Borderline Places | Grounding Augmented Landscapes

BORDERLINE PLACES

GROUNDING AUGMENTED LANDSCAPES Nikoletta Georgopoulou

University of Patras, GR Department of Architecture July 2021 Nikoletta Georgopoulou Registration Number 1518 Supervisor: Demetra Katsota

Diploma Thesis

BORDERLINE PLACES GROUNDING AUGMENTED LANDSCAPES

Nikoletta Georgopoulou

I warmly thank my supervisor Demetra Katsota, for her unwavering support in the vision I had for my diploma thesis, her guidance and the undiminished interest she has shown during these proccess.

Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to my family and friends for all their support, and patience.

fig.1 Conceptual camera obscura model

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία προτείνει την αξιοποίηση του εξωεδαφικού θύλακα στο Ακρωτήρι της Κύπρου ως πρότυπο μοντέλο ανάπτυξης σύγχρονων αυτοματοποιημένων υποδομών παραγωγής ενέργειας, εξυγίανσης του νερού και καλλιέργειας με στόχο την εκμετάλλευση αυτού του «οριακού τόπου» και την ανάδειξή του ως τεχνολογικά ενισχυμένου κέντρου παραγωγής και εξαγωγής στη Μεσόγειο. Έναυσμα της εργασίας αποτέλεσε η μελέτη που ξεκίνησε στα πλαίσια της ερευνητικής εργασίας «ExtraterriStories, Το Παράδειγμα της Μεσογείου». Οι εξωεδαφικοί θύλακες χαρακτηρίζονται από μία περίπλοκη νομοθεσία καθώς βρίσκονται χωρικά σε μία χώρα Α αλλά νομικά ανήκουν σε μία χώρα Β, οδηγώντας τους με αυτό το τρόπο να αποτελούν αποκομμένους θύλακες. Στόχος της εργασίας είναι η αξιοποίηση αυτών των «οριακών τόπων» και η μετατροπή τους σε αυτοματοποιημένους και ενεργειακά αυτόνομους δορυφόρους υφιστάμενων αστικών δομών. Με την εισαγωγή καινοτόμων τεχνολογιών και υποδομών, θα γίνεται δυνατή η οργάνωση των παραπάνω σε ένα σύστημα με σαφή δομή, το οποίο θα έχει τη δυνατότητα να επεκτείνεται κατά βούληση, με βάση τις ενεργειακές απαιτήσεις της περιοχής. Το προτεινόμενο σύστημα χωροθετείται πάνω σε έναν αρχικό κάνναβο διαστάσεων 3km Χ 3km στον οποίο εντοπίζονται οι κεντρικοί κόμβοι. Στη συνέχεια χωρίζεται σε επιμέρους υποδυέστερο κάνναβο των 750m X 750 m και μαζί αποτελούν εργαλείο οργάνωσης της πρόταση σε όλη την επιφάνεια του οριακού τόπου που ερευνάται. Α) “LΑΝDROOMS” που φέρουν 5 διαφορετικά προγράμματα και χρήσεις και β) ΚΟΜΒΟΥΣ οι οποίοι διευκολύνουν τόσο τη συγκέντρωση και τη διανομή όλων των παραγόμενων προϊόντων μεταξύ των επιμέρων συστημάτων αλλά και τη σύνδεση τους με άλλες περιοχές.

ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ

Πιο συγκεκριμένα το σύστημα ορίζεται από τα εξής συστατικά στοιχεία:

Τα “LΑΝDROOMS” είναι τα παρακάτω: i. HIGHGARDEN, θερμοκήπια κάθετης καλλιέργειας, ii. WETLANDS, υποδομές αφαλάτωσης και παραγωγή αλατιού, iii. SOLARIS, εγκαταστάσεις παραγωγής θερμικής ενέργειας, iv. SKYFALL, καινοτόμες εγκαταστάσεις παραγωγής αιολικής ενέργειας, v. MEMORYGUARD, εικονικό «μουσείο» προβολής περιοχών ιστορικής σημασίας, αλλά και παρουσίαση της υφιστάμενης κατάστασης του τόπου. Τα “LANDROOMS” ξεκινάνε ως μία μονάδα και στην συνέχεια πολλαπλασιάζονται πάνω στο τοπίο με την αξιοποίηση του αρθρωτού σχεδιασμού και την ευκολία σύνδεσης που προσφέρει ο κάνναβος των ροών ενέργειας και των κόμβων συγκέντρωσης και σύνδεσης. Συμπερασματικά, αυτό το πρωτότυπο μοντέλο τεχνολογικών τόπων προωθεί τη σημασία του διεπιστημονικού σχεδιασμού των σύγχρονων κοινωνιών. Είναι ένα όραμα για το μέλλον των εξωεδαφικών θύλακων, οι οποίοι θα σταματήσουν να αποτελούν απομεινάρια της ιμπεριαλιστικής πολιτικής των κρατών έναντι άλλων. Επομένως πλέον θα χαρακτηρίζονται από την ενεργειακή συνδεσιμότητα. vii

fig.2 Conceptual camera obscura model

The present diploma thesis proposes the utilization of the extraterritorial pocket in Akrotiri, Cyprus as a prototype model for the development of modern automated infrastructure for energy production, water sanitation and cultivation. The main goal is to exploit this “borderline place” and promoting it as a technologically enhanced production and export center of energy in the Mediterranean.

The present project was inspired by the research thesis “ExtraterriStories, The Paradigm of the Mediterranean”.

Extraterritories are characterized by complex legislation as they are spatially located in country A but legally belong to country B, thus leading them to be isolated exclaves.

The project aims to utilize these “borderline places” into automated and self sustainable energy satellites of existing urban structures. The employment of innovative technologies and infrastructure for the organization of the above mentioned “borderline places” are used to enhanced them into augmented landscapes. The system will be able to expand at will, based on the energy requirements of the region.

The proposed system is located on an initial grid of dimensions 3km X 3km in which the central nodes are located.

It is then divided into individual sub-grids of 750m X 750 m and together they are a tool for organizing the proposal on the entire extraterritory of Akrotiri.

A) “LANDROOMS” that have 5 different programs and uses and b) NODES which facilitate both the collection and distribution of all products produced between the individual systems and their connection to other areas.

ABSTRACT

More specifically, the system is defined by the following components:

The “LANDROOMS” are the following: i. HIGHGARDEN, vertical farming facilities, ii. WETLANDS, desalination infrastructure and salt production, iii. SOLARIS, thermal power solar energy, iv. SKYFALL, innovative wind power plants, v. MEMORYGUARD, a virtual “museum” for the promotion of areas of historical importance, but also a presentation of the current situation of the place.

The “LANDROOMS” start as a unit and then multiply on the landscape by utilizing the modular design and the ease of connection offered by the energy grid and the assembly and connection nodes.

In conclusion, this prototype model of augmented landscapes promotes the importance of interdisciplinary design of modern societies. It is a vision for the future of extraterritories in which these areas will cease to be remnants of the imperialist policy of states towards others. Therefore they will now be characterized by energy connectivity. ix

• Περίληψη vii • Abstract ix

Part A- Cartographic analysis 1-36 A.1 The strategic position and history of Cyprus 1 A.2 Extraterritoriality and the case of Akrotiri 7

Part B- Proposal 37-92 B.1 Highgarden 46 B.2 Wetlands 52 B.3 Solaris 64 B.4 Skyfall 72 B.5 Memoryguard 80 B.6 Masterplan-phasing 85 • Bibliography 94-97 • List of drawings-images 98

CONTENTS

BORDERLINE PLACEES

Cyprus officially called the Republic of Cyprus, is an island nation in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. It is the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean, and is located south of Turkey; west of Syria; northwest of Lebanon, Israel and the Gaza Strip; north of Egypt; and southeast of Greece.

Its position is underlined by the routs of ships and airplanes and also the underwater pipelines.

As a strategic location in the Eastern Mediterranean, it was subsequently occupied by several major power. So there was a great succession of sovereigns over cypriot territories.

STRATEGIC POSITION

STRATEGIC POSITION 2

PART A: CARTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS

• The existence of life on the island dates back to 10000 BC. The fact is confirmed by bones of dwarf hippos and elephants discovered in the area of Akrotiri.

• A series of strong, local earthquakes took place in 365 AD. in the surrounding area and with the strongest reaching a size of 8.5 Richter. The settlement of Kourion was completely destroyed as well as the holy temple of Apollo Hylatis, one of the most important worship centers of the 12 olympian Gods on the island. This contributed to the process of Christianization of the island.

• In 1191 it came to an end to Roman rule and the island was conquered by King Richard the Lionheart during the Third Crusade. The king then offered Guy de Lusignan, the French king of Jerusalem, the kingdom of Cyprus. The royal dynasty founded by the Lusignans ruled the island for 300 years and had shaped in many ways the culture and history of Cyprus.

BORDERLINE PLACES

• In 1489 Queen Catherine Cornaro had transferred the reins of power to Venice, which ruled Cyprus for 100 years.

• For the next 300 years (1571-1878) Cyprus remained initially under the control of the Ottoman Turks.

• Τhen Cyprus was transferred to the British empire but nominally remained under Ottoman rule. After World War I, the island was legally confirmed as a British colony.

• Britain sought to consolidate its dominance on the island by grounding military facilities in a number of strategically located areas.

• The end of English colonialism took place in 1960 with the Greek War of Independence. Archbishop Makarios was elected president. And the Republic of Cyprus is declared as independent state.

• After gaining independence, Cyprus had become a battleground for the Greek and Turkish communities. In 1974 the conflict turned into a military conflict. Culminating in the landing of the Turks on the island.

• In 2014, discussions begin on the future of the bases on the island. And on 10/06/2020 the Policy Statement is signed between Britain and Cyprus.

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HISTORY OF CYPRUS

PART A: CARTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS

Timeline key moments in History of Cyprus

HISTORY OF CYPRUS

4

The British bases maintain their own legal system, separate from that of the United Kingdom and the one of Cyprus, which consists of the laws of the Colony of Cyprus until August 1960, as amended. The laws are kept as much as possible with the laws of Cyprus.

The Court of the Sovereign Bases, deals with civilian offenses of any person within the Bases. Law and order are observed by the Police of the Bases, while the martial law by the United Police Unit of Cyprus.

BORDERLINE PLACES

The British bases are of strategic importance to United Kingdom and are receiving special treatment, since through them the whole of the Middle East is controlled and the Eastern Mediterranean. The British consider the Akrotiri base as an invaluable station between Britain and Africa, the Middle East and the Far East.

Finally, the British bases in Cyprus provide and operational assistance, supply services and a regiment of officers and hoplites in the peacekeeping force of United Nations in Cyprus (UNFICYP) since This force settled on the island in 1964.

Enclaves of Cyprus 5

EXTRATERRITORIALITY

EXTRATERRITORIALITY 6

PART A: CARTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS

BORDERLINE PLACES

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8

PART A: CARTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS

Boundaries

BORDERLINE PLACES

Antennas

Watchtowers

Buildings

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MILITARY BASES

The creation of these military bases by England in Cyprus began before the beginning of the liberation struggle of the Cypriots (1955-1959) and continued at a very intensive pace during it. Although the whole of British-occupied Cyprus was then a place that could be used by British troops, the creation of two solid military bases was considered necessary and was probably designed by then to be a dominant British territory in Cyprus even after its independence of the island.

As defined in 1960, military bases are under British rule and not colonies. This is the basic principle of the management of the bases, as signed by His Majesty's Government, in "Appendix O" of the 1960 agreement with Cyprus, which provided that the British Government: i)He would use them only for military purposes.

iii) It would not create customs checkpoints between the Bases and the Republic. iv) It would not create and would not allow the creation of political, commercial or industrial enterprises, unless they were linked to the requirements of the army, and would not in any other way undermine the economic, commercial or industrial life of the island.

AKROTIRI,CY

ii) It would not establish or operate "colonies".

v) It would not create commercial or political ports or airports. vi) It would not allow the installation of people in the Bases, except for temporary purposes. vii) It would not expropriate private property within the Bases, except for military purposes, and with the payment of fair compensation.

The British bases maintain their own legal system, separate from that of the United Kingdom and Cyprus, which consists of the laws of the Colony of Cyprus until August 1960, as amended. The laws are kept as much as possible the same as the laws of Cyprus. The Court of the Sovereign Base Areas deals with the civilian misconduct of any individual within the Bases. Law and order is maintained by the Base Police, while martial law is maintained by the United Police Unit of Cyprus.

MILITARY BASES

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BORDERLINE PLACES fig.3 Paratroopers exercise

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MILITARY BASES

The military bases have a very strong imprint on the ground of Akrotiri. Especially in the areas of radar and antennas. Their architecture can also be characterized as monumental. Although not accessible areas are visible from kilometers and define landcape.

AKROTIRI,CY

fig.4 Borders

fig.5 Watchtowers

fig.6 Figure from radar ‘Ring Angels’ MILITARY BASES

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BORDERLINE PLACES

DISTRICTS 13

The jurisdictional districts in the area of Akrotiri are complicated. The areas are defined by special legal agreements and treaties.

We see that these territories are diffuse and overlap.

Based on an agreement between the Republic of Cyprus for the utilization of 78% of the territory of the British bases in Cyprus.

BORDERLINE PLACES 15

and

the

United

Kingdom

The area has been given to the Republic of Cyprus with the aim of its development.

With the exception of areas of military facilities that continue to be used by the British Ministry of National defense and the British Air Force, the approved land uses, according to the policy statement are: highlighting areas of natural importance, with the aim of promoting ecosystems, agricultural land, tourism development and residential and commercial development.

DISTRICTS

Residential

Tourism

Agricultural land

Areas of natural importance

AKROTIRI,CY

Military bases

Areas of intervention DISTRICTS

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BORDERLINE PLACES

GEOMORPHOLOGY 17

AKROTIRI,CY GEOMORPHOLOGY

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BORDERLINE PLACES

GEOMORPHOLOGY 19

AKROTIRI,CY

Ecology flows through the borders.

Map of coastline changes 10.000 B.C. - 2200 A.C. GEOMORPHOLOGY

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BORDERLINE PLACES fig.7 Lady’s mile

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fig.8 Forest land

GEOMORPHOLOGY

AKROTIRI,CY fig.9 Limassol salt lake

fig.10 Aetokremos

GEOMORPHOLOGY

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BORDERLINE PLACES 23

The enviroment of the area is constantly changing so there is the need to understanded better.

GEOMORPHOLOGY

AKROTIRI,CY Sections every 3km

GEOMORPHOLOGY

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BORDERLINE PLACES 25

There is a variety of textures in close proximity to each other. Biodiversity of crops, salt lake, sea, dunes, hills and rocky areas.

Focusing now on the subsoil is evident the soil variability with the multiple stratifications and finally the Dehydration of the aquifer due to the infiltration of seawater.

Also is obvious the difference in the division of agricultural land with more plastic flow near the mouth of the river Kouris and a more regulatory arrangement in artificially irrigated areas.

GEOMORPHOLOGY

AKROTIRI,CY GEOMORPHOLOGY

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BORDERLINE PLACES fig.11 Fields with free grid, based on the morphology of the ground

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GEOMORPHOLOGY

AKROTIRI,CY fig.12 Fields with grid, based on the irrigation system

GEOMORPHOLOGY

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BORDERLINE PLACES fig.13 Limassol port

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fig.14 Lady’s mile

HUMAN FOOTPRINT

AKROTIRI,CY fig.15 R.A.F. Akrotiri settlement

fig.16 R.A.F. Akrotiri

HUMAN FOOTPRINT

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BORDERLINE PLACES 33

Living in the era of antrhopocene, the footprint of man on the landscape is obvious. In the area in the area we can see extensive hardscape fields, roads and settlements.

The military bases have,also a very strong imprint. Especially when they include radar. Their architecture can also be characterized as monumental. Although these areas are not accessible, they are visible from kilometers and they define landcape of Akrotiri.

HUMAN FOOTPRINT

AKROTIRI,CY

SCALE 1:10.000 HUMAN FOOTPRINT

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BORDERLINE PLACES 35

HUMAN FOOTPRINT

AKROTIRI,CY HUMAN FOOTPRINT

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BORDERLINE PLACES

37

38

GROUNDING AUGMENTED LANDSCAPES

BORDERLINE PLACES

The extraterritorial enclave of Akrotiri is proposed to be an autonomous and fully tecnhological enhanced infrastructure system.

39

GROUNDING AUGMENTED LANDSCAPES

The proposed system is located on an initial grid of dimensions 3km X 3km in which the central nodes are located. And then it is divided into individual sub-grids of 750m X 750 m. Together the two grids are the designing tool for organizing the proposal on the entire extraterritory of Akrotiri.

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BORDERLINE PLACES 41

The use of technology is not just about supporting and supervising these technological places but also offers remote access for the users.

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GROUNDING AUGMENTED LANDSCAPES

BORDERLINE PLACES fig.18-25 Conceptual model- Landrooms

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LANDROOMS

LANDROOM noun (PLACE) The territory which contains a specific unit of the project “Borderline Places| Grounding Augmented Landscapes” and which is technologically enhanced and fully automated.

GROUNDING AUGMENTED LANDSCAPES

For the need of the project the term “landroom” is introduced.

The online virtual room which goal is the interaction between general public and the augmented landscapes.

LANDROOMS

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HIGHGARDEN 46

GROUNDING AUGMENTED LANDSCAPES

The Landroom Highgarden proposes the gradual conversion of a crop department into fully automated vertical cultivation facilities.

BORDERLINE PLACES

This is a method where the system can be expanded by adding vertical farming facilities in the energy grid based on the needs of the area.

The cultivation area is blocked with a glass partition curtain in order to maintain the appropriate temperature and humidity levels.

From the control room, all automated procedures are monitored using computers and appropriate monitoring systems.

Plan-map scale 1:5.000 vertical cultivation units between fields of the area Zoom in floor plan unit vertical cultivation unit for analysis of the flow of the products LEGENDS

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HIGHGARDEN

HIGHGARDEN 1 2

1 2 3

GROUNDING AUGMENTED LANDSCAPES

3

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BORDERLINE PLACES

High-tech and artificial intelligence robotic machines are used for the smooth operation of the unit and the transfer of products from the cultivation area to the automated cleaning, packaging and storage system. From there the products are ready for distribution in the market. Each greenhouse has below ground levels waste management units and the outer shell is reinforced with plantings to enhance the microclimate of the area.

Cross section at the point of the vertical farming Zoom in functional elements

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HIGHGARDEN

GROUNDING AUGMENTED LANDSCAPES

3

1 2

1. Automated system

2. Waste managment

HIGHGARDEN

3. Live wall

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WETLANDS 52

GROUNDING AUGMENTED LANDSCAPES

The Landroom Wetlands is divided into two subsystems with direct connection between them. The desalination system (IIA) and salt production(IIB) Taking into account the morphology of the salt lake and the movement of the water in the area the 1st system is located in the northeastern part of the lake It is an automated reverse electrolysis unit, as they are widely used for the desalination of brackish water, as in the case of this area.

The main energy requirement is the direct current used to separate the ionic substances in the membrane stack.

It is provided through the underground energy flow system.

BORDERLINE PLACES Plan-map scale 1:5.000 desalination and fresh water production Zoom in floor plan electrodialysis unit LEGENDS

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WETLANDS

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GROUNDING AUGMENTED LANDSCAPES

BORDERLINE PLACES

1

2 3

Cross section electrodialysis unit 55

WETLANDS

3

The system can produce 20,000 m of clean water per hour.

2. Electrodyalisis

GROUNDING AUGMENTED LANDSCAPES

1. Floating mechanism

3. Fresh water distribution

Zoom in functional elements WETLANDS

56

Another derivative of desalination is the generation of brine that accumulates and is distributed underground in the 2nd subcategory system of the Landroom Wetlands.

Here, utilizing the slope of the ground and the existing alignments, ponds are created.

The brine must pass first through the solar evaporation ponds and then through the crystallizers.

The residues are then removed by automatic removal and the product is dried for a few days.

The growing season begins in March and usually ends by the end of October depending on the weather conditions.

BORDERLINE PLACES

Automated harvesting machines adapted to the size of each halo push the crystallized salt to the bottom and finally collect the salt at the end of the crystallizers.

At intervals the socket of the underground treatment system is opened where the salt is deposited in automated horizontal belts and is led to the underground washing tank.

The system has the capacity to produce 28,000 tons per year.

Finally the necessary amount of salt is sent to the Solaris Landroom and the rest intended for commercial use.

Plan-map scale 1:5.000 salt production Zoom in floor plan unit crystallizer LEGENDS

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WETLANDS

58

GROUNDING AUGMENTED LANDSCAPES

BORDERLINE PLACES View of crystallizers

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WETLANDS

GROUNDING AUGMENTED LANDSCAPES Aerial view of salt production

WETLANDS

60

BORDERLINE PLACES

WETLANDS 61

WETLANDS 62

GROUNDING AUGMENTED LANDSCAPES

SOALRIS 64

GROUNDING AUGMENTED LANDSCAPES

The Landroom Solaris is located in the former area of military randars in Akrotiri.Parts from the anntenas will be recycled and re-used in this system.

Furthermore the location is very suitable, as it is flat and without vegetation due to the sand dunes.

Heliostats reflect sunlight onto a receiver on top of the 200m tower.

These computer-controlled mirrors move to maintain this focus during daylight.

In a steam power tower water, which is provides from the room wetlands, is pumped to the receiver where concentrated thermal energy heats it to 565o celcius.

BORDERLINE PLACES

Some of the superhot steam is stored in a tank, when most is sent to the power block.

Here high-pressure steam spins a conventional turbine to produce electricity. One of the CSP’s great advantages is that thermal energy can be stored for later use.

The big unit has 2.330 mirrors and a 200m high tower and the small units have 660 mirrors. Also each unit has the ability to expand by adding heliostats to it.

Plan-map scale 1:5.000 solar energy field Zoom in floor plan solar energy unit with 2.330 panels LEGENDS

65

SOLARIS

SOLARIS 66

GROUNDING AUGMENTED LANDSCAPES

If a cloud blocks the sun the steam stored in the tank is used to continue produce electricity up to an hour.

Another system uses molten salt, that is also provided by the room: wetlands.

BORDERLINE PLACES

Cold molten salt is pumped to the receiver where is heated then flows to hot storage tank.

The hot salt then flows through a heat exchanger where heat is transferred to water producing steams that spins the turbine.

The molten salt then flows back to the cold storage tank. In extended cloudy periods or at night the stored hot salt can continue to produce steam and generate electricity reliably for hours.

This system can provide electricity to 10.000 homes per year.

Section solar energy unit Zoom in functional elements

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GROUNDING AUGMENTED LANDSCAPES

2

1 3

1. Heliostats

2. Receiver

SOLARIS

3. Generator

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BORDERLINE PLACES Precpective view from Solaris

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SOLARIS

GROUNDING AUGMENTED LANDSCAPES Immediate troubleshooting and automated restoration with the use of drones

SOLARIS

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SKYFALL 72

GROUNDING AUGMENTED LANDSCAPES

The Landroom Skyfall is a field of wind power electricity production with kites.

Driven by the wind, the automatically controlled power kite(1) rises in figures of eight.

As it gains altitude, it unwinds a tether from a winch on the ground. The tractive force drives a generator (3) inside the winch that produces electricity. This is called the “work phase”. Once the tether has reached its maximum extension, the autopilot steers the kite into a neutral position with minimal drag and lift.

While consuming only a fraction of the energy generated during the work phase, the generator now acts as a motor and reels-in the tether. The system continuously repeats this process, flying the kite at an altitude of 400 to 500 meters. The concept behind the kite power cycle is called the “yo-yo principle”. Energy generated by system can be fed into the underground grid of energy, stored in batteries, or directly consumed.

BORDERLINE PLACES

The power kite can land for maintenance or before forecasted weather extremes. Once it docks to the launch(4) and landing mast, it is lowered to the underground, where it can be unmounted and stowed in a safe place.

Furthermore there are underground tracks where the base(2) can rotate around the pivot point (launch base.4) in order to find the best direction on the wind in order to launch the kite up in the air.

The launch base is also underground. It is an automated mechanism that goes above the ground surface only in the phases of launching and docking of the kite.

The advantage of this patent is that it remains hidden on the ground and that only the moving kite is now visible.

Plan-map scale 1:5.000 wind energy field Zoom in floor plan wind energy unit

LEGENDS

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SKYFALL

SKYFALL 74

GROUNDING AUGMENTED LANDSCAPES

1

BORDERLINE PLACES 2 4 3

Section wind power unit

75

SKYFALL

4. Automated support mechanism

GROUNDING AUGMENTED LANDSCAPES

1. Kite

Technical features: Average produced power 40.000 kW/year Kite size (laid out)145-300 m² Height (max.) 400-500 m Operating wind range 3-25 m/s 6,500 full load hours/year

©skysails-power 2. Rotated base

Zoom in functional elements

3. Generator

SKYFALL

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BORDERLINE PLACES Precpective view from Skyfall

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SKYFALL

SKYFALL 78

GROUNDING AUGMENTED LANDSCAPES

MEMORYGUARD 80

GROUNDING AUGMENTED LANDSCAPES

BORDERLINE PLACES 81

The Landroom Memoryguard is an online archive.

In other words is a virtual “museum” of areas with historical importance, but also a presentation of the current situation of Akrotiri in order to be a reference when the sea level rises.

AR technology provides information for each site.

MEMORYGUARD

GROUNDING AUGMENTED LANDSCAPES Precpective view from Memoryguard, Dreamer’s Bay

MEMORYGUARD

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BORDERLINE PLACES

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GROUNDING AUGMENTED LANDSCAPES

Through the app can anyone have acces to these places.

And with the VR technology any Landroom can be reproduced in any place.

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BORDERLINE PLACES 85

Each system starts from a unit, is multiplied and added to the masterplan of Borderline Places.

Aiming to transform the extraterritory of Akrotiri into a fully automated augmented place.

These places operate as energy satellites of urban centers.

GROUNDING AUGMENTED LANDSCAPES

LIMASSOL

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BORDERLINE PLACES Axonometric view of underground flows 87

The nodes are divided into two types: a) on ground (red cirles). These nodes are the port of Limassol and the form airport of R.A.F. in Akrotiri and they connect the project with other areas outside Cyprus. and b) underground. All Landrooms are connected to each other underground. The aim is energy support of each other. And the connection with the city of Limassol.

NODES

GROUNDING AUGMENTED LANDSCAPES

The proposed system is located on an initial grid of dimensions 3km X 3km in which the central nodes are located.

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BORDERLINE PLACES 89

Production 2020

Production 2050 90

GROUNDING AUGMENTED LANDSCAPES

BORDERLINE PLACES 91

Closing this research cycle it is proposed the connection of Akrotiri with other extraterritorial places in Mediterranean sea that will emerge as technologically enhanced places and will no longer be characterized by the territorial sovereignty of one state over another but by an energy connectivity.

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GROUNDING AUGMENTED LANDSCAPES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Foreign language

BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Bhatia, Neeraj, Przybylski, Maya, Shepperd, Lola και White Mason (Infranet Lab/ Lateral Office) [2011], Pamphlet Architecture 30: Coupling: Strategies for Infrastructural Opportunism, New York, Princeton Architectural Press • Branzi, Andrea, Donegani D., Petrillo A., και Raimondo C. [1995], Symbiotic Metropolis: Agronica, Netherlands: V+K Publishing / Philips • Corner, James και MacLean, Alex S. [1996], Taking Measures Across the American Landscape, Yale University Press • Felicity, Scott [2010], Architecture or Techno-utopia, Politics after Modernism, MIT Press • Ibanez, Daniel και Katsikis, Nikos [2016], New Geographies 06: Grounding Metabolism, Harvard University Press • Luis, Callejas (LCLA OFFICE) [2003], Pamphlet Architecture 33: Islands & Atolls, New York, Princeton Architectural Press • Petrov, Antonio, Katsikis, Nikolaos, Morgan, Jarrad, Romanos, Sevina και Farag Farida [2013], New Geographies 05: The Mediterranean, Harvard University Press • Smout, Allen [2007], Pamphlet Architecture 28: Augmented Landscapes, New York, Princeton Architectural Press • Woods, Lebbeus, και Rehfeld, Ekkehard [1998], Borderline, Wien: Research Institute for Experimental Architecture Greek language • Νυδρέος- Σακοθέλος , Παναγιώτης [2010], Μονάδες Αφαλάτωσης στην Ελλάδα: Αποτύπωμα Άνθρακα, Πρόγραμμα Μεταπτυχιακών Σπουδών: Χωρική Ανάλυση και Διαχείριση Περιβάλλοντος, Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσσαλίας • Πάτσαβος, Νικόλας και Πισσούριος, Ιωάννης [2018], Το παράδειγμα της Κυπριακής πόλης, Ζητήματα αστικότητας στον χωρικό σχεδιασμό, ΔΟΜΕΣ Articles online magazine • Milnes, Ellen [2011]. Process-based groundwater salinisation risk assessment methodology: Application to the Akrotiri aquifer (Southern Cyprus). Journal of Hydrology 399, Ενημερωμένο [online], Διαθέσιμο στο: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251473287_Process-based_groundwater_salinisation_ risk_assessment_methodology_Application_to_the_Akrotiri_aquifer_Southern_Cyprus>

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• ArchDaily [2021], Kokedama Forest Installation / Nomad Studio, Ενημερωμένο [online], Διαθέσιμο στο: < https://www.archdaily.com/963503/kokedama-forest-installation-nomad-studio> • Atlas of Places [2015], Cartography, Pyrénées-Orientales, Ενημερωμένο [online], Διαθέσιμο στο: <www. atlasofplaces.com> • Britanica encyclopedia [2016], Cyprus. Ενημερωμένο [online], Διαθέσιμο στο: < https://www.britannica. com/place/Cyprus> • Dstudio [2010], Vertical Farm Park, Ενημερωμένο [online], Διαθέσιμο στο: < http://breannacarlson.com/ Vertical-Farm-Park> • EUROPEAN HERITAGE TRIBUNE [2021], New series of articles: Future making in the Anthropocene, Ενημερωμένο [online], Διαθέσιμο στο: < https://heritagetribune.eu/europe/future-making-in-theanthropocene/> και στο < https://heritagetribune.eu/europe/new-journalistic-project-future-makinganthropocene/> • New Formalism [2018], Wall: Exodus, orThe Voluntary Prisoners of Architecture, Rem Koolhas 1972 London, Ενημερωμένο [online], Διαθέσιμο στο: < https://newformalism.aaschool.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Six_Canonical_Projects_by_Rem_ Koolhaas.pdf • Polignosi [2019], Βρετανικές Βάσεις. Ενημερωμένο [online], Διαθέσιμο στο: <http://www.polignosi.com/ cgibin/hweb?-A=1823&-V=limmata> • Renew Economy [2017], Giant solar tower to provide all S.A. government electricity needs, Giles Parkinson & Sophie Vorrath, Ενημερωμένο [online], Διαθέσιμο στο: < http://reneweconomy.com.au/giantsolar-tower-to-provide-all-s-a-government-electricity-needs-72106/> • Roadmap 2050 [2021], A practical guide to a prosperous, low carbon europe, OMA/AMO, Ενημερωμένο [online], Διαθέσιμο στο: <https://www.roadmap2050.eu/> • Saline Agriculture Worldwide [2018], The four pillars of Saline Agriculture, Salt Farm Foundation, Ενημερωμένο [online], Διαθέσιμο στο: <https://www.salineagricultureworldwide.com/saline-agriculture> • SIGMALIVE [2017], Βρετανικές Βάσεις: Απομεινάρι της αποικιοκρατίας (χρονικό). Ενημερωμένο [online], Διαθέσιμο στο: <https://www.sigmalive.com/news/459429/vretanikes-vaseis-apomeinari-tisapoikiokratias-xroniko> • SkySails Power [2021], Airborne Wind Energy System, Ενημερωμένο [online], Διαθέσιμο στο: < https:// skysails-power.com/how-power-kites-work/> • Weather forecast [2021], Limassol Weather Forecast, Ενημερωμένο [online], Διαθέσιμο στο: < https:// www.weather-forecast.com/locations/Limassol/forecasts/latest>

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Websites • Τμήμα Πολιτικής Αεροπορίας, Map showing Allowed and Restricted Areas for Drones in Cyprus, Ενημερωμένο [online], Διαθέσιμο στο: <http://www.mcw.gov.cy/mcw/dca/dca.nsf/DMLindex_gr/DMLindex_ gr?OpenDocument> • Ελληνικές Αλυκές [2021], Τυπική διαδικασία Παραγωγής Άλατος στην Αλυκή Κίτρους Πιερίας, Ενημερωμένο [online], Διαθέσιμο στο: < https://saltworks.gr/page-37.html?

• Υπουργείο Εσωτερικών Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας, Τμήμα Πολεοδομίας και Οικήσεως http://www.moi. gov.cy/ Audiovisual material

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• Andrea Branzi: Agronica [2010], Andrea Branzi [mp4], YouΤube, διαθέσιμο στο: <https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=L7G-eF71wmo> • Concentrating Solar Power-Power Towers [2012], KeepItCleanCreative [mp4], YouΤube, διαθέσιμο στο: <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTNU1JMhzxA> • How does GE’s Concetrated Solar Power Plant with Storage work [2017], Mohammed Ramadan [mp4], YouTube, διαθέσιμο στο: < https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ADbUsuNeRQE> Exhibitions • Έκθεση Επανεξέτασης, Αναθεώρησης και Επαναχαρακτηρισμού των Συστημάτων Υπόγειου Ύδατος της Κύπρου για την Εφαρμογή του Άρθρου 5 της Οδηγίας Πλαίσιο περί Υδάτων, 2000/60/EK (2η Έκδοση), Τμήμα Αναπτύξεως Υδάτων, Λευκωσία 2015.

• Έκθεση αξιολόγησης της Χημικής Κατάστασης των Υπόγειων Υδάτων της Κύπρου για το 2017, Τμήμα Αναπτύξεως Υδάτων, Λευκωσία 2019.

• Έκθεση αξιολόγησης της Ποσοτικής Κατάστασης των Υπόγειων Υδάτων της Κύπρου για το 2016, Τμήμα Αναπτύξεως Υδάτων, Λευκωσία 2018.

• Επισκόπηση Σημαντικών Ζητημάτων Διαχείρισης των νερών στην Κύπρο, Τμήμα Αναπτύξεως Υδάτων, Λευκωσία, 2007 • Ετήσια Έκθεση, Τμήμα Γεωλογικής Επισκόπησης, Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία, 2013 • Οδηγία 2000/60/ΕΚ του Ευρωπαϊκού Κοινοβουλίου και του Συμβουλίου της 23ης Οκτωβρίου 2000 για τη θέσπιση πλαισίου κοινοτικής δράσης στον τομέα της πολιτικής των υδάτων.

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fig.1| Conceptual camera obscura model © Nikoletta Georgopoulou fig.2| Conceptual camera obscura model © Nikoletta Georgopoulou

fig.4| Borders © Petros Karadjias fig.5| Watchtower © Petros Karadjias

IMAGE CREDITS

fig.3| Paratroopers exercise © British Bases Cyprus (Facebook page)

fig.6| Figure from Radar ‘Ring Angels’ © Eastwood, Ister & Rider, Nature volume 186 fig.7-17| Αεροφωτογραφία © google earth fig.18-25| Conceptual model- Landrooms © Nikoletta Georgopoulou

Cover Page: Conceptual model © Nikoletta Georgopoulou

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