Renia Kagkou | Mapping, Visualization, and Spatial Analysis

RENIA

RENIA KAGKOU PORTFOLIO Renia Kagkou works at the intersection of geospatial analysis and GIS, design and urban planning, mapping, and visual narration.

She is currently a Senior Solution Engineer at Esri's AEC (Architecture, Engineering, Construction) team, where she consults Planning and Urban Design firms on workflows that integrate geospatial analysis in their design and planning processes. She supports firms with leveraging these workflows for tasks such as analysis and visualization of existing conditions and dynamics, scenario testing, and impact assessment.

She also supports product development and creates visual material, blogs, presentations, and demos for knowledge transfer and outreach.

She holds a Master of Architecture in Urban Design (MAUD) and a Master of Design Studies in Urbanism, Landscape, and Ecology (MDes ULE) from Harvard GSD (2018), and a Bachelor of Architecture from Pratt Institute, New York (2014).

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CARTOGRAPHY PUBLICATIONS

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RESEARCH & PROJECTS

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SPATIAL ANALYSIS

"Biomass Geographies" | Wood Urbanism "Planetary Bottlenecks" | DOMUS Magazine

Is Pacific Limitless[ed]? | Urban Theory Lab Water Stress | Graduate Project Agricultural Geographies | Graduate Research

Inequality in NYC | Graduate Course Metro-Boston Rent Analysis | Graduate Course Integrative Manhattan | Graduate Poject

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BIOMASS GEOGRAPHIES 2019 In Daniel Ibañez, Jane Hutton and Kiel Moe (ed) Wood Urbanism: From the

Molecular to the Territorial, (December 2019, Actar) Renia Kagkou and Daniel Ibañez

By using false color composite techniques, this visual-essay reveals the patterns of urban transformation across very diverse landscapes looking at wavelengths and intensity of visible and near-infrared light reflected by the land surface. Near-infrared light reflected provides a quantity that correlates with the capacity of the lands to absorb and synthesize solar energy. If the land surface reflects very low values it corresponds to barren areas of rock, sand or snow, but also typically urban infrastructures such as roads and buildings. Moderate values represent shrub and grassland, while high values indicate temperate and tropical rainforests. This is process enables to quantify the concentrations of green leaf and vegetation. It provides a gradient (from blue to red) that measures what is alive (red) from what is not (blue). But also, it identifies where plants are thriving and where they are under stress.

The selected images bring together eight geographies of the earth’s surface, rendering a particular urbanization process within and beyond urban agglomerations. By freezing a particular moment in time, each of them depicts a unique pattern within a larger, dynamic and ongoing process of transformation – deforestation, logging, land-grabbing, formal and informal plantations, urban agglomerations, etc.

The visual essay proposes a threefold reading: First, a comparative reading of the different sites by scale – all satellite images are at 1:250,000; Second, it enables a comparative reading of the imprints on the ground and the patterns of urban transformation – from areas of regional specialization to urban agglomerations; And third, a comparative reading of the false composite images revealing the gradients and arrays of alive vegetation in contrast with lifeless surfaces.

wood urbanism

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RENIA KAGKOU | PORTFOLIO

PLANETARY BOTTLENECKS 2019 The New World Capitals In Winy Maas (ed.) DOMUS 1037 (July - August 2019) Renia Kagkou and Nikos Katsikis

Urbanistica Paesaggi operativi Colli di bottiglia globali Modalità alternative di urbanizzazione

Panama, Gibilterra, Suez, Malacca Testi, ricerca, elaborazioni grafiche

Renia Kagkou, Nikos Katsikis Foto

Shawn Baldwin, Byvalet, Thomas Koehler, Viviane Moos, José Palazón, Sergi Reboredo, Jerry Redfern, Soeren Stache

Urbanism Operational landscapes Planetary bottlenecks Alternative modes of urbanisation

Le nuove capitali mondiali The new world capitals

Panama, Gibraltar, Suez, Malacca Texts, research, infographics

Renia Kagkou, Nikos Katsikis Photos

Shawn Baldwin, Byvalet, Thomas Koehler, Viviane Moos, José Palazón, Sergi Reboredo, Jerry Redfern, Soeren Stache

1 Canale di Panama/Panama Canal profondità/depth: 82 m traffico/traffic: 12-15,000 navi/ vessels (anno/year) commercio internazionale/ international trade: 5% 2 Stretto di Gibilterra/Strait of Gibraltar profondità/depth: 900 m (max) traffico/traffic: 100,000 navi/ vessels (anno/year) commercio internazionale/ international trade: 36% 3 Canale di Suez/Suez Canal profondità/depth: 11-24 m traffico/traffic: 18,000 navi/ vessels (anno/year) commercio internazionale/ international trade: 9% 4 Stretto di Malacca/Strait of Malacca profondità/depth: 27-200 m traffico/traffic: 85,000 navi/ vessels (anno/year) commercio internazionale/ international trade: 30%

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At the beginning of the 21st century, the planet is almost completely urbanized. Not just because of the unprecedented concentration of population and economic activity in larger and larger settlements, but also because of the extended biogeographical interdependencies that emerge out of it. In fact, if taken all together, human settlements cover no more than 3% of the earth’s land surface; yet they are responsible for the operationalization of more than 70% of the planetary terrain, which is currently used to support them: areas of primary production (agriculture, grazing, forestry, mining), circulation, and waste disposal, which also extend in the sea and sky across maritime and aviation corridors. These operational landscapes, largely constitute the metabolic basis of planetary urbanization, through which resources are extracted, commodities are circulated, and urban life is sustained. As the biogeographical interdependencies of urbanization are globalized, they become tightly interwoven with patterns of international trade, and the increasingly specialized landscapes of production and circulation across the globe. Yet they remain deeply grounded in the specificities of natural geography, revealing the material and environmental dependencies of the global system of flows.

Within this context, certain operational landscapes become crystalized as strategic points in the planetary geography of urbanization. One exemplary case is the system of maritime passages located along the major maritime trade corridors, which accommodate more than 90% of global trade. Over the past decades, the major transoceanic routes have largely crystallized along a circum-equatorial corridor, linking North America, Europe and Pacific Asia. This latitudinal axis is interrupted by the longitudinal extension of a series of continental land masses, that would require circumnavigations of thousands of kilometers in the absence of a system of major straits and canals: the Malacca strait, the Suez canal, the Gibraltar strait, and the Panama canal. These passages constitute strategic points of extreme geopolitical importance for the global system of flows, since there are no effective alternatives. At the same time, they are also bottlenecks, since they are obligatory points of passage for all sorts of flows (from ships, to underwater telecommunication cables) and have often limited capacity. This bottleneck characteristic, creates a particular condition of centrality, creating around them clusters of operations and turning them into hubs of transshipment, multimodal transportation, and processing.

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RENIA KAGKOU | PORTFOLIO

In questa pagina: inaugurazione del nuovo Canale di Suez (Ismailia, Egitto, 6.8.2015).

L’ampliamento prevede di raddoppiare il traffico entro il 2023.

Pagina a fronte. In alto: Westports Malaysia

(Stretto di Malacca) è un gateway per il mercato del Sudest asiatico.

In basso: veduta della Baia di Singapore.

Pagine 760-761: il porto di Singapore, con i giardini che si affacciano sulla baia

Seaborne trade is still by far the most cost-efficient mode of transportation and responsible for more than 90 per cent of world trade.4 Over the past five decades, seaborne trade has grown more than threefold (with world population only doubling during the same time) and has largely crystallised along a circum-equatorial corridor linking North America, Europe and Pacific Asia.5 This pattern reflects the acute division between production and consumption that characterises the world economy, following the relocation of manufacturing in Asia, and could be roughly described as a latitudinal east-west axis. This axis is interrupted by the longitudinal extension of a series of continental land masses, which constitute serious breaks that would require circumnavigations of thousands of kilometres in the absence of a series of straits and canals: the Strait of Malacca, the Suez Canal, the Strait of Gibraltar and the Panama Canal.

These passages are largely defined by the specificities of natural geography, either by offering natural straits (Gibraltar, Malacca), or narrow isthmuses that can be traversed by canals (Panama, Suez). They constitute strategic locations of extreme geopolitical importance for the global system of flows, since there are effectively no maritime alternatives, and potential disruptions would severely hinder international trade. At the same time, they are also bottlenecks, since they are obligatory points of passage (for all sorts of flows from ships to underwater telecommu-

This page: opening ceremony for the new Suez Canal (Ismailia, Egypt, 6.8.2015). The enlargement plans to double traffic by 2023.

Opposite page. Top: Westports Malaysia, in the Strait of Malacca, is

a gateway to the booming Southeast Asian market.

Bottom: an aerial view of downtown Singapore.

Pages 760-761: Singapore, Harbour, Gardens by the Bay

nication cables) and often have limited capacity. This bottleneck characteristic creates a particular condition of centrality, constituted through the mandatory break in the flow patterns.

Commercial activities have always tended to develop in points of physical breaks along transport chains, and cities have often developed along them. Under the current highly mechanised mode of trade, these centralities are predominantly operational, composed by the concentration of logistical operations around them. These clusters of operations are becoming hubs of trans-shipment, multimodal transportation and processing, but also centres of employment and migration, creating new forms of concentration around them. The planetary bottlenecks become new urban centralities.

Bottlenecks as urban centralities But there is another dimension of these planetary bottlenecks, one that is often hidden behind the formal numbers of economic performance, and concerns the multiple, and often informal, socio-economic meshworks stitched around them: pirates along the Indonesian coast of the Strait of Malacca and the coast of Aden south of Suez, drug trafficking and smuggling across the Panama corridor, and flows of immigrants – who aspire to cross over from Africa to Europe – across Gibraltar. This trend is fuelled by the strong patterns of uneven development between the two continents, which has recently been ampli-

Tutti i disegni e le mappe di questo articolo (da pagina 752 a pagina 765)/All maps and drawings in this feature (from page 752 to page 765) © Renia Kagkou, Nikos Katsikis

fied with the political instability in North Africa and the refugee crisis in Syria. More than 60,000 people crossed from Morocco to Spain in 2018, with the strong currents along the strait leading to the death of more than 200 people in 2017 and more than 300 in 2018.

These are reminders that while the planetary bottlenecks are striving to develop themselves as premium enclaves in the global network of flows, they are still embedded in their local and regional context, and their socio-ecological complexities.6 Agricultural systems continue to unfold around the logistic corridors of Panama and Suez, driven by expansion in artificial irrigation (Egypt) and deforestation (Panama), while a plantation economy of palm oil production dominates the southern part of the Malaysian peninsula. These systems are not necessarily connected with the transportation capacities of the corridors, and often operate as parallel worlds, nevertheless adding additional layers of complexities, antagonisms and tensions between local, regional and global scales.

Planetary bottlenecks and the regions around them are revealed as composite and often uncoordinated landscapes, where primary production, transport infrastructures and logistics hubs, local settlements and foreign direct investment zones are in constant friction with each other.

Overall, they are characterised by an endless tension between fixity and motion. The more they strive to detach themselves from their immediate contexts and become more seamlessly connected to the global system of flows, the more they have to invest on the ground, upgrading their infrastructures and intensifying their operations, reinventing the initial geographical advantages that established them in the first place, but also their relationship with all other socio-economic and ecological layers that engulf them. Through these complex processes, the planetary bottlenecks initially developed as transit points, as obstacles that needed to be transcended, are increasingly becoming attractors, destination points, and are thus creating new forms of centrality. They become moments of concentration within the extended operational landscapes of planetary urbanisation, new urban centralities, without being cities.

Photo Shawn Baldwin / Bloomberg via Getty Images

Renia Kagkou works at Esri where she consults firms on workflows that integrate geospatial analysis, scenario testing, and impact assessment in the decision-making processes of urban development.

Nikos Katsikis works at the intersection of urbanisation theory, design and geospatial analysis. He is postdoctoral researcher at the University of Luxembourg and the Urban Theory Lab, Harvard GSD.

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11 This contribution builds upon the agenda of Planetary Urbanization developed by Neil Brenner and Christian Schmid.

Major literature on the topic includes: Neil Brenner, Christian Schmid, Planetary Urbanization, in Matthew Gandy (ed.), Urban Constellations, Jovis, Berlin 2011, pp. 10–13; Neil Brenner,

Implosions/Explosions: Towards a Study of Planetary Urbanization, Jovis, Berlin 2014; Neil Brenner, Theses on Urbanization, in Public Culture, vol. 25, No. 1, 2013, pp.

85-114.

2 See for example: United Nations, 2018 Revision of World Urbanization Prospects, 2018; for a critique of the population centric

approach to urbanization see: Neil Brenner, Christian Schmid, The Urban Age in Question, in International Journal of Urban and Regional Research No. 38.3, 2014, pp. 731-755.

3 For an initial framing of the concept of operational landscapes, see Nikos Katsikis, The ‘Other’ Horizontal

Metropolis: Landscapes of Urban Interdependence, in Paola Viganò, Chiara Cavalieri, Martina Barcelloni Corte (eds.), The Horizontal Metropolis Between Urbanism and Urbanization, Springer, Berlin 2018, pp. 23–45.

4 Trade statistics based on the Statistics Portal of the United Nations Conference on Trade and

Development, Geneva: www. unctadstat.unctad.org Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Claude Comtois, Brian Slack, The Geography of Transport Systems, Routledge, Abingdon-on-Thames 2016.

6 For the concept of premium logistical enclaves see: Stephen Graham, Simon Marvin, 5

Splintering urbanism: Networked Infrastructures, Technological Mobilities and the Urban Condition, Routledge, Abingdon-on-Thames 2002.

Photo Jerry Redfern/LightRocket via Getty Images

Photo Viviane Moos / Corbis via Getty Images

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RENIA KAGKOU | PORTFOLIO

Canale di Suez Suez Canal

Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Claude Comtois, Brian Slack, The geography of transport systems, Abingdon on Thames, Routledge, London 2016.

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Il Canale di Suez è un corridoio artificiale che nell’Egitto nordorientale taglia l’istmo di Suez, collegando Mar Rosso e Mediterraneo ed evitando una circumnavigazione dell’Africa di oltre 6.500 km. Realizzato nel 1869 da gruppi d’interesse francoegiziani, rimase sotto il controllo britannico fino al 1956, quando venne nazionalizzato dall’Egitto.

Analogamente al Canale di Panama, quello di Suez impone una serie di restrizioni geotecniche in fatto di dimensioni e capacità decisive per la standardizzazione delle misure del trasporto navale. Al contempo, l’inevitabile interruzione dei flussi di trasporto marittimo ha anche innescato un raggruppamento di attività attorno a esso, spesso con la necessità di trasferire il carico su imbarcazioni più piccole, il che ha prodotto l’espansione di una serie di punti di trasbordo come Porto Said, Damietta e Alessandria (sul Mediterraneo) e Gedda e Sokhna (sul Mar Rosso). Il corridoio logistico è ulteriormente rafforzato da una linea ferroviaria e da un oleodotto che permettono alle petroliere che non possono attraversare il canale di scaricare petrolio. La zona di libero scambio, che integra vari porti, infrastrutture e città – come Porto Said, Suez e Ismailia – intende attrarre ulteriori investimenti e costruzioni di tipo logistico e manifatturiero lungo una fascia che si sta configurando come un centro lineare a est del principale nucleo urbanizzato egiziano sulla riva opposta del Nilo1.

The Suez Canal is a manmade waterway that cuts across the Suez Isthmus in northeast Egypt. By creating a connection between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean, the canal allows vessels to avoid the more than 6,500-km-long journey around Africa. Completed in 1869 by French and Egyptian interests, the canal later came under British control until 1956, when it was nationalised by Egypt. Similar to the Panama Canal, the Suez Canal poses a series of geotechnical restrictions due to its size and capacity, which have been decisive for the standardisation of shipping dimensions. Meanwhile, the inevitable interruption in the flow of shipping has also triggered a clustering of activities around the canal. The frequent need to transship cargo to smaller boats, for example, has led to the growth of a series of trans-shipment points such as Port Said, Damietta and Alexandria on the Mediterranean, and Jeddah and Sokhna on the Red Sea. This logistics corridor is further consolidated by a railway and an oil pipeline, which allow tankers that are unable to cross the canal to unload their oil. Integrating several ports, infrastructures and cities such as Port Said, Suez and Ismailia, the Suez Canal Economic Zone aims to attract further investment and development in logistics and manufacturing. Occupying a belt that is emerging as a linear centre, the SCZone lies to the east of Egypt’s main urbanised heartland across the Nile.1

193.3

km di lunghezza km long

205-225

m di larghezza m wide

11-24

m di profondità m deep

6,500

km di viaggio risparmiati km of travel avoided

8.5 mld/bn

$ per il progetto di ampliamento nel 2015 $ to upgrade the canal in 2015

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navi/giorno (aperto 17 ore) ships/day (open 17 hours)

18,174

navi nel 2018 ships in 2018

1.139 mld/bn

t/anno nette di TPL (2018) net metric tons/year of DWT (2018) Fonti/Sources: Encyclopædia Britannica (www.britannica.com), Suez Canal Authority (www.suezcanal.gov.eg)

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Canale di Panama Panama Canal

Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Claude Comtois, Brian Slack, The geography of transport systems, Abingdon on Thames, Routledge, London 2016.

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Più di 10.000 km a ovest del Canale di Suez, il Canale di Panama collega l’Atlantico e il Pacifico. Il progetto fu portato a termine nel 1914 da gruppi d’interesse statunitensi dopo che Panama aveva ottenuto l’indipendenza. Gli USA mantennero il controllo della zona fino al 1979, quando passò al Governo panamense. L’audace realizzazione comprendeva un canale sopraelevato dotato di chiuse, due dighe per la creazione di due bacini che sfruttano i fiumi Chagres e Rio Grande (Panama) e il taglio dello spartiacque continentale. Il canale ha una capacità massima di 50 navi al giorno con un tempo di transito di 10 ore, che spesso raddoppia a causa dei tempi d’attesa e, come a Suez, impone restrizioni alle dimensioni delle navi. È strategico per il commercio statunitense.

Come per il Canale di Suez, l’area lungo il Canale di Panama ha visto sorgere un distretto della logistica e del trasbordo, integrati da una linea ferroviaria e da un’importante autostrada che collega la costa del Pacifico a quella dell’Atlantico. Lo storico polo portuale caraibico di Colón ha visto la concorrenza di Balboa sul Pacifico oltre che quella di Cartagena e di Puerto Limón nell’area più vasta. Le attività di trasbordo s’intrecciano con la crescita di poli logistici e industriali, per lo più riuniti delle Zone di libero scambio di entrambe le coste, con le più importanti a Colón e nella conurbazione di Panama City–San Miguelito1.

More than 10,000 km to the west of the Suez Canal, the Panama Canal connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The project was completed in 1914 by US interests, after Panama had gained its independence, with the US retaining control of the whole area until 1979, when it was passed to the government of Panama. The waterway’s challenging construction involved a high-level canal with locks, two dams for the creation of two lakes fed by the Chagres and Rio Grande (Panama) rivers, and a cut through the continental divide. The canal has a maximum capacity of 50 ships per day, with a transit time of 10 hours.

However, the journey can often take twice as long due to waiting times and, similar to Suez, there are also certain restrictions to ship dimensions. The Panama Canal is of strategic importance for US trade.

As with the Suez Canal, the zone along the Panama Canal is developing into a logistics and transshipment cluster, complemented by a railway line and a major highway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. The historic Caribbean port city of Colón has seen competition from Balboa on the Pacific, as well as Cartagena and Puerto Limón in the broader region. Trans-shipment activities have been interwoven with the growth of logistics and processing hubs, mostly clustered into free trade zones on both coasts, the most important being in Colón and in the Panama City-San Miguelito agglomeration.1

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km di lunghezza km long

15,000

km di viaggio risparmiati (dalla costa est alla costa ovest degli USA) km of travel avoided (from the East Coast to the West Coast of the USA)

82

m di profondità (min) m deep (min)

12-15,000

navi/anno attraversano il canale ships/year transit the canal

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h tempo medio di transito h average transit time

101,000 3

m di acqua necessari per riempire una chiusa m3 of water needed to fill a lock chamber

Fonti/Sources: Encyclopædia Britannica (www.britannica.com), Panama Canal Authority (www.pancanal.com)

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Stretto di Malacca Malacca Strait

Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Claude Comtois, Brian Slack, The geography of transport systems, Abingdon on Thames, Routledge, London 2016.

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Lo Stretto di Malacca è un passaggio naturale che permette di circumnavigare la penisola omonima, che divide l’Oceano Indiano dal Mar Cinese Meridionale.

Sotto il controllo portoghese fino alla metà dell’Ottocento, lo Stretto è passato poi al dominio britannico, terminato nel 1957 con l’indipendenza della Malesia. La scarsa profondità del passaggio richiede dragaggi periodici, fonte di dissidi tra Malesia, Indonesia e Singapore, e pone particolari restrizioni al traffico marittimo. Il passaggio dà accesso alle più importanti aree industriali mondiali lungo un asse marittimo che va dal distretto dell’esportazione giapponese (con i porti di Yokohama, Nagoya e Kobe) a Busan (Corea del Sud), ai porti cinesi dello Yangtze e del Fiume delle Perle e al porto di Kaohsiung a Taiwan. Semilavorati e prodotti finiti transitano per lo più verso ovest, mentre flussi di petrolio, gas naturale liquefatto e materie prime (minerali ferrosi, carbone) passano verso l’Asia orientale per rifornire gli impianti produttivi.

Singapore resta il polo di trasbordo più importante, nonché il più grande del mondo, in competizione con i porti di Port Klang, Tanjung Pelepas e Pulau Pinang in Malesia. Singapore è anche al primo posto nella logistica e nelle operazioni di trasformazione delle materie prime nelle sue zone di libero scambio, mentre la crescita di ulteriori zone di libero scambio a Port Klang e Tanjung Pelepas è in gran parte nutrita da investimenti cinesi1.

The Strait of Malacca is a natural water channel allowing the circumnavigation of the Malay Peninsula which divides the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea. Under Portuguese control until the mid-19th century, the strait passed under British rule until 1957 when Malaysia gained independence. The passage’s shallow depth not only introduces the need for regular dredging – a point of contestation between Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore – but also restricts naval traffic. The passage gives access to the world’s most important industrial areas across a maritime axis that stretches from the cluster of Japanese export ports (Yokohama, Nagoya and Kobe) to Busan (South Korea), the Chinese ports of the Yangtze River and the Pearl River Delta, and the Taiwanese port of Kaohsiung. Semi-finished and finished products mostly move westwards, while large flows of oil, liquefied natural gas and other raw materials (iron ore and coal) transit towards East Asia to supply factories. Singapore remains the most prominent trans-shipment hub, as well as the biggest in the world, in competition with the ports of Port Klang, Tanjung Pelepas and Pulau Pinang in Malaysia. Singapore also dominates logistics and processing operations through its free economic zones, while the growth of additional free economic zones at Port Klang and Tanjung Pelepas is largely being fuelled by Chinese investment.1

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km di lunghezza km long

65-250

km di larghezza (min/max) km wide (min/max)

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ore di navigazione hours of navigation

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m di profondità (min/max) m deep (min/max)

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navi/anno attraversano lo Stretto vessels/year cross the strait

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% delle spedizioni mondiali % of global shipping traffic

Fonti/Sources: Encyclopædia Britannica (www.britannica.com), Maritime Institute of Malaysia (www.mima.gov.my)

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Stretto di Gibilterra Strait of Gibraltar

Mentre il Canale di Suez dà accesso al Mediterraneo dall’Oceano Indiano, lo Stretto di Gibilterra è l’unico passaggio tra Mediterraneo e Atlantico. Tuttavia, i 64 km dello Stretto non solo collegano i due corpi idrici ma dividono anche l’Europa dal continente africano, e sono quindi stati un corridoio importante per la migrazione e lo scambio culturale. Un fatto che si riflette sulla lunga storia di tensioni geopolitiche tuttora presenti, con l’area circostante la Rocca di Gibilterra che è un’enclave del territorio spagnolo sotto il controllo britannico e la città di Ceuta che è un’enclave spagnola in Marocco.

Spagna, Marocco e Gran Bretagna rivendicano il controllo territoriale sulle acque dello Stretto. La concentrazione dei maggiori porti europei lungo le coste settentrionali d’Europa (Rotterdam, Amburgo e Anversa) fa di Gibilterra un punto di passaggio obbligato per la maggior parte del traffico marittimo tra Europa e Asia, che entra nel Mediterraneo attraverso Suez, ma anche un punto d’uscita per il traffico verso l’America settentrionale. L’agglomerato di porti e di punti di trasbordo attorno allo Stretto assume la forma di una competizione a due tra il consolidato polo spagnolo di Algeciras e il polo marocchino in crescita di Tanger-Med a nord-est di Tangeri. Ma lo Stretto sta diventando anche un fattore d’attrazione per i migranti che vogliono passare dall’Africa all’Europa.

While the Suez Canal offers access to the Mediterranean from the Indian Ocean, the Strait of Gibraltar is the only passage from the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic.

However, the 64-km strait not only connects the two bodies of water but also divides Europe from the African continent, and has thus been a major corridor for migration and cultural exchange. This is also reflected in the long history of geopolitical tensions that continue today, with the area around the Rock of Gibraltar being an enclave of British control within Spain, and the city of Ceuta being a Spanish enclave within Morocco, while Spain, Morocco and the UK claim territorial control over the waters of the strait.

The concentration of the largest European ports along the north coast of Europe (Rotterdam, Hamburg and Antwerp) makes Gibraltar an obligatory point of passage for most maritime flows between Europe and Asia that enter the Mediterranean through Suez. Yet the strait is also an exit point for flows towards North America. The agglomeration of ports and transshipment operations around the strait takes the form of a two-way competition between the established Spanish hub of Algeciras and the growing Moroccan hub of Tanger-Med northeast of Tangier. Meanwhile, this stretch of water is also becoming an attractor point for migrants who aspire to cross over from Africa to Europe.

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km di lunghezza km long

13-43

km di larghezza (min/max) km wide (min/max)

900

m di profondità (max) m deep (max)

100,000

navi/anno superano lo stretto vessels/year cross the strait

90

% del traffico sono navi cargo % of traffic is cargo

60,000

migranti hanno attraversato lo stretto nel 2018 people crossed the strait in 2018

300

vittime umane tra i migranti (2018) human victims (2018) Fonti/Sources: Encyclopædia Britannica (www.britannica.com), Gibraltar Port Authority (www.gibraltarport.com)

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IS PACIFIC LIMITLESS[ED]?

Investigating exploitations of oceanic ecological production in the Pacific 16

RENIA KAGKOU | PORTFOLIO

Renia Kagkou | Ashley Thompson

Harvard Graduate School of Design

Pacific Ports

Exclusive Economic Zones

Fishing Density

Fishing Vessel Density

Synthetic Map of Pacific Processes of Urbanization overlay of vessel density, EEZs & Pacific ports

© Renia Kagkou | Ashley Thompson

is pacific limitless[ed] | UTL

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IS PACIFIC LIMITLESS[ED]?

2016 Investigating and visually narrating the exploitations of wild fisheries in the Pacific [ YouTube Video ] Urban Theory Lab | Neil Brenner & Robert Gerard Pietrusko [directors], Ashley Thompson [partner] The project uses AIS transmission vessel data provided by navama® website: http://navama.com

One of the only remaining ‘last frontiers’, the Pacific Ocean is a rare site in the 21st century still capable of supporting the exploration and appropriation of new territories and resources, what Moore terms ‘cheap nature’. Despite historic notions of a vast expanse of endless resource, the Pacific is in fact far from limitless.

Analyzing the reorganization of the ocean as an operational landscape, we identify processes of urbanization, and specifically the exploitation of wild food-source by the commercial fishing industry driven by capitalist accumulation, commodification, and privatization. The investigation reveals the intensification and connectivities of the fishing industry to the agglomerations in relation to territorial rights and competitive access to open-seas, patterns of regional and international trade, and the role of states versus operations of transnational corporations to include considerations of labor and technology. The intensification of these practices demonstrates how commercial fishing has been rendered disassociated both with supply and demands of food systems, but also from the resource base, the marine biomass itself. Instead, fishing industries and the regulatory and governance frameworks within which they operate are dependent on achieving economies of scale to secure projected assurances to fish, synonymous with present and future profit. Furthermore, exploitative manipulation of these political and economic mechanisms are in fact jeopardizing access to and heath of wild fisheries with massive implications for the enduring stability of the Pacific Ocean as an future source of sustenance, livelihood, commerce, and culture.

18

RENIA KAGKOU | PORTFOLIO

Global ports

Regulatory Fishery Bodies

Territorial Rights and Access to Open Seas Exclusive Economic Zones and Regulatory Fishery Bodies

Depth Ecologies Pacific Bathymetry in Section

Exclusive Economic Zones & Bathymetry

IS PACIFIC LIMITLESS[ED]?

Investigating exploitations of oceanic ecological production in the Pacific Renia Kagkou | Ashley Thompson is pacific limitless[ed] | UTL

19

Harvard Graduate School of Design

Global Fish Trade

Population Density

Fishing Vessel Density

Global Fish Trade

© Renia Kagkou | Ashley Thompson

Operationalization of the Pacific Population Density Mapping relational geographies Fishing Density

Pacific Fish Production Per Capital

Global Fish Consumption Per Capita

Delineating the bounds of an increasingly limitless[ed] ocean, the result of this diminutive dynamic will result in overcapitalization that sinks profits to satisfy endless capital investment as all other marine social and ecological resources are inversely depleted. Investing more and more for less and less, shoring up profit margins on speculation and intensification until the system collapses, long after all the wild fish are gone – the ultimate exhaustion of cheap nature.

20

RENIA KAGKOU | PORTFOLIO

Altitudes of Extraction water extraction & population analysis

GSD STU | water stress

WATER STRESS 2016 Analyzing water availability and withdrawal in Jakarta’s Urban Agglomeration Jakarta Studio | Felippe Correa [instructor],Mark Jongman-Sereno [partner]

No city is sinking faster than Jakarta because of a phenomenon called subsidence. This surface motion happens when extraction of groundwater causes layers of rock and sediment to slowly pancake on top of each other. The problem is particularly acute in Jakarta because most of its millions of residents take water through wells that tap shallow underground aquifers. Wells also provide about a third of the needs of business and industry, according to city data.

As a result, the metropolitan area is sinking at an average rate of three inches a year, outpacing the one-third inch annual rise in mean sea level in the area, while the coast near Jakarta is sinking at a much greater rate of six inches a year.

Jakarta Metropolitan Area topography & hydrology

21

22

RENIA KAGKOU | PORTFOLIO

Indonesia Water Availability & Water Withdrawal water analysis around the Java Sea territory

GSD STU | water stress

23

Built Environment Pressures The subsidence effect of Jakarta is worsened by the sheer weight of Jakarta’s urban sprawl. Economic development in recent decades has transformed the city’s traditional low-rise silhouette into a thickening forest of high-rise towers whose weight crushes the porous ground underneath .

Kampung & New Development Pressure section of sediment and ground stress

Stratification of Subsidence view from below of Jakarta's overall sinking

24

RENIA KAGKOU | PORTFOLIO

Crop Distribution in the United States 57.73% Grazing & Pasture 37.04% Commodity Crops 5.23% Specialty Crops Synthetic Map of Agricultural Production overlay of grazing, commodity crops and specialty crops

agricultural geographies

25

AGRICULTURAL GEOGRAPHIES 2017 An exploration based on Spatial Analysis and Land Use Modeling Mapping 2: Geosimulation | Robert Gerard Pietrusko [instructors], Ashley Thompson [partner] Independent Research | Robert Gerard Pietrusko [instructors]

This project tries to investigate the territorial dimension of urban metabolic processes focusing on the structure of the broader landscapes of food systems within the United States. It offers a complementary way of understanding urban metabolism which is not reduced to flows and networks but is directly connected to the ground conditions of the cultivation processes of various crops.

Through a series of cartographic representations, systems analysis and simulation models that benefit from the recent proliferation of data and modeling tools, the research explores how a series of regulatory, economic and environmental parameters affect the formal, spatial and material attributes of the geography of food production in the United States and the structure of its land use patterns.

26

RENIA KAGKOU | PORTFOLIO

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS WATER AVAILABILITY

TEMPERATURE

SOIL CONDITION

SOLAR RADIANCE

ELEVATION

LAND SUITABILITY

GRAZING & PASTURE

SOCIAL & ENVIRONMENTAL OPTIMIZATION

COMMODITY CROPS

SPECIALTY CROPS

MARKET EFFICIENCY INDUSTRIES GLOBAL TRADE

EFFICIENCY IN USE OF INPUTS

DEMAND REVENUE

RESILIENCE EQUITY

LOCATION KEY INPUTS & LABOR PROXIMITY TO MARKETS CONCENTRATION OF BUYERS

REGULATORY INPUTS

CAPITAL INPUTS

LABOR

GOVERMENT SUBSIDIES

FEDERAL FARM PROGRAMS

CORPORATION LOANS

LAND & BUILDINGS MACHINES & EQUIPMENT

FUELS, OIL & GASOLINE FERTILIZERS & CHEMICALS

FIXED COSTS

VARIABLE COSTS

REGULATORY FACTORS

ECONOMIC FACTORS

Factors of Agricultural Production

The project grounds geographies of food systems not only by cataloging and representing the factors of agricultural production but also by comparing how different factors and their combinations are reflected upon variable patterns of the organization of agricultural land.

Factors analyzed: Federal Funding, Credit Loans , Government Payments Cost of Land and Buildings, Equipment and Machinery Expenses Fuel and Gas Expenses, Cost of Fertilizers and Chemicals, and Labor Costs Temperature, Precipitation and Soil Nutrition

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agricultural geographies

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57.73% GRAZZING

GOVERMENT COMMODITY CREDIT CORPORATION LOANS

37.04% COMMODITY 5.23% SPECIALTY

Federal Funding, Credit Loans & Government Payments Grazing & Pasture Commodity Crops Specialty Crops 28.3%

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RENIA KAGKOU | PORTFOLIO

Building on the basis of these observations, the second part of the research focuses on the Colorado River Basin and speculates different scenarios of policies and regulation of agricultural productivity.

Urban Agglomerations urban areas in relation to water system

Agricultural Production Land specialty and commodity crops in relation to water system

243,000 SQM | 1,450 M SUMMIT TO SEA

REGULATION LAW OF THE RIVER

ECONOMIC + ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCTION

DISTRIBUTION

1915

USE + CONTROL

SOURCE: Rocky Mountain Western Slope

FRAME: Urban Agglomerations

80% AGRICULTURAL 20% MUNCIPAL + INDUSTRIAL (40M PERSONS)

1917 – League of the Southwest

GRAND LAKE, COLORADO 2000 M

1935

1944 – Mexico Water Treaty

1948 – Upper Colorado River Basin Compact

1955

UPPER BASIN

1931 – California Seven Party Agreement

-- SUPPLEMENTS EXTERNAL TRIBUTARIES --

1928 – Boulder Canyon Project Act

DENVER METRO BOULDER FORT COLLINS COLORADO SPRINGS PUEBLO CHEYENNE

GUNNISON RIVER 1 ASPINALL UNIT, CO BLUE MESA DAM COLORADO FRONT RANGE PROJECT LITTLE SNAKE RIVER WATER PROJECT

ARKANSAS RIVER SALT LAKE CITY PROVO

CENTRAL UTAH PROJECT STRAWBERRY VALLEY PROJECT

RIO GRANDE RIVER ALBUQUERQUE SANTA FE

CRYSTAL DAM

YAMPA RIVER GREEN RIVER 2 FLAMING GORGE DAM, UT

SAN JUAN RIVER

ROCKY MOUNTAIN NATIONAL PARK

CURECANTI NATIONAL RECREATION AREA

BLACK CANYON OF GUNISSON

DINOSAUR NATIONAL MONUMENT ARCHES NATIONAL PARK

1500 M

CANYONLANDS NATIONAL PARK

3 NAVAJO DAM, NM SAN JUAN CHAMA PROJECT

INTER-BASIN WITHDRAWAL

1956 – Colorado River Storage Project Act

MORROW POINT DAM

CONSERVATION -- INAUGURAL STORAGE UNITS --

SOUTH PLATTE RIVER

1925

1945

MAJOR TRIBUTARIES

TRANS-BASIN WITHDRAWAL

1922 – Colorado River Compact

MAJOR RESEVOIRS

GRAND JUNCTION 4 GLEN CANYON DAM, AZ 1965

1975

GLEN CANYON NATIONAL RECREATION AREA

LAKE POWELL

1964 – Arizona v. Colorado

1000 M

LEE’S FERRY

1966 – National Historical Preservation Act 1968 – Colorado River Basin Project 1969 – National Environmental Policy Act 1970 – Criteria for Coordinated Long Range Reservoir Operations 1973 – Endangered Species Act & Mexico Commission 1974 – Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Act

HOOVER DAM, AZ/NV LAS VEGAS

LAKE MEAD DAVIS DAM, AZ

GRAND CANYON NATIONAL PARK LAKE MEAD NATIONAL RECREATION ARE + 34 NATIVE AMERICAN RESERVATIONS

1992 – Grand Canyon Protection Act

1995

-- SOLE SOURCE --

1985

LOWER BASIN

LAKE MOHAVE

PHOENIX TUCSON

PARKER DAM, AZ

500 M

LAKE HAVASU CITY LOS ANGELES SAN DIEGO YUMA / GILA RIVER IMPERIAL VALLEY COACHELLA VALLEY

LAKE HAVASU

COLORADO RIVER AQUADUCT

IMPERIAL DAM, AZ/NV

IMPERIAL RESEVOIR

ALL-AMERICAN CANAL

MORALES DAM, AZ 2005 2007 – Interim Shortage Guidelines

SEA LEVEL 2015

GULF OF CALIFORNIA, MEXICO 500M

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Colorado River Basin Systems Diagram [Regulatory, Economic, Environmental]

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The investigation is developed through multiple simulation scenarios for crop subsidies where each produces different environmental and economic outputs. Overall, this research allows not only to make spatial sense of the variables that affect agricultural production but also offers a platform for further research on understanding and optimizing these factors both socially and environmentally.

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RENIA KAGKOU | PORTFOLIO

INEQUALITY IN NYC 2015 Visualizing Complaints using 311 data GSD Spatial Analysis for the Built Environment | Andres Sevtsuk [instructor] Arianna Salazar, Lindiwe Rennert, Lucy Perkins, Omar De La Riva, Rida Qadri [partners]

ew

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Block Group Residents statified into 4 income quartiles

Water System Tunnel Condition Condition Traffic Signal Missed Sweeping/ quate /Inade ing ss Sweeping g Sign - Mi Street gn - Danglined Si ag Street gn - Dam ition nd Si Street Light CoConditionl Street Street chanica ter a e e - M g W ites dpip tandin lled S gee S Stan Sta Squeeical n n cha itio er Me nd w r - Co Seint nkle alk la ce Spri Sidew mp an ty Co en afe t ter in S n d en Ma old itio ar t r C ol aff nd g C ea nio ho Sc Co kin l H ity Se Sc alk Par ntia acil e rF sid o Re ce n- an No ten in Ma

Constituents

dropped

physical disrepair

public disorder

Amenity Studied

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ne

servation Water Con rk Rules of Pa Vendingt Violation Lo Vacantblic Pu ing in Urinat Condition rty Pigeonvt Propeacility ry P ita F og Unsan y Animal Animal hed D t itar ary Unleas plain raffic T ort Unsan Unsanit om p er C i Re int rovid Tax mplaooingg nP o o ti i C Tatt nnin ow rta Tax spo Ta Sn ing n Tra ok n t Sm ditio den on Ro ent nC m tio ce ita or f n n Sa gE lin yc c Re

Residential Physical Disrepair

Unclassified

Public disorder

int pla t om nt ke as aC e -B es un cem -A Issu l/Sa epla t int op cy oo R pla Ad gen ch/P Card ter g om A ea efit Wa lin ard C t B en led abe lac ues Req B ott e L le P ri tion B alo ehic lica C ity V laint t int App C mp men ompla icense Co mpli er C ew L est Co nsum OH N Requ Co A / D rature equest DC A Lite ature R equest ent DC P Liter ture R quirem DE A Litera Savings Ret DFT Income e Reques DHS Literatur x Exemption F Ta ue DO Parking duction Iss DOF perty - Re DOF Pro rature Request DOT Lite ature Request DPR Liter EAP Inspection - F59 Emergency Response Team (ERT) Fire Safety Director - F58 Forensic Engineering HPD Literature Internal Code Request Investigatio ns and Dis Invita cipline (IAD ) Labo tion Lega ratory Misc. l Services Pr Comm ovider Misce Compl OEM llaneouents aint L s Oth iter Ca Re er En ature tegorie Sp ques force Reque s Sp ecia t for In ment st S ecia l Enfo form Taxpecial l Natu rceme ation i Co Pro ral nt mp ject Area A lim s In Dis A ir Q ent spe tric A nim ua ctio t (S A nim al lity n T NAD B nim a Ab eam ) Co EST al l Fac use (SP lle /S in a ilit IT) y ct ite P ion S ar N o k a Tr fe Pe uc ty r m kN it ois e

l na cle er icy le s Int B hic le R lict Ve hic ns DP ere elict t Ve ditio uth D er elic on Yo D er y C rly D irt rde nt D iso ing rmit shme int D rink Pe abli g pla D erry Est onin Com rt le is F d po ic o Foood P e Veh icle Re Fo r Hir e Veh s Fo Hir Wasp For ffiti g Bees/ ials Gra rborin Mater se Ha dous age/U t Hazarmat Stor campmen tance Haz eless En rson Assis Hom eless Pe as Pet Hom l Animal Kept Illega imal Sold Illegal An works Illegal Fire ing Illegal Park Illegal Tree Damage Industrial Waste

200+ Complains Grouped residential, physical disrepair, public disorder

H H ig Hig ighw hwa hw ay y S ay Sig ign ral S n Co H Fir nst ig ign - - D Mis e h Fir Ala ructio way Damang sing l e r Fire Alarmm - R n/Plu Con age ing d d Fire Alarm - Re eplac mbin ition Ala - N ins em g p e Fire rm - M ew S ectio nt Ala odifi yste n rm - A catio m Ferr Ferry dditionn y Co Inqu mpla iry Elevaint Elect tor ric DamagDead Treeal ed Tree Cu Cranes rb Condition and De rric Construcks Bus Stop She lter Placem tion ent Building/U Broken Parking Meterse Broken Muni Meter Bridge Condition Bike/Roller/Skate Chronic Bike Rack Condition Ge

P Ra Pu ublic dio bli ac R c A Pay tiv a ss ph e ng em on bly e C Pu Mat eho b Po stin Pu - Te omp lic T eria od g A blic mp lain oile l dv As ora t t ert se ry is m Ove Overg Po eme bly rflo iso nt win rown n P Ove g Rec Tree/B anha PlaIvy rflow yclin ra nd n nc lin t g in Opin g Litte Baske hes g ion fo r Ba ts Open r the skets Flam Mayo Noi e Per r Noise - Stre se - Vehimit et/Sid cl ewalk e Noise House Noise - Park of Wors Noise - He hip Noise - Com licopter mercial Noise Municipal Parking Facility Missed Collection (All Materials) Litter Basket / Request

residential

APPLIANCE Asbestos Blocked Drive way Boilers DOOR/W INDOW Drinking ELEC Water FLOO TRIC Foun RING/ GE d Prop STAIRS HE NERAL erty Ind AT/HO In oor A T WA Leadoor S ir Qua TER ewa lity M d ge O old P UTS P AIN IDE S LU T/P BU S AF MBIN LAS ILD UN CRIEETY G TER ING W S W A AN W ateTER ITAR ind r L Y C ow Qua EAK OND ITIO Gu lity N ar d

Research Questions 1. Who complaints, where and about what?

2. How differences in government response time vary across social groups and location in NYC?

GSD 5407 | inequality in NYC

quartile representation[blocks] representation[calls] 25%

25%

2

25%

24%

3 4

25% 25%

26% 25%

calls from quartile 1

300,000

calls from quartile 2

250,000 200,000

calls

1

350,000

calls from quartile 3

150,000 100,000

calls from quartile 4

50,000 0 0

mean block income is $52500

31

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

income

3,500

4,000

4,500

5,000

5,500

total

6,000

Public Disorder 0

20

311 Call volume and Income normalized calls [*1000]

40

60

80 +

$35296

$52500

$75215

$250000

32

RENIA KAGKOU | PORTFOLIO

Physical Disrepair Response 0

100

Residential Response 200

300

400 +

311 Complaints Response Time measured in hours

311 Number of Calls Increase in number of calls is negatively correlated with property value. This could be because properties of higher value are less likely to have absentee landlords and have higher exposure to other complaint solving avenues than those of lower market value. Additionally, there is a negative relationship between quantity of physical disrepair complaints and real-estate values. This is probably because issues of physical disrepair in high property value areas are handled quickly, before residents feel motivated to call in and complaint whereas disrepair in lower property values lingers, warranting a call.

GSD 5407 | inequality in NYC

33

Public Disorder Response

311 Response Time Response time statistics was expected to show a negative relationship between income and response time because government is more responsive to richer block groups. (Brown & Coulter,1983) There is a positive correlation between average response time and real-estate value for residential complaints. This may be caused by difference in the type of residential complaint made from high property value areas and low property value areas. Complaints from low value areas may be deemed more problematic and, as a result, placed above high value area complaints with respect to hierarchy of response urgency.

34

RENIA KAGKOU | PORTFOLIO

METRO-BOSTON RENT ANALYSIS 2017 Using Craigslist data to understand rental conditions Prepared for Metropolitan Area Planning Council (MAPC) MIT 11.521 | Joe Ferreira [instructor], Matthew Archer, Liana Banuelos & Omar De La Riva [partners]

Problem and Context Over the past two years, the MAPC has collected data on 1.95 million rental listings in Massachusetts to better understand housing affordability and spatial variation in rental prices in the Boston Metropolitan area. Recognizing and predicting these patterns can help the MAPC work with partner cities to propose effective policy that preserves affordability in communities throughout the region. Because the listing information was collected through a scraping process on websites such as Craigslist and PadMapper, the data includes listings that are duplicates and/or improperly geolocated. Drawing meaningful relationships and conclusions from this dataset, then, can be hindered by the excess, and often incomplete, information. .

MAPC Initial Data Summary Statistics

Histogram of MAPC Initial Data

MAPC Clean Data Summary Statistics

Histogram of Cleaned Data

MIT 11.521 | metroboston rent analysis

35

To aid in the MAPC efforts, our team set out to: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Establish an effective, replicable method for de-duplication Distinguish between listings seeking housemates and whole units Determine average rent prices (using only whole units) Use average rents to re-run distinction between housemates and units Transform housemate listing prices to full unit prices Examine the effect of site specific and unit specific amenities on price Understand these characteristics spatially

Data Cleaning Graphic Representation values removed & final numbers

All Listings all listings (roommate all & full listings units) (roommate & full units) roommate and whole price

Whole Unit Listings only full price unit listings only full price unit listings only whole price

36

RENIA KAGKOU | PORTFOLIO

Defining Neighborhood Size based on a transit, businesses & households

Studio Seasonality Postings variability per season

1 Bedroom

ck

MIT 11.521 | metroboston rent analysis

37

Indicators of Rent Price Per Bedroom Our team considered the following variables : 1.

Number of Bedrooms 2.

3.

4.

Concierge

Proximity to Neighborhood Centers Distance from MBTA Rail Stop Amenities : Deck, Porch, Yard, Brick, Laundry, Parking, AC, Gas & Heat, Dishwasher, Hardwood Floors, Electricity Included, Utilities Included, No Broker’s Fee, In Unit Gym, Concierge, Loft, Natural Light, Pets Allowed, Storage ,Internet

Concierge Concierge

Deck

In Unit Gym

InInUnit UnitGym Gym

Yard

Spatial Location of Amenities

Deck Porch

PorchYard

Yar

38

RENIA KAGKOU | PORTFOLIO

INTEGRATIVE MANHATTAN 2015 Harvard GSD Eelements of Urban Design Pre-term Mapping Wortkshop GSD 1221 UPD Fall | Robert Gerard Pietrusko [instructor], Claudia Tomateo [partner]

06-08 hours

08-10 hours

10-12 hours

12-14 hours

14-16 hours

16-18 hours

Annual Shading [1] low Shadow Analysis intensity of shading in Manhattan, NY

medium

high

GSD 1221 | integrative manhattan

39

Manhattan’s Two Surfaces The research focused on understanding Manhattan and its complexities through the visualization off its intangible surfaces as well as their methods of interaction. The assumption made is that outdoor comfort and urban microclimate conditions relates to the vibrancy of social interactions. The two main parameters are classified as “hardscape”; the preconditioned physical form of the city, and “softscape”; the social dynamics that include physical and virtual interaction between people. The two surfaces are overlapped and generate a new representation of Manhattan. The final diagram explores through sections the potential of a correlation between the two conditions of the city. In order to account for scale variations within the city one section is taken from Lower Manhattan and one from Midtown. Although in certain points there seems to be a strong correlation this cannot be generalized and lead to particular conclusions about the affects of urban microclimate and outdoor comfort on social vibrancy.

06-08 hours

08-10 hours

10-12 hours

12-14 hours

14-16 hours

16-18 hours

Annual Solar Irradiance[2] <1000 kWh/m^2 Daylight Analysis sun power per unit area in Manhattan, NY

1700 kWh/m^2

2300 kWh/m^2

40

RENIA KAGKOU | PORTFOLIO

Building Heights[3] low

medium

high

Vegetation Desnity[6] low

medium

high

Additional Factors atrributes that were considered in the analysis

Building Age & Energy Use[4]

Population Density[5]

1765-1880 1881-1921 1922-1961 1962-2013

low

Commercial Desnity[7]

Public Amenities[8]

80 kBTU/sqf/yr 74 kBTU/sqf/yr 71 kBTU/sqf/yr 76 kBTU/sqf/yr

low

medium

high

medium

public spaces

high

transportation

GSD 1221 | integrative manhattan

06-08 hours

08-10 hours

10-12 hours

12-14 hours

14-16 hours

16-18 hours

41

Annual Social Media Check-Ins[9] Social Activity Analysis check-ins for Manhattan by MIT’s Civic Data Lab

Urban Microclimate [Hardscape] | Social Dynamics [Softscape] For the definition of the “hardscape” a different conception of microclimate is generated by breaking it down to its primary parameters. A set of attributes that contribute to the conditions of Manhattan’s urban microclimates are identified and analyzed. Shading, solar irradiance, building heights, building’s energy consumption and vegetation density and population density all contribute to small temperature variations in the city and affect human’s outdoor comfort. The attributes were merged in order to generate an overall definition and classification if the urban microclimate. For the “softscape” surface that represents social dynamics diverse factors that seem to affect interaction levels are taken into account. Major parameters are agglomeration of commerce, public amenities and geo-located social media activities.

42

RENIA KAGKOU | WORKSAMPLE

06-08 hours

08-10 hours

Urban Microclimate[1,2,3,4,5,6] & Social Dynamics[7,8,9] Comparative Analysis an overlay of urban microclimate with social media activities

Lower Manhattan Section Sectional Analysis comparison of microclimate and social media activity

10-12 hours

12-

-14 hours

GSD 1221 | integrative manhattan

14-16 hours

Midtown Manhattan Section Sectional Analysis comparison of microclimate and social media activity

16-18 hours

43

2022

R