National mosque

ARCHITECTURE CULTURE & HISTORY II ARC 60203 | PROJECT 2: REPORT TUTOR: MR. NAZMI

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Introduction

CONTENT

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CULTURE & HISTORY 2

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Fast fact of the Building History of Building The Architect

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Site Context Analysis

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Architectural Layout of Building

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Architecture Style Analysis

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Building Construction, Structure and Material Analysis

by Terence Thia Hou Yet

by Tang Soon Foo

by Tan Zi Wen

by Tan Zhi Ying

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Architecture Element / Component Analysis

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Conclusion

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References

by Tasnia Aziz Aninda, Tay Yeun Jing

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

The National Mosque of Malaysia Masjid Negara or the National Mosque of Malaysia, is a one of the most prominent architectural feats located in the heart of Kuala Lumpur. Built in 1965, the mosque reflects a modern International Style; a bold initiative by architects Hisham Albakri, Baharuddin Abu Kassim and British architect H. Ivor Ashley.

Although the architectural style of the National Mosque presents a distinctive contrast with conventional Middle East and Indian mosque architecture, (MASSA Monographs, 2007) it still reflects the passage through time of Malaysia’s multi-religious

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and multicultural society. The rationality behind the parasol-like roof design instead of opting for a traditional onion-shaped dome in most colonized countries, during the colonial period, was signify the sovereignty of the nation as well as the liberation and unification of the people of Malaya, of different races and religion (MASSA Monographs, 2007).

The mosque’s large footprint has a total span of 13 acres which comprises of four major buildings; the main building,

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mausoleum, meeting hall and the minaret (MASSA Monographs, 2007). One of the key defining feature of the National Mosque is its Prayer Hall which measures 153 feet square and 84 feet in height, making it the largest space in the mosque.

Along with its surrounding Verandah, these spaces can accommodate up to 9000 prayers during peak hours, making it one of the largest mosques in the province (MASSA Monographs, 2007).

Masjid Negara is a humble portrayal of the emancipation of unyielding religious philosophies and advocation of authoritative political power. Instead, it focuses on the democracy and bond between Malayans, while conveying Islam as a dynamic religion that welcomes progress through the passing of time (MASSA Monographs, 2007).

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Photo taken by Tan Zi Wen on site

FAST FACTS

INTRODUCTION

Building Name: National Mosque of Malaysia Year Constructed: August 1965 Location: Jalan Perdana, Tasik Perdana, 50408 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

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Description:

A mosque with significant features of a 73-metre-high minaret and a

16-pointed star concrete main roof have a capacity for 15,000 people which located within the 13 acres (53,000 m2) of beautiful gardens (National Mosque of Malaysia, 2017). It is located at Kuala Lumpur City Centre, adjacent to Old Railway Station,

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Dayabumi Complex, Sultan Abdul Samad Building, National Planetarium and Islamic Art Museum Malaysia whereby people can reach there by walking from the lrt station.

Architecture style:

The architecture style of national mosque is a mixture of

Islamic and modern architecture.

Function: Primary purpose is serve as a place where muslims can come together for prayer. Also, it serves as a tourist attraction due to the symbolism of our newly independent,country, Malaysia.

History 30th July 1957, in the meeting of the Federal Executive Council, an idea to build a national mosque as a symbol of the country’s independence was mooted. Then, on 5th March 1958 in another meeting consists of Chief Ministers of the eleven states in the Federation of Malaya, a proposal was made to name the mosque Masjid Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra, in recognition of Yang Teramat Mulia Tunku Abdul Rahman Al-Haj’s efforts in guiding the country to gaining independence. (Lim, 2007). However, Tunku refused this honour; on the contrary, he named it Masjid Negara in thanksgiving for the country’s peaceful independence without blood.

A picture of Masjid Negara back in the 90s Source: [National Mosque][Digital image]. (n.d.).Retrieved from http://c8.alamy.com/comp/B079CK/national-mosque-masjid-negara-kuala-lumpur-mal aysia-B079CK.jpg

The site was selected by Tunku Abdul Rahman for its beautiful natural setting with notable buildings around it. Tunku remarked that “in the days of colonial rule a few Government buildings grew up around this particular site, but nobody would touch the area for further development because of its deep ravines and hills which seemed impossible for use. When I first looked upon this empty site, I felt that as if God had ordained that it should be reserved for the building of this national mosque in independent Malaysia.” (Lim, 2007) The National Mosque was successfully completed for its official opening on Friday, 27th August 1965 by His Majesty the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. Today, the mosque sits in the midst of activity within Kuala Lumpur city centre. It is surrounded by notable buildings; the existence of The National Mosque in the midst of the old and new buildings results in the building taking on the

Nearer view of masjid negara back in the 90s Source: Trip Advisor. (n.d.). National Mosque [Digital image]. Retrieved November 13, 2017, from https://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/10/a1/a2/b3/masjid-negara-amrock.jpg

characteristic of an open museum that illustrates the evolution of Islamic architecture in the country.

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INTRODUCTION

The Architects

BUHARUDDIN ABU KASSIM A graduate in Architecture from the University of Manchester, Baharuddin is indeed one of the pioneer architects to design and carve the landscape of the nation. Tracing back his contributions from the 1960’s, he started off by designing the Petaling Jaya Town Board Building. To date, his achievement track record can be traced to several notable builds which are the National Mosque, Pusat Islam, the PERNAS Headquarters

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Building, Bank Pertanian Malaysia HQ, the Selangor State Mosque in Shah Alam and others.

For his extensive achievements, Baharuddin was awarded the Pertubuhan Akitek CULTURE & HISTORY 2

Malaysia (PAM) Gold Medal Award in 2008. (JBIS, 1967) This Jeram, Kuala Selangor born son is a member of Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia (PAM), the Malaysian Institute of Planners (MIP) and the Singapore Institute of Architects (SIA). (JBIS, 1967) He is also an Associate of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) and the Chairman for the Traf c Advisory Committee, Kuala Lumpur City Hall. (JBIS, 1967)

Image Source : Mohd Ali, A. K. (2015, July 9). Dato' (Dr.) Hj. Baharuddin Abu Kassim [Digital Image]. Retrieved November 14, 2017, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/pixelbrainz/20369416129

DATO’ DR IKMAL HISHAM ALBAKRI Dato 'Dr Ikmal Hisham graduated with a Diploma in Architecture from Sheffield University in 1956. In 1962, he received another Diploma in Tropical Architecture from AA School Architecture in the United Kingdom. (Ramu, 2013)

In 1964, he became Executive Director of Kumpulan Akitek Sdn. He was appointed as President of the Malaysian Institute of Architects from 1967 to 1969 and 1973 to 1975. He was also the President of the Commonwealth Association Architects from 1987 to 1989 and concurrently Vice President of the International Union of Architects after 1999.

He won many awards and was honored for his contributions in architecture. Under the supervision of JKR (Public Works Department) headed by Howard Ashley, Dato 'Hisham Albakri and architect Baharuddin Kasim have designated the National Mosque built in 1965.(Ramu, 2013) Built from Italian reinforced concrete with marble finishes, the building also follows the principles of Islam and Modernist. Focusing on modernist designs that 'shaped each other's function', the pedestal was arranged Image Source Othman, F. B. (2008, October 21). Dato' Dr. Ikmal Hisham Albakri [Digital Image]. Retrieved November 14, 2017, from http://skyline-sena.blogspot.my/

according to the functions of the mosque.

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Thia Hou Yet 0327661 Terence

SITE CONTEXT ANALYSIS Indicating and explaining accessibility, relationship of Masjid

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Negara with its surrounding and its response to climate. The aim is to understand the reason of the building design and how it affects its nearby building design consideration.

Site location Location of the National Mosque is in a section of the government administration enclave in Kuala Lumpur. The national Mosque is located diagonally opposite the Central Railway Station on 13 acres of low flat land along the Sultan Hishamuddin Road at the east, Young Road at the north and Lembah Venning Road at the South Boundary. There is an underground walkway that connects the mosque to the railway station, contributing easy access from all part of the city. The mosque faces the main road where public facilities like schools and other prominent building such as the National Post Office headquarters and Lakhe lake garden.

Fig 1.0

Accessibility At pasar seni station, after you get off the train and pass by the ticket counter, you will see a bridge that connects the station with Kuala Lumpur Station. The bridge also cross Kelang river. Walk through the bridge about 5 minutes until you see Kuala Lumpur KTM station. Then, go straight until you see a tunnel that cross the Jalan Kinabalu about 10 minutes. The mosque is located at the end of the tunnel.

Fig 1.1

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Terence Thia Hou Yet 0327661

Relationship of Buildings with Surrounding

Old Railway Station Designed with the concept of Moorish style, the old railway station was built in 1910.

It is located diagonally opposite of National Mosque. It has easy access from Kuala Lumpur Chinatown and Lake Garden area. The old railway station is a mixture of Western and Mughal similar to Moorish Revival or Indo Saracenic architecture.

Therefore the National Mosque share a similar architectural style with the Old Railway

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Station.

Fig 1.2

National Planetarium The National Planetarium is located inside the Lake Gardens in Kuala Lumpur.. The planetarium has been intelligently designed and structured to mimic a mosque with a blue dome. The National Planetarium sits in between the Kuala Lumpur Bird Park and the National Museum. The fountain structure of the National Planetarium and the National Mosque share some similarities. They are created following the shape of the Al-Quds star.

Fig 1.3

Dayabumi Complex Dayabumi Complex is also designed with Moorish Islamic concept. The building is covered with stunning latticework elegantly patterned with the eight pointed stars of the Islamic motifs and painted white to represent the purity of Islam. These elements are also found in the National Mosque of Malaysia.

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Fig 1.4

Islamic Art Museum The Islamic Art of Museum Malaysia has the vital and significant mosaic dome on top of the building. The dome itself, along with the building is built with the style of modernism. The fusion of modernism and Islamic architecture is applied. Although the shape of the dome of the Islamic Art Museum Malaysia and the national Mosque has a very different design, the building themselves share the similarities which is the fusion of modernism and Islamic architecture.

Fig 1.5

Terence Thia Hou Yet 0327661

Sultan Abdul Samad Building Another famous landmark located near the Mosque. It was designed by A.C Norman during the British Administration in Malaysia. Sultan Abdul Samad Building was completed in 1897 and previously it housed the superior courts until the courts moved to Putrajaya in 2007. The plans were then redesigned and based on the Moorish architecture Norman saw while in Africa with some

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blend of Islamic designed based on the mosque he saw in India. The verandas have various styles of arches, including horseshoe arches and pointed arches, which are present in many Mughal buildings. The differences between this building and the National Mosque is National Mosque has wide and large

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verandah while Sultan Abdul Samad Building has narrow verandah. Other than that, the verandah at National Mosque is open and do not contain any arches

Fig 1.6

like the verandah in Sultan Abdul Samad building.

Fig 1.7

Response to Climate The roof of the National Mosque is similar to an opened umbrella. The fold plates of the concrete roof is a solution to create larger spans required in the main gathering hall. The triangular openings between folds of the building roof allows wind ventilation from the outside to the inside of the mosque. The open and large veranda surrounding the mosque provides the National Mosque with good ventilation. It also provides natural light penetration into the mosque. People in the Mosque will be able to pray even when raining as the mosque is protected. Users will not feel sweaty or uncomfortable in the national Fig 1.8 - Roof of National Mosque

Fig 1.9 - Verandah of National Mosque

Mosque in a hot afternoon.

The roof act as ventilation

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Tang Soon Foo 0330958

ARCHITECTURE LAYOUT OF BUILDING The following subject area covers a series of architectural ideas and

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formative designs that are evident in Masjid Negara. These ideas seek to reveal the formal and spatial characteristics in order to gain a better understanding of the building’s parti. It also serves as an outlet which

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influence or generate form and spatial order.

Photo taken by Nicklaus Tang on site

Architectural Layout An architectural layout of a building is essentially the most

fundamental

aspect

for

any

construction

undertakings. A comprehensive architectural layout and plan comprises of a series of architectural drawings, detailed calculations and dimensions as well as analytic diagrams which conveys the architect’s formative ideas and design concept. These architectural drawings help SITE PLAN (NTS)

clients to understand the design intention or concept, which subsequently communicates the overall merit of a proposed structure. Without these documentations,

Key to Plan 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Prayer Hall A. South-West Entrance Courtyard B. Royal Entrance Warrior Tombs C. North-East Entrance Verandah D. Main Staircase Gallery Office Office Meeting Hall Waiting Area & Anjung Khas Entry Royal Robing Room

FIRST FLOOR PLAN (NTS)

construction will not take place and great architectural feats such a Masjid Negara will not be realized.

NORTH EAST ELEVATION (NTS)

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Tang Soon Foo 0330958

Plan to Elevation Analysis | Inverse

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Minaret

Diagram 2.0

Main Building

Minaret

Diagram 2.1

Main Building

The plan and elevation of Masjid Negara correlates between each CULTURE & HISTORY 2

other, such that an inverse relationship exists, which involves the configuration of one form relating to the antithesis of the other.

As seen in the plan, the main building of the mosque constitutes a larger component which inversely corresponds to a lesser element in the elevation. However, the minaret is portrayed as a dominant element in the elevation, whereas in plan, its significance is notably diminished. This reversal of dominance occurs twice in the building, where the major plan form is less significant in elevation and the dominant elevation component is lesser in plan.

Fig 2.0 - Exterior view of the National Mosque

Circulation to Use-Space The mosque features 5 main staircases which leads to the upper level. The upper level includes a series of columns which, (aside from providing overall structural strength) helps define the circulation paths within the mosque.

That said, the primary circulation in the mosque begins from the 3 southern staircases, i.e. Royal Entrance (C), Anjung Khas Entry (9) and the South-West Entrance (A), leading towards the spaces which holds the concentration of activity, i.e. the Warrior Tombs (3), Minaret and the Prayer Hall (1). Whereas the secondary circulation provides access to the Prayer Hall (1), Courtyard (2) and Offices (6,7).

The configuration of the circulation to use-space within the mosque, regardless of the frequency in which these paths are travelled on, reflects a centralized form of circulation. The Prayer Hall (1) Diagram 2.2 Primary Circulation

Fig 2.1 - Verandah leading to Prayer Hall

Secondary Circulation

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represents the central space which is predominantly surrounded by horizontal channels of circulation, i.e. the Verandah (4) and Courtyard (2).

Fig 2.2 - Verandah leading to Warrior Tomb

Fig 2.3 - Verandah by the courtyard

Fig 2.4 - Verandah surrounding the Prayer Hall

Tang Soon Foo 0330958

Balance & Symmetry

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Fig 2.5 - Exterior of the Prayer Hall

Lines of Symmetry

Diagram 2.3

The design concept behind Masjid Negara intends to communicate a liberal perspective

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on religion; in which every citizen of Malaysia has the right to acquire knowledge and associate themselves with god through worship (MASSA Monographs, 2007).

Hence, Masjid Negara features multiple entryways for the ease of the public accessing

Fig 2.6 - Interior view of Prayer Hall roof

the building; emancipating itself from any formal architectural formative ideas.

However, a form of balance could be distinguished within the major interior space of the mosque.

A state of perceived equilibrium is achieved through axes of biaxial symmetry which intersects in the center of the Main Prayer Hall (1). The axes of symmetry are expressed in both horizontal and vertical lines. The former extending from the Main Prayer Hall to the Meeting Hall (9), and the latter, from the Main Prayer Hall through the Courtyard (2).

Fig 2.7 - North-West entrance of the Prayer Hall

Geometry

Minaret

Diagram 2.4

Main Building

Diagram 2.5

Adjacent Structures

Masjid Negara was designed with an emphasis on horizontal planes over vertical configurations.

This is evident in the orientation of the main building which envelopes the Prayer Hall. In essence, the main building is comprised of a clean rectangular structure expressed horizontally, with additions of smaller connected rectangular structures which serves as walkways, Verandah (4), Meeting Hall (8) as well as Waiting Area and Entry (9).

The rationality behind the mosque’s horizontal orientation, was that in doing so, complemented its existing beautiful natural setting – a site selected by Tunku Abdul Rahman – such that it conforms with the Islamic dictum of preserving the living environment as part of man’s responsibility towards nature (MASSA Monographs, 2007).

The vertical expression within the structure stands as a distinctive feature within the mosque.

The Minaret, measuring 235 feet tall and 12 feet in width and length, serves as a single monolith-like structure which symbolizes the fortitude and unity of Malaysians (MASSA Fig 2.8 -Minaret

Monographs, 2007).

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Tang Soon Foo 0330958

Hierarchy

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Fig 2.9 - Verandah overlooking the Prayer Hall

Primary Spaces Secondary Spaces

Diagram 2.6

The spatial hierarchy that is evident within Masjid Negara can be subdivided into primary and secondary spaces, such that the order of importance of each space can

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ascribed according to its function or purpose. The primary space within the mosque is the Prayer Hall (1), surrounded by a series of secondary spaces; that being the Courtyard (2), Warrior Tombs (3), Verandah (4), Gallery (5), Offices (6,7) and the Meeting Hall (8).

Fig 2.10 - Interior of Prayer Hall

The configuration of the secondary spaces in relation to the primary space produces a concentric order of hierarchy, i.e. the spaces that are positioned closer to the center have higher levels of importance.

Relative to its concentric configuration, the size of spaces within the mosque exhibits another form of hierarchy, whereby the Prayer Hall (1) holds the largest space in comparison with the other secondary spaces, rendering it the most important space in the mosque.

Fig 2.11 - Entrance to Prayer Hall

Tan Zi Wen 0327759

ARCHITECTURE STYLE ANALYSIS An architectural style is characterized by the features that make a

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building or other structure notable or historically identifiable. The following subject area covers a series of architectural style adopted in Masjid Negara which will be identified as in the west or are there local

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influence. A style may include such elements as form and regional character.

Photo taken source : T. H. (n.d.). National Mosque, Kuala Lumpur. [National Mosque tours]. Retrieved November 11,

2017, from https://www.google.com/search?q=national mosque malaysia&source

Modern of Malay Traditional Architecture

Fig 3.1 -Geometriy form on the private screen

Fig 3.0

Fig 3.2 -Minaret

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Tan Zi Wen 0327759

Style of Architecture Modern of Malay Traditional Architecture The National Mosque has a very unique modern approach where almost everything is built in reinforced concrete. From the uses of reinforced concrete as the main materials, it gives off this bold appearance. The mosque got their inspiration from local mosque such as Sultan Abdul Samad Jamek Mosque and globally from mosque in India, Pakistan,

Fig 3.3 - Concrete roof of National Mosque

Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Spain. Those mosques are mainly influenced from Mughal Architecture style (Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia, 2015). However, National

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Mosque do not imitate the traditional masonry construction from the past where it involved with arches and domes. Instead it has a contemporary expression of traditional Islamic art calligraphy and ornamentation and there are two architectural styles that the National Mosque follows: modern interpretation of traditional Malay architecture

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(Malay Kampong House) and Islamic Architecture.

National Mosque expresses the idea of Islam as a religion that is dynamic and progressive

Fig 3.4 - Concrete dome

of the times. In terms of architectural ethnicity, the overall architectural expression of the National Mosque does not prefer any foreign influence but within our social-cultural context. Malaysia’s unity and growth during the years of getting their independence are the purpose of the architects (Islamic Tourism Centre of Malaysia, 2017). They show it by approaching the beauty of Malaysia Traditional Architecture or Malay Kampong House.

They incorporated many characteristics that make the mosque have an atmosphere of being in a kampong house.

Fig 3.5 - Concrete private screen

Characteristics of Modern of Malay Traditional Architecture The two striking features in the mosque take part in making it look modern is 18 point concrete dome (open umbrella) and the 73-meter high minaret (folded umbrella) (Islamic Tourism Centre of Malaysia, 2017). The dome was designed to look like an umbrella that is already opened up Fig 3.6 - 18 point concrete dome (open umbrella)

because it was made out of concrete, the architect designed it in straight lines, which then result to this idea of payung kertas. These features were mainly inspired by traditional Malay architecture motifs and themes.

The multi-fold-umbrella-like roof associates with 2 different symbolisms, both of which have to do with Malaysia. The architect Baharuddin was inspired by how the Royals would always be escorted outside with an umbrella (SunDaily, 2015). It represents how in Malaysian culture which are good in giving shelter and protection to others. It also represents the inspirations of the independent nation and signifies the unity that people in Malaysia have despite it being a multiethnicity country with difference race and region (SunDaily, 2015). There are 18 points on the Fig 3.7 - Interior view of the dome roof

dome, 13 of the point represent the 13 state of Malaysia and the other 5 points represent the 5 pillars of Islam (SunDaily, 2015).

An interesting point about the roof that relates to the Malay Traditional style is how it is an overhang and pitch roof. (Mr. Word Press, 2011) Constructing a pitch and overhang roof is the best solution for this problem because the rain would flow down and outwards from the building as well as giving plentiful of shades for the users. Due to Malaysia’s weather of always raining throughout the day, they need to make sure that the rain would channel its way to the ground instead of going into the building.

Fig 3.8 - 73-meter high of minaret

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Tan Zi Wen 0327759

Malay Kampong House also influenced the ventilation around National Mosque. In Malay traditional houses, ventilations or openings are designed so that fresh air, wind and natural light can pass through and not make the users inside feel hot, the ventilation would provide cooling breeze for the people inside the building. So the architect took that important element and design the structure with no enclosed walls, but instead with pattern structures that has a void in between so that cool breeze can pass through. The ventilation structure still maintains it modernist style by using reinforced concrete and geometrical shapes.

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Fig 3.9 - Close up view of the structure

The design of the column and ceiling create this stylish look to the whole interior of the mosque. It is not like any other traditional mosque that you go to because it is much simpler in designing the form. It has an emphasis on geometrical shapes, linear elements and rectangular forms (Wong, 2007). The column is designed with geometrical

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forms going down to meet the top of the column.

The design of the main prayer hall relates back to the concept of Malay Traditional house, whereas the roof space has to be properly ventilated (Mr. Word Press, 2011).

Fig 3.10 - Overview of columns and ceilings

The National Mosque does not have ceiling panels to assure that air going in and out is not block. This eventually helps to cool down the space and avoids the users feel stuffed or claustrophobic. The ceiling consists of geometric form where Malay Traditional houses are based on. The linear elements emphasized on the ceiling and thus create this geometric form. The windows are triangular shape and are blue in coloured glass to reduce the sun intensity from going in. This makes the interior much more cooler and make people comfortable when they perform their prayers.

Fig 3.11 - Ceiling wall of the main prayer hall

Traditional Malay carving influenced the carvings on the walls, columns and some part of the ceiling. The carving were carved beautifully and with many details. This add on to the cultural and local context, enhancing the traditional concept but design in a modern way.

The National mosque is one type modernist architecture which inspired by traditional Islamic themes and motifs. The unique design of mosque involved a contemporary expression of traditional Islamic calligraphy, art and ornamentation. It refuse the use of historic revivalism or Fig 3.12 - Interior of the prayer hall

ornamentation in any form that glorify the abstraction and structural expression in architecture form. It is best example of a building composed with the technological and spiritual qualities of an architecture with a true Malaysian identity.

Fig 3.13 - Carving on the column

Fig 3.14 - Details of the carving on the ceiling

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Islamic Architecture Tan Zi Wen 0327759

National Mosque also has a great influence of Islamic Architectural style. There are many verses of Quran engraved on the structure, and this was inspired from the Blue Mosque in Istanbul, Turkey. Islamic architecture has some characteristics that unite all islamic buildings, as well as the Seven Unifying Principles of Islamic Architecture. These principles make the style unique, interesting and important. It’s a way to show relationship between Muslims, their beliefs and how it is shown in everyday architecture. Islam is a religion where it represents culture and act as a force among

Fig 3.15 - Quran verses on the window along the top of the wall

ethnically diverse people.

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Characteristics: All the mosques required to have a niche in the interior. There is a niche on the wall called the mihrab and it faces Makkah, the direction Muslims pray. The minaret is

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another important characteristics of a mosque (Mckenzie, 2017). The minaret is a tower where the muezzin calls the faithful to the prayer, which is known as Azan. Islamic Architecture decorates their structures with Islamic calligraphy or verses from the Quran

Fig 3.16 - Colourful tile on the wall

(Nicanor, 2009). The National Mosque has verses of Quran on the roof, as well as in the main prayer hall on the wall.

Islamic architecture involves in a lot of repetitive of geometric shape (Nicanor, 2009).

National Mosque has a lot of repetition on their structure such as the windows, columns, air well and the carvings. These elements are repeated throughout the mosque and it gives off this harmony and unity atmosphere. There are also repeated by uses of colourful tiling (Mckenzie, 2017). There are tiles on the wall and column being used repeatedly to create more harmony.

Fog 3.17 - Repetition of column

Islamic style has an interesting characteristics which is the private screens (A2 Modern, 2012). It functions as keep inside private from the outside, which symbolizes how Muslim’s dignity and perseverance. Thus, importance of modesty is shown in Islamic style. This was shown through the ventilation structure throughout the whole mosque.

Local Adaptation of Modernism Fig 3.18 - Private screen

The precast concrete panelling part of the building that envelope the 18-storey tower block is the most expressive, functionalist. Resembles the skin of a pineapple, it functions as sun shading and aesthetic device, provides a sense of scale, texture, rhythm and form to the façade. A ceremonial square is landscaped with ornamental pools and is used for formal ceremonies.

Displaying a mixture of Islamic and Modernist design principles in National Mosque which was completed in 1965. The building is constructed in reinforced concrete and clad in Italian marble, with many fine decorative details. It made up of a main prayer hall surrounded by wide galleries Fig 3.19 - Precast concrete of the structure

or verandas with geometrically patterned screen walls, ceremonial rooms, administrative offices, meeting rooms, library, mausoleum, ornamentation landscaped pools and gardens, at within a 13 acre site.

The design of National Mosque’s main prayer hall abandons the traditional domed roof instead of a unique, reinforced concrete, folded-plate roof form in the shape of an umbrella. The folded-plate roof of the similar roof structure of the mausoleum, were later renovated and no feature blue aluminium panels. A 74.4 metre-tall minaret balances the horizontal massing of the Fig 3.20 - Folded-plate roof

architectural composition.

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Seven Principles of Islamic Architecture 7 Principles of Islamic Architecture is an exhibition which aims to illustrate the intrinsic relationship between Muslims, their beliefs and Tan Zi Wen 0327759

how these unconcealed themselves in everyday architecture. Islam embodies a way of life and serves as a cohesive force among ethnically and culturally diverse peoples. There is no essential difference between secular and spiritual art in Islam, allowing the virtues of Islamic architecture to eclipse mere form and function. Each of the key beliefs explored; Tawhid (Unity), Ihtiram (Respect), Ikhlas (Sincerity), Iqtisad (Moderation/ Humility), Haya’ (Modesty), ‘Ilm (Pursuit of Knowledge), Dhikr (Remembrance), will contextualise and shed light on the visible and invisible nature of both the Islamic belief discussed and its corresponding architectural principle. Covering examples from across the globe, discussing their cosmic dimensions. This exhibition will highlight the long interrupted tradition of sacred and scientific knowledge that has gained Islamic architecture a well-deserved reputation of outstanding nobility.

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1. Tawhid (Unity and Uniquity of Allah)

2.Ihtiram (Respect)

The buildings have to show that Muslims have a strong belief

The building should show the respect and obedience that

towards the Kaabah in Makkah. The focus of the building have to

Muslims have towards Allah, as well as towards his other

be on strengthening the bond between Muslims within

creations and towards one (Wong, 2014). Geometrical shapes

conformity of Allah’s will (Wong, 2014). It unites all Muslim

has become a symbolism and concept for respect as most of the

spray, can represent this, which is towards the Kaabah in

mosques are designed based on this (Hilmi, 2014). Other than

Makkah. It unites all Muslims to pray in one direction towards

that, Muslims can recreate the patterns and shapes so that it

their God, Allah (Hilmi, 2014). In this case, the National Mosque

gives of religious message.

is oriented to the North West facing the Qibla.

Prayer Hall Qibla

FIRST FLOOR PLAN (NTS)

Fig 3.21 - Geometry pattern found at railings

Fig 3.22 - Geometry pattern found at concrete screens

3. Ikhlas (Sincerity)

4. Iqtisad (Balance)

There are two ways to express submission to God in Islamic view

The building’s functional and spiritual elements should have some

which is outward physical action and inward action of the heart. It

kind of harmony between each other (Wong, 2014). The balance

can be done in the form of meditation, prayer, and by one’s social

can be shown in the shape, form and spatial layout of building

behaviour. Few characteristics that the architects should followed

(Hilmi, 2014). Symmetry is considered as one of the elements that

were avoiding the absence of human or imaginary idols, enclosed

demonstrate balance. We can see this at the spatial layout of the

gardens with flowing waters, and having a hierarchy arrangement in

mosque, where the symmetry lines connect to each spaces and still

the spaces (Hilmi, 2014). Another important element is that they

maintains that balance and harmony.

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design with geometry proportion because it provides harmony and balance (Hilmi, 2014).

Symmetry in elevation

Fig 3.23 - Planter Box in geometry form at National Mosque

Fig 3.24 - Water fountain at the courtyard of National Mosque

Symmetry in spatial layout

Fig 3.25

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5. Pursuit of Ilm (Knowledge)

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6. Haya’ (Modesty)

The building should celebrate the importance of knowledge

A building should be modest and protect the status of its owner

through calligraphy from the Quran and uses light as a

and users (Wong, 2014). Modesty is shown in the main prayer

symbolism of knowledge (Wong, 2014). The Islamic calligraphy is

hall of the mosque where the space is separated by a partition

vital because it has the power to express and portrays the

for female users to give privacy and respect. It protects the users

messages that are presented in Quran (Hilmi, 2014). It helps

inside by not showing or exposing themselves to the people

spread the vast knowledge to other Muslims around the world.

outside. The private screens that are provided throughout the

Moreover, the messages and calligraphy can be revealed

mosque is one of the evidence which showed modesty (Hilmi,

through illuminating effects such as the sunlight or moonlight or

2014)

just lighting inside the mosque. National mosque has small chandeliers in the main prayer to provide lighting inside but Main prayer hall

when it is daylight, lots of sun goes in and brighten up the space CULTURE & HISTORY 2

more. Knowledge is actually referred as light in Islam (Hilmi, 2014). Thus, having a good light inside the mosque is believed to

Female users space

support the learning process.

Fig 3.26 - Calligraphy shown in the niche at the main prayer hall

Fig 3.27 - Small chandeliers around the main prayer hall

Fig 3.28 - Pattern private screen

Fig 3.29 - Outside view of pattern private screen

7. Dikr (Remembrance) The building should be able to support and an encouragement to remember Allah (Wong, 2014). It is shown through Arabic calligraphy and repeated throughout the whole National Mosque (Hilmi, 2014). Repetitive use of ornaments, pillars and arches are also represent an encouragement to remember Allah. National Mosque shows this concept by having Arabic calligraphy on the glass window of the main prayer hall, repeating the carving ornaments on the ceilings, walls and columns and by repeating uses of column structure located outside the main prayer hall.

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Fig 3.30 - Sunlight illuminating through the calligraphy on the glass window

Fig 3.31 - Repetition of ornaments throughout the walls and ceiling

Fig 3.32 - Repetition uses of column

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BUILDING CONSTRUCTION,STRUCTURE & MATERIAL Building material is any material that used in building construction purpose. Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, rocks,

CULTURE & HISTORY 2

sand, and wood, even twigs and leaves, have been used to construct building.

Photo taken by Tan Zhi Ying on site

Building Construction Before Construction

After Construction Before the construction of the mosque started, they demolished the building previously on site. (Ching, 2016) Next levelling the ground, piling works and water system construction carried out by local contractor, Messrs K.C.Boon & Cheah in two years. A ceremony to set the Qibla’s direction was legitimately done by the

Fig 4.0 - Construction process

Prime Minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj in 29 September

Firstly, the committee of Kuala Lumpur’s Township arrangement held a

1961. (Ching, 2016) Once the site was prepared, the next step was

competition to design the mosque as it was the iconic buildings in the

construct the building. The preliminary cost of general material of

city. No Longer, the proposal get rejected; and they held another

the building was too high and they cut the cost by changing some

competition among designer and architecture in Malaysia. (Ching, 2016)

of the material used. Lastly, they decided to change the remaining

However, the proposal also be defeated as the government short of

terrazzo design to local marble. In this way, the construction cost

funds, so construction process get slower. Lastly, the committee settle it

was saved up to two million ringgit.

by giving this job to Public Works Department to design the mosque.

The Public Works Department’s architect collected, analyze and

Yang di-pertuan Agong held a stone- laying ceremony of national

compare the designs with all others famous mosque design in the

mosque at February 27, 1963. (Ching, 2016) The mosque that has a

Islamic world. (Ching, 2016) Mr. Baharuddin Bin Abu Kassim and two

capacity of 8,000 prayer and also had several unique features such

others architect has assigned the task to design national mosque. Mr.

as the 74 metre high minaret and a 16-pointed star concrete main

Baharuddin Bin Abu Kassim had specific knowledge in mosque studies;

roof, which resembles a folded umbrella and its 16-point concrete

he has visited India, Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, Spain and Arab states to

dome. The mosque had undergone major renovations in 1987,

analysis more on the design of the famous mosque in other countries. In

replacing the colour of the concrete dome from pink to a more

a nutshell, his design was finally accepted by the committee.

striking green-and-blue.

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CULTURE&HISTORY 2

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Fig 4.1 - Construction process

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Building Structure The structure of National Mosque is a mixture of post and beam concrete structure. Reinforced concrete was used to construct National Mosque as it was stronger than normal concrete and can withstand the climate condition of Malaysia. The reinforced concrete folded plate roof of National Mosque built in Modernist style was popular at that time. (Tan, 2015) Construction method also brings in different levels of craftsmanship needed for each mosque, including new technical knowledge brought in by Fig 4.2 - Structure of National Mosque

Chinese and Indian builder together with the British educated architects and engineers worked with the Public Works Department.

Fig 4.3 - Reinforced concrete

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Tan Zhi Ying 0327853

Wall The wall are built with reinforced concrete and covered with Italian marble. The reinforced concrete was concrete in which steel was embedded in such a manner that the two materials act together in resisting forces.

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Fig 4.4 - Italian marble

CULTURE&HISTORY 2

Facade The mosque shows no extravagant decorative treatment. The four faรงade are made with plain white concrete wall and open verandah. It gives an additional layer between interior and exterior and also enhance the quality of light and shadows when the light pass through the faรงade. (Chai, 2015)

Fig 4.5 - Facade made with plain white concrete

Column There are 154 concrete column that support the concrete roof. All the column are overlaid with unglazed black mosaic tiles and laminated gold aluminium mosaic tiles at the top and base (Tay, 2015).

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Fig 4.6 - Column overlaid with unglazed black mosaic

Pillar The bottom part of the pillar in the prayer hall are paved with terrazzo pieces and the top part were carved with repetitive of organic shape design.

Fig 4.7 - Pillar with terrazzo pieces

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Floor The verandah floor are constructed from white terrazzo tiles. The reason of terrazzo tiles is chosen because it’s low cost and maintenance. (Tan, 2015)

CULTURE&HISTORY 2

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Fig 4.8 - Terrazzo tiles

Written Verses Quranic inscriptions and sculptures made out of steel, appearing to look elegantly as a respect and remembrance to Allah. (Woo, 2015) Fig 4.9 - Quranic inscriptions made out of steel

Fig 4.10 - Quranic inscriptions made out of steel

Roof The concrete dome roof resembles an open umbrella is decorated with glass mosaic in white and gold. The mosque previously was pink concreted roof and now renovated in 1987, overlaid with green and blue tile. (Woo, 2015)

In the main prayer hall, there are triangular glass panel with blue stained window with Quranic words showed a similar technique in western countries Fig 4.11 - Open umbrella

Fig 4.12 - Blue stained window

churches.

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Fig 4.13 - Kaufmann Residence

COMPARISON Fig 4.14 - National Mosque

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Similarities & Differences

Based on the construction of the national mosque, we can observe that there are similarities with the construction of the most well-known residence in the west, designed by one of the modern master, Frank Lloyd Wright. The house mentioned is the fallingwater in Bear Run, Pennsylvania. (Ching, 2016) One of

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the similarities is that Fallingwater was built using reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete was commonly used in the

Fig 4.15 - House with cantilevered

modern building as it was new technology at that period.

floors

Fig 4.16 - National Mosque’s cantilevered roof design

Fig 4.17 - Waffle sabs of Fallingwater

Fig 4.18 - National mosque’s slabs

Wright had also designed the house with cantilevered floors.

CULTURE & HISTORY 2

This reflects back to the National Mosque’s cantilevered roof design. Lastly, the third similarity was the use of the waffle slabs. Wright used waffle sabs in the construction of Fallingwater as it provided a lighter and stiffer slab which reduced the extent of foundations. (Ching, 2016) Same as the National Mosque, they used the similar slabs to reduce the weight on foundations.

Tasnia Aziz Aninda 0331468 Tay Yeun Jing 0328239

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ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS/COMPONENT ANALYSIS Elements like line, shape, color and texture do not exist in isolation on a building. They are combined to make formal compositions in an architectural design, creating pattern, rhythm, symmetry, balance, contrast, proportion, theme, and unity. It is important that the variety

CULTURE & HISTORY 2

of elements used for a building blend together well so that the design appears unified.

Photo taken by Tay Yeun Jing on site

Qibla wall and Mihrab (niche) Every prayer hall must have a Qibla wall. Qibla wall is to show the direction of praying. Muslims must facing Qibla when they pray all the time. It is directed towards ka’aba in Mecca.

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Fig 5.0

Mimbar The Imam or preacher stands and delivers the Friday Khutba on the Mimbar. It is often raised by a staircase to enhance the site for Muslim’s who come to pray so that they can have good view of Imam while listening to him delivering Khutba. Initially, the Prophet Muhammad(swt) used to stand in front of his ummah and deliver Allah’s messages to them. Hence, the Mimbar came into existence and became a common feature of mosque.

Fig 5.1

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Entrance The entrance of Masjid Negara is pretty simple and wide because after entering inside people get to see the wide-reaching area. Direct after entering inside, it creates an emotional effect that creates an environment of praying to God. After entering from the door there is main hall which is designed to have an open floor plan allowing an increase in spatial capacity to accommodate massive crowds coming in during pray times.

CULTURE & HISTORY 2

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Fig 5.2

Pillars Inside Masjid Negara pillars are different from outside ones. Pillars inside are more wide and round. The bottom parts of the pillars are paved with terrazzo and the top part is designed with concrete white repetitive pattern.

Fig 5.3

Fig 5.4

Roof After entering from the door, it has the similar edgy cut on the roof. All the parts from the small windows meets to a center point, which creates an edgy flower petal shape Hizb.

Fig 5.5

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Fig 5.6

Detailing On the second floor there is railing that has geometric patterns and all over the wall and ceiling it has concrete organic patterns that create a divine look.

Detailing of ceiling and wall

Detailing on wall ceiling support

Tasnia Aziz Aninda 0331468 Tay Yeun Jing 0328239

Dome The 16-pointed dome resembles an open umbrella. (Lai,2017). Beneath the “umbrella’ structure, there is the main prayer hall of the mosque. The umbrella shape of it symbolizes the royalty and unity among all Muslim nations. The hall roof from inside is connected to a point from various angles of the open umbrella. From far, it looks like a star which is supported by a circular ring of 16 columns each that has a diameter of three feet. It has Kufic script written at the dome.

Fig 5.7 - Umbrella dome from outside

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Minaret

CULTURE & HISTORY 2

The most significant features in National Mosque of Malaysia, other than the blue open umbrella roof, is the 73-meter- high minaret which rises from the middle of the reflecting pool and have an internal lift. The eleven-pleated spire at the top of the minaret resembles a closed umbrella, unlike the roof which is an open umbrella. (Lai,2017). In a mosque, minaret serves as a focal point due to its height which can easily recognized by passerby. It also used to notify the Muslims around that it is the time for their prayers by reading Azan using a speaker system. The use of geometric patterns is used at the minaret too.

Fig 5.8

Fig 5.9

Geometric Patterns In Islamic art and architecture, geometric patterns are often used to replace figurative images. The combinations of repeated square and circles whereby it can be overlapped and as arabesques are used to form complex pattern. The eight pointed star is a symbol of fullness and regeneration. It also represents the Rub al Hizb.

Fig 5.10

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Fig 5.11

Sahn In most of the mosque, sahn is a common element in term of Islam architecture whereby it means courtyard. Sahns in traditional mosque are surrounded on all side by the structure of halls and rooms, and it is usually an open air void with Fig 5.12

fountain water basins. This element is also found in National mosque. Many fountains and reflecting pools are found within the sahn in National mosque. This open space sahn also gives a cooling effect to the Grand Hall through the natural ventilation of cool air enters below and hot air escape from top.

Fig 5.13

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Facade The use of geometric pattern is also applied on these facades. It can be found at every point of the mosque. These facades are painted with white paint which can reflect the hot sunlight, providing a cool atmosphere for the people. The patterns on the facades create a nice shades and shadows on the tiles which gives a calm ambience. The semi closed faรงade also allow the penetration of cool air.

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Fig 5.14 - Facade pattern from inside

Staircase Staircases in National Mosque are located in all the main entrances before reaching the grandeur verandah which is supported by repeated columns. These staircases are built wider due to the huge flow of human circulation on every Friday. Its massive looking also gives the Muslims and visitors a welcome feeling. The horizontality of the staircase creates a repetition and incorporate a feeling of peaceful.

Fig 5.15

Water Features Water plays an important role in Islam life as the Quran states that every living things is made of water. The Muslims clean themselves using water before performing wudu (Islamic ambulation). This is because water symbolize purification and sustainability. Water also gives an external purification to the architecture itself. These water features such as reflecting pool and fountains are found along the walkways and hallways, also the base of the minaret. An octagonal base is designed with the fountain symbolize fullness and regeneration.

Fig 5.16 - Waterfall installation in front of the entrance

Fig 5.17

Verandah Verandah serves as an extra prayer hall for the huge numbers of Muslim during every Friday. It is supported by 48 concrete parasol columns which symbolize coconut trees. (Lai,2017). Verandah also functions as a separation of the quiet and peaceful Grand Hall and the busy public spaces. The parasols are arranged uniformly to allow the flow of air for the cooling effect.

Fig 5.18

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CONCLUSION CULTURE & HISTORY 2

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Photo taken by Tan Zi Wen on site

CONCLU SION

The National Mosque is appreciated as the symbol of nationalism and multi-racial society. The concept of the National Mosque shows modern architecture philosophy that highlight the spirit of time and place. The National Mosque is highly remarkable among the other mosque without resembling significance similarity to the Middle Eastern architecture style that is not similar to Malaysian culture and context of Malaysia. It exhibits the architectural language that represents the sense of nationalism through modern architectural style.

As a conclusion, the National Mosque is a building of modern architecture that represent the Islamic architecture and continued to serve as an Islamic community centre for 50years. The design of the mosque is an example of the everlasting modern architecture style as every single element of the mosque is unique. Unlike the architectural style of many colonial buildings in Malaysia which has an influence from the Mughal architectural style, the design of the National Mosque reflects a modern interpretation of traditional Malay architecture. Moreover, it is regarded as one of the country’s prominent landmarks and a renowned national monument.It symbolize the independence of our country which it declines all of the colonial style of construction and design elements.

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REFER ENCES

REFERENCE

WEBSITE

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Site Context Analysis ●

Wikipedia. 2017. National Mosque of Malaysia. [ONLINE] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Mosque_of_Malaysia. [Accessed 11 November 2017].

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Hotels.com. 2017. Masjid Negara. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.kuala-lumpur.ws/attractions/masjid-negara.htm#.

[Accessed 10 November 2017].

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Lonely Planet. 2017. Masjid Negara. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.lonelyplanet.com/malaysia/kuala-lumpur/attractions/masjid-negara/a/poi-sig/390563/356949. [Accessed 10 November 2017].

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My Masjid. 2017. Masjid Negara. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.mymasjid.net.my/masjid/5167/masjid-negara/.

[Accessed 10 November 2017].

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Visit Kl. 2017. Masjid Negara. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.visitkl.gov.my/visitklv2/index.php?r=column/cthree&id=109&place_id=519. [Accessed 10 November 2017].

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The Sun Daily. 2017. Masjid Negara Architecture. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1539663.

[Accessed 11 November 2017].

Architectural Style Analysis ●

Assoc. Prof. Dr. A. Ghafar Ahmad. 2017. MALAY VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.hbp.usm.my/conservation/malayvernacular.htm. [Accessed 5 November 2017].

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Islamic Art Museum Malaysia. 2017. Divine Inspiration: Seven Principles of Islamic Architecture. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.iamm.org.my/divine-inspiration-seven-principles-of-islamic-architecture-2/. [Accessed 5 November 2017]

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Islamiarchi. 2013. ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE. [ONLINE] Available at: http://islamicarchi.blogspot.my/2013/07/7-unifying-principles-of-islamic.html. [Accessed 11 November 2017].

WEBSITE Building Construction, Structure and Materials ●

CIDB FELLOW 2015. 2015. CIDB FELLOW 2015. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.cidb.gov.my/images/content/fellow/Fellows-2015-Book.pdf. [Accessed 5 November 2017].

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Wikipedia. 2016. Howard Ashley - Wikipedia. [ONLINE] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Ashley. [Accessed 5 November 2017].

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ATSA Architects. 1967. Architecture File - Photo Archive by Dato' Baharuddin Abu Kassim. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.atsa.com.my/af/index.html. [Accessed 5 November 2017].

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Kuala Lumpur Attraction Malaysia. 1967. National Mosque | Masjid Negara Kuala Lumpur - Malaysia Tourist .... [ONLINE] Available at: http://kuala-lumpur.attractionsinmalaysia.com/National-Mosque.php. [Accessed 5 November 2017].

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DISCOVER MALAYSIA : YOUR MUSLIM-FRIENDLY DESTINATION. 2017. MASJID NEGARA (NATIONAL MOSQUE). [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.itc.gov.my/mosque/masjid-negara-national-mosque/. [Accessed 5 November 2017].

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IM al Jarah. 2017. malay motifs in the national mosque of malaysia isra al jarah culture .... [ONLINE] Available at: http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/7345/6/Full_2017_Redacted.pdf. [Accessed 5 November 2017].

Architectural Elements/ Component Analysis ●

Culture Trip. 2017. The Role Of Water In Islamic Architecture. [ONLINE] Available at: https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/articles/water-in-islamic-architecture/. [Accessed 2 November 2017].

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Wikipedia. 2017. Islamic geometric patterns. [ONLINE] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns.

[Accessed 2 November 2017].

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Wikipedia. 2017. Sahn. [ONLINE] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahn. [Accessed 2 November 2017].

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Architecture and Aesthetics: Elements of Architectural Design. 2017. Sensory Element. [ONLINE] Available at: https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.architeacher.org%2Faesthetics%2Farchi-elements1a.html&h=ATN2zO2VJiJ2w oFDrY9yxTxoxqyVHFYuJrHoU6vG9BRWlXcLXwJhQBbwJpUrq59IP4D_W7zNHN8I7agV2DvwBD3yb6p4x9wzMCeGakPghFlCjTlC7HRnNja Th8FpUm7Of4l5JsP7-RX3. [Accessed 2 November 2017].

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REFERENCE

BOOKS Architecture Layout of Building ●

MASSA Monographs. (2007). Masjid Negara, The National Mosque.Malaysia: MASSA

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Clark R.H., Pause M. (2012). Precedents in Architecture (4th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Architectural Style Analysis

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Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. (2012). Traditional Islamic Architecture of Malaysia. Mohamad Tajuddin Mohamad Rasdi

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Galeri Petronas. (2007). Building Merdeka: Independence Architecture in Kuala Lumpur 1957-1966. Lai Chee Kien.

Architectural Elements/ Component Analysis

CULTURE & HISTORY 2

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Galeri Petronas. (2007). Building Merdeka: Independence Architecture in Kuala Lumpur 1957-1966. Lai Chee Kien.

IMAGES Front & Back Covers ●

Front & Back Covers : National Mosque [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://i.ytimg.com/vi/m0JxcG7c9ps/maxresdefault.jpg

Site Context Analysis ●

Figure 1.0 & Figure 1.1 Source : National Mosque Site Plan [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.google.com.my/maps/place/National Mosque of

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Malaysia/@3.1418688,101.6907547,17z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x31cc49cf64217f25:0xafe31372d22026fb!8m2!3d3.1420938!4d 101.6917739?hl=en

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Figure 1.2 Source : Kuala Lumpur Railway Station [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.holidaygogogo.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Kuala-Lumpur-Old-Railway-Station1.jpg

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Figure 1.3 Source : National Planetarium [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Planetarium_Negara.jpg/1200px-Planetarium_Negara.jpg

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Figure 1.4 Source : Dayabumi Complex [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.gokl.my/site/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Dayabumi-Complex-620x350.jpg

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Figure 1.5 Source : Planetarium Malaysia [Digital image]. (n.d.).. Retrieved November, 2014, from https://i1.trekearth.com/photos/65376/planetarium-malaysia.jpg

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Figure 1.6 Source :Dayabumi complex [Digital image]. (n.d.) Retrieved November 14, 2017, from https://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/05/74/dd/55/dayabumi-complex.jpg

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Figure 1.7 Source : Planetarium Malaysia [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved November 14, 2017, from http://www.visitmuseums.com/_images/bf/f1/bff17957ad6270da501b39dbc2ebf621/400x400.jpg

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REFERENCE

IMAGES

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Figure 1.8 Source : Sultan Abdul Samad Building [Digital image]. (n.d.).Retrieved November 12, 2017, from http://static.asiawebdirect.com/m/kl/portals/kuala-lumpur-ws/homepage/attractions/sultan-abdul-samad-building/pagePro pertiesImage/sultan-abdul-samad-04.jpg

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Figure 1.9 Source : Verandah of National Mosque [Digital image]. (n.d.).Retrieved November 13, 2017, from https://www.justgola.com/media/a/00/00/3301_og_1.jpeg

Architecture Layout of Building ●

Figure 2.0 - Figure 2.11 : Taken on site by Nicklaus Tang

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Diagram 2.0 - Diagram 2.6 : Compliments of Peh Ellyn (0326812); Edited by Nicklaus Tang

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2D Diagrams of Masjid Negara (Plans, Site Plan & Elevation on Page 15 & 16) Source: MASSA Monographs. (2007). Masjid Negara, The National Mosque. Malaysia: MASSA; Edited by Nicklaus Tang

Architectural Style Analysis ●

Figure 3.0 - Figure 3.6 : Taken on site by Tan Zi Wen

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Figure 3.7 : Taken on site by Nicklaus Tang

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Figure 3.8- 3.24 : Taken on site by Tan Zi Wen

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Figure 3.25 : T. I. (n.d.). Visiting Kuala Lumpur's National Mosque [Travelling thru history ]. Retrieved November 11, 2017, from http://www.travelingthruhistory.com/visiting-kuala-lumpurs-national-mosque/

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Figure 3.26 - Figure 3.32 : Taken on site by Tan Zi Wen

IMAGES Building Construction, Structure and Material Analysis ●

Figure 4.0 & Figure 4.1 : H. H. (2015, August 27). National mosque in 1957 [Digital Image]. Retrieved November 14, 2017, from https://www.bharian.com.my/node/77599

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Figure 4.2: National Mosque Drawing [Digital Image]. (2015, April 5). Retrieved November 14, 2017, from https://www.islam.gov.my/en/bhg/national-mosque/main

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Figure 4.3 : Drawing of reinforced concrete [Digital Image]. (2010, March 23). Retrieved November 14, 2017, from http://carluxuries.tk/vapiq/structural-design-and-drawing-reinforced-concrete-and-steel-870.php

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Figure 4.4 - Figure 4.12 : Taken on site by Tan Zhi Ying

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Figure 4.13 : Kaufmann Residence Fallingwater house [Digital Image]. (2017, January 25). Retrieved from http://mentalfloss.com/article/90823/12-facts-about-frank-lloyd-wrights-fallingwater

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Figure 4. 14 : Bos, H. T. (2017, April 27). National Mosque [Digital Image]. Retrieved November 14, 2017, from http://www.panoramio.com/photo/1946856

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Figure 4.15 & Figure 4.17 : Zillow, D. T. (2010, October 19). Kaufmann residence [Digital Image]. Retrieved November 14, 2017, from http://www.businessinsider.com/10-incredible-modern-art-homes-that-will-hold-their-value-in-a-bad-market-2010-10/?IR=T

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Figure 4.16 & Figure 4.18 : Taken on site by Tan Zhi Ying

Architectural Elements/ Component Analysis ●

Figure 5.0 - Figure 5.8 : Taken on site by Tasnia Aziz Aninda

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Figure 5.9 - Figure 5.18 : Taken on site by Tay Yeun Jing

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NATIONAL MOSQUE KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA

Tan Zhi Ying Tan Zi Wen Tang Soon Foo Tasnia Aziz Aninda Tay Yeun Jing Terence Thia Hou Yet

0327853 0327759 0330958 0331468 0328239 0327661

A culture and history project done by the August 2017 architecture and interior architecture students of Taylor’s University