Case Study of PPA Pudina

Case Study of PPA Pudina, Putrajaya Building Services (BLD 60903)

School of Architecture, Building & Design

Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN

BUILDING SERVICES (BLD60903)

PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY OF BUILDING SERVICES

Group Members: Chevally Lo Zhao Shyen Kok Sze Kuan Lee Xing Shen Poh Jia Yen Tang Soon Foo Vivien Ng Su-Qi

0326497 0327896 0327496 0331197 0330958 0326476

Tutor: Ar. Sateerah Hassan

Acknowledgement We would like to express our deepest gratitude to all the individuals and groups that has provided valuable information, permission and access to PPA Pudina. It is a privilege to be given the opportunity to produce a case study report on this building.

First and foremost, we would like to express our greatest appreciation to our tutor, Ar. Sateerah Hassan for overseeing and guiding our team through the course of this assignment, as well as, for sharing her knowledge and experience that has aided in the completion of the project.

Moreover, we would like to thank Ms. Sook Fong, one of the lead developers of Weststar Construction & Property group, for granting access to PPA Pudina. We would also like to extend our thanks to En. Shah and En. Wan, the head technician of the building for providing us with a thorough tour of all the systems found in the building.

Last but not least, to everyone in the group, whom without your time, dedication and resilience, this project would not have been a success.

Abstract This project serves as an introduction to basic building services by undertaking an in depth case study of an actual completed building. It requires the investigation of building systems applied on a larger scale structure such that the apprehension of principles and regulations may be applied in future design studio considerations. This will ensure all future projects and designs will be inclusive of all necessary systems and service to establish a practical and safe building.

After countless efforts of obtaining the necessary permission and authorization from many buildings and companies, we were lucky to have the privilege to finally obtain permission to visit and conduct a case study on PPA Pudina Block H located in Putrajaya. As part of this project, four basic building services are investigated, namely: mechanical ventilation system, air-conditioning system, fire protection system (active and passive fire protection system) and mechanical transportation system. Tasks were delegated among the group members and all systems were studied thoroughly.

The findings were then carefully analyzed and referenced to a number of resources which includes the Uniform Building By-Law 1984 and MS 1184. As such, the utilization of these reference in our findings has provided us with the understanding behind various building codes and regulations.

Due to time constraints, the scope of the case study is limited to a single apartment block of the eight block residential community. This is also because all apartment blocks of PPA Pudina shares a similar layout with minor distinctions. A 5 minute video was produced which showcases a brief overview of our case study and understanding of the systems utilized in PPA Pudina.

In the end, this project has provided us with substantial amount of knowledge on building services and systems. The knowledge shall provide us with the wisdom necessary to undertake and tackle future projects with an in depth understanding on how buildings should function to serve its occupants. It will also serve as a foundation to influence building design and to examine technical issues with other professionals involved in the construction industry.

Content List of Figures List of Tables 1.0 Introduction to PPA Pudina Block H 2.0 Mechanical Ventilation System

1-2 3 - 24

2.1 Introduction 2.2 Types of Mechanical Ventilation System 2.2.1 Supply Ventilation System 2.2.2 Extract Ventilation System 2.2.3 Balance / Combined System 2.3 Components of Mechanical Ventilation System 2.4 Case Study of PPA Pudina Block H 2.4.1 Supply Ventilation System in PPA Pudina Block H 2.4.2 Extract Ventilation System in PPA Pudina Block H 2.5 Conclusion 3.0 Air-conditioning System 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Air-conditioning Principles 3.2.1 Refrigeration Cycle 3.2.2 Air Cycle 3.3 Types of Air-conditioning System 3.3.1 Window Air-conditioner 3.3.2 Split Unit Air-conditioner 3.3.3 Central Air-conditioning 3.3.4 Packaged Unit Air-conditioner 3.4 Case Study of PPA Pudina Block H 3.4.1 Split Unit Air-conditioning in PPA Pudina Block H 3.4.2 Central Air-conditioning System in PPA Pudina Block H 3.5 Conclusion

25 - 47

4.0 Active Fire Protection System 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Water-based System 4.1.2 Non Water-based System 4.1.3 Fire Detection & Alarm System 4.1.4 Smoke Control System 4.2 Case Study of PPA Pudina Block H 4.2.1 Water-based System in PPA Pudina Block H 4.2.2 Non Water-based System in PPA Pudina Block H 4.2.3 Fire Detection & Alarm System in PPA Pudina Block H 4.3 Conclusion

48 - 78

Content 5.0 Passive Fire Protection System 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Objective of Passive Fire Protection 5.1.2 Category of Passive Fire Protection 5.2 Case Study of PPA Pudina Block H 5.2.1 Purpose Group of PPA Pudina Block H 5.2.2 Means of Escape in PPA Pudina Block H 5.2.3 Passive Fire Containment in PPA Pudina Block H 5.2.4 Fire Fighting Access in PPA Pudina Block H 5.3 Conclusion

79 - 110

6.0 Mechanical Transportation System 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Lift 6.2.1 Types of Lift 6.2.2 Speed of Lift 6.2.3 Quantity of Lift 6.2.4 Arrangement of Lift 6.3 Escalator 6.3.1 Components of Escalator 6.3.2 Arrangement of Escalator 6.4 Travelator 6.5 Case Study of PPA Pudina Block H 6.5.1 Location of Lift in PPA Pudina Block H 6.5.2 Components of Lift in PPA Pudina Block H 6.5.3 Safety Features of Lift in PPA Pudina Block H 6.5.4 Operating System of Lift in PPA Pudina Block H 6.6 Conclusion

111 - 141

7.0 References

142 - 145

List of Figures Figure 1.0

Bird’s eye view of PPA Pudina.

Figure 2.0

Supply System.

Figure 2.1

Exhaust System.

Figure 2.2

Balanced System.

Figure 2.3

Propeller fan.

Figure 2.4

Types of Propeller fan.

Figure 2.5

Aerofoil properties of the axial fan.

Figure 2.6

Tubeaxial fan and vaneaxial fan.

Figure 2.7

Centrifugal fan.

Figure 2.8

Dry filter.

Figure 2.9

Viscous filter.

Figure 2.10

Electrostatic filter.

Figure 2.11

Activated carbon filters.

Figure 2.12

Sheet Metal.

Figure 2.13

Round duct.

Figure 2.14

Rectangular duct.

Figure 2.15

Single-duct system.

Figure 2.16

Dual-duct system.

Figure 2.17

Multizone system.

Figure 2.18

Curtain-type.

Figure 2.19

Multiple-blade-type.

Figure 2.20

Types of diffusers.

Figure 2.21

Types of air grilles.

Figure 2.22

Ground floor plan indicating Lift Lobby.

Figure 2.23

Diffuser in the Lift Lobby.

Figure 2.24

Air distribution.

Figure 2.25

Ground floor plan indicating extract vents.

Figure 2.26

Detailed Plan of Exhaust Vent.

Figure 2.27

Exhaust Vent.

Figure 2.28

Rectangular diffuser with Directional 1-way T-Bar Panel angular blades.

Figure 2.29

Tubeaxial fan.

Figure 2.30

Location of Ventilation Control Panel.

Figure 2.31

Ventilation Control Panel.

Figure 2.32

Ventilation Control Panel Components.

Figure 2.33

Natural inlet diffusers.

Figure 2.34

Belt-drive fans.

Figure 2.35

Details of belt-drive fan.

Figure 2.36

Belt-drive fan without inlet hood.

Figure 2.37

Shutters of belt-drive fan.

Figure 2.38

Shutters of belt-drive fan.

List of Figures Figure 3.0

Refrigeration cycle.

Figure 3.1

Window air conditioner.

Figure 3.2

Section of a window air conditioner.

Figure 3.3

Split unit air conditioner.

Figure 3.4

Single split air conditioner.

Figure 3.5

Multi-split air conditioner.

Figure 3.6

DX central air conditioning system.

Figure 3.7

Chilled water central air conditioning plant.

Figure 3.8

Section of a cooling tower.

Figure 3.9

Packaged air conditioner with water cooled condenser

Figure 3.10

Section of a packaged air conditioner with water cooled condenser.

Figure 3.11

Section of a packaged air conditioner with water cooled condenser.

Figure 3.12

Packaged air conditioners with air cooled condensers.

Figure 3.13

Section of a outdoor unit.

Figure 3.14

Location of split unit air conditioner.

Figure 3.15

Split unit air conditioning.

Figure 3.16

Ceiling cassette four-way type fan coil unit in the administrative office.

Figure 3.17

Outdoor unit.

Figure 3.18

Section of an outdoor unit.

Figure 3.19

Location of the multipurpose hall.

Figure 3.20

Air Handling Unit (AHU).

Figure 3.21

AHU control panel.

Figure 3.22

AHU.

Figure 3.23

Section of an AHU.

Figure 3.24

Main components in AHU.

Figure 3.25

Blower.

Figure 3.26

Air filter.

Figure 3.27

Fiberglass lined ducts.

Figure 3.28

Fiberglass lined ducts.

Figure 3.29

Fixed blade swirl diffusers.

Figure 3.30

Return air linear grilles and a fixed blade swirl diffuser.

Figure 3.31

Ductwork diagram.

Figure 3.32

Thermostat.

List of Figures Figure 4.0

External fire hydrant system.

Figure 4.1

2 way fire hydrants.

Figure 4.2

Hose reel system.

Figure 4.3

Hose reel.

Figure 4.4

Dry riser system.

Figure 4.5

Dry riser section.

Figure 4.6

Dry riser breeching inlet cabinet.

Figure 4.7

Dry riser section.

Figure 4.8

Dry riser landing valve.

Figure 4.9

Fire hose.

Figure 4.10

Wet riser system.

Figure 4.11

Dry riser landing valve.

Figure 4.12

Fire hose.

Figure 4.13

Automatic fire sprinkler system.

Figure 4.14

Pendent sprinkler head.

Figure 4.15

Upright sprinkler head.

Figure 4.16

Different types of fire extinguisher.

Figure 4.17

Table showing types of fire extinguisher and their uses.

Figure 4.18

Clean agent suppression system.

Figure 4.19

Smoke detector.

Figure 4.20

Heat detector.

Figure 4.21

Flame detector.

Figure 4.22

Fire alarm control panel.

Figure 4.23

Fire alarm bell.

Figure 4.24

Manual call point.

Figure 4.25

Fire intercom system.

Figure 4.26

Fireman’s switch.

Figure 4.27

Emergency fire telephone.

Figure 4.28

Atrium smoke exhaust system.

Figure 4.29

Stairwell pressurized system.

Figure 4.30

External fire hydrant of PPA Pudina.

Figure 4.31

Plan indicating location of fire hydrant of PPA Pudina Block H.

Figure 4.32

Hose reel in PPA Pudina.

Figure 4.33

Ground floor pump room and water tank.

Figure 4.34

Duty, standby and jockey pumps in PPA Pudina.

Figure 4.35

Pressure switches.

Figure 4.36

Cut in pressure of each pumps.

Figure 4.37

Water tank of PPA Pudina.

Figure 4.38

13th floor pump room and water tank.

Figure 4.39

Wet riser in PPA Pudina.

List of Figures Figure 4.40

3 way wet riser termination on roof.

Figure 4.41

Wet riser pump on 13th floor.

Figure 4.42

Pump starter panel.

Figure 4.43

Wet riser pump on ground floor.

Figure 4.44

Wet riser on typical floors 2nd - 12th & 14th - 25th.

Figure 4.45

Wet riser breeching inlet on ground floor.

Figure 4.46

Wet riser breeching inlet in ground floor.

Figure 4.47

Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher in PPA Pudina.

Figure 4.48

ABC powder fire extinguisher in PPA Pudina.

Figure 4.49

Location of fire extinguishers on ground floor.

Figure 4.50

Location of fire extinguishers on typical floors 2nd- 12th & 14th - 25th.

Figure 4.51

Location of fire extinguishers on 13th floor.

Figure 4.52

Location of fire extinguishers on roof level.

Figure 4.53

FM-200 canisters in ventilation system room.

Figure 4.54

CO2 pilot cylinder with solenoid.

Figure 4.55

Fire alarm panel of FM-200 system located outside the block.

Figure 4.56

Location of FM-200 system and its fire alarm panel on ground floor.

Figure 4.57

Smoke detector in PPA Pudina.

Figure 4.58

Heat detector in PPA Pudina.

Figure 4.59

Location of smoke detector & heat detector on ground floor.

Figure 4.60

Location of smoke detector on typical floors 2nd- 12th & 14th - 25th.

Figure 4.61

Location of smoke detector on 13th floor.

Figure 4.62

Location of smoke detector on roof level.

Figure 4.63

Fire alarm bell in PPA Pudina.

Figure 4.64

Fire alarm manual call point in PPA Pudina.

Figure 4.65

Fire control room in PPA Pudina.

Figure 4.66

Location of fire control room on ground floor.

Figure 4.67

Fire alarm control panel in PPA Pudina.

Figure 4.68

Fire mimic diagram of PPA Pudina Block H.

Figure 4.69

Fire intercom system in PPA Pudina.

Figure 4.70

Remote telephone handset in PPA Pudina.

Figure 4.71

Fireman’s switch located in fire escape staircases on typical floors 1st - 25th .

Figure 4.72

Elevator fireman’s switch.

List of Figures Figure 5.0

Evacuation Routes in PPA Pudina Block H.

Figure 5.1

Evacuation Route on Ground floor

Figure 5.2

Evacuation Route on Level 2-12,14-25

Figure 5.3

Evacuation Route on Level 13

Figure 5.4

Evacuation Route on Rooftop

Figure 5.5

Vertical and horizontal exits on Ground Floor Plan.

Figure 5.6

Vertical and horizontal exits on Level 2-12,14-25

Figure 5.7

Vertical and horizontal exits on Level 13

Figure 5.8

Vertical and horizontal exits on Rooftop

Figure 5.9

Horizontal Corridor

Figure 5.10

Location of different types of vertical exits

Figure 5.11

Enclosed and Natural Ventilated Staircase

Figure 5.12

Vent blocks in stairway

Figure 5.13

Fire fighting Lift Lobby

Figure 5.14

Ventilation system for lift lobby.

Figure 5.15

Dimension of Staircases

Figure 5.16

Headroom

Figure 5.17

Exit Stairway

Figure 5.18

“KELUAR� Sign.

Figure 5.19

Emergency Lighting

Figure 5.20

Emergency Lighting

Figure 5.21

Fire Light Indicator

Figure 5.22

Location of assembly point and evacuation road to it.

Figure 5.23

Location of compartmentation on ground floor.

Figure 5.24

Location of compartmentation from level 2-12, 14-25.

Figure 5.25

Location of compartmentation on level 13.

Figure 5.26

Location of compartmentation on rooftop.

Figure 5.27

Location of high risk fire area.

Figure 5.28

Showing Telco room, mechanical room and transformer room.

Figure 5.29

Showing Telco room, mechanical room and transformer room.

Figure 5.30

Showing Telco room, mechanical room and transformer room.

Figure 5.31

Location of Single & Double Leaf Fire Rated Door at GF.

Figure 5.32

Single Leaf Fire Rated Door

Figure 5.33

Double Leaf Fire Rated Door.

Figure 5.34

Single Leaf Fire Rated Door Fire Rating Label.

Figure 5.35

Double Leaf Fire Rated Door Fire Rating Label.

Figure 5.36

Single Leaf Fire Rated Door Closer.

Figure 5.37

Fire Rated Door components breakdown.

Figure 5.38

Reinforced Concrete Column

Figure 5.39

Non-Loadbearing wall

List of Figures Figure 5.40

Fire Fighting Access

Figure 5.41

Location of fire fighting access lobbies.

Figure 5.42

Fire Fighting Lift Lobby

Figure 5.43

Diffuser

Figure 5.44

Location of Fire Fighting Access

Figure 5.45

Fire Fighting Lift

Figure 5.46

Fire Staircase.

List of Figures Figure 6.0

Traction lift with machine room section.

Figure 6.1

MRL lift section.

Figure 6.2

Gearless traction lift.

Figure 6.3

Gearless traction lift.

Figure 6.4

MRL lift.

Figure 6.5

Hydraulic lift section.

Figure 6.6

Hydraulic lift.

Figure 6.7

Pneumatic lift section.

Figure 6.8

Pneumatic lift.

Figure 6.9

Climbing lift components.

Figure 6.10

Climbing lift.

Figure 6.11

Examples of lift layout.

Figure 6.12

Components in an escalator.

Figure 6.13

Single unit.

Figure 6.14

Continuous arrangement.

Figure 6.15

Interrupted arrangement.

Figure 6.16

Parallel, interrupted arrangement.

Figure 6.17

Crisscross, continuous arrangement.

Figure 6.18

Travelators in pair.

Figure 6.19

Components in a travelator.

Figure 6.20

Lift lobby at ground floor.

Figure 6.21

Normal lifts in lift lobby.

Figure 6.22

Plan of ground floor indicating location of lifts.

Figure 6.23

Exterior of control room.

Figure 6.24

Supervisor lift panel in control room.

Figure 6.25

Plan of Levels 2-12 & 14-25 indicating location of lifts.

Figure 6.26

Plan of Level 13 indicating location of lifts.

Figure 6.27

Gearless traction lift.

Figure 6.28

Lift machine room plan.

Figure 6.29

Exterior of lift machine room.

Figure 6.30

Components in lift machine room.

Figure 6.31

Side view 1 of gearless machine.

Figure 6.32

Side view 2 of gearless machine.

Figure 6.33

Components of gearless traction machine.

Figure 6.34

Overspeed governor.

Figure 6.35

Operation instruction for overspeed governor resetting.

Figure 6.36

Handwheel on the wall.

Figure 6.37

Lift controller.

Figure 6.38

Lift switchboard.

Figure 6.39

Typical lift shaft.

List of Figures Figure 6.40

Lift controller.

Figure 6.41

Guide rails

Figure 6.42

Guide rails in lift shaft.

Figure 6.43

Landing door at ground floor of PPU Pudina.

Figure 6.44

Counterweight in lift plan.

Figure 6.45

Counterweight in lift section.

Figure 6.46

Components of counterweight.

Figure 6.47

Compensation ropes in lift shaft.

Figure 6.48

Travelling cable in lift shaft.

Figure 6.49

Car buffer in lift shaft.

Figure 6.50

Components of lift car exterior.

Figure 6.51

Car frame of lift.

Figure 6.52

Car sling of lift.

Figure 6.53

Maintenance balustrade on roof of lift.

Figure 6.54

Steel car wall in PPA Pudina.

Figure 6.55

Ceiling of elevator car in PPA Pudina.

Figure 6.56

Lift car control panel of PPA Pudina.

Figure 6.57

Weight limit & emergency bell of lift car in PPA Pudina.

Figure 6.58

Car apron.

Figure 6.59

Apron shown in car components.

Figure 6.60

Safety door edge.

Figure 6.61

Progressive safety gear.

Figure 6.62

Inputs and outputs of lift operating system.

List of Tables Table 5.0

Comparison between Single & Double Leaf Fire Rated Doors.

Table 6.0

Types of lift and corresponding car speeds .

1.0 Introduction to PPA Pudina Block H

Figure 1.0: Bird’s eye view of PPA Pudina. (Source: Booking, n.d.)

Architect: Weststar Construction & Property Address: Jalan Kasturi P17 (Precinct 17), 62100 Putrajaya, Putrajaya Completed: 2018 Function: Residential building Located in Precinct 17 of Putrajaya’s advance cityscape, the PPA Pudina is a housing development project spearheaded by the local government as part of the Perumahan Penjawat Awam Malaysia (PPA1M) low cost housing scheme. It was established to remedy the housing issue faced by low income families especially civil servants.

PPA Pudina occupies and overall footprint of 16.52 acres and features eight identical apartment blocks, each possessing 25 levels which surrounds a central greenscape, mosque and multi level car parks.

Offering a total of 1504 units, PPA Pudina also features a central command centre, playgrounds, multipurpose hall, commercial lots and a kindergarten. Overall, despite its modern and bustling surrounding, PPA Pudina resides on a quiet and serene hillscape, which offers a tranquil environment for its occupants.

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2.0 Mechanical Ventilation System 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Types of Mechanical Ventilation System 2.3 Components of Mechanical Ventilation System 2.4 Case Study of PPA Pudina Block H 2.5 Conclusion

2.1 INTRODUCTION The process of ventilation occurs naturally in the environment with the prospect of air flow and open space. Today, it’s usually not the best ventilation strategy, especially for homes that are properly air sealed for energy efficiency. Natural ventilation also usually doesn’t provide adequate moisture control. This is where the mechanical ventilation system is introduced, where from the basic design of adding a fan and makeup air supply can result in circulation of air. The implementation of a proper ventilation system in enclosed spaces will result in a comfortable and controlled environment which receives an input of fresh air and extracted of stale air.

The importance of mechanical ventilation includes: ● Preservation of oxygen content and removal of carbon dioxide. ● Controlled and consistent rate of ventilation. ● Control of humidity levels. ● Prevention of condensation. ● Dilution and disposal of contaminants.

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2.2 TYPES OF VENTILATION SYSTEMS There are 3 types of mechanical ventilation systems, each with their distinct functions and purposes. The type of system to be used is determined by a series of aspects which identify what are the ventilation requirements of the enclosed space.

2.2.1 Supply Ventilation System The supply system consists of a mechanical inlet and natural extract. The function of the supply system is to provide outside air supply through mechanical means and to maintain positive pressure within the enclosed space. This is to continuously ensure the circulation of indoor and outdoor air by a controlled supply of outdoor air. This type of system is commonly found in factories or boiler plants.

Figure 2.0: Supply System.

(Source: HomeTips, 2015)

2.2.2 Extract Ventilation System The extract system consists of a natural inlet and mechanical extract. The function of the extract system is to remove stale indoor air through mechanical means by creating a negative pressure in the space and air is displaced by outdoor air through a natural inlet. This maintains a circulation of outdoor air into the enclosed space. This type of system is commonly used in kitchens, bathrooms, basements and attics.

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Figure 2.1: Exhaust System.

(Source: HomeTips, 2015)

2.2.3 Balanced/Combined System The balanced system consists of both mechanical inlet and extract. A balanced ventilation system introduces fresh outdoor air into a home at the same rate that stale indoor air is exhausted from the home. If a balanced ventilation system is designed and installed properly, it neither pressurizes nor depressurizes the home. This allows the mechanical ventilation to control the flow of air within the home, rather than relying on natural ventilation to move air-and pollutants. This type of system is commonly used in cinemas, theatres, sport centers, basements, and attics.

Figure 2.2: Balanced System.

(Source: HomeTips, 2015)

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2.3 Components of Mechanical Ventilation System I. Fan Fan is a crucial component of a mechanical ventilation system, which provides air movement by rotating the blades. It functions to remove indoor polluted air and draw fresh outdoor air into the building to increase thermal comfort by cooling the indoor environment. It helps keep the indoor dry and comfortable by reducing humidity. Also, the rotating blades aid in capturing contaminants by carrying them to the air cleaning devices through the duct system.

Below are the considerations needed to be taken into account when selecting a suitable fan: Type of fan Size, number, and speed of the rotating blades Location and size of inlet Ease of maintenance Safety guards at all danger points: inlet, outlet, shaft, and cleanout doors A)

Propeller Fan

Figure 2.3: Propeller fan.

(Source: Indiamart, n.d.)

Figure 2.4: Types of Propeller fan.

(Source: Loren Cook Company, 2015)

Propeller fans consists of long slender blades in a mounting ring. The blades are twisted in such way to provide angles for ventilation. The blades are permanently fastened to a hub.

The housing has little or no impact on controlling the gas flow as the blades rotate in the housing. Propeller fans are usually mounted on walls and ceilings exhausters, air-cooled heat exchangers and cooling towers. They are commonly used in bathrooms and attics where the resistance to air movement is low.

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B)

Axial Fan

Figure 2.5: Aerofoil properties of the axial fan. (rs-online, 2017)

Figure 2.6: Tubeaxial fan and vaneaxial fan.

(Researchgate, 2012)

Unlike propeller fans, axial fans consist of shorter rigid blades assembled in a tubular housing to control the aerodynamics of gas flow. The blades function similarly to how an aircraft wing generates lift. Axial fans do not require a base and are typically used when the principal requirement is for large volume of airflow at a relatively low pressure. Air is moved through long sections of ductworks. The types of axial fans include vaneaxial and tubeaxial.

C)

Centrifugal Fan

Figure 2.7: Centrifugal fan. (rs-online, 2018)

The types of centrifugal fans are determined by the shape of the blades: forward inclined blades, backward inclined blades, and straight radial blades. Centrifugal fans operates against high resistance by centrifugal forces generated by rotating disks and blades with aerodynamic properties. Centrifugal fans draw gas and air into the housing through the central hole, the gas and air inside the spinning blades are then transferred to the housing’s largest diameter. The housing of centrifugal fans are typically scroll-shaped.

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2.3 Components of Mechanical Ventilation System II. Filters

Figure 2.8: Dry filter. (Source: airsan, n.d.)

Figure 2.10: Electrostatic filter. (Source: Amazon, n.d.)

Figure 2.9: Viscous filter. (Source: Indiamart, n.d.)

Figure 2.11: Activated carbon filters.

(Source: Smartclima, n.d.)

Filters are used for ventilation for protection against impurities from damaging the its individual components. Similarly to the functions of fans, filters are also used to ensure adequate indoor air quality by removing polluted particles from gas and liquid. The basic filtration mechanisms includes: molecular diffusion direct adsorption, inertial deposition, blocking (interception), and electrostatic phenomena. These mechanisms aim to separate the air particles. Filters are subdivided into 4 types: dry filters, viscous filters, electrostatic filters, and activated carbon filters.

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2.3 Components of Mechanical Ventilation System III. Ductwork

Figure 2.12: Sheet Metal.

(Source: hvacductpirisuru, 2017.)

Figure 2.13: Round duct. (Source: luksklimat, n.d.)

Figure 2.14: Rectangular duct.

(Source: imperialgroup, n.d.)

The ductwork system acts as air carriers to deliver air to the conditioned space. The ducts are usually made out of non-combustible materials such as sheet metal. They are usually rectangular or round in cross section. The ductwork systems are constructed in such way to reduce air volume and prevent unnecessary noise cause by changes in size, directions, and resistance. The pressure loss in the system and the amount of air to be carried are dependent on the size of the duct.

All-air central systems supply cold air ducted to the conditioned space. Heating is accomplished concurrently with cooling, either in each zone or in the central system controlled by a thermostat. There are 3 types of all-air system, namely, single-duct systems, dual-duct systems, and multizone systems.

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2.3 Components of Mechanical Ventilation System

Figure 2.15: Single-duct system.

(Source: insulation, 2015)

The most common all-air system is single-duct system. Single-duct distribution system is involved in this system to distribute ventilated air to each zone. Heating and cooling are accomplished in a common duct, which increases the energy consumption.

Figure 2.16: Dual-duct system.

(Source: insulation, 2015)

Dual-duct systems allows heating and cooling to be accomplished concurrently by supplying mixed cold and warm air streams at the local terminal units and mixing the 2 airstreams at the main supply fan before being distributed through a single duct to reach desirable conditions. Although this system is able to provide concurrent needs of warm and cool air supply, but its energy cost is high.

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2.3 Components of Mechanical Ventilation System

Figure 2.17: Multizone system. (Source: myodesie, n.d.)

Multizone systems mix both warm and cold air at the central unit controlled by the zone’s thermostat, which is similar to dual-duct systems, but vary in distributing ventilated air to each zone through its respective duct. The ducts are able to serve each zone with different space requirements. Common applications of multizone system and dual-duct system are high sensible heat loads and limited ventilation requirements. Economically, multizone systems have high initial cost.

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2.3 Components of Mechanical Ventilation System IV. Fire Dampers

Figure 2.18: Curtain-type. (Source: beteccad, 2015)

Figure 2.19: Multiple-blade-type.

(Source: airbalance, n.d.)

Fire damper is one of the products of passive fire heating used in ventilation, heating, and air conditioning ducts. It is designed to impede the spread of fire inside the ductwork by utilising fire-resistance rated floors and walls. The fire damper blades will automatically close upon detection of heat as the fusible link melts. Fire dampers can also close when there is an electrical signal from a fire alarm system utilising detectors remote from the damper. This indicates the presence of heat or smoke in the building or in the duct system. Fire dampers consists of 2 types: curtain-type (common) and multiple-blade-type.

Curtain-type and multiple-blade-type function similarly, but multiple-blade-type offers greater restriction to airflow than that of curtain-type regardless of the size of the duct used.

Multiple-blade-type can also be applied when the air velocities are greater than the closure ratings of curtain-type fire damper.

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2.3 Components of Mechanical Ventilation System V. Diffusers

Figure 2.20: Types of diffusers. (Source: colorblush, n.d.)

Figure 2.21: Types of air grilles. (Source: alibaba, n.d.)

Diffusers are used in all-air HVAC systems for room air distributions subsystems. Diffusers are also used to deliver both ventilated and conditioned air in low-velocity, then evenly distribute the flow of air in different directions. Diffusers can be rectangular, round, and also linear slot diffusers. Grilles are usually used as exhaust or return air inlets.

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2.4 Case Study of PPA Pudina Block H PPA Pudina Block H is a residential apartment block, it does not possess a centralised ventilation system. Moreover the building was designed with using strategies such as air wells and ventilation blocks for natural ventilation. The mechanical ventilation systems present in the building are supply ventilation systems and extract ventilation systems.

2.4.1 Supply Ventilation System in PPA Pudina Block H In the apartment block, the supply system is used in the lift lobby to create a pressurised space. The pressurisation is created by using a fan to force outside air into the building while air leaks out of the building through gaps in the walls, doors, windows and intentional vents.

2.4.1.1 Lift Lobby Pressurisation System

Lift Lobby

Figure 2.22: Ground floor plan indicating Lift Lobby.

Supply Duct

The use of a pressurised system in the lift lobby is to ensure it to be smoke-free by preventing backdrafting and maintaining air circulation during an event of a fire where the firefighters will have to enter the lift lobby during rescue operations or firefighting.

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Figure 2.23: Diffuser in the Lift Lobby. (Source: Lo, 2018)

In the building, inside the protected pressurisation shaft is a pressurisation ductwork situated in the lift lobbies on every floor. In the lift lobbies, air supply must be maintained, fire dampers cannot be used. The main purpose of the pressurisation ductwork is to maintain a positive pressure in the lift lobbies to prevent smoke from entering and supply ventilated air into the lift lobby.

Figure 2.24: Air distribution. (Source: priceindustries, 2011)

The diffusers of the pressurisation shafts are rectangular in shape (2010mm x 620mm). The grille is a Directional 1-way T-Bar Panel, which only has 1 way air pattern with angular blades running parallel to the longest side. The angular blades are used to deflect airflow into the lift lobbies.

Uniform Building By Laws 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Clause 150: Protected Shafts.

(1) No protected shaft shall be constructed for use for any purposes additional to those specified in this Part other than for the accommodation of any pipe or duct, or as sanitary accommodation or washrooms, or both.

(2) Subject to the provisions of this Part, any protected shaft shall be completely enclosed.

(5) There shall be no opening in any protecting structure other than any one or more of the following: (d) if the protected shaft serves as, or contains a ventilating duct, an inlet to or outlet from the duct or an opening for the duct.

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Uniform Building By Laws 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Clause 197: Protected lobbies.

(1) Protected lobbies shall be provided to serve staircase in buildings exceeding 18 metres above ground level where the staircase enclosures are not ventilated through external walls.

(2) In buildings exceeding 45 metres above ground level, such protected lobbies shall be pressurised to meet the requirements of Section 7 of the Australian Standard 1688, Part I - 1974 or any other system meeting the functional requirements of the D.G.F.S. (3) Protected lobbies may be omitted if the staircase enclosures are pressurised to meet the requirements of by-law 200.

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2.4.2 Extract Ventilation System in PPA Pudina Block H The building incorporates extract systems in the mechanical utility rooms, working to ventilate the indoor enclosed rooms and dispersing contaminants in the air. The machinery and utilities must be in a well kept temperature and humidity to function at optimal levels.

2.4.2.1 Utility Room Extract System

Airflow Direction

Figure 2.25: Ground floor plan indicating extract vents.

Extract Duct

The exhaust system functions to regulate the air, extract contaminants and more importantly, remove the smoke and toxic fumes during the case of a fire. The extract can also reduce the amount of oxygen to subside fires quicker and stop fires from spreading. Lastly, the circulation of air can reduce and dissipate the accumulation of hazardous heat produced from the machineries in the room. The arrows indicate the direction of airflow in the ducts, demonstrating the extract system at work.

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Components in the system 1

Axial Fan

2

Rectangular Diffuser

Figure 2.26: Detailed Plan of Exhaust Vent. (Source: Lo, 2018)

The diagram shows the single-duct exhaust system in the client LV room where air is circulated by an axial fan creating a low air pressure in the duct and high pressure in the room. The system filters the stale air and heat produced by the machinery and automatically runs when the thermometer senses a rise in temperature.

Figure 2.28: Rectangular diffuser with Directional 1-way T-Bar Panel angular blades.

(Source: eurohearth, 2016)

Figure 2.29: Tubeaxial fan.

(Source: allaroundindustrysupply, n.d.)

Figure 2.27: Exhaust Vent. (Source: Lo, 2018)

Tubeaxial fans are used in the extract system in the utility room. Tubeaxial fans are chosen as they are able to move large volume of air through long sections of ductworks in a relative low pressure, causing more air to be extracted into the ductwork from the higher pressure environment (room). Tubeaxial fans have higher efficiency due to the higher number of blades compared to propeller fans and higher pressure capability. Hence, tubeaxial fans are suitable to be used in such system.

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Ventilation Control Panel

Figure 2.30: Location of Ventilation Control Panel. (Source: Lo, 2018)

Figure 2.31: Ventilation Control Panel.

(Source: Ng, 2018)

Figure 2.32: Ventilation Control Panel Components.

(Source: Ng, 2018)

The ventilation control panel is designed for reception and the distribution of power for the ventilation systems of the building. It provides power for the ventilation equipments such as electrical motors and fans, operating conditions, modes and alarm of the ventilation system, management of the ventilation system, and data transfer to the external scheduling system.

On the other hand, the ventilation control panel has useful functions, such as providing fresh air for the rooms, maintain desired temperatures in rooms, protection of terminal equipment, and emergency shutdown of the ventilation systems. The metal housing covering the control panel is moisture proof to protect the components from damaging.

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2.4.2.2 Lift Motor Room Extract System The lift motor room utilises propeller fans to extract stale air in the room, integrating the similar functions as in the client LV room. There are natural inlets in the room to allow air outdoor air to be diffused into the room.

Figure 2.33: Natural inlet diffusers. (Source: Lo, 2018)

Figure 2.34: Belt-drive fans. (Source: Lo, 2018)

The room is sufficiently ventilated with the use of 2 fans, the fans are also switched off automatically when the ventilation is sufficiently running from use of sensors.

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Inlet Hood

Figure 2.35: Details of belt-drive fan. (pennbarry, 2005)

Figure 2.36: Belt-drive fan without inlet hood. (shodhganga, n.d.)

The propeller fans (belt-drive fans) used in the lift motor room are mounted on the walls with safety guards. The propeller fans are four-bladed fabricated steel propeller with no inlet hood.

Propeller fans are chosen as they are applicable within a space with no attached ductwork needed to circulate high volume of air. Efficiency of propeller fans are usually low and is limited for usage in lower pressure.

Adjustable shutters

Figure 2.37: Shutters of belt-drive fan.

(Source: Lo, 2018)

Figure 2.38: Shutters of belt-drive fan.

(Source: fanzic, 2018)

The propeller fans also function as exhaust fan to draw out humid air from the lift motor room.

The adjustable shutters allow air to be deflected while being drawn out. The shutters are made out of aluminium, which is an anti-corrosive material.

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Uniform Building By Laws 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 249: Smoke and heat venting.

In windowless buildings, underground structures and large area factories, smoke venting facilities shall be provided for the safe use of exit.

Clause 250: Natural drought smoke vent.

(1) (2)

Natural drought smoke venting shall utilise roof vents or vents in walls at or near the ceiling level.

Such vents shall normally be in open positions of if they are closed they shall be so designed to open automatically by an approved means in the event of a fire.

Clause 251: Smoke vents to be adequate to prevent dangerous accumulation of smoke.

Where smoke venting facilities are installed for purposes of exit safety in accordance with the requirements of this Part they shall be adequate to prevent dangerous accumulation of smoke during the period of time necessary to evacuate the area served using available exit facilities with a margin of safety to allow for unforeseen contingencies.

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2.5 Conclusion The mechanical systems in the building are only located in the service rooms of the building. Natural ventilation is the major system used by the building, in the fire escape stairwells and building air wells.

The lift lobby is properly pressurised as following the requirement of UBBL 1984 under clause 197 to ensure ease of fire fighting activities in the case of an emergency. The utility rooms and motor room is properly ventilated with extract vents as following the requirement of UBBL 1984 under clause 249, 250 and 251 to ensure extraction and dissipation of smoke during the case of a fire emergency in the enclosed rooms. The building meets the requirements for mechanical ventilation systems.

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3.0 Air Conditioning System 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Air-conditioning Principles 3.3 Types of Air-conditioning System 3.4 Case Study of PPA Pudina Block H 3.5 Conclusion

3.1 Introduction Air conditioning system, also referred to AC system, is the process of removing heat and moisture from the interior of an occupied space. Being used in both domestic and commercial environments, air-conditioning system is commonly used to achieve human thermal comfort by controlling the temperature, humidity, air cleanliness, air movement, sound level, pressure differential and heat radiation with mechanical means in a space within predetermined limits for the comfort and health of the occupants of the conditioned space or for the purpose of product processing.

The factors of using an air conditioning system are: 1.

Comfort of occupants 2.

Performance of the workers 3.

Health - to prevent smoke and dust 4.

Equipments - computers, machines and electronic equipments

Air conditioning is different from mechanical ventilation system as it involves the circulation and cooling of air. Air conditioning system is made of ventilation, and warming or cooling mechanism, which takes the air from the interior, warms or cools it and brings it back to the building. The air conditioning systems are often installed in offices and similar spaces, where fresh air of appropriate temperature is needed. Nowadays, air conditioning system is almost necessary part of any trading or industrial buildings to ensure the comfort of workers as well as customers.

An 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

air

conditioning

system

generally

consists

of

five

mechanical

components:

Compressor Fan Condenser coil Evaporator coil Chemical refrigerant

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3.2 Air-conditioning Principles 3.2.1 Refrigeration Cycle Air conditioners use the same cycle of compression, condensation, expansion, and evaporation in a closed circuit. The same refrigerant is used to move the heat from one area, to cool this area, and to expel this heat in another area.

The refrigerant flows through the compressor as a low-pressure vapour, it is compressed and hence becomes a high-pressure vapour. The refrigerant then flows to the condenser, where it condenses from vapor to liquid, giving off heat to the outside air. The refrigerant goes through the expansion valve under high pressure, where it experiences a pressure drop. This valve restricts the flow of the refrigerant. Finally, the refrigerant goes to the evaporator. The refrigerant draws heat from the evaporator which causes the refrigerant to vaporize. As a hot low-pressure vapour, the refrigerant moves to the compressor to restart the cycle.

A change of state of refrigerant from liquid to vapour and back to liquid helps to absorb or discharge large quantity of heat efficiently.

Figure 3.0: Refrigeration cycle. (Source: Empowering pumps, 2018)

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3.2.2 Air Cycle Air cycle is a process to distribute treated air into the room that needs to be conditioned. It is an integral part of air-conditioning system. Refrigeration cycle is part of the air cycle, both of the cycles are not independent but interdependent. When the return air returns to the evaporator, the latent heat inside the room is removed hence the air in the room becomes cooler. Air or water can be a medium to absorb the heat. This system functions by the compression of air and removal of contained heat which then expand the air to a lower temperature.

Components required for air cycle: (a)

Air Handling Unit (AHU) A factory-made encased assembly consisting of fans and other necessary equipment to perform one or more of the functions of circulating, cleaning, heating, cooling, humidifying, dehumidifying and mixing of air.

(b)

Air filter An air filter is used to remove particles and contaminants of various sizes from the air.

(c)

Blower fan A blower fan is used to circulate the air to the various parts of the sections in the building.

(d)

Ductwork and diffusers Ductwork and diffusers help to deliver the fresh air from the AHU to the space that is needed to be conditioned.

(e)

Clean air intake The clean air intake is to renew the content of the air to be distributed.

(f)

Humidifier or dehumidifier The humidity level of the air can be low hence causing discomfort to the occupants.

The humidity of the air is increased by using the humidifiers and the dehumidifier works vice versa.

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3.3 Types of Air-conditioning system Generally, there are four types of air-conditioning systems, including window air conditioning system, split unit air conditioning system, packaged unit air conditioning system and centralized air conditioning system. Each system is used depending on the size, type, functionality of the building and its environment.

3.3.1 Window air-conditioner Window air conditioner, also referred to as room air conditioner, is the simplest and cheapest form of air conditioning system and is mounted on windows or walls. It is a single unit that is assembled in a casing where all the components are located. This refrigeration unit has a double shaft fan motor with fans mounted on both sides of the motor. One at the evaporator side and the other at the condenser side. The evaporator side is located facing the room for cooling of the space and the condenser side outdoor for heat rejection. There is an insulated partition separating this two sides within the same casing.

Figure 3.1: Window air conditioner. (Source: Air king, 2014)

Figure 3.2: Section of a window air conditioner.

(Source: Light hub engineering, 2009)

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3.3.2 Split Unit Air-conditioner The split unit air conditioner comprises of two parts: the outdoor unit and the indoor unit. The outdoor unit, fitted outside the room, houses components like the compressor, condenser and expansion valve. The indoor unit comprises the evaporator or cooling coil and the cooling fan. These two units are connected by piping and no slot in the wall is required.

Furthermore, present day split units have aesthetic appeal and do not take up as much space as a window unit. A split air conditioner can be used to cool one or two rooms. Compared to the window units, it is less noisy. Split air conditioners are commonly used in single-story or low-rise buildings, and in residential applications where condenser water is not readily available.

Figure 3.3: Split unit air conditioner. (Source: Mandinfinity, n.d.)

Single split air conditioner connects one indoor unit to an outdoor unit and provides a simple solution for one-room additions. On the other hand, multi-split air conditioner connects up to five indoor units to a single outdoor unit and hence enables indoor units of different styles and capacities in one system for customized solutions unique to each residential setting.

Figure 3.4: Single split air conditioner.

(Source: Daikin, 2018)

Figure 3.5: Multi-split air conditioner.

(Source: Daikin, 2018)

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3.3.3

Central

Air-conditioning

Central air conditioning is used for cooling large buildings including hotels, movie theaters, factories, malls, offices and other huge spaces. If the whole building is to be air conditioned, individual units in each of the rooms is very expensive making this a better option.

In the central air conditioning systems there is a plant room where large compressor, condenser, thermostatic expansion valve and the evaporator are kept in it. They perform all the functions as usual similar to a typical refrigeration system but they are larger in size and have higher capacities. The compressor is of open reciprocating type with multiple cylinders and is cooled by the water. The compressor and the condenser are of shell and tube type.

While in the small air conditioning system capillary is used as the expansion valve, in the central air conditioning systems thermostatic expansion valve is used.

The chilled air is passed via the ducts to all spaces that are to be air conditioned. Thus in all the spaces there are no individual cooling coils and other parts of the refrigeration system.

This makes each space is completely silent and the air condition system is highly effective.

The amount of chilled air needed in the space can be controlled by the openings depending on the total heat load inside the room.

There are two types of central air conditioning systems: (a) Direct expansion/DX central air conditioning system (b) Chilled water central air conditioning plant

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(a)

Direct expansion/DX central air conditioning system In DX central air conditioning system, the expansion valve and the evaporator coil and the air handling unit are housed in separate room. The evaporator coil is fixed in the air handling unit, which also has large blower housed in it. The blower sucks the hot return air from the room via ducts and blows it over the cooling coil. The cooled air is then supplied through various ducts and into the spaces which are to be cooled. This type of system is useful for small buildings.

DX central air conditioning system comprises three parts: the plant room, the air handling unit room and the air-conditioned room. The plant room comprises of the important parts of the refrigeration system, the compressor and the condenser. The refrigerant leaving the condenser in the plant room enters the thermostatic expansion valve and then the air handling unit, which is kept in the separate room. The air handling unit is a large box type of unit that comprises of the evaporator or the cooling coil, air filter and the large blower. This is the space that is to be actually cooled.The ducts from the air handling room are passed to all the rooms that are to be cooled.

The ducts are connected to the grilles or diffusers that supply the chilled air to the room.

Figure 3.6 DX central air conditioning system. (Source: Light hub engineering, 2009)

46

(a)

e

(b)

Chilled water central air conditioning plant This type of system is more useful for large buildings comprising of a number of floors.

It has the plant room where all the important units like the compressor, condenser, throttling valve and the evaporator are housed. On the tube side the Freon fluid passes at extremely low temperature, while on the shell side the brine solution is passed. After passing through the evaporator, the brine solution gets chilled and is pumped to the various air handling units installed at different floors of the building. The air handling units comprise the cooling coil through which the chilled brine flows, and the blower. The blower sucks hot return air from the room via ducts and blows it over the cooling coil. The cool air is then supplied to the space to be cooled through the ducts. The brine solution which has absorbed the room heat comes back to the evaporator, gets chilled and is again pumped back to the air handling unit.

Figure 3.7 Chilled water central air conditioning plant.

(Source:bookmyad, n.d.)

Figure 3.8 Section of a cooling tower.

(Source: Cooling tower, 2017)

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3.3.4 Packaged Unit Air-conditioner The window and split air conditioners are usually used for the small air conditioning capacities up to 5 tons. The central air conditioning systems are used for where the cooling loads extend beyond 20 tons. The packaged air conditioners are used for the cooling capacities in between these two extremes. The packaged air conditioners are available in the fixed rated capacities of 3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 tons. These units are used commonly in larger spaces like restaurants, telephone exchanges, homes and small halls.

There are two possible arrangements with the package unit. In the first one, all the components, namely the compressor, condenser (which can be air cooled or water cooled), expansion valve and evaporator are housed in a single box. The cooled air is thrown by the high capacity blower, and it flows through the ducts laid through various rooms. In the second arrangement, the compressor and condenser are housed in one casing. The compressed gas passes through individual units, comprised of the expansion valve and cooling coil, located in various rooms.

Figure 3.9 Packaged air conditioner with water cooled condenser (Source: Brigh hub engineering, 2009)

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3.3.4.1 Packaged Air Conditioners with Water Cooled Condenser In these packaged air conditions the condenser is cooled by the water. The condenser is of shell and tube type, with refrigerant flowing along the tube side and the cooling water flowing along the shell side. The water has to be supplied continuously in these systems to maintain functioning of the air conditioning system.

The condenser is enclosed in a single casing along with the compressor, expansion valve, and the air handling unit including the evaporator. This whole packaged air conditioning unit externally looks like a box with the control panel located externally. The compressor and condenser are located at the bottom. Above these components is the evaporator coil. The air handling unit comprising of the centrifugal blower and the air filter is located above the cooling coil. From the top of the package air conditioners the duct comes out that extends to the various rooms that are to be cooled.

All the components are assembled at the factory site. The gas charging is also done at the factory. The unit can be transported very easily to the site and is installed easily on the plane surface.

Figure 3.10: Section of a packaged air conditioner with water cooled condenser. (Source: TPUB, n.d.)

Figure 3.11: Section of a packaged air conditioner with water cooled condenser. (Source: Bright Hub Engineering, 2013)

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3.3.4.2 Packaged Air Conditioners with Air Cooled Condensers In these packaged air conditioners, the condenser of the refrigeration system is cooled by the atmospheric air. There is an outdoor unit that comprises of the important components like the compressor, condenser. The outdoor unit can be kept on the terrace or any other open place where the free flow of the atmospheric air is available. The fan located inside this unit sucks the outside air and blows it over the condenser coil cooling it in the process.

The cooling unit comprising of the expansion valve, evaporator coil, the air handling blower and the filter are located on the floor or hanged to the ceiling. The ducts coming from the cooling unit are connected to the various rooms that are to be cooled.

The packaged air conditioners with the air cooled condensers are used more commonly than the ones with water cooled condensers since air is freely available it is difficult maintain continuous flow of the water.

Figure 3.12 Packaged air conditioners with air cooled condensers. (Source: Renewmw, n.d.)

Figure 3.13 Section of a outdoor unit. (Source: Oosten, n.d.)

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3.4 Case Study of PPA Pudina Block H 3.4.1 Split Unit Air-conditioning in PPA Pudina Block H PPA Pudina Block H is a residential apartment that comprises 25 floors with eight units per floor with the administrative office and retail shops on the ground floor. The air conditioning system used in PPA Pudina Block H is split unit air conditioning system. It is suitable to install in the building because it is more efficient and cost-effective.

Due to restricted premises, we were unable to retrieve a picture of the existing split unit air conditioner in the residential unit. However, we managed to visit the administrative office. The split unit air conditioner used in the administrative office is ceiling cassette four-way type, and the model used is Daikin FFN-C/ FCN-F SERIES (R410A).

Figure 3.14 Location of split unit air conditioner

Figure 3.15 Split unit air conditioning. (Source: Bright hub engineering, 2009)

3.4.1.1 Fan Coil Unit (FCU) The indoor unit, also known as fan coil unit (FCU), is mounted on the ceiling and it consists of the following parts: (a)

Evaporator coil/cooling coil Evaporator coil is a copper coil covered with aluminum fins. As the refrigerant is pumped through the evaporator coil, it turns into a gaseous state as it absorbs heat and moisture from the inside air. When heat and water vapor is removed, the result is cool, drier air.

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(a)

a

(b)

Air Filter The air filter removes the dirt particles from the room air and helps supplying clean air to the room. It is located in front of the evaporator coil.

(c)

Blower/cooling fan The blower sucks the hot and unclean air from the room and supplies cool and clean air back. The room air it passes over the evaporator coil and the filter due to which the temperature of the air reduces and all the dirt from it is removed.

(d)

Drain Pipe The temperature of the air decreases and reaches levels below its dew point temperature when passed over the evaporator coil. Water vapor condenses and water drops are formed, they are collected in a small space inside the FCU. Drain pipe connects the FCU to outside the room where water can be disposed off to help removing dew water.

(e)

Louvers/fins The louvers help changing the angle or direction in which the air needs to be supplied into the room as per the requirements. There are two types of louvers: horizontal and vertical. The horizontal louvers control flow of air in upper and downward directions of the room, while vertical louvers control movement of air in left and right directions.

Figure 3.16: Ceiling cassette four-way type fan coil unit in the administrative office. (Source: Kok, 2018)

3.4.1.2 Outdoor Unit The outdoor unit is installed outside the room in open space where the unit can be installed and maintained easily. In outdoor unit lots of heat is generated inside the compressor and the condenser, hence there should be sufficient flow of the air around it. It consists of the following parts: (a)

Compressor The compressor is most important part of the air conditioner. It compresses the refrigerant and increases its pressure before sending it to the condenser. External power has to be supplied to the compressor for compressing the refrigerant.

52

(a)

a

(b)

Condenser The condenser is a coiled copper tubing covered with the aluminum fins and bothof the metals are good heat conductors. The high temperature and high pressure refrigerant from the compressor comes in the condenser where it has to give up the heat.

(c)

Condenser cooling fan The condenser cooling fan is an ordinary fan driven by a motor. It is located in front of the compressor and the condenser coil. As the blades of the fan rotate it absorbs the surrounding air from the open space and blows it over the compressor and the condenser thus cooling them. The hot air is thrown back to the open space and the circulation of air continues unhindered.

(d)

Expansion valve The expansion valve is a copper capillary tubing. In the split air conditioners of bigger capacities thermostatic expansion valve is used which is operated electronically automatically. The high pressure and medium temperature refrigerant leaves the condenser and enters the expansion valve, where its temperature and pressure drops suddenly.

Figure 3.17: Outdoor unit. (Source: Kok, 2018)

Figure 3.18: Section of an outdoor unit (Source: Sears, n.d.)

MS 1525: 2014 8 Air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation (ACMV) system 8.4.4 Off-hour control 8.4.4.1 ACMV system should be equipped with automatic controls capable of accomplishing a reduction of energy use for example through equipment shutdown during periods of non-use or alternative use of the spaces served by the system.

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3.4.2 Central Air-conditioning System in PPA Pudina Block H The multi-purpose hall is located next to PPA Pudina Block H and the air conditioning system used is central air conditioning system.

Figure 3.19: Location of the multipurpose hall

Figure 3.20: Air Handling Unit (AHU) (Source: Odisie, n.d.)

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3.4.2.1 Air Handling Unit (AHU) An Air Handling Unit (AHU) is used to recondition and circulate air as part of a heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) system. It is used to control the temperature, humidity, air movement and air cleanliness of a building. The basic function of the AHU is take in outside air, recondition it and supply it as fresh air to a building. All exhaust air is removed, which creates an acceptable indoor air quality. Depending on the required temperature of the re-conditioned air, the fresh air is either heated by a recovery unit or heating coil, or cooled by a evaporator coil.

The AHU is a large metal box containing separate ventilators for supply and exhaust, heating coil, evaporator coil, heating and cooling recovery system, air filter racks or chambers, sound attenuators, mixing chamber, and dampers. AHUs connect to ductwork that distributes the conditioned air through the building, and returns it to the AHU. An AHU designed for outdoor use, typically on roofs, is also known as a rooftop unit (RTU).

Figure 3.21: AHU Control Panel (Source: Kok, 2018)

Figure 3.22: AHU (Source: Kok, 2018) 55

Figure 3.23: Section of an AHU (Source: Improuse, n.d.)

3.4.2.2 Evaporator coil The evaporator coil is one of the most important parts of the air handling units. It is made up of copper tubing of several turns and covered with the fins to increase the heat transfer efficiency. In direct expansion (DX) type of the central air conditioning plants the refrigerant flows through the evaporator coil, which also acts as the evaporator of the plant.

The blower sucks hot return air from the room and the air flows over the evaporator coil and gets cooled. This air is supplied to various rooms from the air handling unit via the supply ducts. The flow of chilled water or the refrigerant to the evaporator coil is controlled by the solenoid valve.

Figure 3.24: Main components in AHU (Source: Lancaster Heating & Air, 2016)

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3.4.2.3 Blower The fan or the blower sucks the hot return air from the room and blows it over evaporator coil, cools it and sends it to the room to be air conditioned. There are two possible arrangements of the fans in air handling units: draw though arrangement and blow through arrangement. In the draw through arrangement the fan sucks the return air through the filter and the cooling coil. As the air passes over the cooling coil its gets chilled, it is then passed to the rooms to be cooled. In case of the blow through arrangement the fan absorbs the return air and blows it over the air filter and the cooling coil. The air then flows to the rooms to be air conditioned.

The draw through arrangement is being used in the hall.

Figure 3.25: Blower (Source:GMR AIr, 2015)

3.4.2.4 Air filter Air filter is one of the important parts of any air conditioning system. The air filter removes dirt, dust, smoke and other impurities from the air and cleans. The air filter is usually attached to the cooling air and before it. The air is first absorbed or pushed over the air filter and then over the evaporator coil.

Figure 3.26: Air filter (Source: IndiaMART, n.d.)

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3.4.2.5 Ventilation duct Ventilation air duct is a pipe in which move fresh air, cold or heat air. It can be divided to be non-insulated air duct and insulated air duct. It can divide into flexible ducts, sheet metal duct, fibre duct and spiral duct.

The ventilation air duct used in the hall is fiberglass lined ducts. These are sheet metal duct, that have internal and external fiberglass lining. This type of duct dampens the sound of the air conditioner unit. However, the fiberglass in these ducts can deteriorate and eventually release fiberglass particles into the air. Fiberglass lined ducts are also difficult to clean for this same reason: the cleaning process can damage the lining and release fibers. Mold and microbial growth can occur inside uninsulated sheet metal ductwork whenever excess moisture is present.

Figure 3.27: Fiberglass lined ducts (Source: Lo, 2018)

Figure 3.28: Fiberglass lined ducts (Source: Lo, 2018)

MS 1525: 2014 8 Air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation (ACMV) system 8.5 Piping insulation All piping installed to serve buildings and within buildings should be adequately insulated to prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with vapour barriers may be required to prevent condensation under some conditions.

8.6 Air handling duct system insulation All ducts, plenums and enclosures installed in or on buildings should be adequately insulated to prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with vapour barriers may be required to prevent condensation under some conditions.

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3.4.2.6 Diffuser Diffuser is part of room air distribution subsystems, it delivers both conditioning and ventilating air evenly while producing the minimum amount of noise. The diffuser used in the hall is fixed blade swirl diffuser, whereas the linear grille is used for the return air. The diffusers are connected to the supply ducts whereas the return air grilles are connected to the return ducts.

Figure 3.29: Fixed blade swirl diffusers (Source: Kok, 2018)

Figure 3.30: Return air linear grilles and a fixed blade swirl diffuser (Source: Kok, 2018).

The diffusers and grilles are also known as registers. The diagram shows the ductwork system of a central air conditioning system.

Figure 3.31: Ductwork diagram (Source: Landmark, n.d.)

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3.4.2.7

Thermostat

Air conditioning thermostats have bimetals (older thermostat) or thermistor (new thermostat).

These bimetals or thermistor sense the air current returning to the return ducts or the surrounding air. The air conditioning thermostat relies on random air current that passing thought it to determine the room temperature. It uses room temperature to compare with the setpoint temperature.

The thermostat is a temperature controls. It controls the temperature of specific building. The thermostat is usually mounted on the wall at least 1.5 metres above floor level. The location where to mount the air conditioner thermostat is significant. It cannot expose direction to sunlight or heat or cold object. The thermostat in the hall is mounted at least 3 metres above floor level. There are seven types of thermostats including regular old AC thermostat (mercury), digital thermostat, talking thermostat and telephone thermostat. The thermostat used in the hall is a mechanical thermostat.

Figure 3.32: Thermostat (Source: Kok, 2018)

MS 1525: 2014 8 Air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation (ACMV) system 8.4 Controls 8.4.1 Temperature control Each system should be provided with at least one thermostat for the regulation of temperature. Each thermostat should be capable of being set by adjustment or selection of sensors over a minimum range of between 23 C to 27 C. Multi-stage thermostat should be provided for equipment exceeding 35/65 kWr in conjunction with 8.2.4.

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3.5 Conclusion

Uniform Building By Laws 1984 Part I: Preliminary Clause 41: Smoke and heat venting.

(1)

(2)

(3)

Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the relevant building by-laws relating natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of the local authority.

Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure, such that within half an hour of the air-conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when the air-conditioning system is not functioning.

The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings which are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned.

Due to the fact that PPA Pudina Blok H is a residential apartment, split unit air conditioning is used to maximise the cost and energy efficiency. In conclusion, PPA Pudina that adopts both split unit air conditioning and central air conditioning system, fulfills the requirements under Uniform Building By Laws 1984, at the same time guarantees the indoor air quality within the building.

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4.0 Active Fire Protection System 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Case Study of PPA Pudina Block H 4.3 Conclusion

4.1 Introduction Active Fire Protection is a series of fire systems — operated either manually or automatically — that requires action or motion to function correctly during an event of fire. The Active Fire Protection system is a mandatory requirement that should be fulfilled when designing a building in compliance to UBBL 1984 to prevent the loss of lives should a fire event occurs Generally the Active Fire Protection system can be subdivided into several categories — namely, water-based systems, non water-based systems, smoke control system as well as alarm and detection systems.

4.1.1 Water Based System Water-based fire suppression systems utilizes the medium of water as means of extinguishing fires, through a fixed pressurised piping network. These systems are commonly used in both commercial and industrial buildings as means of suppressing building fires.

These systems include fire hydrants, hose reel system, wet riser system and sprinkler system.

4.1.1.1 External Fire Hydrant

Figure 4.0: External fire hydrant system. (Source: 2 way fire hydrant, n.d.)

External fire hydrant is an exposed water outlet valve found in strategic locations of a building connected by a series of pipes. It is connected to the municipal water service network and helps provide emergency water supply for firefighters to manage building fires. The water pressure supplied through the hydrant is equivalent to the pressure within the underground water line. To overcome the possibility of low water pressure, the hose reel can be attach to a fire engine fitted with a pump to boost the water pressure.

Generally, countries where freezing temperatures are uncommon, utilizes a wet barrel hydrant. Wet barrel refers to the manner in which the hydrant is constantly filled with water at all times. As such, the valve of the hydrant is situated above ground, and the number of these valves may vary.

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Figure 4.1: 2 way fire hydrants. (Source: 2 way fire hydrant, n.d.)

Fire hydrants are placed not more than 30 metres away from the breeching inlet of a building.

It is spaced not more than 90 metres apart along an access road and should be accessed easily by firefighters.

4.1.1.2 Hose Reel System

Figure 4.2: Hose reel system. (Source: Hose reel system, n.d.)

Hose reel system is designed to be used by occupants and firefighters during the early stages of fire. The system comprises of an on-site water tank, pumps (duty pump and standby pump), pipework, valves and hose reels which are located strategically in a building (usually found at each floor near fire escape staircases and beside exit doors) such that it is easily accessible by users.

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Figure 4.3: Hose reel. (Source: Hose reel, n.d.)

The hose reel is stowed in a drum that pivots on a horizontal shaft, such that the hose may be retracted from any direction. The rubber hose typically measures up to 30m long and 25mm in diameter, and is made of non-kinking, braided rubber. The end of the hose is fitted with a nozzle which is used to control the flow of water by opening or closing. The water supply to the hose reel is managed by a stop valve. To operate the hose reel, the stop valve is first opened; extending the hose to the desired location and turning on the nozzle.

4.1.1.3 Dry Riser System

Figure 4.4: Dry riser system. (Source: Palcon Engineering, n.d.)

Figure 4.5: Dry riser section. (Source: Elitefire, n.d.)

A dry riser system consists of a series of vertical pipes installed within a building where its topmost floor exceeds 18.3m and is less than 30.5m above the fire appliance access level.

The dry riser — as the name suggests — is always dry until an event of fire occurs; in which, water is charged through the pipes via the fire engine pump. Similar to the wet riser system, it features a landing valve on each floor which serves as an internal hydrant for firefighters to use. The top of the riser features an air release valve which serves to discharge any trapped air as water is pumped into the system.

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Figure 4.6: Dry riser breeching inlet cabinet.

(Source: Raindrop British, n.d.)

Figure 4.7: Dry riser section. (Source: Tang, 2018)

A dry riser breeching inlet is installed at the bottom of the riser and is usually enclosed safely within a metal cabinet. Water is pumped through the inlet from a fire engine during an event of fire. Therefore these inlets are placed not more than 18 metres from fire appliance access road and not more than 30 meters from the nearest fire hydrant. A drain is provided at the bottom of the breeching inlet to drain the system after use.

Figure 4.8: Dry riser landing valve. (Source: Raindrop British, n.d.)

Figure 4.9: Fire hose. (Source: Asenware, n.d.)

Landing valves are installed on every floor and are usually located within fire access lobbies, protected staircase or protected lobbies. These valves are installed not more than 0.75m above floor level. Along with the valves, is a fire hose of 30 metres in length provided for firefighters to use during fire hazards.

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4.1.1.4 Wet Riser System

Figure 4.10: Wet riser system. (Source: Jayhawfire, n.d.)

A wet riser system is similar to that of a dry riser, with the difference being the vertical pipes are permanently charged with water from a pressurized source, and fitted with landing valves on each floor. A wet riser system is utilized when the building height exceeds 30.5 metres, above the fire appliance access level. The riser pipe is made of galvanised iron measuring 150 mm in diameter.

Figure 4.11: Dry riser landing valve. (Source: Direct Industry, n.d.)

Figure 4.12: Fire hose. (Source: Ruhrpumpen, n.d.)

Water is pumped from the storage tank to the pipes through a duty pump. In the case of a duty pump failure, the standby pump will activated and powered by an emergency generator or driven by a diesel engine to prevent the cessation of its function. The jockey pump functions to maintain the system pressure and operates during initial minor pressure loss. It also prevents larger duty pumps to cut-in intermittently.

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4.1.1.5 Automatic Fire Sprinkler System

Figure 4.13: Automatic fire sprinkler system.

(Source: Qecpak, n.d.)

An automatic fire sprinkler system is designed to alert the occupants of a building and suppress fire damage during an event of fire. It comprises of a series of water pipes, water supply from a water tank and pumps (duty pump, standby pump and jockey pump) which pressurize the water and provide an adequate flow rate.

Sprinklers are fitted with a temperature sensitive liquid which breaks the glass casing it. This subsequently causes the water to discharge from the pipes and onto the deflector, which disperses water over a defined fire hazard area. Common sprinkler sensing element typically breaks at 68.3°C.

Figure 4.14: Pendent sprinkler head. (Source: Viking, n.d.)

Figure 4.15: Upright sprinkler head. (Source: IndiaMart, n.d.)

Sprinkler heads are often categorized according to the head design and temperature sensitivity. The temperature sensitivity is colour coded which indicates its temperature rating that ranges from 57°C up to 343°C. The design of the sprinkler head varies according to its usage in different scenarios. For example, a upright sprinkler head is used in areas that are difficult to access or where obstructions may block water spray during a fire, hence, their height allows them to aim water around possible obstructions. Whereas the typical pendant sprinklers are utilized commonly in office buildings or where obstructions to water spray are minimal.

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4.1.2 Non Water-based System As is the case of the previous subject matter analysis, water is an effective component in dosing fire and controlling the spread of fire. However, that is not always the case, as water may cause more damage depending on the type of fire hazard such as an electrical outburst or a hazmat fire. During such cases, non-water based systems are utilized to control and extinguish fire safely and efficiently.

4.1.2.1 Portable Fire Extinguisher

Figure 4.16: Different types of fire extinguisher.

(Source:emsandassociates, n.d.)

Portable fire extinguishers are designed to be used during initial stages of a small fire outbreak. It is intended to control and extinguish fire and prevent further escalation into full scale fire. They are positioned in strategic areas which are prone to fire hazards and bares a minimal gross weight such that it can be carried by a person. There are several types of fire extinguishers designed to control and extinguish different types of fire hazards.

Figure 4.17: Table showing types of fire extinguisher and their uses. (Source: Agamamalaysia, n.d.)

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4.1.2.2 Clean Agent Fire Suppression System

Figure 4.18: Clean agent suppression system. (Source: Qecpak, n.d.)

Clean agent suppression systems utilizes environmentally friendly clean agents such as CO2 and Argonite. These inert chemicals are suitable to suppress fires in areas where the usage of water based systems would otherwise cause unwanted damage to electrical systems or other critical facilities. The system usually consists of an agent stored in canisters, release valves, fire detectors, agent delivery piping and agent dispersion nozzles.

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4.1.3 Fire Detection & Alarm System 4.1.3.1 Fire Detector

Figure 4.19: Smoke detector.

(Source: Ebay, n.d.)

Figure 4.20: Heat detector. (Source: Abus, n.d.)

Figure 4.21: Flame detector.

(Source: RC Systems, n.d.)

Fire detectors are designed as an early detection for fire hazards and alerts the building’s occupants of a fire emergency. They are designed to detect smoke, heat or flame.

Smoke detectors can be categorized into two main types, namely the photoelectric smoke detector and the ionization smoke detector. Photoelectric smoke detectors are designed to detect fires which begin with a long period of smoldering. Light is beamed into its sensing chamber at an angle away from its sensor. As smoke enters the detector, the smoke particles reflect the light into the sensor triggering the detector and subsequently sounding the alarm.

Similarly, the ionization smoke detector detects fires as smoke enters the chamber and disrupting the electrically charged plates in the detector.

A heat detector features a heat sensing circuit that can sense rapid increases in temperature.

If the temperature of a room increases too quickly or crosses a certain threshold, the detector will send a signal to the fire alarm control panel.

A flame detector is utilized in areas where a possible fire hazard could potential cause massive amounts of damage and losses. A flame detector have a quicker response and more accurate detection compare to smoke or heat detectors.

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4.1.3.2 Fire Alarm System

Figure 4.22: Fire alarm control panel. (Source: IndiaMart, n.d.)

Figure 4.23: Fire alarm bell. (Source: Aliexpress, n.d.)

Figure 4.24: Manual call point.

(Source: Petronic, n.d.)

Fire alarm systems consists of fire detection equipments and fire alarm control panels. During an event of fire, these components serve to detect and issue visual and audio warnings such that necessary fire fighting procedures can be taken.

A fire alarm control panel is usually utilized in large buildings and is the main controlling device which receives information and signals from alarms or detectors and subsequently relays the signal to suppression systems and other fire fighting systems. The control panel is usually located in a fire control room.

A fire alarm bell is a equipments which issue an audible siren during fire emergency. It is designed to produce a minimum sound level of 65dB that drown out any background noise and shall persist for at least 30 seconds.

A manual call point or pull station is a device that can be operated by occupants of a building to warn other occupants and send a signal to the fire alarm control panel when a fire event occurs. It installed 45 metres apart and can be found in easily accessible areas, exit routes, every floor landing and exits to open air.

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Figure 4.25: Fire intercom system.

(Source: CTL Automation, n.d.)

Figure 4.26: Fireman’s switch.

(Source: Rapid Electronics, n.d.)

Figure 4.27: Emergency fire telephone. (Source: CTL Automation, n.d.)

The fire intercom system is a two way emergency voice communication system. It provides direct communication between the remote telephone handsets located in the fire control room with the master telephone handset of the local fire department.

The fireman’s switch is a specialized switch intended for firemen use only during an event of fire. They function to disconnect all electrical or power supply of a particular floor which prevents overheated equipments from exploding. They are usually found on the walls outside shops, industries, commercial buildings or near fire escape staircases. The handle has a unique design such that a fireman’s axe or hook can be used to activate it and to prevent other accidental triggers.

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4.1.4 Smoke Control System 4.1.4.1 Smoke Exhaust System

Figure 4.28: Atrium smoke exhaust system. (Source: Pdtek, n.d.)

Smoke control systems are mechanical systems designed to control the movement of smoke through a building during fire. They serve to protect the building’s occupants as they evacuate to safety. The most common smoke control system is the atrium smoke exhaust system and the stair-pressurized system. The former serves to alleviate and limit the accumulation of smoke in a building greater than or equal to the rate at which it is generated with the use of exhaust inlets installed at the ceiling.

4.1.4.2 Fixed Pressurized System

Figure 4.29: Stairwell pressurized system. (Source: Rapid Electronics, n.d.)

This system prevents toxic gas and smoke from spreading through stairwells, elevator shafts and other vertical openings. The accumulation of smoke in stairwells will greatly complicate fire evacuation processes and firefighting operations. To prevent such an event from occurring, these crucial spaces are constantly driven with outside air with mechanical fans in order to produce a positive pressure within it. This prevents toxic fumes and smoke from entering as they can only flow from a higher pressure to a lower pressure.

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4.2 Case Study of PPA Pudina Block H The PPA Pudina utilizes a standard active fire protection system which includes water based systems, non water based system, smoke control system and the fire detection and alarm system. The building is built 25 floors high which exceeds 18.3 metres; and therefore, features a wet riser system. A clean agent suppression system is utilized in rooms where critical and sensitive systems or facilities are located.

However, PPA Pudina does not feature an automatic fire sprinkler system throughout all areas of Block H. As the car park provided in Block H is above ground and naturally ventilated, it excludes the need for a smoke spill system.

4.2.1 Water Based Systems in PPA Pudina Block H 4.2.1.1 External Fire Hydrant

Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 225: Detecting and extinguishing fire.

(2) Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5 metres from the nearest point of fire brigade access.

(3) Depending on the size and location of the building and the provision of access for fire appliances, additional fire hydrant shall be provided as may be required by the Fire Authority.

Figure 4.30: External fire hydrant of PPA Pudina. (Source: Tang, 2018)

The fire hydrant utilized in PPA Pudina is a two way fire hydrant. It provides firefighters with readily available water supply which is connected to the municipal water line. The network extends into the building that includes a water tank, fire pumps, suction pipes and a distribution piping system.

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Service road

External fire hydrant

Figure 4.31: Plan indicating location of fire hydrant of PPA Pudina Block H. (Source: Tang, 2018)

The hydrants are connected to the piping system where the pump from the water tank provides sufficient pressure to the water in it. The PPA Pudina features one wet barrel hydrant located approximately 3 metres away from the access route in front of Block H.

4.2.1.2 Hose Reel System

Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 247: Water storage.

(1) Water storage capacity and water flow rate for fire fighting systems and installations shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.

(2) Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for hose reel systems, shall be located at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet connections accessible to fire appliances.

(3) Storage tanks for automatic sprinkler installations where full capacity is provided without need for replenishment shall be exempted from the restrictions in their location.

Clause 248: Marking on wet riser, etc.

(1) Wet riser, dry riser, sprinkler and other fire installation pipes and fittings shall be painted red.

(2) All cabinets and areas recessed in walls for location of fire installations and extinguishers shall be clearly identifies to the satisfaction of the Fire Authority or otherwise clearly identified.

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Figure 4.32: Hose reel in PPA Pudina. (Source: Tang, 2018)

The fire hose reel is designed to be operated by occupants and firefighters as a initial fire fighting measure. It is operated by turning on its valve located near its connection to the pipe.

The hose is extended and the spray nozzle is aimed at the fire hazard before it is turned on.

The spray of the hose is capable of reaching 6 metres far and its throw can be adjusted by regulating the nozzle opening.

The rubber hose utilized in the building is measures 25mm in diameter and has a total length of 30 metres These hose reels are to be placed in recesses so as to not obstruct any escape routes in accordance to BS 5306 Part 1 : 1976. PPA Pudina does not feature fire hose reels on all floors except one that is installed in the Dewan Seri Pudina, a multipurpose hall located next to Block H.

Water tank Pump room

Figure 4.33: Ground floor pump room and water tank. (Source: Tang, 2018)

The hose reel pump utilized in PPA Pudina consists of a duty pump, standby pump and a jockey pump. These pump may be driven by diesel, electric or steam and serves to transmit pressurized water to all water based systems in PPA Pudina. During an event of fire, the usage of water based systems by firefighters such as wet riser distribution system and the hose reel system may cause a sudden drop in pressure. The drop is pressure will be detected by pressure switches connected to a series of sensing pipes. It will then send a signal to the duty pump to generate sufficient pressure to maintain the flow of water.

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Duty pump

Standby pump

Jockey pump

Figure 4.34: Duty, standby and jockey pumps in PPA Pudina. (Source: Tang, 2018)

The standby pump serves as an emergency backup in the event of a duty pump failure.

Therefore, the standby pumps in PPA Pudina is powered by emergency genset. A jockey pump is designed to maintain the water pressure at an artificially high level such that the pumps will not activate in cases where there is a small drop in pressure.

As PPA Pudina is built more than 18.3 metres high, it features a two stage system to prevent the loss of water pressure to systems on higher levels and to serve as a backup pump system. The first stage is designed to serve floors from ground level to the 12 th floor, whereas the second stage pumps are designed to serve floors from 13th to 25th.

Figure 4.35: Pressure switches.

(Source: Tang, 2018)

Figure 4.36: Cut in pressure of each pumps. (Source: Tang, 2018)

Figure 4.37: Water tank of PPA Pudina. (Source: Tang, 2018)

PPA Pudina features three water tanks, one located on the roof, another on the 13 th floor stage 2 pump room and lastly, the ground floor pump room. These tanks are made of pressed steel and supply large amounts of water to various water based systems with the help of downwards gravitational force and pumps, distributed through a series of galvanized steel pipes.

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Water tank Pump room

Figure 4.38: 13th floor pump room and water tank. (Source: Tang, 2018)

4.2.1.3 Wet Riser System

Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 247: Installation and testing of wet rising system.

(1) Wet rising systems shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than 30.5 metres above fire appliance access level.

(2) A hose connection shall be provided in each fire fighting access lobby.

Figure 4.39: Wet riser in PPA Pudina.

(Source: Tang, 2018)

Figure 4.40: 3 way wet riser termination on roof. (Source: Tang, 2018)

A wet riser system is a network of pipes which supply water to all levels of a building to aid firefighters during a case of serious fire hazard. The water is supplied from the wet riser tank which is shared among all other wet based systems in the building. The term ‘wet’ refers to the condition of the riser pipes in which it is constantly charged with pressurized water.

Landing valves are installed on every floor which measures 150 mm in diameter and provided with a canvas hose of 30 metres in length and 65 mm in diameter.

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Figure 4.41: Wet riser pump on 13th floor.

(Source: Tang, 2018)

Figure 4.42: Pump starter panel. (Source: Tang, 2018)

The pumps and water tanks utilized by the wet riser system is shared among other wet based systems in PPA Pudina. Its pressure is regulated by a set of duty pump, standby pump and an jockey pump. These pumps are controlled via a pump starter panel and its respective cut-in and cut-out pressure is precisely calibrated at the pressure switch and labelled on a tag. The pressure switch serves to detect a sudden pressure drop and subsequently activate the jockey pump. Wet riser breeching inlet of PPA Pudina are located on the ground floor, and serve as inlets to replenish the water tank. The type of breeching inlet utilized is a four way breeching inlet.

Wet riser

Figure 4.43: Wet riser pump on ground floor. (Source: Tang, 2018)

Figure 4.44: Wet riser on typical floors 2nd - 12th & 14th - 25th. (Source: Tang, 2018)

Breeching inlet

Figure 4.45: Wet riser breeching inlet on ground floor.

(Source: Tang, 2018)

Figure 4.46: Wet riser breeching inlet in ground floor.

(Source: Tang, 2018)

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4.2.2 Non Water-based Systems in PPA Pudina Block H 4.2.2.1 Portable Fire Extinguisher

Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 227: Portable extinguishers.

Portable extinguishers shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and shall be sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation.

Cone-shape horn

Figure 4.47: Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher in PPA Pudina. (Source: Tang, 2018)

Figure 4.48: ABC powder fire extinguisher in PPA Pudina. (Source: Tang, 2018)

Fire extinguisher is a form of active fire protection device, designed to control an initial fire outbreak from escalating to a full scale fire. It consists of a hand-held cylindrical pressure vessel containing an agent which can be discharged to extinguish fire. It is usually located near fire escape staircases or near areas or systems which are prone to fire, and are visible from all direction.

PPA Pudina utilizes a 9kg ABC powder fire extinguisher which is capable of extinguishing fires from class A (solid materials), B (liquid or liquefiable solids), C (gases) and E (electrical equipment). When discharged on fire, the powder will hinder the combustion of fuel from the surrounding oxygen. This type of fire extinguisher can only be found on all residential floors and system rooms of PPA Pudina.

The CO2 fire extinguisher are usually provided in areas where sensitive or critical electronic systems are present such as the lift motor room. These fire extinguishers are best suited for fires from class B and E. They work by removing the oxygen component from the fire triangle while removing heat with an intensely cold discharge.

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ABC powder fire extinguisher Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher

Figure 4.49: Location of fire extinguishers on ground floor. (Source: Tang, 2018)

Figure 4.50: Location of fire extinguishers on typical floors 2nd - 12th & 14th - 25th. (Source: Tang, 2018)

Figure 4.51: Location of fire extinguishers on 13th floor. (Source: Tang, 2018)

Figure 4.52: Location of fire extinguishers on roof level. (Source: Tang, 2018)

The key difference between the ABC powder fire extinguisher and the CO2 fire extinguisher is the large cone-shaped horn which can only be seen fitted on the CO2 fire extinguisher. The cone-shaped horn allows carbon dioxide to exit the vessel at a high speed and expand into a cold mixture of frozen slush and gas when it comes in contact with air.

Fire extinguishers shares similar operating procedures for all types. To operate them, the pin is rotated and the seal is broken. It is then removed and the nozzle is pointed towards the fire hazard from a safe distance of 2 metres. The lever is squeezed to release the agent in the vessel and released to stop the discharge.

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4.2.2.2 FM-200

Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 235: Fixed installations.

Fixed installations shall be either be total flooding system or unit protection system depending upon the nature of hazard process and occupancy as may be required by the Fire Authority.

In certain areas of PPA Pudina, sensitive equipments such as the ventilation control panel are not suitable to utilize typical water based systems as it would cause an electrical shortage or critical damage to these electronic systems. Therefore, in such cases, the building features a cleaning agent suppression system to control and extinguish fires without causing any potential damage to the equipments.

Solenoid

Figure 4.53: FM-200 canisters in ventilation system room. (Source: Tang, 2018)

Figure 4.54: CO2 pilot cylinder with solenoid.

(Source: Tang, 2018)

PPA Pudina uses the FM-200 suppression system in the ventilation system room. The FM-200 canisters contain a fire suppressing agent known as heptafluoropropane which is a compound made of carbon, fluorine and hydrogen. When discharged, it is colourless, odorless, electrically non conductive and suppresses fire by hindering the combustion process and removing heat energy such that the combustion cannot sustain itself.

During an event of initial fire outbreak, the heat detector sends a signal to the FM-200 control panel. The control panel then actuates the CO2 pilot cylinder which subsequently activates the solenoid on the agent tank valve, which releases the agent through a distributed piping and nozzle system.

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Figure 4.55: Fire alarm panel of FM-200 system located outside the block. (Source: Tang, 2018)

FM-200 system FM-200 fire alarm panel

Figure 4.56: Location of FM-200 system and its fire alarm panel on ground floor. (Source: Tang, 2018)

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4.2.3 Fire Detection & Alarm System in PPA Pudina Block H The fire alarm system in PPA Pudina consists of smoke and heat detectors, manual pull stations, fire alarm bell, fireman’s switch and voice communication system. These systems provide audible and visual alarm signals to warn occupants of a fire emergency. Generally, buildings may utilize a intelligent addressable fire alarm system or a standard conventional alarm system. Standard conventional systems utilizes a simple two state detectors, which provides a switch type signal to the control panel. Each zone is wired on a separate circuit such that the source of the alarm can be identified. During fire emergencies, the control panel can only identify the zone of the triggered device, which requires a manual search for the actual cause of alarm. Intelligent addressable systems enable pinpoint accuracy the particular triggered alarm through sensors which are electronically coded with unique identification. This allows the exact location of the fire outbreak to be identified swiftly.

4.2.3.1 Fire Detector

Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 153: Smoke detectors for lift lobbies.

(1) All life lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.

Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 225: Detecting and extinguishing fire.

(1) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and with fire alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to the By-laws.

Figure 4.57: Smoke detector in PPA Pudina. (Source: Tang, 2018)

Figure 4.58: Heat detector in PPA Pudina. (Source: Tang, 2018)

PPA Pudina utilizes both smoke detectors and heat detectors. The photoelectric smoke detector is utilized on all lift lobbies. It is preferred over ionization smoke detectors as it is has highly sensitive to light and smoke. Heat detectors are only used in the ventilation system room.

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Smoke detector Heat detector

Figure 4.59: Location of smoke detector & heat detector on ground floor. (Source: Tang, 2018)

Figure 4.60: Location of smoke detector on typical floors 2nd- 12th & 14th - 25th. (Source: Tang, 2018)

Figure 4.61: Location of smoke detector on 13th floor.

(Source: Tang, 2018)

Figure 4.62: Location of smoke detector on roof level.

(Source: Tang, 2018)

4.2.3.2 Fire Alarm Bell

Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 155: Fire mode of operation.

(1) The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually.

Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 237: Detecting and extinguishing fire.

(1) Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to the By-laws.

(2) All premises and building with gross floor area excluding car park and storage area exceeding 9290 square metres or exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with a two-stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section.

(3) Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of a master control.

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Figure 4.63: Fire alarm bell in PPA Pudina.

(Source: Tang, 2018)

The fire alarm will trigger when a fire detector is tripped off, sending audible warnings to all occupants on that floor. These alarms may also be activated manually via a pull station or call points. PPA Pudina features alarm bells installed above a manual call point occasionally accompanied with fire extinguishers.

4.2.3.3 Manual Call Point

Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 155: Fire mode of operation.

(1) The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually.

Figure 4.64: Fire alarm manual call point in PPA Pudina. (Source: Tang, 2018)

PPA Pudina uses a break glass manual call point which can be initiated by occupants of the building in an event of fire. They are place below fire alarm bells and are easily identified, accessible and operated.

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4.2.3.4 Fire Control Room

Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 238: Command and control centre.

Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with a command and control centre located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address, fire brigade communication, sprinkler, waterflow detectors, fire detection and alarm systems and with a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by-passing the switchboard.

Fire control room

Figure 4.65: Fire control room in PPA Pudina.

(Source: Tang, 2018)

Figure 4.66: Location of fire control room on ground floor. (Source: Tang, 2018)

The fire control room in PPA Pudina is located on the the ground floor next to the lift lobby.

The room contains the building’s fire protection system, lift operation system, surveillance system as well as the emergency communication system.

4.2.3.5 Fire Alarm Panel

Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 155: Fire mode of operation.

(1) The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually.

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Figure 4.67: Fire alarm control panel in PPA Pudina.

(Source: Tang, 2018)

The fire alarm panel manages all fire systems in PPA Pudina. It receives signals from fire detectors, manual call points and fire alarm bells in the building and is able to activate all fire system devices. When a fire alarm is set off, the signal will be transmitted and displayed on the fire alarm panel. This enables the personnel to take action immediately during a fire emergency.

Additionally, a fire mimic diagram is also installed next to the control panel to show the statuses and location of all fire control systems. These system includes the break glass, smoke detector, FM-200 gas system, CO2 gas system* and wet chemical system discharge*.

When tripped, the corresponding indicator of the particular system will light up red on the mimic diagram.

Figure 4.68: Fire mimic diagram of PPA Pudina Block H. (Source: Tang, 2018)

*-

Refers to the systems which have yet to be implemented in PPA Pudina or is still under installation, though listed in the fire mimic diagram. This is due to PPA Pudina being a relatively new building.

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4.2.3.6 Fire Intercom System

Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 239: Voice communication system.

There shall be two separate approved continuously electrically supervised voice communications systems, one a fire brigade communications system and the other a public address system between the central control station and the following areas: (a) lifts, lift lobbies, corridors and staircases; (b) in every office area exceeding 92.9 square metres in area; (c) in each dwelling unit and hotel guest room where the fire brigade system may be combined with the public address system.

Figure 4.69: Fire intercom system in PPA Pudina. (Source: Tang, 2018)

Figure 4.70: Remote telephone handset in PPA Pudina. (Source: Tang, 2018)

The fire intercom system provides a two-way communication between the fire control room and the remote telephone handsets located throughout the building. The remote telephone handsets are located beside the manual call points while the master telephone is located inside the ground floor fire control room. The intercom system is also includes a digital alarm communicator which is connected directly to the local fire department or Jabatan Bomba.

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4.2.3.7 Fireman’s Switch

Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 240: Electrical isolating switch.

(1) Every floor or zone of any floor with a net area exceeding 929 square metres shall be provided with an electrical isolation switch located within a staircase enclosure to permit the disconnection of electrical power supply to the relevant floor or zone served.

(2) The switch shall be of a type similar to the fireman’s switch specified in the Institution of Electrical Engineers Regulation then in force.

Figure 71.: Fireman’s switch located in fire escape staircases on typical floors 1st - 25th . (Source: Tang, 2018)

Figure 4.72: Elevator fireman’s switch.

(Source: Tang, 2018)

A fireman’s switch is a specialized switch designed to be used by firemen during an event of fire. In PPA Pudina, each floor is equipped with a pair of fireman switches in the fire escape staircases. Each switch is intended for normal and essential electrical supply respectively.

This allows firemen to cut off power supply to high voltage systems which may cause further damage under fire.

Additionally, PPA Pudina also features a fireman’s switch which allows firemen to utilize the elevator during an event of fire. Typically, when a fire is detected by the fire alarm system, all elevators within the building will switch into a dual phase system. In phase one, fire detection systems will direct elevators to the fire recall floor (usually the ground floor). Elevators which are travelling away from the fire recall floor will immediately reverse direction and proceed until it reaches the designated location. Once the elevators has reached the designated landing, they are removed from normal service and will not respond to any hall or car calls.

Phase two is activated when the elevator has reached its designated landing and the fire brigade reactivates the elevators using a Firefighter’s Service Keyswitch or toggling the elevator fireman’s switch. This allows firefighters to take exclusive control of the the elevator and proceed with rescue operations.

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4.3 Conclusion Fire safety is a building service consideration that should not be taken lightly. Countless lives are often lost due to poor integration of necessary fire systems within a building and the disregard of mandatory building regulations. Therefore it is of the utmost importance for all buildings despite its size or height to adopt and integrate necessary fire protection systems according to its particular needs and requirements. This is to prevent the unnecessary loss of lives during an event of fire and to instill a standard throughout the industry.

With that said, the active fire protection systems in PPA Pudina includes the hose reel system, wet riser system, portable fire extinguisher and the fire detection and alarm system.

Although PPA Pudina does not feature a fire sprinkler system, it does however, feature a FM-200 fire suppression system in rooms where critical and sensitive equipments are located. As the building is relatively new, fire systems such as the carbon dioxide suppression system and wet chemical discharge systems has yet to be implemented or is in the process of installation.

All in all, assuming all the systems mentioned above are in working order and shall be installed or implemented as planned, PPA Pudina has complied to the regulations set by the UBBL 1984. Despite being a low budget housing programme, the building does feature all necessary features to ensure its occupants safety and well being. This goes to show that, the building’s safety protocols and systems were not compromise while providing an affordable housing solution to less fortunate families.

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5.0 Passive Fire Protection System 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Case Study of PPA Pudina Block H 5.3 Conclusion

5.1 Introduction Passive Fire Protection (PFP) System allows fire to act upon the system itself which only active when fire breaks out. It is an important component of the components of structural fire protection and fire safety in a building. PFP begins at the planning design stage of any construction as it is built into the buildings to ensure protection of occupants and structure even when failure of active fire protection occurs.

5.1.1 Objective of Passive Fire Protection (i) Helps to slow down the spread of fire within building and to another adjacent buildings. (ii) To protect building occupants from fire by providing sufficient time and safe evacuation routes. (iii) To protect building structure from severe total damage within a specific time, to ensure safe fire fighting access. (iv) To minimise building properties total damages.

5.1.2 Category of Passive Fire Protection Passive Fire Protection

Means of Escape

Passive Fire Containment

Fire Fighting Access

Exit Access (Evacuation route)

Compartmentation

Fire Appliances Access

Fire Containment Exits

Fire Fighting Lobby

Fire Escape Plan

Smoke Containment

Emergency Escape Sign

Structural Protection

Fire Fighting Lift

Assembly Point

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5.2 Case Study of PPA Pudina Block H 5.2.1 Purpose Group of PPA Pudina Block H

Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 134 Designation of Purpose Group For the purpose group of this part every building or compartment shall be regarded according to its use or intended use as falling within one of the purpose group sets out in the Fifth Schedule to these By-laws and, where a building is divided into compartments, used or intended to be used for different purposes, the purpose group of each compartment shall be determined separately: Provided that where the whole part of a building or compartment, as the case may be, is used or intended to be used for more than one purpose, only the main purpose of use of that building or compartment shall be taken into account in determining into which purpose group it falls.

According to the Uniform Building By-Laws 1984, Fifth Schedule : Number of Purpose Group

Descriptive Title

Purpose for which Building or Compartment is Intended to be Used

III

Other residential

Accommodation for residential purposes other than any premises comprised in Groups I and II.

Conclusion : PPA Pudina Block H has more than one purpose groups separately which are group III (other residential), group IV (offices) and group V (shop). The ground floor is where retail shops and administrative offices are whereas for the floor above from level 1 to level 25 are all residences. However, according UBBL 1984 requirement listed under Clause 134, only one main purpose of use of the building shall be taken into account, which it is fallen under Group III (other residential).

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5.2.2 Means of Escape in PPA Pudina Block H Means of escape is an obstruction free way to get occupants from any area within the structure to the outside within a safe period of time. Thus, this includes: sufficient escape routes, travel distance, protection of escape routes, the exit and the exit discharge. This is important to be incorporated into building design at the early stage of planning. Furthermore, it is also vital to have exit signages to be displayed to guide the way of the occupants in the case of fire breaks out.

PPA Pudina Block H is a Residential Flat located in Putrajaya. It is a 25 storeys building which includes Level G as the main lobby, control rooms and retail shops. For level 1 to level 25 are the residences floors with 8 units each floor and a roof top area for lift motor room.

Hence, level 13 is a break tank floor.

Break Tank - is a non-pressurised, closed water tank, with an air gap to ensure zero backflow. It interrupts the connection to water source. The purpose of having break tanks are as below : 1.

As a backflow prevention device between main water supply and fire pump suction.

2.

To provide a steady suction pressure to the fire pump hence, preventing pressure fluctuation in city water supply.

3.

To prevent insufficient city water supply when in high demand for fire protection purposes.

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5.2.2.1 Evacuation Route in PPA Pudina Block H

Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 165 Measurement of travel distance to exits.

(1) The travel distance to an exit shall be measured on the floor or other walking surface along the centre line of the natural path of travel, starting 0.300 metre from the most remote point of occupancy, curving around any corners or obstructions with 0.300 metre clearance therefrom and ending at the storey exit. Where measurement includes stairs, it shall be taken in the plane of the trend noising.

Clause 169 Exit Route No exit route may reduce in width along its path of travel from storey exit to the final exit.

According to the Uniform Building By-Laws 1984, Seventh Schedule, the maximum travel distances according to purpose group is:

Limit when alternative exits are available Purpose Group

(1) Dead-End Limit (metre)

(2) Unsprinklered

(3) Sprinklered

10 10 0

30 30 30

45 45 45

III. Other Residential Hotels Flats Dormitories

For PPA Pudina Block H, there is no sprinklered system for the entire building which resulting in a shorter travel distance. The maximum travel distance for PPA Pudina is 30 metres , hence the dead end limit is 10 metres. The following diagrams show the evacuation route in PPA Pudina.

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5.2.2.1 Evacuation Route (Exit Access) in PPA Pudina Block H Ground Floor Plan

Exits

Fire corridor

Emergency staircase

Fire lobby

Evacuation Route

Figure 5.1: Evacuation Route on Ground floor.

Level 2-12, 14-25 Plan

Exits

Fire corridor

Emergency staircase

Fire lobby

Evacuation Route

Figure 5.2: Evacuation Route on level 2-12, 14-25

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5.2.2.1 Evacuation Route (Exit Access) in PPA Pudina Block H Level 13 Plan (Break tank)

Exits

Fire corridor

Emergency staircase

Fire lobby

Evacuation Route

Figure 5.3: Evacuation Route on level 13.

Rooftop Plan (lift motor room)

Fire corridor

Exits

Evacuation Route

Emergency staircase Figure 5.4: Evacuation Route on Rooftop.

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5.2.2.2 Exits There are two types of exit in PPA Pudina Block H, which are horizontal exit and vertical exits which are highlighted as show below in (i) and (ii).

Uniform Buildings By-Laws 1984 Part VII Fire Requirement Clause 166 Exits to be accessible at all times.

(1) Except as permitted by by-laws 167 not less than two separate exits shall be provided from each storey together with such additional exits as may be necessary.

(2) The exits shall be sited and the exit access shall be arranged that the exits are within the limits of travel distance as specified in the Seventh Schedule to these by-laws and are readily accessible at all times.

Exits in PPA Pudina Block H

Figure 5.5: Vertical and horizontal exits on Ground Floor Plan.

Figure 5.6: Vertical and horizontal exits on Level 2-12,14-25 Plan.

Figure 5.7: Vertical and horizontal exits on Level 13 (break tank) Plan.

Figure 5.8: Vertical and horizontal exits on Roof Plan.

Horizontal Exit Vertical Exit 100

(i) Horizontal Exits Horizontal exit is an exit that allows occupants to egress from one side of a building to another side through a fire-resistance-rated assembly, such as a fire wall or fire barrier.The horizontal exit provides an additional layer of fire-resistive protection between the fire source and the occupants to allow them to safely exit through a vertical exit enclosure, or some other exit component.

Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VII Fire Requirement Clause 171 Horizontal exits (1) Where appropriate, horizontal exits may be provided in lieu of other exits.

(2) Where horizontal exits are provided protected staircases and final exits need only be of a width to accommodate the occupancy load of the larger compartment or building discharging into it so long as the total number of exit widths provided is not reduced to less that half that would otherwise be required for the whole building.

Clause 173 Exit doors (1) All exit doors shall be openable from the inside without the use of key or any special knowledge or effort.

(2) Exit doors shall close automatically when released and all door devices including magnetic door holders, shall release the doors upon power failure or actuation of the fire alarm.

Clause 174 Arrangement of storey exits (1) Where two or more storey exits are required they shall be spaced at not less than 5 metres apart measured between the nearest edges of the openings.

(2) Each exit shall give direct access to -(a) a final exit; (b) a protected staircase leading to a final exit; or (c) an external route leading to a final exit.

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Horizontal exits in PPA Pudina Block H has no sprinkler system because it is an open air corridor that leads the occupants’ way to the fire emergency exits such as fire fighting lobby, fire staircases (vertical exits) and assembly point.

Every floor in PPA Pudina has fire corridor that provides access to alternative exits on every floor. The width of horizontal corridor of PPA Pudina is at around 2.50 metres hence, it can cater for high occupancy load during a fire.

Figure 5.9: Horizontal Corridor

Conclusion: The fire corridor of PPA Pudina complies with by-law 171. Fire resistive materials are used to protect the corridor and also to separate the corridor with other compartment to prevent the spread of fire. The corridor is also wide and big enough to accommodate large occupancy load.

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(ii) Vertical Exits (Staircases) Vertical exit is any path of travel such as a stair, ramp, escalator, or fire escape, serving as an exit from the floors above or below thestreet floor. It is an exit component that is separated from other interior spaces of a building or structure by fire-resistance-rated construction and opening protectives, and provides for a protected path of egress travel in a vertical direction to the exit discharge or the public way.This type of exit is very important for PPA Pudina as it is a 25 storeys residential building.

There are total 3 vertical exits in PPA Pudina with two different types of it which are enclosed and natural ventilated staircases and enclosed and pressurised lift lobby, please refer to part (a) and (b).

Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VII Fire Requirement Clause 167 Storey Exits (1) Except as provided for in by-law 194 every compartment shall be provided with at least two storey exits located as far as practical from each other and in no case closer than 4.5 metres and in such position that the travel distances specified in Seventh Schedule to these By-laws are not exceeded.

(2) The width of storey exits shall be in accordance with the provisions in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws.

Clause 168 Staircases (1) Except as provided for in by-law 194 every upper floor shall have means of egress via at least two separate staircase.

(2) Staircases shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not being available for escape purposes that remaining staircases shall accommodate the highest occupancy load of any one floor discharging into it calculated in accordance with provisions in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws.

(3) The required width of a staircase shall be the clear width between walls but handrails may be permitted to encroach on this width to a maximum of 75 millimetres.

(4) The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at landings.

(5) Door giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no point encroach on the required width of the staircase or landing.

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Enclosed and natural ventilated stairwell Enclosed and pressurised lift lobby

Figure 5.10: Location of different types of vertical exits.

Conclusion: Vertical exits of PPA Pudina comply the requirement in by-law 167 and 168.

The placement of storey exits are located no closer than 4.5 metres but within the range stated in the Seventh Schedule which is 30 metres. The travel distance from the furthest accommodation exit to storey exit is at around 7 metres. (a) Enclosed and Natural Ventilated Staircase Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 198 Ventilation of staircase enclosures.

(1) All staircase enclosures shall be ventilated at each floor or landing level by either permanent openings or openable windows to the open air having a free area of not les than 1 square metre per floor.

(2) Openable windows shall meet the operational requirements of the D.G.F.S. Clause 200 Ventilation of staircase enclosures in buildings exceeding 18 metres.

For staircases in buildings exceeding 18 metres above ground level that are not ventilated accordance with by-law 198, two alternative methods of preventing infiltration of smoke into the staircase enclosures may be permitted by providing -(1) Permanent ventilation at the top of the staircase enclosure of not less than 5% of the area of the enclosure and in addition at suitable intervals in the height of the staircase a mechanically ventilated shaft to achieve not less than 20 air changes per hour to be automatically activated by a signal from the fire alarm panel.

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Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Ninth Schedule Part I Wall Construction and materials

Minimum thickness excluding plaster (in mm) for period of fire resistance of Load-bearing

Brick of clay, concrete or sand lime: (b) 12.5mm cement-sand plaster ‌ ‌ ...

Non-loadbearing

4hrs

2hrs

1.5hr

1hr

0.5hr

4hrs

2hrs

1.5hr

1hr

0.5hr

200

100

100

100

100

100

75

75

75

50

In PPA Pudina, the enclosed and natural ventilated staircases can be found at both ends of the middle part of the building. This type of staircase in PPA Pudina used vent blocks as wall at each floor to act as a natural ventilation system for the stairwell.Furthermore, it is located at two ends of the fire fighting shaft that has more air flow. The vent blocks allow the smoke trapped within to egress from the stairwell. The stairwell wall which is non load bearing offers up to 2 hours of fire resistance period. Furthermore, the entrance to the staircase is also fitted with a fire rated door.

Figure 5.11: Enclosed and Natural Ventilated Staircase.

Figure 5.12: Vent block in stairway.

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(b) Enclosed and Pressurised Lift Lobby Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 150 Protected shafts.

(1) No protected shaft shall be constructed for use for any purposes additional to those specified in this part other than for the accommodation of any pipe or duct, or as sanitary accommodation or washrooms, or both.

(2) Subject to provision of this part, any protected shaft shall be completely enclosed.

(3) Any protecting structure which is required to have FRP of one hour or more, and any beam or column forming part of the structure and any structure carrying such protecting structure shall be constructed of non-combustible materials throughout, with the expectation of ant external surface finish which complies with the requirement of by-law 204 relating to wall surfaces.

(4) Any wall, floor or other structure enclosing a protected shaft but not being a protecting structure may contain such openings as shall be in accordance with other provision of these By-laws.

1) There shall be no opening in any protecting structure other than any one or more of the following: (a) an opening for a pipe; (b) an opening fitted with fire-resisting door which complies with the provision of by-law 162; (c) if protected shaft contains a lift, an opening which complies with the provisions of by-law 162; (d) if the protected shaft serves as, or contains a ventilating duct, an inlet to or outlet from or an opening for the duct.

6) Any opening for a pipe shall be effectively fire-stopped.

Figure 5.13: Fire fighting Lift Lobby

Figure 5.14: Ventilation system for lift lobby.

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Dimension and Requirements of Staircases Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VI Construction Requirements Clause 106 Dimension of staircases (1) In any staircase, the rise of any staircase shall be not more than 180mm and the thread shall be not less than 225mm and the dimensions of the rise and tread of the staircase so chosen shall be uniform and consistent throughout.

(2) The width of staircase shall be accordance with by-law 168.

(3) The depth of landings shall be not less than the width of the staircases.

Clause 108 Maximum flights.

(1) In residential buildings, a landings of not less than 1.80 metres in depth shall be provided in staircases at vertical intervals of not more than 4.25 metres and in all other buildings there shall be not more than sixteen risers between each landing.

(2) No part in any flight of any staircase shall have less than two risers.

Dimension of Staircases

Headroom Headroom for emergency escape should be at least 2 metres high.The headroom for PPA Pudina is 3.20 metres.

Exit Stairway

Figure 5.15, Figure 5.16 and Figure 5.17: Showing dimension of staircase, head room and exit stairway of PPA Pudina.

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5.2.2.3 Emergency Exit Signs in PPA Pudina

Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VII Fire Requirement Clause 172 Emergency exit signs (1) Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be obscured by any decorations, furnishings or other equipment.

(2) A sign reading “KELUAR” with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every location where the direction of travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately apparent.

(3) Every exit sign shall have the word “KELUAR” in plainly legible letter not less that 150 millimetres high with the principal strokes of the letter not less that 18 millimetres wide. The lettering shall be in red against a black background.

(4) All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy.

(5) Illuminated signs shall be provided with two electric lamps of not less than fifteen watts each.

(i) “KELUAR” Sign in PPA Pudina The emergency signages act as a guide to direct the way of occupants during a fire. This signage is being placed along the evacuation road and it need to be illuminated all the time.

The signs are also equipped with backup electricity power system or reflective material in case of electricity shortage.

In PPA Pudina, the emergency signages are clearly visible to occupants henc complies with the by-law 172 in UBBL 1984.

Figure 5.18: “KELUAR” Sign.

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(ii) Emergency Lighting in PPA Pudina Emergency lighting illuminates the corridor and gives vision to the occupants during fire. It also provides a safe and efficient evacuation routes. Furthermore, it also brighten the fire equipment and safety equipment like extinguisher, key box that holds the emergency keys to exit.

Figure 5.19: Emergency Lighting.

Figure 5.20: Emergency Lighting.

(iii) Fire Light Indicator in PPA Pudina Fire light indicator basically helps to determine safety of the room. This helps to inform people or fire rescuers about whether it is safe to enter. Red light will light up when smoke or fire is being detected in the room while green light will lit when the room is safe to enter.

Figure 5.21: Fire Light Indicator.

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(iv) Fire Escape Plan Fire escape plan is to be provided for all buildings (except Purpose Group 1) irrespective of height. A fire escape plan is used by the public and occupants in case of a fire as well as for the fire fighters. A good fire escape plan should be clearly visible, with legible lettering and the fire escape route should be clear to the readers. It should clearly show the layout of the floor in the correct building orientation and highlight the escape routes (in relation to viewer’s location), escape corridors and exit staircases should be highlighted using appropriate colours, directional signs and words.

However, in PPA Pudina Block H, there is no fire escape plan found due to incomplete furnishing on the building. There is only structural plan found sticking on the wall beside elevator. Therefore, PPA Pudina should have a fire escape plan on every floor to ensure the safety of the occupants and direct the fire rescue way for fire-fighter.

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5.2.2.4 Assembly Point in PPA Pudina Block H Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VII Fire Requirement Clause 179 Classification of places of assembly.

Each place of assembly shall be classified according to its capacity as follow: Class A -- Capacity …

1000 persons or more Class B -- Capacity …

300 to 1000 persons Class C -- Capacity …

100 to 300 persons Clause 180 Space standards for calculating occupancy loads.

The occupancy load permitted in any place of assembly shall be determined by dividing the net floor area or space to the use by the square metre per occupant as follows: (a) Assembly area of concentrated use without fixed seats such as an auditorium, place of worship, dance floor and lodge room -- 0.65 square metre per person; (b) Assembly area of less concentrated use such as a conference room, dining room, drinking establishment, exhibit room, gymnasium, or lounge -- 1.35 square metres per person; (c) Standing room or waiting space -- 3 square metres per person; (d) The occupancy load of an area having fixed seats shall be determined by the number of fixed seats installed. Required aisle space serving the fixed seat shall not be used to increase the occupant load.

Figure 5.22: Location of assembly point and evacuation road to it.

Conclusion : PPA Pudina is a Class B Capacity which is 300 to 1000 persons according to by-law 179. Assembly point of it is located outside of Block H, in front of Surau. The area of the assembly point is roughly 4000 square metres. According to by-law 180, section (a), it can accommodate all the occupants from the flat.

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5.2.3 Passive Fire Containment in PPA Pudina Block H Fire containment is to confine a fire within the area of origin for a specified time, thereby preventing fire spread and leaving more time for safe evacuation for the building’s occupants.

Specially engineered containment systems are used as enclosures in instances where specific identifiable hazards within a building need to be independently isolated from other parts of the building. Passive fire containment concerns about the nature of the building structure, subdivision and envelop.

5.2.3.1 Compartmentation Fire compartmentation is an important element of ‘passive fire protection’ and is achieved by dividing the premises into ‘fire compartments’ through the use of fire doors, floors and walls of fire-resisting construction, cavity barriers within roof voids and fire stopping to services that penetrate through these dividing elements.

Purposes of compartmentation: ● Prevents the spread of fire, smoke and toxic gases ● Subdivides buildings into manageable areas of risk ● Provides adequate means of escape enabling time for the occupants to safely evacuate the premises.

Fire compartmentation in PPA Pudina is categorised into compartmentation of means of escape and compartmentation of fire risk area. (i) Compartmentation of Means of Escape Compartmentation of means of escape is achieved by fire resistance materials such like fire resistance wall, floors and fire rated door. For fire resistance walls please refer to 4.5.2.2 Exit, part (ii) vertical exit thus for fire rated door, please refer to 4.6.2.1 fire rated door.

Figure 5.23: Location of compartmentation on ground floor.

Figure 5.25: Location of compartmentation on level 13.

Figure 5.24: Location of compartmentation from level 2-12, 14-25.

Figure 5.26: Location of compartmentation on rooftop.

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(ii) Compartmentation of Fire Risk Area Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 139 Separation of fire risk areas.

The following areas or uses shall be separated from the other areas of the occupancy in which they are located by fire resisting construction of elements of structure of a FRP to be determined by the local authority based on the degree of fire hazard : (a) Boiled room and associated fuel storage area; (b) Laundries; (c) Repair shops involving hazardous process and materials; (d) Storage area of materials in quantities deemed hazardous; (e) Liquified petroleum gas storage area; (f) Linen rooms; (g) Transformer rooms and substation; (h) Flammable liquids stores.

High fire risk area is being compartmented only at the ground floor area to minimise the risk of catching a fire. The horizontal corridor separated the mechanical room, telco room and electrical room with the offices and library on the right side of the plan. They are also equipped with CO2 suppression system to put off fire.

Figure 5.27: Location of high risk fire area.

Figure 5.28, Figure 5.29 and Figure 5.30: Showing Telco room, mechanical room and transformer room.

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5.2.3.2 Flame Containment (a) Fire Rated Door A fire door is a door with a fire-resistance rating for closures, used as part of a passive fire protection system to reduce the spread of fire and smoke between separate compartments of a structure and to enable safe evacuation from a building or structure.

Uniform Building By-laws 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 162 Fire doors in compartment wall and separating walls.

(1) Fire doors of the appropriate FRP shall be provided.

(2) Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire door having a FRP in accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in Ninth Schedule to these By-laws (3) Openings in protecting structures shall be protected by fire door having FRP of not less than half the requirement for the surrounding wall specified in Ninth Schedule to these By-laws but in no case less than half an hour.

(4) Openings in partitions enclosing a protected corridor or lobby shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of half-hour.

(5) Fire doors including frames shall be constructed to a specification wguch can be shown to meet the requirements for the relevant FRP when tested in accordance with section 3 of BS 476:1951.

Clause 164 Door closer for fire doors.

(1) All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulic spring operated type in the case of swing doors and of wire rope and weight type in the case of sliding doors.

(2) Double doors with rebated meeting stiles shall be provided with coordinating device to ensure leafs close in proper sequence.

(3) Fire doors may be held open provided the hold open device incorporates a heat actuated device to release the door. Heat actuated devices shall not be permitted on fire doors protecting openings to protected corridors or protected staircases.

Fire rated door is constructed with a combination of different materials like fire rated glass, gypsum (as endothermic fill), steel, timber and aluminium. All parts are required to meet the guidelines of the testing agency which provides the product listing. The door frame includes the fire or smoke seals, door hardware, and the structure that holds the fire door assembly in place. Together, these components form an assembly, typically called a "doorset" which holds a numerical rating, quantified in hours of resistance to a test fire.

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Single Leaf Fire Rated Door Double Leaf Fire Rated Door

Figure 5.31: Location of Single & Double Leaf Fire Rated Door at GF.

(i) Single Leaf Fire Rated Door

(ii) Double Lead Fire Rated Door

SIRIM Certification no.

PC000542

PW000421

Fire Rating

1 hour

1 hour

Brand & Model

MULTEC / PALLITE 60M S/L, WL EN60M 11 S/L

MULTEC / WL60M D/L, WL EN60M D/L

Size Thickness

900mm x 2100mm 50mm

1800mm x 2100mm 50mm

Picture of fire rated doors in PPA Pudina

Figure 5.32: Single Leaf Fire Rated Door.

Figure 5.33: Double Leaf Fire Rated Door.

Fire Rating Lable

Figure 5.34: Single Leaf Fire Rated Door Fire Rating Label.

Figure 5.35: Double Leaf Fire Rated Door Fire Rating Label.

Door closer

Figure 5.36: Single Leaf Fire Rated Door Closer.

Table 5.0: Comparison between Single & Double Leaf Fire Rated Doors.

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Fire Rated Door Components Breakdown

Figure 5.37: Fire Rated Door components breakdown.

Conclusion : Fire rated door in PPA Pudina can resist fire for one hour which is no less the half the requirement of the fire resistance wall. Thus, these fire rated doors have been complied with the by-law 162. All the doors are also fitted with door closers, therefore they also comply with by-law164.

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5.2.3.3 Structural Fire Protection A total fire safety system for any high rise building must include structural integrity during fire as structural failure while occupants are still in buildings can be catastrophic. Elements of structure can only be effective as fire breaks if they have the necessary degree of fire resistance.

(1) Insulation - The ability of an element of structures to resist passage of heat through it by convection.

(2) Integrity - The ability of an element of structure to prevent the passage of flames and hot gases through it.

(3) Stability - The ability of an element of structure to resist collapse as the load bearing function, to continue support its load.

Uniform Building By-laws 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 143 Beam and column.

Any beam or column forming part of , and any structure carrying, and external wall which is required to be constructed of non-combustible materials shall comply with the provisions of paragraph (3) of by-law 142 as non-combustibility.

Clause 147 Construction of separating wall.

(1) Any separating wall, other than a wall separating buildings not divided into compartments within the limits of size indicated by the letter “x� in Part I of the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws, shall be constructed wholly of non-combustible materials, excluding any surface finish to a wall which complies with the requirements of these By-laws and the required FRP for the wall shall be obtained without assistance from such non-combustible material.

(2) Any beam or column forming part of, and any structure carrying, a separating wall which is required to be constructed of non-combustible materials shall itself comply with the requirements of paragraph (I) as to non-combustibility.

Clause 217 Fire resistance of structural member.

Any structural member or overloading wall shall have fire resistance of not less than minimum period required by these By-laws for any element which it carries.

Clause 224 Fire resistance for any element of structure.

Any element of structure shall be deemed to have the requisite fire resistance if -(a) It is constructed in accordance with the specifications given in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws and the notional period of fire resistance given in that Schedule as being appropriate to that type of construction and other relevant factors is not less than the requisite fire resistance; or (b) A similar part made to the specification as the element is proved to have requisite fire resistance under the condition of test prescribed in foregoing By-laws.

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5.2.3.3 Structural Fire Protection Reinforced Concrete Column and Beams and Non-load bearing Masonry Wall PPA Pudina is a structure supported by reinforced concrete columns and beams. Then entire structure is being enclosed by non-loadbearing masonry brick wall. Fire resistance of concrete and masonry brick is high as they can withstand very high temperature without changing the structure’s shape. The column and beams also possess the criteria of structural fire protection stated above - it acts as insulator to prevent excessive heat on unexposed surface.

Figure 5.38: Reinforced Concrete Columns

Figure 5.39: Non-Loadbearing wall

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5.2.4 Fire Fighting Access Fire fighting access is an unobstructed way that provides access to fire fighting truck, firefighter and fire fighting equipment. This will ensure efficient fire fighting operation to be carried out. Access to different floor will also need to be provided.

Uniform Building By-laws 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 229 Means of access and fire fighting in building over 18.3 metres high.

(1) Buildings in which the topmost floor is more than 18.3 metres above fire appliance access level shall be provided with means of gaining access and fighting fire from within the building consisting of fire fighting access lobbies, fire fighting staircases, fire lifts and dry or wet rising system.

(2) Fire fighting access shall be provided at every floor level and shall be so located that the level distances from the furthermost point of the floor does not exceed 45.75m.

(3) Fire fighting access lobbies may be omitted if the fire fighting staircase is pressurised to meet the requirements of by-law 200 and all the fire fighting installations within the pressurised staircase enclosure do not intrude into the clear space required for means of egress.

(4) A fire fighting staircase shall be provided to give direct access to each fire fighting access lobby and shall be directly accessible from outside the building at fire appliances access level. This may be one of the staircase required as a means of egress from the building.

(5) A fire lift shall be provided to give access to each fire fighting access lobby or in the absences of a lobby to the fire fighting staircase at each floor level.

(6) The fire lift shall discharge directly into the fire fighting access lobby, fire fighting staircase or shall be connected to it by a protected corridor.

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5.2.4.1 Fire Engine Access Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VII Fire Requirement Clause 140 Fire appliances access.

All buildings in excess of 7000 cubic metres shall abut upon a street or road or open space of not less than 12 metres width and accessible to fire brigade appliances. The proportion of the building abutting the street, road or open spaces shall be in accordance with the following scale:

Volume of building in cubic metre

Minimum proportion of perimeter of building

7000 - 28000

one-sixth

28000 - 56000

one-fourth

56000 - 84000

one-half

84000 - 112000

three-fourths

112000 and above

Island site

Fire Fighting Access in PPA Pudina

Figure 5.40: Fire Fighting Access.

Conclusion : The size of PPA Pudina is approximately at 96300 cubic metres where it shall have three fourths of its own perimetre for fire fighting appliances to access. Hence, the road for fire fighting access should be not less than 12m in order for fire truck to make U-Turn and ambulance to pass through at the same time. PPA Pudina has met the requirement of by-law 140 with 12.5 metres wide road for fire appliances access.

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5.2.4.2 Fire Fighting Shaft A fire fighting shaft provides fire rescue service with a safe area from which to undertake firefighting operations. In PPA Pudina, the firefighting shaft links all necessary floors of a building, providing at least 2 hours fire resistance to protect fire rescuers and are connected to fresh air. Firefighting shaft includes firefighting lobby, firefighting staircases and firefighting lifts. (i) Fire-fighting Access Lobby

Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 242 Fire fighting access lobbies.

Fire fighting access lobbies shall conform to the following requirements: (a) Each lobby shall have a floor area of not less that 5.57 square metres; and (b) The openable area of windows or area of permanent ventilation shall not less that 25% of the floor area of the lobby and, if ventilation is by means of openable windows, additional permanent ventilation having a free opening of 464 square centimetres shall be provided except that mechanical; pressurisation may be provided as an alternative.

Figure 5.41: Location of fire fighting access lobbies.

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Within the fire fighting shaft in PPA Pudina, fire-fighting access lobby can be found to provide access for fire rescuers from fire fighting lift to accommodation area. It is an enclosed area with a permanent ventilation system to allow fresh air to enter. Furthermore, fire lobby in PPA Pudina is also pressurised to prevent ingress of smoke during a fire

Figure 5.42: Fire Fighting Lift Lobby.

Figure 5.43: Diffuser.

(ii) Fire-fighting Lift (bomba lifts) This type of lift allows fire fighter to use in order to rescue occupants in building that is 18.5m and above. Normal lift is unable to be used during a fire however, fire fighting lift is specially designed to have extra fire protection.

(iii) Fire-fighting Staircases Fire fighting staircase is a protected stairways that provide access for fire fighters during a fire. In PPA Pudina, the fire fighting staircase give access to the topmost floor of the building hence providing access to every floor of the building.

Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 243 Fire lifts.

(1) In a building where the top occupied floor is over 18.5 metres above fire appliances access level fire lifts shall be provided.

(3) The fire lifts shall be located within a separated protected shaft if it opens into a separated lobby.

(4) Fire lifts shall be provided as the rate of one lift in every group of lifts which discharge into the same protected enclosure or smoke lobby containing the rising mai, provided that the fire lifts are located not more than 61 metres travel distance from the furthermost point of the floor.

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Figure 5.44: Location of fire fighting access.

Figure 5.45: Fire Fighting Lift.

Figure 5.46: Fire Staircase.

Conclusion : Overall fire fighting access in PPA Pudina meets the requirements in UBBL 1984 by-law 140, 229, 242 and 243. The building has exceeded 18.5 metres, therefore fire fighting lift is provided to aid in the fire rescue operation.

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5.3 CONCLUSION Passive fire protection is a crucial part of the building as it prevents unpredicted accident to occur. It ensures a safe environment for the occupants to live in. From the research above, it is clear that PPA Pudina provides solutions towards safety problems for the occupants except for the fire escape plan part. Furthermore, they also provide efficient path for fire-fighters to carry out rescue operations.

Fire resistance materials are also taken into considerations to protect the structure itself and the occupants. This prevents the rapid spread of fire and maintain the structural integrity and stability hence minimising the damage on structure and lost.

In conclusion, the passive fire protection basically meets all the requirements that are stated in UBBL 1984 by-laws and provides a safe evacuation routes to occupants.

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6.0 Mechanical Transportation System 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Lift 6.3 Escalator 6.4 Travelator 6.5 Case Study of PPU Pudina Block H 6.6 Conclusion

6.1 Introduction Mechanical transportation system is a fundamental component of a building. The system comprises transport devices to move passengers and freight vertically or horizontally by mechanical means. Besides accelerating people’s movement, it increases productivity and efficiency of the users.

Common types of mechanical transportation include: (1) Lifts or elevators; (2) Escalators; (3) Travelators.

6.2 Lift A lift, also known as elevator, is a car that moves in a vertical shaft to carry people and goods between the levels of a multistory building. Lifts are generally powered by electric motors that either pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston like a jack, or drive traction cables and counterweight systems like a hoist. Additionally, a lift is required in buildings less than 4 storeys to provide access for the disabled and elderly.

Several factors are to be considered before the installation of a lift: (1) Type of lift; (2) Speed of lift; (3) Quantity of lift; (4) Arrangement of lift.

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6.2.1 Types of Lift Lifts are categorized according to their drive system. Two common types of lift are the electric lift as well as the hydraulic lift. The electric lift can be further subcategorized into the traction lift with machine room, and the machine-room-less (MRL) traction lift. Other types of lift include the pneumatic lift and winding drum lift.

6.2.1.1 Electric Lift Traction Lift Traction lifts function with the help of a rope which passes over a wheel. This wheel is attached to an electric motor, that is located in a machine room above the lift shaft. When the motor is powered, the wheel is set in motion, pulling the rope and in turn lifting the lift car to the desired floors ("Different Types of Elevators", 2018). A counterweight is used to reduce the motor load, increasing the efficiency of the lift.

This type of lift is commonly used in mid and high rise buildings, as it can reach higher travel speeds than most other types of lift. Traction lifts are further divided into three types, namely geared traction lift, gearless traction lift and machine-room-less (MRL) lift.

Figure 6.0: Traction lift with machine room section.

(Source: “Gearless Traction Elevator Diagram”, n.d.)

Figure 6.1: MRL lift section.

(Source: “MRL Elevator”, n.d.)

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Coated-steel belts

Figure 6.2: Gearless traction lift.

(Source: “Gearless Traction Elevators”, 2015, November)

Figure 6.3: Gearless traction lift.

(Source: “Geared Traction Lift”, 2018)

Figure 6.4: MRL lift.

(Source: “mrl elevator”, 2018)

Geared Traction Lift In geared traction lifts, a gearbox is found attached to the motor, which drives the wheel and thus, moves the ropes. They are able to travel at speeds of 152m per minute, with a maximum travel distance of around 76m. In terms of maintenance and energy, a geared traction elevator is considered average compared to other designs.

Gearless Traction Lift The wheel is attached directly onto the motor in this type of lift. Gearless traction lifts are capable of travel speeds up to 610m per minute. This makes them the ideal choice for high-rise buildings as they have a maximum travel distance of around 610m. With a high initial cost, gearless traction lifts operate much more efficiently than other designs which make them a brilliant investment.

MRL Lift MRL lifts are traction lifts that do not require a machine room above the lift shaft. Their traction machines and controllers have been made compact. The machine sits in the override space and is accessed from the top of the lift cab when maintenance or repairs are required.

The control boxes are located in a control room that is adjacent to the lift shaft on the highest landing and within around 45m of the machine. MRL lifts can travel at speeds up to 152m per minute and are able to travel a maximum distance of around 76m. They are mostly seen in low to mid-rise applications. Additionally, they have relatively low energy consumption compared to geared lifts.

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6.2.1.2 Hydraulic Lift

Figure 6.5: Hydraulic lift section.

(Source: “Hydraulic Elevator”, n.d.)

Figure 6.6: Hydraulic lift.

(Source: “Hydraulic Lift”, 2018)

Hydraulic lifts are lifts which are powered by a piston at the bottom of the lift that travels inside a cylinder. An electric motor pumps oil or another hydraulic fluid into the cylinder to move the piston. The piston smoothly lifts the elevator cab. Electrical valves control the release of the fluid for a gentle descent. The machine room is located at the lowest level adjacent to the lift shaft.

These lifts are used in low-rise buildings of 2 to 8 storeys. They can travel at a maximum speed of 61m per minute and are suitable for goods lifting, lifts in hospitals as well as old folks’ home. Hydraulic lifts have a low initial cost and their ongoing maintenance costs are lower compared to the other lift types. However, they use more energy than other types of lifts because the electric motor works against gravity as it forces hydraulic fluid into the piston. A major drawback is that the hydraulic fluid can sometimes leak, which can cause a serious environmental hazard.

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6.2.1.3 Pneumatic Lift

Figure 6.7: Pneumatic lift section.

(Source: “Pneumatic Lift Schematic”, n.d.)

Figure 6.8: Pneumatic lift.

(Source: “Personal Pneumatic Elevator”, n.d.)

Pneumatic lifts are designed for residential buildings and are built to reach a maximum height of 4 storeys. They are self-contained with a hoist and do not require a machine room to operate. By using a vacuum pump to generate areas of higher and lower atmospheric pressure within the cylinder hoist way, the lift smoothly moves between floors while using much less energy than other home elevators. Load capacity is limited and restricted to several people at a time. However, without a machine room needed, installation can be completed in as little as 2 to 3 days.

6.2.1.4 Climbing Lift

Figure 6.9: Climbing lift components.

(Source: “How climbing elevators operate”, n.d.)

Figure 6.10: Climbing lift.

(Source: “Climbing Elevator”, n.d.)

A climbing lift is a self-ascending lift with its own propulsion. The propulsion can be done by an electric or a combustion engine. Climbing lifts are often used in work and construction areas. They are used in guyed masts or towers, in order to make easy access to parts of these constructions, such as flight safety lamps for maintenance.

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6.2.2 Speed of Lift Speeds of lifts are determined based on their types or functions, as shown in the table below.

Types of Lift

Car Speed (m/s)

Passenger - up to 4 floors 4 to 9 floors 9 to 15 floors over 15 floors paternoster

0.3 - 0.8 0.8 - 2.0 2.0 - 5.0 5.0 - 7.0 Up to 0.4

Goods, to any height

0.2 - 1.0

Hydraulic, passenger or goods (maximum 4 to 5 floors)

0.1 - 1.0

Table 6.0: Types of lift and corresponding car speeds .

6.2.3 Quantity of Lift There are several factors which determine the number of lifts in a building: (1) Population of the building; (2) Type of building occupancy; (3) Number of floors and height; (4) Initial cost; (5) Maintenance cost.

Population of the Building The average population of a building can be estimated by allocating a floor space of 2 9.5m to 11.25m2 of the building’s total floor area to one person.

Type of Building Occupancy Bed lifts are required in hospitals where they are commonly located close to the operating theatres. Furthermore, less lifts are needed in residential buildings compared to commercial buildings.

Number of Floors and Height As the number of floors increases, the number of lifts required increases.

Initial Cost As the number of lifts increase, installation cost and capital cost increase as well.

Maintenance Cost As more lifts are installed, the maintenance cost becomes higher.

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6.2.4 Arrangement of Lift Lifts should be positioned at locations which provide easy access for all building users, such as the central entrance lobby of hotels, apartments or offices. According to the minimum standard of service, one lift for every 4 storeys and with a maximum walking distance of 45m to the lift lobby.

Besides that, a lift lobby ought to be spacious enough to allow traffic to move in 2 directions.

It must be possible to see all elevators from anywhere in the hall. Constructions with pillars in the elevator hall, and layouts with recessed elevator car entrances should be avoided.

When a number of lifts are needed, it is recommended to group them together as it is important for user convenience. Lift grouping can reduce waiting time and cost of installation.

Figure 6.11: Examples of lift layout.

(Source: “Elevator layout�, 2018)

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6.3 Escalator An escalator is a type of vertical transportation in the form of a moving staircase which transports people between floors in a building. Escalators are capable of moving large numbers of people. They are fast and efficient where no waiting time is required except during peak times. They can also be reversible to accommodate heavy flow of traffic.

Nonfunctional escalators can function as normal staircases. Additionally, they may be weatherproofed for outdoor use.

Escalators should be located at places easily seen. The carrying capacity of an escalator depends on its speed, which varies between 0.45m/s to 0.7m/s. Besides that, the width of the tread, varying between 600mm to 1200mm, also affects the carrying capacity of escalators.

6.3.1 Components of Escalator An escalator consists of a motor-driven chain of individually linked steps on a track which cycle on a pair of tracks which keep them horizontal.

Figure 6.12: Components in an escalator.

(Source: “Standard Type Escalator�, n.d.)

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6.3.2 Arrangement of Escalator Single Unit The single unit used to link 2 levels. It is suitable for buildings with passenger traffic flowing mainly in one direction. Flexible adjustment to traffic flow is possible.

Figure 6.13: Single unit.

(Source: “Arrangement Plan”, 2018)

Continuous Arrangement (One-way Traffic) This arrangement is used mainly in smaller department stores to link 3 sales levels. It requires more space than the interrupted arrangement.

Figure 6.14: Continuous arrangement.

(Source: “Arrangement Plan”, 2018)

Interrupted Arrangement (One-way Traffic) This arrangement is somewhat inconvenient for users, but advantageous for department store owners, since the short detour to the next unit and spatial separation between up and down travel is ideal for leading customers past strategically placed advertising displays.

Figure 6.15: Interrupted arrangement.

(Source: “Arrangement Plan”, 2018)

Parallel, Interrupted Arrangement (Two-way Traffic) This arrangement is used mainly in department stores and public transport buildings with heavy traffic volume. When there are 3 or more escalators, it should be possible to reverse the travelling direction according to the traffic flow.

This arrangement is economical, since no inner lateral claddings are required.

Figure 6.16: Parallel, interrupted arrangement.

(Source: “Arrangement Plan”, 2018)

Crisscross, Continuous Arrangement (Two-way Traffic) This arrangement is used mainly in major department stores, public buildings and public transport buildings where transport time between several levels should be kept to a minimum.

Figure 6.17: Crisscross, continuous arrangement.

(Source: “Arrangement Plan”, 2018)

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6.4 Travelator

Figure 6.18: Travelators in pair.

(Source: “New facility”, 2018)

A travelator is a slow-moving conveyor mechanism that transports people across a horizontal or inclined plane over a short to medium distance. Travelators can be inclined up to 15°.

They can be used by standing or walking on them. Furthermore, they are typically installed in pairs to keep opposite flows of people all moving their designated direction. They travel at speeds of about 0.6 to 1.33m/s and their width varies from 0.6m to 1.0m. They are often used at air terminals, railway stations and shopping malls.

Travelators may be a pallet-type similar in appearance to escalator steps that have metal or rubber grip surfaces, or a moving belt type, which have rubber or mesh metal walking surfaces that move over metal rollers, and feel more flexible underfoot. The walkways are also equipped with moving safety handrails. As the walkway ends, the surface disappears into end comb-plates.

Figure 6.19: Components in a travelator.

(Source: “Travelator”, 2016)

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6.5 Case Study of PPA Pudina Block H Total 3 lifts are provided in PPA Pudina for the occupants of the building. As PPA Pudina is a 26-storey building, gearless traction lifts which are ideal for high rise applications are used.

Shown below is the overview of the lifts: Type: Gearless Traction Lift Use: Passenger Lift Brand: Otis Rated Capacity: 20 persons, 1365kg Rated Speed: 0.76 – 2.54 m/s

Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VI Constructional Requirements Clause 124: Lifts For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at least one lift shall be provided.

MS 1184: 2014 Clause 15: Lifts 15.1 General Comments All accessible levels of a building shall be accessible with ramps or lifts. Lifts are preferable, and shall be accessible for all people, including people with disabilities. At least one lift car, adjacent to a building entrance that is accessible for disabled persons, shall be designed as a lift for wheelchair users.

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6.5.1 Location of Lift in PPA Pudina Block H

Figure 6.20: Lift lobby at ground floor.

(Source: Poh, 2018)

There are 2 normal lifts and 1 fire lift in PPA Pudina. In the lift lobby, the normal lifts are arranged side by side whereas the fire lift is situated opposite one of the normal lifts.

The lift lobby is located at the centre of the building, providing easy access for users coming from different entrances. A control room is situated next to the lift lobby at ground floor. The condition of the lifts are constantly being monitored.

Figure 6.23: Exterior of control room.

(Source: Poh, 2018)

Figure 6.21: Normal lifts in lift lobby.

(Source: Poh, 2018)

Entrances

Fire lift Normal lift Control room

Entrances

Figure 6.22: Plan of ground floor indicating location of lifts.

(Source: Ng, 2018)

Figure 6.24: Supervisor lift panel in control room.

(Source: Poh, 2018)

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Figure 6.25: Plan of Levels 2-12 & 14-25 indicating location of lifts.

(Source: Ng, 2018)

Figure 6.26: Plan of Level 13 indicating location of lifts.

(Source: Ng, 2018)

6.5.2 Components of Lift in PPA Pudina Block H

Figure 6.27: Gearless traction lift. (Source: Poh, 2018)

PPA Pudina utilizes a gearless traction lift. In order to ensure a smooth ride for the occupants, the elevator is fitted with various components and parts in its mechanical system

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6.5.2.1 Machine Room

Figure 6.28: Lift machine room plan.

(Source: Ng, 2018)

Figure 6.29: Exterior of lift machine room.

(Source: Poh, 2018)

Figure 6.30: Components in lift machine room.

(Source: Poh, 2018)

A lift machine room, also known as a lift motor room, is a room that houses the machinery and electric controls that operate a lift. As the lifts in PPA Pudina are traction lifts, the lift machine room is located above the hoistway of the lifts that is served by the equipment, which is on the rooftop of the building. This design minimizes the length of rope and optimizes the efficiency, ensuring that floor to floor flight times are quicker.

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(a) Gearless Machine

Wheel

Motor

Bed plate

Figure 6.31: Side view 1 of gearless machine.

(Source: Poh, 2018)

Figure 6.32: Side view 2 of gearless machine.

(Source: Poh, 2018)

In the gearless traction machine, the drive sheave that moves the ropes is attached directly to the motor. For safety purposes, the drive sheave and the brake drum are enclosed in the yellow metal frame.

Lift hoist ropes are looped around the sheave and the rope ends are attached to the lift car.

A sheave is a pulley with grooves around the circumference. The sheave grips the hoist ropes, thus when the sheave rotates, the ropes move.

The sheave is connected to an electric motor.

When the motor turns one way, the sheave raises the lift; when the motor turns the other way, the sheave lowers the lift.

Figure 6.33: Components of gearless traction machine.

(Source: “Gearless Traction Elevator�, 2015)

This type of lift is more efficient and quiet in operation. It also requires less maintenance than geared traction lifts.

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(b) Overspeed governor

Figure 6.34: Overspeed governor.

(Source: Poh, 2018)

Figure 6.35: Operation instruction for overspeed governor resetting.

(Source: Poh, 2018)

An overspeed governor is a lift device which acts as a stop device in case the lift runs beyond the rated speed. The installation of this component is compulsory in the traction lifts. If a lift over speeds then the governor sheave accelerates as the car accelerates. This continues until a preset speed limit is reached and a speed sensing device is tripped. The safety jaws are activated to grip the guide rails. Friction between the safety jaws and the guide rails slow the car to a halt.

(c) Handwheel

Figure 6.36: Handwheel on the wall.

(Source: Poh, 2018)

A handwheel is used to move a lift manually by turning it clockwise or counter clockwise. In cases of emergency where there is a lift breakdown and no electric power, the maintenance personnel can manually make the lift ascend or descend to reach a landing by turning the handwheel. Hence, trapped passengers can then be released.

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(d) Control Panel

Figure 6.37: Lift controller.

(Source: Poh, 2018)

Figure 6.38: Lift switchboard.

(Source: Poh, 2018)

There are 3 controllers in the lift machine room, one for each lift. Relay based controllers are used in operating the lifts and all the lifts are automatic controlled. Relay-controllers have an advantage over microprocessor based systems as they are unsusceptible to failures due to hardware crash or programming error. Hence, they are permanently fail safe.

Relay-controllers are also long lasting, lowering the chances where replacement is needed.

However, one of the drawbacks is the controllers occupy space as they are relatively big.

They also have high power consumption and require regular maintenance.

A lift switchboard is installed on the wall beside the entrance of the room. It is used to control the operations of the 3 lifts in the building.

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6.5.2.2 Lift Shaft

Figure 6.39: Typical lift shaft.

(Source: “Lift shaft”, n.d.)

A lift shaft is a vertical passage in a building to permit the movement of a lift from floor to floor. Several components such as guide rails, suspension ropes and counterweights are located within the shaft.

(a) Hoisting Ropes

Figure 6.40: Lift controller.

(Source: Poh, 2018)

Hoisting ropes are designed to support and move the car and counterweight. High-strength hoist ropes are necessary in today’s high-rise lifts due to increased car speeds. They are used to raise or lowered the car instead of pushing it. The are extended into the lift machine room which it then loops around the motor’s traction sheave and back down to the counterweights. The elevator system in PPA Pudina utilizes a single loop system where the ropes are travel around the traction sheave and back to the counterweights.

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(b) Guide Rails

Guide rails

Figure 6.41: Guide rails.

(Source: “Elevator guide rail”, n.d.)

Figure 6.42: Guide rails in lift shaft.

(Source: “Guide rails”, n.d.)

The elevator car requires a set of guide rails to prevent the car from swaying with travelling up or down the shaft. It also functions with the safety mechanism of the lift whereby, during an emergency or freefall the lift brakes activate stops the car from falling.

(c) Landing Door

Figure 6.43: Landing door at ground floor of PPU Pudina.

(Source: “Poh”, 2018)

The lifts in PPA Pudina utilizes the typical two panel, centre-opening doors. The landing door refers to the set of hoist doors which can be seen from the outside of an elevator on each floor. These doors are operated by electrical motors or manually during an emergency. They are also fitted with a motion sensing device which prevents the doors from closing when there is a occupant between them. The hoist door is opened by a clutch mechanism of the lift car door. Therefore, hoist doors will only open when there is a lift car on the specific floor.

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(d) Counterweight

Figure 6.44: Counterweight in lift plan.

(Source: “Traction Elevator”, n.d.)

Figure 6.45: Counterweight in lift section.

(Source: “Traction elevator”, n.d.)

Top part

Rope attachment Lubricator

The counter weight is located in the hoist that is suspended on cables. It travels on a separate rail system in the elevator shaft and serves to conserve energy by balancing the load on each side of the sheave.

Sliding guide

Vertical profile

Locking angle

Therefore, only a minimal amount of energy is required to move the lift car and counterweight either way; hence reducing the total power consumed.

Filler weights Bottom part

Sliding guide Buffer plate

Figure 6.46: Components of counterweight.

(Source: “Elevator counterweight”, n.d.)

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(e) Compensation Ropes

Compensation rope

Figure 6.47: Compensation ropes in lift shaft.

(Source: “alleviator operation”, n.d.)

These are used in conjunction with hoist ropes, suspended from below the car and below the counterweight. A compensating rope is used to counterbalance the weight of the hoist ropes.

This creates an equal distribution of the load on the drive sheave and motor, regardless of the car's position in the hoistway. One end of the compensating rope attaches to the bottom of the sling while the other attaches to the bottom of the counterweight frame.

(f) Travelling Cable

Travelling cable

Figure 6.48: Travelling cable in lift shaft.

(Source: “Travelling Cable”, n.d.)

Travelling cable (either flat type or circular-liked type) is a cable that is used for power transmission to the lift car, and communication between the controller, and the lift car. The cable is usually if not always black, and hangs from the car.

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(g) Car Buffer

Figure 6.49: Car buffer in lift shaft.

(Source: “Car Buffer�, n.d.)

A buffer is a device designed to stop a descending car or counterweight beyond its normal limit and to soften the force with which the lift runs into the pit during an emergency. They may be of polyurethane or oil type in respect of the rated speed.

Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 152: Openings in lift shafts.

(1) Every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance shall open into a protected lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening to the satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These requirements shall not apply to open type industrial and other special building as may be approved by the D.G.F.S (2) Landing doors shall have a FRP of not less than half the FRP of the hoistway structure with a minimum FRP of half hour.

(3) No glass shall be used for in landing doors except for vision in which case any vision panel shall or be glazed with wired safety glass, and shall not be more than 0.0161 square metre and the total area of one of more vision panels in any landing door shall be not more than 0.0156 square metre.

(4) Each clear panel opening shall reject a sphere 150 millimetres in diameter.

(5) Provision shall be made for the opening of all landing doors by means of an emergency key irrespective of the position of the lift car.

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6.5.2.3 Lift Car (Exterior)

Figure 6.50: Components of lift car exterior.

(Source: “Basic Elevator Components”, n.d.)

A lift car is an encapsulated space which travels inside an elevator shaft or hoist way. The car consists of several components such as the car frame, travelling cable, compensation chain, maintenance balustrade and many more.

(a) Car Frame

Figure 6.51: Car frame of lift.

(Source: “Elevator Car Frame”, n.d.)

A car frame functions to keep all side, up and bottom panels intact as well as maintaining overall structure integrity of the lift car.

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(b) Car Sling

Figure 6.52: Car sling of lift.

(Source: “Car sling”, n.d.)

The car sling is a framework which encapsulates the car. The width and height of the sling depends of the corresponding car’s height and width of platform. It also serves to isolate vibrations caused during movement.

(c) Maintenance Balustrade

Figure 6.53: Maintenance balustrade on roof of lift.

(Source: “Elevator Car Frame”, n.d.)

The maintenance balustrade functions as the name suggests; to serve as a guardrail to prevent workers from falling off during maintenance on top of the lift car roof.

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6.5.2.4 Lift Car (Interior) (a) Car Wall

Figure 6.54: Steel car wall in PPA Pudina.

(Source: Poh, 2018)

The enclosure of the interior of the lifts in PPA Pudina is fully sealed except for the openings of the car door, ventilation apertures and emergency trap door. The walls of the lift car are made of steel which is typically seen in our country.

(b) Car Ceiling

Figure 6.55: Ceiling of elevator car in PPA Pudina.

(Source: “Elevator Car Frame�, n.d.)

The car ceiling of PPA Pudina is made of steel, which is similar to the car walls. In the centre part of the ceiling, a flat panel for lighting is installed. The ventilation fans and escape hatch are hidden from sight by the panel above. However, the car remains well ventilated.

Additionally, the lift cars in the building are well-lighted as white lighting is provided from the car ceiling.

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(c) Car Controls All buttons of the control panels in the car will display a blue light when pressed indicating the selected floor and destination of the lift. The buttons are also fitted with Braille to allow the visually impaired to operated the lift safely.

Braille numbers

Floor request buttons

Lift weight limit

Open or close door buttons Figure 6.56: Lift car control panel of PPA Pudina.

(Source: “Elevator Car Frame”, n.d.)

Emergency bell button Figure 6.57: Weight limit & emergency bell of lift car in PPA Pudina.

(Source: “Elevator Car Frame”, n.d.)

Open or Close Door Button Activates the opening or closing of lift doors.

Emergency Bell Button During an emergency, occupants can press the button to alert the command centre.

Floor Request Button Allows the occupants to choose the desired floor that the elevator will travel to.

Overload Warning Sends a audible signal to occupants in the overloaded car that it has exceed the weight limit and subsequently ceases to function.

Automatic Emergency Rescue Device During a sudden power failure, and if the elevation has yet to reach its destination, the AERD system will activate and send the car to the nearest floor and open the doors.

Intercom System Allows the occupants to communicate with the personnel in the command centre.

Fire Alarm Home Landing When the fire detection system has been activated, all elevators will be overridden to phase one system which sends the car to predetermined fire recall floor.

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6.5.3 Safety Features of Lift in PPA Pudina Block H Safety features in lifts are vital to ensure the safety of users and to minimise the chances of accidents.

(a) Apron

Figure 6.58: Car apron.

(Source: “Two Part Telescopic Car Apron/ Toe Guard”, n.d.)

Figure 6.59: Apron shown in car components.

(Source: “Electrical-knowhow”, n.d.)

Apron or platform guard is a safety device used to prevent evacuated passengers from falling back into the hoistway upon if the door is opened when the car is not at the landing. It is located at the entrance side, made of metal not less than 1.5mm thick, or made of material of equivalent strength and stiffness, reinforced and braced to the car platform.

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(b) Safety Door Edge

Figure 6.60: Safety door edge.

(Source: “mitsubishielectric”,2017)

Sensitive door edges with infrared sensors help to detect passengers or objects when the lift door closes.

(c) Safety Gear

Figure 6.61: Progressive safety gear.

(Source: “Electrical-knowhow”, n.d.)

Safety gear is a mechanical device for stopping the car or counterweight by gripping the guide rails in the event of car speed attaining a predetermined value in a downward direction of travel. Safety gears are mounted in the lower part of car sling and operated simultaneously by a linkage mechanism that actuated by overspeed governor.

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6.5.4 Operating System of Lift in PPA Pudina Block H

Figure 6.62: Inputs and outputs of lift operating system.

(Source: “Electrical-knowhow�, n.d.)

Lift Operating System is a system responsible for coordinating all aspects of lift service including travel, speed, and accelerating, decelerating, door opening speed and delay, leveling and hall lantern signals. It accepts inputs such as button signals and produces outputs such as lift cars moving, doors opening, etc.

The objectives of the lift operating system are: (1) To bring the lift car to the correct floor; (2) To minimize travel time; (3) To maximize passenger comfort by providing a smooth ride; (4) To accelerate, decelerate and travel within safe speed limits.

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6.6 Conclusion

In a nutshell, there are 3 gearless traction lifts in PPA Pudina. Due to the building’s function as a residential building, escalators are not provided.

Based on the case study above, the lifts in PPA Pudina have a well planned arrangement in terms of user accessibility. The lifts also fulfill the requirements of UBBL 1984 regulations.

Therefore, PPA Pudina has successfully provided means of mechanical transportation for the ease of access throughout floors.

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7.0 References

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