Building Construction 2 - Temporary Bus Shelter

SKELETON CONSTRUCTION

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION II

TUTOR : MR RIZAL

TANG SOON FOO NG SI JING ONG YI TENG POH JIA YEN VIVIEN NG SU-QI

0330958 0326474 0326486 0331197 0326476

CONTENT 01. INTRODUCTION

07. DESIGN ANALYSIS

02. DESIGN CONSIDERATION

08. LOAD TEST

03. DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

09. RENDERING

04. ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING

10. CONCLUSION

05. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

11. REFERENCES

06. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

01.

INTRODUCTION This project aims to introduce the fundamentals of skeletal structure in building construction. In a group of five, we are required to demonstrate our understanding of the module by constructing a 1:5 scale model of a bus stop measuring 600mm in height with a base of 400 x 800mm. This report shall include a detailed analysis of different building components such as column, beams, floor and roof; and subsequently, its relevant joints and connections.

The overall design of the bus stop should address various factors such as strength and stability, comfort, as well as weather resistance and other environmental considerations. However, consideration should also be given to other minor factors such as portability and accessibility. These design considerations are key to the fabrication of a structurally strong bus stop; not to mention, serves as a basis for the construction of skeletal architecture with considerable structural integrity.

04.

ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS

ROOF PLAN

FLOOR PLAN

SCALE 1 : 25

SCALE 1 : 25

FRONT ELEVATION

SIDE ELEVATION

SCALE 1 : 25

SCALE 1 : 25

Polycarbonate Roof

Steel Roof Frame

Steel Structure Frame

Timber Seating

Timber Flooring

Steel Base Frame

Concerete Pad Footing

05.

EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC

06.

PRE-CONSTRUCTION A detailed bus stop model is formed by using Revit software. This includes the specific measurements of the temporary bus stop.

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS FOUNDATION 1. The concrete pad foundation are represented by blocks of timber in the model.

2. The wooden blocks are positioned beneath each steel plate.

3. The foundation blocks are sprayed with a coat to represent concrete. It is then left to dry before it serves as the foundation of the scaled model.

SKELETAL CONSTRUCTION 1. The SHS steel are cut according the specific lengths with a steel cutter chop saw.

2. The SHS steel were welded together and the connections are represented with the appropriate brackets and connector plates.

3. When the steel structure has been completed, it is coated with layer of black paint.

TIMBER CONSTRUCTION 1. The timber seats, leaning bar, flooring and joists are made of Balau wood.

2. The Balau wood is cut into planks with specific lengths according to their purpose that they serve.

3. The planks are then screwed into place onto the designated position on the steel structure with a cordless drill.

ROOF CONSTRUCTION 1. The steel roof frame is welded together and the appropriate joints and connection is indicated.

2. The steel rafters are placed and fastened to the frame.

3. The roof structure is attached to the main beam with the use of brackets and connector plates.

POLYCARBONATE ROOF CONSTRUCTION 1. The polycarbonate sheet is cut into the specific length and width according to the size of the roof.

2. The glazing bars are screwed onto the roof structure.

3. The polycarbonate sheets are then fitted and held into place by the glazing bars.

07.

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS SIDE ELEVATION OF PAD FOOTING

7.1 CONCRETE PAD FOOTING COMPONENTS Anchor Bolt Diameter : 9mm Height : 250mm

Column Stump Height : 250mm Steel Thickness : 5mm

Steel Plate

Steel plates are welded at the bottom end of column stump.

Length : 325mm Width : 325mm Thickness : 5mm

Concret Pad Footing Height : 400 MM Width : 400 MM

CONNECTION OF STEEL PLATE TO CONCRETE PAD FOOTING Steel Plate is used to strengthen the foundation.

Steel Plate is able to withstand immense stress therefore it will evenly distribute the load over an area and to allow the connection between column and concrete pad footing.

7.2 STEEL BASE FRAME PERSPECTIVE OF STEEL BASE FRAME

COMPONENTS

Column Stump Height : 250mm Width : 100mm Length : 100mm Thickness : 5mm

Plan View

Hex Head Bolt & Nut

b a

Top View

c

Bottom View

Diameter : 16mm Length : 43mm Head : 7mm a : 8mm b : 9.1mm c : 10.5mm

L-Bracket

width

Length : 60mm Height : 60mm Width : 40mm Thickness : 5mm Diameter of Holes : 10mm

length

height

thickness

PLAN VIEW OF STEEL BASE FRAME

- Located at the lowest part of the bus stop.

- This is to ensure the timber floor, timber seating and columns to be connected above while the concrete pad footings to be connected below

Indication of welded part of plate with column Indication of L-Brackets

CONNECTIONS

SHS TYPE 1 The used of it is to act as a girder to join the concrete pad footing in a row.

Length : 3700mm

SHS TYPE 2 Work as floor beams to connect the front and back part of the concrete pad footings.

Length : 1800mm

Steel column is welded to the steel plate.

L brackets are bolted to the base steel beam.

7.3 TIMBER FLOORING & JOISTS SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE OF TIMBER FLOORING

PLAN VIEW OF TIMBER FLOOR PLANKS (NTS) 1900mm

1900mm

PLAN VIEW OF TIMBER JOISTS 1900mm

1900mm

1900mm

(i) CONNECTION OF TIMBER PLANK TO TIMBER JOIST

COMPONENTS Timber Plank

Timber Joist

Length 3700mm Width 225mm Thickness 15mm

Length 1800mm Width 50mm Thickness 100mm

Self Tapping Screw

L-Bracket

Head Length : 3mm Length : 65mm Diameter : 8mm

Top View

Length : 60mm Height : 60mm Width : 40mm Thickness : 5mm width

Elevation

Timber planks are secured onto the timber joists with self tapping screws.

height

diameter

(ii) CONNECTION OF TIMBER JOIST TO STEEL BASE FRAME

thickness

Front & side elevations

Hex Head Bolt & Nut

b a

Top View

c

Bottom View

Timber joists are secured onto the steel base frame with L brackets fastened with self-tapping screw on timber and hex head bolt and nut on steel.

length

Diameter : 16mm Length : 43mm Head : 7mm a : 8mm b : 9.1mm c : 10.5mm

7.4 TIMBER SEATING & STEEL SUPPORT PLAN VIEW (NTS)

PERSPECTIVE VIEW (NTS)

1900mm 450mm Leaning Bar 1900mm

COMPONENTS Seating

Seatings

Leaning Bar

It is made up from wooden planks.

It is made up from wooden plank, laid 30° from column.

Leaning Bar Steel Support (b)

Leaning Bar Steel Support (a)

Length : 1900mm Width : 350mm Thickness :

Length : 1900mm Width : 225mm Thickness : 15mm

Leaning Bar Steel Support (a)

Leaning Bar Steel Support (a)

Length : 1700mm Width : 70mm Height : 70mm

Seating Steel

Length (a)

Length (b)

Length (a) : 142mm Length (b) : 200mm Width : 100mm Height : 100mm Slants 30° from vertical line.

Seating Steel Support (b) Seating Steel Support (a) Length : 1700mm Width : 100mm Height : 10mm

Seating Steel Length : 500mm Width : 100mm Height : 100mm

(ii) CONNECTION OF LEANING BAR TO STEEL SUPPORT

(i) CONNECTION OF STEEL SUPPORT TO COLUMN

(i) (ii)

Self tapping screw is used to hold leaning bar to steel base frame together.

(iii) CONNECTION OF SEATING TO STEEL SUPPORT

COMPONENTS Hex Head Bolt & Nut

(i) L-Bracket L bracket is used to hold steel base frame together horizontally.

Length : 60mm Height : 60mm Width : 40mm Thickness : 5mm

Diameter : 16mm Length : 43mm Head : 7mm a : 8mm b : 9.1mm c : 10.5mm

b a

(ii) Triangular Bracket Triangular bracket used to hold steel base frame to column vertically.

Length : 125mm Height : 75mm Width : 40mm Thickness : 5mm

Top View

Hex head bolt & nut is used to hold L bracket to the steel structure.

Self tapping screw is used to hold wooden seating to steel base frame together.

COMPONENTS Self Tapping Screw Head Length : 3mm Length : 65mm Diameter : 8mm

c

Bottom View

Top View

7.5 STEEL STRUCTURE FRAME PERSPECTIVE VIEW

PLAN VIEW (NTS)

3700mm Steel Main Beam 550mm

450mm Steel Bracing (A)

Steel Sub-Beam

1775mm

1775mm

COMPONENTS Steel Bracing (B)

Steel Column

Steel Bracing (A) Height : 2700mm Length : 100mm Width : 100mm Steel Thickness :

a

Angle of bracing from the column is 39 degrees.

b

Length : 763.5mm Width : 50mm Steel Thickness : 5mm a : 45mm

Steel Main Beam Length : 3700mm Height : 100mm Width : 100mm Steel Thickness :

Steel Column

Steel Sub-Beam Length : 3700mm Height : 50mm Width : 50mm Steel Thickness :

Steel Bracing (B) a b

Angle of bracing from the column is 40 degrees.

Length : 954mm Width : 50mm Steel Thickness : 5mm a : 45mm b : 25mm

(i) CONNECTION OF STEEL COLUMN TO STEEL BEAM

(ii) CONNECTION OF STEEL BRACING TO STEEL COLUMN COMPONENTS

Steel gusset plates are used to hold the main steel columns and two side bracings together. Rectangular plates (1)will be at welded at the end of each bracing. For the bracing at the middle that is connecting to the middle column, rectangular plate is the only connection to hold bracing up. There are also extra rectangular plates welded to side bracings other than gusset to connect to side beams so it is strong.

L

h

COMPONENTS

t

Gusset Plate

a

w h

L-Bracket is used to hold the beam laid on top of the column at right angled. Hence, hex head bolt & nuts are used to hold and secure L-bracket with steel beam and column in place.

b

L-Bracket Length (L) : 60mm Height (h) : 60mm Width (w) : 40mm Thickness (t) : 5mm Hole Diameter : 10mm

w

Height (h) : 200mm Width (w) : 65mm a : 40mm b: 180mm Thickness : 5mm Hole diameter : 10mm

Rectangular Plate (1) Height (h) : 130mm Width (w) : 100mm Thickness : 5mm Hole diameter : 10mm

(iiI ) CONNECTION OF SUB-BEAM TO STEEL BRACING

Gussets and rectangular plates (2 & 3) are used to hold and secure sub-beams on to the bracings. The gussets have two different angles to hold the butterfly roof at different angles. The rectangular plates are welded at the tip of the bracings to connect and hold the sub-beam more securely.

COMPONENTS w

Longer Length (L) : 90mm Shorter Length (s) : 40mm Width (w) : 40mm Angle : 126° Thickness : 5mm Hole diameter : 10mm

L

Gusset (Type 2)

w

s

L

Indications of the welded parts at the tips of bracings with rectangular plates to connect to sub-beams.

Indications of the welded parts at the end of bracings with rectangular plates to connect to columns.

COMPONENTS Gusset (Type 1)

s

WELDING INDICATIONS

Longer Length (L) : 80mm Shorter Length (s) : 40mm Width (w) : 40mm Angle : 140° Thickness : 5mm Hole diameter : 10mm

Rectangular Plate (2)

Hex Head Bolt & Nut

* 4 holes plate Height (h) : 150mm Width (w) : 50mm Thickness : 5mm Hole diameter : 10mm

Diameter : 16mm Length : 43mm Head : 7mm a : 8mm b : 9.1mm c : 10.5mm

b

a

Reactangular Plate (3) * 2 holes plate Height (h) : 100mm Width (w) : 50mm Thickness : 5mm Hole diameter : 10mm

c

Hex head bolt & nut is used to hold steel brackets or steel gusset plates to all the steel structures include steel column, beam and bracing.

STEEL ROOF FRAME WITH POLYCARBONATE ROOF SHEET EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC VIEW

COMPONENTS Glazing bar Dimensions: 1128x62 mm (Roof A) 950x62 mm (Roof B)

Polycarbonate Roof Gutter Dimensions: 3700x100 mm

Steel Joist

Steel Roof Frame

Gutter

Polycarbonate sheet A (Roof A) Dimensions: 1807x1288 mm Quantity : 2 pcs Roof A a: 3700mm, b: 1128mm, c: 558mm

c a b

Steel Structure Frame

c a

b

Polycarbonate sheet B (Roof B) Dimensions: 1807x1246 mm Quantity : 2 pcs Roof B a: 3700mm, b: 950mm, c: 558mm

(i) CONNECTION OF STEEL JOIST & ROOF FRAME

The steel joists are connected to the steel roof frame with L brackets on each side and screwed with hex head nut and bolts.

(ii) CONNECTION OF STEEL ROOF FRAME TO MAIN BEAM AND BRACING

(iii) CONNECTION OF POLYCARBONATE ROOF TO ROOF FRAME

The polycarbonate sheet is secured into place with a set of glazing bars attached to the steel roof structure.

COMPONENTS

L-Bracket

The steel roof frame is attached to the main beam with a L bracket and fastened with hex head nut and bolts. The connection between steel roof frame and bracing uses L brackets, fastened with hex head nut and bolts.

Length (L) : 60mm Height (h) : 60mm Width (w) : 40mm Thickness (t) : 5mm Hole Diameter : 10mm

Angled L-Bracket Length (L) : 60mm Height (h) : 60mm Width (w) : 40mm Thickness (t) : 5mm Hole Diameter : 10mm

Hex Bold & Nut Length (L) : 43mm Head Length : 7mm Bolt Diameter : 10.5mm Head Diameter : 16mm

MATERIALITY

STAINLESS STEEL COLUMNS & BEAMS - Smooth surface - Painted black - Ductile - High durability - Corrosion resistant - Gives a feeling of lightness and strength

TIMBER FLOORING & SEATINGS - Smooth surface - High impact resistance - High strength to weight ratio - Corrosion resistant - Durable - Low embodied energy material - Renewable, sustainable resource that stores CO2

08.

DESIGN ANALYSIS

POLYCARBONATED ROOF - Smooth surface - Impact resistant - Lightweight - Waterproof - Thermal resistant - Ultraviolet ray resistant - Transparency of polycarbonate allows optimum sunlight to enter the space

VERTICAL MEMBER The SHS columns and column stumps serves as the vertical members of the structure which supports the loads which are subjected to compressive force.

HORIZONTAL MEMBER The SHS columns and column stumps serves as the vertical members of the structure which supports the loads which are subjected to compressive force.

09.

LOAD & FORCES Load Transfer System : One Way System Loads or forces are transferred vertically downwards in one direction.

One way load distribution

Load distribution

Concentrated Load

EXTERNAL FORCES External loads like live loads and static loads will also constantly act on the structure.

DEAD LOAD

LIVE LOAD

The weight of the structure permenant elements such as roof, beam and column will constanty apply forces towards the structure for its entire lifespan.

Rain that falls and hits on to the roof will spread evenly throughout the roof surface hence transfer the load from beam to column then to then foundation and ground.

10.

ROOF Test Subject: 1 human Total Load: 50kg Representation: Live load imposed onto the roof.

Test Results: Successful. The roof is able to withstand the loads imposed onto the structure

LOAD TEST

FLOORING Test Subject: 2 books Total Load: 5kg Representation: Live load imposed onto the timber floor.

Test Results: Successful. The roof is able to withstand the loads imposed onto the structure

SEATING Test Subject: 2 laptops Total Load: 5kg Representation: Live load imposed onto the timber seatings..

Test Results: Successful. The roof is able to withstand the loads imposed onto the structure

11.

RENDERING

12.

CONCLUSION

This project has been extremely crucial in providing the necessary knowledge and wisdom in the principles of building a skeletal structure as well as understanding the fundamentals of joinery and connections. Although we have undergo several attempt and mistakes throughout the process, we have gained useful knowledge and insights on how a structure reacts when put under load; and the necessary steps to prevent collapse of structural failure. With the knowledge that we’ve learnt from this assignment, we now understand the importance of designing a structurally stable and safe structure while fulfilling its aesthetical motives.

13.

REFERENCES

ONLINE REFERENCES: 1. Joints in Concrete Construction - Types of Concrete Joints in Structures. (2018). Retrieved from https://theconstructor.org/concrete/joints-in-concrete-structures/970/ 2. 36 Types of Screws and Screw Heads (Ultimate Chart & Guide). (2018). Retrieved from https://www.homestratosphere.com/types-of-screws/ 3. of Screws, H. (2018). Here’s How to Use Different Types of Screws | Make:. Retrieved from https://makezine.com/2016/03/23/heres-how-touse-different-types-of-screws/ 4. Liberte, M. (2018). Floor Joists - Construction Instruction. Retrieved from https://constructioninstruction.com/building-resources/building-science-videos/floor-joists/ 5. Team, W. (2018). 7 Advantages of Structural Steel Frame Construction. Retrieved from https://www.whirlwindsteel.com/blog/bid/407580/7-advantages-of-structural-steel-frame-construction BOOK REFERENCES : 1. Bus Stop Design Guide. (2018). [Ebook] (p. 79). Retrieved from https://www.planningni.gov.uk/downloads/busstop-designguide.pdf 2. Floor Construction. (2018). [Ebook]. Retrieved from https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/BSSC/FEMA232_Chapter4final.pdf 3. Design and Installation Guide. (2018). [Ebook] (p. 27). Retrieved from https://www.builditsolar.com/Projects/Sunspace/SundanceDesignGuide.pdf