13 მითი სტალინის შესახებ

avtorebi bondo kupataZe (miTi 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12) levan cucqiriZe (miTi 1,11,13)

redaqtori elza nabaxteveli

gamoqveynebulia niderlandebis mravalpartiuli demokratiis institutis aRmosavleT evropis samezoblos ofisis mier

© nebadarTulia am publikaciis gavrceleba da gamoyeneba mxolod arakomerciuli miznebisaTvis da mxolod im pirobiT, rom moaxdenT publikaciis gamomcemelisa da avtorebis Sesabamis miTiTebas. am publikaciis Seqmnisas Cven SevecadeT dagvedgina da saTanadod migveTiTebina yvela gamoyenebuli foto Tu saarqivo masalis wyaro. Tuki miiCnevT, rom Tqveni saavtoro ufleba irRveva, gTxovT gvacnoboT: contact@nimd.ge

nabaxteveli

sarCevi

winasityvaoba

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Sesavali

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miTi 1

`meore msoflio omi stalinma moigo~

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miTi 2

`adamianTa masobrivi daxvretebis Sesaxeb stalinma araferi icoda~

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`wiTeli armia saqarTveloSi leninma Semoiyvana da amaSi stalins brali ar miuZRvis~

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miTi 4

`stalini religiuri adamiani iyo~

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miTi 5

`stalini zrunavda saqarTvelos teritoriis gafarToebaze~

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miTi 6

`stalini brwyinvale mmarTveli iyo~

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miTi 7

`stalini kargi qarTveli iyo _ uyvarda qarTuli kultura da tradiciebi~

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`stalini asketurad cxovrobda da materialuri simdidre ar ainteresebda~

80

`stalinma sakuTari Svilis sicocxle saxelmwifos interesebs Seswira~

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miTi 3

miTi 8 miTi 9

miTi 10 `stalini marqsis ideebis erTguli gamgrZelebeli iyo~

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miTi 11 `stalini Zlieri oratori iyo~

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miTi 12 `stalins oci aTasamde wigni hqonda wakiTxuli~

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miTi 13 `stalinis Zegli axlac dgas evropis qveynebis centralur moednebze~

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ganmartebebi

108

gamoyenebuli literatura

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nabaxteveli

winasityvaoba Cveni institutis saqmianobis mTavari mizania, daexmaros saqar­ Tvelos gaxdes Zlieri, konsolidirebuli mravalpartiuli demokratiis qveyana, romelsac eqneba myari demokratiuli in­ stitutebi, eyoleba demokratiuli politikuri partiebi da romelSic politikuri procesebi Zlier demokratiul kulturas daefuZneba. Cveni xedviT, swored am sam qvakuTxeds eyrdnoba de­ mokratia. am misias Cven politikuri partiebis gaZlierebis, poli­ tikuri ganaTlebisa da politikuri sistemis gaumjobesebaze mimarTuli programebiT vemsaxurebiT. saqarTvelos Rrma, Tumca fragmentuli demokratiuli tradicia gaaCnia. sakmarisia gavixsenoT pirveli respublikis periodis de­ batebi da vnaxavT, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi demokratiuli faseulobe­ bi aranakleb faseuli da aqtualuri iyo maSindel saqarTveloSi, vidre axla; Tergdaleulebis Taobam saqarTvelos imdroindeli demokratiuli, progresuli msoflios majiscema gaagebina, axle­ buri azrovnebisa da moqmedebisken ubiZga da mdidari literatu­ ruli, publicisturi Tu politikuri memkvidreoba dagvitova; saqarTvelos istoriis ufro adreul epoqebSi Cven vipoviT Zlier demokratiul impulsebs - es iqneba moZraobebi mefis absoluturi Zalauflebis SezRudvisTvis, reformebis araerTi talRa qar­ Tul eklesiaSi Tu sasamarTlo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis gamijvnis SemTxvevebi. samwuxarod, komunisturma totalitarizmma Cvens qveyanaSi man­ kieri tradiciac Seqna: iniciativisa da samoqalaqo pasuxismge­ blobis nakleboba, TviTorganizebis dabali kultura, TviTm­ marTvelobis susti unarebi, dominaciaze da ara konsensusze orientirebuli sazogadoebrivi da politikuri wesrigi, erTi lideris mier marTuli da ara demokratiuli TanamonawileobiT Seqmnili politikuri partiebi. es maxasiaTeblebi swored am avto­ ritaruli tradiciis jer kidev Zlieri inerciis gamoxatulebaa. ase rom, Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi isev Tanaarsebobs ori tradi­ cia: erTi mxriv, demokratiuli, evropuli politikuri tradicia, xolo meore mxriv, totalitaruli, postkomunisturi. garkveul­ wilad amitomac aris, rom jerjerobiT kvlav naxevrad Tavisu­ fali qveynebis rigSi varT. saswori Tavisuflebis sasargeblod sabolood ar gadaxrila, demokratiisa da TavisuflebisTvis brZolis istoria saqarTveloSi ar dasrulebula. swored am ori tradiciis WidilSi gamodis es publikaciac, rom­ lis mizania stalinis Sesaxeb im miTebis gaqarwyleba, romlebic totalitarulma saxelmwifom Seqmna da jer kidev farTod aris

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gavrcelebuli saqarTveloSi. stalinizmis propaganda, misi idee­ bisa da saqmeebis gandideba xels uSlis saqarTvelos demokra­ tiul konsolidacias, aZlierebs antidemokratiul politikur moZraobebs da Seuracxyofs im aseulaTasobiT qarTvelis xsovnas, romlebic stalinis diqtaturam Seiwira. `13 miTi stalinis Sesaxeb~ arqivebsa da obieqtur istoriul in­ formacias eyrdnoba. didi imedi gvaqvs, es publikacia gamoadgebaT samoqalaqo aqtivistebs totalitaruli tradiciisa da gaZliere­ buli antidemokratiuli propagandis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, rom­ lis mxardamWerebad, samwuxarod, xSirad politikosebi da sajaro moxeleebic ki gvevlinebian. saqarTvelos qalaqebSi kvlav SevxvdebiT stalinis gamzirebs, skverebsa Tu biustebs, xolo gorSi arsebuli stalinis muzeumi mis ganmadidebel gamofenas warmoadgens. rTulia warmoidgino, Tu rogor SeiZleba, rom qveyanam demokratiuli progresis gza stalinis gamziriT gaiaros. amitomac gamodis es publikacia, ro­ gorc Cveni wvlili Tavisuflebis, demokratiisa da demokratebis mxardasaWerad saqarTveloSi.

levan cucqiriZe NIMD-is warmomadgeneli aRmosavleT evropis samezobloSi

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Sesavali totalitarul reJimebsa da personebs gamudmebiT Tan sdevT mi­ Tebi, romelTa nawili Tavad reJimis arsebobis periodSi iqmneba da sistemis gaZlierebas emsaxureba. meore nawili iqmneba mogvi­ anebiT, gansxvavebul socialur garemoSi, sazogadoebis moTxov­ nis Sedegad an gamiznulad am miTebis Semqmneli saxelmwifo Tu socialuri institutebis meSveobiT Tu maTi dakveTiT. miTebis Seqmnas xels uwyobs totalitaruli sistemisTvis damaxasiaTe­ beli Caketili sazogadoeba, sadac adamianebisTvis ucnobia maT garSemo arsebuli realoba da farTo gasaqani eZleva Worebs, in­ terpretaciebs, kerZo Sexedulebebs. gadis wlebi da es zepiri versiebi gadaecema Taobebs, fexs ikidebs da myarad mkvidrdeba sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi. wlebis Semdgom, rodesac saarqivo masala xelmisawvdomi xdeba, sazogadoebis didi nawili, gansa­ kuTrebiT is Taoba, romelic miTebze gaizarda, fsiqologiurad Znelad egueba axal realobas. me-20 saukunis totalitarul reJimebs Soris sabWoTa kavSiri, rogorc saxelmwifo da socialuri sistema, yvelaze xangrZlivad arsebobda. socialisturi eqsperimenti, saxelad sabWoTa kavSiri, sazogadoebrivi ganxilvisTvis aqtualuria dResac, radgan am sa­ xelmwifoSi Camoyalibebuli marTvis totalitaruli meTodebi, kulturuli sivrce, socialuri institutebi da urTierTobebi kvlav agrZelebs arsebobas postsabWoTa sivrceSi da gavlenas ax­ dens momavali Taobebis arCevanze, cxovrebis wesze. sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmna da misi Sinaarsi mWidrod ukavSirdeba ioseb stalinis pirovnebas. sabWoTa ideologia ki amtkicebda, rom pirovnebis roli istoriaSi umniSvneloa, magram sinamdvileSi istoriul procesebs yvela epoqaSi mniSvnelovanwilad swored pirovneba, lideri gansazRvravda. sabWoTa kavSiri umTavresad warmoadgenda stalinis pirmSos, swored man gansazRvra da 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr etapobrivad Camoayaliba am saxelmwifos politikuri da socialuri Sinaarsi, is sazogado­ ebrivi mentaliteti, romlis naSTebi dRevandel dRemde arsebobs. stalinis biografiasTan dakavSirebuli mravali miTi arsebobs, maTi umetesoba dRes ukve gaqarwylebulia gamoqveynebuli doku­ mentebis safuZvelze. Cven SevarCieT qarTuli sazogadoebisTvis yvelaze aqtualuri da yvelaze tiraJirebuli 13 miTi stalinis Sesaxeb. SemoTavazebul publikaciaSi axsnilia am miTebis warmo­ Sobis wyaro, mizezebi da xangrZlivobis safuZveli.

bondo kupataZe, istorikosi

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miTi #1

miTi #1 `meore msoflio omi stalinma moigo~ faSisturi germaniis damarcxebis warmoCena stalinis pirad damsaxurebad arasworia. im udides adamianur msxverplze rom araferi vTqvaT, rac maSindeli sabWoTa kavSiris xalxebma gaiRes, es Sexeduleba ugulebelyofs mokavSireebisa da maTi liderebis, gansakuTrebiT ki didi britaneTisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis masStabur samxedro, materialur da dip­ lomatiur wvlils am saqmeSi. Tavidanve unda iTqvas, rom `faSisturi RerZis~ upirvelesi da mniSvnelovani mowinaaRmdege iyo didi britaneTi da ara sab­ WoTa kavSiri, romelic sinamdvileSi, stalinis xelmZRvanelo­ biT, 1941 wlamde hitleris uSualo mokavSiresa da mxardam­ Wers warmoadgenda. 1941 welsac ki, sabWoTa kavSirze uSualo Tavdasxmamde ramdenime TviT adre, germanias mniSvnelovan daxmarebas uwevda sabWoTa kavSiri, romlis warmomadgenlebi faSistebs sakoncentracio banakebis mowyobis gamocdileba­ sac ki uziarebdnen. pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg germania mis winaaRmdeg dawesebul samxedro SezRudvebs gverds uvlida sabWoTa kavSiris meSveobiT. magaliTad, germaniis samxedrosahaero flotis ganviTarebisa da modernizaciis programis didi nawili sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze xorcieldeboda. 1939 wlidan moyolebuli, didi britaneTis liderobiTa da SeerTebuli Statebis materialur-teqnikuri mxardaWeriT, xolo Semdeg am ukanasknelis uSualo samxedro monawileobiT meore msoflio omSi (maT Soris germaniis sazRvao blokadis SenarCunebiT) germania sagrZnoblad dasustda rogorc sam­ xedro, ise materialuri TvalsazrisiT. strategiul doneze hitleri iZulebuli gaxda, erTdroulad ramdenime mniSvnelo­ van frontze ebrZola da Tavisi samxedro Zalebi daenawevre­ bina. tradiciulad, es iTvleba germaniis, TviTon hitleris dauSvebel strategiul Secdomad, rac didi britaneTisa da aSS-is Zalisxmevis damsaxureba iyo. gansakuTrebiT gamorCeuli masStaburi samxedro kampaniebi da operaciebi, romelTac gadamwyveti strategiuli mniSvneloba hqondaT, iyo brZola britaneTisTvis, brZola atlantis okea­ nisTvis, samxedro kampania CrdiloeT afrikaSi da, ra Tqma unda, normandiis daskvniTi ope­racia misi Tanamdevi kampaniiT, moka­ vSireTa jarebis evropaSi SexvedriTa da mesame raixis swrafi ganadgurebiT rom dasrulda.

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miTi #1 brZola britaneTisTvis (10 ivlisi – 31 oqtomberi, 1940)

`brZola britaneTisTvis~ iyo hitleris mcdeloba, sahaero TavdasxmebiT daesustebina didi britaneTis haersawinaaRm­ dego da sazRvao Tavdacva da niadagi moemzadebina saxmeleTo TavdasxmisTvis im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki britaneTi diplomatiur garigebas ar daTanxmdeboda. amisTvis, britaneTis winaaRmdeg germanias dakavebuli hyavda misi sahaero da sazRvao Zalebis didi nawili. germanuli sahaero Zalebis mxridan mobilizebu­ li iyo 2600 samxedro TviTmfrinavi, romelTagan daaxloebiT 1887 britaneTis winaaRmdeg brZolebSi ganadgurda. hitleri iZulebuli iyo, mniSvnelovani resursebi daexarja samxedrosazRvao miznebisTvis da samxedro gemTmSeneblobaze, raTa Seekavebina britaneTi, gabatonebuliyo inglisis srutesa da CrdiloeT zRvaze da moemzadebina potenciuri sazRvao-sax­ meleTo (e. w. amfibiuri) kampania gaerTianebuli samefos wi­ naaRmdeg. aRniSnuli gegmebi Seusrulebeli darCa, miuxedavad imisa, rom am mzadebas germaniam kritikulad mniSvnelovani adamianuri da materialuri resursi Sealia; es iyo resursi, romelic potenciurad mas omis sxva frontebze SeeZlo gamoe­ yenebina. hitlerma mTeli evropa praqtikulad or TveSi daipy­ ro, magram pirveli damarcxeba swored britaneTisTvis brZo­ laSi iwvnia. brZola atlantis okeanisTvis

`brZola atlantis okeanisTvis~ iyo meore msoflio omis yvelaze xangrZlivi samxedro kampania, romelic jer kidev 1939 wels (!) daiwyo da 1945 wels dasrulda. 1943 wlisTvis ki bri­ taneTsa da SeerTebul Statebs praqtikulad ukve ganadgure­ buli hqondaT atlantis okeaneSi moqmedi germanuli wyalqveSa floti. am kampaniaSi germaniam 30 aTasamde mezRvauri da misi wyalqveSa gemebis TiTqmis sami-meoTxedi, anu daaxloebiT 783 xomaldi dakarga. amis miuxedavad, man ver SeZlo verc britane­ Tis blokadaSi moqceva, verc sazRvao blokadis garRveva, verc amerikuli daxmarebis miwodebis SeCereba britaneTisTvis (da misi gavliT sabWoTa kavSirisTvis). britaneTis mier sazRvao dominantobis SenarCuneba gadamwyveti faqtori iyo mTlianad dasavleT evropis gadarCenis procesSi, normandiis operaciis momzadebaSi, sabWoTa kavSiris momaragebasa da sabolood hit­ leris samxedro da ekonomikur ganadgurebaSi.

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miTi #1 CrdiloeT afrikis kampania (10 ivnisi, 1940 – 13 maisi, 1943)

CrdiloeT afrikis masStabur kampaniaSi ibrZodnen germaniis elituri danayofebi, romelTac im drois erT-erTi saukeTeso generali, feldmarSali ervin romeli xelmZRvanelobda. afri­ kul kampaniaSi germaniisa da italiis gaerTianebulma jarebma jamurad 44 aTasze meti mebrZoli dakarges, xolo daaxloebiT 470 aTasi tyved Cavarda.

1 1. uinston CerCili el alameinis brZolis adgilis Seswavlisas. 1942 wlis 19 agvisto. foto: Associated Press

CrdiloeT afrikaze kontrolis dakargviT Sesustda germaniis gavlena xmelTaSua zRvaze da man sabolood dakarga SesaZleb­ loba, xelSi Caegdo misTvis kritikulad saWiro wiaRiseuli resursebi afrikaSi, gaexsna samxreTi derefani sabWoTa kavSir­ sa da iranze Semdgomi SetevisTvis da indoCineTze gavliT sax­ meleTo kontaqti daemyarebina iaponel mokavSireebTan. meore mxriv, britaneTsa da SeerTebul Statebs SesaZlebloba miecaT, ufro Tavisuflad emoqmedaT xmelTaSua zRvaSi, rasac mohy­ va italiis kampania, musolinis damarcxeba da italiis omidan gamoTiSva. movlenebis aseTma ganviTarebam SesaZlebloba misca britaneTsa da amerikis SeerTebul Statebs, ufro agresiulad emoqmedaT balkaneTSi da ufro advilad moemaragebinaT saku­ Tari SeiaraRebuli Zalebi indoCineTSi.

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miTi #1 britanul-amerikuli sahaero dabombvis kampania germaniis winaaRmdeg

1941 wlidan – didma britaneTma, xolo 1942 wlidan SeerTe­bulma Statebma wamoiwyes masStaburi samxedro-sahaero kampania, ro­ melic miznad isaxavda germaniis industriuli potencialis da­ sustebas. droTa ganmavlobaSi es kampania Zalas, masStabsa da sizustes iZenda da omis gardamtex wlebSi mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa mokavSireebis sasargeblod. `strategiuli dabombvis~ kampaniebma, romlebic uSualod germaniis industriuli qa­ laqebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli, misi ekonomikuri da indus­ triuli SesaZleblobebis dasusteba da, rac aranakleb mniS­ vnelovania, sabrZolo moralis seriozuli degradacia gamoiwvia. samxedro dazverva

britaneTis dazvervas udidesi wvlili miuZRvis meore msoflio omis droindeli germaniis samxedro-sazRvao komu­ nikaciebis gaSifvraSi, riTac omis msvlelobaSi mniSvnelovani gardatexa Seitana (es operaciebi cnobilia `ultras~ saxeliT da maTgan erT-erTi yvelaze gaxmaurebulia germanuli saidum­ lo sakomunikacio manqanis – `enigmas~ gaSifvra). normandiis operacia

ganxiluli sxvadasxva samxedro kampaniis Sedegad, 1944 wlis 6 ivniss britaneTma da SeerTebulma Statebma SeZles ganexor­ cielebinaT normandiaze Tavdasxma, romelic msoflio istoriis erT-erT yvelaze masStabur samxedro operaciad aris miCneuli. safrangeTis normandiis sanapiroze mokavSireTa jarebis gadasx­ mam sabolood gatexa faSisturi germaniis winaaRmdegoba, rasac 1944 wlis 25 agvistos – parizis gaTavisufleba, xolo 1945 wlis 8 maiss germaniis upirobo kapitulacia mohyva. meore msoflio omSi faSisturi germaniis damarcxebaSi SeerTe­ buli Statebisa da didi britaneTis rolis daknineba SeuZle­ belia. maTi monawileobis gareSe an didi britaneTis omidan gamoTiSvis SemTxvevaSi rTulia iTqvas, ramdenad gaumklavde­ boda moumzadebeli, arasaTanadod aRWurvili, gamoucdeli da generlebis morigi `wmendiT~ dasustebuli sabWoTa armia `faSisturi RerZis~ mobilizebul, maRalteqnologiur da kon­ centrirebul ieriSebs, rom araferi vTqvaT germaniis damar­ cxebaze. stalins upirobod didi brali miuZRvis hitleris waqezebasa da meore msoflio omis gaCaRebaSi, xolo am omSi germaniis damarcxebaSi misi piradi roli metad gazviadebulia. miTi imis Sesaxeb, rom `meore msoflio omi stalinma moigo~, sabWoTa propagandis Seqmnilia da Tanamedrove periodSi mas aqtiurad avrcelebs avtoritaruli, antidasavluri media.

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miTi #2

miTi #2 `adamianTa masobrivi daxvretebis Sesaxeb stalinma araferi icoda~ es miTi gvxvdeba ori versiiT: pirvel variantSi mocemulia daS­ veba, rom stalini samarTlianad eZebda da anadgurebda xalxis mtrebs, radgan isini xels uSlidnen komunisturi sazogadoebis Senebas. aRniSnuli miznis misaRwevad Catarebul `did wmendas~ SesaZloa udanaSaulo xalxic ewireboda, magram es iyo msxver­ pli, gaRebuli `diadi miznisTvis~. meore versiis mixedviT, ada­ mianebis masobrivi daxocva nebismier SemTxvevaSi danaSaulia, Tumca cdiloben amtkicon, rom xalxis masobrivi ganadgureba da gadasaxleba stalinis uCumrad xdeboda, mas arc erTi Sesa­ bamisi brZaneba ar gaucia. maSasadame, man araferi icoda repre­ siebze da, roca mis yuramde msgavsi ambavi aRwevda, pasuxs am saqmis realur xelmZRvanelebs sTxovda. tambovis guberniaSi glexTa ajanyebis gamo `wesrigis dasamyareblad~ sruliad ruseTis centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis sruluflebiani komisiis brZaneba #171 1. adgilze gausamarTleblad daixvriton moqalaqeebi vinc ar ityvian Tavis saxels. 2. soflebSi, sadac imaleba iaraRi aiyvanon mZevlebi da daxvri­ ton isini iaraRis Caubareblobis SemTxvevaSi. 3. damaluli iaraRis povnis SemTxvevaSi, adgilze, gausamarTle­ blad daixvritos ojaxis ufrosi muSaki. 4. ojaxi, romelSic daimala banditi dapatimrebuli da guber­ niidan gasaxlebuli unda iqnas. unda moxdes misi qonebis kon­ fiskacia. am ojaxis ufrosi muSaki adgilze unda daixvritos gausamarTleblad. 5. banditebis ojaxis wevrebis Tu qonebis dammalavi ojaxebi ban­ ditebad unda iyvnen ganxiluli. am ojaxis ufrosi muSaki adg­ ilze daixvritos gausamarTleblad. 6. banditis ojaxis gaqcevis SemTxvevaSi am ojaxis qoneba ganawil­ des sabWoTa xelisuflebis erTgul glexebs Soris. datovebu­ li saxlebi daiwvas an daiSalos. 7. es brZaneba Sesruldes mkacrad da daundoblad. sakavSiro centraluri aRmasrulebeli komisiis Tavmjdomare vladomer antonov-ovseenko da wiTeli armiis sardali mixeil tuxaCevski qalaqi tambovi, 11 ivnisi, 1921 weli. tulis olqis saxelmwifo arqivi, f.r. – 4049, aRwera 1, saqme 5, f. 45

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miTi #2 mmarTvelobis totalitaruli sistemisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mosaxleobis masobrivi kontroli da daSineba. amitomac gasak­ viri ar aris, rom sabWoTa reJimisTvis terori da represiebi mudmiv, masobriv xasiaTs atarebda. represiebis pirveli talRa, e. w. `wiTeli terori~ 1918-1922 wlebSi samoqalaqo omis, socialuri dapirispirebis, SimSilo­ bis fonze mimdinareobda. bolSevikebma xelisuflebis Sesan­ arCuneblad swored masobriv terors mimarTes. represiebis pirveli talRis saTaveSi lenini, trocki da ZerJinski idgnen. es periodi sabWoTa istoriaSi cnobilia `samxedro komunizmis~ saxeliT. 1923-1926 wlebSi `nepisa~(1) da bolSevikur saxelisuflebo eli­ taSi ZalauflebisTvis brZolis pirobebSi teroris masStabi SedarebiT Sesustda, oTxjer Semcirda represiuli politikis mTavari Semsruleblebis – e. w. `Cekistebis~(2) raodenobac. leninis gardacvalebis Semdeg Zalauflebis xelSi Casagdebad ibrZoda komunisturi partiis sami dajgufeba: stalineli cen­ tristebi, trockisteli(3) memarcxeneebi da buxarineli(4) me­ marjveneebi. upiratesoba moipoves stalinelma centristebma da Semdgom Zalauflebis SesanarCuneblad Tanamimdevrulad gaanadgures oponentebi. pirveli msxverpli trockistebi gax­ dnen, romlebic 20-iani wlebis bolos partiul brZolaSi dam­ arcxdnen, xolo maTi meTauri lev trocki 1929 wels sabWoTa kavSiridan gaaZeves. amis Semdeg stalinelebi iolad gausword­ nen buxarinelebs da 30-ian wlebSi erTaderT gabatonebul Za­ lad iqcnen. Zalauflebis gansamtkiceblad stalinma represiebis axali talRa wamoiwyo. 1926 wels miRebulma axalma sisxlis samar­ Tlis kodeqsma daamkvidra axali sabraldebo definicia: `so­ cialurad saSiSi piri~, rac devnis safuZveli gaxda. spekula­ ciis(5) winaaRmdeg farTomasStabiani kampania daiwyo Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatma(6). unda aRiniSnos, rom, zogadad, axali sazogadoebis Seqmnis staliniseuli gegma efuZneboda sabWoTa sistemisTvis ucxo socialuri elementebis (bur­ Jua specialistebi, yofili Tavadaznauroba, samRvdeloeba, wvrili mrewvelebi, komersantebi, xelovnebis sferos warmo­ madgenlebi) etapobriv likvidacias. 1928 wels daiwyo farTo­ masStabiani kampania maT winaaRmdeg: CamoerTvaT yovelgvari moqalaqeobrivi ufleba, gamoyares sacxovrebeli binebidan, daaqveiTes socialur kibeze, waarTves sasursaTo baraTebi, aukrZales samedicino momsaxurebiT sargebloba, gadaasaxles. represiebis meore talRis piki emTxveva koleqtivizaciis pe­

13

miTi #2 riods. Sesabamisad, msxverplTa umetesoba iyo e. w. `kulakebi~, glexobis SeZlebuli da saSualo fena. represiebis mesame talRa, romliTac dasrulda stalinis Za­ lauflebis piramidis mSenebloba, emTxveva 1935-1938 wlebs. misi dawyebis sababad iqca 1934 wlis 1 dekembers cnobili bolSevikis, sergei kirovis saidumloebiT moculi mkvlelo­ ba lenin­gradSi. kirovis mkvlelebis aRmoCenis sababiT mTel qveyanaSi daiwyo `xalxis mtrebis~ Zieba. swored am mkvlelo­ bis Semdeg gaimarTa komunisturi partiis sxvadasxva moRvawis saCvenebeli sasamarTlo procesebi. 1934 wlis 1 dekembersve sabWoTa kavSiris cakma da saxalxo komisarTa sabWom stali­ nis iniciativiT miiRo dadgenileba `mokavSire respublikebSi moqmed sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsSi cvlilebebis Setanis Sesaxeb~, sadac zedmiwevniT zustad iyo Camoyalibebu­ li, Tu rogor unda emoqmedaT teroristuli organizaciebis winaaRmdeg da teroristuli aqtebis mowyobaSi braldebulTa mimarT – gamoZieba unda daemTavrebinaT araumetes 10 dReSi; saqme unda ganexilaT mxareebis gareSe; ganaCenis sakasacio ga­ saCivreba, iseve rogorc Sewyalebis Suamdgomloba aikrZala; ganaCeni – sasjelis umaRlesi zoma gamocxadebisTanave, dau­ yovnebliv unda aRsrulebuliyo. am dadgenilebiT, nebismiers, vinc tero­ rizmSi iqneboda eWvmitanili, faqtobrivad, sa­ samarTlos ga­reSe xvretdnen. TiToeuli dapatimrebulisgan moiTxovdnen 10-20 `Tanamzrax­ velis~ dasaxelebas. msxverplis raodenobam jer aTasebs, cota xanSi ki milionebs miaRwia. es represiebi, samoqalaqo omisa da 1920-iani wlebis represiebisgan gansxvavebiT, gamoirCeoda TviT bolSevikuri partiis wevrebis masobrivi politikuri da fizikuri ganadgurebiT. represiebis uneblie Tu nebayoflo­ biT monawileebad iqca partiis praqtikulad yvela umaRlesi xelmZRvaneli – yvela iZulebuli xdeboda, rogorc minimum, daegmo `xalxis mteri~ da xSirad xeli moeweraT kidec Sesa­ bamis dokumentebze. represiebis zogierTi aqtiuri organiza­ tori (h. iagoda, n. eJovi, p. postiSevi, v. abakumovi) SemdgomSi Tavad gaxda `wmendis~ msxverpli, sxvebi (magaliTad, l. beria, v. dekanozovi da sxva) ukve stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg gaasa­ marTles. 1937 wlis 2 ivliss stalinma telegrama gaugzavna partiis re­ gionalur xelmZRvanelebs da ubrZana maT, xuTi dRis ganmav­ lobaSi kremlSi gaegzavnaT regionSi arsebuli kulakebisa da `socialurad mavne sxva elementebis~ sia. siaSi moxvedrili pirebi gayves Semdeg or kategoriad: pirvelSi Seiyvanes `uaR­

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miTi #2 resad saxifaTo~ pirebi, romlebic unda daexvritaT, xolo meore kategoriis moqalaqeebi aTi wliT unda gaemwesebinaT sakoncentracio banakebSi. siebis dazustebisa da Sinagan saqme­ Ta saxalxo komisariatis sadamsjelo jgufebis mobilizebis Semdeg, 30 ivliss, stalinma gamosca brZaneba #00447 `yofili kulakebis, kriminalebisa da sxva saxis antisabWoTa elemen­ tebis represiis Sesaxeb~. am brZanebis mixedviT, yvela regions gamoeyofoda jamSi: pirveli kategoriiT (daxvreta) dasasjel adamianTa limiti 76 aTas adamianze da meore kategoriis li­ miti − 193 aTas adamianze. operacia unda dawyebuliyo 5-idan 15 agvistomde da damTavrebuliyo oTx TveSi. oTxi Tvis nacv­ lad operaciam 15 Tves gastana da Sesabamisad gaizarda limi­ tebic: pirveli kategoriis limiti stalinma gaaxuTmaga, xolo meore – gaaormaga. 1937-1939 wlebSi, brZaneba #00447-is far­ glebSi, stalinma 767 aTasi kaci daapatimrebina, romelTagan daaxloebiT naxevari daxvrites. 1936-1938 wlebSi ganxorcielebuli represiebis zusti statis­ tikuri monacemebi ar arsebobs. cnobilia, rom sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT, am wlebSi 7-8 milionze meti adamiani daapatimres. e. w. `troikebis~ (sameuli – sami adamianisgan Semdgari sasamarT­ lo) gadawyvetilebiT daxvretilia 1,5 milionze meti, aqedan 700 aTasi ubralo muSa iyo. 2 milioni gulagebSi, gadasaxlebaSi gar­ daicvala (uflebadacviTi centris, `memorialis~ monacemebi). am wlebis teroris damaxasiaTebeli niSani iyo is, rom igi, upir­ veles yovlisa, mimarTuli iyo ara marto partiul brZolaSi damarcxebuli komunistebis, aramed arsebiTad mTeli xalxis winaaRmdeg. kerZod, am wlebSi fizikurad gaanadgures sabWoTa inteligenciis, samRvdeloebis, agreTve mosaxleobis is nawili, romlebic ufro adreuli xanis wiTel terors gadaurCnen. represiebis masobrioba aixsneba imiT, rom mokavSire respub­ likebsa Tu olqebSi, adgilobrivi partiuli Tu aRmasrule­ beli aparatebi kidev ufro met mondomebas iCendnen – `zemo­ dan~ wamosuli brZaneba `yofili kulakebis, kriminalebis da sxva antisabWoTa elementebis likvidaciis~ Sesaxeb adgilebze didi enTuziazmiT sruldeboda. TiTqos warmoudgenelia, ma­ gram faqtia – kremlSi Sedgenili, stalinis da politbiuros sxva wevrebis mier xelmowerili, respublikebis, olqebisa da raionebis mixedviT gawerili dasapatimrebelTa da dasaxvret­ Ta kvotebis raodenobis gazrdas iTxovdnen adgilebidan, cdi­ lobdnen, gegma aqac gadaWarbebiT SeesrulebinaT, anu imaze meti daeWiraT da daexvritaT, vidre centri iTxovda.

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miTi #2 stalinuri represiebis mniSvnelovani samizne inteleqtua­ luri fenis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen: sazogado moRvaweebi, xelovanebi, pedagogebi da maTi ojaxis wevrebi. politikur terors axorcielebda Ceka (sagangebo komiteti), romlis wevrTa Semadgenloba 30-ian wlebSi wiTeli armiis raodenobas utoldeboda. dapatimrebul sabWoTa moqalaqes Ceka brals sdebda sabotaJSi, samSoblos RalatSi, jaSuSobaSi da wame­ biT aiZulebda eRiarebina `danaSauli~. ganaCeni gamohqonda e. w. `troikas~, usjidnen daxvretas an 5-idan 25 wlamde gulagSi gadasaxlebas. xalxis masebze zegavlenis mosaxdenad ewyoboda cnobili adamianebis gasamarTlebis sajaro procesebi. am mov­ lenebSi did rols TamaSobdnen Tavad sabWoTa moqalaqeebi. isini anonimuri werilebiT asmendnen sakuTar mezoblebs, naTe­ savebs, megobrebs. erTi, odnav daufiqrebeli sityva da viRac aucileblad dagasmenda. rogorc amboben, stalinis dros ked­ lebsac ki yurebi hqonda. es ar iyo mxolod xatovani gamoTqma. sabWoTa qalaqebSi ojaxebis umetesoba cxovrobda viwro, komu­ nalur binaSi, romlis kedlebsac ki mezoblebTan iyofda. saCvenebeli procesebi saCvenebeli procesebi sabWoTa politikuri cxovrebis ganu­ yofeli nawili gaxda. stalini am procesebs dgamda, raTa sazogadoebisTvis eCvenebina, Tu vin da ra qmnida safrTxes, moqalaqeebi daerazma safrTxis gamosavlenad, damnaSaveebis gasanadgureblad. mudmivi SiSisa da daZabulobis atmosferoSi sabWoTa moqalaqeebi iZulebuli iyvnen, eZebaT qomagi da ga­ damrCeneli. xalxis es ganwyoba stalinis Zalauflebis mTavar wyaros warmoadgenda. saCvenebeli procesebis am daniSnulebis Sesaxeb daufaravad laparakobda Tavis gamosvlebSi sabWoTa kavSiris generaluri prokurori viSinski, romelic 30-iani wlebis procesebze sa­ xelmwifo bralmdeblad gamodioda: `mTeli Cveni qveyana, axal­ gazrda Tu moxuci, elodeba da iTxovs erTaderTs: daixvriton moRalateebi da jaSuSebi, romlebmac uRalates samSoblos... Cvens Tavze, Cveni bednieri qveynis Tavze, isev iseTi ZaliT da sixaruliT gaanaTebs mze. Cven, Cveni xalxi, isev Zveleburad vivliT warsulis ukanaskneli uwmindurobisa da WuWyisgan gaw­ mendil gzaze, win gagviZRveba Cveni sayvareli beladi da maswav­ lebeli – diadi stalini – sul win da win, komunizmisken!~ pirveli Ria procesi 1936 wels, zafxulSi, kamenevisa(7) da zi­ novievis(8) winaaRmdeg gaimarTa. maleve moskovidan adgile­ bze gaigzavna instruqcia, romlis mixedviT Sinsaxkoms yvela

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miTi #2 respublikaSi unda aRmoeCina msgavsi teroristuli centri, romelsac konspiraciuli kavSiri eqneboda moskovis mTavar organizaciasTan. es gegma Sinsaxkoms mTeli sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT masobrivi dapatimrebebis saSualebas aZlevda. yvelaze xmauriani iyo 1936 w. agvistos, 1937 w. ianvris, 1938 w. martis procesebi memarjvene-trockistuli opoziciis wi­ naaRmdeg (zinovievi, kamenevi, krestinski, rikovi, piatakovi, buxarini, radeki da a. S.). braldebis formulirebiT, maT aRi­ ares `teroristuli centrebis~ Seqmna, romelTa mizani iyo sab­ WoTa mTavrobis damxoba, kapitalizmis aRdgena, sabotaJebis mowyoba, sabWoTa kavSiris daSla da misgan ukrainis, beloru­ siis, saqarTvelos, somxeTis, sabWoTa Soreuli aRmosavleTis mowyveta.

2 2. mxatvari l. golovanovi, `sabWoTa sasamarTlo, xalxis sasamarTlo~, 1991 w. es sabWoTa propagandistuli plakati, romelzec mosamarTleTa same­uli, e.w. `troikaa~ asaxuli, miznad isaxavda rigiT sabWoTa moqa­ laqeebSi sasamarTlosadmi dakarguli ndobis aRdgenas.

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miTi #2 gulagi

pirveli gulagis(9) banaki Seiqmna soloveckis arqipelagze (TeTr zRvaSi arsebuli xuTi kunZuli), sadac moewyo solo­ veckis specialuri banakebi (ssb). CrdiloeTis mkacri klima­ tis raionebSi Semdgom periodSi kidev daarsda axali banakebi da ewoda CrdiloeTis specdaniSnulebis banakebis sammarTve­ lo. termini `gakulakeba~ gulags ukavSirdeba da SeZlebuli glexobis gulagis banakebSi deportacias gulisxmobda. 1929 wlidan 1953 wels stalinis gardacvalebamde, gulagi, sa­ varaudod, 14 milionamde adamianma gamoiara. iq 1,6 milionamde adamiani daiRupa. banakebSi myofT uxeirod kvebavdnen, mxolod minimalur samedicino daxmarebas uwevdnen, ar uzrunvelyof­ dnen iqauri uamindobisTvis saWiro tanisamosiT. faqtobrivad, ar arsebobda Tanamedrove samuSao iaraRebi da danadgarebi. gulagis adgilmdebareoba ekonomikur mimarTulebebs esada­ geboda. banakebis umetesobas evaleboda konkretuli ekonomi­ kuri amocanebis Sesruleba industrializaciis CarCoebSi – xetyis damzadeba, maRaroebSi muSaoba da samrewvelo proeqtebis mSenebloba. saxelmwifo propaganda xotbas asxamda uzarmazar infra­ struqturul proeqtebs, romlebsac `Tavbrudamxvevi sis­ wrafiT~ axorcielebdnen, raTa Zlieri mrewvelobis qveynad eqciaT soflis meurneobaze damokidebuli, agraruli imperia. Tumca bevri saCvenebeli proeqti – rogoric iyo moskov-vol­ gis arxi, `belomorkanali~ (TeTri zRva – baltiis zRvis arxi) da transpolaruli sarkinigzo magistrali – nawilobriv an mTlianad gulagis patimrebis xeliT Sendeboda. patimarTa banakebis qseli qveynis did nawilSi iyo gadaSlili. sabWoTa kavSiris saidumlo policiis arqivebSi yoveli wlis 1 ianvars axdendnen banakebisa da koloniebis patimarTa re­ gistracias. Tumca, rogorc cnobili amerikel-britaneli Jur­ nalisti da mwerali en eplbaumi aRniSnavs 2003 wels gamocemul Tavis wignSi `gulagi: istoria~, es monacemebi ar asaxavda pati­ marTa maRal fluqtuacias wlis ganmavlobaSi. mTlianobaSi, gulagi ganuxrelad izrdeboda stalinis mmarTvelobisas, mag­ ram yvelaze mkveTri zrda SeiniSneboda didi teroris dros, 1936-1938 wlebSi, da meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi. meore msoflio omis Semdeg gulagSi gaamweses milionze meti sabWoTa jariskaci, romlebic cocxlebi gadaurCnen nacistebis samxedro tyveTa banakebs.

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miTi #2

gulagis patimarTa raodenobis dinamika wlebis mixedviT: 1930-1953 ww.

1953 wels, stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg, komunisturi saxel­ mwifo gulagis sistemis demontaJs Seudga. 1954 wels daiwyes politikuri patimrebis gaTavisufleba da sistema oficialu­ rad gauqmda Sinagan saqmeTa saministros dekretiT, romelic 1960 wlis 25 ianvriT TariRdeba.

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miTi #2

3 3. gulagis banaki – vorkuta. tomas kinzis fotoalbomidan. P

4 4. politpatimrebi aSeneben rkinigzas komSi. 1941 w.

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miTi #2 5

5. dancig baldaevi iyo gulagis Tanam­ Sromeli, zedamxedveli, romelic iq muSaobis periodSi akeTebda Canaxatebs. misi naxatebi cnobili gaxda sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, Tumca ruseTSi misi wignis gamocema SeuZlebeli gaxda. samagierod, mogvianebiT gamoica ameri­ kaSi. Semdeg ki iTargmna rusulad da qarTulad. baldaevis naxatebi asaxavs patimrebis yofas gulagSi.

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miTi #2 sabWoTa represiebi saqarTveloSi

saqarTveloSi represiebi daiwyo bolSevikuri ruseTis saoku­ pacio reJimis damyarebisTanave. masobrivi represiis pirvel­ ma talRam gadaiara 1924 wlis ajanyebis CaxSobisas – dasajes ajanyebis monawileni, monawileobaSi eWvmitanilebi, maTi ojaxis wevrebi da axloblebi. saqarTveloSi represiebis meore talRa 30-ian wlebs da uSualod lavrenti berias saxels ukav­ Sirdeba. lavrenti beria 1932 wlidan erTdroulad iyo amier­ kavkasiis sfsr(10) partiis cekas da saqarTvelos centra­luri komitetis pirveli mdivani. igi saqarTveloSi politikur represiebs moskovSi SemuSavebuli meTodebiT axorcielebda. beriam, uwinares yovlisa, Tavidan moiSora Zveli bolSeviki revolucionerebi da maT adgilze axali, Tavisi da stalinis politikuri kursis momxre kadrebi daawinaura. represiebs ga­ darCenili Zveli bolSevikebi TiTqmis aRaranair rols aRar TamaSobdnen politikur cxovrebaSi. saqarTvelos komunistur partiaSi mimdinare represiebis para­ lelurad, 30-ian wlebSi farTomasStabiani represiebi ganxorcielda saqarTvelos umaRles sakanonmdeblo da aR­ masrulebel xelisuflebaSi, aseve xelisuflebis adgilobriv organoebSi, wiTeli armiis qarTul erovnul SenaerTebSi. 30-iani wlebis represiebma Seiwira iseTebic, romelTac saer­ Tod araferi akavSirebdaT politikur cxovrebasTan, ubralod intrigebis msxverplni gaxdnen. represiebi ar iyo erTjeradi, igi permanentulad mimdinareobda. iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac represiebis morig talRas ewirebodnen isini, romelTac wina wlebSi Tavad dasajes mravali udanaSaulo adamiani sikvdiliT. 30-iani wlebis represiebs kidev erTi Tavisebureba axasiaTebda: xelisufleba cdilobda, udanaSaulod sikvdiliT dasjilis TiToeuli saqme (Ziebis masalebi, sasamarTlo procesi, ganaCeni) ise ewarmoebina, rom misTvis kanonieri saxe mieca. sinamdvileSi, yoveli dasjilis saqmeSi uxvadaa gayalbebuli masalebi (dakiTx­ vis oqmebi, wamebis gziT gamoZaluli Cvenebebi da aRiarebebi, winaswar SeTiTxnili dasmenebi da a. S.). xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi, roca udanaSaulod dapatimrebulebs Ziebis damTavrebamde an sasamarTlomde fizikurad uswordebodnen, xolo oficialur dokumentebSi aRniSnavdnen, rom patimari gardaicvala. represiebs ver gadaurCa qarTveli sazogadoebis mowinave da moazrovne nawili, romelic 1921 wlidanve, aSkarad Tu alego­ riuli xerxebiT, Tavisi SemoqmedebiT gamoxatavda Tavis ganwyo­ bas ruseTis bolSevikuri reJimisadmi. maT mimarT represiebma farTo xasiaTi miiRo 1924 wlis ajanyebis damarcxebis Semdgom. xelovani da Semoqmedi adamianebi, romlebic totalitarizms daupirispirdnen, saqarTvelos bolSevikTa saTaveSi lavrenti berias mosvlis Semdeg sasikvdilo eSafotze aRmoCndnen. daiwyo

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miTi #2 inteleqtualebis Seviwroebisa da devnis axali etapi. am SemTx­ vevaSi uxeSi Zalis demonstrirebas meTodurad cvlida maTdami dayvavebis, `warsuli codvebis mitevebis~ politika, rac miznad isaxavda sabWoTa wyobilebis mxareze maT gadabirebas. 30-iani wlebis politikur represiebs Seewirnen: mixeil java­ xiSvili, evgeni miqelaZe, aleqsandre (sandro) axmeteli, tician tabiZe, vaxtang kotetiSvili. ciliswamebas veRar gauZlo da Tavi moikla paolo iaSvilma. mravalma qarTvelma inteleqtu­ alma cixeebsa da Soreul gadasaxlebaSi dalia suli. marTalia, fizikur ganadgurebas gadaurCnen, magram umZimes moralurfsiqologiur terorSi aRmoCndnen. autaneli tanjva-wameba gamoiares cnobilma qarTvelma mecnierebma da mwerlebma: ivane javaxiSvilma, Salva nucubiZem, vukol beriZem, simon yauxCi­ Svilma, niko lorTqifaniZem, konstantine gamsaxurdiam da sxvebma. 30-iani wlebis represiebs Seewira mravali cnobili mecnieri, mwerali, xelovnebis moRvawe, aseve udavod niWieri da imedis momcemi axalgazrdoba. sabWoTa reJimis msxverplni saqarTveloSi

samwuxarod, saarqivo masalebi ar iZleva saSualebas, zustad aRiricxos sabWoTa reJimis msxverplTa raodenoba. saqar­ TveloSi sabWoTa reJimis msxverplTa da represirebulTa ra­ odenoba, Sss-s saarqivo masalebis mixedviT, 500 aTass aWarbebs. 1921-1990 wlebSi sabWoTa reJimma sxvadasxva `danaSaulis~ gamo daxvrita saqarTvelos ssr-is 17 500 moqalaqe. es monacemebi, savaraudod, arasrulia, radgan saarqivo saqmeTa didi nawili ganadgurebulia. aseve, arasrulia monacemebi 1937-1938 wlebSi gadasaxlebulTa Sesaxeb. amJamad arqivSi arsebuli monaceme­ biT, mxolod am or weliwadSi 13 aTasia gadasaxlebuli. yurad­ saRebia 1941-1951 wlebSi saqarTvelodan rkinigzis eSelonebiT Sua aziasa da cimbirSi gasaxlebulTa raodenoba – 113  800 ada­ miani saeSelono siis mixedviT. es maCvenebelic srulyofili ar aris, radgan am periodis 40 aTasamde saqme damwvaria. saeSelo­ no siis saSualo monacemi 300 aTas adamians mainc aRemateba. aRniSnuli raodenoba dgindeba Semdegi saxiT: Tu bolSevikuri xelisufleba arasandoobis an sxva braldebis gamo apatimrebda erT adamians, saeSelono siaSi xvdeboda misi ojaxis yvela wevri. magaliTad, arqivSi arsebobs dokumentebi, romlis Ta­naxmadac, konkretuli piris arasandoobis gamo gadasaxlebulia misi Svid­ suliani ojaxi, Tumca aRricxulia rogorc erTi. unda aRiniS­ nos, rom saeSelono siiT gadasaxlebulebi, romlebmac gauZles sastik pirobebs, garkveuli periodis Semdeg brundebodnen sam­ SobloSi. saarqivo masalebSi sakmaod bevria iseTi SemTxvevac, rodesac isini xelmeored xvdebodnen gadasaxlebaSi.

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miTi #2

6 6. e.w. `perestroikis periodSi~ komunisturi patiis centraluri ko­ mitetis mier warmoebuli saidumlo gamoZiebis Sedegebi, romelic asa­xavs 30-aini wlebis stalinuri represiebis oficialur statistikas.

24

miTi #2

7 7. saqarTvelos kompartiis lideris, lavrenti berias depeSa ioseb stalinisadmi gagzavnili – TxovniT saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saxal­xo komisariats gaezardos pirveli kategoriis sasjelis (pirve­ li kategoria-daxvreta, meore kategoria-gadasaxleba) limiti 1000 kaciT da meore kategoriis limiti 500 kaciT. depeSaze Cans stalinisa da polit. biuros sxva wevrebis Tanxmoba.

25

miTi #2

8

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miTi #2

9 8, 9. Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis operatiuli brZaneba # 004447. antisabWoTa elementebis dasasjelad, pirveli da meore kategoriis sasjelis limitebis gazrdis Sesaxeb. saqar­ Tveloze dawesebulia li­miti – 5000 adamiani. 30 ivlisi, 1937 w.

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miTi #2 Jozef berJe, fsiqiatri: `visac sjera, rom Tundac maRalCinos­ nebs SeeZloT misi zraxvebisTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva, niSnavs, rom mas araferi gaegeba stalinis bizantiuri despotizmisa~. gulagis patimris werilidan (is kompartiis wevrad darCa banaki­ dan dabrunebis Semdegac): `Cven yvelam, stalinis uaxloesi gare­ mocvis CaTvliT, danaSauls Tavadve davupirispireT danaSauli. davijereT, rom yvelaferi, rac kompartiis politikur Zlierebas ganamtkicebda sabWoTa kavSirsa da msoflioSi, socializmis gamar­ jveba iqneboda~. vasili grosmani, mwerali, Jurnalisti, samxedro korespondenti: `mwerlebi da stalini erTsa da imaves CagvCiCineben – kulakebi parazitebi arian, marcvleulis yanebs wvaven da bavSvebs xocaven. Cven pirdapir, miukib-moukibavad gamogvicxades, rom masebi unda warvmarToT kulakebis winaaRmdeg da eg wyeulebi uklebliv yvela unda gavanadguroT. leninma da stalinma swored es Tqves: kulakebi adamianebi ar arian~. stefan kurtua, frangi istorikosi: `masobrivi Zaladobis xarisxi da xerxebi Tavdapirvelad komunistebma SemoiRes da na­ cistebma es mxolod da mxolod maTgan iswavles. gansxvaveba is aris, rom sazogadoebis stratebad (klasebad) dayofa nacistebma Secvales rasobrivi da teritoriuli dayofiT. Tumca nacisturi reJimi 1945 wels saukunis yvelaze kriminalur reJimad aRiares, xolo komunisturma reJimma 1991 wlamde SeinarCuna legitimuroba da dRemde ar aris gasamarTlebuli~. stefan kurtua, nikola verTi, Jan-lui pane, andrei paCkovski, karel bartoseki, Jan-lui margoleni, `komunizmis Savi wigni. danaSaulebi, terori, represia~. ilias universitetis gamomcemloba, 2011 w.

akaki baqraZe: `me im Taobas vekuTvni, visac stalinisadmi miZRvnil leqsebs ufro adre azepirebinebdnen, vidre dedas an mamas war­ moTqmas iswavlida. nair-nairi mileTis, nair-nair enaze molaparake xalxi eTayvaneboda da adidebda kremlis binadars. misi suraTi ekida yovel kedelze. misi qandaki idga yovel qalaqsa da yovel sofelSi. ar darCenila kalami, misi sadidebeli ar SeeTxza. Cven gvarwmunebdnen, rom igi iyo ufro didi, ufro miuwvdomeli, vidre RmerTi. propagandis manqana muSaobda dRedaRam. am azrs aWedebda, rogorc lursmans, yoveli moqalaqis gonebaSi. romeliRac mec­ niers uTqvams – gamudmebul propagandas ver uZlebs yvelaze ge­ nialuri ruasic ki. swored amis dasturad gamodgeba erTi SemTx­ veva, romelic yofilma politkatorRelma miambo:

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miTi #2 1953 wels, martis pirvel ricxvebSi, sakoncentracio banak­ Si uTavbolo facifuci atyda. administracia retdasxmuli da SeSinebuli darbis win da ukan. raRac usaSvelod mniSvnelovani moxda, magram ra?.. patimrebi verafers vxvdebiT. bolos vifiqreT, albaT, isev omi daiwyoo. maSinac ase iyo, 1941 wlis 22 ivniss. ramden­ ime dRis mere ezoSi gamogvrekes. araCveulebrivis molodinSi gavi­ nabeT. civi, susxiani haeri gromkogavaritelis xmam gaapo. ucnobma, sevdiTa da tkiviliT gabzarulma xmam gvauwya: – msoflio prole­ tariatis brZeni beladi, mama da maswavlebeli ioseb besarionis Ze stalini gardaicvala… da rac maSin moxda, amas aravin moeloda. ramdenime aTasi kaci, rogorc erTi adamiani, gaToSil-gayinul miwaze daemxo da gul­ saklavad azluqunda. maT Soris mec. sadRac, gonebis kunWulSi CarCenili saRi azri dacinviT mekiTxeboda: – nuTu Senc, sandro, stiri? Sen, vinc 17 weliwadia itanjebi. upatronod dagatovebines col-Svili, saxl-kari. wagarTves yvela ufleba, pirutyvad gaq­ cies, mainc stiri? Sen, vinc yovel-wuTs mis sikvdilze ocnebobdi, stiri axla, roca ocneba asrulda?.. magram Cemi arseba ar ugdebs yurs Cem saR gonebas. sxvebTan erTad, damxobili vqviTineb. sxvebT­ an erTad, sasowarkveTili vekiTxebi cas da qveyanas: – ra gveSveleba ustalinod? im wuTs am natanj, nagvem, mSier-mwyurval, gaZvaltyavebul tusaR­ Ta Soris ar iyo kaci, romlis gonebas anaTebda imedis naperwkali: – diqtatori aRar aris. movida Tavisufleba!.. ara, ar iyo. uzarma­ zari sakoncentracio banaki, oblad darCenili ususuri balRiviT gulamofskvnili mduRared, unugeSod Sestiroda usasrulo tai­ gas... aseTi iyo legendis Zala. erT filosofoss uTqvams, monobas miCveuli xalxi uars ityvis ganTavisuflebazeo. ase iyo imjera­ dac.~ opoziciuri literatura `amirani~, Semdgeneli nodar wuleiskiri, gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~, Tbilisi, 1990 w.

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miTi #3

miTi # 3 `wiTeli armia saqarTveloSi leninma Semoiyvana da amaSi stalins brali ar miuZRvis~ sabWoTa ruseTis cekas wevrebs Soris saqarTvelos swrafi ga­ sabWoebiT yvelaze metad stalini iyo dainteresebuli. bol­ Sevikuri partiis elitaSi mis politikur mdgomareobas, kari­ erasa da avtoritets did uxerxulobasa da problemas uqmnida damoukidebeli saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis ar­ seboba. amdenad, saqarTvelos swrafi gasabWoeba misTvis ara ubralod politikuri, aramed piradi interesis saganic iyo – qveyana, sadac is daibada da bavSvoba gaatara, ar unda darCe­ niliyo sabWoTa sivrcis miRma. 1921 wlis ianvarSi bolSevikebma, faqtobrivad, daasrules did britaneTTan molaparakeba, romelsac or qveyanas Soris savaW­ ro-ekonomikur sferoSi mWidro urTierTobis damyareba unda mohyoloda. am TanamSromlobis safuZvelze ruseTi aRiarebda centralur aziaSi didi britaneTis interesebs, xolo londo­ ni cnobda kavkasias ruseTis Sida politikis saqmed. ruseTma SeTanxmebas miaRwia TurqeTTanac. aTaTurqis mTavro­ ba ar SeewinaaRmdegeboda ruseTis mier saqarTvelos aneqsias, Tu ardaganis, arTvinisa da olTisis olqebs miiRebda. sagareo frontze viTarebis daregulirebis Semdeg bolSevike­ bi aqtiur qmedebaze gadavidnen. am dros sabWoTa xelisufleba ukve iyo damyarebuli azerbaijansa (1921 w. aprili) da som­xeTSi (1921 w. noemberi). kavkasiaze sruli kontrolis misaRebad saqar­Tvelos sakiTxic swrafad unda gadawyvetiliyo. ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisarma CiCerinma saqar­ Tvelos winaaRmdeg agresiisTvis saWiro sababad lenins Ses­ Tavaza saqarTvelos mxridan 1920 wlis 7 maisis saqarTveloruseTis xelSekrulebis darRvevis momizezeba. paralelurad somxeT-saqarTvelos sasazRvro, e.w. `neitralur zonaSi~ unda dawyebuliyo `mSromelTa ajanyeba~, romelsac `Zmur daxmarebas~ aRmouCenda wiTeli armia. `ajanyebis~ or­ ganizeba unda moexdina e. w. Sulaveris komitets(11), romelic saqar­ Tvelos aneqsiis Semdgom saqarTvelos revoluciur komitetad (revkomi) gadakeTda(12). revkomSi ZiriTadad is qarTveli bolSevikebi Sediodnen, rom­ lebic 1918-1920 wlebSi saqarTvelos mTavrobam antisaxelmwi­ foebrivi saqmianobisTvis qveynidan gaaZeva: filipe maxaraZe,

30

miTi #3 mamia oraxelaSvili, budu mdivani, Salva eliava, mixeil okuja­ va, lado dumbaZe, aleqsandre gegeWkori, besarion kvirkvelia. revkomis CamoyalibebasTan dakavSirebiT stalini orjoniki­ Zes Semdeg rCevas aZlevda: `revkomis SemadgenlobaSi datoveT ramdenime adgili federalistebisa da memarcxene menSevikebi­ saTvis. garda amisa, revkomSi girCev Seiyvano TaTari, somexi da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos warmomadgeneli. Torem sxvanairad revkomi koWlobas daiwyebs. Jordanias Secdoma is iyo, rom misi mTavroba TiTqmis sul gurulebisagan Sedgeboda da amitom aR­ mosavleT saqarTveloSi ar sargeblobda mxardaWeriT. menSe­ vikebis es Secdoma Cven ar unda gavimeoroT~. saqarTvelos okupaciis operacias uSualod xelmZRvanelobda sergo orjonikiZe, romelsac depeSebis meSveobiT pirdapiri kavSiri hqonda kremlTan – leninTan da stalinTan. 8 Teber­ vals ruseTis kompartiis cekam ganixila 6 Tebervals baqodan orjonikiZis mier gamogzavnili depeSa da saqarTvelos ga­ sabWoebis operacia sabolood daamtkica. scenaris Tanaxmad, 11 Tebervals lores zonaSi daiwyo `saqarTvelos mSromelTa ajanyeba~. diversiulma jgufebma borCaloSi dislocirebul qarTul nawilebze miitanes ieriSi, rasac male saqarTveloSi XI armiis regularuli nawilebis Semosvla mohyva. oficialuri depeSebi saqarTvelos gasabWoebis Sesaxeb (1921 weli)

24 ianvari, stalini – cekas wevrebs: winadadebas vayeneb movi­ wonoT amx. CiCerinis xazi saqarTvelos sakiTxSi da respubli­ kis revoluciur samxedro sabWos mivceT Sesabamisi direqtiva. saWiroa igi dauyovnebliv Seudges mosamzadebel muSaobas im­ isTvis, raTa gadawyvitos sakiTxi kavkasiaSi samxedro Carevis we­ sis Taobaze. amave dros direqtiva mivceT orjonikiZes, moamza­ dos ajanyebulTa gamosvla saqarTvelos cnobil raionebSi. 6 Tebervali, orjonikiZe – lenins da stalins: `saqarTvelo sabolood gadaiqca msoflio kontrrevoluciis Stabad axlo aRmosavleTSi. aq moqmedeben frangebi, aq moqmedeben qiazi­mbei da mTielTa mTavrobis warmomadgenlebi. Crdilo-kavkasiis mTiel ajanyebulTa dasaxmareblad igzavneba milionebi. sasaz­ Rvro zolSi qmnian band-formirebebs, romlebic Tavs esxmian Cvens sasazRvro nawilebs. aucilebelad mimaCnia, kidev erTxel gavusva xazi im sasikvdilo safrTxes, romelsac uqmnis saqar­ Tvelo baqos raions. am safrTxis Tavidan acileba SesaZlebe­ lia mxolod saqarTveloSi ajanyebis dawyebiTa da misi swrafi gasabWoebiT~.

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miTi #3 15 Tebervali, orjonikiZe da eliava – lenins, stalins: `qar­ Tvelebma daiwyes Zalebis gadmosrola loreSi ajanyebulTa winaaRmdeg. maTi Seteva mosalodnelia nebismier wuTs. aseT SemTxvevaSi garemoeba iZulebuls gvxdis sapasuxo dartyma ganvaxorcieloT. Cveni azriT, warmatebis misaRwevad amaze xelsayreli momenti aRar gveqneba. qarTuli armiis moraluri mdgomareoba dabal donezea. amas mowmobs sadaxlos raionSi TiTqmis mTeli qarTuli brigadis brZolis gareSe danebeba da sadaxlos aReba, sadac qarTvelebi oTxjer aRematebodnen ajanyebulebs. dayovneba mxolod gaauaresebs Cvens Sansebs~. 15 Tebervali, stalini – orjonikiZes: `axla gadmogcem cekas daSifrul pasuxs. manamde ki gTavazob: axlave Seutie, dastu­ ria, aiRe qalaqi~. 15 Tebervali, lenini XI armiis revoluciur sabWos: `cekas miaCnia, rom XI armiis operacia warmoadgens neitralur zo­ naSi myofi im ajanyebulebis dacvas, romelTac emuqrebaT ga­ nadgureba TeTrgvardielebis mxridan. angariSi gauwieT Tqveni operaciis am politikur xasiaTs yvela Tqvens sajaro gamosv­ laSi. ra Tqma unda, Cven XI armiis revoluciuri samxedro sab­ Wosagan moveliT energiul da swraf moqmedebas. Tu neitralur zonaSi myof ajanyebulTa dasacavad, samxedro TvalsazrisiT, saWiroa Tbilisis aReba, XI armia arc amas unda moeridos~. am depeSas hqonda stalinis minaweri: `sami dRis Semdeg veli cnobas Tbilisis aRebis Sesaxeb~. 17 Tebervali, orjonikiZe – stalins: `foilodan wiTeli armiis didebuli mwyobri rigebi mosaxleobisa da ajanye­ bulTa aRtacebul misalmebebSi gadavidnen mtkvarze. yvela­ gan imarTeba xalxmravali mitingebi da manifestaciebi wiTeli armiis pativsacemad. ajanyebulebi TviTonve gadadian wiTeli armiis samxedro nawilSi, romelic azerbaijan-saqarTvelos sazRvarze dgas~. 18 Tebervali, orjonikiZe – stalins: `Cven miviReT friad didmniSvnelovani cnobebi, SimSiliTa da saqarTvelos mTavro­ bis ZaladobiT gawamebuli saqarTvelos mSromelebi ajany­dnen burJuaziis aRviraxsnili Rreobis winaaRmdeg... da mZlavri niaRvariviT daiZrnen Tbilisisaken... da axla wiTeli niaRvari uaxlovdeba Tbiliss, burJuaziis Rreobis am saZulvel keras. Tbilisis saaTebi daTvlilia, SesaZloa am wuTs Tbilisis Tavze ukve frialebs proletariatis diqtaturis wiTeli droSa~. 25 Tebervali, orjonikiZe – lenins, stalins: `tfilisze wi­ Teli droSa frialebs. gaumarjos sabWoTa saqarTvelos!~

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miTi #3

10 10. orjonikiZis depeSa stalins: `tfilisze wiTeli droSa frialebs. gaumarjos sabWoTa saqarTvelos!~ 25 Tebervali, 1921 w. dedani inaxeba saqarTvelos erovnul arqivSi.

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miTi #3

11 11. kavkasiis frontis Stabi: marcxnidan s. gusevi, s. orjonikiZe, m. tuxaCevski, v. trifanovi.

12 12. saqarTvelos okupaciis ganmaxorcieleblebi (marcxnidan mar­ jvniv): sergei kirovi (ruseTis elCi), sergo orjonikiZe (kavbiuros Tavmjdomare), generali hakeri (me-11 armiis sardali).

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miTi #3 saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis damfuZnebeli krebis wevris, social-demokrat ioseb iremaSvilis wignidan `stalini da saqarTvelos tragedia~: `stalini 1921 wlis ivnisis Sua ricxvebSi moskovidan TbilisSi, ro­ gorc gamarjvebuli, ise Camovida… qarTvelma bolSevikebma triumf­ ator stalins TbilisSi, naZaladevis TeatrSi, sazeimo Sexvedra gaumarTes. stalini scenaze CekistebiT garSemortymuli gamoCnda. Teatris darbazi gadaWedili iyo. stalinis scenaze gamoCenam uCveulo mRelvareba gamoiwvia. `moRalatev~, `mkvlelo~, – ismoda xalxis SeZaxilebi. stalinma laparaki daapira. xmauri muqaraSi ga­ daizarda da xalxi maSinRa damSvidda, roca scenaze socialisti da saTaTbiros yofili deputati ramiSvili spontanurad adgili­ dan wamoiWra da stalins mis mier Cadenili danaSaulebi braldebad wauyena. xalxs ovaciis talRam gadauara da aRfrTovanebulebi ra­ miSvils taSs ukravdnen. mravalricxovanma Zlierma xelma mamaci ramiSvili haerSi aitaca, scenisken gaitaca da mrisxanebisa da gaog­ nebisagan ferdakarguli stalinis pirdapir dasva. ramiSvils stalinisken arc gauxedavs, Cekistebis win idga da bol­ Sevikebis danaSaulebriv saqmianobaze, stalinis moRalatur poli­ tikasa da adamianis RirsebaTa Seuracxmyofel `proletariatis diqtaturaze~ mgznebare sityva warmoTqva. stalini ramiSvilis zurgs ukan idga, xmas ar iRebda da mRelvarebisgan kankalebda. sax­ eze etyoboda, rom axal sisxlian SurisZiebas amzadebda. ramiSvilis Semdeg scenaze muSaTa lideri dgebuaZe avida da stali­ nis danaSaulebaTa mxileba ganagrZo. xalxi masac mxurvale ova­ ciebiT Sexvda. stalini iZulebuli iyo saaTobiT Cumad mdgariyo da Tavisi mowi­ naaRmdegeebisTvis esmina. mas arc manamde da arc amis Semdeg unaxavs mis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli aseTi sajaro da Tamami gamosvla... imave Rames qalaqis bnel quCebSi Cekistebi daZrwodnen da asze meti cnobili social-demokrati daapatimres da metexis sapyrobileSi Casves. pirvel rigSi daiWires: ramiSvili, dgebuaZe, jiblaZe...~

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miTi #3 saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis erovnuli gvardiis vice-meTauris, social-demokrat daviT saRiraSvilis wignidan `ioseb juRaSvili – stalini rogorc istoriuli pirovneba~: `stalini Camovida TfilisSi da moindoma Sexvedra aqaur muSebTan, romlebic mas 1907 wlis aqeT aRar enaxa. misi brZanebiT mowveul iqna didi kreba plexanovis saxlSi. masTan movidnen Sesaxvedrad, maT Soris, Zveli muSebi, rogorc Zmebi ninuebi, daTiko dvali, ale­ qsandre dgebuaZe, andro WiabriSvili – mSvenieri oratori da erTi mowinave muSaTagani da bevri sxva. kreba TviT stalinma gaxsna da daiwyo imiT, rom miesalma tfilisis muSebs oqtombris revoluciis saxeliT. erTma Zvelma muSam SeniSna mas, rom ukeTesi iqneboda, Tavi daanebos tfilisis muSebis rolze laparaks da sTqvas, Tu risTvis Sekriba man es xalxi… maSin stalinma ucbad toni Seicvala da daiwyo Tavis gamarTleba Tavis moqmedebaSi… amis Semdeg adga muSa aleqsan­ dre dgebuaZe da mimarTa mas Semdegi sityvebiT: `soso, Cven mov­ iTxovT sabWoTa jarebis gayvanas Cveni qveynidan. Cven moviTxovT mSvidobianobas, sisxlis Rvris Sewyvetas!~ mas Semdeg gamovida si­ tyvebiT mTeli rigi muSebisa, agreTve, pirveli saxelmwifo saTaT­ biros deputati isidore ramiSvili, romelic amaTraxebda stalins misi Ralatisa da im dausrulebeli ubedurebisaTvis, romelic moi­ tana sabWoTa jarebis SemoWram saqarTveloSi. stalini pirdapir bolSevikebis ck-s Senobisken gaemarTa, sadac man brZaneba SeegrovaT ck-s wevrebi, romlebsac mimarTa: `dedlebo, es rasa hgavs, sada sCans aq bolSevikuri xeli? aq saWiroa rkinis cxeli uTo. man mTel saqarTveloze unda gaiaros, rom Zirianad mospos ar­ sebuli suli. ai, ra aris aq saWiro, Tqven ki eferebiT~.

1921 wels saqarTvelos dapyrobaSi aqtiuri monawileoba Sem­ dgomSi stalins, rogorc Cans, afiqrebda da am faqtis Sela­ mazebas Seecada, rom istoriis, momavlisa da qarTveli eris winaSe pirnaTeli gamosuliyo. amgvari iribi mcdelobis nimu­ Sia stalinis rekomendaciebi (rac, realurad, savaldebulod Sesasrulebeli iyo) 1945 wels qarTveli istorikosebis – niko berZeniSvilisa da simon janaSias misamarTiT. stalinma maT­ Tan Sexvedrisas aRniSna is gamosasworebeli xarvezebi, rac, misi azriT, arsebobda `saqarTvelos istoriis~ axal saxel­ mZRvaneloSi. stalinma SesTavaza, Teoriuli gamarTleba (gada­ farvis – «перекрыть» – principi) moeZebnaT 1801 wels ruseTis imperiis mier saqarTvelos aneqsiisTvis. am principis mixedviT, istoriis zogierT epizodSi, stalinis azriT, dadebiTad unda Sefasebuliyo ucxo, sagareo Zalis gamoyeneba saSinao politi­

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miTi #3 kuri amocanis gadaWrisas, Tu es amocana emsaxureboda prog­ ress. stalinis azriT, ruseTis imperia iyo `naklebi boroteba~ barbarosul da ukulturo osmaleTTan da sefianTa iranTan SedarebiT. amdenad, 1801 wlis aqti da Semdgom ruseTis gaba­ toneba kavkasiaSi dadebiT movlenad unda Sefasdes. janaSiaberZeniSvilTan saubarSi stalinma kidev ufro ganavrco Ta­ visi Teoria: klasTa brZolaSi ama Tu im klasis mier brZolis saSualebad ucxo ZalisTvis mimarTva, ucxo Zalis moSvelieba principulad dauSvebeli sruliadac araa, Tu aseTi ram iseT mizans emsaxureba, romelic sazogadoebriv progress gulis­ xmobs. savaraudod, stalini fiqrobda, rom imave principiT sabWoTa istoriografia gaamarTlebda 1921 wels ruseTis wi­ Teli armiis gamoyenebas saqarTvelos gasabWoebis dros.

13 13. wiTeli armiis aRlumi okupirebul TbilisSi, 1921 w. foto inaxeba kinofotofono dokumentaciebis centralur arqivSi.

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miTi #4

miTi #4 `stalini religiuri adamiani iyo~ es miTi bolo ocwleulSi Seiqmna. igi Zlier popularulia da aqtiurad avrceleben ruseTSi, gansakuTrebiT putinis xe­ lisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg. es miTi vrceldeba postsabWoTa sivrcis marTlmadidebel qveynebSic. tradiciulad, rusuli saxelmwifo ideologiis mniSvnelovani dasayrdeni iyo rusuli marTlmadidebeli eklesia, romelic yovelTvis gamoirCeoda imperiuli da Sovinisturi miswrafebebiT. amdenad, stalinis, rogorc marTlmadideblobis mfarveli saxelmwifo moRvawis, imiji zustad pasuxobs Tanamedrove ruseTis politikur in­ teresebs da marTlmadidebel mrevlzea gaTvlili. sabWoTa ideologiis Tanaxmad, romelic marqsizm-leninizms efuZneboda, `religia opiumia xalxisTvis~. Sesabamisad, nebi­ smieri religia da misi msaxurebi socializmis mtrul banakad ganixilebodnen. sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirvelive wlebSi mim­ dinareobda RvTismsaxurTa masobrivi dapatimrebebi, gauqmda eklesiebi da sxva sakulto nagebobebi. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom gulagis pirveli sakoncentracio banaki – solovkebi, bolSe­ vikebma mamaTa monastris adgilze Seqmnes ber-monazvnebis ga­ saxlebis Semdgom. sabWoTa sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 58-e muxlis me-10 parag­ rafi pirdapir iyo mimarTuli RvTismsaxurTa winaaRmdeg: `masebis religiuri crurwmenebis gamoyeneba saxelmwifos da­ sustebis mizniT isjeba minimum 3-wliani patimrobiT, maqsimum – sikvdiliT dasjiT~. stalini 1927 wels sabWoTa religiuri politikis Sesaxeb acxadebda: `partias ar SeuZlia neitraluri iyos religiasTan mimarTebaSi, da isic eweva antireligiur propagandas yvela da yovelgvari religi­ uri crurwmenebis winaaRmdeg, rameTu is mecnierebas uWers mxars, religiuri crurwmenebi ki midian mecnierebis winaaRmdeg… partias ar SeuZlia iyos neitraluri religiur crurwmenaTa matareblebTan mimarTebaSi, reaqciul samRvdeloebasTan mimarTe­ baSi, romelic swamlavs mSromelTa masebis cnobierebas. davamxeT ki Cven reaqciuli samRvdeloeba? diax davamxeT. ubedure­ ba ki mxolod imaSia, rom jer kidev ar aris sruliad likvidirebuli. antireligiuri propaganda warmoadgens im saSualebas, romelmac bolomdis unda miiyvanos reaqciuli samRvdeloebis likvidaci­

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miTi #4 is saqme. aris SemTxvevebi, rom partiis rigebidan viRac-viRacebi zogjer xels uSlian antireligiuri propagandis yovelmxriv gaS­ las. Tu partiidan aseT wevrebs garicxaven, es isedac kargia, rame­ Tu aseT `komunistebs~ Cveni partiis rigebSi adgili ar aqvT~. stalini, `Txzulebebi~, tomi 10, gv. 132.

sabWoTa xelisufleba yvela meTodiT ebrZoda religiur insti­ tutebs, tradiciebs. sagangebo dadgenilebebiT, sadamsjelo RonisZiebebiT cdilobda, religiuri ritualebis mimarT mo­ saxleobaSi arsebuli damokidebuleba amoeZirkva. 1929 wlis 26 agvistos mTavrobam daawesa `moZravi~ xuTdRiani uwyveti samuSao kvira – mSromelebi muSaobdnen xuT dRes, me­ eqvse dRes ki isvenebdnen (amgvari kviris damaxasiaTeblad spe­ cialuri terminic ki arsebobda – «непрерывка»). kvira saerTod gamoiricxa, rogorc dasvenebis dRe. amiT kviraobiT taZrebSi mimsvlelTa raodenobis Semcirebas cdilobdnen. 1929 wels sagangebo dekretiT aikrZala eklesiis zarebis rekva, `radgan zarebis xma arRvevs qalaqebisa da soflebis mosaxleo­ bis farTo masebis dasvenebis uflebas~. sabWoTa antireligiuri kampania gansakuTrebiT masStaburi gaxda 1928 wlidan. samRvdeloebas aTjer gaezarda finansuri valdebuleba, CamoerTvaT moqalaqeobrivi uflebebi (uari eTqvaT sasursaTo baraTebsa da samedicino momsaxurebaze). mravali maTgani gauTanabres kulakebs. maT aekrZalaT saekle­ sio moRvaweoba da anazRaurebadi SromiT cxovreba. iZulebu­ li gaxdnen, moxetiale mRvdlebi gamxdariyvnen da sazogadoe­ bas garidebodnen. pirdapiri represiebis politikis garda, stalinma eklesiis wiaRSi ganxeTqilebis Setanis meTodsac mimarTa. sabWoTa xe­ lisuflebam mxari dauWira `ganaxlebis moZraobas~, romelsac qadagebda sergi stargorodski. es moZraoba (e. w. `sergianelo­ ba~) sabWoTa xelisuflebasTan loialobisa da TanamSromlo­ bis aucileblobas qadagebda, emxroboda eklesiis mier sabWoTa dResaswaulebis aRniSvnas. sergi mitropoliti gaxda. samasze metma mRvdelma uari ganacxada, administraciulad damor­ Cileboda mitropolit sergis da xelisuflebasTan kompro­ misis gza airCia. `daumorCilebelTa~ umravlesoba daapatimres da banakebSi gadaasaxles. `didi wmendis~ dros (1937-1938 ww.) 200 aTasi sasuliero piri gaxda sabWoTa represebis msxverpli. stalinis antireligiuri politika imarTeboda `mebrZol uR­ merToTa kavSiris~ (muk) meSveobiT. sabWoTa xelisuflebis

39

miTi #4 mier aSkarad mxardaWerili es `sazogadoebrivi organizacia~ Camoya­libda 1925 wels, sazogadoebis pirvel yrilobaze. uR­ merToTa kavSiris Tavmjdomare gaxda emelian iaroslavski, 1921-1942 wlebSi gamomavali gazeTis, `uRmerTos~ redaqtori. xelisuflebis gansakuTrebuli mfarvelobis Sedegad muk-is wevrTa raodenoba 80 aTasidan (1926 w.) 5 milionamde (1931 w.) gaizarda. amdeni aqtivisti komkavSirsac ki ar hyavda. yovel­ wliurad izrdeboda antireligiuri literaturis tiraJi: Tu 1927 wlisTvis uRmerToTa organizaciebma gamosces wignebi da broSurebi 700-aTasiani tiraJiT, 1930 wels es raodenoba 50 milion egzemplarze meti iyo. magaliTad, gazeTi `uRmerTo~ 1931 wels ukve naxevari milioni cali ibeWdeboda, Jurnali `uRmerTo~ ki – 200 aTasi. yvelgan yalibdeboda uRmerToTa axal-axali wreebi. uRmerToTa kavSiri arsebobda rogorc sawevroebiT, ise pirda­ piri saxelmwifo dotaciis meSveobiT. iqmneboda specialuri antireligiuri muSaTa universitetebi – specialuri saswavlo dawesebulebebi. muk-is gavlenis zrda SeaCera meore msoflio omma. oficialurad is aravis dauxuravs, magram 1941 wlis 22 ivnisidan antireligiuri propaganda meorexarisxovani gax­da. formalurad es kavSiri 1947 wlamde arsebobda, rode­ sac mecnieruli aTeizmis gavrcelebis funqciebi sakavSiro sazogadoeba `codnas~ gadaeca. Jurnalebi da gazeTebi, msgavsi `uRmerToebisa~, ukve aRar gamoicemoda.

14 14. sabWoTa antireligiuri saagitacio plakati: „brZola religiis winaaRmdeg, aris brZola socializmisTvis“.

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miTi #4

15

15. sabWoTa saagitacio plakati: `gadavdivarT uwyvet samuSao kviraze~.

41

miTi #4

16 16. sabWoTa saagitacio plakati: `gaumarjos uRmerToTa saerTaSoriso ploretarul fronts~.

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miTi #4

17 17. `mebrZol uRmerToTa kavSiris~ wevris wignaki.

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miTi #4

18 18. gazeT `uRmerTos~ bolo gverdi, sadac mkiTxvels sTavazoben Tav­ satexi labirinTis Sevsebas. `gaanTavisufle mSromeli glexi da muSa sasuliero pirTa kkanWebisagan da labirinTis meSveobiT miiyvane `uRmerToTa klubSi~. 1930 w.

19 19. Jurnal `uRmerTos~ garekani, 1941 w.

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miTi #4

20 20. sabWoTa saagitacio plakati: `Zirs saeklesio dResaswaulebi!~

45

miTi #4

21 21. amonaridi saeklesio kalendridan, sadac sabWoTa dResaswaulebi gamokveTilad moniSnulia saeklesio dResaswaulebis gverdiT.

nacisturi germaniis sabWoTa kavSirze Tavdasxmis Semdgom stalinma droebiT Searbila damokidebuleba eklesiis mimarT. es faqti Tavad stalins akademikos niko berZeniSvilTan sau­ barSi axsnili aqvs Semdegnairad: `oms (anaTemas) vupasuxeT omiT. dRes samRvdeloeba sul sxva rigad iqceva da Cvenc Cveni programis Tanaxmad sarwmunoebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb Tavi­ sufleba mivaniWeT eklesiasac~. sinamdvileSi, axleburi religiuri politikis mizezi prag­ matuli da iZulebiTi RonisZieba iyo. 1941-1942 wlebSi sabWoTa kavSiris okupirebul teritoriaze nacistebma aRadgines bol­ Sevikebis mier gauqmebuli da daxuruli eklesia-monastrebi. jamSi, ruseTis evropul nawilSi, ukrainasa da belorusiaSi 9 400 eklesia gaixsna. am teritoriebis xelaxla dakavebis Semd­ gom sabWoTa xelisufleba uxerxul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda – religiasTan mebrZoli aTeisturi `mSobliuri mTavrobis~ mier gauqmebuli eklesiebi mosaxleobis surviliT pirsisxlianma nacistebma aRadgines.

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miTi #4 bedis ironiiT, axali religiuri politikis biZgis mimcemi Ta­ vad `mTavari uRmerTo~ emelian iaroslavski gaxda. stalinis nebiT, igi iZulebuli Seiqna, omis pirvel TveebSi gamoeqvey­ nebina statia: `ratom arian religiuri adamianebi hitleris winaaRmdegni~, romlis suliskveTeba radikalurad gansxvavde­ boda misi adrindeli statiebisgan. stalinma pragmatulad Sexeda Zvel antireligiur da anti­ eklesiur lozungebs, droebiT `daiviwyes~ aucilebeli par­ tiuli aTeizmic. 1943 wlis 4 seqtembers gaimarTa pirveli Sexvedra stalinsa da ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sam mitropolits – sergis (stargorodski), aleqsisa (simanski) da nikolozs (iaruSeviCi) – Soris. stalinma maRali Sefaseba mis­ ca marTlmadidebeli eklesiis patriotul moRvaweobas, Tanx­ moba misca, moewviaT kreba da aerCiaT patriarqi, SesTavaza sa­ suliero akademiisa da saswavleblebis gaxsna RvTismsaxurTa mosamzadeblad, neba darTo gamoecaT yovelTviuri saeklesio Jurnali da Sesabamis zomebs mimarTa banakebsa da cixeebSi myo­ fi sasuliero pirebis gasaTavisufleblad. am Sexvedridan oTx dReSi moiwvies saeklesio kreba. es siCqare imiTac iyo ganpirobebuli, rom Teiranis konferenciis win sta­ lins surda, mokavSireebTan (ruzveltTan da CerCilTan) maqsi­ malurad dadebiT konteqstSi warmdgariyo da meore frontis gaxsnas xeli ar SeSloda.

22 22. ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis kreba sabWoTa xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa monawileobiT. moskovi, 8 seqtemberi, 1943 w.

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miTi #4 axleburi politika eklesiaze sruli kontrolis damyarebas gulisxmobda. mTavrobasTan Seiqmna eklesiis saqmeTa sabWo, romelsac saTaveSi Caudga saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komitetis generali giorgi karpovi. eklesiasTan dakavSirebul yvela sakiTxs, maT Soris sasuliero pirebis kurTxevisa da eparqieb­ Si gamwesebisas, swored uSiSroebis es filiali wyvetda. imav­ droulad, kvlav gamkacrda antireligiuri politika. sabWo­ Ta kavSirSi moqmedi marTlmadidebeli eklesiebis raodenoba 14 500-idan 1949 wlis dasawyisSi 11 500-mde Semcirda. civi omis dawyebam ganapiroba stalinis izolaciuri politika, romlis drosac eklesiis mier sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo politikis mxar­daWeras ukve aRar hqonda didi mniSvneloba. moskovis sa­ patriarqom marTlmadideblur samyaroSi ver moipova is zegav­ lena, rac stalins surda. sabWoTa religiuri politika saqarTveloSi

saqarTvelos gasabWoebisTanave, 1921 wlidan daiwyo eklesiamonastrebis daxurva. 1917 wels saqarTveloSi iyo 1130 moqme­ di eklesia-monasteri, 2609 mRvdeli, 227 mTavardiakoni, 1606 diakoni, 29 mamaTa monasteri 1188 beriT, 6 dedaTa monasteri 280 monazvniT. 1953 wels saqarTveloSi moqmedi iyo mxolod 45 eklesia, romelsac 100-mde RvTismsaxuri hyavda. bolSeviki aqtivistebi eklesia-monastrebidan daurideblad ezidebodnen saeklesio qonebas, xatebsa da saRvTismsaxuro wignebs cecxlSi wvavdnen, angrevdnen eklesiebs. 1922 wels saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma ambrosim genuis konfer­ encias mimarTa memorandumiT, romliTac amxelda bolSevikTa Tavgasulobas: `ers ugmoben da arTmeven mSobliur enas, mas ubilwaven ma­ mapapur erovnul kulturas; ubRalaven wmindaTa-wmindas, sarwmunoebriv grZnobas da sindisis Tavisuflebis droSis qveS nebas ar aZleven Tavisuflad daikmayofilos religiuri moTxovnileba; misi samRvdeloeba ukiduresad devnilia; misi eklesia, es Zvelis ZvelTave faqtori saqarTvelos erovnulsaxelmwifoebrivi amaRlebisa da Zlierebisa, dRes ufleba ay­ rilia... eri gminavs, magram saSualeba ara aqvs xmis amoRebisa. amgvar pirobebSi Cems mwyemsmTavrul movaleobada vracx kul­ turuli kacobriobis gasagonad vsTqva: me rogorc eklesiis warmomadgeneli, ar Sevdivar politikuri cxovrebis sxvadasx­ va formebis dafasebasa da reglamentaciaSi. magram ar SemiZlia ar visurvo Cemi erisTvis iseTi wyobileba, romelic SedarebiT ufro metad Seuwyobs xels mis fizikur aRorZinebas da kul­ turulad ganviTarebas~.

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miTi #4 memorandumSi kaTolikosi moiTxovda saqarTvelodan ruse­ Tis saokupacio jarebis dauyovnebliv gayvanas. ambrosi xelaia daapatimres. male daiwyo saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqisa da sxva sasuliero pirebis sasamarTlo procesi. sabWoTa sa­ samarTlom kaTolikos-patriarq ambrosi xelaias Svidi wliT Ta­ visuflebis aRkveTa miusaja. mkacrad dasajes sakaTalikoso sab­ Wos sxva wevrebic. ambrosi xelaia metexis sapyrobileSi Casves, sadac misi janmrTeloba Zlier Seirya da moxuci patriarqis gar­ dacvaleba daaCqara. xelisuflebam scada saeklesio kanonmde­ blobis uxeSi darRveviT kaTolikos-patriarqad daesva misTvis sasurveli pirovneba, magram morwmune mrevlma da samRvdeloebam cru patriarqs sionis taZarSi Sesvlis ufleba ar misces. 1929 wels Seiqmna `mebrZol uRmerToTa kavSiris sruliad saqar­Tvelos centraluri sabWo~, rasac win uswrebda `uRmer­ ToTa ujredebis~ Camoyalibeba saqarTvelos yvela mazraSi. axali kaTolikos-patriarqi qristefore III xelisuflebasTan TanamSromlobis gzas daadga. 40-iani wlebidan sabWoTa kavSiris ministrTa sabWosTan arsebuli religiebis saqmeTa komitetis rwmunebulebi yvela respublikaSi ganagebdnen religiis saq­ meebs. rwmunebulis aparati iqca saqarTvelos eklesiis ofi­ cialur meTvalyured, misi nebarTvis gareSe saqarTvelos verc erT eparqiaSi sasuliero piri ver dainiSneboda. stalinis marTlmadideblobis miTis nawilia agreTve Sexed­ uleba, TiTqos man aRudgina saqarTvelos eklesias avtoke­ falia. garda imisa, rom kanonikurad avtokefaliis miniWebis sakiTxs wyvets msoflio (konstantinepolis) patriarqi, am miTSi faqtebi aRreulia gamiznulad. saqarTvelos eklesiam ruseTis mier Zaladobrivad warTmeuli avtokefalia 1917 wels aRidgina, msoflio sapatriarqom ki es faqti 1990 wels cno. 1943 wels, stalinis nebiT, ruseTma saqarTvelos eklesiis av­ tokefalia aRiara, rac aucilebeli winapiroba iyo ruseTSi pat­ riarqis dasasmelad – saeklesio kanonikis Tanaxmad, es romelime marTlmadidebel patriarqs unda ganexorcielebina. im dros sabWoTa xelisuflebis gavlenis qveS erTaderTi saqar­ Tvelos kaTalikos-patriarqi imyofeboda, romelsac daevala kidec kurTxevis ceremoniis winamZRvroba. saqarTvelos kaTa­ likosma kalistratem kremlis mesveurebs ganumarta is uxer­ xuloba, rac iqmneboda am SemTxvevaSi, Tuki ruseTis eklesia ar cnobda saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalias da, Sesabamisad, misi, rogorc kaTalikos-patriarqis uflebamosilebas. aman ga­ napiroba 1943 wels TbilisSi stumrad Camosuli ruseTis ekle­ siis oficialuri warmomadgenlebis mier saqarTvelos ekle­ siis avtokefaliis oficialurad cnoba.

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miTi #4

23 23. saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqi kalistrate (cincaZe), robert kapas foto, 1947 w.

24 24. saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, sabWoTa represiebis msxverpli, wminda ambrosi (xelaia).

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miTi #5

miTi #5 `stalini zrunavda saqarTvelos teritoriis gafarToebaze~ miTi imis Sesaxeb, rom stalini zrunavda saqarTvelos terito­ riis gazrdaze, misi Zveli, istoriuli regionebis SemoerTeba­ ze, popularuli legendaa, legenda, romelsac xSirad iyeneben diskusiisas, rogorc stalinis saqarTvelosadmi siyvarulis dasturs. am miTis arseboba or konkretul faqts efuZneba: stalinis reJimisTvis damaxasiaTebeli masobrivi eTnikuri de­ portaciebi da sabWoTa propaganda imis Sesaxeb, rom stalini msoflios sxva liderebTan gamarTul molaparakebebze svamda saqarTvelos Zveli, istoriuli teritoriebis saqarTvelos­ Tvis dabrunebis sakiTxs. sabWoTa propagandam SeZlo orive faqtis saTanadod SefuTva da dResac ki bevrs sjera stalinis patriotizmisa. stalinis totalitaruli reJimisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo masobrivi eTnikuri deportaciebi, riTac sabWoTa xelisuf­ leba Trgunavda adamianTa Tavisufal nebas d,a faqtobrivad, gansazRvravda maTs cxovrebas, bedisweras. saqme is aris, rom meore msoflio omis dros hitlerul koaliciasTan Tanam­ Sromlobis braldebis sababiT, stalinuri reJimi mosaxleobas iZulebiT atovebinebda sacxovrebel adgilebs da sxva teri­ toriaze asaxlebda. es dResac `unikaluri~ movlenaa msoflio istoriaSi – mTlianad eTnosi(ebi) gamoacxado damnaSaved da masobrivad gadaasaxlo. meore msoflio omis periodSi stalinma araerTi eTnikuri jgufi gadaasaxla cimbirsa da Sua aziaSi. magaliTad: 1941 w. 28 agvisto: volgispireTis avtonomiuri respubli­ kis, saratovisa da stalingradis germanuli mosaxleobis (1 100 000 kaci) `prevenciuli humanitaruli gadasaxleba~ novorosibirskis, omskis, altaisa da yazaxeTis terito­ riebze; 1941 w. oqtomberi: kavkasiasa da yirimSi mcxovrebi 100 000 germanelis gadasaxleba; 1943 w. noemberi – 1944 w. ivnisi: nacist okupantebTan maso­ brivi TanamSromlobis braldebiT 900 000 CeCeni, inguSi, yirimeli TaTari, yaraCaeli, balyareli, yalmuxi gadaas­ axles cimbirSi, yazaxeTSi, uzbekeTsa da yirgizeTSi. 1944 w. Tebervali – oqtomberi: ukrainidan 100 300 samo­ qalaqo piris, antisabWoTa winaaRmdegobis organizaciis,

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miTi #5 ukrainis nacionaluri asambleis (una) wevrebad miCneul­ Ta ojaxis wevrebis deportacia. 1944 dekemberi: `saeWvod miCneuli~ berZnebisa da muslimi mosaxleobis (qurTebi, kavkasieli xemSinebi, mesxebi, bul­ garelebi) deportacia. swored hitleris reJimTan danaSaulebrivi TanamSromlobis sababiT, 1944 wels CrdiloeT kavkasiis ori raionidan Sua aziaSi gadaasaxles adgilobrivi eTnikuri jgufebi – CeCnebi, inguSe­ bi, yaraCaelebi, balyarelebi. xalxis deportaciis Semdeg maTi avtonomiuri respublikebi gauqmda. mosaxleobisgan daclili es ori raioni, stalinis nebiT, CamoeWra ruseTis federacias da gadaeca saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialistur respublikas. stalinma ubrZana saqarTvelos partiul xelmZRvanelobas, dacarielebul teritoriebze gadaesaxlebina mosaxleoba saqarTvelos mWidrod dasaxlebuli regionebidan (svaneTi, raWa-leCxumi, imereTi). mravali qarTuli ojaxi ayares da maTi survilis sawinaaRmdegod axal adgilas daasaxles. Crdiloka­ vkasielTa deportaciisgan gansxvavebiT erTaderTi `SeRavaTi~ is iyo, rom qarTvelebs Soreul cimbirsa da Sua aziaSi ki ar ukres Tavi, aramed kavkasionis qeds miRma, sadac saqarTvelos msgavsi buneba, klimati da meurneoba iyo. qarTvelebi 12-13 wliT moswyvites mSobliur mxares, gadasaxlebis adgilze Se­ qmnes kolmeurneobebi da sxva regionebis msgavsad emsaxure­ bodnen sabWoTa xelisuflebas. 1957 wels Crdilokavkasielebi ukan gadmoasaxles. iq mcxovreb­ ma qarTvelebma repatrirebulebs uproblemod daubrunes saxl-kari. inguSebs dResac axsovT, rom qarTvelebma ara mar­ to saxl-kari da miwa daubrunes, aramed TavianTi saqonelic ki dautoves, suli rom moeTqvaT. repatriaciis Semdeg aRdga 1944 wlamde arsebuli sazRvrebi. `me ar momewona es ambavi, Tumca didi da kargi teritoriebi iyo. iTum-kales raioni, CaCneT-inguSeTSi 4000 kv. km. mTa aris, kavkasiis qedi. umdidresi da ulamazesia qluxoris raioni, ialbuzic iq Se­ dis, umSvenieresi tyea, fiWvnari. stalinma warmoadgina ise, TiTqos didi daxmareba gauwia saqarTvelos. – amxanago Carkviano, aba naxeT, ra teritoria gadmogeciT. saqarTvelos amxela miwa-wyali moema­ ta. sinamdvileSi rac miviReT, ver gamoviyeneT. qluxoris raioni davasaxleT raWvelebiT. cxadi iyo, rom stalinis sikvdilisTanave ukan daibrunes~. saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis cekas pirveli mdivani, kandid Carkviani gela Carkviani, `interviu mamasTan~, Tbilisi 2013 w.

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25. stalinis droindeli masobrivi eTnikuri deportaciebis ruka. `komunizmis Savi wigni. danaSaulebi, terori, represia.~ ilias universitetis gamomcemloba, 2011 w.

25

miTi #5

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miTi #5 kandid Carkviani Tavis mogonebebSi ixsenebs, rom igi Seecada kremlSi daesva sakiTxi saqarTvelosTvis gadaecaT mezobeli respublikebis is teritoriebi, romlebic kompaqturad iyo dasaxlebuli qarTvelebiT. rogorc ixsenebs, molotovs uTxra, soWi-adleris terito­ ria rom gadmogvceT, aq gavaSenebT Cais, citrusebs da qvey­ nis yvelaze mSvenier adgilad vaqcevTo. pasuxad ki miiRo: `vfiqrob, rusebsac SeuZliaT amis gakeTebao~. aseve ixsenebs, rom stalinTan saingilos saqarTvelosTvis gad­ mocemis sakiTxi daayena. mas ki uTqvams, orjonikiZem es sakiTxi Tavis droze ukve gadawyvita da axla am teritoriebs azerbai­ janelebs ver wavarTmevTo. zemoT naxsenebi miTis damkvidreba aseve ukavSirdeba 1945 wels wamowyebul propagandistul kampanias – TiTqos stalini ibr­ Zoda imisTvis, rom, istoriuli samarTlianobis aRdgenis moti­ viT, TurqeTisTvis CamoerTmia da saqarTvelosa da somxeTis­ Tvis gadaeca istoriuli qarTuli da somxuri teritoriebi. am propagandis miRma Semdegi faqtia: TurqeTis Semadgenlo­ baSi arsebuli qarTuli miwebis saqarTvelosTvis dabrunebis sakiTxi mokavSireebis winaSe stalinma potsdamis konferenci­ aze wamoWra. Tumca sakiTxi daisva ara calke, damoukideblad, aramed farTo rezonansis mqone saerTaSoriso problemasTan erTad – bosforisa da dardanelis sruteebis kontrolTan dakavSirebiT. sakiTxi Tavidanve ganwiruli iyo warumate­ blobisTvis, radgan CerCili da trumeni ar dauSvebdnen srul sabWoTa kontrols Savi zRvis regionSi. cxadia, sabWoTa pro­ pagandam es Tema Sesaferisad SefuTa da ise warmoaCina, TiTqos stalini saerTaSoriso politikur tribunaze ayenebda saqar­ Tvelos teritoriebis sakiTxs, sxva mniSvnelovan TemebTan erTad. am miTis dabadebasa da damkvidrebas xeli Seuwyo Ta­ vad qar­Tvelma inteligenciam, romelmac kulturisa da mec­ nierebis sxvadasxva sferoSi farTo propaganda gauwia istori­ uli qarTuli teritoriebis dabrunebis sakiTxs da es miawera stalinis qarTul patriotizms da ara sagareo politikur taq­ tikas. ufro konkretulad, movlenebi Semdegnairad viTardeboda: meore msoflio omis dros TurqeTi neitraluri iyo da sao­ mar moqmedebebSi monawileoba ar miuRia. omis miwuruls, 1945 wlis 23 Tebervals omi gamoucxada germanias. omis dasasruls, stalini gegmavda sabWoTa kavSiris samxreT sazRvris Seswore­

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miTi #5 bas 1914 wlamde arsebuli ruseTis imperiis sazRvris mixedviT. TurqeTis sazRvarTan mzadyofnaSi iyo wiTeli armiis divi­ ziebi, arsebobda TurqeTis mxridan provokaciis albaTobac, rasac sabWoTa mxare sababad gamoiyenebda. imdroindel qarT­ vel sazogadoebaSi arsebobda TurqeTSi SeWris molodini. amas xeli Seuwyo im propagandistulma kampaniam, rac presaSi gaCaR­ da. gazeT `komunistSi~ 1945 wlis 14 dekembers daibeWda simon jana­ Sias da niko berZeniSvilis statia `TurqeTisadmi Cveni kanon­ ieri pretenziebis Sesaxeb~, romelic rusulad iTargmna da ukve 20 dekembers sakavSiro presaSic gamoqveynda (gazeTebSi `pravdasa~ da `izvestiaSi~). simon janaSias da niko berZeniSvilis statias mohyva arnold Ciqobavas, daviT zavrievis, eqvTime TayaiSvilisa da sxvaTa publikaciebi. am kampaniaSi CaerTo saqarTvelos kaTalikospatriarqi kalistrate (cincaZe) da amierkavkasiis muslimTa sasuliero sammarTvelos wevri, aWaris yadi rasix beriZe. TurqeTisadmi teritoriuli pretenziebis sakiTxi umaRles partiul Sekrebebzec araerTxel dasmula. masze sajarod laparakobdnen saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis liderebi. saqarTvelos cekam im periodisTvis jer kidev SemouerTebel teritoriebze partiuli ujredebis Camoyalibebis Tadarigi daiWira. Sesabamis kandidatebs winaswar amzadebdnen arTvinis, artaanis, trapizonis mxareebis raikomebis mdivnebad. qarTveli mwerlebidan irakli abaSiZem, giorgi leoniZem, grigol abaSiZem, ilo mosaSvilma da sxvebma araerTi nawar­ moebi uZRvnes am problemas. 1951 wels ilo mosaSvils piesis­ Tvis `CaZiruli qvebi~ da grigol abaSiZes leqsebis ciklisTvis `samxreT sazRvrebze~ da `samgoris velze~, sabWoTa kavSiris saxelmwifo premiebi mieniWaT. realurad, TurqeTis mimarT teritoriuli pretenzia sabWoTa kavSiris mTavrobam oficialurad wamoayena `didi sameulis~ (sabWoTa kavSiri, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, didi brita­ neTi) potsdamis konferenciaze 1945 wlis ivlisSi. sabWoTa kavSiri mokavSireebisgan iTxovda, rom TurqeTs daeTmo ar­ taanis, arTvinis, yarsis olqebi da gauqmebuliyo 1936 wlis 20 ivnisis montres xelSekrulebis pirobebi, rac Tvaliswineb­ da bosforisa da dardanelis sruteebSi Tavisufali navigaci­ is uflebas da sabWoTa gemebisTvis samxedro-saremonto bazis Seqmnas.

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miTi #5 amrigad, potsdamis konferenciaze teritoriebis sakiTxi dau­ kavSirda ZiriTad sakiTxs – sruteebis kontrols. bunebrivia, aSS da didi britaneTi ar dauSvebdnen sabWoTa kontrols Sav zRvaze; miT umetes, rom TurqeTi momavali samxedro-politi­ kuri gaerTianebis (nato) mniSvnelovan placdarmad ganixile­ boda. mokavSireebma, gansakuTrebiT didi britaneTis premierministrma uinston CerCilma mZafri winaaRmdegoba gauwia am moTxovnas da sabWoTa mxare iZulebuli gaxda, moTxovna ukan waeRo.

`didi sameulis~ (sabWoTa kavSiri, aSS, didi britaneTi) potsdamis konferenciis stenograma 1945 wlis 22 ivlisi, 17:00 saaTi CerCili: Tavs uflebas mivcem, generalisimusis yuradReba mivaq­ cio, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania ar SevaSinoT TurqeTi. TurqeTi udavod SeSfoTebulia sabWoTa da bulgareTis armiebis koncen­ traciiT bulgareTSi, agreTve sabWoTa presis da radios gamudmeb­ uli TavdasxmebiT. agreTve baton molotovTan TurqeTis elCis mo­ laparakebiT, romlis drosac naxsenebi iyo TurqeTis aRmosavleTi sazRvris cvlileba da sruteSi sabWoTa baza. me mesmis, rom es ar aris sabWoTa mTavrobis pretenziebi Turqe­ Tisadmi; magram vinaidan TurqeTma dasva ssrk-Tan xelSekrulebis dadebis sakiTxi, am ukanasknelma wamoayena amgvari saxelSekrule­ bo pirobebi. CemTvis savsebiT naTelia, rom Tu TurqeTi iTxovs sabWoTa kavSirTan TavdasxmiTi da TavdacviTi xelSekrulebis ga­ formebas, sabWoTa mTavrobas eZleva kargi saSualeba, ganacxados, rogor SeiZleba gaumjobesdes urTierToba TurqeTsa da ruseTs Soris. Tumca TurqeTi SeaSfoTa wamoyenebulma pirobebma. me ar vici, ra moxda am molaparakebebis Semdeg. da amitom msurs gavigo am sakiTxze sabWoTa mTavrobis pozicia. stalini: gTxovT, sityva mivceT molotovs. molotovi: sruteebis sakiTxze werilobiT warmogidgenT doku­ ments, rusul da inglisur enebze. magram manamde gagimartavT sakiTxis winaistorias. TurqeTis mTavrobis iniciativiT dadga sabWoTa mTavrobasTan samokavSireo xelSekrulebis dadebis sakiTxi, jer ankaraSi Cvens elCTan, xolo maisis bolos TurqeTis elCis meSveobiT moskovSi. ivnisis dasawyisSi orjer vesaubre elC sarfers. miveciT Tanxmoba xelSekrulebis dadebaze, garkveuli pirobiT. Cven unda movagva­ roT urTierTpretenziebi.

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miTi #5 Cven gvaqvs ori sakiTxi, romlebic mosagvarebelia. samokavSireo xelSekrulebis dadeba gulisxmobs Cveni sazRvrebis erTobliv kontrols... magram zogierT ubanze ssrk-TurqeTis sazRvars miv­ iCnevT usamarTlod. 1921 wels TurqeTma sabWoTa saqarTvelos da sabWoTa somxeTs CamoaWra yarsis, arTvinis da ardaganis olqebi (warmoadgens rukas). amitom ganvacxade, rom samokavSireo xelSek­ rulebis dasadebad aucilebelia sakiTxis mogvareba. saqarTvelos da somxeTs unda daubrundes daubrundes es teritoriebi.

VII sxdoma. 1945 wlis 23 ivlisi, 17:00 saaTi trumeni: dRis wesrigis pirveli sakiTxia TurqeTi da Savi zRvis sruteebi. guSin diskusia Sewyda imitom, rom premier-ministrma ver daasrula Tavisi gancxadeba. CerCili: guSin davasrule Cemi gamosvla. ganvmarte, rom ver davu­ Wer mxars sruteebSi rusuli samxedro bazis Seqmnas da ara mgonia, TurqeTi daeTanxmos amgvar winadadebas. stalini: guSin b-ni CerCili amtkicebda, rom rusebma SeaSines Turqebi. amis mTavari mizezi ki yofila rusuli da bulgaruli armiebis koncentracia bulgareTSi. b-n CerCilis dasamSvideblad mogawvdiT informacias am sakiTxze. me ar vici, ra informacia mia­ wodes mas Turqebma, magram movale var giTxraT, rom bulgareTSi Cven gvyavs ori divizia. b-ni CerCili Turqebma SeaSines. CerCili: Tqveni azriT ramdeni britanuli SenaerTia saberZneTSi? stalini: aranakleb xuTi divizia. CerCili: iq mxolod ori divizia gvyavs. stalini: es daaxloebiT ramdeni aTasia? CerCili: daaxloebiT 40 000. stalini: Cven, bulgareTSi ufro naklebi gvyavs, 30 000. CerCili: aq imyofeba feldmarSali aleqsanderi. mas SeuZlia zusti cifris dasaxeleba. stalini: me vendobi b-n CerCilis gancxadebas asi procentiT. Tu saWiro iqneboda, wiTeli armiis genStabis ufross, general an­ tonovs SeeZlo zusti cnobebis mowodeba. konstantinepolis raion­ Si Turqebs hyavT 20 diviziaze meti, SeiZleba 23 an 24. garwmunebT, bulgareTis jars ar SeuSinebia Turqebi. iqneb Turqebi sazRvris Sesworebis winadadebam SeaSina? aq saubari iyo I msoflio omamde arsebuli sazRvris aRdgenaze. mxedvelobaSi maqvs yarsis raioni, romelic omamde iyo somxeTis SemadgenlobaSi, da ardaganis raio­ ni, romelic omamde saqarTvelos ekuTvnoda. Zveli sazRvris aRd­ genis sakiTxi ar wamoiWreboda, Turqebs rom ssrk-TurqeTs Soris

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miTi #5 samokavSireo xelSekrulebis sakiTxi ar daeyenebinaT. es kavSiri ki niSnavs, rom Cven vkisrulobT TurqeTis, iseve rogorc Turqebi Cveni, sazRvris dacvas. Tumca, Cveni azriT, yarsisa da ardaganis raionSi sazRvari umarTebuloa, da Turqebs ganvucxadeT, rom Tu CvenTan xelSekrulebis dadeba surs, es sazRvari unda gaswordes. Tu TurqeTs ar surs sazRvris Sesworeba, xelSekrulebis dadebis sakiTxi ixsneba~. SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifo departamenti, SeerTebuli Statebis sagareo urTierTobebi: diplomaturi dokumentebi, berlinis (potsdamis) konferencia, 1945 w.

1946 wlis Sua xanebidan propagandistuli kampania TandaTan Senelda. centralur presaSi ukve aRar ibeWdeboda mkveTri statiebi, magram, miuxedavad amisa, TurqeTis SemadgenlobaSi arsebuli qarTuli miwebis SemoerTebis sakiTxi amis Semdegac ar moxsnila dRis wesrigidan. sabolood, 1953 wlis 30 maiss sabWoTa kavSiris mTavrobam oficialur doneze da sabolood uari Tqva qarTuli da somxuri miwebis dabrunebaze. TurqeTis respublikis mTavrobisadmi mimarTvaSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom keTilmezobluri urTierTobis SenarCunebisa da mSvidobis ganmtkicebis mizniT, sabWoTa saqarTvelo da somxeTi uars am­ boben TurqeTisadmi TavianT teritoriul pretenziebze.

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26. saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublika. 1944-57 ww.

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miTi #5

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miTi #6

miTi #6 `stalini brwyinvale mmarTveli iyo~ sabWoTa propaganda stalins warmoaCenda rogorc brZen belads, romelmac yvelaferi icis, yvelafers xedavs da yvelaferi esmis. realurad ki saxelmwifos marTvaSi, saSinao da sagareo politikaSi uamravi Secdoma iqna daSvebuli, Sec­ domebi, romelTa gamosworebas asiaTasobiT adamianis sicocx­ le da janmrTeloba Seewira. stalinis sijiute da avtorita­ ruli marTvis stili morCil kadrebs moiTxovda da sruliad gamoricxavda warmatebul, karg mmarTvelobaze dafuZnebul politikas. miTi stalinis brwyinvale menejerobis Sesaxeb mis mier ganxorcielebuli ekonomikuri reformebiT aris nasaz­ rdoebi; efeqtian ekonomikur reformebad koleqtivizacia da industrializacia moiazreba. stalinis mmarTvelobis mTavari maxasiaTeblebi iyo xalxis masobrivi daSineba, dateroreba, dasja nebismieri winaaRmde­ gobisTvis, morCilebisa da fanatikuri erTgulebis moTxovna. stalinis politikis mTavari amocana iyo `axali adamianis~, partiis (stalinis) ideebis fanatikurad erTguli da maT Se­sa­ s­ruleblad mudmivad mobilizebuli adamianis Seqmna. swored aseTi adamianebis aRzrdas emsaxureboda ori upirvelesi wigni sabWoeTSi: `komunisturi partiis istoriis mokle kursi~ da `stalini – mokle biografia~. stalins xelqveiTebi gamudmebul SiSSi hyavda. ra esiamovneba belads – amis amocnoba iyo mTavari da ara is, Tu ra jobs saqmis­ Tvis. es viTareba gansakuTrebiT omis Semdgom Seiqmna, rodesac stalinma daiwyo kadrebis mizanmimarTuli wmendis axal talRa, raTa zedmetad moZlierebulni xelisuflebisTvis CamoeSore­ bina da isini axali da morCili kadrebiT Caenacvlebina. `stalini iseTi eWviani kaci iyo, aravis zogavda. intrigac uyvarda, Tu ar aris daZabuloba muSakebs Soris da siwynarea, igi fiqrobda, rom amgvari mdgomareoba ar aris normaluri... stalinma erTxel daiCivla CemTan: saerTaSoriso politikaze ara­ vin ar muSaobs. erTaderTi molotovi mexmarebao. ras gaakeTebdnen, vis aZlevda uflebas, rame gaekeTebina... stalinTan berias amoRebuli xma me ar gamigia, `aris amxanago stalin, diax amxanago stalin!~ – es ori winadadeba iyo, romliTac ganuwyvetliv mimarTavda. baramias dapatimrebas stalinis Tandas­ wrebiT beriamac mxari dauWira, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, mSvenivrad

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miTi #6 esmoda, rom `megrelTa saqme~ mis winaaRmdeg agorebuli kampania iyo. berias aRar hqonda iseTi mdgomareoba, rom yvelaferi scod­ noda da yvelafris saqmis kursSi yofiliyo... berias vuTxari, rom politbiuroSi albaT unda SeejerebinaT azrebi da daskvna ise gamoetanaT. ra unda vuTxra, mTeli xelisufleba magis xelSiao – es iyo erTaderTi SemTxveva, rodesac beriasgan stalinis politikis sawinaaRmdego azri gavige... rodesac stalins SevekamaTe, gareT gasuls miqoianma miTxra: `ase ar unda moqceuliyaviT. unda geTqvaT, davbrundebi da vnaxav. es sakmarisi iqneboda, rom mas am sakiTxze cudi STabeWdileba ar Seqm­ noda, winaaRmdegoba ar uyvars, es unda icodeT!~ saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis cekas pirveli mdivani, kandid Carkviani

`cekas mdivnebma xeli Seuwyves stalinis aRzevebas, magram Semdeg eWvi SeeparaT sakuTari arCevanis sisworeSi. Tumca ukve veRarafers Secvlidnen. Sidapartiuli demokratiis ganadgurebiT, maT Tavad Seqmnes iseTi mdgomareoba, rodesac SeuZlebeli gaxda cekas poli­ tikis ganxilva da kritika. amitom logikuria, rom centris davale­ bebsa da direqtivebs pasuxobdnen fexis aTreviT da diversiebiT~. jeims harisi, istorikosi `ioseb stalini: Zalaufleba da ideebi~, axali saarqivo masalebi sara devisis da jeims harisis redaqciiT, gamomcemloba „artanuji~, 2015 w.

saxelmwifo mSeneblobis leniniseuli da staliniseuli idea mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda. samoqalaqo omis perodSi, `wiTeli terorisa~ da `samxedro komunizmis~ Sedegad, sabWoTa kavSirSi umZimesi ekonomikur mdgomareoba Seiqmna. lenini iZulebuli gaxda ekonomikis asaRorZineblad daeSva kerZo sakuTreba. ga­ mocxadda axali ekonomikuri politika (nepi). leninis azriT, saWiro iyo burJua specialistebis gamoyene­ ba, xolo udisciplino da dabalkulturuli proletariati mmarTvelobaSi mxolod mogvianebiT unda gamoeyenebinaT. am midgomas ewinaaRmdegebodnen memarcxeneebi buxarinisa da stalinis meTaurobiT. magaliTad, samoqalaqo omis periodSi stalini ewinaaRmdegeboda mefis armiis oficrebis gamoyenebas wiTel armiaSi, `radgan burJua oficeri mkvdari meTauria da mas ar gaaCnia bolSevikur-proletaruli suli~. amasTan, sta­ lins aRelvebda `wiTel armiaSi~ samxedro ierarqiisa da disci­ plinis sakiTxi, rac 30-ian wlebSi da meore msoflio omis dros wiTeli komisrebis, xSirad ki Cekistebis specnawilebis meSveo­ biT aregulirebda.

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miTi #6

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27, 28. sabWoTa propaganda stalins, rogorc efeqtian xelmZRvanels, ekonomikuri winsvlis mTavar aqtiteqtors ise warmoaCenda. am plakatebSi stalini yovelTvis axlo xediT aris warmodgenili xalxis masasTan SedarebiT misi sidiadis xazgasmis mizniT. 27. mxatvari g. klucisi, 1936 weli. 28. mxatvari v.korecki, 1949 w.

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miTi #6 stalini ar endoboda Zvel, burJuaziul kadrebs da prole­ tariatis ganswavlaze, axali adamianis aRzrdaze saubrobda. stalinma daiwyo e. w. `kulturuli revolucia~, romelsac win unda wamoewia `proletaruli faseulobebi~ da daegmo prag­ matuli, burJuazuli damokidebuleba, rac Zirs uTxrida mSromelTa enTuziazmsa da mobilizaciis process industri­ alizacia-koleqtivizaciis dros. `mxolod farTo masebis sa­ muSao enTuziazmi da Tavgamodeba aris warmoebis progresuli zrdis garantia, romlis gareSec warmoudgenelia socializmis saboloo gamarjveba kapitalizmze~. nep-is mimarT uaryofiTi damokidebuleba stalinma jer kidev 1925 wels gamoamJRavna, rodesac partiis yrilobaze ganacxada: `glexoba ar aris Zlieri da iseTive sando mokavSire, rogoric ganviTarebuli kapitalisturi qveynebis proletariati~. man gaakritika buxarinis devizi glexobis mimarT – `gamdidrdiT!~ da ganacxada, `Cveni sadReiso devizia socialisturi dagroveba~. stalinma 1927-1929 wlebSi brZola gamoucxada `memarjvenee­ bs~, maT, vinc ewinaaRmdegeboda swraf industrializacias im sababiT, rom es Zirs uTxrida mecnierebasa da ekonomikaze da­ fuZnebul wyobas. `memarjveneebi arian adamianebi, romlebsac eSiniaT sirTuleebis, romelTac surT mTeli cxovreba mSvid ritmSi gaataron... im bolSevik liderebs, romlebic ar isaxaven ambiciur ekonomikur gegmebs, ar aqvT socializmis momavlis rwmena. isini garyvna memarjvene ideebma, burJua specialiste­ bma~. 1929 wlis noembris plenumze diskreditirebulma opozi­ ciam `aRiara~ Tavisi poziciis aramarTebuloba. politikur opoziciasTan gamarjvebis Semdeg stalinma gan­ sakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmo glexobis damorCilebis sakiTxs (es socialuri fena mosaxleobis 85 procents Sead­ genda). stalinis gegmiT, soflad sabWoTa xelisuflebis gan­ mtkicebisTvis aucilebeli iyo glexobis ekonomikuri da socialuri gaTanabreba. gaTanabrebis safuZveli ki unda yo­ filiyo miwiT sargeblobis wesis regulireba. glexobis eko­ nomikurad da socialurad gaTanabrebis formad stalinma moifiqra kerZo glexuri meurneobis koleqtiur meurneobaSi (kolmeurneobaSi) gaerTianeba. glexoba kolmeurneobaSi unda gaerTianebuliyo TiTqmis mTeli uZravi da moZravi qonebiT. pirad sakuTrebaSi glexs rCeboda qonebis umniSvnelo nawili. amrigad, soflad kerZo sakuTreba icvleboda koleqtiuri sa­ kuTrebiT, romlis gamgebeli, iseve rogorc moweuli sasoflosameurneo produqciisa, formalurad unda yofiliyo TviT koleqtivi, sinamdvileSi ki kolmeurneobebis gziT yovelive amas saxelmwifo daepatrona.

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miTi #6 soflad partiuli aqtivi ar arsebobda, amitom iq igzavne­ boda axalgazrda komunisti, romelsac adgilobrivi Raribi glexobidan uniSnavdnen erT-or TanaSemwes. maT evalebodaT koleqtivizacia da gankulakeba. simdidris garegnuli niSnebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi gankulakebis komisia iyenebda sof­ sabWoSi arsebul Zvel fiskalur siebs, gepeus informaciebs da mezobelTa dasmenebs. gankulakebulis qoneba mTlianad iZarcveboda an kapikebad iyideboda auqcionze. gankulakebul­ Ta 90 procenti saSualo glexi iyo. `pirveli komuna Cvens sofelSi Seiqmna. Tavidan komunaSi visac undoda, is Sevidoda, sanam kolmeurneobebis Seqmnas daiwyebdnen. Cvenma soflelebma erT did sabZelSi saqoneli da qaTmebi Seyares, rac sarCo-sabadebeli hqondaT, saxlidan moitanes. yoveldRe TiTo Zroxas klavdnen da erTad Wamdnen da svamdnen, Tan xarobdnen, es ra kargi yofila komunao. me da Cemi megobari baTu (vladimer beselia) komunaSi ar SevsulvarT. baTu sul kiTxulobda, amaT es sasmel-saW­ meli rom gauTavdebaT, ra unda qnano? magram amaze aravis ufiqria. saqoneli rom gaTavda, Semdeg qaTmebis dakvla daiwyes, bolos ki WinWris fxals Wamdnen~. glexi j. xurcilava (daba noqalaqevi, senakis raioni)

koleqtivizaciis dasawyisSi (1929 wlis seqtemberi – 1930 wlis marti) partiuli da saxelmwifo aparati momarTuli iyo glexebis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli saqonlis koleqtivizaciisken. am Zaladobrivi politikis pirvel talRas masobrivi winaaR­ mdegoba da saprotesto gamosvlebi mohyva. gepeum aRricxa 14 aTasi gamosvla, romlebSic 2,5 milioni glexi monawileob­ da. Semdeg glexTa ukmayofilebam stalini aiZula, Seenelebina koleqtivizaciis tempi da yvelaferi gadaabrala xelqve­iTebs, cnobil werilSi `Tavbrudaxveva warmatebisagan~ (`pravda~, 1930 wlis 2 marti). koleqtivizaciis wlebSi uamrav adamians Seexo represiebi. dazaralda soflis meurneoba, Semcirda produqciis warmoe­ ba, moispo materialuri dainteresebis safuZveli. miuxedavad amisa, sabWoTa xelisuflebam politikur mizans mainc miaRwia. soflad Seiqmna ekonomikurad da socialurad gaTanabrebuli kolmeurne glexobis mravalmilioniani fena, romelic sabWoTa xelisuflebis mtkice dasayrdens warmoadgenda. ufro konkre­ tulad, 1929-1938 wlebSi sabWoTa kavSirSi aqtiuri koleqtivi­ zaciis Sedegad Camoyalibda 250 aTasi kolmeurneoba, rom­ lebSic gaerTianebuli iyo 26 milioni glexuri komli. isini

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29 29. mxatvari n. vatolina da n. denisovi, 1941 w. warwera plakatze: `iyavi frTxilad, aseT dReebSi, kedlebsac esmiT Seni layboba. Woraobidan Ralatamde erTi bijia.~

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30 30. mxatvari d. korecki, 1954 w. sabWoTa moqalaqeebi valdebulni iyvnen damorCilebodnen partiis generalur miTiTebebs, rac sabWoTa propagandistul plakatebSi iyo gamosaxuli: ar ilaybo ! (dauSvebelia gamoxato partiis generaluri natarivisgan gansxvavebuli azri).

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miTi #6 saxelmwifos srul sakuTrebas warmoadgendnen. ganTavisufle­ bidan 70 wlis Semdeg ruseTSi glexoba isev ymebad aqcies. vinc koleqtivizaciis process SeewinaaRmdegeboda, mas acxadebdnen `kulakad~, xvretdnen an asaxlebdnen. `gankulakebis~ procesSi 15 milioni adamiani daiRupa. `industrializaciis stalinuri versiis ganxorcieleba mxolod adamianuri da bunebrivi resursebiT iseT mdidar qveyanaSi iyo SesaZlebeli, rogoric sabWoTa kavSiri iyo. sabWoTa kavSiris cen­ traluri statistikuri sammarTvelos monacemebis Tanaxmad, 1952 wels moqalaqis dRiuri saSualo sakvebi norma (romelic mxolod did qalaqebSi sruldeboda), iyo naxevari kilo puri, 0,38 litri rZe, erTi-ori kovzi Saqari da 40 grami xorci, anu ufro naklebi, vid­re nacisturi germaniis saokupacio reJimma dauwesa safrange­ Tis mosaxleobas 1940 wlis Semodgomaze~. laSa oTxmezuri, `stalini menejeri~, radio Tavisufleba

1932-1933 wlebSi sabWoTa reJimma moawyo xelovnuri SimSiloba da terori ukrainasa da mis mimdebare kazakTa miwebze. sursa­ Tis mTeli maragi xalxs ZaliT waarTves, Caayenes samxedro kor­ doni, romelic aravis aZlevda garedan produqtis Semotanis saSualebas. am teroris mizani iyo, CaeklaT ukrainuli nacio­ naluri protestis talRa. daiRupa 7 milioni adamiani. es faqti msoflio istoriaSi dRemde sakuTari mosaxleobisaTvis geno­ cidis mowyobis uprecedento faqtad aris miCneuli. SimSilobas msxverpli mohyva ruseTis evropul nawilSic, agreTve cimbirSi, CrdiloeT kavkasiasa da Sua aziaSi. SimSilma da sasowarkveTam 1,5 milionamde adamians mezobel CineTSi mig­ racia aiZula. sabWoTa glexoba, rogorc SeeZlo, winaaRmdegobas uwevda stalinis am kampanias – koleqtivizacias gmobdnen, rogorc `meore batonymobas~ da bolSevikuri revoluciis Ralats, radgan revolucia glexebs `mSvidobas da miwas~ hpirdeboda. amas emateboda morwmune glexebSi gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba, rom sabWoTa mTavroba antiqristianuli iyo da koleqtiur fermebSi gawevrianeba sulis jojoxeTisTvis gawirvas udrida.

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31 31. kievis olqis sofel bariSevskis raionSi, soflis mosaxleobas arTmeven marcvleuls.

32 32. 1932-33 wlebis holodomoris dros, ukrainis soflebSi sabWoTa Cekistebis mier gadaRebuli fotoebi.

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miTi #6 `bolSevikuri pirobebi aRuwerelia. me verc warmovidgendi, rom SesaZlebelia aseTi siRatake. xalxma aq araferi ar icis eleqtru­ li gayvanilobis, radios, gazeTebis da amgvaris Sesaxeb. ar SeiZle­ ba, sadac isini cxovroben, uwodo saxlebi. mxolod dampali Ti­ viT gadaxuruli qoxmaxebia. irgvliv Tvaluwvdeneli motovebuli velebia. ar aris Tundac patara maRazia. es isaa, rasac xalxi `sab­ WoTa samoTxes~ uwodebs~. vermaxtis ufrosi serJanti kurt humeli `1941 weli – sabWoTa kavSiris saxelmwifo politsammarTvelos msxverplni germaneli jariskacis TvaliT: werilebi aRmosavleTis frontidan~, 1941 w.

koleqtivizaciis dros udanaSaulod represirebulTa ricxvi saqarTveloSic Zalze didi iyo. saqarTveloSi soflis koleq­ tivizacia erTbaSad mainc ver moxerxda. mizezi glexobis winaaRmdegoba iyo. 1928 wlisTvis saqarTveloSi koleqtiv­ izaciis done erT procentsac ar udrida, xolo 1932 wels oc­ daTeqvsmets gadaaWarba. koleqtivizaciis procesze SeiZleba vimsjeloT Semdegi monacemebiT: 1928 wels mTel saqarTvelo­ Si koleqtiur meurneobebSi gaerTianebuli iyo 3574 glexuri meurneoba, 1932 wels – 165 671, xolo 1937 wels – 373 944. aRsa­ niSnavia isic, rom 1937 wels koleqtiur meurneobebSi kidev ar iyo gaerTianebuli 116 354 glexuri meurneoba. koleqtivizaciam saqarTveloSi soflis mosaxleobis ekonomi­ kuri mdgomareoba gaauaresa. kolmeurneobebs moweuli mosav­ lis mxolod umniSvnelo nawili rCebodaT. saxelmwifo geg­ mebis zrdasTan erTad xelisufleba administraciul meTodebs iye­ nebda. Sromis anazRaureba xelovnurad gaaTanabres, rac aseve aferxebda ekonomikur winsvlas soflad. saqar­ Tvelos xelisuf­lebas ar SeeZlo soflis uzrunvelyofa axali teq­ nologiiT, ar gascemda sesxebs glexuri meurneobis ganviTa­ rebis mizniT. soflis ekonomikuri daqveiTebis pirobebSi sul ufro Zlierdeboda socialuri daZabuloba, izrdeboda ukma­ yofileba sabWoTa xelisuflebis mimarT. qarTveli glexi misi duxWiri cxovrebis mizezad sabWoTa xelisuflebas miiCnevda. stalinis mizani, swrafad gadaeqcia sabWoTa kavSiri indus­ triul qveynad, ukavSirdeboda soflis meurneobis produq­ ciis zrdis aucileblobas – mzardi raodenobis muSebis gamosakvebad, agreTve valutis gamosamuSaveblad, raTa marcv­ leulis eqsportis meSveobiT ucxouri teqnologia SeeZinaT. problemis mogvarebis gzad man koleqtivizacia gamoacxada – glexebis iZuleba, uari eTqvaT TavianT miwebze da saxelmwi­

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miTi #6 fos kuTvnil, saxelmwifos mier marTul uzarmazar sasoflosameurneo sawarmoebSi emuSavaT. 1929-1939 wlebSi 5-idan 99 procentamde gaizarda im sasoflosameurneo savargulebis maCvenebeli, romlebsac koleqtiuri fermebi akontrolebdnen. 1935 wels stalinma pirvelad axsena lozungi `kadrebi wyveten yvelafers~, rac misi politikis fundamentad iqca. stalinma gamoigona `staxanovuri moZraoba~, socialisturi warmoe­ bis novatorTa – mowinave muSebis, kolmeurneebis, inJinerteqnikosTa personalis masobrivi moZraoba. amieridan, nebi­ smieri ekonomikuri warumatebloba hbraldeboda an xalxSi SeniRbul memarjvene-trockistebs, an kadrebis politikuri aRzrdis deficits. msgavsi propagandiT niadagi mzaddeboda `xalxis mtrebze~ sanadirod. masobrivi fsiqozis danergva da mudmivi SeTqmulebis Teoriis, xalxis mtrebis daucxromeli Zieba stalinis xelisuflebis mTavari dasayrdeni iyo.

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33

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34

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35 33, 34, 35. koleqtivizaciis periodis propagandistuli plakatebi.

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miTi #7

miTi #7 `stalini kargi qarTveli iyo _ uyvarda qarTuli kultura da tradiciebi~ saqarTveloSi stalinis kultis damkvidrebas xeli Seuwyo stalinis qarTulma warmoSobam. rodesac saubroben stali­ nis saqarTvelosadmi damokidebulebaze, moixmoben misi bio­ grafiis adreul epizodebs. kerZod, qarTul Jurnal-gazeTeb­ Si gamoqveynebul ramdenime leqss, romlebSic TiTqos aSkarad Cans stalinis siyvaruli samSoblos mimarT. ixseneben agreTve misi cxovrebis gviandel periods, rodesac is Svebulebis pe­ riods saqarTveloSi atarebda da amas samSoblosadmi nostal­ giiT xsnian. am miTis avtorebi qarTuli kulinariisa da Rvinis mimarT stalinis gansakuTrebul damokidebulebasac mis `pat­ riotizms~ miaweren. destalinizaciis(14) periodSi arsebobda Tvalsazrisi, gansa­ kuTrebiT rusi erovnebis komunistebs Soris, rom stalini gan­ sakuTrebulad zrunavda saqarTveloze. sainteresoa, Tavad stalins ramdenad miaCnda Tavi qarTvelad? stalinis qaliSvili svetlana alilueva xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom `ojaxSi qarTuli suli ar sufevda, mama mTlianad garuse­ buli iyo~. stalini Tavis avtobiografiaSi miuTiTebda, rom misi mSobliuri ena iyo rusuli. iaponel JurnalistTan inter­ viuSi stalini yovelgvari sentimentalobis gareSe ambobda, `rusificirebuli qarTveli~ varo. stalins ar miuRia qarTuli ganaTleba. bavSvobidan misi iden­ toba Camoyalibda sakmaod Wrel socialur konglomeratSi: qar­Tveli mSoblebi, rusulenovani seminaria, internacional­ uri da proletaruli socialuri garemo gorSi, TbilisSi, ba­ Tumsa da baqoSi. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom misi arcTu urigo samwerlo debiuti, rac bavSvobasa da qarTul enasTan asocirdeboda, dasrulda 17 wlis asakSi, gagrZelebis mcdelobis gareSe. qarTveli social-demokratebis menSevikuri nawilis elitas ZiriTadad gaRaribebuli Tavadaznauroba warmoadgenda. amde­ nad, maTSi qarTuli nacionalizmi sakmaod fesvgamdgari iyo da, marqsizmTan winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, is garkveuli formiT met-naklebad mainc iCenda xolme Tavs. stalini, mravali qarTveli bolSevikis msgavsad, arasdros yofila qarTveli nacionalisti. garemo, sadac is gaizarda,

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miTi #7 sxva idealebs unergavda axalgazrdebs. saqarTvelodan mas adreuli xalxosnobis ideebi, xalxisTvis mebrZoli yaCaRebis heroikuli xsovna gahyva. am ideebis praqtikuli realizacia moxda ruseTSi, rodesac stalinma gaiziara proletariatis brZolis leniniseuli programa glexTa da muSaTa klasis er­ Tobisa da socialuri Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelosadmi mis uaryofiT damokidebulebaSi Tavisi roli Seasrula social-demokratebs Soris arsebulma ganxeTqile­ bam. qarTvelma menSevikebma, romlebic ganaTlebiT, politi­ kuri momzadebiTa da gavleniT bevrad aRematebodnen qarTvel bolSevikebs, advilad Seaviwroes isini da saqar­ TveloSi as­ parezi SeuzRudes maT. es mdgomareoba energiuli da ambiciuri ioseb juRaSvilisTvis sruliad miuRebeli iyo. am mizeziT da­ tova man saqarTvelo, Semdeg ki kavkasia da bedi ruseTSi scada, sadac misi politikuri kariera gacilebiT mzardi da nakleb­ konkurentuli iyo. ruseTSi ipova man Tavisi adgili. iq Camoyalibda rus naciona­ listad, metic – Sovinistad. mas SesaniSnavad esmoda, rom war­ moSobiT araruss ruseTSi Tavis damkvidreba mxolod Warbi `rusuli patriotizmiT~ SeeZlo. es mdgomareoba maleve iqca stalinis politikur kredod, rac jer mis Teoriul naazrevSi aisaxa, Semdeg ki – praqtikul saqmianobaSic. stalinisTvis saqarTvelo ar aRiqmeboda erTian qveynad, saer­ To kulturiT, istoriiT, erovnuli TviTSegnebiT. mas sakmaod myarad Camoyalibebuli damokidebuleba hqonda rogorc na­ cionalizmis ideis, ise saqarTvelos da qarTveli eris mimarT. ai, citatebi misi Sromebidan: `saqarTvelos ar SeuZlia ru­ seTis gareSe arseboba...~, `qarTvelebi mebrZoli Sovinistebi arian – isini saSinlad aviwroeben sxvebs: somxebs, azerbaija­ nelebs, afxazebs, aWarlebs, osebs~, `qarTveli ara erovneba, aramed konglomeratia~. nacionalur sakiTxs stalini meore­ xarisxovnad miiCnevda. metic, misi azriT, nacionalizmi xelis­ SemSleli iyo proletariatis saboloo miznis – revoluciis gamarjvebisTvis. `proletariatis gamarjvebisaTvis saWiroa yvela muSis SeerTeba, ganurCevlad erovnebisa. cxadia, nacionaluri kedlebis dangreva da mWidrod SekavSireba rusi, qarTveli, somexi, poloneli, ebrae­ li da sxva proletarebisa – ruseTis proletariatis gamarjvebis aucilebeli pirobaa. TavisTavad aRebuls egreT wodebul `nacio­ nalur interesebs~ fasi ara aqvs. es `interesebi~ yuradRebis Rir­ sia mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac maT SeuZliaT win waswion prole­

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miTi #7 tariatis klasobrivi TviTSegneba, misi klasobrivi ganviTareba... araviTari `nacionaluri suli~ ar arsebobs da arc SeiZleba arse­ bobdes. TavisTavad cxadia, rom yovelive dacva imisi, rac ar arse­ bobs, logikuri sisulelea~. ioseb stalini, `rogor esmis social-demokratias nacionaluri sakiTxi?~ gamomcemloba `saxelgami~, 1954 w.

stalini srulad iziarebda marqsistul Tvalsazriss pro­ gresuli (civilizebuli) da regresuli (barbarosuli) erebis Sesaxeb. misi azriT, rus ers istoriaSi ekisra gansakuTrebuli misia – sxva ufro CamorCenili erebis gadarCena. `ruseTis eqs­ pansia CamorCenil teritoriebze iyo progresis gavrceleba... ruseTis eqspansia ukrainaSi, kavkasiasa da centralur aziaSi sasargebloa masSi monawile erebisTvis. aziis istoriuli li­ derebi, romlebic ebrZodnen ruseTs, gakicxvas imsaxurebdnen, rogorc CamorCenili socialur-ekonomikuri sistemis warmo­ madgenlebi. antikoloniuri brZolebi mxolod maSin aris mosa­ woni, Tu isini warmoadgenen imperialisturi mTavrobis winaaR­ mdeg rusi xalxis erTiani brZolis nawils~. am Tvalsazrisis danergvis mcdeloba iyo `naklebi borotebis Teoriis principis~ danergva. stalinma moaxdina saqarTvelos istoriis revizia da miuTiTa qarTvel nacionalist istor­ ikosebs, rom yvela dampyrobeli ar aris boroti, zogi nak­ lebad borotia, Tu mas socialur-politikuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT moaqvs `progresi~. `mas (stalins) Zalian SezRuduli, viwro nacionalizmi axasiaTebda. aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan Zalian cota iyo maRali Tanamdebobis piri. es awuxebda stalins. Tan viRac-viRacebic axelebdnen da erTi saubris dros miTxra, Tqven administraciuli dayofa ar gaqvT maincdamainc kargi. misTvis is ki ar iyo mniSvnelovani, rom adminis­ traciuli dayofa gaumjobesebuliyo, aramed, rogorme dasavleT saqarTvelo gamoyofoda aRmosavleTs. egona, rom gamoyofiT iq mosaxleobas davamagrebdiT da aRar wamovidodnen aqeT. mokled, undoda, rom migracia dasavleTidan aRmosavleTSi Sewyvetiliyo. quTaisSi gadagvatanina universiteti, subtropikuli instituti. 1951 wels respublikis teritoria or olqad gaiyo: Tbilisis da quTaisis olqebi, rac Zalian hgavda mefisdroindel guberniebs~. saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis cekas pirveli mdivani, kandid Carkviani gela Carkviani, `interviu mamaTan~, Tbilisi, 2013 w.

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miTi #7 stalinis periodSi saqarTvelos politikuri lideri kandid Carkviani uaryofs stalinis gansakuTrebul damokidebuleba­ sa da gamorCeul yuradRebas saqarTvelosadmi. TanamedroveTa cnobiT, stalins yovelTvis afiqrebda masze Seqmnili sazoga­ doebrivi azri da metismetad cdilobda, mavans ar efiqra, rom igi gansakuTrebul mzrunvel damokidebulebas iCenda qar­ Tvelebis mimarT. `stalinis dros ar yofila gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba saqar­ TveloSi. aseTi amorCeuloba saqarTvelosi ar yofila da, stalinis xasiaTi rom vici, arc SeiZleboda yofiliyo. bevrs zrunavda Cveni meurneobis, Cais, citrusebis, mevenaxeobis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb... fiqrobda imaze, rom es Zvirfasi kulturebi, romlebic mxolod saqarTveloSia gavrcelebuli, iseTi masStabiT ganviTarebuliyo, rom sabWoTa kavSirs hqonoda sakuTari citrusebi, yurZeni, Rvino~. saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis cekas pirveli mdivani, kandid Carkviani

stalinis rusuli nacionalizmi aSkarad gamomJRavnda sabWo­ Ta kavSiris Seqmnis wina periodSi, rodesac mas dapirispireba mouxda leninTan. 1922 wels leninisadmi gagzavnil werilSi is droebiTad mi­ iCnevda msgavs politikas da amtkicebda: `samoqalaqo omis 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi... ucxouri intervenciis gamo Cven iZule­ bulni viyaviT gveCvenebina moskovis liberalizmi nacionalur sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT~. stalini sajarod uaryofda `erebis TviTgamorkvevis~ princips, rac leninma wamoayena, rogorc postimperiul ruseTSi nacionaluri sakiTxis umtkivneulod gadaWris saSualebas. stalini am princips Zvelmodurs uwodeb­ da da acxadebda: `TviTgamorkvevis princips uari unda eTqvas ara marto imitom, rom is arsobrivad ewinaaRmdegeba centrisa da sasazRvro regionebis kavSiris Seqmnis sakiTxis formuli­ rebas, aramed ZiriTadad imitom, rom is fundamenturad ewi­ naaRmdegeba xalxis masebis interesebs, rogorc centrSi, ise sasazRvro regonebSi~. lenins surda sabWoTa kavSiri Seeqmna im saxiT, rom masTan aliansi mimzidveli yofiliyo sxva didi erebisTvis (germania, rumineTi, fineTi, ungreTi...) momavalSi msoflio proletaru­ li revoluciis gagrZelebisa da maTi gasabWoebis SemTxvevaSi. stalini, rogorc pragmatikosi da nacionaluri sakiTxis xis­ tad gadaWris momxre, imTaviTve fiqrobda ruseTis saxelmwifos politikur gaZlierebas erTiani centraluri xelisuflebi­

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miTi #7 sadmi daqvemdebarebiT. misTvis miuRebeli iyo yovelgvari sab­ WoTa nacionaluri saxelmwifoebi da erTa Tanasworoba. stali­ ni leninisadmi werilSi amtkicebda am erebis uproblemod asimilaciis SesaZleblobas: `es erebi (baSkirebi, ukrainelebi, qarTvelebi, somxebi, azerbaijanelebi) an ukmayofiloni iyvnen Tavisi saxelmwifoebrobiT, an dakarges is didi xnis win, ris safuZvelzec sabWoTa (centralizebuli) tipis federacia mis­ aRebi iqneba maTTvis gansakuTrebuli winaaRmdegobis gareSe~. amis gamo leninma mas `velikorusi derJimorda~ uwoda. `stali­ nis siCqarem da ugunurma gatacebam wminda administrirebiT, agreTve misma jibrma nacional-uklonistebis winaaRmdeg fa­ taluri roli Seasrula. arsebobda sabWoTa saxelmwifos momavali mowyobis ori pro­ eqti: erovnebaTa saqmeebis saxalxo komisarma ioseb stalinma cekas gansaxilvelad warudgina proeqti, romlis mixedviT, axal sa­ xelmwifos ewodeboda ruseTis sabWoTa federaciuli respub­ lika da mis SemadgenlobaSi avtonomiuri erTeulebis saxiT Se­ vidodnen sxva erebi. am proeqts ewoda `avtonomizaciis gegma~. alternatiuli proeqti, romelic ganxorcielda kidec, warad­ gina leninma. es proeqti iTvaliswinebda sruliad axali sa­ xelmwifos – sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiris (SemoklebiT ssrk) Seqmnas, sadac cal-calke, Tanasworufle­ biani respublikebis saxiT Sevidoda oTxi respublika (ruseTis sfsr, ukrainis ssr, belorusiis ssr, amierkavkasiis sfsr). saqarTvelos komunistebis nawili ewinaaRmdegeboda amier­ kavkasiis federacias. maT surdaT, sabWoTa saqarTvelo da­ moukidebeli respublikis saxiT Sesuliyo sabWoTa kavSirSi. es jgufi, romelsac uwodes `nacional-uklonistebi~ da romlis meTauri iyo budu mdivani, komunisturi partiis Sida opozi­ ciad gadaiqca da 30-ian wlebSi fizikurad gaanadgures stali­ nis brZanebiT. 30-ian wlebSi, rodesac stalinma sruli Zalaufleba moipova, nacionaluri sakiTxi mTlianad dauqvemdebara politikurs. igi yovelTvis xazs usvamda rusi eris sidiades da sxva erebis CamorCenilobas; rom rusma erma ikisra sxva mcirericxovani erebis ganviTareba da yvela eri swored rusi eris mfarvelo­ biT SeiZleboda ganviTarebuliyo. amdenad, yvelaferi, yovel­ gvari erovnuli saWiroeba unda daqvemdebareboda progresisa da swrafi industrializaciis kurss.

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miTi #7 stalini, rogorc rusi Sovinisti, qmnida erovnebaTa ierar­ qiebs, adgenda erovnebaTa kategoriebis siebs mosaxleobis aRwerisTvis. stalinis rusuli imperialisturi nacionaluri politikis yvelaze aSkara gamoxatulebaa me-20 saukunis 40-ian wlebSi mTeli erebisTvis moRalatis iarliyis miwebeba da maTi gadasaxlebebi. am masStabis danaSauli kavkasiis dapyrobis drosac ki ver SeZles carizmis moxeleebma. 30-ian wlebSi stalinizmis ideologiaSi dasrulebuli saxe mi­ iRo nacionalurma sakiTxma. am droisTvis stalinma uari Tqva msoflio proletaruli revoluciis ganxorcielebis marqsis­ tul ideaze da daamkvidra `erT qveyanaSi socializmis aSenebis principi~. sabWoTa kavSiri iyo `gaerTianebuli Zmuri ojaxi, sa­ dac TiToeuli eri SeinarCunebda Tavis tradiciebs~. am ojaxSi wamyvani roli ekuTvnoda rus ers, rogorc ufros Zmas. rusi eris liderobis safuZveli iyo teritoriis sidide, Sedar­ ebiT ganviTarebuli mrewveloba, kultura, saxelmwifoebrivi tradicia, revoluciuri aqtivoba da socialisturi ganwyoba. stalinis azriT, `erebis Serwyma SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda mxo­ lod msoflio masStabiT socializmis gamarjvebis Semdgom, manamde ki socializmi niSnavda erovnuli kulturis ayvavebas, `socialisturs formiT da erovnuls SinaarsiT~. stalinma 1933 wels rus ers uwoda `yvelaze niWieri eri msoflioSi~, xolo 1945 wels, omis damTavrebis aRsaniSnav wveulebaze gamorCeu­ lad adRegrZela `didebuli rusi eri~.

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miTi #8

miTi #8 `stalini asketurad cxovrobda da materialuri simdidre ar ainteresebda~ es miTi ukavSirdeba stalinis sicocxleSi Seqmnil portrets – mSromeli xalxis keTildReobisTvis marad mzrunveli `yvela droisa da xalxebis mama~. istoriaSi arnaxuli masStabisa da gav­ lenis stalinis kulti, romlis Seqmnazec stalinis brZanebiT wlebis ganmavlobaSi muSaobdnen saxelmwifo da samecniero dawesebulebebi, moicavda stalinis propagandistul imijs – TiToeul sabWoTa moqalaqeze mzrunveli beladi cxovrobda asketurad, yovelgvari fufunebisa da komfortis gareSe, ar gaaCnda araferi erTi kitelis, Cibuxisa da Ceqmebis garda. sabWoTa kavSiri iyo saxelmwifo, sadac oficialurad iyo akrZa­ luli kerZo sakuTreba. sacxovrebeli saxlebic ki saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi iyo. moqalaqeebi mxolod moqiravneebi iyvnen da saxelmwifos nebismier dros SeeZlo maTTvis sacxovreblis ga­ mocvla an saerTod sacxovreblidan gamoZeveba da gadasaxleba. realurad, sabWoTa kavSirSi erTaderT mesakuTred SegviZlia ioseb stalini miviCnioT, radgan oficialurad gamocxadebuli socialuri Tanasworobisa da arsebuli konstituciis miRma, mTeli qveyana swored am erT pirovnebas eqvemdebareboda da misi neba-survili yovelgvar kanonze maRla idga. saimijo-propagandistuli ubraloebis miRma stalini ar iklebda komforts da personalur siamovnebebs, rac yvela ep­ oqis diqtatorebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli da arc stalini warmoadgenda gamonakliss. Zalauflebis ganmtkicebisa da usafrTxoebis garantiis pi­ robebSi, 30-iani wlebis dasawyisidan moyolebuli stalinis­ Tvis Cveul ambad iqca moskovis xangrZlivad datoveba (zogjer weliwadSi 2-3 TviT) da samxreTSi, Savi zRvis kurortebze das­ veneba. am dros is Tavis moadgile kaganoviCTan mudmivi sain­ formacio paketebis gacvliT, mogvianebiT agreTve satele­ fono komunikaciis meSveobiT marTavda qveyanas. dasvenebis es tradicia kidev ufro gaRrmavda omis Semdgom, rodesac gamra­ valferovnda dasasvenebeli adgilebi. stalinis personalur gankargulebaSi iyo aTeulobiT agaraki. zogierTi Zalze uyvarda, zogierTSi ki, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi SekveTiT da piradad misTvis aaSenes, arasdros ucxovria. Tu ra materialuri da adamianuri resursi ixarjeboda specsa­ natoriumebis momzadebaze, romelic daakmayofilebda diqta­

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miTi #8 toris moTxovnebs, naTlad metyvelebs maSindeli saqarTvelos lideris kandid Carkvianis mogoneba: `stalini roca moxucda, ufro met yuradRebas aqcevda sa­ kuTar Tavs da janmrTelobas. omis Semdeg is sul Savi zRvis sanapiroze isvenebda da uceb gadawyvita wasuliyo wyaltu­ boSi dasaveneblad. iq maSin erTaderTi sanatoriumi iyo da swrafad gavaremonteT, rom stalinis misaRebad mzad yofili­ yo. moskovidan or dReSi wamovediT matarebliT. stalini sad­ gurebze Camodioda da baqanze seirnobda. erTaderTi sadguri, romelic xalxisgan mTlianad gawmindes Cekistebma, iyo samtre­ dia... wyaltuboSi abazanebs iRebda, gaCerda aTi dRe. Semdeg Za­ lian dacxa da Sewuxda, rodesac SevTavaze droebiT borjomSi gadasvla, da sicxeebis gadavlis Semdeg ukan dabruneba. axlave wavideTo. Zlivs daviTanxme, rom meore dRes wavsuliyaviT. wyaltuboSi motanili saremonto masala, santeqnika Rame gava­ zidine da Cekistebi davayeneT Tavze, rom yvelaferi daemonta­ JebinaT~. `stalinis cxovrebaze gaweuli xarjebisTvis erTi Tvalis ga­ davlebac sakmarisia, rom davrwmundeT – `beladis gaqaneba~ egvipteli faraonisas ufro waagavda, vidre revoluciuri romantizmiT gamsWvaluli asketi mbrZaneblisas. magaliTad, 1951 wels stalinis mxolod binasa da agarakze (sadac im wels isvenebda) daixarja 26,3 milioni maneTi. es maSin, roca kol­ meurnis saSualo wliuri xelfasi iyo 1080 maneTi; anu 1951 wels stalinis marto binebis Senaxva saxelmwifos daujda igive Tanxa, rac 24 352 kolmeurnis wliuri xelfasi!~ – wers laSa oTxmezuri radio Tavisuflebis veb-gverdze gamoqveynebul werilSi `stalini asketi~. stalinis oficialuri samTavrobo agarakebis arasruli nusxa:

`semionovskaia~ – moskovidan 100 km-iT daSorebuli, 800 m2, 8 oTaxi. stalini aq modioda sanadirod da dasasveneblad, agreTve sabuTebis momzadebisas (Semonaxulia Secvlili saxiT). `zubalovo~ – moskovis gareubani (1926-1933 ww.). `kuncevskaia~ – 2 sarTuli, daaxl. 1000 m2, 10 oTaxi (19331953 ww.). `blinovka~ – soWi. ori sarTuli. 250 m2, 5 oTaxi. stalinma aq erTxel daisvena, agaraki ar moewona da k. voroSilovs gadasca (Semonaxulia Secvlili saxiT).

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miTi #8 `puzanovka~ – soWi. 100 m2, 6 oTaxi (Semonaxulia gadakeTe­ buli saxiT). `axali macesta~ (`mwvane Wala~) – soWi. 2 sarTuli, 200 m2, 6 oTaxi (amJamad memorialuri muzeumia). `riviera~ – soWis gareubani. 1 sarTuli, 200 m2, 5 oTaxi (ar Semonaxula). `golovinka~ – yirimi. 1 sarTuli. 150 m2, 4 oTaxi. stalini aq orjer iyo (pirvandeli saxiT ar Semonaxula). `iaveinaia~ – yirimi. 1 sarTuli, 4 oTaxi, 150 m2, stalini aq arasdros mosula (ar Semonaxula pirvandeli saxiT.). `koreizi~ – yirimi. 600 m2-ze meti. aq imyofeboda 1945 wels, ialtis konferenciis dros. `trapeznikovo~ – yirimi, 2 sarTuli, 300 m2, 7 oTaxi. stali­ ni aq ramdenimejer isvenebda, maT Soris aliluevasTan er­ Tad. Semdeg aq Seasaxla e. iaroslavski. `riwa~ – riwis tbis maxloblad, saqarTveloSi (afxazeTi). 1 sarTuli. 200 m2, 4 oTaxi `axali aToni~ – saqarTvelo (afxazeTi). 2 sarTuli, 200 m2, 6 oTaxi. `xolodnaia reCka~ – gagridan 11 km. saqarTvelo (afxa­ zeTi). zRvis donidan 130 m. 2 sarTuli, daaxloebiT 500 m2, 8 oTaxi. teritoriaze aris saxli qaliSvil svetlanasT­ vis (amJamad dasasvenebeli saxlia ucxoeli turistebisT­ vis). `borjomi~ – saqarTvelo. romanovebis saimperatoro re­ zidencia. Senoba aaSenes XIX saukunis bolos. 2 sarTuli, 300 m2, 9 oTaxi. stalini aq 1951 wels isvenebda (Semonaxu­ lia dRemde). `wyaltubo~ – saqarTvelo. 2 sarTuli. 200 m2, 5 oTaxi (Senoba Semonaxulia). `miusera~ – saqarTvelo (afxazeTi). 1 sarTuli, 300 m2, 6 oTaxi. 1933 wlidan moyolebuli stalini aq mravaljer isvenebda (Senoba dRemdea SemorCenili). `soxumi~ – saqarTvelo (afxazeTi). agaraki ganlagebulia saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis botanikur baRSi. 2 sarTuli, 600 m2, 20 oTaxi (Senoba Semonaxulia).

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36 36. koreizis sanatoriumi, sadac Catarda ialtis samiti 1945 wels.

37 37. sanatoriumi borjomSi.

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38

39 38, 39. kuncevos agaraki.

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miTi #9

miTi #9 `stalinma sakuTari Svilis sicocxle saxelmwifos interesebs Seswira~ am miTis safuZveli TavisTavad iyo stalinis kultis mTavari lozungi – `yvela xalxis mama~. bunebrivia, igi upirvelesad Tavisi ojaxisa da Svilebis sanimuSo mama unda yofiliyo. 1967 wels sabWoTa kavSiridan emigraciaSi gaqceulma stalinis qa­ liSvilma svetlana aliluevam gamoaqveyna memuarebi `oci wer­ ili megobars~, romelmac seriozulad Searyia legenda meojaxe stalinze. dResdReobiT arsebuli mravali saarqivo masala da memuari, stalinis biografiis detalebi did diqtators sru­ liad sxvagvarad warmoaCens. stalinis rTuli pirovnuli Tvisebebis safuZveli misi bavSvo­ bisa da siymawvilis gancdebs, mZime ojaxur garemos ukavSirde­ ba, rac Semdgom aisaxa mis pirad cxovrebazec, ojaxis wevrebTan damokidebulebaze. mraval diqtators hqonda msgavsi biogra­ fia da stalini gamonaklisi ar yofila. stalini ojaxis wevrebisa da naTesavebis mimarT didi mzrun­ velobiT ar gamoirCeoda. is maT aRiqvamda, rogorc misdami morCil arsebebs da, winaaRmdegobis SemTxvevaSi, anadgurebda. stalinis ojaxis wevrTa tragikuli bedi didwilad beladis maTdami damokidebulebis Sedegi iyo. pirveli meuRle eka­ terine svaniZe revoluciuri moZraobiT gatacebul koba ju­ RaSvils uyuradRebod hyavda mitovebuli Cvil bavSvTan er­ Tad, rasac misi tifiT gardacvaleba mohyva 1907 wels. meore meuRle, nadeJda alilueva (1901-1932 ww.), romelic 1919 wels SeirTo colad 41 wlis asakSi, imTaviTve ucxo iyo misTvis, ra­ sac maT Soris didi asakobrivi sxvaobac uwyobda xels. stali­ nisgan sruliad Seviwroebulma da terorizebulma nadeJdam TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula sicocxle. ufrosi vaJiSvili iakob juRaSvili (1907-1943 ww.), romelic dedis daRupvis Semdeg raWaSi izrdeboda Tavis biZebTan, agreTve sruliad ucxo iyo mamisTvis – Svili faqtobrivad 15 wlis asakSi gaicno, roca saqarTvelodan moskovSi waiyvana. iakobi Znelad Seegua ucxo garemos, gardatexis asaks daemTxva misi urTierTobac gaucxoebul mamasTan, rac maT Soris mud­ mivi konfliqtis safuZveli iyo. meore msoflio omSi tyved Cavardnili da nacistur sakoncentracio banakSi moxvedrili iakob juRaSvili tragikulad daiRupa. im dros, stalinis gan­ kargulebiT, germanelTa tyveobaSi moxvedra samSoblos Ra­ lats gauTanabrda, Sesabamisad, stalinma mas silaCreSi dasdo

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miTi #9 brali, rom Tavis mokvla ver gabeda. amitom stalins mis mimarT aranairi yuradReba ar gamouCenia. sabWoTa propagandam es faqtic saTavisod gamoiyena – `beladma leitenanti juRaSvili ar gacvala feldmarSalze~. `mamamisTan urTierTobiT sasowarkveTilebamde misulma iakobma CvenTan, kremlis saxlis samzareuloSi gaisrola. tyvia daixala. sabednierod, mxolod daiWra. mamam amaSi mxolod ironiis sababi naxa: – ra, ver moirtya? uyvarda dacinva... tyveobaSi iaSas bedis ana­ barad mitoveba Zalian hgavs mamas – uareyo, daeviwyebina Tavisian­ ebi, TiTqos arc arsebobdnen isini... mamaCems rva SviliSvilidan mxolod mxolod sami hyavda nanaxi – Cemi Svilebi da iaSas qaliSvili.. SeiZleboda mamas gadarwmuneba, SeiZleboda CagenergaT, rom es ada­ miani, romelzec kargi warmodgena gvqonda, cudi da suleli yo­ fila. ukan daxeva da xelaxla dajereba imisa, rom mavani mteri ki ara, Rirseuli adamiania, misTvis fsiqologiurad miuRebeli iyo. warsuli qreboda misTvis da amaSi iyo misi naturis mTeli ulmob­ loba. mravalwliani megobrobis da TanamebrZolobis saerTo war­ suli TiTqos aRar arsebobda. raRac Sinagani gaugebari JestiT yvelafers xazs gadausvamda da adamiani ganwiruli iyo. aha, Sen mi­ Ralate? – ase ambobda viRac mis sulSi, raRac ucxo eSmaks hyavda Sepyrobili – maSin me Sen ukve aRar gcnob!.. igi ukve daxSuli iyo maTTvis. ar SeeZlo ukan, maTken nabijis gadadgmac ki. ukve aRar ar­ sebobda xsovna. iyo mxolod boroti interesi – rogor iqceva amJa­ mad? aRiarebs Tu ara Tavis Secdomebs?~ svetlana alilueva, `20 werili megobars~, moskovi, 1990 w.

meore vaJi vasili stalini (1921-1962 ww.), aviaciis generali iyo. naadrevma, Tavbrudamxvevma karieram da sustma nebisyofam imoqmeda masze da galoTda. am fonze mamis sadamsjelo qmede­ bebma uaresi Sedegi gamoiRo. manac tragikulad daasrula si­ cocxle. qaliSvili svetlana alilueva (1926-2011 ww.), stalinis Svilebi­ dan erTaderTi iyo, vinc bavSvoba mamis gverdiT da misi mzrunv­ elobiT garemoculma gaatara. Tumca masac gaufuWda mamasTan urTierToba, radgan stalini uxeSad ereoda Tavisi Svilebis pirad cxovrebaSi – rZlad ar miiRo iakobis coli, gadaasaxla Tavisi qaliSvilis ebraeli megobari aleqsei kapleri. stalini sastikad gausworda colis naTesavebsac. gulagSi gadaasaxla colisdebi, daxvrita colisZma, cnobili mecnieri aleqsandre svaniZe, qvisli stanislav redensi, colisZma pavle aliluevi.

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40 40. nadeJda alilueva.

41 41. stalinis Svili – iakob juRaSvili.

42 42. stalinis qaliSvili svetlana da lavrenti beria.

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43

sabWoTa propaganda mxatvrebs avalebda gamoesaxaT stalini rogorc meojaxe, ojaxis wevrebze mzrunveli adamiani. 43. stalini dedasTan erTad. 44. stalini da misi umcrosi qaliSvili svetlana.

44

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miTi #10

miTi #10 `stalini marqsis ideebis erTguli gamgrZelebeli iyo~ es miTi sabWoTa propagandam stalinis epoqaSi, misive mcdelo­ biTa da Tanamoazreebis mxardaWeriT Seqmna. mizani iyo cxadi – sabWoTa moqalaqeebs, partiis wevrebs unda erwmunaT, rom stalini iyo leninis erTaderTi legitimuri memkvidre, vinc SeZlebda leninis saqmis gagrZelebas. stalinis TiToeuli sit­ yva, naazrevi, qmedeba marqsizm-leninizmis fuZemdeblur dog­ mad iyo gamocxadebuli. realurad, stalinma mxolod gamoiyena marqsizm-leninizmi Za­ lauflebis mosapoveblad da sakuTari ideebis gansaxorciele­ blad. man realurad Seqmna axali politikuri filosofia – `stalinizmi~, romelic Zlier daSorebuli iyo marqsizm-le­ ninizmisgan. stalinma bolomde SeinarCuna marqsistul-leni­ nisturi terminologia, magram mis ideebs bevri araferi hqonda saerTo marqsizmTan. stalinma safuZvliani revizia Cautara marqsizms. daitova mxolod is ideebi, romlebic mas Tavad sWirdeboda Zalauf­ lebis sayrdenad: antikapitalizmi, urbanuli proletariati, klasTa Soris brZola, romlis kidev ufro gaZlierebisken mo­ wodeba stalinisTvis iyo Zalauflebis mudmivi SenarCunebis safuZveli. am mxriv metad damaxasiaTebelia misi ukanaskneli sajaro gamosvla komunisturi partiis me-19 yrilobaze, ro­ melic mimdinareobda 5-14 oqtombers. stalini sityviT gamo­ vida daskvniT sxdomaze – 1952 wlis 14 oqtombers. moxsenebaSi is gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs sabWoTa kavSirisa da kapitalisturi qveynebis proletariatis erTobaze, TiTqos anaqronistuli terminologiiT kvlav aZlierebs klasTa br­ Zolis ideas da sabWoTa moqalaqeebs sifxizlisken mouwodebs. TiTqos arc araferi Secvlila – 30-iani wlebis represiebis drosac `klasTa brZolis gaZliereba~ stalinisTvis iyo `kla­ sobrivi mtris~, `xalxs mtris~ saxeliT mowinaaRmdegis ga­ nadgurebis warmatebuli saSualeba. klasobrivi brZolis mar­ qsistuli idea stalinma warmatebiT gamoiyena didi teroris dros. stalinizmis ideologia mravali ideisa da mimdinareobis naza­ via. marqsizms stalinma CamoaSora yvela liberaluri da de­ mokratiuli idea da orTodoqsul marqsizmze daaSena rusuli radikaluri nacionalizmi. stalinizmi iyo rusuli saxelmwifo

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45 45. fotos avtori maria ulianova, `lenini da stalini gorkaSi 1922 w.~ agvisto, 1922 w. es foto stalinuri propagandis mniSvnelovani masala iyo. igi gamoiyeneboda imis gasavrceleblad da dasamtkiceblad, rom stalini leninis saukeTeso mowafe iyo da misi saqmis gamagrZelebeli. am fotos mixedviT iqmneboda brinjaos skulpturebi da idgmeboda sxvadasxva qalaqebSi.

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46 46. moqandakeebi: belostocki, g. pivovarovi da e. fridmani, 1937 w.

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miTi #10 ideologia. man marqsizmi mxolod Sirmad gamoiyena rusuli nacional-Sovinizmis SesaniRbad. stalinuri sabWoTa patrio­ tizmi emyareboda rwmenas, rom ruseTi iyo istoriis centri da momavali ganviTareba warsulis gmirebis (aleqsandre neveli, ivane mrisxane, petre didi, kutuzovi da a. S.) magaliTs unda da­ fuZneboda.

47 47. es foto rusuli revoluciis istoriis erT-erT mTavar do­ kumentad aqcia stalinurma propagandam. marcxnidan marjvniv aq gamosaxulia stalini, lenini da kalinini, rogor revoluciis mTavari arqiteqtorebi. es foto amoWrilia didi koleqtiuri fotodan da Serceulia imis gaTvaliswinebiTac, rom garSemo ar figurireben sxva liderebi: trocki, zinovievi, kamenevi da a.S.

ai is ZiriTadi gansxvavebebi, rac arsebobs marqsizm-leninizmsa da stalinizms Soris: 1. marqsizmis arsia msoflio proletaruli revolucia. mar­ qsi radikaluri socialuri revoluciis ganxorcielebas SesaZleblad miiCnevda mxolod iseT qveynebSi, sadac gan­ viTarebuli iyo kapitalisturi warmoeba da mosaxleobaSi mniSvnelovani iyo industriuli proletariatis wili. mar­ qsi kategoriulad uaryofda `socializms erT qveyanaSi~. marqsistuli ideologiis Tanaxmad, im qveynebSi (maT Soris ruseTSic), sadac ar iyo ganviTarebuli industriuli war­ moeba, proletariatis mokavSire unda gaxdes glexoba. le­ ninis azriT, socializmis gamarjveba CamorCenil ruseTSi, ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis daxmarebis gareSe, SeuZle­ beli iqneboda. leninma mxolod samoqalaqo omis nangreve­

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miTi #10 bidan TandaTan daRwevis Semdeg irwmuna calke ruseTSi so­ cializmis gamarjveba. stalinma Teoria `socializmi erT qveyanaSi~ sabolood ganaviTara da ganaxorciela zemodan, revoluciis meSveobiT da saxelmwifo biurokratiis gamo­ yenebiT. stalinistur ritorikaSi marqsistuli msoflio revoluciis idea darCa, Tumca realurad es iyo ara revo­ lucia, aramed mxolod terorisa da wiTeli armiis samxedro operaciiT aRmosavleT evropis daqvemdebareba. 2. socialisturi da marqsistuli ideebidan yvelaze didi gadaxra iyo `beladis kulti~. marqsizmis materialistur proletarul internacionalizmTan srul winaaRmdegoba­ Sia istoriaSi pirovnebis roli da mniSvneloba, rasac gana­ didebda stalinuri sabWoTa ideologia da rac sabolood `pirovnebis kultis~ sayrdenad iqca. stalinizmis safuZve­ li gaxda 1938 wels gamocemuli `komunisturi partiis isto­ riis mokle kursi~ da 1939 wels gamocemuli `stalini. mokle avtobiografia~. Tavad stalinis ganmartebiT: `mSromeli masebi da ubralo adamianebi ver daiwyeben marqsizm-le­ ninizmis Seswavlas leninis da stalinis SromebiT. maT bio­ grafiiT unda daiwyon~. 3. stalinuri konstituciis miRebis faqti (1936 w.) oficia­lurma ideologiam ganviTarebuli socializmis etapis dasaw­yisad gamoacxada. marqsistuli doqtrinis Tanaxmad, ganviTa­ rebuli socializmis Semdeg dadgeboda komunizmis etapi, rodesac moxdeboda saxelmwifo sistemisa da institutebis ganleva. stalinis dros piriqiT xdeboda – Zlierdeboda sa­ xelmwifo institutebi, biurokratiaze damyarebuli diqta­ tura. amasTan, es diqtatura realobaSi ukve ara proleta­ riatis, aramed erTi adamianis personaluri diqtatura iyo. am `uxerxulobis~ mosaxsnelad, stalinma ganacxada: `Tumca socializmi arsebiTad ukve miRweulia, samxedro safrT­ xem saWiro gaxada saxelmwifos Semdgomi gaZliereba. sanam kapitalisturi alya iarsebebs, aucilebelia saxelmwifos SenarCuneba, sruli komunizmis meore etapzec ki. saxelmwi­ fos gauqmeba gadaido socializmis gamarjvebamde msoflio masStabiT~. stalini did dros da adgils uTmobda ideologias. misTvis monoliTuri da kompleqsuri ideologiis Seqmna principuli amocana iyo. axali adamianis aRzrdisken gansakuTrebiT mouwo­ debda mwerlebs, vinaidan `mwerali adamianis sulis inJineria~ da `sulebis warmoeba ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre tankebis~. stalini sicocxlis bolo wlebSi aqtiurad aqezebda samecnie­

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miTi #10 ro debatebs. SesaZloa, es iyo mcdeloba, sabolood Camoeyali­ bebina sakuTari, yovlismomcveli ideologia `stalinizmi~. mas surda, sxvadasxva sferoSi debatebis Sedegad mieRo mza masala da idea, romliTac Caanacvlebda marqsizm-leninizmis dromoW­ mul kliSeebs. `stalini sajarod citirebda marqsistul principebs da sakuTar Tavs Teoretikosad warmoaCenda, Zalauflebis legitimaciis mizniT... misi zedapiruli damokidebuleba marqsizmTan cxadad Cans im mravali SemTxvevis safuZvelze, rodesac man aSkarad daamaxin­ ja da ugulebelyo es principebi politikuri moTxovnebis Sesaba­ misad. rusuli nacionalizmis, socialuri konservatizmis da arae­ galitarizmis sanacvlod~. edvard kari, istorikosi, diplomati, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoretikosi

stalinis oficialur biografiaSi isea warmodgenili, TiTqos is 15 wlis asakidan eziara marqsizms da sasuliero seminariaSi marqsistuli wrec daaarsa. Tumca seminariaSi swavlis pirvel or wels xelisuflebis mier misTvis CamorTmeuli literatura (hiugo, frangi darvinisti leturni) ar iyo radikaluri, araTu marqsistuli. Tavad stalinis cnobiT, is bavSvobaSi kiTxu­ lobda yazbegs, rafiel erisTavs, puSkins, ilias, lermontovs, raindul zRaprebs. `mas gmirebi izidavdnen, vinc gaWirvebulTa interesebs icavda. is ocneboda glexebis mxardamxar brZolaze, jer soflis mwerloba, Semdeg mamasaxlisoba surda. magram misi Sexedulebebi Zirfesvi­ anad Seicvala mas Semdeg, rac gaecno muSaTa klasis interesebs da im daskvnamde mivida, rom glexTa gaTavisufleba mxolod muSaTa klasis daxmarebiT da xelmZRvanelobiT aris SesaZlebeli~. kaminski da vereSCagini. beladis bavSvoba da axalgazrdoba. socialur-politikuri istoriis ruseTis saxelmwifo arqivi. f. 71, an. 10, s. 273.

sasuliero seminariis inspeqtoris 1897 da 1898 wlebis CanawerebSi soso juRaSvili ixsenieba rogorc momabezrebeli da ara radikaluri aqtivisti. yvelaze didi braldeba masze iyo wirvis dros eklesiis datoveba da wirvaze dagvianeba. soso Tavs aridebda aSkara winaaRmdegobas da seminariidan marqsiz­ mis propagandis gamo ki ar garicxes, rogorc misi oficialuri biografia iuwyeboda, aramed swavlis safasuris gadauxdelo­

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miTi #10 bis gamo daaneba swavlas Tavi. SemorCenilia saarqivo doku­ mentebi – soso juRaSvilis Txovna seminariis reqtoris saxel­ ze, gaunaxevron swavlis qira, rac dakmayofilda, Tumca meore Txovnaze – gadasaxadis gauqmebis Sesaxeb, mas uari uTxres, ra­ sac seminariis datoveba mohyva. stalini lado kecxovelis daxmarebiT daukavSirda muSaTa wreebs da pirvel wlebSi masTan erTad moRvaweobda, kerZod 1899 wlis Tbilisis konkis muSaTa gaficvis dros. ruseTidan gadmosaxlebulma bolSevikebma gaaZlieres saqarTveloSi sagaficvo moZraoba. am dros policiis angariSebSi pirve­ lad Cndeba juRaSvilis, rogorc agitatoris saxeli. Tumca iqve aRniSnulia, rom `is Zalian frTxilad iqceva~. tfili­ sis komitetma stalini 1901 wels gagzavna baTumSi da daiwyo sagaficvo moZraoba karlo CxeiZisa da isidore ramiSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT. gviandel bolSevikTa angariSebSi stalini ixsenieba baTumis sagaficvo moZraobis liderad. sainteresoa, rom amas Tavad stalinic uaryofs. social-demokratiuli partiis gaxleCis Semdeg man bolSe­ vikebis mxare daiWira swored ruseTTan identifikaciis gamo. saqarTveloSi qarTvel menSevikebTan politikur polemikaSi damarcxebuli stalini gadavida baqoSi, sadac meti resursi iyo – iq marqsistul moZraobaSi Cabmuli iyvnen muSaTa mra­ valerovani da politikurad naklebad ganaTlebuli fenebi, gansxvavebiT qarTuli social-demokratiisgan, romelzec mniSvnelovani iyo wvrili Tavadaznaurobisa da xalxosnuri wreebis gavlena. es ki axal SesaZleblobebs qmnida stalinis msgavsi adamianebisTvis, visac mwiri ganaTlebis gamo uWirda menSevik marqsistebTan konkurencia da amjobinebda muSebTan pirdapir kontaqts, propagandistobas, riTac warmatebiT ax­ denda uwignuri da politikurad gauTvicnobierebeli masis organizebas piradi miznebisTvis. adreuli revoluciuri gamocdilebis safuZvelze, ruseTSi politikuri moRvaweobis periodSi, stalini amjobinebda mci­ re araformalur jgufebTan TanamSromlobas. misTvis ideebze meti mniSvneloba hqonda daxurul kars miRma politikur ma­ nipulaciebs. adreulma wlebma Camouyaliba mas konspiraciuli mentaloba da Zaladobisadmi Semwynarebloba. politikuri de­ batebis kultura, rac leninis TanamebrZolebs Soris arsebob­ da, stalinis mmarTvelobis periodSi TandaTan gaqra. 1922 wlidan stalini, leninis rekomendaciT, ikavebs partiis generaluri mdivnis Tanamdebobas, romelsac is iyenebda erT­ guli politikuri klienturis qselis Sesaqmnelad, aqezebda

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miTi #10 zogad arakeTilganwyobas Sidapartiuli demokratiis mimarT, rac sWirdeboda metoqeebis damcireba-damarcxebisTvis, maTi ideebis gavrcelebis SezRudvisTvis. Sidapartiuli demokra­ tia Secvala `centraluri komitetis generalurma xazma~, rom­ lis kritika dauSvebeli gaxda. sabWoTa kavSiris oficialurma umaRlesma mmarTvelma or­ ganom – cekas politbiurom formalurad Sewyvita Sexvedrebi 1930-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi, roca Zalaufleba stalinis ara­ formaluri viwro garemocvis xelSi gadavida. megobruli ara­ formaloba 10 wlis Semdeg Secvala mliqvnelobam. Tu adreul 30-ianebSi arsebobs stalinTan kamaTisa da uTanxmoebis faqte­ bi, ramdenime wlis Semdeg misi sityva kanoni gaxda, misi person­ aluri diqtatura eyrdnoboda Sinagan saqmeTa erovnul komis­ ariats. stalinis mier absoluturi Zalauflebis moxveWa ukavSird­ eba miTs, rom stalini leninis saukeTeso mowafea. es miTi TviT stalinma Seqmna. 1922 wlidan leninis janmrTelobis mdgo­ mareoba gauaresda. mis uaxloes garemocvaSi ZalauflebisTvis faruli brZola daiwyo. am dros sazogadoebrivi azri leninis memkvidred ganixilavda samxedro ministris, l. trockis kan­ didaturas, romlis reitingi gaizarda samoqalaqo omis dros. Tumca Tavad lenini, rogorc Cans, skeptikurad ganixilavda trockis pirovnebas – misi avtoritarizmisken midrekilebis gamo. SesaZloa, leninma swored mis gasaneitraleblad warad­ gina stalinis kandidatura cekas generaluri mdivnis Tanamde­ bobaze. janmrTelobis mZime mdgomareobis miuxedavad, lenini cdi­ lobda, ar daekarga kontroli partiis elitaze da mudmivad abalansebda liderTa Zalauflebas. am tipis mcdeloba iyo le­ ninis cnobili daxuruli `werili yrilobisadmi~, romelSic is akritikebda stalins da Tanamdebobidan misi gaTavisuflebis sakiTxs ayenebda: `amx. stalinma, roca is generaluri mdivani gaxda, Tavis xelSi moaqcia ganuzomeli Zalaufleba, da me darw­ munebuli ar var, SeZlebs Tu ara igi yovelTvis sakmaod frTxi­ lad gamoiyenos es Zalaufleba... stalini Zalian uxeSia, da es nakli, romelic savsebiT asatania, Cvens, komunistebis, wreSi da urTierTobaSi, autaneli xdeba generaluri mdivnis Tanam­ debobaze. amitom me winadadebiT mivmarTav amxanagebs, rom moifiqron am adgilidan stalinis sxvagan gadayvanis saSualeba da daniSnon am adgilze sxva adamiani, romelic yvela sxva mxriv gansxvavdeba amx. stalinisagan mxolod erTi upiratesobiT, saxeldobr, ufro lmobieria, ufro loialuria, ufro Tava­

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miTi #10 ziani da ufro yuradRebiania amxanagebisadmi, nakleb Wirveu­ lia da a. S.~ am werils yrilobamde ar miuRwevia, stalinma SeZlo Tanamde­ bobis SenarCuneba da leninis sikvdilisTanave aqtiurad dai­ wyo brZola trockis winaaRmdeg. 1924 wlis 26 ianvars, partiul yrilobaze, stalinma lenins uwoda `partiis beladi~, rac sru­ liad moulodneli iyo sxvebisTvis. 28 ianvars ki kremlis kur­ santTa saRamoze warmoTqmul sityvaSi (mogonebaSi) `leninis Sesaxeb~ (gamoqveynda gaz. `pravdaSi~ 1924 wlis 12 Tebervals) stalinma Tavi leninis `mowafed~ warmoadgina. stalinis mier leninis beladad warmodgena da Tavisi Tavis le­ ninis mowafed (perspeqtivaSi ki saukeTeso mowafed) warmoCena emsaxureboda or mizans: gza moeWra trockis erTpirovnuli ZalauflebisTvis, xolo partiul elitaSi moemzadebina azri koleqtiuri mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb, radgan leninis, rogorc zebunebrivi Tvisebebis mqone beladis srulfasovnad Secvlas mxolod erTi TanamebrZoli ver SeZlebda. amasTan, stalini partiuli wreebis winaSe amzadebda Tavis Tavs, rogorc bela­ dis (leninis) perspeqtiul Semcvlels, vinaidan swored igi iyo misi mowafe. 1924 wlis maisSi stalinma gamosca broSura `leninisa da le­ ninizmis Sesaxeb~, romelSic Sevida `mogoneba leninis Ses­ axeb~ da `leninizmis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb~. trocki mixvda, rom stalini mis sabolood gariyvas cdilobda da Selaxuli avto­ ritetis reabilitacia scada naSromiT `oqtombris gakveTile­ bi~. stalinis sapasuxo werili `trockizmi Tu leninizmi?~ gamoqveynda gazeT `pravdaSi~. amis Semdeg trockis lideroba­ ze ukve laparakic ki aRar SeiZleboda. 1926 wels gamovida stalinis naSromebis krebuli `leninizmis sakiTxebi~. SemdgomSi, 1952 wlamde, es krebuli TerTmetjer gamoica, Sevsebuli axali naSromebiT. imas, rasac stalini le­ ninizms uwodebda, sinamdvileSi bevri araferi hqonda saerTo arc leninTan, arc marqsTan da engelsTan. es iyo stalinizmi – sruliad axali politikuri ideebi, romelTa partiul wreebSi uproblemod dasamkvidreblad stalinma leninis avtoriteti gamoiyena.

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48 48. sabWoTa ideologia da mmarTveloba ZiriTadad am oTx pirovnebas efuZneboda. yvela sajaro RonisZbeaze es 4 foto erTmaneTis gverdigverd gamoqondaT, yvela did qalaqSi arsebobda imelsi (maqsis, engelsis, leninisa da stalinis saxelobis instituti).

49 49. 40-iani wlebis bolos, meore msoflio omis Semdeg, stalinis kultma mTlianad gadafara da Caanacvla leninis kulti. amisaTvis Sesabamisad irjeboda centraluri propagandistuli manqana. Sensabamisad, aRlumebsa da sxva sajaro RonisZiebebze kargad Canda axali proporcia: patara lenini da ufro didi stalini.

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50 50. meore msoflio omis Semdeg stalinis kulti meTodurad damkvrda aRmosavleT evropis okupirebul qveynebSic, maT Soris aRmosavleT germaniis demokraituli respublikis mosaxleoba umokles droSi aiZules hitleris kulti SeecvalaT stalinis kultiT.

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miTi #11

miTi #11 `stalini Zlieri oratori iyo da dasavleTis liderebs uWirdaT mis argumentebTan gamklaveba~ totalitaruli propaganda stalins, rogorc belads, univer­ salur, srulyofil liderad warmoaCenda. antidemokratiuli gamocemebi Tu internetresursebi dResac xSirad avrcele­ ben uinston CerCilisa Tu franklin delano ruzveltis `ci­ tatebs~ imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor efeqturad axerxebda stalini maT dadumebas `ostaturi ritorikiTa~ da `Zlieri argumente­ biT~. sinamdvileSi, obieqtur istoriul masalebSi araferia naTqvami stalinis gamorCeul oratorul Tvisebebze, romle­ bic TiTqos bevrad aRemateboda sxva msoflio liderebis Se­ saZleblobebs. Tavad CerCili cnobil avtobiografiul wignSi – `meore msoflio omi~ aSkarad dabal Sefasebas aZlevs sabWo­ Ta liderebis metyvelebisa da weris kulturas, iseve rogorc maTi strategiuli xedvis unarebs. cxadia, miTi stalinurma propagandam Seqmna. is videomasala, rac Cvenamdea moRweuli, qmnis beladis amgvar imijs: stalinis TiToeuli gamosvla mogebian poziciaSia naCvenebi – msmeneli miesalmeba mis yvela azrs, amxnevebs taSiT. `xangrZlivi taSi, gadazrdili mquxare aplodismentebSi, ovaciebSi~ – es sabWoTa presis Sablonia. sinamdvileSi, stalins Tavadac kargad esmoda, rom oratoru­ li xelovneba misi aqilevsis qusli iyo da bolSevikuri partiis iseT ganTqmul oratorebTan, rogorebic iyvnen lenini, buxa­ rini da trocki, sajaro diskusiebs is yovelTvis Tavs arideb­ da. amitomac stalinma umaRlesi Zalauflebis mopovebisTvis brZolis veli sajaro diskusiebidan, debatebidan, rac miRebu­ li forma iyo bolSevikur elitaSi, gadaitana kuluarebSi, Sida intrigebSi, kuluarul dapirispirebebSi, rasac is SesaniSnavad axerxebda. maSin, rodesac am epoqis msoflio liderebs Soris stalini or­ atoruli TvisebebiT arafriT gamoirCeoda, Sarl de golisa Tu ruzveltis gamosvlebi marTlac rom ritorikuli xelovnebis gamorCeuli nimuSebi iyo. magaliTisTvis ixileT Sarl de go­ lis ramdenime mniSvnelovani gamosvla, agreTve franklin delano ruzveltis cnobili sityva: `erTaderTi, risic unda gveSinodes, es Tavad SiSia~, romelic man Tavisi inauguraciis dRes, 1933 wlis 4 marts warmoTqva.

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miTi #11 Tumca oratoruli da ritorikuli xelovnebiT maTgan yvelaze gamorCeuli didi britaneTis premier-ministri uinston Cer­ Cili iyo. moismineT an waikiTxeT misi didebuli gamosvla 1940 wlis 18 ivniss – `maTi saukeTeso dro~ (Their Finest Hour), Zalze STambeWdavi `cotani~ (The Few) an winaswarmetyveluri `evro­ pis gaerTianebuli qveynebi~ (United States of Europe) da amaSi Ta­ vad darwmundebiT. ai rogor daasabuTa nobelis komitetma 1953 wels uinston CerCilisTvis nobelis premiis gadacema liter­ aturis dargSi (!): `biografiuli da istoriuli movlenebis aRweris ostatobis­ Tvis, iseve rogorc brwyinvale oratorobisTvis didebuli hu­ manuri faseulobebis dacvisas~. am premiis gadacemisas nobelis komitetis wevrma p. sivercma aRniSna: `CerCilis oratoruli xelovneba arasodes scdeba mizans da gulis SeZvramde didebulia. es aris Zala, romelic aduRa­ bebs istorias. napoleonis gamosvlebi xSirad efeqts axdenda mimzidveli stilis gamo. magram CerCilis eqspresia Tavisu­ flebisa da adamianTa Rirsebis dacvis mZime wuTebSi sruliad sxvagvarad iyo gulisSemZvreli. Tavisi didebuli gamosvlebiT man albaT Tavad augo sakuTar Tavs yvelaze didebuli monu­ menti~. swored amitom aris, rom Tanamedrove epoqaSi politikosebi, samoqalaqo aqtivistebi, biznesmenebi Tu Jurnalistebi – yve­ la, visTvisac sajaro gamosvla mniSvnelovania, swavlobs ara stalinis, aramed swored uinston CerCilis gamosvlebs.

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miTi #12 `stalins oci aTasamde wigni hqonda wakiTxuli~ am miTs safuZveli sabWoTa periodSive Caeyara, Tumca dRemde agrZelebs arsebobas da metic, misi axali StrixebiT gamdid­ rebas cdiloben. gavrcelebuli mosazrebiT, stalinis bib­ lioTekaSi iyo daaxloebiT 20 000 wigni da yvela iseTi miniSne­ bebiT, rac adasturebs, rom stalins isini wakiTxuli hqonda. 1939 wels, sabWoTa kavSiris mecnierebaTa akademiis wevrad stalinis arCevam xeli Seuwyo misi, rogorc mecnieris imijis Seqmnasac. es rom miTia, martivi ariTmetikuli gamoangariSebiTac mtkic­ deba. adamianma wignis kiTxvis meti rom araferi akeTos, weli­ wadSi 300 wignis gulisyuriT wakiTxvac ki gauWirdeba. amasTan, stalinis biografiaSi iyo periodebi, rodesac mas naklebad ecala wignebis sakiTxavad. agreTve sadavoa stalinis bib­ lioTekaSi arsebuli wignebis raodenoba. ruseTis federal­ uri saarqivo saagentos oficialur saitze (www.sovdoc.rusarchives.ru) mocemulia stalinis piradi biblioTekis sruli sia, romelic moicavs 392 erTeuls. amasTan, am nusxaSi mxatvruli literatura Zalian cotaa da warmodgenilia ivan tolstois samiode, lev tolstois da saltikov-SCedrinis TiTo-TiTo nawarmoebiT. biblioTekis ZiriTad nawils Seadgens: leninis (72 tomi), marqsis da engelsis (13 tomi), TviT stalinis (25 tomi), trockis, kauckis, plexanovis, bogdanovis, buxarinisa da sxva marqsistebis wignebi. biblioTekaSi marqsistuli literatura 200 tomze metia. mravlad aris aseve wignebi omze, aviaciaze, ruseTisa da saqarTvelos istoriaze. `stalini xSirad aRwerilia, rogorc pedanti redaqtori. Tumca is iSviaTad adasturebda am reputacias. misi biblioTeka savsea wignebiT, romlebSic Sesworebebi qreba pirveli ramdenime gverdis Semdeg, drois an moTminebis naklebobis gamo~. devid branderbergeri (amerikeli istorikosi, stalinis epoqis mkvlevari), `stalini, rogorc simbolo: pirovnebis kultis da misi konstruqciis kvleva~. `ioseb stalini: Zalaufleba da ideebi~ axali saarqivo masalebi sara devisis da jeims harisis redaqciiT, gamomcemloba `artanuji~, 2015 w.

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miTi #12 `stalini dReSi Rebulobda 50-ze met dokuments. es gaxldaT dad­ genilebebi, dadgenilebebis proeqtebi, romlebsac juRaSvili redaqtirebas ukeTebda. igi aseve yoveldRiurad Rebulobda ucxouri presis mimoxilvas, moskovSi akreditirebuli Jurnali­ stebis statiebs. stalini xSirad TviTon ukeTebda redaqtire­ bas gazeT `pravdis~ mowinave statiebs. koleqtivizaciis dros am zRva dokumentebs emateboda yoveldRiuri informacia xorblis damzadebaze, espaneTis samoqalaqo omis dros – yoveldRiuri in­ formacia espaneTidan, didi teroris dros – sxvadasxva pirebis dakiTxvebis oqmebi, xolo 1938 wlis Tebervlidan – yoveldRiuri informacia aviamrewvelobaze. Tu amas davumatebT dros, romelsac stalini uTmobda TaTbirebs an regularul Ramis vaxSmebs da kino­ filmebis yurebas viwro wreSi (magaliTad, filmi `Capaevi~ man 38-jer naxa 1934-1936 ww.-Si), gasagebi xdeba, rom juRaSvili veRar iclida klasikuri literaturis wasakiTxad~. laSa oTxmezuri, `stalini inteleqtuali~, radio Tavisufleba

stalini, msgavsad yvela epoqis diqtatorisa, bunebrivia, cdi­ lobda Tavi warmoeCina, rogorc yvelaze inteleqtual, brZen liderad. amitomac is ereoda yvela sakiTxSi da cdilobda, maTi ganxilva misTvis sasurveli mimarTulebiT waremarTa. stalini, rogorc Teoretikosi, pirvelad erovnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ayalibebs Tavis Tvalsazriss naSromSi `marq­ sizmi da erovnuli sakiTxi~ (1913 weli). Semdgomi misi ufro farTo­ planiani Teoriuli Sromaa `leninizmis safuZvlebi~ (1924 weli), sadac is Seecada Tavi warmoeCina `farTo Teori­ uli horizontis mqone bolSevik liderad~. es wigni Zalian dae­ xmara mas, Tavi daemkvidrebina marqsist TeoretikosTa Soris, Tumca stalinis ambicia bevrad meti iyo. omis Semdgom stal­ ins, Zalauflebaze kontrolis mudmivi zrunvis garda, gauCnda mniSvnelovani amocana – marqsizmis dogmaturi da sabWoTa sistemasTan winaaRmdegobaSi arsebuli ideebis nacvlad See­ muSavebina sakuTari politikuri Teoria, romelic marqsizmleninizmze aRmatebuli iqneboda da daemkvidrebina sabWoTa sazogadoebisTvis savaldebulo axali dogmatika. totalitaruli reJimisTvis mecnierebis marTvas gadamwyve­ ti mniSvneloba hqonda. erTi mxriv, mecnierebaze kontroli iZleoda imis saSualebas, rom reJimisTvis misaRebi samec­ niero dargebi da ideebi ganviTarebuliyo da, imavdroulad, SezRuduliyo Tavisufali da mravalferovani samecniero azrovneba, kvleva. mecnierebaze kontrolis gasaioleblad, sabWoTa ideologia, politikis kvaldakval, qmnida genera­

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miTi #12 lur xazs – mecnierebis dargebSic arsebobda generaluri mimarTulebebi, romlebsac ayalibebda erTi lideri mecnieri an mecnierTa jgufi da misgan gansxvavebuli azris gamoTqma dauSvebeli iyo. sabWoTa mecnierebaSi aseTi korifeebi iyvnen: biologiaSi – i. miCurini, fiziologiaSi – i. pavlovi, enaTmec­ nierebaSi – n. mari. 1948 wels stalini mWidrod TanamSromlobda t. lisenkosTan, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi g. mendelis genetikis Seswavla aekrZala. 1937 wels stalinma daukveTa `politekonomiis mokle kursi~, romelic `komunisturi partiis istoriis mokle kursis~ mew­ yvile unda yofiliyo. es wigni 16 weli iwereboda da stalin­ isTvis sasurvel kondiciamde mainc ver mivida. is avtorebisgan moiTxovda, daecvaT marqsizm-leninizmis dogmebi, magram, imav­ droulad, SeeqmnaT originalur naSromi. amasTan afrTxileb­ da: `Tuki Tqven yvelaferze pasuxs marqsSi eZebT, maSin araswor gzas adgaxarT... sabWoTa kavSirSi Tqven gaqvT laboratoria... da Tqven fiqrobT, rom marqsma Tqvenze meti icis socializmis Sesaxeb?!~ meore msoflio omis Semdgom sabWoTa kavSirSi mniSvnelovnad Seicvala socialuri garemo. omgamovlili xalxis kalapotSi mosaqcevad aucilebeli iyo ideologiuri viTarebis Semow­ meba, xom ar dakarga sabWoTa reJimma gavlena sazogadoebaze. politikaSi aseTi Semowmebis Sedegi iyo represiebis ganaxleba da milionobiT moqalaqis gadasaxleba gulagis banakebSi. mecnierebaSi Semowmebis meTodi iyo samecniero diskusiebis dawyeba calkeul dargebSi gabatonebuli samecniero ideebis winaaRmdeg. am viTom gaxsnili da Tavisufali samecniero dis­ kusiis (romelic sinamdvileSi zemodan kontroldeboda) mizani iyo Semowmebuliyo rogorc moqmedi wamyvani samecniero ideis mdgradoba, agreTve SerCeuliyo axali wamyvani idea, Tuki ma­ namde gabatonebuli veRar asaxavda xelisuflebis moTxovnebs. ideologiis erTaderTi da avtoritetuli interpretatori iyo stalini. misi daskvniTi statiis an sajaro gamosvlis Sem­ deg diskusia ixureboda. amgvari Carevis kargi magaliTia 1950 wels enaTmecnierebaSi warmoebuli e. w. sajaro diskusia maristebsa da antimaristebs Soris. diskusia daiwyo akademikos arnold Ciqobavas weriliT kandid Carkvianisadmi. isini Sexvdnen stalins, romelmac misca diskusiis dawyebis neba. niko maris azriT, sabWoTa enaTmec­ nierebis mTavar mizani iyo msoflio enis Seqmna, igi agreTve moiTxovda laTinuri anbanis damkvidrebas kavkasiis respub­

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miTi #12 likebSi. maris kosmopolituri Teoriis winaaRmdeg Ciqobava iSveliebda Tavad stalinis mosazrebas, rom proletariatis diqtaturis pirvel etapze erebsa da enebs unda earsebaT. maris internacionaluri da ekonomikaze dafuZnebuli enaTmecnie­ ruli Sexedulebebi ar asaxavda omis Semdgom aqcentebs. swored stalinizmis Teoriis calkeul sakiTxebze Sexedule­ bebis SesamuSaveblad aqezebda igi sxvadasxva tipis diskusiebs. saboloo jamSi, stalinizmi – Camoyalibebuli koncefciis saxiT ar Seqmnila da politikur-ekonomikuri Tu samecniero diskusiebic istorias SemorCa rogorc moxuci diqtatoris ukanaskneli axirebebi.

51 51. stalini – mecnierebaTa akademiis sapatio wevri.

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miTi #13

miTi #13 `stalinis Zegli axlac dgas evropis qveynebis centralur moednebze~ xSirad ismis mosazreba, rom stalinis Zegli iseve unda idges saqarTveloSi, rogorc musolinisa italiaSi, xolo hitlerisa germaniaSi. `Tuki evropis mowinave qveynebi afaseben maTs isto­ riul rols, ratom ar unda gavakeToT igive saqarTveloSi?~ es argumenti xSirad gamoiyeneba gorsa Tu sxva qalaqebSi stali­ nis Zeglis aRmarTvis mcdelobisTvis erTgvari istoriuli samarTlianobis misaniWeblad. sinamdvileSi italiaSi ar dgas musolinis Zegli, iseve rogorc arc germaniaSi – hitleris. breSaSi, qalaqSi, romelSic muso­ lini daibada, misi Zegli 1945 wels – meore msoflio omis dasas­ rulisas aiRes. is, rom hitleris mSobliur qalaq zalcburgSi arsebobs misi Zegli an biusti, aseve ar Seesabameba simarTles. zalcburgSi aris ara Zegli, aramed memorialuri qva, romelic hitlers ki ara, faSizmis diqtaturis Sedegad daRupul adami­ anebs eZRvnebaT. am memorialur qvaze aseTi warweraa: `Tavisu­ flebis, mSvidobisa da demokratiisTvis. faSizmi aRarasodes ar unda ganmeordes, milionobiT daRupuli gvTxovs amas~. saqarTvelos farglebs gareT stalinis erTeuli Zeglebi SemorCenilia: yazaxeTSi, tajikeTsa da ruseTis federaciaSi. ukrainaSi aqtiurad mimdinareobs stalinis Zeglebis demon­ taJi, da mxolod ukrainis centraluri mTavrobis mier ara­ kontrolirebad regionebSi ver xorcieldeba es. ruseTSi ki vladimer putinis mmarTvelobis dros adgilobrivi komu­ nistebis iniciativiT daiwyo stalinis Zveli Zeglebis xelaxla aRmarTva (iakutia, stavropoli, TaTarstani, mari, daRestani) da es gadawyvetileba daukavSires meore msoflio omis das­ rulebis 70-e wlisTavs. am Zeglebis umetesobac samSeneblo poligonebze, miwaSia napovni da mxolod ori maTgania axali. amJamad, stalinis Zeglebi arsebobs mxolod im ramdenime qve­ yanaSi, sadac totalitarul warsuls Sefaseba ar miscemia da Tanamedrove mmarTvelobac avtoritaruli tendenciisaa. mu­ solinis an hitleris Zegls versad SexvdebiT italiasa Tu ger­ maniaSi. ganviTarebuli demokratiis qveynebi, romlebic pativs scemen adamianis sicocxles, Rirsebasa da Tavisuflebas, saja­ ro sivrceebs ar iyeneben diqtatorTa ganmadidebeli Zeglebis aRsamarTad.

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miTi #13

52

53 52, 53. 1956 wlis budapeStis antisabWoTa gamosvlebis dros, demon­ strantebma Camoagdes stalinis Zegli, darCa mxolod Ceqmebi. saqarTveloSi, gorSi, stalinis Zegli mxolod 2010 wels, 54 wlis Semdeg aiRes, SuaRamisas.

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ganmartebebi 1.

nep (`novaia ekonomiCeskaia politika~) – 1921 wels leninis mier sabWoTa saxelmwifoSi SemoRebuli axali ekonomikuri politika, rac kerZo sakuTrebis nawilobriv daSvebas gulis­ xmobda. misi mizani ki ekonomikuri krizisidan Tavis daRweva da mosalodneli socialuri afeTqebis SeCereba iyo, rac bolSe­ vikebma SeZles.

2. Ceka (ЧК-чрезвычайная комиссия, sagangebo komisia) – pirveli sabWoTa saxelmwifo uSiSroebis samsaxuri. daarsda 1917 wlis 6 ������������������������������������������������������� dekembers leninis gankargulebiT������������������������ . ���������������������� mis pirvel xelmZRvane­ lad dainiSna feliqs ZerJinski����������������������������� . 1922 ��������������������������� wlis 6 Tebervals reor­ ganizacia ganicada da ewoda gepeu (saxelmwifo politsam­ marTvelo). tradiciulad Cekas pirvel sabWoTa saidumlo policias uwodebdnen, Tumca mis funqciasa da moqmedebaSi raime saidumlo ar yofila da ufro revoluciuri tribuna­ lis damxmare organod moiazreboda. 3. lev trocki (leib bronSteini)��������������������������� , ������������������������� 1879-1940 – rusuli bolSe­ vizmis lideri, trockizmis ideologiis Semqmneli, 1917 wlis oqtombris bolSevikuri gadatrialebis organizatori da wiTeli armiis Semqmneli. sabWoTa ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa, Semdgom ki samxedro-sazRvao saqmeTa ministri, politbiuros wevri (1919-1926). 1923 wlidan bolSevikuri partiis Sida me­ marcxene opoziciis lideri. 1927 wels moxsnes yvela Tanam­ debobidan, 1929 wels gaasaxles sabWoTa kavSiridan. 1940 wels sabWoTa uSiSroebis agentma ramon merkaderma meqsikaSi mokla ZalayiniT. 4. nikolai buxarini, 1888-1938 – sabWoTa saxelmwifo moRvawe, Teoretikosi. partiis centraluri komitetis (1917-1934) da politbiuros (1924-1929) wevri. iyo stalinTan daaxloebuli, mxars uWerda stalins trockis, kamenevis da zinovievis wi­ naaRmdeg brZolaSi. 5.

spekulacia – nep-is gauqmebis Semdeg sabWoTa kavSirSi ker­ Zo sakuTrebasTan dakavSirebul nebismier savaWro-safinanso ope­ racias eZleoda spekulaciis kvalifikacia da sisxlis samarTlebriv devnas eqvemdebareboda.

6. Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariati (rus. Народный комиссариат внутренних дел – НКВД) – sabWoTa kavSiris saxel­ mwifo mmarTvelobis centraluri organo kriminalTan brZolaSi da sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacvaSi 1917-46 wlebSi. SemdgomSi Sinagan saqmeTa saministro gadaerqva. arsebobis pe­ riodSi komisariati asrulebda mniSvnelovan saxelmwifo fun­

108

qciebs, rogorc wesrigis dacvis, ise saxelmwifo uSiSroebis sferoebSi, aseve qveynis komunaluri meurneobis da ekonomi­ kis sferoebSi. am organizaciis saxels ukavSirdeba masobrivi represiebi. 7. lev kamenevi (rozenfeldi), 1883-1936 – sabWoTa saxelm­ wifo moRvawe. partiis ck-is (1912-1927) da politbiuros (19191926) wevri. Sedioda post-leninuri mmarTvelobis `trium­ viratSi~, zinovievsa da stalinTan erTad ebrZoda trockis. trockis damarcxebis Semdeg ki axali opozicia Seqmna da stalini-buxarini-rikovis alianss daupirispirda, rac misi damarcxebiT da ganadgurebiT dasrulda. 8.

grigori zinovievi (gerSon radomislski an hirS afel­ baumi), 1883-1936 – sabWoTa saxelmwifo moRvawe. partiis ck-is (1907-1927) da politbiuros (1921-1926) wevri. Sedioda postleninuri mmarTvelobis `triumviratSi~, damarcxda stalinT­ an politikur brZolaSi.

9.

gulagi (rus. ГУЛАГ) – ������������������������������� akronimi����������������������� ���������������������� `SromiT gamosasworebe­ li banakebis da koloniebis mTavari sammarTvelo~ (Главное Управление Исправительно-Трудовых Лагерей и колоний). gulagis saxeliT cnobilia sabWoTa sadamsjelo sistemis nawili����� , ��� sa­ dac patimrebi sasjelis moxdasTan erTad, umZimes pirobebSi, iZulebiT asrulebdnen sxvadasxva�������������������������� (������������������������ rogorc wesi fizikur����� ) ��� sa­ muSaos.

10. amierkavkasiis sfsr – amierkavkasiis sabWoTa federaci­ uli socialisturi respublika. Camoyalibda sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmnis win da arsebobda 1922-1936 wlebSi. Sedgeboda saqar­ Tvelos, azerbaijanis da somxeTis sabWoTa socialisturi re­ spublikebisgan. 11. Sulaveris komiteti – ixileT `revkomis~ ganmarteba. 12. revkomi - sabWoTa xelisuflebis sagangebo organo, romelic Seiqmna sabWoTa ruseT-saqarTvelos omisdros, 1921 wlis 16 Tebervals saqarTvelos kompartiis �������������������� xelmZRvanelobiT. ga­ mocxadda wiTeli armiis mier okupirebul SulaverSi, ris ga­ moc araoficialurad „Sulaveris mTavrobasac“ uwodebdnen. 13. destalinizacia – sabWoTa kavSirSi destalinizacia anu stalinis pirovnebis kultis winaaRmdeg Riad brZola daiw­ yo kompartiis me-20 yrilobis Semdeg, 1956 wlis Tebervli­ dan. Tumca es brZola winaswar gansazRvrul CarCoebSi iyo imgvarad moqceuli, rom ziani ar mieyenebina komunisturi ideo­logiisTvis.

109

gamoyenebuli literatura 1. 2.

dancig baldaevi, `naxatebi gulagidan~, Tbilisi, 2011 w. stefan kurtua, nikola verTi, Jan-lui pane, andrei paCkovski, karel bartoseki, Jan-lui margoleni, `komunizmis Savi wigni. danaSaulebi, terori, represia~, ilias universitetis gamom­ cemloba, Tbilisi, 2011 w.

3. 4.

anton antonov-ovseenko, lavrenti beria, 1990 w. Sinagan saqmeTa saministros saarqivo sammarTvelos Jurnali `saarqivo moambe~. 1-15.

5.

saimon sebag-montefiore, axalgazrda stalini, 2010 w.

6.

ioseb stalini, Txzulebebi, 13 tomad, 1939-1953 ww.

7.

gela Carkviani, `interviu mamasTan,~ Tbilisi, 2013 w.

8.

kandid Carkviani, Tbilisi, 2015 w.

`stalinTan

urTierTobis

epizodebi,~

9. raul CilaCava, lavrenti berias vaJi mogviTxrobs, 2013 w. 10. ioseb stalini: Zalaufleba da ideebi. axali saarqivo masa­ lebi. sara devisis da jeims harisis redaqciiT. gamomcemloba “artanuji~, 2015. 11. Alliluyeva Svetlana, Priscilla Johnson (translator), Twenty letters to a friend, London: Hutchinson, 1967. 12. Conquest Robert, The Harvest of Sorrow, 1988. 13. Terry Martin, Soviet Ethnic Cleansing, 1998. 14. Ronald Grigor Suny, The Cambridge History of Russia, V. 3., The Twentieth Century-Cambridge University Press. 2006. 15. The Whisperers, Private life in Stalin’s Russia, 2007. 16. Архив Л. Д., Троцкого, 2005. 17. Борис Бажанов, Воспоминания бывшего секретаря Сталина, 1992. 18. Дмитрий Волкогонов, И.В.Сталина, 1990.

Триумф

и

трагедия,

Политический

19. Б.И.Николаевский, Тайные страницы истории, 2003. 20. Россия XX век. Сталинские Депортации 1928-1953 , М., 2005. 21. Солженицын, Ал. – Архипелаг Гулаг, 1918-1956, ч.I-II.

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портрет