=um;jycdik ;f jcif; jzpfonf? aeylusu J sJ uGi;f jyif}uD;xJwiG f t"rRac:,lpak qmif;xm;aom vlx}k uD;u qENrygaomfvnf; tm%mydik rf sm;tvdu k s axmufcaH =umif; vufcyk w f ;D ay;&onf? Oyrmtm;jzifh jynfcikd +f zdK; acgi;f aqmifrsm;u “tifet f ,fv'f yD gwu D wdik ;f jynfe@J vli,fawGukd zsuq f ;D aew,f/ ud, k hf wdik ;f jynfukd jynfyvufxaJ &mufatmif vJa$ y;aew,f/ wkid ;f jynfukd pGe@f ypfxm;wJh opPmazmuf awGjzpfw,f” pojzifh &_wcf saecsed w f iG f jynfov l u l “ NLD ygw/D a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS /hf

37

jynf c d k i f ò zd ;

od k Πr[k w f

ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;

OD;wifO;D wd@k ukd qef@usi=f u”[k vufo;D vufarmif;wef;I atmf&onf? jynfov l x l t k rsm;pkrmS uef@uu G &f w _ cf syrJG sm; +yD;pD;oGm;aomfvnf; rnfonft h a=umif;t&mrsm; ajym=um;cJo h nf/ rnfonf&h nf&, G cf sujf zifh ajymoGm;cJo h nfukd em;rvnfvu kd =f uouJo h @kd pdw0f ifpm;r_vnf; 92 r&S=d uacs? jynfcikd +f zKd ;tm%mydik rf sm;. twkta,mif axmufcyH rJG sm;onf jynfov l x l . k ae@ pOfb0rsm;udyk g xdyg;+cdr;f ajcmufvmcJo h nf? rE aW v;+rdK@wiG u f si;f yonfh vlpv k al 0;yGrJ sm;udk wufa&muf&ef a'ocHrsm;udk tm%mydik rf sm;u toHcs@J pufrsm;jzihf vdu k v f aH tmf[pfI zdtm; ay;cJo h nf? wufa&muf&efysuu f u G yf gu a&/ rD;rsm;udk jzwfawmufypfrnft h jyif wpfO;D v#if '%faiG (100) usyu f v kd nf; ay;aqmif&rnf[k +rdK@wiG ;f &Sd jynfov l x l u k kd tm%mydik rf sm;u w&m;vGef +cdr;f ajcmufco hJ nf? xd@k a=umifh +rdK@aevlx. k (90)&mcdik Ef e_ ;f onf tm%mydik rf sm;. trde@f ay; +cdr;f ajcmufrr_ sm;udk rvGeq f ef&o J nft h wGuf qENrygbEJ iS hf vdu k ef mvkyaf qmifchJ 93 &onf? axmufcyH rJG sm; wufa&muforl sm;udk aiG (3000)usyf ay;rnf[k tm%mydik rf sm;u rufv;Hk ay; pnf;&k;H cJah omfvnf; wu,fv h ufawG@wiG rf _ ay;aqmifjcif;r&So d nft h jyif jynfol tcsK@d rmS twkta,mifaxmufcyH u JG mvrsm;twGi;f ‚if;wd@k .0rf;a&;twGuyf if tcuftcJ 94 rsm;ESihf &ifqikd cf &hJ onf? xd@k jyif2007 ckEpS /f atmufwb kd mvtwGi;f Y rE aW v;wdik ;f jrif;+cH+rdK@EiS hf rdwv DW m+rdK@ rsm;wGif usi;f ycJah om trsK;d om;nDvmcHaxmufcyH rJG sm;wGif aus;&Gmrsm;rS &Gmol&mG om;rsm;udk rwufrae&trde@f jzihf jynfcikd +f zKd ;tzG@J rS twif;tusyf ac:,lpak qmif;cJo h nf? axmufcyH w JG uf a&muforl sm;udk usyaf iG (1500)ay;rnf/ xrif;au|;rnf[k rufv;Hk ay;+y;D jynfcikd +f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm; u pnf;&k;H cJo h nf? rwufa&mufonfh tdrrf sm;udk wpftrd v f #if '%faiG (10000)usyf ay;aqmif &rnf[k +crd ;f ajcmufco hJ nf? jynfov l x l o k nf jynfcikd +f zKd ;tm%mydik rf sm;. rufv;Hk ay; qGaJ qmif r_rsm;a=umifrh [kwyf J '%faiGray;aqmifEikd I f wufa&mufc&hJ onf? w&m;r#wr_r&Sad om ,if; vky&f yfrsm;a=umifh vlxEk iS hf jynfcikd +f zKd ;tm%mydik rf sm;t=um; cdu k &f efjzpfymG ;r_rsm;yif &Scd o hJ nf?95 xk@d enf;wl 2007 ckEpS f atmufwb kd mvtwGi;f yckuLU +rdK@wiG f jyKvkyaf om ppftpd;k &. trsK;d om;nDvmcHaxmufcyH rJG sm;wGiv f nf; jynfov l x l u k kd wufa&muf&ef t"rR qifah c:cJh onfukd awG@&onf? tm%mydik rf sm;u wufa&mufvmolrsm;udk usyaf iG (1500) usyaf y;+yD; rwufa&mufv#if usyaf iG (3000)usyf jyefay;&rnf[k +crd ;f ajcmufco hJ nf?96 xd@k jyif rauG;wdik ;f / rauG;+rKd @ axmufcyH rJG sm;wGiv f nf; tvm;wl zdtm;ay;r_rsm;&Scd o hJ nf? tpd;k &axmufcyH rJG sm;udk wufa&muf&ef jynfcikd +f zKd ;ESihf pGr;f tm;&Sit f zG@J rsm;u aus;&Gmrsm;&Sd a'ocHrsm;udk rwufrae& vufrw S x f ;kd cdik ;f cJo h nf? rwufa&mufygu Edik if aH wmfukd rxDrjhJ rifvyk rf E_ iS hf +rdK@e,fr,uudk wdik =f um;rnf[k vSnv hf nfausnm+y;D usyaf iG (3000)rS (10000)txd '%faiG&u dk rf nf[v k nf; 97 +cdr;f ajcmufco hJ nf? atmifv+H rdK@wiG f wpf&yfuu G v f #if vlO;D a& (50)E_e;f wufa&muf&ef

38

'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;p m;pkk

twif;tusyf pkaqmif;cJo h nf? ud, k w f ikd f rvku d Ef ikd yf gu vlimS ;xnfah y;&onf? tpd;k &axmuf cHyrJG sm;od@k oGm;a&muf&ef twif;t"rRacsmqGx J m;aom um;rsm;jzifh yd@k aqmifay;cJo h nf? tqdk ygum;rsm;onf tpd;k &tm; ykrH eS t f cGef ay;aqmifaeaom um;rsm;jzpfonft h wGuaf =umifh ,mOfyikd &f iS rf sm;ESihf jynfcikd +f zdK;tm%mydik rf sm; t=um;wGiv f nf; rausvnfrr_ sm; ay:aygucf hJ 98 onf? ppftpd;k &ausmaxmufaemufcH jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;u OD;aqmifusi;f yaeaom twk ta,mif axmufcyH rJG sm;wGif jynfov l x l u k kd twif;"rR ae&mcsxm;r_rsm;a=umifh rdvm† oef@&iS ;f r_ enf;yg;jcif;/ cku d &f efjzpfymG ;jcif;rsm; r=umc% jzpfay:cJo h nf? cdu k &f efjzpfymG ;r_rsm;a=umifh wufa&mufvmolrsm;xJwiG f aoqH;k r_rsm;yif &Scd o hJ nf? vlpv k al 0;yGrJ sm; usi;f yaepOfumv twGi;f &moDOwkyjl yif;vGe;f jcif; od@k r[kwf rd;k onf;xefpmG &GmoGe;f jcif; ponfh tajctaersm; udv k nf; }uKH awG@c&hJ onf? rnfonft h ajctaersm;wGirf qdk jynfcikd +f zKd ;tm%mydik rf sm;u twk ta,mif vlpv k al 0;yGrJ sm;udk tpDtpOftwdik ;f qufvufusi;f ycJo h nf?

1994 ckepfwiG f yJc;l wkid ;f / jynf+rKd @Y usi;f yaom etzppftpd;k &tm; axmufcaH =umif; jyoonfh vlpv k al 0;yGw J pfcw k iG f vlaxmifaygi;f rsm;pGmtm; twif;t"rR wufa&muf&ef apcdik ;f cJo h nf? jynforl sm;udk vlpv k al 0;yGJ rusi;f ycifwpf&uftvdw k iG f jc0H if;wpfcx k YJ pk&;Hk apcJh onf? jynforl sm;tm; tdro f mtoH;k jyKcGiu hf ykd if ydwyf ifxm;cJo h nf? xdt k ajctaersm;a=umifh tcsKd @rmS xGuaf jy;vGwaf jrmuf&ef }uKd ;yrf;cJ=h uonf? xdu k o hJ @kd xGuaf jy;&ef }uKd ;yrf;olrsm;onf tapmifrh sm;. 0g;vH;k ydik ;f rsm;/ wkwrf sm;jzifh ¶du k Ef u S jf cif;udk cHc&hJ onf? xd¶k ek ;f &if;qefcwfrw _ iG f vl (2) a,mufonf ajcjzifh uefausmuf/ eif;ajcI owfjzwfjcif;cHc&hJ onf? ausm&k;d usK;d oGm; aom trsK;d orD;(2)OD;tygt0if vlta,muf (20) '%f&m&&Scd o hJ nf? od@k aomfvnf; vlpv k al 0; 99 yGrJ sm;udk aemufwae@wiG f tpDtpOftwdik ;f qufvufusi;f ycJo h nf? xd@k jyif 2007 ckEpS /f atmufwb kd mvtwGi;f Yvnf; rdo k nf;xefpmG &GmoGe;f r_a=umifh rauG;wdik ;f / rauG;+rdK@wiG jf yKvkyo f nfh twkta,mif ppftpd;k &axmufcyH o JG @kd wufa&muf&ef jynforl sm;udk o,faqmifvmonfu h m;wpfp;D ntcsed w f iG f wdr;f arSmufco hJ nf? jynfot l csK@d '%f&mjyif;xefpmG &&Scd +hJ yD; tjcm;jynforl sm;vnf; wpfnvk;H qif;qif;&J&EJ iS hf aecJ&h onf? od@k aomfvnf; +rKd @e,fat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H +zKd ;a&;aumifpu D tqdyk gowif;tm; oufqikd f 100 &mrdom;pkrsm;xH raygu=f um;ap&ef owday;ajymqdck o hJ nf? vlpv k al 0;yGrJ sm; usi;f yaepOf wGiv f nf; rd;k onf;xefpmG &GmoGe;f r_a=umifh ausmif;om;vli,frsm; ruse;f rrm jzpfc=hJ uonf?101 rGejf ynfe,f&dS armfv+rdKif/ usKu d x f Ekd iS hf oxk+H rdK@rsm;wGif jyKvkyaf om vlx k v k al 0;yGrJ sm;wGiv f nf; jynfov l x l u k kd twif;tusyzf t d m;ay; wufa&mufapcJo h nf? xdv k pl v k al 0;yGrJ sm;od@k oGm;&m vrf;wGif um;ay:rS jyKwfusjcif;/ tarmqd@k jcif; ponfh xdcu kd rf r_ sm;a=umifh vl(3)OD; aoqk;H cJh 102 onf?

39

jynf c d k i f ò zd ;

od k Πr[k w f

ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;

2003 ckepf/ atmufwb kd mvwGif csi;f jynfe,f/ [m;cg;+rdK@Y etzppftpd;k &. vrf; !$ecf su(f 7)&yfyg 'Dru kd a&pDvrf;jyajryHt k m; axmufcaH =umif;jyoonfh vlpv k al 0;yGw J pfcu k kd usi;f ycJo h nf? ,if;vlpv k al 0;yGrJ sm;od@k ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;ESihf tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;udk zdtm;ay; wufa&mufapcJo h nf? wufa&muf&ef ysuu f u G o f rl sm;udk ausmif;rSxw k yf ,fjcif;/ tvkyrf x S w k yf ,fjcif; (od@k r[kw)f '%faiGay;aqmifjcif;rsm; cH&rnf[k +cdr;f ajcmufajymqdck hJ onf? csi;f jynfe,f&dS t"du+rdK@}uD;rsm;rS ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;apv$w&f ef zdtm;ay;apcdik ;f cJ+h yD; [mcg;+rKd @wiG v f nf; wpftrd af xmifv#if tenf;qH;k vlwpfa,mufEe_ ;f wufa&muf&ef !$e=f um;cJh onf? wufa&muforl sm;tm; vlwef;oH;k wef;cGI J jrefrmh¶;kd &m t0wftpm;rsm;udk 0wfqifap 103 &ef !$e=f um;cJo h nf? xd@k jyif 2007 ckEpS f pufwifbmvtwGi;f Y &Sr;f jynfe,f/ rlq,f+rdK@wiG f jyKvyk af om trsK;d om;nDvmcHaxmufcyH rJG sm;udv k nf; oufqikd &f mXmersm;&Sd 0efxrf;tiftm; tay:rlwnfI cGw J rf;pepfjzihf wufa&muf&ef tm%mydik rf sm;u !$e=f um;cJo h nf?104 awmif wGi;f }uD;+rdK@wiG f Xmeqdik &f mwpfcv k #if tenf;qk;H (6)OD;us wufa&muf&ef tm%mydik rf sm;u 105 !$e=f um;cJo h nf?

Ed0k ifbmvtwGi;f &Sr;f jynfe,fajrmufyikd ;f erfch rf;+rKd @wiG f jyKvyk af om tpd;k &axmufcH yGrJ sm;wGif &yfuu G w f iG ;f &Sd jynforl sm;udk wpftrd v f #iw f a,mufEe_ ;f rwufrae& wufa&muf &ef tm%mydik rf sm;u zdtm;ay;cJo h nf? tdraf jcenf;aom &yfuu G rf sm;rS wpftrd v f #if (3) a,mufEe_ ;f rwufrae& wufa&mufc&hJ onf? Tppftpd;k &axmufcyH rJG sm;wGif Xmeqdik &f m 0efxrf;rsm;/ rD;owf/ =uufajceD/ &Jwyfz@JG 0ifrsm;ESihf ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;onf rdrw d @kd oufqikd &f m 0wfpHk rsm;udk 0wfqifciG rhf &yJ &k;d &d;k t&yf0wfrsm;0wfqif+yD; t&yfom;toGijf zifh vdu k yf gco hJ nfrmS xl;jcm;r_wpfck jzpfco hJ nf?1062003 ckEpS /f atmufwb kd mvwGif rE aW v;wdik ;f / JG iG v f nf; jynfe,fEiS w hf ikd ;f toD;oD;rS jynfcikd +f zKd ; yk*+H rKd @Y usi;f ycJah om Road Map axmufcyH w ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; ESihf tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;udk tm%mydik rf sm;u rwufrae& qifah c:cJo h nf? tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;onf tcsed u f ek f tvkyyf suo f nft h jyif rdrw d @kd u, kd yf ikd pf &dwjf zifh qENrygbJ wufa&mufc&hJ onf? wufa&muf&ef ysuu f u G jf cif; od@k r[kwf jiif;qefaom 0efxrf;rsm;udk 107 tm%mydik rf sm;u '%faiG aumufccH o hJ nf?

1994 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D (22)&ufae@wiG f yJc;l wdik ;f / awmifi+l rdK@Y ppftpd;k &. twk ta,mif 'Dru kd a&pDvrf;jyajryku H kd tm;ay;axmufco H nfh vlpv k al 0;yG}J uD;wckukd jynfcikd +f zdK; toif;u OD;aqmifI usi;f yjyKvkycf o hJ nf? ppftm%mydik rf sm;onf vlpv k al 0;yG}J u;D rpwifcif 2 v }udKwifI aus;&Gmrsm;tm;vk;H od@k oGm;a&muf+yD; &Gmol/ &Gmom;rsm;tm; wpftrd af xmif v#if tenf;qk;H (1)a,mufEe_ ;f wufa&muf&ef ajym=um;cJo h nf? ,if;ppftpk;d & axmufcyH rJG sm; twGuf wpftrd v f #if usyaf iG (10)ay;aqmif&+yD;/ wufa&muf&ef ysuu f u G yf gu enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzihf +cdr;f ajcmufItwif;t"rR wufa&mufapcdik ;f cJo h nf? Oyrmtm;jzifh v,form;rsm;

40

'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;p m;pkk

qdv k #if ppftpd;k &tm;qef@usio f nf[k pGypf I JG ‚if;wd@k yikd f v,f,majrrsm;udk odr;f qnf;rnf/ tvkyo f rm;rsm;qdv k #if tvkyjf zKwrf nf/ ausmif;om;rsm;qdv k #if pmar;yGaJ tmifrw S f r&atmif jyKvyk rf nf/ um;orm;rsm; qdv k #iv f nf; ‚if;wd@k . um;armif;vdik pf ifrsm;udk &kyo f rd ;f rnf pojzifh trsK;d rsK;d +cdr;f ajcmufI wufa&muf&ef zdtm;ay;cJo h nf? xd@k a=umifh trsm;pkonf tm%mydik f rsm;.trde@f ukd rvGeq f ef&I J wufa&muf=u&onf? tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;rsm;taejzifh rdrw d @kd .ae@pOfvyk if ef;rsm;udk qufvufvyk af qmifEikd &f eftwGuf tjcm;wpkw H pfa,mufukd 108 tpm;xd;k iSm;&rf;&eftwGuf aiGa=u;tcuftcJ }uHKawG@c&hJ onf? jynfcidk +f zdK;toif;. vlpv k al 0;yGrJ sm;od@k ar#mv f ifx h m;onfh ta&twGut f wdik ;f wufa&mufvmolO;D a& tjynft h 0 r&Sad omfvnf; wufa&mufvmolta&twGut f m; r=um c%csu hJ m;ajymqdI k tpd;k &ydik ¶f yk jf rifo=H um;ESihf toHvi$ Xhf mersm;od@k owif;yd@k avh&o dS nf? Oy rmtm;jzihf rdwWDvm+rdK@&Sd tpdk;&axmufcHyGJrsm;odk@ wufa&mufcJhonfh ta&twGufonf (20000)ausmcf ef@om&Sad omfvnf; tm%mydik rf sm;u (60000)ausmf wufa&mufco hJ nf[k 109 xkwjf yefco hJ nf? 1994 ckEpS t f wGi;f u &Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f wGif jyKvkyaf om twkta,mif ppftpd;k &axmufcyH rJG sm;wGif wufa&mufot l a&twGuo f nf aomif;*%ef;r#om &Sad omf vnf; ppftm%mydik rf sm;u 2 ode;f ausmcf ef@ wufa&mufco hJ nf[k cs@J um;I ausnmcJo h nf?110 2003 ckEpS /f pufwifbmvwGif 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; Akv d cf sKyfcif!e$ @f . vrf;jyajryk(H 7) csuu f kd axmufcaH =umif;jyo&ef vlpv k al 0;yGw J pfcu k kd jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;u OD;aqmifI &efuek f wdik ;f / ouFe;f u|e;f +rKd @e,f&dS ok0Àtm;upm;uGi;f wGif usi;f ycJo h nf? xdv k rf;jyajrykaH xmufcyH JG od@k jynfov l x l k (15000) ausmf wufa&mufco hJ nf[k ppftpd;k &rD', D mrsm;u *k%, f 0l }hH umG ;pGm ajymqdck ahJ omfvnf; jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm;tygt0if ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;ESihf tpd;k & 0efxrf;trsm;pkonf xdak xmufcyH o JG @kd tm%mydik rf sm;. trde@f ay;apcdik ;f cJjh cif;a=umifh rv$J ra&Smifom wufa&mufc&hJ jcif;jzpfa=umif; awG@&&dS onf?111 2006 ckEpS w f iG f trsK;d om;nDvmcHtm; axmufcaH =umif;jyoonfh twkta,mif vlpv k al 0;yGrJ sm;udk ppftpd;k &vufuikd w f w k f jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;u OD;aqmifI Zefe0g&D 7 &ufae@ wGif &efuek +f rKd @ ok0Àtm;upm;wGif usi;f ycJo h nf? wqufwnf;Yyif u&ifjynfe,f/ ucsijf ynf e,f/ yJc;l wdik ;f ESihf rE aW v;wdik ;f wd@k wiG v f nf; qufvufusi;f ycJo h nf? jrefrmppftpd;k & owif; rD', D mrsm;wGif tqdyk gtrsK;d om;nDvmcHaxmufcyH u JG kd oef;aygi;f rsm;pGmaom jynfov l x l }k u;D u axmufc}H uKd qdck +hJ y;D / jynfcikd +f zKd ;tzG@J 0if (22)oef;ESihf rdcifEiS u hf av; apmifah &Smufa&; tzG@J 0if (4)oef;jzifh axmufcrH t _ rsm;pkukd &,lEikd cf ahJ =umif; *k%, f 0l =hH uGm;pGm ajymqdck o hJ nf? od@k aomf vnf; axmufcyH o JG @kd wufa&mufc&hJ aom a'ocHjynforl sm;rSm tm%mydik rf sm;. enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh zdtm;ay;+crd ;f ajcmufrr_ sm;a=umifh ‚if;wd@k .ae@pOfvyk if ef;rsm;udk csex f m;cJ+h y;D wufa&muf 112 cJ&h jcif;jzpfonf? ppftpd;k &rD', D mrsm;u rnfo@kd yif yk}H u;D cs@J ajymqdv k ifu h pm; tqdyk gaxmuf

41

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42

'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;p m;pkk

uefEiS hf +Aw d ed w f @kd . Adv k u f sp;dk rk;d r_ukd rcHEidk I f trsK;d om;a&;pdw"f gwf xufoeforl sm;u a&S@wef; xGuf qef@usiu f ef@uu G v f u kd jf cif; jzpfonf[k umuG,af jymqdck o hJ nf?117 xd@k jyif tar&duefukd wdu k &f u kd q f ef@usio f nfh jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J . v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;rSm &Sr;f jynfe,fajrmufyikd ;f / erfch rf;+rKd @ tpd;k &axmufcyH w JG pfcw k iG f jzpfonf? +rKd @e,fjynfcikd +f zKd ;OuUX OD;ausmjf rifEh iS t hf zG@J u a=uG;a=umforH sm; [pfatmfI tar&dueforRw a*sm'h AvsLbk&fS "gwyf Hk tm; rD;&_@d zsuq f ;D cJo h nf? Ttjzpftysuu f kd "gwyf &Hk u dk u f ;l ol t&yfom;wpfO;D udv k nf; tm%m 118 ydik rf sm;u zrf;qD;cJo h nf? jynfcikd +f zdK;u vkyaf qmifcahJ om tjcm;v_y&f mS ;r_wpfcrk mS ,cifu jynfwiG ;f ae&ma'orsm;/ tpd;k &rD', D mrsm;wGi“f jynfytm;ud;k ykqed &f ;dk tqd;k jrif0g'rD sm;tm; qef@usi=f u”/ “jynfytiftm;}u;D Edik if w H pfEidk if ”H / “taemuftyk pf k tiftm;}u;D Edik if w H pfEikd if ”H pojzifh ok;H E_e;f cJah omfvnf; aemufyikd ;f wGif “tar&dueftm;ud;k ykqed &f ;dk tqd;k jrif0g'rD sm;tm; qef@usi=f u” [k ajymif;vJo;Hk E_e;f um tar&dueftm; wdu k &f u kd q f ef@usicf o hJ nf? tqd;k qk;H rSm xkad qmify'k rf sm;udk pD;yGm;a&;a=umfjimrsm;twGuf pnfyifom,ma&;aumfrwDtcGeXf mewGif tcGeaf qmifxm;aom yk*v ~ u d pD;yGm;a&;a=umfjimqdik ;f bkwrf sm;ay:wGif xyfqifch sw d q f cJG jhJ cif;jzpf onf? ,if;vky&f yfrsm;a=umifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;&Sirf sm;udk pdwt f aESmuft,Suf rsm;pGmjzpfapcJh 119 onf? jynfyrS Ekid if aH &;acgi;f aqmifrsm;/ ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;ESihf txl;oHwrefrsm; jrefrm jynfo@kd ta=umif;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh vma&mufvnfywfonft h csed w f iG v f nf; ppftm%mydik rf sm;u zefw;D xm;aom twif;t"rRpak qmif;xm;onfh vlpv k al 0;yGrJ sm;/ qef@usi&f w _ cf syrJG sm;/ twk ta,mifaxmufcyH rJG sm;jzifh {nfch }H udKqdak vh&o dS nf? ,if; twif;t"rR vlpv k al 0;yGrJ sm;udk Edik if w H umoHwrefrsm; vma&mufvnfywfcsed w f iG f vku d v f jH yo&ef 0g'jzef@csad &;wpfct k aejzihf tok;H jyKco hJ nfukd awG@&onf? 2006 ckEpS f tmqD,u H , kd pf m;vS,f rav;&Sm;Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef}u;D . c&D;pOftwGi;f Y anmifEpS yf iftrsK;d om;nDvmcH }udKqdak xmufcyH rJG sm;udk trmcHtzG@J 0ifrsm; jzifh wpfEidk if v H ;Hk twdik ;f twmjzifh usi;f yoGm;&ef jynfaxmifp}k uH@cikd af &;ESi@f zG@H +zdK;a&;toif; (A[d)k u pDpOfxm;cJo h nf?120 ppftpd;k &. twkta,mif vlpv k al 0;yGrJ sm;od@k wufa&mufol trsm;pkonf t"rR apcdik ;f jcif; cHc&hJ olrsm;jzpfonft h avsmuf xdo k @kd wufa&mufae&jcif;udk tm%mydik rf sm;. taESmuft,Suaf y; +crd ;f ajcmufrr_ sm;rS uif;vGw&f ef enf;vrf;wpfct k jzpf ¶_jrifxm;=uonf? tusK;d quftaejzifh ppftpd;k &axmufcyH rJG sm;/ twdu k t f cHtzG@J tpnf;rsm;/ taemufEikd if }H u;D rsm;ESihf jynfyrD', D mrsm;udk qef@usi&f w _ cf sonfh vlpv k al 0;yGrJ sm;od@k qENrygyJ wufa&mufvmcJ&h onf@ jynfov l x l u k vnf; vlpv k al 0;yGrJ sm;twGi;f tm%mydik rf sm;. aºuG;a=umforH sm;udk qef@usiaf ºu;G a=umfjcif;/ jyuf&,fjyKjcif;rsm; jyKvkycf o hJ nf? xdv k yk af qmifrr_ sm;a=umifh tm%m 121 ydkifrsm;. zrf;qD;jcif;udkvnf; cH&onf? tcsKd@+rdK@e,frsm;&Sd tpdk;&axmufcHyGJrsm;wGif

43

jynf c d k i f ò zd ;

od k Πr[k w f

ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;

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44

'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;p m;pkk

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45

jynf c d k i f ò zd ;

od k Πr[k w f

ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;

=uufajceD tzG@J EiS hf +rKd @e,ftyk cf sKyfa&;t&m&Srd sm;u tzG@J .tok;H p&dw[ f q k u kd m jzwfawmufchJ onf? od@k aomfvnf; aiGvufiif;jzwfyikd ;f wGirf l usyaf iG (20000) &&Sad =umif;/ avab;tul tnD &&So d rl sm;u vufrw S af &;xd;k ay;cJ&h onf? avab;tultnDrsm;udk jynfov l x l x k o H @kd jynfjh ynf0h 0 xkwaf y;jcif;r&Sb d J avab;ulnaD &;tzG@J u &ku d pf m;/ jzwfpm; vkyjf cif;tay: raus eyfI wm0ef &So d rl sm;xH wdik =f um;cJo h rl sm;udk wdik ;f rSL;Adv k cf sKyaf rmifO;D trde@f jzihf zrf;qD;cJo h nf?131 xd@k tjyif ppftpd;k &vufuikd w f w k jf zpfonfh jynfcidk +f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf jynfov l x l k tay: enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh aiGa=u;aumufcjH cif;/ aiGrsm;tvGo J ;Hk pm;jyKjcif; ponfh t*wdvu dk pf m; r_rsm;udv k nf; usL;vGev f #u&f o dS nf? om"utm;jzif-h jrefrmEkid if o H pfawm0ef}u;D XmerS bdu k av;+rKd @/ trSw(f &)&yfuu G &f dS rlvwef;ausmif;twGuf y&dabm*rsm;0,f,&l ef csay;xm;onfh aiG (4)ode;f udk ausmif;twGuf wpkw H &m vkyrf ay;bJ jynfcikd +f zKd ;pnf;&k;H a&;rSL;rsm;u tvG;J ok;H pm;jyKvyk cf o hJ nf? tvm;wlpmG {&m0wDwikd ;f / 0g;c,fr+rKd @e,f&dS Aefarmftpk}u;D aus;&Gm rlvwef; ausmif; jyKjyifaqmufvyk &f eftwGuf csay;xm;onfh aiGusyo f ed ;f (30)udv k nf; &yfuu G af t; csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;aumifpD (&,u)OuUXESihf tzG@J 0ifrsm;u tvGo J ;Hk pm; jyKvkycf hJ 132 onf? ppftpd;k &vufuikd w f w k f jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;. rw&m;pD;yGm;&Smr_/ vmbfpm;r_ ponfh ud, k u f siw hf &m; ysujf ym;r_rsm;a=umifh jynfov l x l rk mS 'kuaQ &mufc=hJ u&onf? Oyrm tm;jzifh rauG;wdik ;f / acsmuf+rKd @e,fwiG f &k;H aqmuf&ef txufrcS say;onfh usyaf iG ode;f (50)udk jynfcikd +f zdK;pnf;&k;H a&;rSL; OD;ausmjf rifEh iS hf tzG@J u ‚if;wd@k u, kd u f sK;d twGuf ok;H pGcJ o hJ nf? xd@k tjyif a&eHajrtvkyo f rm;rsm;. tyef;ajz&dyo f mudo k rd ;f ,lI jynfcikd +f zdK;&k;H rsm; zGiv hf pS jf cif;/ &k;H aqmufrnfh ajrae&may:wGif pm;aomufqikd rf sm;zGiv hf pS +f y;D ud, k u f sK;d &Smjcif;rsm;udv k nf; jyKvyk f 133 cJo h nf? tez tm%mydik rf sm;onf ‚if;wd@k .Edik if aH &;vrf;jyajrykt H & topfjyefvnf usi;f y rnfh taxGaxGa&G;aumufyw JG iG f ‚if;wd@k ausmaxmufaemufcjH yK zG@J pnf;avhusiahf y;xm;aom Ekid if aH &;toif;tzG@J rsm; aocsmaygut f Ekid &f &Sad &;twGuf jynfov l x l . k axmufcrH u _ kd tyl wjyif; vdt k yfae+yDjzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh jynfov l x l w k &yfv;Hk udk ppftm%m&Sirf sm;ESihf ‚if;wd@k . vufuikd w f w k f Ekid if aH &;toif;tzG@J rsm;uvGI J tjcm;rnfonft h zG@J tpnf;ESirhf # xdpyfciG hf r&&Sad tmif enf;vrf;trsK;d rsK;d tok;H jyKI }udK;yrf;tm;xkwcf o hJ nf?

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46

'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;p m;pkk

tcef ; (4) jynf c d k i f + zd K ;toif ; . Ed k i f i H a &;t=urf ; zuf r _ r sm; jrefrmppftm%m&Sirf sm;u OD;aqmifz@JG pnf;xm;aom jynfcidk +f zdK;(ac: )jynfaxmif pk}u@H cikd af &;ESizhf @HG +zKd ;a&;toif;onf ,Ofaus;odraf rG@aom jrefrmhvt l zG@J tpnf;twGi;f Edik if aH &; t=urf;zufrt _ rsK;d rsK;d wGif ud, k w f ikd u f , kd u f s yg0ifywfoufco hJ nfukd xifxif&mS ;&Sm; awG@jrif& onf? ppftm%m&Sipf epf wnf+raJ &;ESihf ‚if;wd@k pw d w f ikd ;f us pDrx H m;onfh zG@J pnf;ykt H ajccHOya' wck ay:ayguv f ma&;twGuf twdu k t f cHtzG@J tpnf;rsm;tygt0if ‚if;wd@k vyk if ef;pOfrsm;udk qef@usio f nf[k ,lq&olrsm;tm;vk;H udk jynfcikd +f zKd ;tzG@J u enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh t=urf;zuf+zKd ciG ;f cJo h nf?

2002 ckEpS /f ZGev f 25 &ufae@ armfv+rdKif+rdK@ atmifqef;cef;rY usi;f yjyKvkyaf om jynfcikd +f zKd ;txl;tpnf;ta0;wpfcw k iG v f nf; Adv k cf sKyt f ek ;f jrihu f trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKy. f v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;udk apmif=h unf&h efEiS hf tqdyk gvy_ &f mS ;r_rsm;udk wm;jrpfaESmuf,u S &f ef wdu k w f eG ;f 134 ajym=um;cJo h nf? wcsed w f nf;Yyif tm%mydik rf sm;onf vlru dk /f vl&rf;um;rsm;udk vufoyf arG;+yD; Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;olrsm;udk pepfwus ESyd u f yG +f zdKcGi;f cJo h nf? jynfcikd +f zdK;acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf twdu k t f cHtiftm;pkrsm;/ ppftpd;k &udk qef@usif onf[k ,lq&olrsm;tm;vk;H ESihf taxGaxGt=uyftwnf;rsm;a=umifh ay:ayguv f mrnfh jynf wGi;f r+ird rf oufrr_ sm;udk t=urf;zuf+zKd ciG ;f &ef t+rw J ap }upH nfvyk af qmifc=hJ uonf? ,if;tpD tpOfrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&u G &f ef jynfcidk +f zdK;toif;0if vli,frsm;tygt0if omrefjynforl sm;udk qEN&o dS nfjzpfap/ r&So d nfjzpfap vufeufuikd Ef iS hf umuG,af &;enf;AsL[m oifwef;rsm;/ t"du&ke;f ESrd ef if;a&; oifwef;rsm;/ axmufvrS ;f a&;oifwef;rsm;/ owif;pm oif wef;rsm;/ Edik if w H umtzG@J tpnf;rsm;tm; vdrn f mvSnjhf zm;enf; oifwef;rsm;135 tygt0if oifwef;rsK;d pku H kd ay:ay:xifxif oif=um;yd@k csay;cJo h nf? jynfcidk +f zdK;toif; em,u}uD; Adv k cf sKyfrLS ;}uD; oef;a&$.tqdt k & aus;vufrS A[dk tqifx h d zGiv hf pS cf o hJ nfh oifwef;rsK;d pkw H iG f jynfcikd +f zKd ;vli,faygi;f (29)oef;ausmf wufa&mufchJ onf? ESppf Of vli,f(2)oef;ausmu f kd avhusio hf if=um;ay;cJo h nf? 2006-2007 ckEpS rf sm; twGi;f Yyif jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;0if vli,faygi;f (3.1)oef;ausmu f kd avhusiahf y;cJo h nf?136 ppftpd;k &vufuikd w f w k f jynfcikd +f zdK; ac: jynfaxmifp}k uH@cikd af &;ESihf zG@+H zdK;a&;toif; onf twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;udk ypfrSwfxm;I EdkifiHa&;t=urf;zufr_rsm; usL;vGef&ef pepfwus }uKd wifjyifqifco hJ nfukd awG@&onf? 2003 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmv 31 &uf ae@pyJG g jynfcikd f +zdK;toif;. awmifOuUvmypDrcH suw f iG f twdu k t f cHtiftm;pkrsm;. rdom;pkrsm;twGi;f

47

jynf c d k i f ò zd ;

od k Πr[k w f

ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;

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D rnfonfv h y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;udrk qdk tiftm;ok;H I xdyw f u kd &f ifqikd f ajz&Si;f 137 cdik ;f onf@ enf;vrf;rsm;yif jzpfonf? xd@k jyif 2005 ckEpS /f {+yDvwGiv f nf; jynfcikd +f zdK;A[du k NLD tzG@J csKyfukd +zdKcG&J ef enf; AsL[mopfrsm; a&;qGcJ srw S cf o hJ nf? xdek nf;AsL[mopfrsm;wGif NLD tzG@J csKyf acgi;f aqmifrsm; ESiyhf wfoufI yk*Kd~ vfa&;wdu k cf u kd x f m;onfh pmrsm;udk wpfEikd if v H ;Hk twdik ;f twmESihf jzef@a0&ef/ NLD rS xkwy f ,fcx H m;&aom tzG@J 0ifa[mif;rsm;udv k nf; tzG@J csKy&f ;Hk rsm;a&S@wiG f oGm;a&muf+y;D tzG@J csKyf0iftjzpf jyefvnfvufcaH y;&eftwGuf qENjyawmif;qdck ikd ;f +y;D ,if;awmif;qdak eaom ykrH sm;udk pepfwus rSww f rf;wif AD'G , D &kd u dk u f ;l I owif;*sme,frsm;wGif ykrH eS x f nfo h iG ;f azmfjy&ef 138 ponfh enf;AsL[mrsm; yg0ifonf? jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif;onf Edik if aH &;t=urf;zufrr_ sm; usL;vGe&f ef vkyyf ikd cf iG t hf m%mrsm; tjynft h 0 &&Sx d m;onf? aus;&Gmrsm;ESihf +rKd @e,frsm;. vH+k cKH a&;ESihf xde;f odr;f }u;D =uyfa&;qdik &f m vkyif ef;rsm;wGiv f nf; jynfcikd +f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm; wpxufwp yg0ifywfoufvmcJ+h y;D twdu k t f cH tzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf 'Dru dk a&pDa&;axmufcv H y_ &f mS ;olrsm;udk axmufvrS ;f apmif=h unfI h t xufo@kd owif;ay;yd@k onfh Informer tvkyrf sm;udyk g vkyaf qmifvmcJo h nf? xd@k jyif w&m;Oya' rJh owfjzwfr/_ zrf;qD;r_rsm;wGiv f nf; yg0ifywfoufvmcJo h nfukd awG@&onf? tusK;d quf t aejzihf toif;0ifvil ,frsm;t=um; vlru kd q f efqef vl&rf;um;tjyKtr_rsm; ay:ayguv f mcJh onf? xd@k jyif jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;taejzifv h nf; Edik if t H wGi;f vGwv f yfpmG oGm;vmcGi@f &I twdu k t f cHtzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf ppftpd;k &udq k ef@usio f nfh omrefjynforl sm;udk w&m;vufrhJ t=urf; zuf+crd ;f ajcmufrr_ sm; ydI k usL;vGev f mcJo h nf? Tod@k jyKrv _ y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;a=umifh jynfov l x l t k wGi;f pdw0f rf;uGjJ ym;r_rsm; jzpfay:vmcJo h nft h jyif tqd;k &Gm;qk;H aom vlrsK;d a&;/ bmoma&; yÉdyuQ rsm;ESihf t=urf;zufwu kd cf u dk rf r_ sm; ay:ayguv f ma&;qDo@kd OD;wnfvmapcJo h nf? txl;ojzifh jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;onf wenf;tm;jzifh ppftm%mydik rf sm;omjzpfonft h wGuf Edik if t H wGi;f ay:ayguo f nfh rnfonfjh y\emtwGurf qdk ppftpd;k &tm%mydik rf sm;Yom wm0ef&o Sd nf?

2003 ckepf/ arv 30 &ufae@wiG f jzpfymG ;cJah om 'Dy, J if;t=urf;zufro _ nf jrefrm Edik if w H iG f ppfwyftyk cf sKyo f nfu h mvtwGi;f 1988 vlxt k a&;awmfy+Hk y;D v#if 'kw, d tqd;k &Gm;qk;H aom Edik if aH &;t=urf;zufr}_ u;D jzpfonf? pnf;&k;H a&;c&D;xGuv f maom a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf NLD tzG@J 0ifrsm; pD;eif;vdu k yf gvmonf, h mOfwef;tm; 'Dy, J if;+rdK@teD;w0du k w f iG f jynfcikd +f zdK; tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESi@f tpd;k &opPmcHrsm;u pepfwus }udKwifppD OfI t=urf;zufwu dk cf u kd cf jhJ cif;jzpf

48

'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;p m;pkk

onf? wwd,ajrmuf Edik if aH &;t=urf;zufro _ nf2007 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f ESihf pufwifbmvrsm; wGif jzpfymG ;cJo h nfh +ird ;f csr;f pGm qENjyaeom &[ef;&Siv f jl ynforl sm;udk ppfwyf/ vkx H ed ;f / jynfcikd +f zKd ; ESihf pGr;f tm;&Siq f o kd rl sm;u &ufpufpmG t=urf;zuf+zKd cGi;f cJjh cif; jzpfonf? ,if;t=urf;zufrw _ iG f +ird ;f csr;f pGmqENjyaeaom &[ef;awmfrsm;tygt0if jynfov l x l k &mESichf sI D aoqk;H cJ+h y;D axmif aygi;f rsm;pGm zrf;qD;jcif;cHc&hJ onf? od@k aomfvnf; ppftpd;k &u aoqk;H olta&twGuEf iS hf zrf;qD; cH&onfh ta&twGuw f @kd ukd wdwu d sus razmfjycJah y? qufvufI jynfo@l ppfrsm;udk jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif;rSwqifh zG@J pnf;yH/k vH+k cKH a&;wyfz@JG rsm; twGi;f &Sd jynfcidk +f zKd ;.tcef;u¾/ jynfcidk +f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;rS bmoma&;t=urf;zufrr_ sm; jzpfymG ; vmap&efv@H_ aqmfr/_ Edik if aH &;t=urf;zufwu dk cf u kd rf r_ sm;ESihf pGr;f tm;&Sirf sm;ta=umif;udk quf vufazmfjyygrnf?

pG r f ; tm;&S i f r sm; pGr;f tm;&Sirf sm;ESiyhf wfoufI tenf;i,f wifjyvdo k nf? pGr;f tm;&Sit f zG@J onf jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;uJo h @kd ppftm%m&Sipf epfoufq;kd &Snaf p&eftwGuf Edik if aH &;vuf&;Hk tjzpf &nfreS cf sux f m;+y;D pepfwus w&m;0ifz@JG pnf;xm;onfh tzG@J wpfcrk [kwaf y? jrefrmjynfwiG ;f &Sd qif;&Jom;jynforl sm;twGuf vlra_ &;vkyif ef;rsm;udk aqmif&u G af y;aeaom vlra_ &;toif; (od@k r[kw)f tpd;k &r[kwaf omtzG@J tpnf; (tife*f st D )kd vnf; r[kwaf y? ppftpd;k &rS vdt k yf onft h csed w f iG f tca=u;aiGay;I ac:,ltok;H jyKonfh vlwpfpo k m jzpfonf? “pGrt f m;&Si”f qdo k nfh pum;vk;H udk tm%mydik rf sm;u2000-2001 ckEpS rf sm;rSpI omrefpwif ok;H pGv J mcJh aomfvnf; txl;ojzifh 2003 ckEpS /f arv 30 &ufwiG f jzpfymG ;cJah om a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyftzGJ@0ifrsm;udk t=urf;zufwdkufcdkufcJhonfh 'DyJ,if;vkyf}uHr_ t+y;D wGif tm%mydik rf sm;u ydI k wGiw f iG u f s,u f s,f ok;H pGv J mcJo h nfukd awG@&onf? owif;t axmuftxm;wcsK@d t& pGr;f tm;&Sit f zG@J rsm;onf 1997 ta&;tcif;rsm;uwnf;u yg0if ywfoufcahJ =umif; avhvmawG@&&dS onf?139 od@k aomfvnf; tm%mydik rf sm;taejzifh pGr;f tm;&Sif tzG@J wnf&jdS cif;. &nf&, G cf suEf iS hf t"dyg` ,u f kd jynfov l x l t k m; &Si;f rjycJah y?

2006 ckEpS /f Ed0k ifbmv (2)&ufae@wiG f &efuek +f rdK@Y usi;f yjyKvkycf o hJ nf etz ppftpd;k &. owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGJ (7§2006)wGif *s*D so D wif;XmerS owif;axmufwpfO;D u pGr;f tm;&Si. f t"dyg` ,u f kd &Si;f jyay;&ef ar;jref;cJo h nf? xdt k cg &JcsKyfcif&u D “pGr;f tm;&Siq f w kd hJ t"dyg` ,u f sawmh usaemfw@kd wkid ;f jynfrmS jynfojl ynfom;awG[m wdik ;f jynf&@J pGr;f tm;jzpfyg w,f? wdik ;f jynf&@J tm;yJjzpfygw,f? tJ'ga=umifh usaemfw@kd u wdik ;f jynf&@J ta&;t&mudpaP wG tm;vk;H udk ajz&Si;f wJt h cgrmS tJ'pD rG ;f tm;awG tJ'jD ynfoal wG&@J tm;awGukd ,l+yD;awmh tok;H cs+yD;awmh usaemfw@kd aqmif&u G &f wm jzpfygw,f? tcku|eaf wmfw@kd vuf&aSd qmif&u G af ewJh

49

jynf c d k i f ò zd ;

od k Πr[k w f

ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;

w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;/ &yf&mG at;csr;f om,ma&; pwJh vkyif ef;t&yf&yfukd aqmif&u G w f t hJ cgrmS rD;owfw@kd / =uufajceDw@kd / &,uwd@k / ponfjzifh tJ'yD *k Kd~ vaf wG[m vpm &dumQ wjym;wcsyrf rS & bJe@J oD;jcm;apwemtav#muf ulnaD y;aewJh pGr;f tm;rsm;jzpfwt hJ wGuaf =umifh 'Dy*k Kd~ vrf sm;udk pGr;f tm;&Siv f @kd Edik if aH wmfu pmvH;k a&G;cs,o f wfrw S +f y;D awmh *k%jf yKac:a0: jcif; jzpfygw,f”[k 140 &Si;f jyoGm;cJo h nfukd awG@&onf? pGr;f tm;&Sit f zG@J wiG f rD;owf/ =uufajceDEiS hf &,utzG@J 0ifrsm;omru oufqikd &f m r,u/ &,utzG@J 0ifa[mif;rsm;/ jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;rS trmcHvufa&G;pifrsm;/ axmifxu G f rsm;/ vlq;kd vlru kd f rSww f rf;0ifrsm;/ csaJ &mif;olrsm;/ t&ufyek ;f a&mif;olrsm;/ avmif;upm;'dik u f ikd f olrsm;/ Zdrcf ef; axmifpm;olrsm;ESihf vlayvlawrsm;vnf; yg0ifonfukd awG@&&dS onf? ‚if;wd@k ukd ppftpd;k &u ta&;ay: vdt k yfonft h csed u f sro S m tca=u;aiGay;I ac:,lpak qmif;+y;D !$e=f um; avh&o dS nf? txl;ojzifh oufqikd &f m+rKd @e,f jynfcikd +f zKd ;tm%mydik rf sm;ESihf +rKd @e,fr,utm%m ydik rf sm;u pGr;f tm;&Sit f zG@J rsm;udk wdu k &f u kd w f m0ef,}l uD;=uyfonfukd awG@&&dS +yD; ‚if;wd@k xrf; aqmif&rnfh vkyif ef;wm0efrsm;tvdu k f wm0efrsm;ay;tyfum txuftm%mydik t f qifq h ifh udk tpD&ifcpH m wifjy&onf? pGr;f tm;&Sirf sm; taumiftxnfazmfaqmifonfh vkyif efrsm;onf ppftpd;k &udk qef@ usio f nfh jynforl sm;tygt0if Edik if aH &;orm;rsm;udk +cdr;f ajcmufjcif;/ Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_trsK;d rsK;d udk [ef@wm;aESmuf,u S jf cif;/ tiftm;ok;H t=urf;zufwu kd cf u kd jf cif;ESihf t=urf;zuf zrf;qD; jcif;rsm; jzpfonf? Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;olrsm;udk apmif=h unfo h wif;yd@k jcif;/ wefjyef qENjyjcif;/ ppf axmufvrS ;f a&;ESihf &JaxmufvrS ;f a&;rsm;u v#K@d 0u S af pcdik ;f onhf tzsut f arSmifv h yk if ef;rsm;udk vnf; vkyaf qmif=uonf? Oyrmtm;jzihf 2003 ar(30) 'Dy, J if;vlowfy/JG 2007 ckEpS /f =o*kwf ESihf pufwbFmv qENjyyGrJ sm;wGif pGr;f tm;&Sirf sm;onf tm%mydik rf sm;. wm0efay;cdik ;f apcsuf t& Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;olrsm;/ jynfov l x l Ek iS hf &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;udk &uf&ufpufpuf &du k Ef u S f owfjzwfjcif;rsm;/ t=urf;zufzrf;qD;jcif;rsm; jyKvkycf o hJ nfukd awG@&onf? pGr;f tm;&Sirf sm;twGuf ukeu f spm&dwrf sm;udk oufqikd &f mwdik ;f ESijhf ynfe,f jynfcikd +f zKd ; tzG@J 0ifrsm;. txl;&HyakH iGrS usco H ;kH pGo J nf[k ,lq&onf? 2007 =o*kw/f pufwbFmvrsm; twGi;f &efuek w f ikd ;f wGif jzpfymG ;cJo h nfh oHCmawmfrsm;ESihf ausmif;om;rsm; OD;aqmifonfh qENjyyGrJ sm;udk t=urf;zuf +zdKcG&J eftwGuf toH;k jyKcJo h nfh pGr;f tm;&Sirf sm;twGuf wpfywfpm toH;k pm&dwt f jzpf usyo f ed ;f (100) owfrw S +f y;D &efuek +f rKd @awmf0ef Adv k rf LS ;csKyf atmifoed ;f vif; (jynfcikd +f zdK;A[dt k vkyt f r_aqmif aumfrwD0if/ &efuek w f ikd ;f wm0efc)H u xkwaf y;cJo h nf?141 txl;ojzifh xdt k a&;tcif;umvt+yD;wGif pGr;f tm;&Sirf sm;onf tm%mydik rf sm;. !$e=f um; csut f & ppftpd;k &tm; qef@usio f nfv h y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;udk apmif=h unfo h wif;yd@k &ef wpfae@v#if usyaf iG (2000) rS (3000)txd &onft h jyif tao;pm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udv k nf; vkyf

50

'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;p m;pkk

aqmifciG hf &&So d nf? pGr;f tm;&Sirf sm;onf vufzuf&nfqikd rf sm;/ um;*dwrf sm;ESihf qdu k u f m; *dwrf sm;wGix f ikd I f vlrsm;udak pmif=h unfu h m rouFmp&mawG@&v dS #if txufo@kd owif;ay;yd@k & onf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyu f ikd v f o kd rl sm;twGuf +rKd @v,fae&mrsm;wGif uGr;f ,mqdik rf sm;/ vufzuf&nf qdik Ef iS hf rke@f qikd rf sm; zGiv hf pS Ef ikd &f ef tm%mydik rf sm;u ajrae&mrsm;pDpOfay;+y;D vlxu k kd apmif=h unfh 142 I owif;yd@k onfv h yk if ef;rsm;udk vkyaf qmifcikd ;f cJo h nf? ,if;od@k jzihf ppftm%mydik rf sm;onf +rdK@v,f{&d,mrsm;wGif tpd;k &tm; qef@usif onf[, k q l &onfh rnfonfv h y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;udrk qdk ‚if;wd@k u, kd pf m; toGit f rsK;d rsK;d jzifh apmih=f unfh owif;yd@k &eftwGuf pGr;f tm;&Sirf sm;tm; enf;trsKd ;rsK;d jzihf pnf;&k;H odr;f oGi;f cJo h nf? aemufyikd ;f umvrsm;wGif tm%mydik rf sm;. aiGa=u;axmufyrhH r_ sm; &yfqikd ;f oGm;onfuwa=umif;/ t a&mif;t0,frsm; enf;ygvmonfuwa=umif;/ +rKd @v,f{&d,mrsm;wGif tm%mydik rf sm;u pDpOf ay;xm;aom aps;qdik if ,frsm; enf;yg;vmum pGr;f tm;&Sirf sm;. tpd;k &qef@usio f rl sm;tay: 143 apmif=h unfo h wif;yd@k onfh vkyif ef;rsm;onfvnf; wjznf;jznf; enf;yg;vmcJo h nf? Ttcsuf rsm;udk avhvm=unfjh cif;tm;jzifh ppftpd;k &u pnf;&k;H odr;f oGi;f xm;aom pGr;f tm;&Sirf sm;onf Edik if aH &;ya,m*rsm;rygyJ ‚if;wd@k . pm;0wfaea&; t=uyftwnf;rsm;a=umifh tm%mydik rf sm; . apcdik ;f csurf sm;udk vkyaf qmifae&onfrmS odomxif&mS ;ayonf? od@k aomfvnf; Edik if t H wGi;f vk+H cKH a&;ESihf axmufvrS ;f a&;udprP sm;wGif ppftpd;k &u w&m;0ifz@JG pnf;xm;onfh jynfcikd +f zKd ; rsm; . tcef;u¾u qufvuf ta&;ygaecJo h nf? pGr;f tm;&Sirf sm;. t=urf;zufvy_ &f mS ;r_rsm;udk vnf; oufqikd &f mtcef;rsm;wGif qufvufazmfjyoGm;ygrnf?

jynf o l @ ppf r sm;/ vH k + cH K a&;wyf z G J @ rsm; ppftm%m&Siaf cgi;f aqmif jynfaxmifp}k uH@cikd af &;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif; em,u}uD; Adv k cf sKyfrLS ;}u;D oef;a&$u jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;udk wyfrawmfEiS t hf wl tjrv J ufw+JG y;D wdik ;f jynfEiS hf vlrsK;d tusKd ;pD;yGm;udk umuG,af pmifah &Smufaeonfh wpfcw k nf;aom trsKd ;om;a&;tiftm; pkjzpfonf[k cs;D usL;ajymqdck +hJ y;D oifwef;om;rsm;udk ppfa&;jy/ ppfenf;AsL[mrsm;ESifh vufeuf udik o f ifwef;rsm; yd@k csay;rnf[k xkwaf zmfajymqdck o hJ nf?144 2002 ckepfwiG v f nf; Adv k cf sKyrf LS ;}u;D oef;a&$. !$e=f um;csujf zifh “jynfo@l ppfr[mAsL[m vufawG@toH;k csvufp”JG [k acgi;f pOfay; xm;aom pmapmifrsm;udk xkwaf 0cJo h nf? xdv k ufppJG mapmifwiG f jyifyrS usL;ausm0f ifa&mufr_ jzpfymG ;ygu vlxx k rJ S jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm;tm; a&G;cs,o f ifwef;ay;I jynfo@l ppfrsm;tjzpf zG@J pnf;&rnf[k azmfjyxm;onf?145 1997 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f tapmydik ;f umvwGif jynfcikd +f zKd ;em,utzG@J 0if 'kA, kd cf sKyrf LS ;}u;D armifat;onf jynfcidk +f zdK;toif;tm; ‘trsK;d om;umuG,af &;t&Hwyfz@JG ’[k &nf!e$ ;f ajym qdck +hJ yD; jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;. jynfwiG ;f vH+k cHKa&;tcef;u¾tm; todtrSwjf yKcJo h nf?146

51

jynf c d k i f ò zd ;

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ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;

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2007 ckEpS /f rwfvydik ;f wGif umuG,af &;0ef}u;D Xmevufatmuf &efuek w f ikd ;f ppfXme csKyfe,fajrtwGi;f &dS ajcvsiw f yf&if;wyfz@JG rsm;rS &Jabmfrsm;. ZeD;rsm;ESirhf cDS o kd l touf (18)ESpf jynf+h yD;oltm;vk;H ppfwyftwGi;f ppfoifwef; rwufrae& wuf=u&onf? oifwef;rsm;wGif vufeufi,f jzKwjf cif;/ wyfjcif;/ wdu k cf |wjf cif; ocFe;f pmrsm;tygt0if wdu k cf u kd af &;ESihf ppfa&;jy 149 ocFe;f pmrsm;udk oif=um;=u&onf? tvm;wl &Sr;f jynfe,ftwGi;f Yvnf; ta&S@ajrmuf wkid ;f ppfXmecsKyfvufatmufcH wyf&if;wyfz@JG rsm;tvdu k f rdom;pktrd af xmifonfrsm;ESifh om; orD;rsm;udk umuG,af &;t&H tiftm;pktjzpf pepfwusz@JG pnf;+y;D vufeufu, kd pf jD zifh ppfoif 150 wef;rsm; avhusiahf y;cJo h nf?

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52

'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;p m;pkk

rdrEd ikd if u H kd usL;ausmw f u kd cf u kd v f mv#if jyefvnfwu kd cf u kd Ef ikd af tmif oifwef;ay;&jcif;jzpf a=umif;/ jynforl sm;udk vufeufxw k af y;oifv h #if xkwaf y;&rnfjzpfa=umif; ajymqdck o hJ nf?151 tvm;wlpmG 2007 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f ESihf atmufwb kd mvrsm;wGiv f nf; &efuek w f ikd ;f +rKd @e,ftcsK@d wiG f jynforl sm;udk tajccHppfoifwef;rsm;ESihf t"du&k%;f ESrd ef if;a&; oifwef;rsm;udk tokwv f u kd cf I JG yd@k csay;cJo h nf? atmufwb kd mvtwGi;f Y r*Fvmawmif!e$ @f +rKd @e,fwiG f a'o cHjynfo(l 120)cef@ukd tajccHppfoifwef;rsm; yd@k csco hJ nf? oifwef;wufa&muforl sm;udk w&uf v#if (3000)usyaf y;rnf[k tm%mydik rf sm;u uwday;cJ+h yD; trsm;pkonf qif;&Jom;rsm;ESihf tvkyv f ufrrhJ sm; jzpf=uonf? jynforl sm;onf qENrygyJ pm;0wfaea&; tcuftcJrsm;a=umifh wufa&mufcjhJ cif;jzpfa=umif; ay:vGicf +hJ y;D ,if;ppfoifwef;rsm; jyKvkyaf ejcif;tay: +rKd @cjH ynfol rsm;uvnf; apm'uwufc=hJ uonf?152 rGejf ynfe,f&dS armfv+rKd i/f rk'EHk iS hf oHjzLZ&yf+rKd @e,frsm;wGif jynfov l x l t k m; tvm;wl ppfoifwef;rsm; yd@k csco hJ nf? 2004 ckEpS w f iG f rGejf ynfe,f&dS jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;tm; jynfcikd +f zdK; wyfrLS ;wpfO;D / aus;&Gmat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG+H zdK;a&;aumifpOD uUXrsm;rS acgi;f aqmifEpS Of ;D / jynfcidk +f zdK; vlxq k ufqaH &;t&m&SEd pS Of ;D ESihf tiftm;q,fO;D pD yg0ifonfh wyfpyd w f pfcpk u D kd }u;D =uyf&aom wyfpyd rf LS ; 10OD; yg0ifonfh jynfo@l ppfwyf&if;wpfck zG@J pnf;&ef trde@f ay;cJo h nf? oifwef;om;tm;vH;k onf ud, k af &;&mZ0ifEiS yhf wfoufonfh tcsuf (22)csuyf g ykpH w H pfcu k kd 153 jznf ph u G &f onf? xd@k jyif 2007 ckEpS /f rwfvtwGi;f Y &efuek w f ikd ;f / ta&S@yikd ;f c&dik f cr& (656) v#ypf pftif*sief , D mwyf wyfe,frLS ;u 2007 ckEpS o f nf ta&;ygaomumvjzpfI ppftpd;k &udk qef@usiu f efu h u G o f nfh v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;jzpfay:vmv#if ESrd ef if;&ef ta&S@yikd ;f c&dik t f wGi;f &Sd +rdK@e,f rsm;rS wpf&yfuu G v f #if jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J rS (15)OD;/ &yfuu G af t;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&; aumifpt D zG@J 0ifrsm;jzpfonfh &mtdrrf LS ;/ q,ftrd rf LS ;rsm;rS (15)OD;/ pkpak ygi;f (30)OD;us yg0if rnf@ v#K@d 0u S t f zG@J wpfcu k kd zG@J pnf;xm;&ef !$e=f um;cJo h nf?154 2003 ckepfwiG f rGejf ynfe,ftwGi;f &Sd jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm;tm; ppfwyfrS tajccH ppfoifwef; ay;aea=umif;udk tpD&ifcpH mwpfcYk azmfjycJo h nf? touf(18)ESprf S (40)ESpf twGi;f trsKd ;om;rsm;tm; +rdK@e,fat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;aumifpt D zG@J 0ifrsm;u T tajccHppfoifwef;rsm; wufa&muf&ef pnf;¶H;k pkaqmif;cJo h nf? &Gmom;rsm;udk rwufrae& qifah c:cJ+h y;D oifwef;.&nf&, G cf suu f v kd nf; &Si;f vif;ajymqdck jhJ cif; r&Sad y? &Gmwpf&mG v#if vltif tm;(1000)eD;yg;cef@ukd tajccHppfoifwef; wufa&muf&ef apckid ;f cJo h nf? &Gmom;trsm;pkonf Tppfoifwef;rsm;udk wufa&muf&ef qENr&So d nft h wGuaf =umifh oifwef;tm; a&Smif&mS ;Edik f &ef enf;vrf;rsm; &Sm}ucH =hJ uonf? od@k aomf wufa&muf&efysuu f u G yf gu tm%mydik rf sm;tm; 155 aiGusyf (10000)rS (20000)txd ay;aqmif=u&onf? tvm;wlpGm csif;jynfe,fwGifvnf; a'ocHcsif;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk jynfckdif+zdK;

53

jynf c d k i f ò zd ;

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tm%mykid rf sm;. rwufrae&trde@f jzihf tajccHppfoifwef;rsm;udk ESppf Ofusi;f ycJo h nf? 2006 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f wGif csi;f jynfe,fawmifyikd ;f / rwly+D rKd @wiG f aus;&Gm(10)&GmrS a'ocH&mG om; (200) ausmcf ef@ukd tm%mydik rf sm;u rwufrae&trde@f jzihf tajccHppfoifwef;rsm; yd@k csco hJ nf? wuf a&muf&ef ysuu f u G yf gu jyif;xefpmG tjypfay;ta&;,lrnf[k tm%mydik rf sm;u trde@f xw k cf hJ onf? qd;k &Gm;onft h csurf mS oifwef;om;rsm;twGuf pm;eyf&u d mQ rsm;udk tdraf xmifpk (1)pk v#if qef(2)uDvEkd iS hf usyaf iG(1000)udk pm;0wfaea&; =uyfwnf;onf=h um;u wpfywfv#if (1) }udrf axmufyahH y;&onf?156 2007 ckEpS f arvtwGi;f ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f / rk&H mG c&dik f t&mawmf+rdK@e,fwiG f wpf&mG v#if wpfa,mufEe_ ;f rwufrae& ppfoifwef;wuf&ef tm%mydik rf sm;u trde@f xw k cf o hJ nf? oif wef;om;rsm;twGuf pm;p&dwt f ygt0if taxGaxGuek u f spm;&dwrf sm;twGuf wpftrd af xmif v#if 1000 usyf aumufccH o hJ nf? wcsed w f nf;Yyif rE aW v;wdik ;f / rdwv Dˆ m/ rv_id /f ompnf/ 0rf;wGi;f &Sd +rKd @rsm;wGiv f nf; jynfcidk +f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifvil ,frsm;udk ppfoifwef;rsm; yd@k csco hJ nf?157 2003 ckEpS /f Zlvid_ v f twGi;f rauG;wdik ;f Yvnf; &JEiS hf ppfwyfro d m;pk0ifrsm;udk rwufrae& ppfoif wef;ay;&ef !$e=f um;cJ+h y;D jynfo@l ppfoifwef;twGuf wpf&yfuu G v f #if vl(30)OD; pkaqmif;ay;&ef 158 jynfcikd +f zdK; +rdK@e,ftm%mydik rf sm;u !$e=f um;cJo h nf? xd@k jyif 2005 ckEpS /f rwfvtwGi;f yJc;l wdik ;f / jzL;+rdK@e,fwiG f +rdK@e,fv;Hk u|wf jynfo@l ppfoifwef;rsm; yd@k csco hJ nf? xdt k csed u f +rdK@e,ftwGi;f &Sd vli,frsm;udk jynfo@l ppfoifwef; rwufrae& trde@f jzifh a'ocHtajcpdu k pf pfwyf cr& 306 wyf&if;rS OD;aqmifI jyKvkycf o hJ nf? wufa&muf&ef ysuu f u G o f rl sm;udk '%faiG&u kd rf nf[k tm%mydik rf sm;u !$e=f um;cJo h nf? oifwef;rsm;onf tenf;qk;Hk wpfywfcef@=umjrifah oma=umifh ud, k yf ikd v f yk if ef;&So d rl sm;twGuf tcuftcJrsm; awG@c=hJ u&onf? tvm;wl yJc;l wdik ;f wGif +rdK@e,faygi;f 28 +rdK@e,f&+dS yD; tjcm;+rdK@ e,frsm;wGiv f nf; tvm;wl jynfo@l ppfoifwef;rsm; yd@k csco hJ nf?159 Edik if t H wGi;f Y jynfov l x l t k m; enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh pnf;&k;H I jynfo@l ppfrsm; zG@J pnf; aejcif;onf ppftm%m&Sirf sm;. tusKd ;pD;yGm;rsm;udk umuG,af y;&ef jzpfonf? 2006 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f Y &cdik jf ynfe,ftwGi;f &Sd &rf;+AJ/ ausmufjzL/ rmefatmif+rKd@e,frsm;wGif taemufyikd ;f wdik ;f rS 'kAv kd rf LS ;}u;D armifarmifviG f OD;pD;+y;D tkypf t k vdu k f a'ocHjynforl sm;tm; jynfo@l ppftzG@J rsm; zG@J pnf;ay;cJo h nf? txl;ojzifh &cdik jf ynfe,fonf w&kwEf ikd if t H ygt0if Edik if jH cm; ukr% ` D trsm;tjym;rS a&eHEiS hf obm0"gwaf iG@rsm; &SmazGaeaom t"duae&mwck jzpfonf? ppftpd;k &. 0ifaiG&&S&d m ae&mjzpfaoma=umifh vk+H cKHa&;t& txl;ta&;}uD;onf? xd@k a=umifh jynf wGi;f / jynfyrS ppftpd;k &qef@usiaf &;orm;rsm;u enf;rsK;d pkjH zifh tE &W m,fay;vmrnfukd pd;k &drf ojzifh jynfov l x l t k m; pnf;&k;H I jynfo@l ppfrsm; zG@J pnf;cJjh cif; jzpfonf?160 xd@k jyif 2005 ckEpS f umvwGi;f vnf; &ckid u f rf;vGeyf ifv,fjyifwiG f *wf(pf)wl;azmfa&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk umuG,af pmifh

54

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55

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2005 ckEpS /f ZGev f wGif jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; jyifyurBmod@k owif;aygu=f um; r_ r&Sad p&ef apmif=h uyf&rnf[k !$e=f um;csuw f pfapmifxw k jf yefI owday;cJo h nf? jynfyEdik if H rsm;rS owif;xkwjf yefrr_ sm;tm; pepfwusw@kH jyef&efEiS hf 0g'jzef@csaD &;vkyif ef;rsm; vkyaf qmif&ef twGuf owif;ESijhf yef=um;a&;tzG@J rsm; zG@J pnf;I xd@k !e$ =f um;csut f m; taumiftxnfazmfchJ 168 onf? 2007 ckEpS /f {+yv D ydik ;f wGiv f nf; &efuek w f ikd ;f +rKd @e,frsm;&Sd &yfuu G rf sm;rS wpf&yfuu G f v#if (3)OD;E_e;f v#K@d 0u S af &G;cs,I f owif;yd@k / owif;,loifwef;ESihf vk+H cKaH &;oifwef;rsm;udk yd@k cs&ef jyifqifco hJ nf?

2006 ckEpS /f arvtapmydik ;f Y jynfcikd +f zdK;twGuf owif;pmoifwef;rsm; usi;f ycJh onf? oifwef;zGiyhf t JG crf;tem;wGiv f nf; jynfcidk +f zKd ;wGb J uftwGi;f a&;rSL; OD;aZmfrif;u enf; ynmuGm[r_ukd tcGiahf umif;,l+y;D jynfwiG ;f a&;udk 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufaeonfh jynfyrD', D mrsm; udk wefjyefwu kd cf u kd &f mwGif jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J u OD;pm;ay;vkyaf qmifomG ;&rnf[k ajymqdck hJ 169 onf? xd@k jyif2006 ckEpS /f atmufwb kd mv (24)ae@&uf/ t*F gae@xw k f jrefrmhtvif;owif; pmwGif rD;&xm;0ef}uD;vnf;jzpf jynfcikd +f zdK;A[dt k vkyt f r_aqmifvnf;jzpfol OD;atmifrif;u etzppftpd;k &ESihf ‚if;wd@k .tpDtpOfrsm;udk axmufyahH y;&efz@JG pnf;xm;onfh jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif; . 0g'jzef@csad &;vkyif ef; owif;ESijhf yef=um;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif xdxad &mufa&mufaqmif&u G f Edik &f ef &nf&, G +f y;D jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;twGuf owif;pmoifwef;zGihf vSp&f jcif;jzpfonf[k ajymqdck hJ 170 onf? jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;udk yd@k csaeaom owif;pmoifwef;rsm;onf jynfyrD', D mrsm;

56

'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;p m;pkk

udk wefjyefwu kd cf u kd rf nfh &nf&, G cf sut f jyif ppftm%m&Sipf epf oufq;kd &Snaf pa&;twGuf &nf&, G I f vkyaf qmifcahJ om oifwef;rsm;vnf; jzpfayonf? axmufvrS ;f a&;t}u;D tuJ 'kAv dk cf sKyf}u;D cif!e$ @f EiS hf ‚if;.aemufvu kd f axmufvrS ;f a&;tzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; jzKwfxw k zf ,f&mS ;+yD;onfah emufyikd ;f wGif jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf jyef vnftopfz@JG pnf;vdu k af om ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;,E &W m;rsm;wGif ydrk kd yg0ifywfoufr&_ v dS mcJh onf? jynfcidk +f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;taejzifh ‚if;wd@k .qENtavsmuf yg0ifywfoufjcif;r[kwyf J jynf cdik +f zKd ; tm%mydik f ppftpd;k &. zdtm;rsm;ESihf rufv;Hk rsm;a=umifjh zpfonfukd avhvmawG@&&dS onf? om"utm;jzifh yJc;l wkid ;f twGi;f &Sd jynfcikd +f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;udk ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;uay; onfh oifwef;rsm;udk rwufrae&[k jynfcikd +f zdK;tm%mydik rf sm;u trde@f xw k cf o hJ nf? xdo k @kd jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;udk oifwef;rsm;wufcikd ;f &mwGif pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef; vkyyf ikd cf iG yhf grpf/ &ifE;DS jrKyfEaHS iGrsm;ESihf &mxl;wd;k jriS jhf cif;/ pojzifh rufv;Hk rsm;ay;cJo h nf? tzG@J 0ifrsm;taejzifh oifwef; rsm;udk wufa&muf&ef qENr&Sad omfvnf; ‚if;wd@k . vk+H cKH a&;/ rdom;pkpm;0wfaea&;rsm;ESihf c&D; oGm;a&; vG,u f al csmarG@apa&;twGuf wufa&mufc&hJ onf[k qdo k nf? oifwef;rwufa&muf ygu toif;0iftjzpfrS armif;xkwcf &H jcif;/ pD;yGm;vkyif ef;rsm; vkyu f ikd cf iG rhf &atmif enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh taESmuft,Suaf y;jcif;ESihf c&D;oGm;vma&;tcuftcJrsm; }uHKawG@&rnfjzpfonf?171 jynfcikd +f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;taejzifh tav;teufxm; wm0ef,x l m;&aom tjcm;vkyf ief;wpfcrk mS twdu k t f cHtiftm;pkrsm;tm; apmif=h unfI h ‚if;wd@k rS vkyaf qmifonfh rnfonfh v_y&f mS ;r_rsK;d udrk qdk +crd ;f ajcmufjcif;ESihf taESmuft,Suaf y;jcif; vkyif ef;jzpfonf? txl;ojzifh 'Dy, J if;vlowfyaJG emufyidk ;f wGif jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif;0iftcsKd @EiS hf a'ocHtm%mydik rf sm;onf NLD qkid ;f bkwrf sm;udk vdu k v f jH zKwfcsjcif;/ twdu k t f cHtzG@J 0ifrsm;. aetdrrf sm;udk {nfo h nf&o dS nf jzpfap/ r&Sdonfjzpfap neufoef;acgiftcsdefwGif ykHrSef {nfhpm&if; vma&ufppfaq;jcif;/ taESmuft,Suaf y;jcif;rsm; ydrk v kd yk af qmifvmcJo h nf?1722002 ckEpS w f iG v f nf; rGejf ynfe,f twGi;f &Sd jynfcikd +f zKd ;tpnf;ta0;wpfcw k iG f Akv d cf sKyf tke;f jrifu h “NLD ygw.

D v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;tm; teD;uyfavhvmapmif=h unf&h ef/ od@k &mwGif rnfow l pfO;D wpfa,mufurkd S tqdyk gvyk af qmifcsuf tm; rajym=um;&ef”ponfjh zifh wufa&mufvmaom jynfcidk +f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; !$e=f um; oGm;cJo h nf?173 jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm;udk twdu k t f cHtiftm;pkrsm;tm; apmih=f unfph pfaq;&eft wGuf toH;k jyK¶Ho k mru/ tpd;k &tzG@J tpnf;rsm;. v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvm&ef twGuv f nf; toH;k jyKco hJ nf? 2005 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmvwGif jyKvyk af om jynfcikd +f zKd ; tpnf;ta0; wpfcw k iG f wufa&mufvmaom toif;0ifrsm;tm; “+rKd @e,ftwGi;f &Sd Xmeaygi;f pHrk S 0efxrf;rsm; tygt0if/ ppfwyfEiS hf &Jwyfz@JG w@kd . tajctaersm;udyk g apmif=h unft h uJcwfI XmecsKyfo@kd 174 tpD&ifc&H ef” tm%mydik rf sm;u !$e=f um;cJo h nf?

57

jynf c d k i f ò zd ;

od k Πr[k w f

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xd@k jyif jynfcikd +f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf A[dak cgi;f aqmifrsm;. !$e=f um;csut f & r[kwrf rSev f yk }f uo H nfh owif;tpD&ifcpH mrsm;udv k nf; zefw;D vkyaf qmif&onf? Oyrmtm;jzihf 2006 ckEpS /f atmufwb kd mvydik ;f u 88 rsK;d qufausmif;om;rsm;tzG@J rS rif;udEk ikd Ef iS hf tjcm;ausmif; om; 5 a,mufukd vky}f uHw&m;pGq J Ekd ikd &f ef jyifqifco hJ nf? ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;u jynfyaiGa=u;taxmuftyH@rsm;jzifh jynfwiG ;f Edik if aH &;wyfaygi;f pk}u;D wpf&yf zG@J pnf;&ef pDpOfae onfqo kd nf@tcsuu f kd ay:vGiaf tmifa&;om;I owif;yd@k =u&ef jynfcikd +f zdK;wm0efcrH sm;jzpf aom 0ef}uD; OD;aomif;/ OD;atmifaomif;ESihf jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD; Adv k rf LS ;csKyfausmq f ef; wd@k u 175 ‚if;wd@k . jynfcikd +f zdK; axmufvrS ;f a&;owif;ay;rsm;udk !$e=f um;cJo h nf? pmoifausmif;rsm;wGiv f nf; jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;0ifq&m/ q&mrrsm;onf tm%m ydik rf sm;. wm0efay;apcdik ;f csut f & owif;ay;rsm;tjzpf vkyaf qmif&onf? Oyrmtm;jzihf ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;t=um;wGif pnf;&k;H v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;ESihf qlyrl r_ sm; ay:ayguv f mrnfukd pd;k &dro f jzifh jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif;0if ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;u ‚if;wd@k wm0ef,&l aom ausmif; ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;. tajctaersm;udk apmif=h unfI h xl;jcm;aomv_y&f mS ;r_ wpkw H &m&Syd gu txufo@kd tpD&ifcw H ifjy&onf? ausmif;0ef;xJwiG f vufurf;pmapmifrsm;/ xkwjf yefaus nmcsurf sm;/ uAsmpmtkyrf sm;ESihf pwpfumrsm;udk jzef@a0jcif;/ tm%mydik rf sm;udk qef@usio f nfh aºu;G a=umforH sm; od@k r[kwf oauFwtrSwt f om;rsm; a&;om;xm;jcif;/ ae@x;l ae@&ufrsm;udk usi;f yjcif; pojzifh pDpOfvy_ &f mS ;r_rsm;&Syd gu jynfcikd +f zKd ;ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;u tm%mydik f rsm;udk owif;yd@k &onf?176

vlom;rqefpGm t=urf;zuf&dkufESufr_rsm; ppftpd;k &vufuikd w f w k f jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;onf trnfemrtrsK;d rsK;d jzifh jrefrmEdik if w H iG f jzpfymG ;cJah om t=urf;zufwu kd cf u kd rf r_ sm;wGif t"dutcef;u¾rS yg0ifywfoufco hJ nf? a'o cHrsm;ESihf toif;0ifrsm;udk toH;k jyKI twku d t f cHygw0D ifrsm;ESihf +idr;f csr;f pGmqENjyolrsm;udk enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh t=urf;zufwu dk cf u kd rf r_ sm; vkyaf qmifco hJ nf? txl;ojzifh NLD ygw0D if rsm;ESihf ‚if;wd@k tm; axmufcaH omolrsm;udk t"duypfrw S x f m; wdu k cf u kd cf o hJ nf? 1996 ckEpS /f Ed0k ifbmv 9 &uf &efuek +f rKd @ ukuKU id ;f vrf;qkw H iG f a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pD tzG@J csKyfacgi;f aqmifrsm;udk vlpv k al 0;ESihf wdu k cf u kd rf /_ 2003 ckEpS /f arv 30 wGif jzpfymG ;cJo h nfh 'Dy, J if;ta&;tcif;ESihf t*F gae@wikd ;f jyKvkyo f nfh a':atmifqefp=k unfEiS hf Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm; vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf 0wfjyKqak wmif;yGrJ sm;wGif t=urf;zufr/_ pojzifh t=urf;zuf wdu k cf u kd rf r_ sm;pGmwGif t"du yg0ifywfoufco hJ nf? 2007 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f ESihf pufwifbmv rsm;wGif +idr;f csr;f pGmqENjycJah om &[ef;&Siv f jl ynforl sm;udk &ufpufpmG acsre_ ;f cJ&h mwGiv f nf; jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;taejzihf toGit f rsK;d rsK;d jzifh yg0ifywfoufco hJ nfukd &Si;f vif;pGm awG@jrifc&hJ

58

'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;p m;pkk

onf? ppftpd;k &taejzihf ‚if;wd@k .qef@usib f uf twdu k t f cHtiftm;pkrsm;ESihf 'Dru kd a& pDa&; axmufct H m;ay;olrsm;udk ESrd ef if;&mwGif zrf;qD;axmifcs&jHk zifh vkaH vmufonf[k ,lq [efr&SI d t=urf;zufacsre_ ;f aomenf;vrf;rsm;udk ydrk t kd ok;H jyKcJo h nfrmS ,krH mS ;oHo,&Spd &m rvdak y? a,bl,stm;jzifh t=urf;zufwu kd cf u kd rf r_ sm;onf jynfcikd +f zKd ;xdyyf ikd ;f acgi;f aqmifrsm;rS atmufajcydik ;f a'ocHjH ynfcidk +f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;xHo@kd wdu k &f u dk ! f e$ =f um;aom tpDtpOfrsm;udk pepfwus taumiftxnfazmfaqmifjcif;om jzpfonf? od@k aomfvnf; ae&mtrsm;pkwiG f jzpfymG ;aeaom t=urf;zufrr_ sm;onf txl;ojzifh jynfcikd +f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifvil ,frsm;udk tm%mydik f rsm;u vlru kd q f efqef &rf;um;jyKr&l ef cGijhf yKxm;r_. aemufqufwJG tusKd ;&vm'frsm; jzpfonf? xdv k il ,frsm;onf rdru d , kd u f kd a'ocHvx l t k ay: =oZmtm%m&So d nf[k ,lqxm;+y;D jzpfay: vmonfh t=urf;zufvyk &f yfrsm;twGuf tjypfr&d[ S k txifa&mufum pdw}f uD;0ifaeolrsm; jzpfonf? xd@k jyif tm%mydik rf sm;u t=urf;zufru _ sL;vGeo f rl sm;udk ta&;,laqmif&u G jf cif;r&Sd onft h jyif ol&aJ umif;rsm;tjzpf qkrsm;ay;tyfjcif;/ &mxl;rsm;wd;k jriS ahf y;jcif; pojzifh rufv;Hk rsm;ay;aejcif;onf r&Sq d if;&Jom;rsm;/ avmb&rRuf om;aumifrsm;ESihf vl&rf;um;rsm;twGuf t=urf;zufrr_ sm;udk ydrk u kd sL;vGe;f vmap&ef tcGiahf umif;wpfck jzpfapcJh onf?

2006 ckEpS /f rwfvtwGi;f jzpfymG ;cJah om Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;a[mif; udo k ufEikd Of ;D towfc&H r_onf Oyrmwpfck jzpfonf? ‚if;onf &efuek w f ikd ;f / =unf@jrifwikd +f rKd @e,fwiG f jynfcikd f +zKd ;toif;0ifvil ,frsm;ESihf rD;owfwyfz@JG 0ifrsm;. &uf&ufpufpuf t=urf;zufwu kd cf u kd jf cif;udk cHc&hJ onf? t=urf;zuf&u dk Ef u S rf w _ iG f yg0ifywfoufco hJ rl sm;udk wpfpw Hk &m ta&;,ltjypfay; jcif; rjyKvkyo f nft h jyif +rKd @e,f&t J yk rf S ‚if;wd@k tm; usyaf iG (2000) ausmaf y;I aué;arG;{!fch cH hJ onf? xd@k jyif ,if;udpEP iS yhf wfoufI rnfo@l urkd S rajymyg[k vufrw S af &;xd;k cdik ;f cJo h nf?177 qd;k &Gm;onfrmS tm%mydik rf sm;u &efuek pf nfyifom,mrS xkwaf 0onfh +rKd @awmfowif;pmrsm; wGif udo k ufEikd Of ;D onf t&ufr;l &rf;um;aeonft h wGuf wm0efo&d EJ iS hf rD;owfwyfz@JG 0ifrsm;u 0dik ;f 0ef;xde;f odr;f &ef }uKd ;pm;cJah =umif;/ zrf;qD;rcHonft h wGuf wm0efod qdu k u f m;orm;rsm;u 0dik ;f 0ef;&du k Ef u S f zrf;qD;ay;cJjh cif;jzpfa=umif;udk rjzpfrae xnfo h iG ;f azmfjyay;&ef !$e=f um;cJh 178 onf? Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;a[mif; udo k ufEikd Of ;D . jzpfpOfukd avhvm=unfv h #if t=urf;zuf wdu k cf u kd rf o _ nf tm%mydik rf sm;u }uKd wifppD Of+y;D pepfwus vky}f uo H wfjzwfco hJ nfrmS xif&mS ; aeonf? wcsed w f nf;Yyif tm%mydik rf sm;. rif;rJph &du k q f efqef &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfrr_ sm;udk vnf; jrefrmjynforl sm;ESihf urBmuodatmif rD;armif;xd;k jycJo h nf? jrefrmEdik if w H iG f 'Dru kd a&pD xGe;f um;a&;twGuf wpku d rf wfrwf vkyaf qmifaeygonf [k ppftm%mydik rf sm;u jrefrmtodik ;f t0dik ;f ESihf Edik if w H umudk toHaumif;[pfaecJah omfvnf; wu,fv h ufawG@wiG f jrefrmEkid if t H wGi;f 'Dru kd a&pDEiS hf vl@tcGit hf a&; xGe;f um;vma&;twGuf

59

jynf c d k i f ò zd ;

od k Πr[k w f

ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;

}udK;yrf;tm;xkwaf eolrsm;tay: tm%mydik rf sm;onf ‚if;wd@k . vufuikd w f w k f jynfcikd +f zdK;ESihf opPmcHrsm;udt k ok;H jyKI enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh t=urf;zufwu kd cf u kd rf r_ sm; jyKvkycf o hJ nf? Oyrmtm; jzihf 2007 ckEpS /f {+yDvtwGi;f Y jrefrmEdik if w H iG f vltcGit hf a&;qdik &f m ynmay;aqG;aEG;r_rsm; jyKvkyaf y;aeonfh HRDP (ac: ) vl@tcGit hf a&;umuG,jf rSiw hf iforl sm;tzG@J rS tzG@J 0iftcsK@d ukd jynfcikd +f zdK; vl&rf;um;rsm;u t=urf;zuf wdu k cf u kd cf o hJ nf? &efuek t f ajcpdu k f vl@tcGit hf a&; umuG,jf rSiw hf iforl sm;tzG@J rS OD;jrifah t;/ udak rmifarmifav;/ udw k ifarmifO;D ESihf ud&k iS =f unf wd@k onf a'ocHtzG@J 0ifrsm;ESit hf wl [oFmw+rKd @e,ftwGi;f &Sd t*Fyakd us;&GmESihf tkwyf aHk us;&Gm rsm;rS a'ocHjynforl sm;ESihf vl@tcGit hf a&;qdik &f maqG;aEG;yGrJ sm; jyKvky+f yD;tjyefwiG f tkwyf Hk aus;&Gmxdyw f iG f toifah pmifah eaom [oFmw+rdK@e,fjynfcikd +f zdK;twGi;f a&;rSL; OD;!$e@f O;D OD; aqmifonfh vl&rf;um; (100) ausmcf ef@u 0g;&if;wkwrf sm;/ av;*Grsm;jzifh rif;rJph &du k q f efqef t=urf;zufwu kd cf u kd cf o hJ nf? vky}f uHrr_ jzpfymG ;rD wpf&uftvdw k iG f &Jowif;txl;wyfz@JG rS &Jt&m&Sd aevif;pk;d / 'k&t J yk f oef;xdu k Ef iS hf +rdK@e,fjynfcikd +f zdK;twGi;f a&;rSL; OD;!$e@f O;D wd@k }udKwifa&muf&adS ecJ+h yD; vl@tcGit hf a&; v_y&f mS ;olrsm;tzG@J ukd &GmtxGuw f iG f apmif}h uKd wu kd cf u kd &f ef tao;pdwjf yifqifr_ rsm; jyKvkycf o hJ nf? Ttjzpftysuo f nf tm%mydik rf sm;ESihf +rdK@e,fjynfcikd +f zdK;wd@k tpDtpOf wus ylaygi;f }upH nfaom vky}f urH w _ ckjzpf+y;D / ar (30)wGif jzpfymG ;cJah om 'Dy, J if; vlowfyyJG pHk EH iS hf wxyfwnf; jzpfaeonf? tm%mydik rf sm;onf t"dut=urf;zufusL;vGeo f rl sm;udk ta&;,l tjypfay;jcif; rsm; jyKvkyrf nft h pm; t=urf;zuf&u dk Ef u S cf &H olrsm;ESihf tultnDay;olrsm;udk yk'rf (505§c) Edik if aH wmftm; t=unfnydk suaf tmif vkyaf qmifr/_ yk'rf (505§*) vlpv k al 0;ESihf 179 qlyrl j_ zpfatmif v_@H aqmfrr_ sm;jzifh jyefvnfw&m;pGjJ cif;rsm; jyKvkycf o hJ nf? wpfcsed w f nf;Yyif ppftpd;k & tm%mydik rf sm;onf t=urf;zufusL;vGeo f rl sm;udk aoG;xd;k ajrmS ufyifah y;cJ+h y;D tvm; wl t=urf;zufrr_ sm; xyfraH y:ayguv f matmif v_@H aqmfco hJ nf?180 w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k onfh Edik if w H ikd ;f wGif jy\emrsm;/ rlcif;rsm;ay:ayguv f mwdik ;f ouf qdik &f mwm0ef&rdS sm;u pepfwusavhvmI udik w f , G af jz&Si;f avh&o dS nf? w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k r_ Avm exWd rif;rJph &ku d q f efqefjzpfaeaom jrefrmEdik if w H iG u f m; xdo k @kd r[kwaf y? Oya'onf jrefrmppf tm%m&Sirf sm;.txufwiG o f mru ‚if;wd@k .vufuikd w f w k f jynfcikd +f zKd ;ESihf pGr;f tm;&Sirf sm;. txufwiG v f nf; &Sad eayonf? jy\emwpfcak y:ayguv f mwdik ;f oufqikd &f mwm0ef&o dS rl sm;u udik w f , G af jz&Si;f &rnft h pm; oufqikd rf r_ &Sad om jynfcikd +f zdK;ESihf pGr;f tm;&Sirf sm;u 0ifa&muf pGuzf ufae=uonf? vlxt k m; tm%mjy&eftwGuf ta=umifr&St d a=umif;&SmI zrf;qD; ESyd pf ufae=uonf?

2007 ckEpS /f rwfvwGif &efuek +f rKd @e,f/ ajrmufOuUvmy&yfuu G (f 2)/ &yfuu G af t;csr;f om,ma&;ESifh zG@+H zKd ;a&;aumifp(D &,u)&k;H wGif tm%mydik rf sm;ESihf jynfcidk +f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm; zrf;qD;

60

'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;p m;pkk

ppfaq;I t=urf;zuf&u kd Ef u S rf r_ sm;a=umifh edAmŠ efvrf;wGiaf exdik af om udEk ikd Of ;D onf xd&k ,u &k;H Yyif aoqk;H oGm;cJo h nf? xdak oqH;k r_ukd &yfuu G t f m%mykid rf sm;u tat;rdzsm;emI aoqk;H cJh onf[k ta=umif;jycJo h nf? od@k aomfvnf; OD;acgi;f .b,fzufjcrf;wGif vuf!;dk cef@&dS t&ku d cf H xm;&aom '%f&mtygt0if tjcm;jyif;xefaom'%f&mrsm;udk =unfjh cif;tm;jzifh tm%m ydik rf sm;. ta=umif;jycsuo f nf ,kwrdW &Sad =umif; oufaojycJo h nf?181 tr_reS af y:ayguv f mrnf udk pd;k &dro f nf@twGuf tavmif;udv k nf; a'ocHtm%mydik rf sm;ESihf jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;u azsmufzsuo f nft h aejzifh ‚if;rdbrsm;udk todray;bJ apmv#ipf mG o+F*Kd vfco hJ nf? xd@k jyif tr_ukd trSet f wdik ;f oufaoxGuq f akd y;rnfh ajrmufOuUvmy&yfuu G (f 2)ae udak usmaf usmEf iS hf udak Zmf0if; wd@k uv kd nf; tm%mydik rf sm;u vdu k v f zH rf;qD;&ef }uKd ;pm;cJo h nf?182 Ttcsurf sm;udk +cKH ik=H unfrh nfqykd gu tm%mydik rf sm;. vufawG@vyk &f yfrsm;ESihf ajymqdck surf sm;onf jy'g;wpf vrf; oHwpfvrf;jzpfae+yD; &d;k om;r_r&Syd J udEk ikd Of ;D . aoqk;H r_onf jynfcikd +f zdK; tm%mydik rf sm;. rw&m; &du k Ef u S rf a_ =umifjh zpfonfqo kd nfrmS ydI k xif&mS ;aeonf?

2006 ckEpS /f ZGev f wGif &efuek w f ikd ;f / =unfjh rifwikd +f rdK@e,f td;k bdv k rf; 12 &yfuu G w f iG f c0gvyk if ef;jzifh toufarG;0rf;a=umif;jyKaeaom rcifrmvGif udk =unfjh rifwikd +f rdK@e,f &Jpcef; rS pcef;rSL; aersK;d u olrt0wfav#maf y;aeonft h rd w f iG f ypPn;f aysmufq;Hk r_jzifh zrf;qD;cJ+h yD; rw&m; !Si;f yef;ESyd pf ufco hJ nf? olrudk tcef;ydw+f yD rw&m;!Si;f yef;ESyd pf ufco hJ nft h wGuf em;pnfu+JG y;D wud, k v f ;Hk wGif '%f&mtnkt d rJrsm; &&Scd o hJ nf? xdrk #ru tm%mydik rf sm;u rcif rmvGiu f kd rzG,rf &myif jyKrq _ ufqcH o hJ nf? aemufq;Hk wGif tjypfr&Srd eS ;f odI tdro f @kd jyefy@kd ay;cJ+h y;D +rKd @e,fpcef;rSL;/ jynfcikd +f zKd ;tzG@J EiS hf trsK;d orD;a&;&mtzG@J rsm;u avsmaf =u;aiGay;I E_wyf w d &f ef 183 }uKd ;pm;cJo h nf? jynfcikd +f zdK;ESihf pGr;f tm;&Sirf sm;u usL;vGeo f nfh tjcm;aom t=urf;zufwu kd cf u kd rf _ rsm;vnf; &Sad o;onf? 2007 ckEpS /f rwfvtwGi;f Yvnf; yJc;l wkid ;f / jynf+rdK@ pnfawmfr*Fvm &yfuu G w f iG f aexdik o f nfh vli,fwpfO;D udk ppftpd;k &u tcGit hf a&;ay;xm;onfh pGr;f tm;&Sif tzG@J rsm;u tm%mjyI 0dik ;f 0ef;xd;k }uw d cf o hJ nf? xdv k il ,fukd rl;,pf&rf;um;onfqo kd nfh pGcJ suf jzifh rw&m;axmifcsco hJ nf? tvm;wlpmG rauG;+rdK@/ atmifaZ,sm&yfuu G w f iG f aexdik f onfh jynfow l pfO;D udv k nf; rl;,pf&rf;um;onfqo kd nfh ta=umif;jycsujf zifh oufqikd &f m wm0ef&o dS l rsm;u ajz&Si;f &rnft h pm; pGr;f tm;&Sirf sm;u ‚if;wd@k EiS rhf oufqikd yf J 0ifa&muf xd;k }udwcf hJ 184 onf? twdu k t f cHtzG@J 0ifrsm;onfvnf; ppftpd;k &vufuikd w f w k rf sm;. &rf;um;wdu k cf u kd rf _ rsm;udk cHae&onf? 2005 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f wGif NLD ygw0D ifwpfO;D jzpfol udak usmpf ;kd tm; prf; acsmif;+rdK@e,fwiG f jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J 0if oH;k OD;rS wkwjf zifh 0kid ;f 0ef;¶du k Ef u S cf o hJ nf? xdo k @kd ¶du k Ef u S f wdu k cf u kd rf a_ =umifh udak usmpf ;kd . em;pnfwpfzuf aygu+f yo J mG ;cJ+h y;D toHtm&kaH =um xdcu kd yf supf ;D

61

jynf c d k i f ò zd ;

od k Πr[k w f

ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;

oGm;cJo h nf? ¶du k Ef u S w f u kd cf u kd o f rl sm;tm; &Jpcef;od@k zrf;qD;yd@k aqmifcahJ omfvnf; jynfcikd +f zdK; acgi;f aqmifwpfO;D ESihf tpd;k &owif;ay;wpfO;D rS &Jtm;vmbfay;cJo h jzifh pGcJ surf wifbJ jyefvw $ f 185 ay;cJo h nf? tvm;wlpmG NLD ygw0D ifwpfO;D jzpfol udo k ef@ZifrsKd ;onf jynfcidk +f zKd ; toif;0ifrsm; ESihf rD;owfwyfz@JG 0ifrsm;rS tcsed t f awmf=um taESmuft,Suaf y;aejcif;udk cHc&hJ oljzpfonf?

2005 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f wGif ‚if;.aetdrt f eD;w0ku d w f iG f a,mifayayvkyaf eaom vlprd ;f wpfO;D tm; zrf;qD;I e,fajrcH&pJ cef;od@k yd@k aqmifc&hJ m xdv k pl rd ;f rSm rD;owfwyfz@JG 0if owif;ay;wpfO;D jzpfaeonf? xdu k pd jP zpfymG ;+yD;aemuf udo k ef@ZifrsKd ;rSm jynfcikd +f zdK;ESihf rD;owfwyfz@JG 0ifrsm;.

0dik ;f 0ef;¶du k Ef u S jf cif;udk cHc&hJ onf?186 2007 ckEpS f ZGev f twGi;f Y a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;vGwaf jrmuf a&;twGuf 0wfjyKqkawmif;+yD;jyefvmaom rwW&m+rdK@e,f jynfo@l vw G af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f ODoef;vGiEf iS hf tzG@J ukd jynfcikd +f zKd ;tzG@J rsm;u [ef@wm;aESmuf,u S cf o hJ nf? xd@k jyif ppftpd;k &opPmcH vl&rf;um;wpfO;D u oHvufo;D pGy+f yD; OD;oef;vGi. f rsuEf mS udk jyif;xefpmG 0ifa&mufx;kd ESucf hJ onf? OD;oef;vGio f nf aq;&kw H iG f aq;ukor_ cH,cl &hJ onf?187 twdu k t f cHtzG@J rsm;udk ppftpd;k & vufuikd w f w k rf sm;u &rf;um;wdu k f cdu k af ESmuf,u S af er_rsm;udk oufqikd &f mtcef;rsm;wGif quf vufazmfjyoGm;rnf? jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J 0if vl&rf;um;rsm;onf ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;ygrusef w&m; vufrhJ t=urf;zufwu kd cf u kd rf r_ sm;udk usL;vGecf o hJ nf? 2004 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f wGif yJc;l wdik ;f jynf wuUov kd f "gwak A'yxrESpf ausmif;om;wpfO;D jzpfol armif&EJ ikd u f kd +rdK@e,fjynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J 0if rsm;u jynf+rKd @ a'ge+c&H yfuu G &f dS ,kZeabmf'gaqmifo@kd tjyefwiG f ta=umif;rJh rw&m;&du k Ef u S cf hJ 188 onf? xd@k twl 2004 ckEpS w f iG f jynfwuUov kd rf S ausmif;om;ESpOf ;D tm; jynfcidk +f zdK;tzG@J 0if vl&rf;um;wpfprk S wdu k cf u kd cf o hJ jzifh aq;¶Hw k ufa&mufI aq;ukor_ cH,cl &Jh onf?189 &ckid jf ynf e,frS tpPvmrfbmom0if ausmif;om;wpfO;D jzpfol &m&Sp'f [ l ,f (Rashid Duhal)udv k nf;2005 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f wGif vl&rf;um;wpfprk S 0kid ;f 0ef; ¶du k Ef u S cf o hJ nf? xdv k &l rf;um;rsm;rSm jynfcidk +f zKd ; toif;0ifrsm;jzpfonf[k ,H=k unf&a=umif;ESihf Ak'b < mom0ifrsm;ESihf tpPvmrfbmom0ifrsm; t=um; yÉdyuQrsm;jzpfymG ;ap&ef xdak usmif;om;tm; wdu k cf u kd cf o hJ nf[k ,lq&a=umif; rsujf rif oufaowpfO;D rS xkwaf zmfajymqkcd o hJ nf? &m&Sp'f [ l ,fonf t¶du k Ef u S cf &H +y;D oH;k &uft=umwGif 190 &&Scd o hJ nf'%f&mrsm;jzifyh if aoqH;k cJo h nf? jynfcidk +f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf t=urf;zufwu kd cf u kd rf r_ sm;tjyif ‚if;wd@k yg0ifywfouf cJah om udp&P yfrsm;twGuf w&m;Oya'&ifqikd &f jcif; od@k r[kwf tjypfay;cH&jcif;rsm;rS vGw+f ird ;f csr;f omcGihf &&daS e=uonf? w&m;Oya'udk vufwpfv;Hk =um; vkyaf qmifae=uonf? xd@k a=umifh tjcm;olrsm;twGuf xdcu dk ef pfemaponft h &mrsm;onf ‚if;twGuf ta&;r}uD;bJ tao;

62

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tr$m;udpw P ckr#om jzpfaeonf? Oyrmtm;jzihf um;wdu k rf a_ =umifh jyif;xefpmG '%f&m&&Scd o hJ l wpfO;D tm; xdu k m;wdu k rf u _ sL;vGeaf om a'ocHjynfcikd +f zKd ;twGi;f a&;rSL;u w&m;pGq J jkd cif; rjyKap 191 f mwdik ;f oufqikd &f m wm0ef&dS &ef +crd ;f ajcmufcf o hJ nf? tvm;wlpmG jy\emwckcak y:ayguv yk*Kd~ vfrsm;u Oya'vrf;a=umif;t& wm0ef,al jz&Si;f &rnft h pm; wm0efyikd ;f t& oufqikd rf _ r&So d nfh jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J rsm;/ pGr;f tm;&Sirf sm;u yg0ifywfoufaeonfuv kd nf; awG@&onf?

2007 ckEpS f {+yDvtwGi;f Y rE aW v;+rKd@/ atmifajromZH&yfuu G w f iG f aexdik af om touf (24)ESpt f &G,f vli,fwpfO;D udk qdik u f ,fvrf; ajymif;jyefarmif;cJo h nft h wGuf ,mOfpnf;urf; Oya't& ta&;,laqmif&u G &f rnft h pm; jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;u rif;rJq h efqef &ku d Ef u S cf hJ onf? xd@k a=umifh xdv k il ,fonf '%f&mjyif;xefpmG &&S+d yD; aq;&kw H uf ukor_c, H cl &hJ onf?192

bmoma&;y bmoma&;yÉdÉd y uQ r sm; ay:ayguf v matmif zef w D ; vk y f a qmif j cif ; jrefrmjynfonf bmoma&;vGwv f yfciG hf tvGeef nf;yg;+yD; uef@owfcsKyfcs,rf r_ sm; aom Edik if w H pfcjk zpfonf? jynfcikd +f zdK; (ac: ) jynfaxmifp=k uH@cidk af &;ESizhf @G +H zdK;a&;toif;onf jrefrmjynftwGi;f &Sd rwlujJG ym;aom bmoma&;tkypf rk sm;twGi;f txl;ojzifh c&pf,mefbm om0ifrsm;ESihf tpPvmvrfbmom0ifrsm;tm; taESmuft,Suaf y;jcif;/ +cdr;f ajcmufjcif;rsm; ydrk jkd yKvkyv f mcJo h nf? Edik if t H wGi;f bmoma&;yÉdyuQrsm;jzpfay:vmatmif Ak'b < mom0ifrsm; ESihf tjcm;bmom0ifrsm;t=um; ay:ayguv f mEdik o f nfh rke;f wD;r_rsm;udk tcGiahf umif;,l tok;H cs aeonf? Edik if t H wGi;f bmoma&;yÉdyuQrsm; jzpfay:vmygu ppftpd;k &omv#if wdik ;f jynfwnf +ird af t;csr;f atmif xde;f odr;f Ekid o f nfqo kd nft h a=umif;jycsujf zifh ppfwyftm%mwnfjraJ tmif zefw;D vkyaf qmifco hJ nf? tpPvmrfbmom0ifrsm;onf t=urf;zufrr_ sm; jzpfymG ;vmatmif v_@H aqmforl sm;[k ppftpd;k &. t"duypfrw S x f m;jcif;cH&aom tkypf jk zpfonf?

2005 ckepfwiG f jynfcidk +f zdK;toif;onf NLD tzG@J 0if tpPvmrfrsm;tm; t"duypfrw S f xm;I NLD ygwt D m; taESmift h ,Suaf y;rnfh AsL[mwpf&yftm; pwiftaumiftxnf azmfco hJ nf? tqdyk gtpDtpOfrmS tpPvmrfbmom0if NLD tzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; tzG@J 0iftjzpfrS E_wx f u G af y;&ef awmif;qdx k m;aom pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm;udk NLD ygwrD S jzef@a0onf[k ,Hrk mS ; oHo,&Sad tmif vkyaf qmif&ef/ ‚if;wd@k taejzifh E_wx f u G af y;&ef jiif;qefonft h cg ‚if;wd@k ydik q f ikd af om ypPn;f OpPmrsm;udk zsuq f ;D jcif;/ vdt k yfv#if tajctaerwnfr+idrjf zpfatmif t"du&k%;f rsm; zefw;D +y;D jzpfay:vmonfjh y\emrsm;udk ta=umif;jyKI NLD ygwt D m; tjypf ykcH s&efw@kd jzpfonf?193 ppftpd;k &vufuikd w f w k rf sm;onf Edik if t H wGi;f bmoma&;yÉdyuQrsm; ay:ayguv f m ap&ef&nf&, G cf sujf zifh tpPvmrfbmoma&;ESihf oufqikd af omae&mrsm;udk zsuq f ;D cJo h nf? om"utm;jzihf 2001 ckEpS /f rwfvwGif &cdik jf ynfe,f/ ausmufjzLc&dik &f dS rGwq f vif bk&m;&Scd ;kd

63

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ausmif; (4)ckukd oHCmtwkrsm;/ cv& (34)rS ppfom;rsm;tygt0if jynfcikd +f zdK; tzG@J 0if 500 eD;yg;cef@u rGwq f vifqef@usiaf &; a=u;G a=umforH sm; atmf[pfI zsuq f ;D cJo h nf?194 2003 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D twGi;f Y jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf ppfuikd ;f +rdK@&dS tpPvmrf bmom0ifrsm; aexkid af om aus;&Gmwpfct k m; rD;¶_@d zsuq f ;D onf? xd@k jyif tpPvmrfbmom0if ausmif;om; (32)a,muftm; zrf;qD;ac:aqmifomG ;cJo h nf? tdraf jc (42)vH;k / AvDwpfcEk iS hf tjcm; bmom a&;taqmufttkw H pfckvnf; rD;¶_@d zsuq f ;D jcif;cHc&hJ onf?195 xd@k jyif 2005 ckEpS /f ZGev f wGif jynfcidk +f zdK;acgi;f aqmifrsm;. !$e=f um;csujf zifh rE aW v;wdik ;f twGi;f &Sd [dELN bk&m;&Scd ;kd ausmif; wpfcu k kd rD;¶_@d zsuq f ;D cJo h nf? Tbk&m;ausmif;onf a'ocH&mG ol/ &Gmom;rsm;u ‚if;wd@k ud, k yf ikd f aiGa=u;jzifh wnfaqmufxm;aom bmoma&;taqmuftOD;wpfck jzpfonf?196

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H pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeonf wjznf;jznf;+yKd vv J m um jynforl sm;taejzihf ae@pOfpm;0wfaea&;twGuf tajccHvt kd yfcsuf jynfrh &SD efyif cufcJ vmcJo h nf? jrefrmEdik if w H iG f obm0o,HZmw =u, G 0f aomfjim;vnf; qif;&JraJG wr_rsm; zdp;D aecJh onf? wcsed u f aumif;rGew f ;kd wufaeaom jrefrmEdik if .

H pD;yGm;a&;onf ppftm%m&Sif vufw qkypf mwd@k . rSm;,Gi;f aompDrcH ef@crJG r_ sm;a=umifh vnf;aumif;/ tawmrowf rsm;jym;vSaom vmbfay;vmbf,rl r_ sm;a=umifh vnf;aumif;/ aqGrsK;d aumif;pm;a&;pdw"f gwrf sm;a=umifh vnf; aumif;/ rsm;jym;vSaom ppftok;H pm;&dwrf sm;a=umifh vnf;aumif; q,fpEk pS rf sm;twGi;f ,dk ,Gi;f ysupf ;D vmcJo h nf? jynfov l x l rk sm;taejzihf t"rRvyk t f m;ay; apcdik ;f r_rsm;/ pnf;pepfr&Sd aom tcGerf sm;aumufcrH /_ aiG!pS rf r_ sm;/ t"rRajymif;a&$@rr_ sm;ESihf ajr,modr;f qnf;r_rsm; tyg t0if vl@tcGit hf a&; csK;d azmufrr_ sm;a=umifh ‚if;wd@k .ae@pOfb0rsm;rSm vGepf mG rSyif cufcJ =uyfwnf;vmcJo h nf?197 pD;yGm;a&;=uyfwnf;r_rsm;tygt0if taxGaxG rGe;f =uyfrr_ sm;a=umifh jzpfay:vmonfh jynfwiG ;f r+ird rf oufrr_ sm;udv k nf; ppftm%mydik rf sm;u tjyKoabmtm;jzifh enf;rSev f rf;rSeaf jz&Si;f ay;&ef r}uKd ;pm;cJah y? qd;k &Gm;onfrmS jynfwiG ;f r+ird rf oufrr_ sm; ay:ayguf vmwdik ;f jrefrmhtwdu k t f cHtiftm;pkrsm;ESihf jynfyEdik if rH sm;udo k m vuf!;dk xd;k tjypfycHk savh&dS +y;D +ird ;f csr;f pGm qENjyawmif;qdak eonfh &[ef;&Siv f jl ynforl sm;udk &uf&ufpufpuf t=urf;zuf +zdKcGi;f cJo h nf?

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64

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rsm; tygt0if jynfov l x l t k iftm; 'gZifEiS chf sI D +ird cf sr;f pGmqENjycJ&h mrS wjznf;jznf; }u;D xGm; vmcJjh cif;jzpfonf? ppftm%mydik rf sm;onf qENjyyGiJ ,frsm; tiftm;}uD;xGm;rvmatmif pGr;f tm;&SiEf iS hf &J vufeufuikd rf sm;udt k ok;H jyKI v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;tm;vk;H udk tiftm;ok;H +zKd ciG ;f apcJh onf? Tvlxq k ENazmfxw k yf rJG sm;wGif &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;onf a&S@q;Hk rS OD;aqmifyg0ifc=hJ u onf? &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;onf a&S;umvrsm;uyif Edik if w H iG ;f &Sd Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&; udp&P yf rsm;wGif jynfov l x l Ek iS t hf wl yg0ifywfoufco hJ nfo h m"ursm; &Scd o hJ nf? jrefrmEdik if .

H udv k ekd D qef@usiaf &;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f rsm;wGif oHCmawmfrsm;u wpdww f ydik ;f tm;jzifh OD;aqmifpwifc=hJ u onf? xd@k jyif etztm%mydik rf sm;u qENazmfxw k cf =hJ uonfh oHCmawmftyg;(300)cef@ukd twif;t=uyf oCFe;f rsm;c|wv f I J zrfq;D axmifcsco hJ nfh 1988 'Dru kd a&pDta&;awmfy}Hk uD; wGiv f nf; oHCmawmfrsm;. yg0ifyufoufrr_ sm;udk txift&Sm; awG@jrifc&hJ onf?198 2007 ckEpS /f pufwifbmv 5 &ufae@wiG f yckuLU +rdK@rS arwWmyd@k qkawmif;I +idr;f csr;f pGm qENazmfxw k cf ahJ om &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;udk ppftm%mydik rf sm;. vufuikd w f w k rf sm;jzpf onfh ppfwyf/ jynfcikd +f zKd ;ESihf pGr;f tm;&Sit f zG@J rsm;u }uKd ;uGi;f jzifh zrf;qD;jcif;/ "gww f ikd w f iG f }uKd ;jzifh wkwI f yg;&du k jf cif;/ ajcaxmufjzihu f efjcif; ponfv h yk &f yfrsm;tjyif oHCmawmfwpfyg; ysv H eG f 199 awmfro _ nftxd jyif;xefpmG t=urf;zuf &du k Ef u S cf o hJ nf? TuJo h @kd oHCmawmfrsm;tay: ,kwrf m&dik ;f pdik ;f onfh vky&f yfrsm;onf jrefrmEdik if w H 0Sr;f &Sd &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;tygt0if Ak'< bmomudk ,k=H unfav;pm; tm;ud;k tm;xm;jyKaeaom jrefrmjynfov l x l t k m; a'gorD;rsm; awmufavmifapcJo h nf? xd@k jyif qENjyawmif;qdrk r_ sm;onfvnf; omref avmifpmqDaps;E_e;f usqif;a&; awmif;qdrk r_ o S nf t}uD;rm;qk;H aom Edik if aH &;ESiq hf ikd af om awmif;qdrk r_ sm;qDo@kd toGiaf jymif;oGm;cJo h nf?

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65

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vli,fwOD;udv k nf; t=urf;zuf &du k Ef u S cf o hJ nf?221 arvydik ;f wGiv f nf; &efuek +f rKd @ ajcmufxyf}u;D bk&m;od@k tifet f ,fv'f t D zG@J 0ifrsm; oGm;a&muf0wfjyK qkawmif;aepOf ppftpd;k & vufuikd f wkwrf sm;u wefjyefqak wmif;r_rsm;jyKvyk u f m taESmuft,Suaf y;cJo h nf? ,if;vufuikd w f w k f rsm;onf a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf olr.cifyeG ;f rku d u f ,ft&J pfw@kd . ESpaf ,mufwyJG yHk g wD&yS f rsm;0wfqif+y;D tifet f ,fv'f t D zG@J 0if 0wfjyKqkawmif;aeolrsm;ab;Y xdik I f “jynfytm;ud;k ykqed &f ;dk tvdrk &S/d jrefrmjynfukd jrefrmwdik ;f &if;om;awGom tkycf sKyf&ygv. kd / jrefrmjynfrmS tqd;k jrif0g'aD wG uif;&Si;f &ygv. kd ”pojzifh toHus,af vmifpmG atmf[pfI wefjyef taESmuf t,Suaf y;cJo h nf? xdrk #omru 0wfjyKqak wmif;t+y;D bk&m;ay:rSjyefqif;csed w f iG v f nf; bk&m; apmif;wef;wGif xdv k t l yk pf rk sm;u tifet f ,fv'f t D zG@J 0ifrsm;udk t"rRqaJG c:ojzifh &ke;f &if; qefcwf jzpfymG ;cJo h nftxd tajctaeqd;k &Gm;cJo h nf?222 tvm;wlpmG rE aW v;wdik ;f / jyifO;D vGif +rdK@e,f tifet f ,fv'f D pnf;&k;H a&;aumfrwDtzG@J 0ifrsm; aemifcrf;}uD;aus;&Gm&Sd aemifcrf;}uD; bk&m;ay:wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf qkawmif;aecsed w f iG v f nf; jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf pGr;f tm;&Sirf sm;u wHjrufpnf;rsm;jzifh eH&H rsm;ESihf =urf;cif;rsm;udk &du k Ef u S I f ,kwrf m=urf;wrf;pGm aESmuf,u S cf o hJ nf?223 1996 ckEpS /f azazmf0g&v D Y jrefrmEdik if .

H yxrOD;qk;H 'Dru kd a&pDenf;us a&G;cs,f wifajrSmufjcif;cHc&hJ aom 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; OD;Ek uG,v f eG o f nfh (1)ESpjf ynfah jrmuf txdr;f trSwf tcrf;tem;wpfcu k kd usi;f yjyKvkycf o hJ nf? xdt k crf;tem;od@k wufa&mufvmaom vlxt k wGi;f od@k teDa&mifvufarmif;ywfrsm; 0wfqifxm;aom jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;udk pdr@f 0if xd;k azguaf p+yD; a':atmifqef;pk=unf rde@f ceG ;f ajym=um;onft h cg c&rf;csOo f ;D rsm;jzifh ypfaygu&f ef tm%mydik rf sm;u !$e=f um;cJo h nf? 1996 ckEpS f {+yDv jrefrmhEpS o f pfu;l ae@wiG f vnf; a':atmifqef;pk=unf.aetdro f @kd oGm;&mvrf;rsm;tm; wm;qD;ydwq f @kd xm;cJ+h yD;/ vrf; ay:&Sd twm;tqD;rsm;udk ausmjf zwfvmonfh NLD ygw0D ifrsm;tm; ¶du k Ef u S rf nf[k jynfcidk +f zKd ; tzG@J 0ifrsm;u +crd ;f ajcmufc=hJ uonf? xdEk pS t f wGi;f a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf yJc;l +rKd @&dS emrnf }uD; bk&m;wpfqltm; oGm;a&mufz;l ar#mrf nf[k owif;rsm;xGuaf y:cJ&h m/ tm%mydik rf sm;u a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd vrf;rSapmif}h udKwdu k cf u kd &f ef jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;0ifrsm;udk wm0efay; apv$wcf o hJ nf? od@k aomfvnf; a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf xdb k &k m;od@k omG ;a&mufcjhJ cif; r&Sd 224 ojzifh tpDtpOf ysucf &hJ onf?

a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhtzGJ@csKyf. pnf;&kH;a&;c&D;pOftwGif; [ef@wm;aESmuf,Sufr_ rsm; etzppftm%mykid rf sm;onf ‚if;wd@k .vufuikd w f w k f jynfcikd +f zKd ;tzG@J rsm;udk tok;H jyK I NLD ygwED iS hf ygwt D axGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; taESmift h ,Suaf y;

70

'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;p m;pkk

+crd ;f ajcmufjcif;ESihf t=urf;zufw f u kd cf u kd jf cif;rsm;udk jyKvky&f ef tqufrjywf }uKd ;yrf;aecJo h nf?

D m; 1988 ckEpS rf S tpjyKI a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; ygwrD ES w _ x f u G af y;&efEiS hf NLD ygwt zsuo f rd ;f ay;&ef ppftpd;k &rS wdu k &f u dk f zdtm;ay; awmif;qdrk r_ sm; jyKvkycf o hJ nf? od@k aomfvnf; ppftpd;k &onf xdt k wdu k t f cHtiftm;pkrsm;udk wku d cf u kd Ef rdS ef if;&mwGif ‚if;wd@k OD;aqmifO;D &Guf jyKaeaom jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;udk vufuikd w f w k t f jzpf tok;H jyKco hJ nf? Tod@k jzifh NLD ygwt D m; wdu k ±f u kd w f u kd cf u dk af eoltjzpfrS ajz;!Si;f pGm aysmufu, G o f mG ;atmif }uKd ;yrf;cJo h nf? rnfo@kd yif jzpfapumrl ppftpd;k &onf jzpfay:vmonfh t=urf;zufwu kd cf u kd rf r_ sm;twGuf t"du}uKd ;udik f pDpOf!e$ =f um;aeol jzpfonft h wGuaf =umifh jynfcidk +f zdK;toif;rS a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ NLD ygw/D tjcm;aomtwku d t f cHtzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf 'Dru kd a&pDa&; axmufct H m;ay;olrsm;tay: usL;vGeaf om jypfrt _ m;vk;H onf etzppftpd;k &. usL;vGerf r_ sm;omjzpfayonf? etzppftpd;k &rS twdu k t f cHtiftm;pkrsm;tay: t=urf;zufwu kd cf u kd rf r_ sm; quf wku d f usL;vGeaf ejcif;. &nf&, G cf suo f nf tqdyk gtiftm;pkrsm;rS tvm;wl t=urf;zufaom enf;jzifh wH@k jyefru _ &kd &S&d efyif jzpfonf? tu,fI NLD ygwrD S tvm;wl t=urf;zufw@kH jyefrr_ sm; jyKvkyv f mygu ppftpd;k &onf wdik ;f jynfrwnfr+ird jf zpfjcif;rS umuG,&f ef[q k u kd m NLD ygwD tm; tjrpfjzwfacsre_ ;f &eftwGuf ta=umif;jycsuw f pfck &&Sv d mrnfjzpfonf? od@k aomfvnf; twdu k t f cHtzG@J rsm;taejzifh t=urf;rzuf ESv;Hk &nfwu kd yf rJG sm;udo k m t"duxm; qifEv JG m onft h wGuaf =umifh ppftpd;k &ar#mv f ifx h m;onfh tjrpfjywfacsre_ af &; enf;AsL[monf r atmifjrifcJhay?

1996 ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbmvwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf tjcm; NLD ygw0D ifrsm; pD; eif;vku d yf gvmaom armfawmf,mOfwef;tm; oHacsmif;rsm;/ tkwcf rJ sm;jzifh wdu k cf u kd &f eft wGuf jynfcidk +f zdK;tzG@J 0if wpfO;D pDv#if aiGusyf (5000)pD ay;cJo h nf? xdw k u kd cf u dk rf _ rwdik rf u D tpd;k &0ef}uD;wpfO;D jzpfol &xm;yd@k aqmifa&;0ef}uD;Xme0ef}uD; OD;0if;pdeu f a':atmifqef; pk=unftm; owfypfoifo h nf[k jynfcidk +f zKd ;tpnf;ta0;yGw J pfcw k iG f toif;0ifrsm;tm; ajym =um;cJo h nf? ‚if;u “Edik if aH &;qlyt l ºkH uGra_ wGukd zefw;D aewJh atmifqef;pk=unfukd &Si;f ypf &r,f? ‘&Si;f ypf&r,f’qdw k hJ t"dyg` ,u f kd rif;wd@k em;vnf=uvm;? ol@ukd owfypf&r,fv@kd ajym wm? rif;wd@k ol@uo kd wfypfz@kd owWad &m&S&d @J vm;?”[k tqdyk gtpnf;a0;wGif }urd ;f 0g;cJo h nf?225 trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; a':atmifqef;pk=unf 2002 ckEpS /f arv(6) &ufae@wiG f (19)v=um aetdrt f us,cf sKyrf S vGwaf jrmufvmcJ+h y;D aemuf wdik ;f ESihf jynfe,f (12)ck&dS pkpak ygi;f (125)+rdK@e,fo@kd pnf;&k;H a&;c&D;pOfrsm; oGm;a&mufco hJ nf? oGm; a&mufvo kd nfah e&mod@k c|i;f csurf &dS vGwv f yfpmG oGm;vmEdik cf iG &hf adS =umif; etzppftpd;k &rS oabmwlxm;cJah omfvnf; vufawG@wiG rf _ tm%mydik rf sm;. enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh aESmuf,u S f 226 [ef@wm;r_rsm;rSm wpxufwp wk;d wufrsm;jym;vmonfukd awG@}uKH c&hJ onf? a':atmifqef;

71

jynf c d k i f ò zd ;

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ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;

pk=unfEiS hf tzG@J csKyf tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf 2003 ckEpS /f arv(6)&ufae@rS arv (30)&ufae@txd rE aW v;wdik ;f / ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f / ucsijf ynfe,fEiS hf &Sr;f jynfe,f pnf;&k;H a&;c&D;pOfrsm;twGi;f jynf cdik +f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;. wm;qD; aESmuf,u S rf r_ sm;pGmudk &ifqikd cf &hJ onf? pnf;&k;H a&;c&D;xGuaf eonfh a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS t hf zG@J ukd aESmuf,u S &f mwGif yk*Kd~ vfa&;t& apmfum;wdu k cf u kd f a&;om;xm;aom pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm;ESihf tzG@J csKyfEiS hf olrudk oa&mfavSmifajymifxm;onfh umwGe;f ykrH sm;udv k nf; tm%mydik rf sm;u }udKwifjzef@a0r_rsm; jyKvkycf o hJ nf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf vdu k yf gvmaom armfawmf,Ofwef; c&D;rqufEikd af p&ef um;vrf;rsm;wGif oHq;l }uKd ;rsm;/ opfv;kH rsm;/ ausmufw;Hk rsm;/ ukew f ifum;}u;D rsm;jzifh ydwq f @kd xm;jcif;/ wHwm;rsm;wGif um;oGm;&mbD;vrf;ysOcf syrf sm;udk cGmxm;+y;D wHwm;udk opfom;wef; rsm;&ku d I f ydwq f @kd xm;jcif;/ um;vrf;ay: jzwfI ajrmif;wl;ydwq f @kd xm;jcif;/ a':atmifqef; pk=unfEiS v hf x l k awG@q&Hk mteD;w0du k w f iG f w&m;ra[mEdik af tmif taESmuft,Suaf y;onfh taejzifh tm;aumif;aom toHcs@J pufrsm;ok;H +yD; oDcsi;f rsm;/ y&dww f &m;rsm;udk qlnpH mG zGi@f jcif;/ vltyk x f o J @kd armfawmfum;armif;0ifjcif;rsm; jyKvyk +f y;D jynfcikd +f zKd ; tzG@J rsm;u taESmuf t,Sut f rsK;d rsK;d ay;cJo h nf? tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;tygt0if a'ocHvx l u k kd a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; r}udKqd&k ef +crd ;f ajcmufrr_ sm;vnf; jyKvyk cf o hJ nf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd vufc}H uKd qakd om tpd;k &0efxrf; rsm;udk tm%mydik rf sm;u xda&mufpmG tjypfay;ta&;,lco hJ nf? Oyrmtm;jzihf csi;f jynfe,f c&D;pOftwGif; a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk }udKqdkE_wfqufcJhonfh ynma&;0efxrf;wpfOD;udk tm%mydik rf sm;u tvkyrf x S w k yf pfco hJ nf? rauG;wdik ;f / uHr+rdK@e,ftwGi;f &Sd tru ausmif; q&mrwpfO;D jzpfol a':cifr;kd 0if;udv k nf; a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; }udKqdck o hJ nft h wGuf +rKd @e,fynma&;rSL;u tvkyrf x S w k yf pf&ef jyifqifc+hJ y;D ausmif;qufrwuf&ef wm;jrpfco hJ nf?227 2007 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D twGi;f Y jynfo@l vw G af wmfu, kd pf m;jyKaumfrwD twGi;f a&;rSL;ESihf &ckid f 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf twGi;f a&;rSL; ODat;omatmif. &cdik jf ynfe,fc&D;pOftwGi;f Y axmufcH tm;ay;cJo h l jynfcikd +f zdK;twGi;f a&;rSL;wpfO;D ESihf +rdK@e,f rdcifEiS u hf av;apmifah &Smufa&;tzJ@G OuUXwpfO;D udk tm%mydik rf sm;u &mxl;rS jzKwfypfvu kd o f nfo h m"uvnf; &Scd o hJ nf?228 xd@k jyif a':atmifqef;pk=unf vma&mufpOfumvtwGi;f pmoifausmif;rsm;ESihf aps;qdik rf sm;tm;vk;H udk ydwx f m;&ef/ bke;f awmf}u;D ausmif;rsm;/ bk&m;apwDrsm;udk ydwx f m;&ef tm%mydik rf sm;u +cdr;f ajcmufrr_ sm; jyKvkycf o hJ nf? 2003 ckEpS /f {+yDvydik ;f u a':atmifqef; pk=unfEiS t hf zG@J rauG;wdik ;f / ausmufxo k @kd a&mufvmcsed w f iG f ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;u }uKd qdrk nfukd pd;k &dro f nft h wGuf pmoifausmif;rsm;udk tm%mydik rf sm;u ydwyf pfco hJ nf? xd@k jyif uav;+rKd @tvGef xkrH m&Gm ta&mufwiG v f nf; a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS t hf zG@J a&mufvmcge;D rS tm%mydik rf sm;u ausmif;0if;wHcg;}u;D udk ydwcf sed rf [kwyf J ydwyf pfco hJ nf?229 vrf;wav#muf&dS

72

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"gwq f ED iS hf 'DZ,fa&mif;onfh qdik rf sm;udv k nf; a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS t hf zG@J tm; a&mif;csjcif; rjyK&ef owday;wm;jrpfco hJ nf? jrefrmEdik if t H wGi;f a':atmifqef;pk=unf. pnf;&k;H a&;c&D;pOftcsK@d EiS yhf wfowfI waphwapmif;avhvm=unfrh nfqv kd #if pnf;&k;H a&;c&D;pOftrsm;pkonf tm%mydik rf sm;ESihf }uKd wifnEdS id_ ;f wdik yf if+y;D pwifcahJ omfvnf; tm%mydik rf sm;ESihf ‚if;wd@k .vufuikd w f w k f jynfcidk +f zKd ; tzG@J rsm;u rif;rJph &ku d q f efqef jyKr_vyk af qmifc=hJ uonfukd awG@&onf?

2003 ckEpS /f {+yv D twGi;f a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS t hf zG@J onf ygwpD nf;&k;H a&;twGuf csi;f jynfe,fo@kd oGm;a&mufco hJ nf? od@k &mwGif rauG;wdik ;f twGi;f vrf;wav#muf&dS atmifv/H awmifwiG ;f / rif;bl;+rdK@rsm;ESihf yGijhf zL+rdK@t0ifrsm;wGif ppftpd;k &. vufuikd w f w k f jynfcikd +f zdK; tzG@J rsm;u enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh taESmuft,Suaf y;cJo h nf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS t hf zG@J a&muf &dv S mcsed w f iG f &eforl sK;d ig;yg; rD;ab;wm0ef oDcsi;f rsm;udk avmfpyDumrsm;jzifh toHuek zf iG jhf cif;/ t&yfot l &yfom;rsm;udk y&dw&f w G zf wf&ef v_@H aqmfjcif;rsm;jyKvkyI f taESmuft,Surf sKd ;pHk 230 ay;cJ=h uonf?

2003 ckEpS /f arv (10)&ufae@wiG f ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f / tif;awmf+rKd @t0if eef@oaJ us;&Gmod@k a&muf&cdS sed Yf rk&H mG c&dik /f jynfcikd +f zdK;twGi;f a&;rSL; ODaX;atmif OD;pD;onfh tiftm; (70) cef@&dS jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf tpdr;f a&mifyw d pf ay:wGif pmvk;H t+zLjzifh “jynfytm;ud;k ykqed &f ;dk / tqd;k tjrif0g'rD sm;tm; qef@usi=f u”[laom pmwrf;rsm;csw d q f +JG yD; qef@usiaf ESmuf,u S cf hJ onfukd }uKH awG@c&hJ onf? arv(11)&ufae@ ae@vnf(12) em&D/ uom+rKd @t0if*w d o f @kd a&muf&dS csed w f iG v f nf; tiftm; (150)cef@&dS jynfcikd +f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;u [ef@wm;aESmuf,u S rf r_ sm; jyKvyk cf hJ onf? jynfcikd +f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;u qufroGm;&ef ydwyf if[ef@wm; aESmuf,u S af eonfukd wm0ef&dS ol tm%mydik rf sm;u =um;0ifjzefajzaqmif&u G af y;&rnft h pm; a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; 231 jyefvn S o hf mG ;&ef zdtm;ay;cJo h nf? xd@k jyif 2003 ckEpS /f arv (29)&uf nae (6)em&Dausmw f iG f a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf tzG@J onf rE aW v;rSwqifh ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f / rk&H mG +rKd @o@kd pnf;&k;H a&;c&D ;oGm;a&mufco hJ nf? a':atmif qef;pk=unfEiS t fh zG@J rk&H mG od@k a&muf&v dS mcsed w f iG f tm%mydik rf sm;u [ef@wm;aESmuf,u S &f ef }udKwifppD OfcahJ omfvnf; rk&H mG vlxu k aomif;ESicfh sI D }udKqdck =hJ uonf? jynfcikd +f zdK; acgi;f aqmif rsm;onf a':atmifqef;pk=unf rvmcifuwnf;u rk&H mG +rKd @wiG f olr. raumif;a=umif;rsm;udk vli,frsm;tm; oifwef;yd@k csco hJ nf? jynfcikd +f zKd ;vli,frsm; tygt0if ppfom;vli,fav;rsm;udk jynfcikd +f zKd ;0wfprHk sm;jzifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfqef@usiaf &; oifwef;rsm; yd@k csay;cJo h nf? od@k aomf vnf; vli,ftawmfrsm;rsm;onf tm%mydik rf sm;. yd@k csapcdik ;f csurf sm;udk vkyaf qmif&ef qEN r&Sad oma=umifh xGuaf jy;cJ=h uonf? tcsK@d vil ,frsm;rSm a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd qef@usif aESmuf,u S &f rnft h pm; vuftyk cf sI D yif uefawmhc=hJ uonf?232

73

jynf c d k i f ò zd ;

od k Πr[k w f

ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;

2003 ckEpS /f arv(12)&ufae@n (8)em&DccJG ef@wiG f ucsijf ynfe,f/ rd;k aumif;+rdK@e,f/ ref&u G af us;&Gm t0ifvrf;xdyw f iG f tiftm;(100)cef@&dS jynfcikd +f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;. aESmuf,u S rf E_ iS hf }uKH awG@c&hJ onf? arv(13) &ufae@ zm;uef@+rKd @o@kd ra&mufrD erfrh ppf aus;&Gmt0ifwiG f jynfcikd f +zdK; tzG@J 0ifrsm;u “jynfytm;ud;k ykqed &f ;dk / tqdt k jrif0g'rD sm;tm; qef@usi=f u” pmom;rsm; yg&o dS nfh qdik ;f bkwrf sm;udu k ikd af qmifI toHww d f qENjyaESmuf,u S cf o hJ nf? arv(15)&uf ae@ eHeuf (4)em&DccJG ef@wiG f erRw;D vrf;twdik ;f xGucf mG vm&m aumif;&m&Gm ta&mufwiG f jynfcikd +f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;u“ jynfytm;ud;k ykqed &f ;dk -tvdrk &S”d “tqd;k jrif0g'rD sm;tm;-tvdrk &d”S “wdk;wufr_zsufqD;ol-tvdkr&Sd” “wnf+idrfat;csrf;a&;udkzsufqD;ol-tvdkr&Sd” ponfh qdik ;f bkwrf sm;udk udik af qmifI qENjyaESmuf,u S cf =hJ uonf?f a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS t hf zG@J onf 2003 ckEpS /f arv(16)&ufae@wiG f ucsijf ynfe,f/ jrpf}u;D em;+rKd @o@kd qufvufxu G cf mG cJo h nf? jrpf}u;D em;+rKd @t0if eef;auG@ wHwm;teD;wGif jynfcikd f +zdK;tzG@J 0if (300) cef@u vrf;ab;0J,mrS “jynfytm;ud;k ykqed &f ;dk / jynfe,f at;csr;f om ,ma&;udk aESmuf,u S zf suq f ;D olrsm;tm;-qef@usi=f u/” “trsK;d omoem cd;k ,lzsuq f ;D olrsm; tm;-qef@usi=f u/ acsre_ ;f =u” pojzifh a&;om;xm;aom ydpk wmrsm;ESihf t0wfezl;pnf;rsm;udk udik af qmifv#uf a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf tzG@J csKyo f mG ;rnfv h rf;Y ydwq f @kd [ef@wm; qlyl aESmuf ,Sucf o hJ nf? arv(18)&ufae@wiG f 0dik ;f armf+rdK@o@kd c&D;qufvufxu G cf mG cJ&h m 0dik ;f armf+rdK@t0if aemifwmav&Gm ewfpifteD;wGif jynfcikd +f zdK; tiftm;(20)cef@u wm;qD;aESmuf,u S cf o hJ nf?

2003 ckEpS f arv (20)&ufae@ Aef;armf+rdK@t0if ok;H rdik f &Gmod@k a&muf&v Sd mcsed w f iG v f nf; wkw/f "g;rsm; udik af qmifxm;ol jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J 0if (300) ausmcf ef@u vdik pf ifeyH gwjf ym; rygaom um;rsm;ESihf qdik u f ,frsm;udk tok;H jyK+yD;/ Oya'udk ajAmifususcsK;d azmufI uef@uu G q f ENjy 233 aESmuf,u S cf o hJ nf? xd@k tjyif ucsijf ynfe,f/ a&$u+l rKd@t0ifwiG v f nf; jynfcikd +f zdK;tiftm; 300 cef@u ydpk wmrsm;/ a=uG;a=umforH sm;jzihf [ef@wm;aESmuf,u S cf o hJ nf? xdu k o hJ @kd qef@usiaf ESmuf,u S f ol trsm;pkonf &yfuu G x f &J dS qif;&JErG ;f yg;olrsm;jzpf+y;D jynfcikd +f zKd ;tm%mydik rf sm;u xrif;au|; arG;jcif;/ aiG;a=u;tenfi,fay;jcif;rsm; vkyaf qmifI ac:,lvmcJah om qif;&Jom;rsm; jzpf=u onf? xl;jcm;csut f aejzifh a':atmifqef;pk=unf. ucsijf ynfe,fpnf;&k;H a&;c&D;pOfrsm;wGif [ef@wm;aESmuf,u S cf ahJ om tkypf rk sm;onf wzG@J wnf;rSjzpfaea=umif; awG@&&Sd onf? Oyrm tm;jzihf rd;k aumif;wGif aESmuf,u S cf o hJ rl sm;onf jrpf}uD;em;+rdK@t0if qef@usiaf ESmuf,u S yf JG rsm;wGif jyefvnfyg0if cJo h nfukd awG@&&Sd onf?234 2003 ckEpS /f arv(25)&ufae@wiG f rE aW v;wkid ;f / rd;k ukw+f rKd @rS =uyfjyif+rKd @rod@k 0ifa&muf +yD; qufvufxu G cf mG cJ&h m uoJtyk pf /k bdu k ek ;f &yf ta&mufwiG f tiftm; (400) ausmcf ef@&dS jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J rsm;. uef@uu G q f ENjN yjcif;udk cHc&hJ onf? nae (&)em&Dcef@wiG f pOfu h ;l +rdK@teD;

74

'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;p m;pkk

usnaf wmufayguaf us;&GmESihf EG,&f aHk us;&Gmta&mufwiG f qD'ifum;(11)pD;/ 'dik ef m(4)pD;/ [dik ;f vyf (15)pD;Y pD;eif;vdu k yf gorl sm;ESihf pkpak ygi;f tiftm;(500)ausmcf ef@&Sd jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm; . wm;qD;aESmuf,u S jf cif;udk xyfr}H uKH awG@c&hJ onf? ‚if;wd@k ukd tr&yl&/ rwW&m/ ausmufqnfEiS hf rE aW v;+rdK@rsm;rS ac:aqmifvmjcif;jzpf+yD; EG,&f aHk us;&Gm (a&$wiG ;f )rS tvkyo f rm; (usi;f om;) rsm;udk w&ufvu kd yf gqENjyv#if xrif;au|;+y;D t&ufvnf; t0wdu k o f nft h jyif ae@wu G v f yk f 235 tm;ctjzpf (500)rS (1000)usyt f xday;I ac:aqmifco hJ nf? 2007 ckEpS /f {+yv D wGiv f nf; rE aW v;wdik ;f / rwW&m+rdK@e,ftzG@J csKyf vGwaf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f OD;oef;vGiEf iS t hf zG@J pnfwikd ;f cH aus;&GmESihf ausmufww H m;aus;&Gmrsm;od@k pnf;&k;H a&;c&D;xGuo f nft h csed w f iG v f nf; e,fajrcH jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J acgi;f aqmif udak tmifjrifah X;ESihf udjk rifOh ;D wd@k u 0kid ;f 0ef;&ku d Ef u S &f ef }uHpnftm; xkwcf o hJ nf?236 a':atmifqef;pk=unf. 2002 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmv (16)&ufae@rS (24) &ufae@txd &cdik jf ynfe,fc&D;pOfEiS hf {&m0wDwikd ;f c&D;pOfrsm;wGiv f nf; ppftpd;k &. tpDtrHjzifh a'ocHtm %mydik rf sm;/ &Jwyfz@JG / jynfcidk +f zdK;tzG@J / rD;owf/ =uufajceD/ rdcifEiS u hf av;apmifah &Smufa&; tp&So d nfh ppftm%m&Sif vufuikd w f w k t f zG@J tpnf;rsm;u ao;odr, f w k n f o Hh nfh twm;tqD; 237 taESmuft,Sut f rsK;d rsK;d udk vrf;c&D;wpfav#mufv;Hk jyKvyk cf o hJ nf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf ‚if;.tzG@J csKyf &cdik jf ynfe,f pnf;&k;H a&;c&D;pOftwGi;f ajrmufO;D +rdK@ta&mufwiG v f nf; a'ocH tm%mydik rf sm;u +cdr;f ajcmuftusyu f ikd f wm;jrpfrr_ sm; jyKvkycf o hJ nf? od@k aomfvnf; jynfol vlxk (2)aomif;ausmu f vrf;rrsm;ay:xGu+f yD; a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS t hf zG@J ukd vdu _ v f pJS mG }uKd qckd =hJ uonf? xdjk rifuiG ;f a=umifh tm%mydik rf sm; wkev f y_ o f mG ;cJ+h y;D vkx H ed ;f &Jwyfz@JG rsm;/ rD;owf ydu k rf sm;jzifh tiftm;ok;H I t=urf;zuf vlpck cJG o hJ nf? rD;owfyu kd rf sm;jzifh vlpck aJG epOf a':atmif qef;pk=unfu, kd w f ikd f rD;owfum;ay:wuf+y;D “'Dupd P usra=umifjh zpfwm/ usrvmwm vlxek @J awG@z@kd vmwm/ 'Dru kd a&pDvyk w f ,fqw kd m vlxu k yxryJ/ vlxt k wGuf vky&f r,f/ 'gah =umifh vlxu k kd awG@&r,f/ Edik if aH &;tzG@J awGvykd J &Jw@kd / rD;owfw@kd qdw k mvnf; vlxu k kd taxmuftul ay;&r,f? tckvkd vlxu k kd taxmuftulray;yJ Edik x f ufp;D eif;vkyaf ewmudk usr r=unfEh ikd b f ;l / rvkyyf ge@J ?”[k wm;jrpfco hJ jzifh &JEiS hf rD;owfw@kd &yfwef@omG ;cJo h nf? &ckid jf ynfe,fc&DpOftwGi;f a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf tzG@J csKyfukd armfawmfum; iSm;&rf;tultnDay;cJo h l 2 OD;udv k nf; 238 jynfcikd +f zdK;twGi;f a&;rSL; ODp;kd Edik . f trde@f jzifh vdik ;f um;vdik pf ifrsm; ydwyf ifco hJ nf? jynfcidk +f zdK;tzG@J EiS hf tm%mydik rf sm;onf a':atmifqef;pk=unf. pnf;&k;H a&;c&D;pOf rsm;twGi;f t=urf;zufwu kd cf u kd rf r_ sm; qufwu kd u f sL;vGecf &hJ m ‚if;wd@k txJwiG f pufqyk &f &HG mS zG,&f mtaumif;qH;k t=urf;zufrr_ mS 2003 ckEpS /f arv 30 &ufae@wiG f jzpfymG ;cJah om 'Dy, J if; t=urf;zufry_ if jzpfonf? xd'k yD , J if; vlowfrr_ wdik rf u D a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf rde@f ceG ;f ajym=um;&ef/ NLD ¶H;k cGrJ sm; zGiv hf pS &f efEiS hf pnf;&k;H a&;vkyif ef;rsm;twGuf jynfwiG ;f ae&ma'o

75

jynf c d k i f ò zd ;

od k Πr[k w f

ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;

tawmfrsm;rsm;od@k c&D;xGucf chJ sed w f iG f jynfcikd +f zKd ;wd@k . [ef@wm;aESmuf,u S rf t _ rsK;d rsKd ;ESihf &ifqikd f cJ&h onfukd azmfjycJ+h y;D jzpfonf? jynfe,fa'otoD;oD;od@k olr.c&D;pOf rpwifru D yif jynfcidk +f zKd ; acgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf A[kad umfrwD0ifrsm;onf jynfcikd +f zdK; em,ursm;/ a'ocHwyfrLS ;rsm;. cGijhf yKcsujf zifh tqdyk ga'orsm;od@k }udKwifomG ;a&mufI NLD tm; [ef@wm;aESmuf,u S &f ef twGuf pDru H ed ;f rsm;csrw S &f ef v#K@d 0u S t f pnf;ta0;yGrJ sm; usi;f ycJ=h uonf? txl;ojzifh 'Dy, J if; vlowfy}JG u;D od@k OD;wnfomG ;r!fch &D;pOfrsm;twGi;f a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf olr.ygwo D nf vrf;ab;wav#mufwiG f pk&;Hk xm;aom vltyk }f u;D rsm;. [ef@wm;aESmuf,u S f wdu k cf u kd rf r_ sm;ESihf }uHKawG@c&hJ onf? Tvltyk }f uD;rsm;onf a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf NLD ygwu D kd &_wcf sxm; aom ydpk wmrsm;/ aqmify'k rf sm;udk udik af qmifxm;+y;D / aºu;G a=umforH sm;[pfaºu;G I a':atmif qef;pk=unfEiS hf NLD ygw0D ifrsm; vku d yf gvmaom armfawmf,mOfwef;tm; tESmuft,Suaf y; wdu k cf u kd cf jhJ cif; jzpfonf?

2003 ckEpS /f arv 30 &ufae@wiG f jynfe,ftm%mydik t f csKd @EiS hf jynfcikd +f zKd ; tzG@J 0ifrsm; onf a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf olrtm; axmufct H m;ay;olrsm;vdu k yf gvmaom ,mOfwef; tm; 'Dy, J if;+rKd @teD;wGif +cKH cw kd u kd cf u kd cf o hJ nf? NLD ygw0D iftcsKd @rmS vlrqefpmG ¶du k Ef u S cf cH &hJ +y;D trsm;tjym; aoa=u'%f&m&&dcS o hJ nf? tqdyk gt=urf;zufwu kd cf u kd rf w _ iG f jynfcikd +f zdK;toif; onf wdu k ¶f u kd yf g0ifywfoufae&ko H mru &Gmom;rsm;tm; aiGa=u;axmufyjhH cif;/ oifwef;rsm; ay;jcif;jzihf xdt k =urf;zufwu kd cf u kd rf r_ sm;w&Gif yg0ifywfoufco hJ nf? 'Dy, J if; wdu k cf u kd rf t _ +y;D wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; acwWaxmifoiG ;f tusO;f csco hJ nf? xd@k aemuf olrtm; aetdrf tus,cf sKyfjzifh qufvufxrd ;f odr;f cJo h nf? 'Dy, J if;t=urf;zufwu kd cf u kd rf _ rsujf rifoufao rsm;udv k nf; tjzpfreS f ay:ayguv f mrnfukd pd;k &dro f jzifh tm%mydik rf sm;u zrf;qD;ESyd pf ufco hJ nf? tcif;jzpfymG ;+yD;aemuf xdv k o l wfrt _ m; pHpk rf;ppfaq;&eftwGuf jrefrm twdu k t f cHtzG@J tpnf;rsm;twGi;f 'Dy, J if;vky}f uHr_ ta&;,laqmif&u G af &;aumfr&Siw f pf&yfukd zG@J pnf; cJo h nf? xdak umfr&Sit f aejzifh 'Dy, J if;t=urf;zufwu kd cf u kd rf o _ nf }udKwif}uHpnfxm;aom wdu k f cdu k rf w _ ckjzpfa=umif; azmfxw k af wG@&cdS o hJ nf? jynfcikd +f zKd ;taejzifh jynfo@l ppfoifwef;rsm; ay;jcif;/ udik af qmiftok;H jyKaom vufeufrsm;tm; *¶kwpdu k f a&G;cs,cf jhJ cif;/ wdu k cf u dk rf nfh ae&mESihf tcsed u f mvtm; pepfwus jyifqifcjhJ cif;/ vlta&twGuf ig;axmifcef@tm; wdu k f cku d rf u _ sL;vGe&f eftwGuf pepfwus pnf;¶H;k xm;jcif;/ wdu k cf u kd af csre_ ;f onfh enf;pepfrsm;/ trde@f ay;pepfrsm;/ '%f&m&&So d rl sm;ESihf rsujf rifoufaorsm;tm; zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f jcif;/ wdu k cf u dk rf _ jzpfymG ;onfah e&mtm; jyefvnfjyifqifI oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;tm; pepfwus zsuq f ;D cJjh cif;/ wdu k cf u dk rf r_ sm;tm; ppfwyfrS Adv k rf LS ;wpfO;D ESihf &Jwyfz@JG t}u;D tuJwpfO;D wd@k rS teD; uyf}u;D =uyfcjhJ cif;wd@k a=umifh 'Dy, J if;vlowfro _ nf }uKd wif}upH nfxm;aom t=urf;zuf wdu k f 239 cdu k rf j_ zpfonfukd azmfxw k af wG@&cdS o hJ nf?

76

'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;p m;pkk

aumfr&Sit f pD&ifcpH mt& t=urf;zufwu kd cf u kd rf _ jyKvyk &f eftwGuf vltiftm; 5000 ESihf }udKwifavhusichf o hJ nf? vdt k yfonfv h t l iftm;udk ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f / a&$bckd &kid &f Sd +rdK@e,f (8) +rKd@e,fEiS hf rk&H mG c&dik &f dS +rdK@e,frsm;rS jynfcikd +f zdK;twGi;f a&;rSL;rsm;u rdrw d @kd +rdK@e,frsm;twGi;f &Sd jynfcikd +f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf jynfov l x l rk sm;udk pkaqmif;cJo h nf? xdo k @kd vpl ak qmif;&mwGif tca=u; aiGrsm; ay;jcif;jzihv f nf;aumif;/ twif;t"rR +crd ;f ajcmuft=uyfuikd I f vnf;aumif; pkaqmif; cJo h nf? pkaqmif;&&Scd o hJ rl sm;udk oufqikd &f m+rdK@e,frsm;tvdu k f ppfuikd ;f +rdK@/ trSw(f 2) txuf wef;ausmif;/ rH&k mG +rdK@ trSw(f 2)ESihf trSw(f 3) txufwef;ausmif;/ taemufajrmufwikd ;f ppfXmecsKyf0if;/ 'Dy, J if;+rdK@ txufwef;ausmif; ponf@ae&mrsm;wGif pkaqmif;xm;&S+d yD; xdo k l rsm;udk t=urf;zuf &ku d Ef u S +f zdKcGaJ csre_ ;f onf@ oifwef;rsm;udk pepfwus ay;cJo h nf?240 xdo k if wef;rsm;wGif OD;acgi;f ESihf cg;qpftxufyikd ;f wd@k ukd 'kwrf sm;ESi&hf u kd Ef u S o f nf@enf;rsm;udk oif=um; 241 ay;cJo h nf? xd@k a=umifh 'Dy, J if;t=urf;zufro _ nf owfrw S x f m;aom t&yfom;rsm;udo k m OD;wnfI pepfwus pDpOfusL;vGecf jhJ cif;/ Edik if aH &;ESiyhf wfoufaer_a=umifh ypfrw S x f m; wdu k cf u kd f cH&jcif;/ t&yfom;tm;vH;k udk +cdr;f ajcmuf&eftwGuf xdw k u kd cf u kd rf u _ kd usL;vGecf jhJ cif;wd@k a=umifh xdv k yk }f urH o _ nf vlom;rsK;d EG,w f ckv;Hk udk usL;vGew f u kd cf u kd cf o hJ nfh &mZ0wfrw _ ck jzpfonf?242 ,if;wdu k cf u kd rf o _ nf vlom;rqefaom&mZ0wfrj_ zpfa=umif;udk oufao taxmuftxm; rsm;u azmfjyaeaomfvnf; ukvor*~onf xd'k yD , J if;wdu k cf u kd o f wfjzwfrt _ m; pHpk rf;ppfaq; &eftwGuf vGwv f yfonfah umfr&Siw f pf&yfukd zG@J pnf;jcif; r&Scd ahJ y? tcsed u f mv =umjrihv f m onfEiS t hf r# xdw k u kd cf u kd rf t _ wGuf wm0ef&adS om jynfcidk +f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf ppftpd;k &wd@k rmS vnf; tjypfrS vGw+f idr;f csr;f omcGihf &&daS e=uonf?

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77

jynf c d k i f ò zd ;

od k Πr[k w f

ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;

tcef ; (5) jynf c d k i f + zd K ;toif ; . tem*wf E d k i f i H a &;pD r H c suf r sm; etzppftpd;k &onf jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif;tm; ‚if;wd@k .ae&mudq k ufc&H ef vufoyfarG; aecsed w f iG f jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;. vlxt k ay:zdEydS rf r_ sm;tygt0if etzppftpd;k &ESihf qufE, $ f ywfoufaer_rsm;udk tav;teufxm; pOf;pm;&ef vdt k yfayonf? jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;onf 1993 ckEpS u f jynfxaJ &;0ef}u;D XmewGif vlra_ &;tzG@J tpnf;wpfct k jzpf rSwyf w kH ifcahJ omfvnf; etzppftpd&k onf tqdyk gtoif;tm; Ekid if aH &;ygww D pfct k jzpf ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;&ef &nf&, G f aqmif&u G af eonfrmS xif&mS ;onf? trsK;d om;nDvmcHwiG f a&;qG+J y;D pD;cJah om zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'u ppfwyftm; ygvrD eftrwfae&m av;yHw k pfyu kH kd ay;tyfxm;onf? use&f dS aom trwfae&mrsm;udrk _ Edik if aH &;ygwjD zpfvmrnfh jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;tygt0if tjcm;Edik if H a&;ygwrD sm;u a&G;aumufyw JG iG f 0ifa&muf,OS +f ydKif&rnfjzpfonf? jynfcidk +f zdK;toif;taejzifh ‚if;wd@k usio hf ;kH aeustwdik ;f /taESmuf,u S af y; +cdr;f ajcmufrr_ sm;ESihf t=urf;zufrr_ sm;jyKvkyI f use&f adS om trwfae&mrsm;tm; &,lrnfjzpfonf? Tenf;jzi@f etzppftpd;k &onf tem*wf Edik if aH wmfwiG f ‚if;wd@k pw d w f ikd ;f us jc,fv, S Ef ikd rf nfh trnfcH t&yfom;tpd;k &wpfct k m; zefw;D &ef tcGit hf vrf;wpf&yfukd &&Srd nfjzpfonf?

Ed k i f i H a &;tjyif t qif 1962 ckEpS f ppfwyfrS tm%modr;f csed w f iG f jrefrmjynftm; awmfveS af &;aumifpu D tkycf sLyfco hJ nf? xd@k aemuf 1974 ckEpS w f iG f ppftpd;k &u Edik if aH &;awmifyw H pfcjk zpfonfh jrefrmh qd&k , S v f pfvrf;pOfygw(D rqv)udk zG@J pnf;cJ+h y;D jrefrmjynftm; ‘jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[ef qd&k , S v f pf pepf’ jzift h yk cf sKyf&ef }udK;yrf;cJo h nf? 1990 ckEpS f a&G;aumufyrJG sm; usi;f yonft h csed u f vnf; e0w ppftpd;k &u ygvrD efwiG f trwfae&m&&Sad &;twGuf jrefrmhq&kd , S v f pfvrf;pOfygwrD S tzG@J 0ifrsm;udt k ok;H jyKI Edik if aH &;awmifyw H pfcjk zpfonfh wpn ac: wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vk;H nD!w $ af &; ygwu D kd xlaxmifco hJ nf? od@k aomf 1990 jynfEh pS f a&G;aumufyw JG iG f trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfrS tjywf towf tEdik &f &dcS sed w f iG f tm%mvGaJ jymif;ay;&ef ppfwyfu jiif;qdck o hJ nf? xd@k jyif ppfwyfonf a&G;aumufyw JG iG f &_;H edr@f omG ;aom ‚if;wd@k .Edik if aH &;ygww D pfcjk zpfonfh wpnygwu D kd ab;z,f xm;vdu k +f yD; Edik if aH wmf+idr0f yfyjd ym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzG@J (e0w) ,ck Edik if aH wmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;aumifpD (etz)udk zG@J pnf;cJ+h yD; tm%mudk qufvufcsKyfuikd x f m;cJh onf? ppftpd;k &onf ‚if;wd@k tm%m wnf+rJvmonfEiS t hf r# vlxpk nf;±H;k v_@H aqmfr_ vkyif ef;

78

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rsm;. tusKd ;&v'frsm;udk aumif;pGmem;vnf oabmayguv f mcJ+h yD; jynfcikd +f zdK; (ac: ) jynf axmifpk }uH@cikd af &;ESizhf @HG +zdK;a&;toif;udk zG@J pnf;xlaxmifco hJ nf? pwifz@JG pnf;cJph Ofumvu tqdyk g toif;onf rnfonfEh ikd if aH &;ygwED iS rhf # yg0ifywfoufrr_ &Sad =umif; twdtvif; azmfjycJh aomfvnf; ,QKtcg etzppftpd;k &. pnf;urf;jynf0h aom 'Dru kd a&pDtaumiftxnf azmf aqmifa&;vkyif ef;pOfrsm;wGif jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;. Edik if aH &;tcef;u¾udyk g xnfo h iG ;f xm;onf udk awG@&&dS onf?

2003 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f (30)&ufae@rpS I ppftpd;k &. twkta,mif Edik if aH &;vrf;jy ajryHk pwifay:xGuv f mcJo h nf? xdt k csed rf pS I jynfcikd +f zKd ; aumfrwDtqifq h ifu h kd a&G;aumufyJG opftwGuf pDrcH surf sm;a&;qG+J y;D }uKd wifjyifqifrr_ sm;jyKvyk x f m;&ef !$e=f um;csurf sm; xkwjf yef cJo h nf? xd! k e$ =f um;csurf sm;wGif oufqikd &f me,fajrtvdu k f rJay;Edik o f t l a&twGuu f kd pm&if; jyKpk&ef/ rJay;Edik o f rl sm;teuf qef@usib f ufygwrD sm;tm; rJay;Edik o f Ol ;D a&udv k nf; teD;pyfq;kH cef@reS ;f wifjy&ef/ &yfuu G /f aus;&Gmtqift h vdu k f pnf;&H;k a&;aumfrwDrsm;udk uspv f pfcikd rf m atmif zG@J pnf;xm;&ef/ &mpk/ axmifpt k uGurf sm; owfrw S +f yD; toif;0ifta&twGuf wd;k jrifh vmatmif pnf;&H;k xm;&ef/ toif;0ifrsm;xJrS trmcHtoif;0ifrsm;ESihf vufa&G;pif trmcH toif;0ifrsm;udk pDppfa&G;cs,I f avhusiahf y;xm;&ef/ oufqikd &f ma'otwGi;f Edik if aH &;tajc cdik rf ma&;ESihf pnf;&H;k v_y&f mS ;r_rsm; us,jf yef@vma&;twGuf vkyif ef;tpDtpOfrsm; a&;qGt J aumiftxnfaz:aqmif&ef/ pnf;&H;k a&; us,jf yef@ap&eftwGuf jynfov l x l rk sm;jzpfonfh &[ef; oHCmawmfrsm;/ ouf}u;D &G,t f rkd sm;/ vli,frsm;ESihf trsKd ;orD;rsm;ukd A[drk v S rf;!$ex f m;onfh pnf;&H;k a&;rl0g'rsm;ESit hf nD pnf;&H;k a&;pcef;rsm;wnfaqmuf+yD; csO;f uyfpnf;&H;k oGm;=u&ef tao;pdw! f e$ =f um;cJo h nf?243 2005 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmvwGif usi;f ycJah om owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGw J pfcw k iG f jynfcikd +f zdK; taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;jzpfol v,f,mpdu k yf sK;d a&;ESihf qnfajrmif;0ef}uD;Xme0ef}uD; Adv k cf sKyf aX;OD;u Edik if aH &;tjctaeESihf vlxq k ENtay:rlwnf+yD; jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;}uD;udk Edik if aH &;ygwD wcktjzpf ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;aumif; zG@J pnf;Edik o f nf[k t&dyt f jru G af jym=um;cJo h nf? jynfcikd +f zKd ; tzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; tem*wfa&G;aumufyrJG sm;wGif ppfwyftwGuf oD;oef@ z,f&mS ;xm;aom ae&mrsm;rSty use&f adS eao;aom ygvrD eftrwfae&mrsm;twGuf 0ifa&muf,OS +f ydKif&ef jyif qifxm;&ef !$e=f um;cJo h nf? jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;tm; Edik if aH &;ygww D pfct k jzpf ajymif;vJz@JG pnf; Edik o f nf[k t&dyt f ¹ru G af jymqdck o hJ nfrmS ,ckwpf}urd w f nf;omv#if r[kwaf y? 2003 ckEpS u f vnf; rGejf ynfe,fY jynfcidk +f zdK;taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;u jynfcidk +f zdK;toif;onf w&m;0if Edik if aH &;ygww D pfct k jzpfo@kd ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;&ef tqifoifjh zpfaea=umif; zGi[ hf ajym=um;cJh 244 onf? xd@k jyif 2002 ckEpS w f iG f jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD;jzpfol Adv k cf sKyfarmifO;D uvnf; “Edik if aH wmf

79

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jynf c d k i f + zd K ;ES i f h Ed k i f i H w umtajctae etzppfAv kd cf sKyrf sm;onf jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;udk ppfwyfyikd f Edik if aH &;ygww D cktjzpf Edik if H wumod@k pwifyx JG w k v f mcJo h nf? wcsed w f nf;Yyif a'owGi;f Edik if rH sm;rS Edik if aH &;t& axmufcH tm;ay;r_rsm;&&S&d efvnf; }udK;yrf;cJo h nf? jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;udk ppfwyfyikd f Edik if aH &;ygwt D jzpf yxrOD;qk;H vufct H odtrSwjf yKcJah om Edik if o H nf w&kwEf ikd if jH zpfonf? ESpEf ikd if cH sp=f unfa&; ud, k pf m;vS,t f zG@J rsm; tjyeftvSef apv$wjf cif;jzifh w¶kwu f eG jf rLepfygwED iS hf jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif; wd@k t=um; ygwcD si;f &if;ES;D r_ wnfaqmuf&ef }udK;yrf;cJo h nf?

2000 jynfEh pS w f iG f w¶kwjf ynfueG jf rLepfygwo D nf Adv k cf sKy0f if;jrift h m; etztpd;k &. xdyw f ef;Adv k cf sKyf}u;D wpfO;D taejzifrh [kwb f J jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif;. 'kOuUXtaejzifh vma&muf vnfywf&ef zdwaf c:cJo h nf? xdpk Ofu w¶kwu f eG jf rLepfygwED iS hf jynfcidk +f zdK;toif;=um; qufqH a&;wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf y%mr oabmwlncD suw f pfct k m; vufrw S af &;xd;k cJo h nf[k oH;k 246 oyfrr_ sm;&Scd o hJ nf? w¶kwjf ynfueG jf rLepfygwo D nf2004 ckEpS /f pufwifbmvwGif abusi;f +rKd @ Y usi;f ycJah om wwd,t}udraf jrmuf tm&SygwpD kH ES;D aESmzvS,yf o JG @kd wufa&muf&ef jrefrm Edik if rH S jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;tygt0if Edik if aH ygi;f (35) Edik if rH S Edik if aH &;ygwaD ygi;f (84)ygwt D m; zdw=f um;cJo h nf? tqdyk gaqG;aEG;yGo J @dk jynfcidk +f zdK;toif;. taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; (Adv k cf sKyf) OD;aX;OD; OD;aqmifaom ud, k pf m;vS,t f zG@J wufa&mufco hJ nf? xdo k @kd wufa&mufco hJ nfukd w ¶kw¶f yk jf rifo=H um;ESihf toHvi$ Xhf mersm;u wcrf;wem; xkwv f i$ jhf yocJo h nf? jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif; onf ES;D aESmzvS,yf u JG mvtwGi;f w¶kwjf ynfueG jf rLepfygwED iS hf ygwcD si;f &if;ES;D r_wnfaqmufciG hf &&S¶d o kH mru wufa&mufvmaom tjcm;Edik if rH sm;rS ygwrD sm;ESiv fh nf; &if;ES;D r_ wnfaqmufciG hf 247 &&Sad tmif w&kwu f eG jf rLepfygwu D pGr;f aqmifay;cJo h nf? jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif;onf a'owGi;f Edik if rH sm;rS axmufcrH u _ &kd &S&d eftwGuf }uKd ;yrf;tm; xkwaf eonft h jyif uGejf rLepfygwrD sm;. zG@J pnf;wnfaqmufyrkH sm;udv k nf; twk,&l ef }uKd ;yrf; cJo h nf? w¶kwjf ynfueG jf rLepfygwED iS hf AD,uferfueG jf rLepfygww D @kd . zG@J pnf;wnfaqmufyrHk sm; udv k nf; avhvmcJo h nf? jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif;. e,utzG@J 0ifwpfO;D vnf;jzpf 'Dy, J if; vlowfr_ tm; aemufu, G rf S }uKd ;udik pf pD Ofco hJ [ l v k nf; ,H=k unf&ol Edik if aH wmf0ef}u;D csKyaf [mif; Akv d cf sKyf }uD; pd;k 0if; (uG,v f eG )f onf Adv k cf sKyfrLS ;}uD;oef;a&$EiS t hf wl AD,uferfueG jf rLepfygw.

D zG@J pnf; wnfaqmufyt Hk m; avhvm&ef&nf&, G cf sujf zifh AD,uferfEikd if o H @kd 2003 ckEpS w f iG f oGm;a&muf

80

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vnfywfco hJ nf?248 jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;. zG@J pnf;wnfaqmufyo kH nf tif'ekd ;D &Sm;Edik if YH orRwql[mwdk vufxufwiG f zG@J pnf;wnfaxmifcahJ om *du k mygw(D Golkar Party)ESihf tvm;o¾mef wlonf? *du k mygwt D m; pwifz@JG pnf;pOftcsed u f vnf; vlrzl v l akH &;toif;tzG@J wpfct k jzpf tr$r;f wifchJ =uonf? od@k aomfvnf; 1971 ckEpS f tif'ekd ;D &Sm;a&G;aumufyw JG iG f *du k mygwt D aejzihf 0ifa&muf 249 ,SO+f yKd icf &hJ m ygvrD eftrwf ae&mtrsm;pkukd &&Scd o hJ nf? jrefrmppftpd;k &onfvnf; ql[mwdk vufxuf tif'ekd ;D &Sm;Edik if t H m; twk,I l ppftyk cf sKyfa&; oufq;kd &Snaf p&ef }udK;yrf;cJo h nf? jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm;onf tm&SEikd if rH sm;ESihf tmqD,EH ikd if rH sm;od@k csp=f unfa&;ESihf avhvma&;c&D;rsm; oGm;a&mufjcif;jzifh jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif;onf jynfyaxmufcrH r_ sm; &&Sad tmif }uKd ;pm;cJo h nf? jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm;onf *syefEikd if /H wdu k sd L+rKd @wiG f usi;f yaom Edik if w H um vli,fz@+HG zKd ;wd;k wufr_ ES;D aESmzvS,af &; (Internationl Youth Development Exchange Programme) od@k wufa&mufco hJ nf? xd@k jyif *syefEikd if o H nf 2006 ckEpS w f iG f jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;od@k *syef,ef;aiG 250 D wGif tdE, Nd Edik if YH usi;f yaom wwd, 27 oef; axmufyaHh y;cJo h nf? 2006 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v t}udrfajrmuf tm&Sypdzwfa'o usL;bm;pnf;vHk;!$wfa&;nDvmcH (Third Asia Pacific Regional Cuba Solidarity Conference in India)od@k vnf; jynfci kd +f zKd ;toif;rS ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; 251 wufa&mufco hJ nf?

2005 ckEpS /f pufwifbmvwGif jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif;onf yxrOD;pGm tmqD,EH ikd if rH sm;rS oH¶;kH wm0efcrH sm;ESihf &efuek +f rKd @wiG f awG@qakH qG;aEG;cJo h nf? xd@k aemuf tjcm; Edik if jH cm;oH¶;kH wm 0efcrH sm;ESihf awG@qakH qG;aEG;cJo h nf?2522006 ckEpS /f rwfvtwGi;f rav;&Sm; Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef}u;D qm&uf[mrpf t,fvb f m (Syed Hamid Albar)onf tmqD,o H w H refwpfO;D taejzifh jrefrm Ekid if o H @kd vma&mufvnfywfpOfu jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;ESihf awG@qckH o hJ nf?253

trsd K ;om;nD v mcH ppftpd;k &onf ‚if;wd@k pw d w f ikd ;f us zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'wpf&yf a&;qG&J efEiS hf t&yfom;tpd;k &od@k tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;&ef[q k u kd m 1993 ckEpS w f iG f trsKd ;om;nDvmcHtm; pwifusi;f ycJo h nf? xl;jcm;onfrmS trsLd ;om;nDvmcHusi;f y&ef qH;k jzwfcsucf s+yD; &ufowW yw (f 2)ywft=umwGif jynfcikd +f zKd ; ac: jynfaxmifp}k u@H cikd af &;ESifh zG@H +zKd ;a&;toif;tm; zG@J pnf; wnfaxmifcjhJ cif; jzpfonf? nDvmcHwiG v f nf; ppftpd;k &u vufa&G;pOf a&G;cs,x f m;aom jynfcidk +f zKd ;tzG@J 0if trsm;tjym; yg0ifwufa&mufco hJ nf?254 Tod@k jzifh ppftm%mydik rf sm;onf trsK;d om;nDvmcH OD;wnfcsuf (6)&yfrS wpfcjk zpfonfh tem*wftrsK;d om;Edik if aH &;wGif wyfr awmftaejzifh OD;aqmifrt _ cef;rS yg0ifEikd af &;qdo k nft h csuu f kd pwif taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf?

81

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od k Πr[k w f

ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;

2005 ckEpS w f iG f trsK;d om;nDvmcHo@kd wufa&mufvmaom wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm; wGif ud, k pf m;vS,t f a&twGuf (633)OD;rSm jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm;jzpfI nDvmcHwufa&muf ol ud, k pf m;vS,Of ;D a& pkpak ygi;f . (58)&mckid Ef e_ ;f &Scd o hJ nf?255 rauG;wkid ;f twGi;f &Sd +rKd @e,fwpfck wGif trsKd ;om;nDvmcHo@kd wufa&mufou l , kd pf m;vS,f (3) OD;teuf (2)OD;rSm jynfcidk +f zKd ;tzG@J 0if rsm; jzpfonf? tvm;wlyif &cdik jf ynfe,ftwGi;f &Sd +rKd @e,ftoD;oD;rS trsK;d om;nDvmcHu, kd pf m; 256 vS,rf sm;onfvnf; jynfcidk +f zdK;toif;0ifrsm; jzpfonf? ‚if;wd@k onf Oya'a&;&muír;f usif olrsm; r[kwo f uJo h @kd jynfov l x l u k a&G;cs,w f ifa¹rSmufxm;onfh ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;vnf; 257 k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk r[kwaf y? xd@k tjyif trsK;d om;nDvmcHo@kd wufa&mufrnfh jynfcikd +f zKd ;ud, vnf; ppftpd;k &u aiGa=u;taxmuftyHrh sm; ay;cJo h nf?258 xdak iGa=u;taxmuftyHrh sm; onf jrefrmjynf&dS tdraf xmifpt k oD;oD;rS vdu k v f aH umufcx H m;aom jynfov l x l . k aiGa=u; 259 rsm;om jzpfonf? Tod@k jzifh ppftpd;k &onf jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J 0if trsK;d om;nDvmcHu, kd pf m; vS,rf sm;tm; aiGa=u;axmuftyHrh sm;/ rufv;Hk rsm;ay;I nDvmcHwufa&muf&ef qGaJ qmif pnf;&k;H cJo h nf? rufv;kH ay;qGaJ qmifrr_ sm;rygyJ jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm;tm; pnf;¶H;k Edik pf rG ;f r&Sad y? tem*wfa&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif ppftpdk;&. ausmaxmufaemufcHtzGJ@jzpfonfh jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif;0ifu a&muf,OS +f yKd ifEikd &f ef tqifoifjh zpfonftxd trsKd ;om;nDvmcHtm; (14)ESp=f umatmif tcsed q f JG usi;f yay;cJo h nf? ppftpd;k &u wzufoufa&;qGx J m;aom zG@J pnf; tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'wGif wyfrawmf(ppfwyf)tm; v$waf wmftrwfae&m (25)&mcdik Ef e_ ;f udk tvdt k avsmufay;xm;+y;D use&f adS omae&mrsm;udrk _ a&G;aumufyw JG iG f 0ifa&muf,OS +f yKd i&f rnfh Ekid if aH &;ygwrD sm;twGuf csev f yS x f m;cJo h nf? txl;ojzifh ppftpd;k &onf use&f adS om trwf ae&mrsm;udk ‚if;wd@k .vufuikd w f w k f jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;tm; 0ifa&muf,OS +f yKd iaf p&ef pDpOfxm;+y;D Edik if aH wmftm%mwpfcv k ;Hk udk jyefvnfcsKyfuikd Ef ikd &f ef tm;xkwcf o hJ nf? od@k aomfvnf; jynfcikd f +zdK;toif;wGif tajctaeta=umif;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh tzG@J 0if oef;aygi;f rsm;pGm&Sad eaomfvnf; a&G;aumufyw JG iG f 0ifa&muf,OS +f ydKif&eftwGuf Edik if aH &;t&wufºuGr&_ o dS nf@ tzG@J 0ifta& twGurf mS tvGeef nf;yg;vSonf? Ttcsuo f nf ppftm%mydik rf sm;tm; pd;k &drrf uif;jzpfapcJh 260 onf? tem*gwaf &G;aumufyrJG sm;wGif jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;u tEdik &f &Syd gu jrefrmhEikd if aH &; onf wpfygwt D m%m&Sipf epfo@kd jyefvnfa&muf&v dS m+yD; jynfov l x l . k ae@pOfb0rsm;onf vnf; ydrk q kd ;kd &Gm;vmrnf jzpfonf? xd@k jyif wpfygwt D m%m&Sit f jzpf jyefvnfay:xGuv f mrnfh etzppftpd;k &onf jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;.tcef;u¾udk jriS w hf ifay;&ef}uKd ;yrf;+y;D wcsed w f nf;Y NLD ygwt D m; tjrpfjzwfacsre_ ;f &ef }udK;yrf;rnfjzpfayonf?

----------------------------

82

'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;p m;pkk

rS w f p k r sm; 1

jynfaxmifpk+uHhcdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif;. pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;ESifh &HykHaiG &Smjcif;/ vl@abmifopf'Drdku&ufwpfygwD (XmecsKyf)/ 1996 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (19)&uf?

2 jynfaxmifpk}uH@cdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif;/ tajccHpnf;rsOf;/ 1993 ckESpf pufwifbmv (15)&uf?

3

Mobilization of the Mass: How Much of a Threat is the USDA? L. Hancock. Burma Issues. 2003.

4 Politics of Stability: Co-opting Burma’s Civil Society Through the USDA. V Coakley.

Burma Issues Newsletter Vol. 8, No.10. October 1998.

5 USDA Serving National Interests as it Represents the People. Eint Dail. The Golden Land. 4 November 2005.

6

The Union Solidarity and Development Association. David Steinberg. Burma Debate.

Vol. 4. Jan-Feb 1997.

7

jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm/ 2007 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (10)&uf? jrefrmhpG,fpkHusrf;ESpfcsKyf/ 1994 ckESpf/ pm 75?

9 tm%mydkifawG a'ocHawGudk }uH@zGH@eJ@ pGrf;tm;&SifxJ t"rRxnfhoGif;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmh toH/ 2004 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv (6)&uf?

10 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv?

8

11

SLORC Activities in Nyaunglebin Districe. An Independent Report by the Karen Human Rights Group. 22 February 1994.

12 Demoratic Voice of Burma. 180302.

13

tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv?

14

USDA Membership on the Increase. KAO WAO News No. 76. 9-24 September 2004.

15

Exposing the Real USDA. NCGUB Information Unit. NCGUB.

16

tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv?

11/01/2005 &ufae@ a&$[oFmcef;rwGif usif;yjyKvkyfaom jynfcdkif+zdK;toif; vpOfykHrSef tpnf;ta0;rSwfwrf;rS aumufEkwfcsuf?

18 EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@. aqmif&Gufcsuf ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;/ wdkif;usKd; jynfjyK/ wwd,wGJ/ 1995 {+yDv (1) rS 1997 Ekd0ifbm v (14)?

17

19

New Light of Myanmar. 12 February 2005.

20

tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv?

21

Burma’s Myinggyan college students forced to join USDA. Democratic Voice of Burma.

15 August 2006)

22

tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv?

83

jynf c d k i f ò zd ;

od k Πr[k w f

ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;

23

Mandalay Students Tricked into Joining USDA Member. Democratic Voice of Burma.

2004.

24

'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckeSpf azazmf0g&D 1 &uf?

25

USDA Rises Again. SHAN. 11 October 2003.

26

tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv?

ESpfywfvnfoif;vkH;u|wf tpnf;ta0;odk@ wifoGif;onfh tpD&ifcHpm (1995)/ jynfaxmif pk}uH@cdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif;?

27

28

The Union Solidarity and Development Association. David Steinberg. Burma Debate.

Vol. 4, No.1. Jan-Feb. 1997.

29

AB-NA 960429. NDD Chronology 1996.

30

Human Rights Year Book 1996: Burma. NCGUB.Page-651.

31

Mobilization of the Masses: How Much of a Threat is the USDA? L.Hancock. Burma Issues.2003.

32

ESpfywfvnfoif;vkH;u|wf tpnf;ta0;odk@ wifoGif;onfh tpD&ifcHpm/ 1995 ckESpf/ jynfaxmifpk}uH@cdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif;?

33

AB-NA 960317. NDD Chronology 1996.

34

USDA HQ’s Business and Fundraising. Inside Source. NDD. 2005.

35

}uH@zGH@tzGJ@ ADG'D,dkxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief; vkyfudkifvm/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2006 ckESpf atmufwdkbm 16 &uf?

36 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckeSpf arv?

37

USDA as powerful as the Local Intelligence Services in Arakan. BNI Weekly News.

24 November 2003.

38

Oppression on NLD Members Continue in Rangoon Thone Gwa. Democratic Voice of Burma. 10 December 2005.

39

'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf pufwifbmv 8 &uf?

40

Burma Pokokku USDA Secretary Uses Thugs to Cow People. Democratic Voice of Burma. 5 November 2005.

41 42 43

tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv? tifef'D'D jynfwGif;owif;/ 2007 ckESpf?

USDA as powerful as the Local Intelligence Services in Arakan. BNI Weekly News.

24 November 2004.

44

Burmese Civil Servants Sacked for Signing NLD Petition. Democratic Voice of Burma. 17 August 2004.

45

jynfaxmifpk}uH@cdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif;. pnf;&kH;a&;pDrHcsuf/ awmifOuUvmy+rdK@e,f/ 2003 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 31 &uf?

84

'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;p m;pkk 46

tzGJ@csKyftzGJ@0ifrsm; E_wfxGuf&ef }uH@zGH@tzGJ@ rufvkH;ay;pnf;&kH;/ 2007 ckESpf/ rwfv 28 &uf?

47

Burma’s Forced Registration-the Final Onslaught? The Irrawaddy. 01 December 1998.

48

Opposition Resignations Cited in Myanmar. The Associated Press. 6 May 2006.

49

Inside Source. NDD. 17 May 2006.

50

PDC News commentary. the Political Defiance Committee (PDC) of the National Council of the Union of Burma (NCUB). July 2007.

51

USDA Members Enticing NLD Members to Quit Party at Shwebo. Democratic Voice of Burma. 22 August 2006.

52

Burma Junta’s USDA Members Pressure NLD Members to Quit Party. Democratic Voice of Burma. 4 November 2005 53

Another NLD leader forced to resign by pressures from Burma junta. Democratic Voice of Burma. 27 April 2006.

54

Human Rights Yearbook 1999-2000: Burma. Human Rights Documentation Unit.

NCGUB. p. 247.

55

Burma junta’s USDA members pressure NLD members to quit party. Democratic Voice of Burma. 04 November 2005.

56 NLD Members Forced to Join USDA in Eastern Burma. 19 August 2004.

57

NLD Member Refused Teaching Job in Southern Burma. Democractic Voice of Burma.

20 August 2004.

58

NLD Member Pressured to Quit NLD in Mandalay Division, Burma. 24 August 2004.

59

tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf rwfv?

60

Voice of Burma. Issue No. 568. AUGUST 27, 2006

61

tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf rwfv?

62

USDA: The Organization Strengthening the Military Rule in Burma (Myanmar). The Mon Forum. April 2005.

63

USDA Distrubs Formation of NLD Social Support Group. Burma News International.

26 April 2004.

64

NLD Probihited from Donating Rice to Flood-Hit Areas in Burma. Democratic Voice of Burma. 21 August 2004.

65

tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv? atmifvH+rdK@rSm vlxkudk }uHhzG@HxJ twif;qGJoGif;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2004 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (11)&uf? tm%m&_;ppftkyfpku ema&;tzGJ@udk }uH@zGwfvufatmuf oGwfoGif;&ef }udK;yrf;/ Voice of Burma /2006 ckESpf =o*kwfv (22)&uf?

66

85

jynf c d k i f ò zd ;

od k Πr[k w f

ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;

67

atmifvH+rdK@rSm vlxkudk }uHhzG@HxJ twif;qGJoGif;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2004 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (11)&uf?

68 atmifjrifaeonfh acsmuf+rdK@rS ema&;ulnDr_vkyfief;udk }uH@cdkifzGH@+zdK;a&; 0ifcs,fvS,f/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 25 &uf?

69 apwemtcrJhqdkaom jynfcdkif+zdK;aq;cef;wdkuifzdk;aumufae/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm 17 &uf?

70 jynfaxmifpk}uHhcdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif; ESpfywfvnfoif;vkH;u|wftpnf;ta0; (2005) rS aumufE_wfazmfjycsuf?

71 apwemtcrJhqdkaom jynfcdkif+zdK;aq;cef; wdkuifzdk;aumufae/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 17 &uf?

72

Burma USDA members told to take control of local activities. 9 September 2005.

73

}uH@zGH@u tusOf;om;rsm;udk "gwfykH&kduf+yD; rdom;pkudk aiGaxmufyHh/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (6)&uf?

74 EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rdom;pkrsm;udk tm%mykdifrsm;u +cdrf;ajcmuf/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmtoH/ 2006 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (23)&uf?

75

USDA Members Told to Take Control of Local Activities. Democratic Voice of Burma.

9 September 2005.

76

Red Cross Hopes to be Left Alone. The Irrawaddy. 31 January 2006.

77

e,fjcm;rJhq&m0efrsm;tzGJ@ jrefrmEdkifiHrSxGuf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf/ rwfv (30)&uf?

78

Red Cross Hopes to Be Left Alone. Irrawaddy. 31 January 2006.

jrefrmtusOf;axmifrsm;wGif aq;0g; jywfvwfae+yD/ Voice of Burma / 2006 ckESpf arv (4)&uf?

EdkfifiHwum=uufajceD&kH;awGydwfzdk@ etzppftkyfpk trdef@xkwf/ (27)&uf?

RFA/

2006 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv

79

ICRC Might Be Allowed to Inspect Burmese Prisons Freely Again. Democratic Voice of Burma. 12 January 2006.

80

EdkfifiHwum=uufajceD&kH;awGydwfzdk@ etzppf tkyfpk trdef@xkwf/ RFA/ 2006 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (27)&uf?

81 tjynfjynfqdkif&m =uufajceD&kH;rsm; jyefzGifhcGifh&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (15)&uf?

82 jrefrmtusOf;axmifrsm;wGif aq;0g;jywfvwfae+yD/ Voice of Burma / 2006 ckESpf arv (4)&uf?

86

'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;p m;pkk 83

/2006 ckESpf arv 24 &uf? jynfaxmifpk}uH@cdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif; ESpfywfvnfoif;vkH;u|wftpnf;ta0;/ 2005 ckESpf? Voice of Burma

84

85

Monthly Human Rights Situation Report. Mergui-Tavoy Information Department.

KNU. October 2003.

86

nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJ rwufrae&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf pufwifbmv 13 &uf?

87 jrpf}uD;em;wGif wefjyefoydwfarSmuf&ef e,frS 0efxrf;/ }uH@zGH@awG ac:,lvlpk/ 'Drdku&uf wpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf pufwifbmv 29 &uf?

88 etznDvmcHaxmufcHyGJudk ucsifvli,frsm;uef@uGuf/ rZdร lrowif;Xme/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbm 8 &uf?

89 trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf. 2004ckESpf/ ar (27)&ufae@&ufpGJyg a=ujimcsuftrSwf-6 (5ยง03)?

90 jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unff/ 2003 ckESpf/ arv (29)&ufae@n/ rkH&Gm+rdK@qdkif;bkwfwifyGJwGif ajym=um;cJhaomrdef@cGef;rS? 91

Human Rights Yearbook 1999-2000: Burma. Human Rights Documentation Unit.

NCGUB. p. 247. 248.

92

tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf rwfv? bDbDpDxHodk@ ay;pmrsm; (2)/ 1994 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (21)&uf?

94 awmifwGif;}uD;nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJta=umif;/ MIZZIMA news /2007 ckESpf atmufwdk bm 2 &uf?

95 rE Wav;wdkif;u +rKd@e,fESpfckwGifvnf; nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJ jyKvky/f MIZZIMA news /2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbm 3 &uf?

96 yckuULoHCmawmfrsm;u arwWmydk@ vrf;av#mufqENjyyGJudk jyefvnfpwif+yD/ 'Drdku&uf wpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 31 &uf?

97 nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJudkoGm; um;wpD;arSmuf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 9 &uf?

98 rauG;+rdK@nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJ wufa&muf&ef +rdK@e,ftcsKd@ t"rRtac:cH&/ MIZZIMA News /2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 5 &uf?

99 bDbDpDxHodk@ ay;pmrsm; (1)/ 1994 ckESpf az azmf0g&Dv (21) &uf?

100 nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJudkoGm; um;wpfpD;arSmuf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 9 &uf?

93

87

jynf c d k i f ò zd ;

od k Πr[k w f

ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;

101

ppftpdk;&nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJrSm ausmif;om;vli,frsm; rdk;rd+yD;zsm;em/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 10 &uf?

102

Human Rights Year Book 1994: Burma. NCGUB. Page-124.

103

The Burmese Generals are Lying to the World. Rhododendron News. Volume VI. No. V. September-October 2003. Chin Human Rights Organization. 20 October 2003.

104

nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJ rwufrae&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf pufwifbmv 13 &uf?

105 rauG;+rdK@nDvmcH axmufcHyGJ wufa&muf&ef +rdK@e,ftcsKd@ t"rRtac:cH&/ MIZZIMA News /2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 5 &uf?

106 erfhcrf;qENazmfxkwfyGJ wtdrfwa,muf rwufrae&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 12 &uf?

107 etz&J@ EdkifiHa&;vrf;jyajrykHaxmufcHyGJawG jynfe,feJ@wdkif;toD;oD;rSm qufwdkufjyKvkyf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv 21 &uf?

108

SLORC Activities in Nyaunglebin District. An Independent Report by the Karen Human Rights Group. 22 February 1994.

109

rE Wav;wdkif;u +rKd@e,fESpfckwGifvnf; nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJ jyKvkyf/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbm 3 &uf?

MIZZIMA news

/

110

Burma Human Rights Yearbook. Human Rights Documentation Unit. NCGUB. 1994.

111

Forced Backing for Road Map. Irrawaddy. 22 September 2003.

112

Sieg Heli, SPDC: Burma Junta Thugs Hold Mass Rallies for Military Rule.

Democratic Voice of Burma. 12 January 2006.

113

Adkvfcif!Gef@udk axmufcH&ef vmbfxdk;jrLqG,f/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv 19 &uf?

114 yJcl;nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJ wtdrfwa,muf t"rRwufa&mufcdkif;/ aps;qdkif;rsm;vnf; ydwf&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv (16)&uf?

115 twkta,mifaxmufcHyGJ bdkuav;ESif jr0wDwGifjyKvkyf/ &kd;r 3/ 2007 ckESpf atmuf wdkbm 25 &uf?

116 aiGusyf 3000 &I qENjy/ Radio Free Aasia /2007 ckESpf azazmf0g&D 2 &uf?

117 jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm/ 2007 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv 1 &uf?

118 erfhcrf;qEN azmfxkwfyGJ wtdrfwa,muf rwufrae&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmtoH/ 2007 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 12 &uf?

88

'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;p m;pkk 119

tar&dueftm;udk; ykqdef&kd;qdkifbkwfrsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;a=umfjimrsm;tay: Y wifxm;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 5 &uf?

120 anmifESpfyifaxmufcHyGJrsm; usif;y&efpDpOf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 2 &uf?

121 oef;a&$ema&;ydk@a&; 'dk@ta&; atmfcJhol 3 OD; tzrf;cH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmv 4 &uf?

122 awmifwGif;}uD;nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJta=umif;/ MIZZIMA news /2007 ckESpf atmufwdk bmv 2 &uf?

123

Report Card, Burma. 1 December 2001-31 March 2002. Altsean Burma. July 2002.

124

The Burmese Military Intelligence Extorts Money from the Fish Boats for NGOs. Narinjara News.

125

a&eHacsmif;+rdK@e,f }uH@zGH@tzGJ@0ifawGu a'ocHrsm;tm; rdkufa=u;cGJ/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmh toH/ 2004 ckeSpf/ ZGefv (22)&uf?

126 jynfaxmifpk}uH@cdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif;ESpfywfvnf oif;vkH;u|wftpnf;ta0;/ 2005 ckESpf? 127 a&eHacsmif;+rdK@e,f }uH@zGH@tzGJ@0ifawGu a'ocHrsm;tm; rdkufa=u;cGJ/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmh toH/ 2004 ckeSpf/ ZGefv (22) &uf?

128 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2004 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (30)&uf?

129

People’s Land Confisc-ated for Sale in USDA Fund Drive. BNI Weekly News. 15 December 2003.

130

Burmese Authorities Misappropriates Money for Children’s Education. Demoratic Voice of Burma. 11 April 2005.

131

tezwdk@ avab;tultnDay;r_udk jzwfpm;/ rauseyfI 0ef}uD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfcif!$ef@xH wdkif=um;olrsm;tm; zrf;qD;/ Narinjara News /2004 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (9)&uf?

132 }uH@zGH@tzGJ@u ausmif;&HykHaiGudk tvGJokH;pm;vkyf/ &kd;r-3/ 2007 ckESpf Zlv_difv 6 &uf?

133 &kH;aqmuf&ef aiGodef;(50)udk acsmuf}uH@zGH@pnf;&kH;a&;rSL;ESifhtzGJ@ udk,fusKd;okH;/ 'Drdku&uf wpfjrefrmhtoH/ 24 atmufwdkbm 2006?

134

Crime Against Humanity: Dirty Politics on the Hands of the Burmese Junta. Banya Hongsar. 18 June 2004.

135

EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk vdrfnmvSnfhjzm;&ef rGefjynfe,f/ rk'kH+rdK@e,fwGif oifwef; ay;/ Voice of Burma /2003 ckESpf rwfv 20 &uf?)

89

jynf c d k i f ò zd ;

od k Πr[k w f

ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;

136

jynfaxmifpk+uH@ckdifa&;ESifhzGH@+zdK;a&;toif; ESpfywfvnfoifvkH; u|wftpnf;ta0; (2007) wGif ajym=um;cJhaom AdkvfcsKyfrSL;=uD;oef;a&$rdef@cGef;rS aumufE_wfcsuf/ jrefrmhtvif;owif; pm/ 2007 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 17 &uf?

137 jynfcdkif+zdK;toif;. 2003 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv 31 &uf ae@pGJyg awmifOuUvmypDrHcsufrS aumufEkwfcsuf?

138 etzu tzGJ@csKyf+zdKcGJa&; enf;AsL[mopfrsm;csrSwf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmtoH/ 2005 ckESpf {+yDv 20 &uf?

139 jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m ukvor*~vl@tcGifh ta&;txl;udk,fpm;vS,f rpPwmyDnJ&dk;. tpD&ifcH pm/2007 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 18 &uf?)

140 etzowif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ (7 §2006)/ 2006 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 2 &uf/ jrefrmhtvif;o wif;pm?

141 tifef'D'D jynfwGif;owif;?

142 pGrf;tm;&Sifrsm; jynfolwdk@udk apmifh=unhfr_&yfqdkif;/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm v 11 &uf?

143 pGrf;tm;&Sifrsm; jynfolwdk@udk apmifh=unhfr_&yfqdkif;/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm v 11 &uf?

144

The Union Solidarity and Development Association. David Steinberg. Burma Debate.

Vol.4, No.1. Jan-Feb. 1997. Quote from Gen. Than Shwe, 1996.

145

Exposing the Real USDA. NCGUB Information Unit. NCGUB. The USDA Factor: The Thuggish Civilian Wing of the Military Junta Must not Be Overlooked During Burma’s Political Transition. Min Zin. The Irrawaddy Vol.11, No.6.

July 2003.

146

147

jzL;+rdK@e,fvkH;u|wf jynfol@ppfoifwef;ay;/ rZdÆrowif;/ 2005 ckESpf rwfv 13 &uf? jynfy&efumuG,f&ef wEdkifiHvkH;twkdif;twmeJ@ etzppfAdkvfcsKyfawGu oifwef;ay;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf Zlv_difv 24 &uf?

149 tifef'D'D jynfwGif;owif;/26-3-2007?

150 jynfy&efumuG,f&ef wEdkifiHvkH; twkdif;twmeJ@ etzppfAdkvfcsKyfawGu oifwef;ay;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf Zlv_difv 24 &uf?

151 jynfy&efumuG,f&ef 0efxrf;rsm;tm; ppfoifwef;ay;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf atmufwdkbm 13 &uf?

148

152

Police deliver military training to civilians. Democractic Voice of Burma. 30 October 2007.

153

Mon State PDC Ordered Chaungzon USDA to Form USDA Battalion in Town.

Burma News International. 15 October 2004.

90

'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;p m;pkk 154

tifef'D'D jynfwGif;owif;/ 21-3-2007?

155

Recruiting Civilians in Village Communities to Attend Short-Term Basic Military Training. Independent Mon News Agency. 18 June 2003.

156

SPDC trains over 200 Chin people. Khonumthung News. 12 September 2006.

157

&Gmomrsm; ppfoifwef;wuf&ef tm%mydkifrsm;u trdef@xkwf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf arv 7 &uf?

158 jynfy&efumuG,f&ef wEkdifiHvkH;twdkif;twmESifh etzppfAdkvfcsKyfawGu oifwef;ay;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf Zlv_difv 24 &uf?

159 jzL;+rdK@e,fvkH;u|wf jynfol@ppfoifwef;ay;/ rZdÆrowif;/ 2005 ckESpf rwfv 13 &uf?

160 &cdkifjynfe,fY t&HwyfzGJ@tm; jynfol@ppfESifh rD;owfrsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;rnf[kqdk/ ed&OP&m owif;/ 2006 ckESpf =o*kwf v 12 &uf?

161 &ckdifurf;vGefwGif; etzu ppfpcef;rsm;wdk;csJ@/ Mizzima News/ 2005 ckESpf pufwifbm v 8 &uf?

162

Burmese Army forms people’s militias in border area. Narinjara News. 14 February 2007.

163

Two Militia Trainings Held in Maungdaw inquire. Narinjara News. 30 October 2007.

164

The Game Plan of the Nazi Generals in Burma. Weekly Inside News Commentary No. 227. NDD. 9 December 2005.

165

}uH@zGH@tzGJ@axmufvSrf;a&;wm0efyg xrf;aqmif/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2006 ckESpf 'DZifbm 29 &uf?

166

Crime Against Humanity: Dirty Politics on Hands of Burmese Junta. Banya Hongsar.

18 June 2003. Monland.

167

USDA: Act Locally and Lie Globally. Banya Hongsar. KAO WAO News No. 30.

November 1-13, 2002.

168

Moles on Moles: Burma USDA Warns Members against News Leak. Democratic Voice of Burma. 29 June 2005.

169

jynfyrD'D,mawGudk etzu tD;enf;eJ@ wdkufrnf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf arv 4 &uf?

170 jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm/ 2006 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 24 &uf?

171

Burma USDA members to be given military intelligence courses. Democratic Voice of Burma. 13 September 2006.

172

tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv?

173

USDA: Act Locally and Lie Globally. Banya Hongsar. KAO WAO News No. 30.

November 1-13, 2002.

174

Confidential News of the USDA. Inside Source. NDD. 15 January 2005.

91

jynf c d k i f ò zd ;

od k Πr[k w f

ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;

175

ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk w&m;pGJ&ef tezu tcsuftvuf&SmazG/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 19 &uf?

176 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv?

177

Inside Source. NDD. 1 May 2006.

178

udkoufEdkifOD;tr_tm; +rdK@awmfowif;pmrSm vdrfvnfIazmfjy/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf rwfv 23 &uf?

179 jynfwGif;owif;oHk;oyfcsuf-trSwfpOf (292)/ tifef'D'D/ 2007 ckESpf {+yDv 28 &uf? tm%mydkifrsm;. 0kdif;0ef;&kdufESufjcif;cH&olwOD;tygt0if &Gmom; 6 OD; w&m;pGJqdkjcif;cH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/2007 ckESpf {+yDv 27 &uf?

180 jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm/ 2007 ckESpf {+yDv 23 &uf?

181 ajrmufOuUvmy &,u&kH;Y zrf;qD;cHxm;&pOf vlwOD; aoqkH;r_jzpf/ {&m0wDtifwmeuf r*~Zif;/ 2007 ckESpf rwfv 19 &uf?

182 t&yfom;wpfOD; aoqkH;r_Y oufaoxGufqdkrnfholudk }uH@zGH@rsm;u vdkufvHzrf;qD;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmtoH/ 2007 ckESpf rwfv 21 &uf?

183 =unfhjrifwdkifpcef;rSL; vuf&JZuf&J ESdyfpuf!Sif;yef;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmtoH/ 2006 ckESpf ZGefv 13 &uf?

184 etz au|;arG;xm;wJh pGrf;tm;&Sifrsm; vlxkudk vuf&JZuf&JtEdkifusifh/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf {+yDv 6 &uf?

185

Rangoon Sanchaung NLD Youth Attacked by Junta Thugs. Democratic Voice of Burma. 21 August 2005.

186

Burmese Local Authority on Trial in Rangoon Hlain Thaya. Democratic Voice of Burma. 30 August 2005.)

187

oHvufoD;jzihf txdk;cH&onfh vGwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;. tr_udkqufvufppfaq;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf =o*kwfv 14 &uf?

188 jynf+rdK@wGif wuUodkvfausmif;om;wpfOD; }uH@zGH@tzGJ@wcsKd@. &dkufESufcH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2004 ckESpf pufwifbm 1 &uf?

189

Prome University Students Beaten Up By Free-Range Thugs. Democratic Voice of Burma. 15 March 2004.

190

Burma Arakan Muslin Student Killed by ‘Unknown’ Thugs. Democratic Voice of Burma. 4 September 2005.

191

Car Victim Told to Drop Charge Against Burma Junta Official. Democratic Voice of Burma. 17 July 2004.

192

}uH@zGH@tzGJ@.0dkif;0ef;&dkufESufr_a=umifh rE Wav;rS vli,fwOD; aq;&kHa&muf/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf {+yDv 12 &uf?

92

'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;p m;pkk 193

“New” Strategies Dreamt Up by the Burma Junta to Destroy the NLD. Democratic Voice of Burma. 22 June 2005.

194

Human Rights Year Book 2001-2002: Burma. NCGUB.

195

USDA Sets Village on Fire and Kidnap 32 Muslim Students in Burma. Muslim Information Center of Burma. News Story 097. February 4, 2003.

196

Hindu Temple Burnt Down in Central Burma by Junta Thugs. Democratic Voice of Burma. 2 July 2005.

197

jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m ukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;txl;udk,fpm;vS,f rpPwmyDnJ&dk;. tpD&ifcH pm/2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm 18 &uf?

198 jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m ukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;txl;udk,fpm;vS,f rpPwmyDnJ&dk;. tpD&ifcH pm/2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm 18 &uf?

199 jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m oHCmhwyfaygif;pktzGJ@}uD;. a=ujimcsuf/ 1369 ckESpf 0gacgifvjynfh ausmf 12 &uf (9-9-2007) we*FaEGae@/ pmtrSwf (1§2007)?

200 jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m oHCmhwyfaygif;pktzGJ@}uD;. a=ujimcsuf/ 1369 ckESpf 0gacgifvjynfh ausmf 12 &uf (9-9-2007) we*FaEGae@/ pmtrSwf (1§ 2007)?

201 oydwf+zdKcGif;&ef ppfwyfvkH;0rokH;a&;/ pGrf;tm;&Sif }uH@zGwfrsm;omokH;a&;/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf pufwifbmv 10 &uf?

202 tifef'D'D jynfwGif;owif;?

203

Irrawaddy. 24.8.2007.

204

etzowif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ (2§2007)/ jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 4 &uf?

205 jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m ukvor*~ vl@tcGifhta&; txl;udk,fpm;vS,f rpPwmyDnJ&dk;.tpD&if cHpm/2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm 18 &uf?)

206 etzowif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ (2§2007)/ jrefrmhtvif;/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 4 &uf?

207 aiG=um,Hq&mawmf ausmif;wdkufudk jyefvnfa&muf&Sd owif;okH;ae/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm 17 &uf?

208 *sDwDtkdifwGif zrf;qD;xm;onfh oHCmawmfrsm;udk &dkufESufcJhonfh pGrf;tm;&Sifpm&if;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 7 &uf?

209

The Story About Poe Suu. Burma Update By PDC/NCUB. 29 November 2007.

210

atmif"rRygv bkef;}uD;ausmif;udk }uH@zGwfESifh r,u pD;eif; bkef;awmf}uDwpfyg;udk zrf;qD;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf Edk0ifbm 16 &uf?

211 r*~ifausmif;wdkufydwf&jcif;ta=umif; &JcsKyfajym=um;csufrrSef/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm 13 &uf?

93

jynf c d k i f ò zd ; 212

od k Πr[k w f

ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;

}uH@zGH@ESifhpGrf;tm;&SiftzGJ@rsm; jynfolESifhyl;aygif;&ef ausmif;om;rsm;wdkufwGef;/ acwf+ydKif

*sme,f/ 2007 ckESpf =o*kwf 27 &uf?

213 }uH@zGH@ESifhpGrf; tm;&SiftzGJ@rsm; jynfolESifhyl;aygif;&ef ausmif;om;rsm;wdkufwGef;/ acwf+ydKif *sme,f/ 2007 ckESpf =o*kwf 27 &uf?

214 etzu }uH@zGH@udk olaumif;jyKae+yD/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbm v 16 &uf?

215 qENjyjynfolrsm;udk t=urf;zufcJhwJh pGrf;tm;&Sifrsm;udk &efukefpnfyifrSm tvkyfcef@ae/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbm 19 &uf?

216 qENjyoHCmawmfrsm;udk &dkufESuf&mwGif yg0ifcJhonf }uH@cdkifa&;rsm;udk ol&Jaumif;qkay; tyf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 20 &uf?

217 oHCmawmfrsm;udk apmfum;olrsm;tm; vlr_xl;c|efqkay;/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2008 ckESpf? 218 'Drdkua&pDa&; qufvuf}udK;yrf;rnf[k EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;a[mif;rsm;ajym/ {&m0wD/ 2007 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 4 &uf?

219 atmifvHY a':pkarG;ae@usif;yaom tzGJ@csKyf0ifrsm;udk }uH@zHG@u av;cGESifhypf/ 'Drdku&uf wpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf ZGefv 19 &uf?

220 bk&m;ay:wufolrsm;udk wm;qD;&ef }uH@zGH@u tESdyforrsm;udk qifhac:/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2007 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 12 &uf?

221 t*F gae@0wfjyKqkawmif;olrsm;udk }uH@zGH@tzGJ@0if 300 ausmfu aESmuf,Suf/ {&m0wDo wif;/ 2007 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 16 &uf? a&$wd*kHbk&m;wuf qkawmif;olrsm; t=urf;zuf&kdufESufcH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 16 &uf?

222 a':pkvGwfajrmufa&; qkawmif;olrsm;udk wefjyefpkawmif;onfh vlwpku aESmuf,Suf/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2007 ckESpf arv 25 &uf?

223 0wfjyKqkawmif;olrsm; aESmuf,SufcH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf arv 28 &uf?

224

Burma Human Rights Yearbook. Human Rights Documentation Unit. NCGUB. 1996.

225

The Second Premilinary Report of the Ad hoc Commission on Depayin Massacre(Burma). The Ad hoc commission on Depayin Massacre (Burma). May 2003. p.20.

226

'DyJ,if;vkyf}uHr_ ta&;,laqmif &Gufa&;aumfr&Sif/ 'kwd,t}udrf y%mrtpD&ifcHpm/ 2003 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv/ pm 13-14?

94

'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;p m;pkk 227

rif;vS+rdK@e,f tifeft,fvf'DtzGJ@csKyf ykHrSeftpnf;ta0; vkyfydkifcGifhydwf/ a':atmifqef; pk=unf }udKqdkol0efxrf; tvkyfjzKwfcH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf arv 7 &uf?

228 OD;at;omatmif. &ckdifc&D;pOfrSm axmufcHolawGudk &mxl;rS xkwfypf/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 7 &uf?

229 a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhtzGJ@ uav;+rdK@uae qufvufxGufcGmvmcJh&m *ef@a*g+rdK@odk@ jyefvnfa&muf&Sd/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf {+yDv 10 &uf?

230 a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhtzGJ@ csif;jynfe,fygwDpnf;&kH;a&;c&D; pwifxGufcGm/ &efukef AdkvfcsKyf}uD;rsm;.vufatmufcH a'oqdkif&mtm%mydkifrsm;. aESmuf,Sufjcif;cH&/ vGwv f yf aomtm&StoH/ 2003 ckESpf {+yDv 3 &uf?

231 'DyJ,if;vkyf}uHr_ ta&;,laqmif&Gufa&;aumfr&Sif/ 'kwd,}udrfy%mrtpD&ifcHpm/ 2003 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv/ pm 22-27?

232 rkH&GmwGif aESmuf,Suf&ef apmifhaewJh }uH@zGH@vli,ftm;vkH;u a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk vuftkyfcsDuefawmh/ RFA /2003 ckESpf arv 29 &uf?

233 'DyJ,if;vkyf}uHr_ ta&;,l aqmif&Gufa&;aumfr&Sif/ 'kwd,t}udrf y%mrtpD&ifcHpm/ 2003 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv/ pm 22-27?

234 ucsifjynfe,fc&D;pOfrSm aESmuf,SufwJh tiftm; 300 &Sd }uH@zGH@tzGJ@0ifawG[m wzJG@wnf; jzpf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf arv 21 &uf?

235 'DyJ,if;vkyf}uHr_ ta&;,laqmif&Gufa&;aumfr&Sif/ 'kwd,t}udrf y%mrtpD&ifcHpm/ 2003 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv/ pm 22-27?

236 rwW&mtzGJ@csKyf0ifrsm;udk 0dkif;0ef;&kdufESuf&ef }uH@zGH@tzGJ@0ifrsm;}uHpnf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmh toH/ 2007 ckESpf {+yDv 30 &uf?

237 trsKd;om;'Drdk ua&pDtzGJ@csKyf ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol OD;vGif. ajymqdkcsufrsm;ESifh a':atmifqef;pk=unf. 2002 'DZifbm(31) &ufae@ owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJrsm;t&?

238 a':pkc&D;pOf armfawmf,OftultnDay;cJhol vdkifpiftydwfcH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 1 &uf?

239

The Second Preliminary Report of the Ad hoc Commission on Depayin Massacre (Burma). The Ad hoc Commission on Depayin Massacre (Burma). May 2003. p.144.

240

'DyJ,if;vkyf}uHr_ ta&;,laqmif&Gufa&;aumfr&Sif/ 'kwd,t}udrf y%mrtpD&ifcHpm/ 2003 ckESpf arv?

241

Voice of Burma. Issue No. 607 MAY 27, 2007.

242

The Second Preliminary Report of the Ad hoc Commission on Depayin Massacre (Burma). The Ad hoc Commission on Depayin Massacre (Burma). May 2003. p.197.

95

243

The Game Plan of the Nazi Generals in Burma. Weekly Inside News Commentary No. 227. NDD. 9 December 2005.

244

USDA is Ready to Be a Legal Political party. Independent Mon News Agency. 6 October 2003.

245

Crime Aganist Humanity: Dirty Politics on the Hands of Burmese Junta. Banya Hongsar. 18 June 2003. Monland.

246

The USDA Factor: The Thuggish Civilian WIng of the Military Junta Must Not Be Overlooked During Burma’s Political Transition. Min Zin. The Irrawaddy Vol.11, No.6.

July 2003.

247

The Game Plan of the Nazi Generals in Burma. Weekly Inside News Commentary No. 227. NDD. 9 December 2005.

248 The USDA Factor: The Thuggish Civilian WIng of the Military Junta Must Not Be Overlooked During Burma’s Political Transition. Min Zin. The Irrawaddy Vol.11, No.6.

July 2003.

249

Mobilization of the Masses: How Much of a Threat is the USDA? L. Hancock. Burma Issues. 2003.

250

Letter to Japan Foreign Minister Koumura. Human Rights Watch. 15 January 2008.

251

USDA Members Attend Cuban Solidarity Meeting. Mizzima News. 25 January 2006.

252

UN Officials Concerned by USDA Briefing. Clive Parker. The Irrawaddy. 10 October 2005.

253

NLD Expresses Dismay over ASEAN Envoy’s Burma Visit. Democratic Voice of Burma. 25 March 2006.

254

anmifESpfyifnDvmcHudk azazmf0g&D 17 &ufrSm jyefpr,fvdk@ etza=ujim/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2005 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 12 &uf?

255

Interim Report Card: July 2004-February 2005. Altsean Burma. March 2005.

256

SPDC Picked USDA Members to Represent Arakan State at the National Convention.

Narinjara News. 11 February 2003.

257

USDA Members Attend the National Convention. Democratic Voice of Burma. 10 May 2004.

258 Money for National Convention Delegates Families. Democratic Voice of Burma. 17 June 2004.

259

Compulsory Collections for Convention Families. Democratic Voice of Burma. 4 June 2004.

260

The Game Plan of the Nazi Generals in Burma. Weekly Inside News Commentary No. 227. NDD. 9 December 2005.

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