LIT - London institute of technology // 3rd year

London Institute of Technology

- Center

“A place of investigation and innovation�

4ARC627.2 Technical Exploration Notebook

Done by: Nicolas Salas Leon w1422770 3rd Year - BA Architecture University of Westmisnter

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Content 1. THE SITE 1. Location 2. Wind Analysis 3. Sun Analysis

Page Page Page Page

3 4 5 7

2. PRECEDENTS 1. IIT Center 2. Others Influences 3. Design Abstract - Brief

Page Page Page Page

8 9 11 12

3. MATERIALS 1. Research

Page 13 Page 14

4. TECHNIQUES 1. Steel Decking 2. Concrete Piles - Foundation

Page 15 Page 16 Page 22

5. DETAIL DRAWINGS - PORTFOLIO 1. Section 2. Foundation 3. Structure

Page Page Page Page

6. LIGHT QUALITY 1. Light inside the proposal

Page 29 Page 30

7. ORTHOGRAPHICAL DRAWINGS 1. Set of drawings - Portfolio 1.1 Plans 1.2 Section

Page 33 Page 34

8. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS 1. Sequence

Page 37 Page 38

9. CGIs OF THE PROPOSAL

Page 39

10. FUTURE OF THE DESIGN 1. After Final Crit

Page 45 Page 46

11. REFERENCING & THANKS

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25 26 27 28

1. THE SITE -3-

Video available at https://youtu.be/VELD0CdGo10

LIT Center Tate Modern New extension

Site Location

South facade

North facade Photography by Google.com

Renders by Nicolas Salas

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Site Location / Context Tate Modern is located on the edge of the river Thames right at the South end of the Millennium bridge. The iconic power station was built in two phases between 1947 and 1963 and it was designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott. It consisted of a stunning turbine hall of 35 metres high and 152 metres long, with the boiler house alongside it and a single central chimney of 99 metres high. Currently, the new extension by Herzog & de Meuron will transform Tate Modern. An iconic new building will be added at the South of the existing gallery.

Video made by Nicolas Salas

It will create more spaces for displaying the collection, performance and installation art and learning, all allowing visitors to engage more deeply with art, as well as creating more social spaces for visitors to unwind and relax in the gallery.

Photography by Google.com

January

February

March

April

May

June

Wind Analysis

July

August

September

October

November

December

Data, graphs and analysis by Nicolas Salas

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Wind Condition As to have a better sense of the Southbank area at the Tate Modern a wind condition can not be dismissed. A main concern of this site is that the Tate is located just by the side of the Thames river and because so a concern about the prevailing wind is raised.

ECOTech analysis weather tool allows me to have a better and detailed understanding about this site.

The strongest wind conditions are on January and December where the center of the Winter is occurring. However, the rest of the year the amount of wind in terms of pressure and speed is very stable and with not many abruptions.

The average lowest wind speed is about 15-20kmh (4.16-5.5mps) which is more or less consistent during the year.

Wind Rose By comparing the yearly display of the monthly average wind velocities, it can be seen that the predominant wind comes from the South-West direction.

Also, the peak in the speed of the wind seems to appear around the winter term between December, January and March. However, most of the year it seems that the wind feels to be very calm tending to breeze.

Even though this wind study reveals great and detail information, in reality it is most probably to have a different impact as most of the building in the Tate surrounding are wide and tall which will be probably be blocking the wind speed but also, in some cases, if the space inbetween the buildings gets gradually narrow, the air would pressured and gain speed.

Video available at https://youtu.be/uF6oaO58lZs

Video available at https://youtu.be/7c3zzML9l80

Data, graphs and analysis by Nicolas Salas

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Sun Graph - Full Hourly with clouds

Sun Graph - Total Monthly

Sun Analysis Sun Condition Looking at these graphs the appreciation of clouds during the day are generous, therefore the natural light would approach in a softer way that direct Sun light.

Also, the average temperature in London from 20*C to 5-7*C along the year and having July the hottest month and January the coldest.

In term of precipitations, October is the wettest month with an average of 71mm of rain.

July is the month with the more daily hours (145849 Wh/m2) followed by June (134186 Wh/m2) and April (102040 Wh/m2).

Data, graphs and analysis by Nicolas Salas

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Seasonal Sun path - Jan to Dec at 11:00 2016

Video available at https://youtu.be/_TsQc9BhrXE

Video made by Nicolas Salas

2. Precedents -8-

IIT - Illinois Institute of Technology Main structure

Secondary low bearing structure

Gravel over roofing felt

Mies van der Rohe Situated in the center of the University campus in Chicago, near the metro station and the main station: a building with the best location within the university.

The four sides of the building permit free entry of light and use the views. It is oriented South to North with the main entrance located on the South facade allowing cover to enter the workshop. The building also has this orientation so that the lighting is natural light main North-South and not East-West, which is usually more intense and difficult to control up to provoke troublesome in many cases.

Steel angle cap

Concept A self-contained in a rectangular shape on two levels.

It is a free volume with its four walls of glass, surrounded by a large green area, with large tress, mainly in the South facade.

The glazing on all sides that allows the faculty do not give back the rest of the buildings, while respecting the context.

It is characterized by an industrial aesthetic of simplicity, clearly stated in their steel frames.

Rigid insulation on steel deck

Mild steel fascia plate

Sprayed insulation

Structural system

Roof purlin

Acoustical Celling tile

Louvred ventilators with door

Glazing skin

Concrete floor slabs

Terrazzo flooring

Poured foundation

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Materials: Steel Reinforced concrete Glass

Structure Cover is 36x67 meters on a series of exterior columns of steel that are placed tangent to the wall and are related through jacenas song visible on the steel deck.

This technique allowed to cover important Mies lights without intermediate support and maintain a standard thickness forged.

The plant is semi-supported in a frame of columns 6x9 meters.

Secondary structure

Primary structure

Plan column details

Building centre-line Fully welded plate girder

Fully welded plate girder

Hanger

Roof purlin

Steel deck welded to purlins Steel fascia plate Roof purlin

Steel mullion

Section out wall details

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Innovative precedents

Investigation: Span ability Load bearing ability Minimal footprint

Photography by Google.com

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From Now to Future As part of my desire to learn architecture, I do not want to learn only the basics but I am intended to practice the controversial “organic� and morphic style. As organic now days means several things, I am using it in a very specific way: a nature form like which have the ability to reduce the amount of material by a better distribution of load over the structure. Also, it breaks the traditional grid of a rectangular form into a more dynamic one.

Brief

Design Abstract The London Institute of Technology Center has its place behind the Tate Modern with a direct access from Summer Road to the workshop at the ground level.

The concept of creating a school of construction relies from the hollow-pavilion created at the West wing inside the Tate and its dense study of the construction process and methods which lead to a center in which people would have access to material research, workshops, lectures and presentations of new technologies.

The structural style is based from the Mies Van De Rohe “IIT Center� in Chicago precedent where exposed structure reveals vast open space in which the architect want to express the flexibility of space and it ability to change and bring users together.

The idea, its to create a communal space for Southbank to attract more people with interest in knowledge. It is not only a center for lectures about the architectural technology but to be able to show a dense variety of material of different kind by creating a material library. Also, a laboratory to create new materials would be provided which would bring the oportunity to architects to overcome with new designs specific to the new materiality.

The building works in a way of three stages of structure: Primary structure is made by a set of 12 Steel I column attached to the ground by poured concrete and concrete piles in a foundation level; and atttached on the top level to a wider Steel I beam which connects two steel columns on its ends. This allows to hang the top floor without need s of inside columns or heavy bearing walls. The Secondary structure works in a ring like way, where it frames the floor levels which connects in its tanget all the steel columns and making a rigid structure. The Tertiary structure created a grid where the steel deckin rest to be covered in concrete and bringing more stability to the building.

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Investigation: The intention in this research is to find the ability of balance and rigidity in the smallest amount of structure.

Bringing simplicity but complext at the same time and elegance buy not overcrowding the building with structure that is not needed.

3. Materials - 13 -

Options: Timber Weight: Lightweight in comparison to others listed in this material section.

Aesthetic: Soft, warm and it will add a human aesthetic to factor theme.

Strength: Dependent on wood type - i.e. Engineered glulam is one of the strongest.

Fire resistance: Poor unless covered in anti-fire solution.

Re-usability: Recyclable Sources/Availability: can be found from recycled wood, imported or recently cutted.

Assemblage: Wood beams are made to size on order and assembled on site.

Photography by Google.com

Steel Weight: Lightweight material but hot-rolled steel is heavy.

Aesthetic: Applicable to building program and site. Polished and clean however need a supporting material to avoid creating a tin shed.

Strength: High strength with ability to span large distances.

Fire resistance: Very good.

Re-usability: Recyclable however, it need a lot of energy to remelt it.

Sources/Availability: Can be found from recycle sources Assemblage: Quick construction on site.

Concrete Weight: Heavy weighted but good for thermal mass option.

Aesthetic: Cold aesthetic but texture can be very experimental a wide variety.

Strength: High strength with ability to span large distances.

Fire resistance: Very good.

Re-usability: Recyclable in some minor projects as to use pieces to fill road surface.

Sources/Availability: Easy to find, mix and use. Ability to change its chemical mix that makes up the concrete i.e. Hempcrete or Transcrete. It will also change its properties.

Assemblage: Very quick is pre-cast slabs are used. However, on site mixing could be a time consuming.

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Mansonary wall/Brick Weight: Heavy weighted but good for thermal mass option - not as heavy as concrete.

Aesthetic: In fitting with the Tate Modern.

Strength: Good to hold shear loads but not suitable for spanning.

Fire resistance: Good and maintains structure until collapse unlike steel.

Re-usability: It can be recycled but a lot of energy is needed in firing but not as bad as steel.

Sources/Availability: Ready available with many different varieties.

Assemblage: An experienced bricklayer can lay up to a 100 bricks a day.

Decision: Material: Steel + Concrete./reinforced concrete.

Reason: Ability to constrain heavy weight, easy to manipulate and in context with the precedents and Studio Design Project.

Special consideration: The design for this proposal is levitating the building by 8000mm from the ground level supported only by the main structure made by Steel and the lifts Concrete cores.

Top floor (3rd level) flotates as every side is cover in a glass facade.

1st and 2nd level are clamped together by the reinforced concrete lift cores and an extra core placed just on these two levels.

4. Techniques - 15 -

Steel Decking with poured concrete

R51 Slab edge and flashing’s This method of creating floor levels is very effective as the design is based in a square grid of secondary steel frame where the steel decking will seat on and then concrete will be poured and let to dry.

Diagrams by Nicolas Salas

Information taken from the SMD LT

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R51 Deck Profile Dimensions Materials: Galvanised steel coil in accordance with the BSEN 10143 and BSEN 10147 Grade S350 or G275 (Minimum strength be 350N/mm2) Materials Thickness: 0.9mm, 1.0mm and 1.2mm

Diagrams by Nicolas Salas

Information taken from the SMD LT

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R51 Stud Details of Staggered studs at butt joint

Diagrams by Nicolas Salas

Information taken from the SMD LT

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R51 Stud Details of Studs in pairs at butt joint

R51 Stud Details of Single Studs

Diagrams by Nicolas Salas

Information taken from the SMD LT

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Temporary Propping Details By placing a timber beam in the center of the decking span, it will allow an extra support while pouring concrete to prevent bending or any disruption in the steel and form.

Diagrams by Nicolas Salas

Information taken from the SMD LT

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Construction Joint

Diagrams by Nicolas Salas

Information taken from the SMD LT

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Concrete drilled column

Steel column Vierendeel Truss Connect two floor levels to central to form a 3D vierendeel Space Frame

Steel connecting plate

Nuts and Screws to connect the steel column to the steel plate in the poured concrete

Poured concrete

Concrete piles

Hang stairs from the beam

This is acting as a truss

Poured concrete

Sketches by Nicolas Salas

A steel base plate is necessary to distribute the column load over an area wide enough that the allowable stresses in the concrete are not exceeded.

Concrete piles

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Early use of these steel plate connection was covered concrete while it still fresh leaving the screws upwards and visible. Then, when the concrete dried, the steel column was placed in a way that the holes in the bottom of the steel column matched the screws. Obviously, this was making problems so now and often, therefore, now a days the method had changed slightly: a multi-perfored metal plate is inserted in the liquid concrete in a way that when the concrete is dry holes would be visible, steel beam can be placed on top and be attached to the holes that matches its position.

Steel column

Steel connecting plate Poured concrete

Nuts and Screws to connect the steel column to the steel plate in the poured concrete

Poured concrete

Steel Decking

Concrete piles Fake roof

Out skin Window frame Steel column - main structure

Inner skin

Steel column Secondary structure

Poured concrete on top of a Steel Decking

Window frame

Sketches by Nicolas Salas

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Steel plate which connects first to second structure

Steel column ground plate connection

Column is welded to its steel base plate after the plate is leveled on a bed of grout.

Base plates for large columns are set on leveling nuts before grounting.

Photograph by Google.com

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Stiffeners may be requiered wen a column bears on a thin base plate.

5. Detail Drawings - 25 -

Main structure [I beam]

Hanger/Connection plate

Detailed section of the proposal.

This drawing was draw to a A2 sizes at 1:100.

Secondary structure

The drawing at this page is NOT at the 1:100 scale.

Movable walls with wheels

Double Glassing

Fake roof

Aluminium frame + Insulation

Secondary structure Steel Decking Inner skin finishing

Outer skin finishing

Drawing by Nicolas Salas

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Poured concrete

Detailed section of the proposal.

This drawing was draw to a A2 sizes at 1:100.

The drawing at this page is NOT at the 1:100 scale.

Anti-Vibration matt: It will absorb the vibration of the machinery and it will eliminate some sound as well.

v structure: Steel I Column Connecting Steel plate

Poured concrete

Natural terrain

Concrete pile

Drawing by Nicolas Salas

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Axonometric of structure This drawing was draw to a A0+ sizes at 1:100.

The drawing at this page is NOT at the 1:100 scale.

Primary Structure

12 Steel Columns + 6 Steel beams

From level 1 to level 3 Secondary Structure

16 X-axis Steel Beams + 12 Y-axis Steel Beams Tertiary Structure

Steel frame + Steel Decking + Poured concrete Connection of a normal floor structure frame

Steel frame welded together Connection of the Primary and Secondary Structure

Rigidity + Staiability + Simplicity + Efficienty Complete set of the structure assemble Drawing by Nicolas Salas

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6. Light quality - 29 -

Light quality - Interior

12:00pm Summer

12:00pm Winter Preventing over heating To prevent over heating and extreme direct Sun light, the facade windows uses a filtration method where in Summer when the Sun is at its maximum height the Sun cast inside the building is minimal.

However, when the Sun is placed in Winter at its lower angle, the window allows the maximum light cast inside the room to gain natural light and heat up the room.

Renders by Nicolas Salas

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23/05/2016 from 7:00am to 22:00pm Summer

Video available at https://youtu.be/uxl6d7enfLc

09/12/2016 from 7:00am to 22:00pm Winter

Video available at https://youtu.be/aLmfgxwG9lc

From January to December at 12:00pm Seasonal

Video available at https://youtu.be/Zr04Y5MwI8c

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Video made by Nicolas Salas

12:00pm Winter

12:00pm Summer

Renders by Nicolas Salas

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Preventing Sun eye-contact To prevent a facing direct Sun light, the auditorium space is facing West where when the Sun is its lower position in the morning it gives a softer and clearer light than when it is at its higher position at 12pm which is much brighter and hotter. This way users will not have a direct eye contact with the Sun.

7. Orthographical Drawings - 33 -

Exploded Axonometric

Main Structure

Steel frame

Secondary and Low baring Structure

Steel frame

Window frame

Aluminium frame and Double-Triple Glazing

Skin + Insulation + Window frame

Cladding + Insulation + Aluminium frame + double glazing

Heavy Bearing Structure -

This drawing was draw to a A0+ size at 1:200.

The drawing at this page is NOT at the 1:200 scale.

Low Bearing Structure

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Aluminium frame and Glass panels

External facade

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Level 3:

Gallery space and flexible space

Material library and reading area

Level 1:

Elevators

Stair case

Canteen and social area

Seats + Poured concrete + Steel truss + Steel hollowed tubes

Secondary Cores

Pre-Cast Concrete Slabs + Steel columns

Lift cores

Poured concrete + Steel columns

Stair cases

Steel frame/Plates/Tubes

Auditorium entrance

Core:

Toilets and Research controled rooms.

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Drawing by Nicolas Salas

Level 2:

Secondary and Tertiary Structure Level 2:

Level 3:

Auditorium + Balustrade

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Steel frame + Poured concrete + Steel Decking

Auditorium space and balustrade

Level 2:

Core: Toilets and Store rooms.

Teaching area.

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-

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Heavy Bearing Structure -

Low Bearing Structure

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Aluminium frame and Glass panels

External facade

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Level 3:

Level 2:

Gallery space and flexible space

Canteen and social area

Elevators

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Stair case

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LIT Center

Level 3:

Auditorium entrance

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Material library and reading area

Level 1:

Auditorium space and balustrade

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Level 2:

Core:

Toilets and Research controled rooms.

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Level 2:

Core: Toilets and Store rooms.

Teaching area.

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London Institute of Technology

1:200

Tate Modern

Orthographic Plans This drawing was draw to a A0+ size at 1:20.

The drawing at this page is NOT at the 1:200 scale.

Tate Modern

Roof Level.

Roof

Level 3 Gallery Auditorium

Level 2 Material Library

Material Library

Gallery Flexible rooms Auditorium

2nd Level

Reseach Labs Teaching Rooms Auditorium Toilets

1st Level

Teaching Rooms Auditorium Toilets

G Level

Workshop

Level 2 Research Labs Teaching Rooms Auditorium Toilets

2 Level

Level 1 -

Level 1 -

Canteen Coffee Social Area

Canteen Coffee Social Area

3rd Level

Teaching Rooms Auditorium Toilets

1 Level

Level G -

Workshop

Drawing by Nicolas Salas

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1:200

Double/Triple Glazing Steel hollow tube + Steel frame

Detailed Drawings This drawing was draw to a A3 size at 1:100.

The drawings at this page are at the 1:100 scale.

Alluminium frame Glass Doors Lift Double Glazing

Alluminium frame

Double/Triple Glazing

Steel hollow tube + Steel frame

Outer/Inner Skin + Insulation + Aluminium window frame

Lift Concrete Steel I Column

Steel hollow tube + Steel frame

Lift

Concrete Steel I Column

Drawing by Nicolas Salas

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1:100

8. Construction Process - 37 -

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9. CGIs of LIT Center Proposal - 39 -

Render by Nicolas Salas

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Render by Nicolas Salas

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Render by Nicolas Salas

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Render by Nicolas Salas

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Render by Nicolas Salas

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10. Future of the design - 45 -

After Crits - Changes After the final presention of the project tutors and I have come to more solutions to minor problems and changes that they recomend me that would make the building a better design.

Some changes are moving the Secondary core on the 1st and 2nd level and the auditorium to a more cental point and turn 180* the auditorium. This changes are more “visual� than structural changes.

Also, moving the East lift core and staircase to the center on the Secondary core; this could bring more stability to the building structuraly.

Secondary core

Auditorium

Lift + Staircase Core

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11. Referencing and Thanks - 47 -

Thanks to Tutors

For be able to help me and the advice given.

Constance Lau Alison McLellan William Mclean Pete Silver Scott Batty

Thanks to Specialist

For bringing be their knowledge and help on the design structurally and environmentaly.

Andy Whiting (HUT Architecture) Dave Heeney (Morph Structure) Geoff Morrow (Structuremode) Joseph Conteh (JUMO)

Third Year - Second Semester

References

Having several meetings with external engineers bringed me massive-vast knowledge and help on taking desitions on how to make not only a building to stand up, but also to create a challenging and innovative design.

- Page 4 Video by Nicolas Salas https://youtu.be/VELD0CdGo10 - Page 6 Video by Nicolas Salas https://youtu.be/uF6oaO58lZs - Page 6 Video by Nicolas Salas https://youtu.be/7c3zzML9l80

Sometimes was hard to agree on the changes required to be made on the design which would enable it to become a better and more interesting design.

- Page 7 Video by Nicolas Salas https://youtu.be/_TsQc9BhrXE - Page 30 Video by Nicolas Salas https://youtu.be/uxl6d7enfLc

Also, I found very helpful the help and time given from my tutors Constance Lau and Alison McLellan for transfering their knowledge into me and pushing the project forwards.

- Page 30 Video by Nicolas Salas https://youtu.be/aLmfgxwG9lc - Page 30 Video by Nicolas Salas https://youtu.be/Zr04Y5MwI8c - Photographs taken from www.Google.com are leveled on each page - Diagrams: Sun, Wind, Circulation and Structure made by Nicolas Salas are leveled on each page - Sketches made by Nicolas Salas are leveled on each page - Information taken from books, websites, meetings and magazines are leveled on each page.

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