Connections - Spring 2019

THE MAGAZINE FOR NICEIC AND ELECSA REGISTERED CONTRACTORS SPRING 2019 | ISSUE 209 | £5.00

Electric avenues New routes to help your business grow

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THE POWER TO PROVIDE TECHNICAL SUPPORT KEEP UP-TO-SPEED WITH INDUSTRY STANDARDS AND EVER-CHANGING REGULATIONS VIA OUR RANGE OF SUPPORT SERVICES. OVER

TECHNICAL HELPLINE Priority access for technical back-up:

NICEIC CONTRACTORS CALL 0333 015 6628

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ELECSA CONTRACTORS CALL 0333 321 8220

CUSTOMER PORTAL Manage your account online Submit Technical Queries 24/7 Access Technical Articles & Pocket Guides Review the current and previous issues of Connections magazine

LOG IN OUR REGISTER AT MY.NICEIC.COM/LOGIN OR MY.ELECSA.CO.UK/LOGIN

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS Our publications are developed to support you and your profession. In addition, we have also produced publications for Gas engineers and Renewable specialists.

TO ORDER THE LATEST TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS CALL 0333 015 6626 OR VISIT SHOP.NICEIC.COM/PUBLICATIONS

the power behind your business

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TECHNICAL EVENTS We deliver a number of events throughout the year both live and online where we provide you with the very latest technical information.

Full day Technical Conference Thursday 16th May 2019, Epsom.

Book your ticket today.

Half day Technical Seminars returning late 2019.

Monthly Technical and Business webinars.

Half day Technical Seminars returning in September 2019.

FOR MORE INFORMATION ON THE LATEST EVENTS PLEASE VISIT NICEIC.COM/EVENTS

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Are you an EV installer?

The rules on DC fault protection are changing for the 18th Edition*.

Car charging point installation and maintenance are the biggest opportunity for the electrical trade in years.

Metrel testers, and others, can test Type B RCDs. Only Metrel can test automatic disconnect with a 6 mA DC fault current.

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SPRING 2019 | ISSUE 209

26

CASE STUDY 24 David Adams explores the LED installation at Manchester Airport’s Thomas Cook Hangar no.1

BUSINESS GROWTH 26 Looking to expand your business’s portfolio of services? Make sure you’ve done your research

PRS SAFETY CHECKS 30 Electrical safety checks in the private rental sector could generate new work for contractors

‘You really do need to know what you’re doing’

CONTRACTOR PROFILE 32 A diverse array of services and a strong work ethic have proved the key to success for AG Electrical

24

15 21

TECHNICAL 38 Ask the experts 40 Energy efficiency 44 When is it necessary to install surge protection devices?

10 HELLO 8 Would you consider diversifying?

INDUSTRY UPDATE 1 0 Live South speaker announced; 18th Edition Amendment 1

48 Installing RCDs 52 Apprentice Corner 56 Insulation resistance testing

30 TRAINING 1 6 Many electricians are less than confident

58 Small unearthed portable

about managing contract disputes; NICEIC’s business training courses aim to correct this

62 The ‘good old days’

CAUGHT ON CAMERA 1 9 From a travel adaptor used as a light

PRODUCT FOCUS 63 The latest products on the market

and SPDs generators

socket to an ex-immersion cylinder

COVER IMAGE: GETTY

1 1 Jail for rogue trader; apprentice of the year 2019 finalists named

ADVICE 2 1 Letting go of an employee can be

1 3 Bright spark’s digital storage

difficult; Jacob Demeza-Wilkinson offers tips

solution; raising industry standards

1 4 AV business picks up trio of

OPINION 2 2 The rise of smart home technology

awards; Jobs for the Girls bursary

presents opportunities, says Andrew Moseley

OFF THE TOOLS 65 ‘I play football in the Welsh Premier Women’s League’

CURRENT AFFAIRS 66 An interesting under-thefloorboards find; area engineer’s successful charity gig

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hello

T E C HN CAL KEVA N I PA RKER

Kevan Parker is interim managing director of Certsure

Adapt and survive The uncertainty over when the UK will leave the EU is starting to impact the construction sector. But out of times of change can arise new opportunities

W

elcome to the spring edition of Connections. Uncertainty is never good for the economy, and several contractors have told me that large-scale projects have been put on hold because of Brexit anxiety. This will undoubtedly have knock-on effects further down the chain, and if the construction sector is to grow it is important we have clarity as soon as possible.

Uncertain economic times mean businesses will often look to diversify their services. In this issue, we look at the new areas electrical contractors are moving into to secure the future of their business.

Smart homes, electric vehicle charging, renewable technology and CCTV are all possible growth areas that electrical contractors have a real opportunity to benefit from. On page 26 we speak to the experts about what it takes to succeed and

the pitfalls to avoid. As a wise man once told me, it is important to do your research and get the appropriate skills and training in place first.

One area that seems to be Brexit-proof at the moment is electric charging. More and more people are now looking at the option of an electric vehicle, and this is creating demand for electricians to install chargers.

It is a real growth area and I am delighted that this year’s keynote speaker at Live South (page 10) will be Robert Llewellyn. He is a leading advocate for electric vehicles and his insight will be something I am sure all attendees will want to hear. His passion and enthusiasm for all things engineering also make him a perfect fit for the event.

It promises to be a good day out and, if you can make it, I look forward to seeing you there.

‘Smart homes, electric vehicle charging, renewable technology and CCTV are all possible growth areas’

CO N TAC TS / CO NNE C T IO NS

Level 5, 78 Chamber Street, London E1 8BL EDITORIAL General 020 7880 6200 Editor Nick Martindale nick.martindale@redactive.co.uk Technical editor Timothy Benstead Sub editor Kate Bennett Senior designer Craig Bowyer Technical designer Adrian Taylor Picture researcher Akin Falope Publishing and business development director Aaron Nicholls ADVERTISING/MARKETING Thomas Ainsworth thomas.ainsworth@ redactive.co.uk 020 7324 2726

PRODUCTION General production enquiries 020 7880 6240 Production manager Jane Easterman Senior production executive Rachel Young rachel.young@redactive.co.uk SUBSCRIPTIONS Should you require your own copy of Connections or multiple copies for your staff, subscriptions are available by calling 020 8950 9117 CONTRIBUTIONS Connections welcomes ideas for contributions.

Please email nick.martindale@ redactive.co.uk

© Redactive Publishing Ltd 2019 Level 5, 78 Chamber Street, London E1 8BL Registered No. 3156216. All rights reserved. This publication (and any part thereof) may not be reproduced, transmitted or stored in any print or electronic format (including but not limited to any online service, any database or any part of the internet) or in any other format in any media whatsoever, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Redactive Publishing Ltd accepts no liability for the accuracy of the contents or any opinions expressed herein.

Printed by Precision Colour Printing Limited

ISSN 2042-5732

Recycle your magazine’s plastic wrap – check your local LDPE facilities to find out how.

WWW.NICEIC.COM WWW.ELECSA.CO.UK ENQUIRIES Certsure 01582 539000 Communications manager Paul Collins 01582 539148 paul.s.collins@certsure.com NICEIC Direct Paul Elcock 01582 539709 paul.elcock@certsure.com Twitter @officialNICEIC or @officialELECSA Customer services 0333 015 6625 Sales 0333 015 6626 Training 0333 015 6627 Technical helpline 0333 015 6628 Insurance 0333 015 6629

8 SPRING 2019

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news

INDUSTRY UPDATE

WORK COMMENCES ON AMENDMENT 1 TO 18TH EDITION

Full charge for Live South 2019 TV star and electric vehicle advocate Robert Llewellyn will be the keynote speaker at this year’s Live South event hosted by NICEIC and ELECSA. Llewellyn, who is best known for his roles in TV’s Red Dwarf and Scrapheap Challenge, now runs the YouTube channel Fully Charged. It looks at the development of electric vehicles (EV) and renewable energy, and has attracted more than 50 million views since its launch.

He will be discussing the EV sector’s latest developments, which are making EVs a viable alternative to petrol and diesel-powered vehicles. He will also be looking at the role electricians can play in delivering the network of EV chargers needed to meet this new demand.

Mark Smith, marketing and communications director for NICEIC and ELECSA, said: “Robert is passionate about the capabilities of electric vehicles. He is one of the most high-profile advocates of renewable technology and his enthusiasm makes him an excellent fit for Live South.”

Other confirmed speakers at Live South, which takes place on May 16 at Epsom Downs Racecourse, include Mark

Coles, head of technical regulations at the IET, and NICEIC and ELECSA’s technical experts. They will be presenting talks on the 18th edition BS 7671 Wiring Regulations and answering the most frequently asked questions relating to technical issues in the industry.

Attendees will be able to chat with some of the biggest names in the industry in a packed exhibition area, and access some great discounts from suppliers and sponsors – including ESP, Scolmore and many more.

This year’s event is now CPD accredited, meaning attendees can use information from the day as part of their ongoing professional development.

Tickets cost just £29 plus VAT for NICEIC, ELECSA and ECA contractors, and £49 plus VAT for non-registered persons. Apprentice passes are available free of charge.

Keynote speaker Robert Llewellyn

It is BSI’s responsibility to review all British Standards periodically. The next stage in the cyclical development of BS 7671 – Requirements for electrical installations will be Amendment No 1 (AMD1) to the recently published 2018 edition.

The development cycle is driven primarily by the need for BS 7671 to reflect the technical intent of the most current versions of the IEC and CENELEC documents on which it is mostly based.

A number of these source standards have been updated since work on drafting the 2018 edition was completed.

The content of a number of other IEC and CENELEC standards may also be considered during the AMD1 work if they are sufficiently advanced by the end of 2019.

Any comments submitted on the draft of BS 7671: 2018 which were not resolved at the time will also be considered in the AMD1 development work. Additionally, any typographical and drafting errors that have surfaced since publication will be corrected.

The Draft for Public Comment (DPC) is scheduled for publication on the BSI website in mid-September 2020.

The public commenting period, during which comments may only be made on the changes indicated with a side bar in the margin or by tracked changes, will run from publication of the DPC until 11 December 2020.

JPEL/64, the joint BSI/IET committee responsible for the maintenance of BS 7671, will reach decisions on the comments received during the DPC process and, ultimately, AMD1 will be published at tthe end of Marc March 2022.

For more information visit www.niceic-elecsalive.com

10 SPRING 2019

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ROGUE TRADER JAILED AFTER INVESTIGATION A man has been jailed for carrying out dangerous work while posing as a registered electrician.

John Draco, 35, of Rowan Place in Newton Aycliffe, pleaded guilty to fraud and consumer protection related offences after falsely claiming to be a qualified electrician.

He advertised his services on Yell.com as accredited by ELECSA and Trustmark, despite not having either accreditation. He also claimed to be NICEIC registered.

He was jailed for 13 months following a trial at Durham Crown Court in January. The court heard how Draco had offered to complete a full rewire of a property for £3,000, but had left it in a highly dangerous state. When his shoddy work was challenged by the homeowner, he abandoned the job and kept the full sum.

The homeowner got in touch with Hartlepool Trading Standards, which took on the case with help from ELECSA.

Such was the poor standard of the installation, an investigation by an electrical engineer ordered it not to be used as it posed a serious risk of fire and electrocution.

Work to rectify the problems left by Draco ran into thousands of pounds. Draco, who traded under the name J and A Electrical Solutions, ended up paying the victim back £3,820.

Kevan Parker, interim managing director of Certsure, which operates the ELECSA and NICEIC brands, added: “We take a dim view of those who pretend to be registered electricians when they are not.

“We will work with the appropriate authorities to protect those contractors who are legitimately registered with us and have the quality of their work assessed on a regular basis.

“Anyone thinking about using our logo fraudulently will be caught and dealt with appropriately by the courts.”

IMAGES: ISTOCK / PA

Eight apprentices through to competition’s final stage Eight apprentices are through to the final of the 2019 NICEIC and ELECSA electrical apprentice of the year competition.

Over 1,000 apprentices from across the UK registered their interest, with more than 650 completing the first stage. Now, just eight finalists will complete the third and final stage before one is crowned apprentice of the year.

The final eight are: • Blair Manderson – Fife Council, Dunfermline, Scotland • Cameron Molloy – Barlows UK, Manchester • Jake Dowson – County Durham Housing Group, Durham

• James Martin-Lucraft – Imtech Engineering Services Central, Nottingham • Joshua Lack – EDS Systems Ltd, Nottingham • Katie Sadler – Cambridge Assessment, Cambridge • Patrick Henderson – Arthur McKay, Falkirk, Scotland • Richard Bradley – MOD, Devon Darren Staniforth, NICEIC and ELECSA’s senior technical presenter, said: “As the leading names in the industry, NICEIC and ELECSA have a

DIARY DATES > May 2 The Wire webinar Home Technology Installer: An Introduction to Smart Homes 16 NICEIC ELECSA Live South Epsom Downs Racecourse 30 The Wire webinar Arc Fault Detection Devices

> June 4 NICEIC ELECSA Apprentice Competition final Tamworth 6-7 CEF Live NEC, Birmingham 12-13 PHEX Tottenham Hotspur FC, London

responsibility to work with and promote careers in the electrical industry.

“It’s great to see more and more apprentices entering. This is the fourth year we have run the competition and the standards are getting higher each year. It was a tough process whittling it down to the final eight. We can’t wait to meet our finalists and crown our 2019 apprentice of the year.”

The eight finalists will complete a series of practical challenges, along with a technical interview with NICEIC and ELECSA experts at the head office of competition partner Scolmore Group in Tamworth on Tuesday 4 June. The electrical apprentice of the year will be named at a special awards ceremony at The Belfry Hotel & Resort that evening.

Visit www.niceic.com/apprentice for more information about the competition

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INDUSTRY UPDATE

NEWS IN NUMBERS

ELECTRICIAN HITS ON SAFETY STORAGE SYSTEM

8.4%: The proportion of motorists who are considering an electric vehicle as their next model, according to a study by What Car?

41%: The proportion of consumers who say they are more likely to hire a construction firm that trains apprentices, research from the Federation of Master Builders suggests

42%: The proportion of British adults who don’t know how to check their electrical appliances, according to research by the Consumer Protection Alliance, of which NICEIC is a member

48%

: The amount of contractors who highlight arc fault detection devices as the area of the 18th edition they are least sure about, according to Hager research. Some 29% point to surge protection devices

90: The average amount of hours per year construction firms spend on each employee completing physical paperwork, at a cost of £1,500 per person, a study by Re-flow claims

Electricians are well known for their technological creativity, and Boyd Goulden is proof of that, having come up with a novel way to safeguard documents relating to safety around the home.

Using an app and QR code, CertOn acts as a digital store for documents such as electrical certificates, gas checks, fire safety, Fensa, building notifications, warranties, and much more. A unique QR code is linked to each property, and installers can use their smartphone or tablet to read this QR code and access important documents instantly.

The NICEIC registered electrician believes this could help all tradespeople. “I cannot begin to tell you how many times I have been astounded at the lack of certification or missing documents I come across at customer sites,” said Boyd. “Sometimes it can be blatantly negligent of previous trades not to have given or left the correct certificates with the customer. Or the

customer has not understood the importance of keeping that information, and it has been misplaced or lost.”

Boyd, who runs Rickmansworth-based Complete Finish Ltd, says CertOn can be used by a variety of professionals, including electricians, gas fitters, developers, housing associations, estate/ letting agents and landlords. He believes it’s the perfect answer for a property that is having lots of work done and will lead to different trades installing and signingoff certificates or issuing documents at different times.

While he has not given up the day job, Boyd has had the idea patented and exhibited at the recent ELEX show, where the idea was well received by fellow electricians. “We are moving towards a paperless society and the electricians I spoke to really thought it was a great idea,” added Boyd.

You can find out more at www.certon.co.uk

Industry drive to raise standards in the sector Certsure, ECA and Electrical Safety First (ESF) have worked together on a blueprint to ensure that only qualified individuals with the right knowledge, skills and understanding are deemed competent to undertake electrotechnical work.

We have put forward proposals to strengthen entry requirements into the industry, and ensure consistency across all registration and certification bodies.

The proposals will require that an individual seeking to become a qualified supervisor or electrical operative undertaking a periodic inspection must: • Have an electrotechnical apprenticeship (or prescribed alternative)

• Have a minimum two years’ experience • Have recognised knowledge of the latest Wiring Regulations • Be well versed in inspection and testing electrotechnical installations Our proposal is that there must be proportionate quality management systems in place for demonstrating business process and operative competence.

We believe this proposal is the best way to properly ensure the competence of the registered organisation, qualified supervisors, and operatives undertaking electrotechnical work and provide the consumer protections that are required.

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INDUSTRY UPDATE

Awards win for AV business

TECHNICAL DEBATE Technical experts from across the electrical industry joined engineers from Certsure for a catch-up on some of the sector’s latest developments.

The debate brought together experts from a range of technologies and included Kate Blake from AICO who presented a talk on domestic alarm systems to BS 5839 Part 6, and Richard Molloy and Paul Morris from Eaton Power, who presented a seminar on Eaton xStorage.

Other guests who joined the conference included James Murphy and Rob Breadon from FG Wilson and Bells Power, who gave a talk on Generator Solutions.

MP HELPS FIRM CELEBRATE

Environ also picked up two awards, for best integrated home and best lighting design, at last year’s CEDIA Awards.

Dan Eades, Environ director, commented: “It is great to see the benefits of a company offering both electrical and AV installations fully in-house coming to bear.”

JOBS FOR THE GIRLS BURSARY NOW OPEN FOR ENTRIES NICEIC is once again looking to help more women into the electrical industry through its Jobs for the Girls bursary scheme. The bursary offers grants to women already working as an electrician or those looking to get a helping hand at the start of their career.

It is open to females of all ages and can help cover training or other associated costs up to a maximum of £500. Last year NICEIC provided £5,000 of funding to more than 20 women.

One of those to benefit last year was 41-year-old Amanda Pugh from Buckinghamshire, who used the funding to set up a website for her business Amanda Electrics. “The set-up costs were more than I anticipated but the bursary helped offset the costs, so I was able to start making money sooner,” she said.

Applications for a bursary will need to be in before the closing date of 30 April. A panel of judges will then review all applications before notifying successful applicants.

Worcestershire firm Buzz Electrical celebrated its 20th anniversary in March, with the help of local MP Nigel Huddlestone, who launched the celebrations and cut the cake (pictured).

The company was set up in 1999 by husband-andwife team Steve and Sue Owens. “Twenty years is an important milestone and I am personally proud of the success we have achieved,” said Steve. “It’s a testament to our fantastic team who all work so hard.”

The company plans to hold a number of events throughout the year to support Diabetes UK, including an anniversary charity ball in November.

TIME FOR SOMETHING A BIT DIFFERENT? Certsure (NICEIC and ELECSA) is currently looking for technical experts in a range of disciplines to join its team.

It currently has vacancies for: • Area engineers – range of locations • Trainee/assessor in gas – Luton • Trainee assessor – Luton • Associate lecturers in electrical engineering – nationwide.

For more information and how to apply visit www.niceic.com/

Please visit niceic.com/about-us/

jobsforthegirls/bursary

careers for more information

IMAGE: ISTOCK

A NICEIC registered contractor is celebrating, having recently picked up a host of awards for its work in the AV and home technology sector.

Environ is a Londonbased firm that specialises in providing high-end technological solutions to luxury homes and retail, office or public building spaces.

It recently won an award at the Crestron EMEA Integration Awards, which took place in Amsterdam and celebrated AV projects designed all over Europe. Environ won the best design meets technology award for its work at the Eco Luxe Country estate in Kent.

This state-of-the-art residential home features smart technology throughout and was praised for its high-end finish, which was seamlessly woven into the fabric of the historical home.

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BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

Improve processes

Research by NICEIC and ELECSA finds many contractors struggle with the non-operational elements of running contracts. A new set of courses aims to tackle this, as Neil Vincent explains

N

ICEIC and ELECSA estimate that around 95 per cent of all complaints from householders relate to a contractual dispute, where a basic contract has not been put in place. This can be avoided with effective business management.

Being involved in a complaint is never pleasant. It can be detrimental to business and take up an enormous amount of time trying to find a resolution that appeases all parties.

Complaints often regard failed or misunderstood expectations. Where there has been ineffective project management, poorly defined responsibilities and no formally agreed extent and limitations of work, complaints follow.

NICEIC and ELECSA research has revealed that: • 80 per cent of quotations provided by electrical contractors do not properly document the terms or conditions of the appointment • 74 per cent of electrical contractors have never produced a construction phase plan • 45 per cent of electrical contractors receive variation orders verbally.

Neil Vincent is head of training at NICEIC and ELECSA

Just under 20 per cent of complaints dealt with by NICEIC and ELECSA are due to a contractual dispute, while in 95 per cent of cases the consumer is unable to provide a basic contract or defined scope of planned works.

Contractual disputes fall out of the remit of NICEIC and ELECSA and so it is left to the contractor to resolve – something that often takes up a lot of time, energy and money.

Tackling the problem NICEIC and ELECSA have developed a range of business-focused training courses. Last year we carried out a survey with contractors about how we could help build your business. Just over 60 per cent of you said you were interested in non-electrical-related courses that were more focused on the office side of running a business.

That makes perfect sense. After all, running an electrical contracting business is not just about

being practical and handy with the tools. Other knowledge and skills are required, a lot of which a busy electrician has never had time to focus on.

This often means electricians who run their own businesses end up working into the night and at weekends just to keep on top of it all.

‘Running an electrical contracting business is not just about being practical and handy with the tools’ The courses we have come up with are designed to improve planning, aid negotiation and give contractors confidence in an area they might not have covered before. They will help improve the efficiency of the service you deliver, prevent costly litigation disputes and help manage client satisfaction. The first set of business courses available will be: • Introduction to Project Management: A one-day course that will give contractors the necessary skills and confidence to run a successful project • Stakeholder Relationship Management: A oneday course in effective customer communication and engagement.

Contractors have already signed up to the first course available, Introduction to Project Management, and as interest grows we will look to roll out additional courses in the future. If there is something specific you think you could benefit from, please do get in touch and let us know how we can help build your business.

For more information about the courses or how NICEIC & ELECSA Training could help your business, please visit www.shop.niceic.com/ intro_pm or email traininginfo@niceic.com

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05/04/2019 10:17

YO UR P I C T U R E S

2

Caught on camera

1

4

Trusty NICEIC and ELECSA contractors have been busy uncovering and rectifying dodgy installations and DIY botch jobs. Here are some of the worst offenders from the past quarter

3

T

his quarter’s batch of ill-advised installations and other faux-pas includes: a tight squeeze to access a consumer unit in the smallest room (1); the cause of a ‘burning smell’ coming from a distribution board (2); a conduit cut to size acting as a main fuse (3); a travel adaptor being used as a light socket (4); and a nightmare installation in a shop/flat (5).

It continues with: the remains of an immersion cylinder after a loose connection (6); LED tiles wired with no earths or junction boxes (7); why consumer units have lids (8); a substandard street lighting installation (9); and excessive use of junction boxes following a consumer unit move (10).

6 5

8 Thanks to... >Chris Kendrick of Stockport firm Kendelect; >Darren Kerner of D Kerner Electrical in Southend-on-Sea; >Joe Touhey from Harrow Electrical in Rickmansworth; >Josh Williams of JAW Electrical in New Malden; >Joseph Petros-Kaldani of JPK E&I Engineering Solutions in Redcar; >Lee Ashdown of LA Electrical in Herne Bay; >Simon Pountney of Problec Limited in Tamworth; >Shaun Cummings from Denbigh-based Cummings Electrical; >Ryan Carey of Techlec on the Isle of Wight, and >Jeff Nadjafi of NH Electricals in Manchester.

7 10

Keep those shots coming in!

Email caughtoncamera@redactive.co.uk

9 19

SPRING 2019

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05/04/2019 10:19

DISMISSAL/REDUNDANCY

Letting go Whether due to conduct or economic conditions, there are times when businesses will need to make tough calls on employees. The key is to follow the correct process, says Jacob Demeza-Wilkinson

W

hether it’s due to an ongoing issue or a one-off serious incident, sometimes dismissing an employee is the only option left. It’s something that most employers would rather avoid, as there was generally a reason this employee was hired in the first place. Some employers may see it as a personal loss or misjudgement of character, but you can only do so much to guide or help an individual.

It can be a minefield when it comes to following correct protocol. One incorrect email or wrongly worded letter and you could find yourself in an unfair dismissal tribunal.

Jacob DemezaWilkinson is a legal consultant with ELAS

FOLLOW CORRECT PROCEDURE There are a number of different ways to go about firing an employee, but you must ensure that dismissal is a reasonable and fair outcome, and that the correct process is followed.

Dismissal can often feel like a daunting prospect for smaller businesses, so it is important to have robust ACAS-compliant policies in place, which can be followed during any procedure. Generally, if the process is followed properly and a full and proper investigation is carried out, then the dismissal itself will be easier. The less prepared you are for a meeting, the harder it will be.

Also be mindful that when an employee has worked for the business for less than two years, you can implement a more efficient process, known as an employment review meeting.

LISTEN TO THEIR CASE Treat the employee with dignity and integrity; make sure they are listened to throughout the process and that any evidence they can offer is considered carefully. Keep an open mind right to the end of the process, to ensure there are no prejudged outcomes. Ultimately, if you can prove an employee has done something worthy of dismissal, the dismissal will be fair.

The key thing with any action that leads to dismissal, for long-service employees at least, is the process itself. Small errors in procedure can be fatal for a fair dismissal. The ACAS Code of Practice should be followed at all times, and advice sought

‘Dismissal can feel like a daunting prospect for small businesses’ where possible. The biggest mistakes we see are employers jumping into the process before taking stock of the situation. By then it can be too late.

LONG-TERM SICK LEAVE It is possible to dismiss an employee on long-term sick leave, but this is a tricky area and caution should be applied at all times. Generally, an absence has to progress for a considerable period of time before this can even be considered.

It is important to gather as much evidence as possible from the employee and from a medical source, and to be sure that there is no prospect of the employee returning to work in the foreseeable future, before a dismissal is even a potential outcome. We would suggest taking advice on cases such as this, as the risk of disability discrimination can be higher than in normal cases.

REDUNDANCY For a redundancy to be genuine, you must demonstrate that the employee’s job will no longer exist. Employees who have at least two years’ service and are made redundant in this legal sense are usually entitled to a statutory redundancy payment. The pay is calculated from the employee’s age, years of service and average weekly wage. However, weekly pay is currently limited to a maximum £508 per week, and up to 20 years’ service.

Identify the job category and the number of redundancies necessary; for instance, three engineers and two office staff. Then identify all the employees who fall within that category. Select clear and objective criteria to determine which employees are to be made redundant. Criteria can include length of service (last in, first out); ability, skills or qualifications; conduct or attendance (taking into account any reasons for poor records); or performance records.

21 SPRING 2019

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HEALTH AND SAFETY

Home comfort As smart home technology matures, so too does the need for professionals to install it.

Contractors need to act now to ensure they’re able to take advantage

T

hroughout 2019, an estimated £10.8 billion will be spent on smart home devices in the UK alone. Research by PwC tells us that ownership of smart devices more than doubled between 2016 and 2018, with a further 30 per cent of people planning to purchase a device by 2020 – up from just 14 per cent in 2016.

The reason can be attributed to the fact that smart technology has developed considerably in a short space of time. Compatibility has improved between products and security issues have been addressed. Perhaps most significantly, the products now on offer are, simply, smarter.

The focus has shifted from ‘gadgets’ – such as app-controlled kettles – to products that bring real convenience. Smart technology that can lower your energy bills, or keep your house secure, is far more compelling than a smart toothbrush.

However, it calls for smarter installation, and this is a huge opportunity for electrical contractors.

According to the Barclays Digital Homes report, 66 per cent of homeowners want a professionally installed system, as opposed to an off-the-shelf

DIY product. Experienced, knowledgeable smart home installers are now in high demand – but market research conducted by the Institute of Engineering and Technology (IET) found that, in 2017, there were just 1,250 specialist smart home integrators in the UK. You don’t have to be a specialist integrator to install smart home technology. Any qualified electrician is legally able to fit smart products, and carving a niche as a smart home expert could be a lucrative new opportunity for contractors.

That’s why we’ve introduced our new Get Smart, Get Connected brochure and microsite, featuring the latest products and innovations as well as insight, installation advice and guidance to help electricians take advantage of the smart home revolution. It’s available now in CEF stores and online at cef.co.uk/getsmart NICEIC will be presenting on smart homes at CEF Live on 6-7 June 2019, at the NEC in Birmingham Andrew Moseley is commercial director at CEF

IN FO C U S / RO B IN H OAD How did you start working for yourself?

I worked in the aerospace industry but wanted a better work/life balance. I did my training and started up two years ago as a domestic installer.

Whereabouts do you cover?

I’m based in Ringwood and try to keep it local. It’s mainly domestic clients but I do have one factory unit. I take on some work in the New Forest, which is interesting.

How did you go about finding work?

Robin Hoad, Ringwood Electrician

I wrote my own website and Facebook page, and designed

and delivered leaflets. I also had my van sign-written and joined local tradespeople sites.

What type of work do you do?

I’ve done one complete rewire, but I prefer consumer unit changes downwards. Most of my work is new lights or sockets.

What’s the hardest part of working for yourself?

Needing another pair of hands, and knowing you’re on your own.

What do you do outside of work?

I have built my own AC Cobra kit car and I also competed in Robot Wars a few years ago.

Would you like to grow in the future?

Will you get away over the summer?

I’m looking to specialise in an area such as EV charging, security cameras or testing in the private rented sector. I’m 57, so my days of crawling in odd places will be limited at some point.

We’re taking the kids surfing.

If you are a small business or sole trader and would like to feature in In Focus, email infocus@redactive.co.uk

22 SPRING 2019

20 Winter 2010-11 NICEIC Connections 22_Opinion.indd Sec2:20

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05/04/2019 10:20

CASE STUDY

BY DAVID ADAMS

Wings and prey-ers

energy and maintenance cost savings for the airport, which should completely repay the investment within three years.

The project took 12 weeks to complete, starting in July 2018. It had to be completed during the summer because this is when the planes that are sometimes present in the hangar are most likely to be out in use.

However, some aircraft were present some of the time, so the team got an excellent view of them being repaired. Wright says he has always been interested in aeroplanes and was fascinated to observe the process of an entire engine, or other parts of the aircraft, being removed for maintenance.

As if installing 300 luminaries at a height of 25 metres wasn’t enough, Accrington firm PJ Wright & Son had to work around two of Manchester Airport’s more unusual residents

T

homas Cook Hangar no.1 at Manchester Airport is a big building: 130 metres long, 120 metres wide and between 25 and 28 metres high.

You can fit four passenger aircraft inside it “easily”, according to Phil Wright, founder of Accrington-based contractor PJ Wright & Son. It’s a space he now knows very well: the firm was responsible for installing the electrical supply for aircraft in the hangar and maintenance equipment, and last summer worked with another contractor, F&H, and Eaton Lighting to completely replace all the lighting in the hangar, installing almost 300 new LED lights.

For 12 weeks Wright and his colleagues were often working 25 metres up from the ground under the hangar ceiling – and sometimes found themselves with the hangar’s resident pair of breeding peregrine falcons for company, as they flew in, out and around the hangar.

The new LED-based lighting solution cost £145,000 and incorporates 297 lights of three different kinds, installed in eight

zoned areas around the hangar. The different lights produce different lighting spreads and each is equipped with occupancy sensors and lux dimming control.

“These work really well, even at 25 metres plus in height,” says Wright.

“For example, if the main doors open, the lights sense the incoming natural light and either dim down or switch off at preset levels and times.”

These parameters can be reset via remote control from floor level.

Wright says the way the lights switch themselves on as the hangar doors are opened made the start of each working day a spectacular visual event, as the lights sprang into action one by one across the building. Installing the new LED lights is generating very significant

297: THE NUMBER OF NEW LED LIGHTS FITTED IN THE HANGAR

‘You’d hear a thud on the roof above – and the falcon has struck and killed another pigeon’

UNUSUAL OBSTACLES Although the project progressed well, one practical problem the team had to overcome was a shortage of lifters available for the team to hire in order to get up to the working height required. This problem was caused, Wright believes, by a large number of the lifters having been hired by firms working on the removal and replacement of cladding on blocks of flats, as a consequence of safety changes made following the Grenfell Tower fire.

The team also had to get used to having the peregrine falcons for company. The airport encourages the falcons to live in the hangar because they hunt the smaller birds at the airport that could otherwise pose a serious safety hazard to aircraft.

As well as sometimes seeing the birds flying around inside the building, the team also had to contend with the sound of the falcons carrying out their duties.

“You’d be working on the lifter and you suddenly hear a thud on the

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The PJ Wright & Son team found themselves working alongside the peregrine falcons that live in the hangar

roof above – and the falcon has struck and killed another pigeon,” says Wright.

He describes the falcons’ cries echoing around the hangar as “one of the eeriest things you’ll ever hear”. The team also got used to the behaviour of the birds inside the hangar, which turn their heads to the wall when the lights come up, but then head out to hunt. “When the main doors open you can stand there and watch them swoop out,” says Wright.

NICHE WORK It’s probably fair to say that Wright spends more time around planes than most UK-based electrical

3: THE NUMBER OF YEARS BEFORE THE INSTALLATION PAYS FOR ITSELF IN ENERGY SAVINGS

contractors. As well as a broad range of domestic, commercial and industrial client sites, his work also takes him abroad on a regular basis, delivering a very useful niche service. He is an expert in helping to install and maintain Beta machines, which insert foil strips in banknotes.

There are only a handful of these machines in the world, each of which is worth around $20 million.

Wright happened to be involved in solving a specific technical problem associated with a specific part of the machine in the 1980s and has been in regular demand to work on them ever since, meaning he has had to undertake trips to different parts of the world,

from China to California. This willingness to travel has also helped him to pick up other jobs in locations a long way from Lancashire, including a recent project in Namibia and – at the time of writing – work for a client in Barbados.

Wright founded his business 31 years ago, just a few years after completing his apprenticeship. Some of the small group of sub-contractors who now work with him regularly have been working with him for all of that time; many have done so for more than 20 years. F&H (Tony Flynn and Paul Hakin) are among these long-standing collaborators. In recent years they have also worked with the ‘& Son’ of the company name, Lewis Wright, now 21, who started working for the company as a teenager and has continued to add to his technical qualifications at college while working with the business.

“We have both just completed the 18th edition – I had a better pass mark than him! – and he is currently doing his HND, hopefully completing it in September, with an option to do a degree the following year,” says Wright. “He’s a great asset to the business.”

David Adams is a freelance business journalist

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BUSI N ESS GR OWT H

Many electrical businesses will feel the need to move into new areas or services as they seek to grow, all the more so in uncertain economic times. But doing your research is essential

BY DAVID ADAMS

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Branching out

possibly working with smart meters, or branch out into mechanical and engineering services more broadly.

Finally, contractors may also wish to look at developing services directly related to regulatory requirements, such as those related to new rules for inspecting private rented property (see feature on page 30).

IMAGE: GETTY

ANY SMALL BUSINESS OWNER

understands the wisdom behind two old proverbs: the one about not putting all your eggs in one basket, and the one about adding another string to your bow. Businesses should always be seeking to increase and diversify their potential client base, and one way to do so is to expand the range of services they offer.

The range of electrical equipment used by homeowners, commercial and public sector clients is changing all the time, meaning there is a huge number of services that contractors could provide alongside wiring and testing services. Contractors might develop specialist expertise in installing and maintaining fire alarms or security systems (alarms, door entry systems, CCTV and so on). They could develop expertise in services connected to home automation, low energy lighting systems or lighting design, or around the installation and maintenance of renewables.

They might join the growing numbers of contractors who are installing electric vehicle (EV) charge points at public and private locations, or decide to specialise in electric heating, underfloor heating systems or the installation of air conditioning or ventilation systems.

They could choose to extend services deeper into the heating services area,

SHRINK PROTECTION Whichever direction a company takes, it needs to guard against the possible shrinking of your existing market, says Ronnie Grant, director of Fife-based contractor RB Grant. “You have to look at the things you do and think, ‘Eventually, that’s not going to be there any more – we need to find something else’,” he says.

RB Grant was founded by Grant’s father, another Ronnie, in 1974.

It has offices in Kirkcaldy and St Andrews, and employs about 50 staff.

Its range of domestic, commercial and industrial services includes security equipment installation, smart/automated home services,

‘You really do need to know what you’re doing.

It’s very important to do all the necessary training’ solar PV services and installation of EV charging points. The company started working with smart home and renewable technologies around 10 years ago, and started installing EV charge points in 2013.

Its work with charge points has been boosted by the funding made available to firms in Scotland and their customers from the Energy Saving Trust and the Office for Low Emission Vehicles. Grant and his colleagues paid close attention to funding schemes that support the market for charge point installation, and also monitored the sometimes complex and often changeable set

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BUSI N ESS GR OWT H

of rules surrounding feed-in-tariffs and other government incentives that support the installation of renewable energy equipment in domestic and commercial settings.

As well as staying up to date with funding and policy developments, Grant stresses the need to invest in necessary training and certification related to equipment or technology, and to weigh up other costs, including the purchase of specialist equipment. “You need to research it very thoroughly, because there can be huge cost implications,” he says.

“Once you’ve done all that, you need to understand the market. How are you going to get the business in?

Who’s going to want this service – and how are you going to find them?”

Grant says there is value in networking as a way of finding out about commercial conditions within a market. “Sign up to Facebook groups and blogs that talk about it, and listen to what people are saying about the market,” he suggests. “That’s what I did with electric vehicles and solar PV. These groups are brilliant: you’re getting information from the people who are actually doing it.”

NATURAL EXTENSION Sometimes a business is able to grow because individuals with different talents realise they are complementary. Tom Hagley and Terry Warman both started working as electrical engineers in 1999, but joined forces in 2007 to create HW Renewables, based in Carshalton.

Today they provide electrical, mechanical, solar PV, energy-saving

‘How are you going to get the business in? Who’s going to want this service?’ and other renewables services, plus luxury kitchen and bathroom design and installation, and services linked to building renovations. “People started asking us if we could cover more and different areas for them,” says Warman. “The way we work is to use expert project managers. As long as you’ve got your management covered, things go smoothly.”

Today, HW Renewables has about 30 staff and works with a group of about 20 trusted sub-contractors.

Warman and Hagley got involved in kitchen and bathroom design after they carried out various electrical services in high-end residential properties for one particular client; the client asked if they might help to manage and deliver a kitchen and bathroom in one of the properties.

Client demand also influenced the way Cambridgeshire-based Huttie Group has grown since it was established by James Hutt in 2007.

At first, the business focused on installing heating, plumbing and airconditioning systems for commercial, residential and public sector clients.

However, it became clear that the firm would benefit from being able to offer more electrical services. Starting by hiring a single electrician, this side of the business was slowly built up until Huttie Electrical was launched in 2013, offering electrical services including data cabling and fire and security alarm system installation.

Over time, the company’s range of services has expanded further, with the launch of Huttie Renewable Energy in 2015; this provides solar heating, solar PV and battery storage, ground and air source heating, biomass energy generation and smart energy management services.

It also has a hire business for heavy lifting equipment, plant equipment and temporary heating and cooling

equipment, and offers a number of other building-related services. The Huttie Group now employs about 40 people, has a London office in addition to its headquarters at Swaffham Bulbeck near Cambridge, and may open a Bristol office soon.

DO YOUR HOMEWORK Never underestimate the need for detailed technical knowledge of equipment being used or sold to customers, Hutt says. “You really do need to know what you’re doing. It’s all very well having the qualifications on paper, but you need to know the systems. It’s very important to do all the necessary training.”

He also places great importance on building and carefully managing a team. “I’ve been very fortunate in being able to employ people who have a passion for their work,” he says. “That comes across when you’re quoting. If clients are confident in the people who are working with them, that’s the way more work comes.”

He also emphasises the need for a clear strategic vision, backed up by a marketing effort and – if possible – a significant financial input. And he warns contractors to be prepared for setbacks. “Things will go wrong.”

For Warman, the key to a new service launch is good management – and knowing when to turn work down. “Don’t take on too much at once,” he says. “Start with a small job, then build up the management side, and make sure you stay on top of that.

Planning and co-ordination is a big part of it – you can lose a lot of money if you don’t co-ordinate things well.”

Of course, good planning can make the difference between profit and loss, but it should also always incorporate some planning of the launch of new services, says Grant.

He believes every business needs to look beyond its current portfolio if it is to survive in the longer term. “This isn’t just fundamental to growth, it’s fundamental to business stability.”

David Adams is a freelance business journalist

28 SPRING 2019

26-28 Branching out.indd 28

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05/04/2019 10:21

P RS SA F E T Y C H E C KS

‘By building up good relationships with local landlords, letting agents and estate agents, Approved Contractors in Scotland have been able to secure work’

The likely introduction of five-yearly electrical safety checks in the private rented sector in England, Wales and Northern Ireland should help to raise standards and generate opportunities for contractors, as has proved the case in Scotland

BY ROB SHEPHERD

On the home straight comprehensive review of the guidelines, and the government recently published its response to a public consultation.

“It suggests that, in England, fiveyearly electrical safety checks should be mandatory, with the completion of an electrical installation condition report (EICR) to outline whether it is satisfactory for continued use and if any remedial works are required,” says Cheryl Cox, public affairs manager at Certsure.

“The Westminster government fell short of mandating a new competent persons scheme, but has suggested that voluntary schemes might be developed. It has recommended the production of guidance for landlords that will outline the competencies required to undertake such checks.

“However, this is an area the Ministry of Housing, Communities &

Local Government has lacked clarity on so far. We would like it to insist that those carrying out the checks are appropriately qualified and part of an approved scheme which has assessed its members, and we will be discussing this with them over the next few months.”

LOOK NORTH Scotland has had similar legislation in place since 1 December 2015, although this also covers appliance testing. In addition to regular fiveyearly checks, one smoke alarm must be installed in the room most frequently used, at least one smoke alarm in spaces such as hallways and landings, and at least one heat alarm in every kitchen. All alarms should be ceiling mounted and interlinked.

“Prior to the introduction of the legislation, we held a number of

IMAGE: GETTY

A

ccording to the English Housing Survey for 201617, some 4.7 million, or 20 per cent, of households in England are part of the private rented sector (PRS). With house prices still stubbornly out of reach for many first-time buyers, that number is expected to rise in the years ahead, with PwC estimating it will reach 7.2 million across the UK by 2025.

From a safety perspective, that should be cause for concern. The Electrical Safety Standards in the Private Rented Sector Working Group found that tenants in the PRS face a higher risk of electrical faults in their homes compared to those in social housing. In 2014, for example, some 59 per cent of PRS homes had all five recommended electrical safety features installed, considerably less than the 72 per cent of local authority homes and 77 per cent of housing association homes.

Electrical Safety First claims that more than 18,000 house fires in England each year are caused by electricity, and believes PRS properties are most at risk. Yet in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, there is currently no specific requirement for PRS landlords to have regular electrical safety checks carried out. In fact, some landlords are also failing to ensure simple precautions such as CO and fire alarms are in place and, while annual gas safety checks are required, they are not currently considered in the context of a fully integrated approach.

In order to address the situation, James Brokenshire, secretary of state for housing, initiated a

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events for landlords and contractors that were well attended, with a high level of engagement,” says Stuart Thompson, NICEIC Scotland manager. “I carried out an analysis of the number of EICRs purchased from us by Scottish contractors. In the year prior to the introduction of the legislation this figure was 39,775, but between 1 December 2015 and 1 December 2016, the figure had risen to 66,213. This was clear evidence that the new rules worked.”

Steve Martin, director of technical at the Electrical Contractors’ Association (ECA), believes that there is much for the rest of the UK to learn. “The Scottish courts have the power to properly penalise non-compliance,” he points out.

“However, this depends on tenants sharing information, and they may be reluctant to do so through fear of negative repercussions from their landlords or not knowing their rights to have electrical checks undertaken. This is an issue our government must take onboard.”

A PIECE OF THE ACTION The move towards fire safety legislation in the PRS represents a significant revenue-generating opportunity for electrical contractors, with the additional potential for repeat work via the five-yearly checks. “By building up good relationships with local landlords, letting agents and estate agents, Approved Contractors in Scotland have been able to secure work in a new and interesting area,” points out NICEIC’s Thompson. “Businesses with a properly qualified and skilled workforce, which follow good industry practice, can deliver this vital work to the highest standards.”

Operating out of its Glasgow headquarters, KGESTC is an NICEIC Approved Contractor that specialises in all aspects of electrical safety testing. The company’s managing director Kirsteen Green believes that the introduction of the legislation has been a positive

7.2M: THE NUMBER OF UK HOMES EXPECTED TO BE IN THE PRS BY 2025

59% THE PROPORTION OF HOMES IN THE PRS WHICH HAVE ALL FIVE RECOMMENDED ELECTRICAL SAFETY FEATURES

move. “It has made a genuine difference, and letting agents and landlords have reacted positively to it,” she says. “As well as improving the living conditions and safety of tenants, it has given KGESTC a valuable revenue stream.”

This view is shared by Fife-based NICEIC Approved Contractor SA Neilson Electrical. Its managing director Scott Neilson says: “There is always some resistance to change, but on the whole, the new rules were well received and have had a positive impact.

“It has increased awareness about electrical safety and why landlords must protect tenants, rather than risk serious accidents, fire or even fatalities by not acting on safety requirements.

I work extensively in student accommodation in and around St Andrews and I’m confident that having companies like mine regularly checking buildings for electrical safety is helping to avoid potential catastrophes.”

While reaction to the legislation in Scotland has been positive, there is room for improvement.

“There are still too many cowboy contractors who are not carrying out inspections properly,” says Green. “They are getting work by offering a low price and are simply cutting corners. They are able to do this because there isn’t any real enforcement of the legislation by the relevant authorities and there is no competent person scheme in place to clearly highlight who is qualified to carry out this type of work and do a quality job.”

SKILLED WORK When carrying out periodic electrical inspection and testing, individuals need technical understanding and skill, experience of older electrical installations, and broader capabilities such as engineering judgment, a solutions-based approach and an ethical perspective. “The most practical way of assuring competence in this area is by meeting the Level 3 benchmark,” says Martin at the ECA. “This route, through the completion of a formal apprenticeship or the culmination of knowledge-based qualifications, practical assessment and completion of an end-point assessment, enables experienced workers to achieve the same benchmark standard outside of conventional apprenticeship routes.

In addition, individuals should hold a Level 3 qualification on periodic inspection, testing and reporting of electrical installations, plus the current Level 3 award in requirements for electrical installations.”

The success of the proposed legislation will require a commitment to ensuring that regulations are properly enforced, and that there are penalties for failing to comply, while landlords need to take their responsibilities seriously, too. But for contractors who have the skills and experience, the introduction of five-yearly checks in the PRS could be good news, while also raising safety standards across the sector.

Rob Shepherd is a a freelance business journalist who specialises in the building services industry

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CON T RAC TO R P R O F I L E

Belfast firm AG Electrical has come a long way since it was first set up by Adam Gilmore back in 2014. Now, with a purpose-built office on the cards, the firm is eyeing up new markets

BY NICK MARTINDALE

Growing up fast Most of the company’s work is in the commercial and industrial spaces, with hotels, bars, restaurants and food factories all mainstays. “We did a hotel in our second year and those types of contract are pretty standard now,” he says. “We do everything from full electrical installations to minor works changing lights and sockets.”

Prominent clients include the Bullitt Hotel in Belfast, the Beannchor Group of restaurants and Huhtamaki Packaging, which manufactures packaging for fast-food outlets. It also has a good relationship with Bangor interior commercial design and fitout firm Strong Construction, as well as working directly with end-clients.

EXPANDING HORIZONS More recently, this business has moved into a couple of other areas.

“In the last year we’ve also taken in the high-end domestic sector, doing one-off builds,” says Adam, who has just turned 30. “We put in high-spec sound systems, dimming systems and smart home capability.

Company AG Electrical Established 2014 Major projects Electrical installation for Belfast’s Bullitt Hotel; maintenance contract for the Beannchor Group; electrical installation for Mash Direct

People expect to be able to operate their lights or to open their curtains from their iPhones, so it’s about being ahead of the curve. We regularly send people on courses so we stay ahead of the trend.”

The company has also started offering mechanical services in response to the demand from some clients to have one point of contact for all mechanical and electrical services,

IMAGES: © AARON MCCRACKEN/UNP

N

ot many people would choose to start up a business just as their wife was expecting their first child, but that’s exactly what then25-year-old Adam Gilmore, founder of Belfast-based AG Electrical, did back in 2014. Initially the idea was to bring in a bit of extra income, but he quickly discovered that he had created something that would become far bigger, and which continues to grow to this day.

Adam had worked his way up from an apprentice to a site foreman for a local firm when a bit of extra work on the side saw him offered a regular contract working with Mash Direct, a food production factory.

“I thought it was either now or never,” he recalls. “Initially it was just myself but I then employed another electrician and an apprentice, and by the end of the first year we had six employees. By the end of year two it was nine, and a year later we had over 20. We currently have just over 50 employees.”

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‘We did a hotel in our second year and those types of contract are pretty standard now’

and this is something that Adam intends to grow in the future.

Most of the firm’s work is currently in Northern Ireland, but it has also carried out projects in England, Scotland and the Republic of Ireland, where it has two contracts due to commence shortly. “The Republic market is one which we’re targeting this year, although with the uncertainty of Brexit some projects

are on hold, particularly with our customers in the agri-food sector who do a lot of exporting,” he says.

The lack of a government in Northern Ireland has also led to projects being put on hold, he adds.

The business has grown rapidly over the past five years. Turnover in its first year was £200,000, but it hit the £1 million mark in its third year of trading and is on course to

£3m

turn over around £3 million this year.

However, Adam is adamant that he won’t compromise on the quality of the staff he takes on, even if this acts as a restraint on growth.

“We’re very strict on the quality of people we employ because the high quality of the work we produce is what maintains the business,” he says. “Our hands-on approach is a big thing too; I’m always

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CON T RAC TO R P R O F I L E

dealing face-to-face with clients and our managers have been fantastic at adopting that approach as well.

It means there’s always one point of contact on site and that’s been key to building relationships and growing the business.”

His strong Christian faith has also helped the business, says Adam, by instilling in him the values of honesty and openness, and this has become the basis of the way in which the firm operates.

“That’s had a massive impact on how I conduct myself professionally, and has been adopted by everyone in the company,” he says. “It’s been instrumental in our growth.”

Inevitably, his own role has changed as the business has progressed, and he’s now largely in an overseeing capacity rather than on the tools himself. “Even up until we had around 30 employees I was still doing callouts,” he says.

“I still assist our guys on weekend callouts when required; being on the tools is my bread and butter

‘There’s always a point of contact on site and that’s been key to building relationships and growing the business’

and the bit I love doing, so it’s been quite a cultural shock for me. You have to learn how to be an HR, accounts department, head of sales and company director, so it’s been a steep learning curve. But at the start of any business the key is putting in the hours and the effort, and my wife Sarah has been very understanding.”

BUILDING A BASE Adam now has a team of six office staff helping to run the business, but this has been restrained by the fact that the business is still run from his house in Comber, based out of a converted garage. This is set to change, however; the business has bought up land three miles away in Newtownards, and is currently going through a tender process with building contractors to construct a new, purpose-built premises.

“We have been holding off for the last 18 months just to ensure we can maintain our growth but with all the office staff a purpose-built garage doesn’t really cut it any more,” he says. “Some of the guys working on the industrial sites start early or finish late so we can have people at the office from 4am and might not shut down until 11pm. I’m looking forward to getting the house back.”

The new site will give the firm the potential to have as many as 40 office staff, says Adam, as well as warehousing for parts and stock.

But it will also give it the ability to produce bespoke luminaires for use in restaurants and hotels. “If an architect comes up with an idea for a light we would take that, develop it and manufacture it,” he says. “At the moment we outsource some of that but would like to do that inhouse. The new office will give us the flexibility to offer that.”

In the longer term, the plan is for more of the same, and to continue to grow at a manageable rate. “We’ll take stock after Brexit,” he says. “We’ve a lot of projects lined up and a couple of new clients which have a lot of plans, so we will grow with them.

“But with growth comes more responsibility as there are a lot more people’s jobs to think about. We’re very happy with the size we are now; it’s a size that we can be competitive at. We can take on the large projects and the small ones and give them the same level of service.”

Having taken the gamble to start his own business five years ago, Adam is rightly proud of what he has achieved so far. “It’s been an incredible journey,” he says. “But it’s not down to being in the right place at the right time; it’s down to hard work and high quality. There have been plenty of early mornings and late nights along the way.”

Nick Martindale is editor of Connections

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technical

Your industry-leading reference guide to technical information 38

Ask the experts Answers to some of the more frequently asked questions put to our Technical Helpline

40

Energy efficiency A look at some of the main recommendations for energy efficiency given in Appendix 17 of BS 7671

44

When is it necessary to install surge protection devices?

Assessing the situations in which it is appropriate to install an SPD, according to BS 7671

48

Installing RCDs Guidance on selecting RCDs that are compatible with the loads and other devices connected, to avoid compromising the protection they offer

52

Apprentice Corner How the requirements of BS 7671 apply to overcurrent, particularly short-circuit current

56

Insulation resistance testing and SPDs An overview of types of surge protection device, and how to avoid damaging them while carrying out electrical testing

58

Small unearthed portable generators Advice and requirements for using a small unearthed portable generator in circumstances where other means of supply are unavailable

62

The ‘good old days’ We take a trip back to 1962, to see how earthing problems have – and have not – changed in the decades since

THE NICEIC AND ELECSA PUBLISHING TEAM Tim Benstead principal technical author Jonathan Elliott senior technical author Terry Bratley technical author Derek Cooney technical author Craig Waslin technical author Chris Long technical engineer Alex Whitworth technical illustrator

HELPLINE John O’Neill technical engineering manager Sam Donaghy technical helpline engineer Stuart McHugh technical helpline engineer Duncan McFarlane technical helpline engineer Norman Bradshaw technical helpline engineer Mark Cooper technical helpline engineer Richard Atkins technical standards engineer Mark Barnes-Rider technical helpline engineer Craig Kemp technical helpline engineer Craig Cunningham technical helpline engineer

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T E C HN I CAL

Ask the experts

QU E ST I ON

What is a departure and when can one be applied?

ANSWE R

We continue with our series of answers to some of the more frequently asked questions put to our Technical Helpline Q UE STIO N

What is the status of the BS 7671 (The Requirements for Electrical Installations), commonly referred to as ‘regulations’?

A N SW E R

BS 7671 contains a number of instances where a ‘recommendation’ as opposed to a ‘requirement’ is made. What does the term ‘recommended’ mean to a contractor in such instances?

Q

The Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) and its predecessor In the absence of a definition organisations produced and published in Part 2 of BS 7671 prescribing rules and regulations relating to a particular meaning to a word electrical installation work activities or phrase, the meaning of that word in from 1882. However, because common usage is applicable. standardisation rules do not permit The Oxford English Dictionary defines a another standard to be produced on recommendation as: a subject matter covered by a British “A suggestion or proposal as to the Standard, these were replaced by best course of action, especially one put BS 7671 (Requirements for Electrical forward by an authoritative body.”

Installations) in the early 1990s.

Other English dictionaries give similar This is the historic basis for the definitions, but none imply that it is requirements of BS 7671 being compulsory to follow a recommendation. referred to as ‘regulations’ within A recommendation is therefore the standard. However, BS 7671 guidance on what may be considered has the status of a British Standard good practice as opposed to being Code of Practice and so the something that must be done.

‘Regulations’ given in BS 7671 are It would therefore be wrong non-statutory (see ‘Regulation’ 114.1). to assume that choosing to not It is important, however, to follow any such recommendation take into account the Note by necessarily detracts from the safety the Health and Safety Executive of the electrical installation. contained in the preamble to BS 7671, which states that: “Installations which conform to the standards laid down in BS 7671: 2018 are regarded by HSE as likely to achieve conformity with the relevant parts of the Electricity at Work Regulations 1989.”

So, in effect, the ‘requirements’ of BS 7671 can be seen as what should be done to claim compliance with relevant statutory requirements. Compliance with the requirements of BS 7671 is therefore strongly recommended.

A

Do you have a technical query? Call our helpline on 0333 015 6628

BS 7671 defines a departure as a: “Deliberate decision to not comply fully with the requirements of this Standard, for which the designer must declare that the resultant degree of safety is not less than that achievable by full compliance.”

Departures are an acceptable and useful design approach in certain circumstances, where used with the agreement of all parties to a contract. For example, departures make possible the development of new products and techniques and the use of such when they are not yet covered by relevant product standards.

Anyone employing departures should provide documentation supporting the engineering judgements they have applied sufficient to withstand expert scrutiny during the intended life of the installation.

QU E ST I ON

BS 7671 asks, in a number of ‘regulations’, that particular characteristics, conditions or sources of information are taken into account during the design, construction and verification of an electrical installation. Can you clarify what this means?

ANSWE R

Any and all relevant and reasonable information should be taken into consideration when designing, constructing or verifying an installation.

The determination of relevance or reasonability will require the application of sound engineering judgement. In some instances, this will be straightforward.

For example, ‘Regulation’ 132.5.1 requires, quite reasonably, that any design takes due account of ambient environmental conditions.

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Area Engineer / Peter Haskell In other cases, such as some manufacturers’ recommendations, the situation may not be so clear cut. For example, it is reasonable for a manufacturer to recommend the use in a consumer unit of only components that have been approved for such use through product compliance testing. It would not, however, be reasonable to have to seek any further assurance of suitability for environmental conditions where the degree of ingress protection declared by a manufacturer for a correctly installed product met the specific IP requirements of BS 7671 for a particular environment or location.

Q UE STIO N

I have nearly completed various minor works additions to a property commenced before the January deadline for compliance with the 18th Edition regulations.

However, there will be a delay to the electrical work in the bathroom, which will now be finished after January 2019.

Will I still be able to issue 17th Edition version minor electrical installation works certificates, or will they have to be the 18th Edition version?

When did you first become an Area Engineer for NICEIC? Back in September 1999.

How has the job changed in that time?

Twenty years ago, our assessment report spanned two pages of A4. Now, of course, we have the iPad.

Peter Haskell Bristol, Bath and surrounding area NICEIC and ELECSA employ 80 field team staff to assess contractors’ work and provide up-to-date technical advice. To many of you they will be the face of NICEIC and ELECSA that you see regularly. Here we turn the tables and put them in the spotlight

What are some of the biggest changes within the industry that you have come across in that time?

LED technology gives affordable lighting solutions to all sizes of business. Controversially, I think RCDs are over-used. I would consider more exceptions to their use a progressive step.

What’s the strangest thing you have come across on an assessment during your time with NICEIC? Below platform level at Bristol Temple Meads station, in the pitch black, some wag had dressed a skeleton in ragged clothing and sat it on a seat. Very scary.

What’s the strangest request you have had?

Somebody with a recently decorated high-spec house omitted to consider additional power prior to the work. They asked if there was some way of ‘sending electricity through the air’ like radio signals!

What interesting jobs have some of your contractors being involved with?

The Concorde Museum in Bristol was special, along with the old Brabazon Hangar at the Airbus site.

A N SW E R

Any electrical installation work designed prior to 1 January 2019 may be installed, inspected and tested in accordance with the requirements of the edition of BS 7671 that was current at the time of the initial design. Therefore, providing the work was designed before the end of 2018, you can test, inspect and certify the work to the requirements of the 18th Edition, even if the work is not completed until after January 2019.

We would recommend you have a conversation with the person who ordered this work before proceeding to explain that the electrical certification of the finished work will be to the 17th Edition rather than the current (18th) edition.

What are your interests outside of work?

I am a member of our local gym and I cycle – I cycled John O’ Groats to Land’s End in 2012. I am also a big walker. I have walked the Coast-to-Coast route, West Highland Way, Yorkshire Three Peaks, the Corfu Trail and am halfway around the South West Coast Path.

If you could have a superpower – what would it be?

Bring the retirement age down to 59.

If you had a day off tomorrow, what would you do?

Plan the next leg of my South West Coast Path.

Favourite book, film and TV programme?

Book(s): The latest Dan Brown – Origin. Film: The Shawshank Redemption. TV: Masterchef.

What’s the one best bit of advice you would give to electrical contractors?

Before starting any new job, take a moment to stop/ think/prepare correctly.

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T E C HN I CAL

Energy efficiency zones is intended to provide closer, more efficient control in relation to the range of occupancy patterns and work activities within the same building, floor or location.

Depending on the particular installation, the size of a zone may range from a small room to an entire floor of a building. Examples of zones for lighting installations may include: • corridors • offices, workshops • space near windows (daylit) and spaces remote from windows • external lighting • display lighting • kitchens, and • storage areas.

O B JE C TIVE

Appendix 17 of the 18th Edition of BS 7671 is a new appendix which introduces recommendations for energy efficiency. This article discusses some of the main recommendations included.

Introduction For the purposes of promoting electrical installations that are energy efficient, recommendations have been introduced in Appendix 17 of BS 7671. While the information provided is currently informative, the commitment is made clear by following statement (paragraph 17.1): “It is intended that this Appendix will be developed into Part 8 of BS 7671 in a future amendment.”

The recommendations, which are discussed in this article, apply to the design and erection of new electrical installations and modification of existing installations, and are generally aimed at non-domestic installations.

Note: Part L of the UK Building Regulations (Conservation of fuel and power) sets out the requirements for the energy efficiency of buildings, which includes the provision of Energy Performance Certificates (EPC) to demonstrate the energy efficiency achieved.

As shown in Fig 1, the task lighting area (zone 3) is where the occupants carry out their main tasks – for a general office, this is the desks – whereas areas classed as building Fig 1 Example of some possible lighting zones in a commercial office

Zone 1

Dividing installations into zones

Zone 2

The purpose of ‘zoning’ is to enable areas of buildings with different demands for heating, lighting and ventilation to be considered separately. A zone represents a floor area (m2) or a location where electricity is used (paragraph 17.5 refers). Dividing areas into

Zone 3 Zone 1 - Spaces near windows Zone 2 - Circulation areas Zone 3 - Task area

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consumption, especially as the maximum levels of artificial lighting are unlikely to be needed at all times of the day.

As stated in the note to paragraph 17.12, effective control of lighting installations can improve energy efficiency by more than 50 %.

However, irrespective of the type of lighting controls used, the design must meet the needs of the building user. Supplies should not be reduced below the level desired by the user or required for the security of the building.

For example, to reduce usage it would be appropriate to switch off display lighting overnight but lighting designed for security and safety purposes should not be affected.

lighting include ceilings, walls and general circulation spaces (zone 2).

Depending on the particular tasks undertaken, the level of lighting required for building lighting is usually much lower than that required for task lighting. For example, the lighting level required at the desks in a commercial office needs to be sufficient for the employees to carry out their normal work activities such as writing, reading and typing. However, the same level of lighting is not necessarily required for the circulation areas. Furthermore, spaces near windows (zone 1) may not require the same level of artificial lighting as other areas during daylight hours, and during a sunny day these spaces may not need any artificial lighting.

In view of this, it is recommended that areas of different demand are identified as individual zones and controlled separately. As stated in paragraph 17.6, for energy consumption purposes the use of a particular circuit or zone should be clearly identified.

Distribution systems The energy consumption of devices forming part of the electrical installation, such as relays, contactors and power monitors that contribute to the energy efficiency of an installation, is negligible compared to that used in delivering energy to the load and the energy used by the load.

In order to minimise losses, consideration should be given to locating power sources at the optimum position so that circuit lengths are kept to a minimum, and to increasing the cross-sectional area (csa) of the cables used for distribution and final circuits.

For installations connected directly to the low voltage public network, the maximum voltage drop between the origin of an installation and any load point should not exceed the values shown in Table 1. However, for the efficient delivery of energy to the loads connected within an installation, it is important to limit the voltage drop to a value that is as low as economically feasible (paragraph 17.4).

As designers of electrical installations tend to work towards achieving the most cost effective cable, their aim is generally to keep the csa of cables to a minimum. However, consideration should be given to the energy savings that may be achieved over time by reducing the (I2R) thermal losses of cables. Where a distribution cable is intended to be routed underground, for example, the labour costs incurred for digging the trench and laying the cable are likely to be similar across a range of cable sizes. While

Lighting and controls While the introduction of LED lights continues to offer significant reductions in the energy required to illuminate premises, it should not be overlooked that the benefits of installing higher efficacy luminaires can be significantly reduced if they are not properly controlled. For example, poor control can result in lights operating when not required, especially in unoccupied rooms or locations, and cause areas of buildings to be consistently over-lit even when daylight is available. For these reasons, paragraph 17.12 recommends that careful consideration is given to the selection of appropriate controls for the different spaces within buildings, and lists examples of devices that may be installed to ensure that the lights are only operated when needed.

With reference to Fig 1, the lighting designer would need to take account of the illumination of the particular spaces within the area.

Daylight-sensing controls could be used for the spaces along the windows to allow the level of artificial lighting to be adjusted automatically to complement the level of daylight available.

Once a sufficient level of daylight is available, the artificial lighting could be automatically switched off, whereas lighting provided at the desks may be more efficiently controlled by occupancy sensors so that lights are not left on when the desks are unoccupied. Occupancy controls may also be appropriate in rooms, storage areas, toilets and the like to switch lights on and off when people enter and leave. Appropriate use of dimming is another factor that may contribute to reducing energy

Table 1 Maximum allowable voltage drops for installations connected to the low voltage public network Type of load

Maximum % Voltage drop

Maximum voltage drop allowed 230 V supplies

400 V supplies

Lighting

3%

9.6 V

16 V

Other uses

5%

11.6 V

20 V

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T E C HN I CAL

increasing the csa of the cable will increase the initial cost of the cable, it is unlikely to affect the size of trench and the cost of laying the cable.

Indeed, considering the energy savings possible over the working design life of the cable, it may prove more cost effective to select a cable having an increased csa. This cost saving increases the longer the predicted life of the installation.

For the purposes of minimising voltage drop, distribution boards should be positioned so that the final circuit lengths are kept to a minimum (load centre). Consideration should also be given to increasing the csa of final circuits to reduce voltage drop, however, practical constraints such as size of terminations also need to be taken into account (paragraph 17.4).

Fig 2 Providing efficient control of a three-phase AC motor

AC motor (3-phase) efficiency rating of IE3 or IE2

Variable frequency drive

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measurement or calculation (paragraph 17.13).

For some premises, the use of sub-metering may be appropriate such as, for example, where the floor of a building is divided into different units or departments. Where sub-metering is required, the accuracy of measurement may need to be suitable for separate billing as well as providing feedback on energy consumption. As a minimum, the accuracy of measurement should comply with paragraph 17.8.

To reduce energy consumption it may be possible for certain loads to be switched off for defined periods without impacting on their service (paragraph 17.9); however, loads such as IT equipment and TVs are not suitable for ‘load shedding’. Therefore where ‘load shedding’ is intended, the types of loads and the duration they are intended to be switched off for should be agreed with the client.

Equipment and loads In industry, 60 % of the energy consumed is used to supply motors, so considerable energy savings may be made by selecting the correct motor and controls for a given application. As stated in 17.12, operating AC induction motors at less than full-load reduces their efficiency.

Where AC motors having a rated output of 0.75 kW to 375 kW are installed they should have an efficiency rating of IE31 (premium efficiency) or IE2 (high efficiency) and be equipped with a variable speed drive.

Based on the loads connected, the designer should consider the level of reactive current and whether measures are required to correct power factor. For such purposes, paragraph 17.13 recommends implementing the following: • selection of current-using equipment with low reactive current component, and • systems for compensation of reactive energy by using capacitors.

Summary Appendix 17 is an informative annex and provides recommendations and not requirements. It is clear from the recommendations included in Appendix 17 that a more holistic approach to energy efficiency is recommended, whereby the energy efficiency of the whole electrical installation and not just the individual component parts is prioritised. As discussed in this article, in order to deliver electrical installations that are energy efficient, electrical designers should: • specify energy efficient loads and components • provide effective control methods for the installed loads • minimise the thermal losses of cables.

Where capacitor banks are installed to improve power factor it can lead to the generation of harmonics within the electrical system, and in some circumstances it may be necessary to install harmonic filters.

Note: To minimise the level of current flowing in the neutral supplying a three-phase installation, loads should be spread as evenly as possible across the three phases, based on the load profile assessment.

Measuring energy consumption Accurate data is essential for monitoring and analysing the energy efficiency of buildings.

Installations should be designed to allow the total energy consumption of buildings, measured in kWh, to be measured on an hourly basis each day (paragraph 17.11), and the energy consumption of each item of current-using equipment should be ascertained either by

1 For information on energy efficiency classes refer to BS EN 60034-30-1

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T E C HN I CAL

When is it necessary to install surge protection devices? continue to provide the level of protection deemed appropriate in the design.

For these reasons, it is important to appropriately assess when – and where within an installation – SPDs should be installed to provide the necessary overvoltage protection cost-effectively.

O B JE C TIVE

The aim of this article is to provide guidance on whether surge protection devices should be installed.

An article looking at insulation resistance testing and SPDs which appears elsewhere in this edition of Connections may also be of interest. A future article will look at the application of the risk assessment procedure described in Regulation 443.5.

18th Edition requirements Regulation 443.4 requires that protection against transient overvoltages is provided where such overvoltage occurrences could result in: • serious injury to, or loss of, human life, • interruption of public services, • damage to cultural heritage, • interruption of commercial or industrial activity, or

Introduction

Fig 1 Typical threephase arrangement

The 18th Edition of BS 7671 saw a number of significant changes to the requirements for provision of surge protection devices (SPDs).

There are undoubtedly many instances where the installation of overvoltage protection for some or all premises is necessary for safety reasons. It should be noted that Section 443 does not specify any requirements for protection against transient overvoltages due to direct or nearby lightning strokes on the structure.

However, as effective overvoltage protection may involve the installation of a number of SPDs of differing types in multiple locations within an installation, the cost of effective provision can be significant.

Moreover, it must be remembered that SPDs deteriorate to some extent whenever they are called to interrupt/divert an overvoltage until they are life expired, at which point their replacement becomes essential in order to

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• where a large number of individuals at the same location could be affected.

Fig 2 Typical singlephase arrangement

This regulation also states that in all other cases a risk assessment according to Regulation 443.5 should be performed in order to determine if protection against transient overvoltage is required. If such a risk assessment is not performed, the electrical installation should be provided with protection against transient overvoltage.

An exception to the requirement to perform a risk assessment is given for single dwelling units where it is considered that the total value of the installation and equipment therein does not justify such protection. This article does not address what that total value of the installation and equipment is, and such discussions should be had with the client prior to any work being carried out.

Consideration should also be given to the provision of overvoltage protection where installed equipment is likely to cause: • switching overvoltages caused by, for example, the switching of a load or interruption of a fault current, or • disturbances exceeding the overvoltage category of the installation or part thereof, most commonly in the healthy phases of a multi-phase system when phase-earth faults occur.

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libraries, schools and leisure centres should be determined by risk assessment.

III) Where a transient overvoltage may result in damage being caused to items of cultural heritage Protection against transient overvoltages could be provided for buildings, monuments, artefacts and archaeological sites deemed to be unique or irreplaceable. In some cases this may necessitate the protection of an entire building, particularly where the building itself is the asset.

However, in other instances, such as some museums and cultural centres, it can be reasonably argued that only those specific parts of buildings or particular circuits of an installation supplying items of cultural heritage automatically require overvoltage protection. The need to protect other parts of such premises, or indeed non-essential circuits therein, can be determined via risk assessment.

When is the application of risk assessment required?

The risk assessment methodology is now significantly more in-depth and extensive than the approach used in earlier editions of BS 7671, and need only be used when the requirements of Regulation 443.4 do not apply. This regulation requires further clarification and, therefore, the items listed in the indents of Regulation 443.4 will be considered individually.

I) Where a transient overvoltage could result in serious injury or loss of human life Protection against transient overvoltages should always be provided in such cases. This would include circuits supplying safety services and facilities providing medical care.

IV) Where a transient overvoltage may result in interruption of commercial or industrial activity Protection against transient overvoltages should be provided for installations such as hotels, banks, industrial plants and the like or parts thereof where a supply interruption is deemed intolerable. Examples might include circuits supplying complex interlinked production processes and storage/processing of valuable, sensitive or otherwise important data. The possible benefits of SPDs should be discussed with the client. However, specific commercial decisions exist outside the safety remit of BS 7671.

II) Where a transient overvoltage may result in interruption of public services Protection against transient overvoltages should be provided for premises such as those for emergency services such as fire and rescue services, police and ambulance/paramedic services and communication systems.

However, the need for overvoltage protection for premises providing public services such as 45 SPRING 2019

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T E C HN I CAL

It must however be recognised that short term interruption of some commercial and industrial activities is insufficient grounds for blanket provision of overvoltage protection.

be provided where such voltages could cause serious injury or loss of life. Overvoltage protection should also be provided where an overvoltage could result in: • interruption to essential public services, or • damage to cultural heritage, or • intolerable disruption to industrial or commercial activities.

V) Where a transient overvoltage may affect a large number of co-located individuals This indent is effectively addressed where overvoltage protection is provided for instances described in indents (i) to (iii) of Regulation 443.4.

In the case of non-essential public services, and industrial/commercial activities where some interruption of supply is tolerable, the need for overvoltage protection should be assessed by risk assessment. This should be done with the explicit agreement of the client and may need to be recorded on the Electrical Installation Certificate accordingly.

In some cases, such as where overvoltage events are commonplace as a result of industrial activities and exposure to such would cause frequent failure of SPDs, alternative measures such as the use of suitable isolation transformers should be sought to provide more effective and reliable overvoltage protection.

Conclusions The 18th Edition does not require the provision of SPDs for installations of single dwelling units where the total value of the installation and the equipment therein does not justify the cost of such provision. However this does not mean that the possible benefits of such provision should not be pointed out to a client where the contractor is aware of instances of damage occurring as a result of overvoltage events in a particular area or geographic location.

Protection against overvoltages must always

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T E C HN I CAL

Installing RCDs • Lighting and heating controllers, • Appliances such as washing machines, induction hobs, dishwashers and fridges.

O B JE C TIVE

Depending on the particular characteristics of the ‘electronic’ loads and controls connected to an electrical installation, an RCD could be exposed to a range of residual current waveforms and frequencies. Therefore, as discussed in this article, unless RCDs are selected that are compatible with the loads and other devices connected, the protection intended may be compromised.

Such ‘electronic’ products can, in normal operation, generate DC as well as residual current waveforms of high or mixed frequencies, as shown in Fig 1b. Furthermore, in the event of a fault, the current flowing is likely, depending on where the fault occurs, to be complex in shape rather than the sinusoidal waveform shown in Fig 1a. Therefore, an RCD exposed to such waveforms needs to be of a suitable type, otherwise a distorted waveform (or DC) could affect the time/current operation of an RCD and cause it to operate outside its correct operating characteristics – or, at worst, the RCD could fail to operate at all.

It should be recognised that the term RCD covers a range of residual current devices.

While the selection of an RCD is primarily based on the residual current sensitivity required, other factors also need to be taken into account, including:

Introduction Electronic components are to be found in most electrical products installed in modern electrical installations – including, for example: • LED lights, • Variable speed drives, • UPS systems, Fig 1 Effects of electronic loads on the sinusoidal waveform

Non-sinusoidal current

Sinusoidal current

AC supply

RCD

Heating element (Resistive load)

AC supply

a) Resistive loads

RCD

Electronic equipment

b) Electronic loads

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Table 1 Classification of RCDs Type

Symbol

Operating Characteristic

AC

Operation assured for residual alternating currents, whether suddenly applied or slowly rising (for general use).

A

As for Type AC and, additionally, operation assured for: • Residual pulsating direct currents, including those superimposed

F

As for Type A and, additionally, operation assured for: • Composite residual currents, whether suddenly applied or slowly rising between line and neutral or line and earthed middle conductor.

• Residual pulsating direct currents superimposed on smooth direct current of up to 10 mA.

B

As for Type F and, additionally, operation assured for:

on a smooth direct current offset of up to 6 mA.

• Residual sinusoidal alternating currents up to 1000 Hz. • Residual alternating currents superimposed on a smooth direct current of up to 0.4 times the rated residual current (I∆n) or 10 mA, whichever is the highest value.

• Residual pulsating rectified direct current which results from two or more phases.

• Residual smooth direct currents whether suddenly applied or slowly increased independent of polarity.

• the compatibility of the device with the type of loads connected, • co-ordination between Types of RCDs, and • selectivity between RCDs and other protective devices that may be connected in series.

Co-ordination between RCD Types

Classification of RCDs The operating characteristics of a general purpose RCD (Type AC) is designed for sinusoidal waveforms of 50 Hz. Exposure to high frequency waveforms or DC can saturate the core of the RCD, rendering the device unable to correctly detect residual currents1, and as such unable to operate under fault conditions. Similarly, the correct operation of a Type A RCD cannot be assured where it is likely to be exposed to certain waveforms of mixed frequencies. For these reasons, Regulation 531.3.3 of BS 7671 requires that an appropriate ‘Type’ of RCD is selected based on the frequencies and DC component likely to be present.

When used to describe the operating

1 This is known as ‘blinding’.

2 Type S RCDs are covered by the BS EN 61008 series (RCCBs) and BS EN 61009 (RCBOs) 3 Circuit-breakers incorporating residual current protection (CBRs) with time delay settings and Modular residual current devices (MRCDs) with time delay settings are covered by BS EN 60947-2: 2006. These RCDs could also be type S.

Fig 2 Examples of correct and incorrect co-ordination between upstream Type A RCD and downstream Type F or B RCD

F or B

kwh

characteristics of an RCD, the term ‘Type’ relates to the frequency and shape of current waveform for which tripping is assured. A summary of the Types of RCDs detailed in Regulation 531.3.3 and the particular current waveforms for which they are designed is provided in Table 1. In addition, the recommendations given in Figure A53.1 of Annex A53 of BS 7671, for protection against possible fault currents in systems with semiconductors should also be taken into account.

Nothing introduced in the 18th edition makes the installation of RCD split consumer units unacceptable.

Regulation 531.3.3 details the different types of RCD that exist and may be selected for use.

Note: An RCD intended for operation by ordinary persons should comply with the relevant product standard listed in Regulation 531.3.4.1, whereas an RCD for use by skilled or instructed persons should comply with Regulation 531.3.4.2.

A

A

S-type F or B

Where RCDs are connected in series within an installation, the selection of one Type of RCD should not impair the operation of another device. As shown in Fig 2, the load characteristics which made it necessary for a Type F or B RCD to be installed could detrimentally affect the Type A device connected upstream, causing it to operate. Therefore, with reference to Table 1, RCDs should be co-ordinated whereby: • a Type AC RCD should not be installed upstream of a Type A, F or B RCD, • a Type A RCD should not be installed upstream of a Type F or B RCD, and • a Type F RCD should not be installed upstream of a Type B RCD device.

Selectivity between RCDs Given the RCD Types are compatible, selectivity between RCDs connected in series based on the residual current is achieved where: • the upstream RCD is of selective type (Type S2 or time-delayed type3 with appropriate time delay setting), and • the ratio between the rated residual operating current (I∆n) of the upstream RCD and the downstream RCD is at least 3:1 (Regulation 536.4.1.4 refers).

A residual current protective device connected upstream of an RCD providing additional protection (rated residual current ≤ 30 mA), should be a Type S device, incorporating a timedelay for selectivity purposes.

Note: A Type S RCD is not suitable for additional protection and where this device

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T E C HN I CAL

is installed it shall satisfy the disconnection requirements of Chapter 41 of BS 7671.

Requirements for selectivity between overcurrent protective devices and RCDs are contained in Regulation Group 536.4.1.5.

It should be noted that a Residual Current Circuit Breaker RCCB is not designed to provide overload or short-circuit protection and so suitable devices providing such protection must be installed. In the case of RCCBs housed within a typical consumer unit to BS EN 61439-3, short-circuit protection is provided by an upstream device, generally the supplier’s intake fuse, while overload protection is provided by the protective devices installed within the consumer unit. Therefore, the loads connected to a single RCCB must not cause the device to be subjected to a continuous overload exceeding its rating, and the short-circuit withstand capability of the RCCB should have a rating higher than the highest prospective fault current that could occur at its point of installation (Regulation 536.4.2.4 refers).

loop impedance on the supply side of the RCD and adding this to the value of the combined resistance (R1+R2) on the load side of the RCD. Alternatively, automatic disconnection of supply (ADS) may be confirmed by verifying the effectiveness of the RCD, as covered in issue 207 of Connections.

Summary In addition to providing the correct level of residual current protection required, an RCD should be selected so that it is compatible with the operating characteristics of the loads it protects and other devices connected in series.

As the nature of loads and their operating characteristics become more complex, then confirming the suitability of existing RCDs should not be overlooked.

Compatibility with SPDs

SNAG S & SO LUTIO NS

Regulation 534.4.7 requires an RCD installed upstream of a Surge Protective Device to be a transient resistant type having an immunity to surge currents (8/20) of up to 3 kA. Both Type S (RCCBs) to BS EN 61008-1 series and (RCBOs) to the BS EN 61009-1 satisfy this requirement. However, the installation of a Type 1 SPD downstream of an RCD is not recommended.

1

SNAG S & SO LUTIO NS

2

SNAG S & SO LUTIO NS

Considerations for electrical testing Irrespective of the function of an RCD, whether it is installed to provide fault protection, additional protection or protection against fire, its operation must be verified by testing (Regulation Group 643.7 refers). It should be confirmed that the test instrument is capable of subjecting the RCD to all the required tests.

In some circumstances, due to the compatibility of the RCD and the test instrument used, it may not be possible to obtain a measured value of earth fault loop impedance. Some earth fault loop impedance test instruments inject a DC current to saturate the core of the RCD prior to testing so that the actual test current is undetected by the RCD. This technique of applying a DC bias effectively ‘blinds’ the RCD and prevents it tripping during the test. Such a test is likely only to be suitable for certain devices such as Type AC and A RCDs. For other Types of RCD either a test instrument having a low current no trip facility or similar is required or the impedance value can be obtained by measuring the earth fault

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T E C HN I CAL

Fault current Fault current is made up of two types of fault, as shown in Fig 1 – earth faults and short-circuits.

• Earth fault currents flow when there is fault between a live conductor and earth, as shown in Fig 2a.

• A short-circuit current flows as a result of a fault between live conductors, for example lineto-line or line-to-neutral, as shown in Fig 2b.

The predicted fault current in a circuit is called the prospective fault current (Ipf).

This article will only consider short-circuit currents between live conductors.

Apprentice Corner Overcurrent Short-circuit currents The focus of the apprentice corner in this issue of Connections is on overcurrent; particularly short-circuit current, and how the requirements of BS 7671 apply. The adiabatic equation given in Regulations 434.5.2 and 543.1.3 will be introduced to indicate its application with short-circuit current analysis. This will be complemented with the aid of an example and a number of multiple-choice questions.

Short-circuit current The short-circuit loop is shown by the red line in Fig 2b. Because of the higher current values typically involved with short-circuit conditions, care has to be taken in selecting appropriate switchgear and protective devices.

Regulation 434.5.1 requires that the rated short-circuit breaking capacity of each circuit protective device shall normally not be less than the maximum prospective fault current at the point at which the device is installed. However, a protective device having a lower breaking capacity is permitted if another protective device having the necessary rated short-circuit breaking capacity is installed on the supply side, as shown in Fig 3. In this situation, the characteristics of the devices shall be co-ordinated so that the energy let-through of these devices does not exceed that which can be withstood, without damage, by the device(s) on the load side.

In domestic (household) or similar premises, where a consumer unit to BS EN 61439-3 is used and the maximum prospective fault current declared by the distributor is 16 kA, it is not necessary to measure or calculate prospective fault current at the origin of the supply. This specific conditional short-circuit rating applies when using an upstream BS 88-3 (formerly BS 1361 type II) fuse-link with a maximum 16 kA PSCC at the service cut-out and not at the consumer unit.

Introduction The types of current that can lead to an overcurrent occurring in a circuit are shown in the block diagram of Fig 1. An overcurrent resulting from an overload was covered in Issue 207.

Fig 1 Terms from Part 2 of BS 7671 showing the make-up of an overcurrent

The relationship between the protective device and the cable

AN OVERCURRENT A current exceeding the rated value:

AN OVERLOAD An overcurrent in a circuit that is electrically sound.

A FAULT CURRENT A current resulting from a fault.

AN EARTH FAULT CURRENT

A SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT

While Regulation 434.5.1 is concerned with the ability of a protective device to withstand the effects of the maximum prospective fault current, Regulation 434.5.2 is concerned with limiting the heat that will be added to the current-carrying conductor while such a fault exists.

For any relevant disconnection time the maximum energy withstand of the cable must be equal to or greater than the let-through energy of the protective device. If this is not the case,

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Fig 2b Fault loop for a short-circuit current for a typical TN-C-S system

Fig 2a Earth fault current path for a typical TN-C-S system Supply

Installation

Installation

R1 L1

R1 Earth FAULT Fault

L

Source of energy

L Short circuit

LOAD

N L3

N Rn

L2

cpc

E

PEN

Rn E

Earthing conductor

cpc

R2

MET

there is the risk that under fault conditions the insulation may suffer thermal damage.

The time, t, in which a given fault current will raise the live conductors from the highest permissible temperature in normal duty to the limiting temperature, can, as an approximation, be calculated from the adiabatic equation: k2S2 t = 2 (434.5.2) I Note that an earth fault has a maximum disconnection time of 5 s for TN systems.

There is no such limitation on time given in Regulation 434.5.2 for short-circuit currents.

However, a check must be made to ensure that the protective device operates before damage is done to the cable.

Transposing to enable the equation to be expressed in terms of the thermal relationship gives: S2k2 = I2t.

On one side is the thermal withstand of the cable S2k2 and on the other side is the let-through energy I2t of the protective device.

The maximum thermal withstand of the cable depends on its cross-sectional area S and also k which is a factor that takes account of the material properties of conductors and insulation.

As previously mentioned, since the thermal withstand of the cable must be greater than or equal to the let-through energy of the protective device, then S2k2 ≥ I2t.

Earthing conductor

R2 MET

Fig 3 Typical arrangement at the origin of a domestic installation

Supply

Consumer unit to BS EN 61439-3

Supply authorities cut-out fuse

Load BS 88-3 Ipf ≤ 16 kA quoted by DNO (formerly BS 1361) 100 A type II (33 kA)

BS EN 60898 6A type B (6 kA)

Fig 4 Illustration of fault current Fault position B

A

Load 20 A (BS 88-3)

1.5 mm2 SWA

upon the circuit cable?

The circuit has been installed using a 1.5 mm2 steel-wire armoured cable having a thermoplastic sheath. It is protected by a BS 88-3 fuse system C, rated at 20 A. Under no-fault conditions, the values of the line-neutral loop impedance at the supply and load can be taken as 0.28 Ω and 0.62 Ω respectively. The effects of voltage drop at the load have been ignored.

The application of the regulations of Chapter 43 shall take into account both the minimum and maximum fault current conditions, so that the highest energy let-through is taken into account (Regulation 533.3 refers).

Regulations 411.4.4 and 411.5.4 incorporate a voltage factor into the equations given. This

Example To illustrate the effects of a short-circuit occurring on a cable supplying a load, consider a fault occurring at position B which has some additional impedance due, possibly, to a loose connection. If the total impedance of the lineneutral loop is 4 Ω, what effect will this have 53 SPRING 2019

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T E C HN I CAL

Multiple-choice questions

voltage factor C was introduced to BS 7671: 2008+A3: 2015 to take account of voltage variations depending on time and place, changing of transformer taps and other considerations. The values of C for a low voltage installation are given in Table 1, which is reproduced from Table 7 of PD CLC/TR 50480: 20111 Determination of cross-sectional area of conductors and selection of protective devices. The voltage factor C is not intended to take into account any fault impedance.

1. What is the primary function of the overcurrent protective device? a) To protect the appliance b) To protect the cable c) To prevent a fault d) To disconnect on overload 2. Under fault conditions, cables are subjected to stress and thermal effects. One item not normally encountered would be? a) Thermal damage b) Electromechanical stresses c) Electrochemical effects d) Electromagnetic effects

Table 1 Voltage factor Nominal voltage 100 V to 1 000 V

Voltage factor C Cmin

Cmax

0.95

1.1

3. The rated short-circuit breaking capacity of each device shall be not less than: a) The current loading of the highest power rating of the connected equipment b) The energy let-through of the overcurrent protective device c) The thermal withstand of the circuit cable when under fault conditions d) The maximum prospective fault current at the point at which the device is installed

Which voltage factor is used is dependent upon what is being considered. When estimating maximum fault currents, Cmax is applied. When determining maximum disconnection times, Cmin is used.

The prospective fault current at position B will be: Ipf =

4. Regulations 434.2 and 434.2.1 do not allow the fault current protective device to be placed on the load side of the reduction in current-carrying capacity of a conductor if a) it is erected in such a manner as to reduce to a minimum the risk of fault current b) it is erected in such a manner as to reduce to a minimum the risk of fire or danger to persons c) the length of conductor is less than 3 m d) the length of conductor exceeds 3 m

U × Cmin 230 × 0.95 = ≈ 55 A ZL–N 4

From Fig 3A1 of BS 7671, the disconnection time for the protective device is approximately 20 seconds.

What will be maximum time the cable can withstand this level of fault current?

Using Table 43.1, the value of k is 115 t=

k2S2 1152 × 1.52 = ≈ 9.8 s 552 I2

The calculations show that the cable will almost certainly suffer degradation as the disconnection time is significantly greater than the time limit at which the cable can withstand the fault current.

The prospective fault current at position A: Ipf =

5. What is the maximum duration a 2.5 mm2 cable having copper conductors and insulated with a 90 ⁰C thermosetting sheath can withstand when subjected to a short-circuit fault having a total loop impedance of 3 ? The circuit is protected by 20 A BS 88-3 fuse system C device and the supply is 230 V AC. a) 22 s b) 24 s c) 3.5 s d) 2.5 s

U × Cmax 230 × 1.1 = ≈ 904 A 0.28 ZL–N

From Fig 3A1, the disconnection of the protective device occurs in a time less than 0.1 seconds, therefore the cable will not be exposed to damage, and the fault current is within the rated breaking capacity of the device.

The two values of prospective fault current calculated highlight the condition that the most onerous situation, when using the fuselink, arises when the short-circuit current is relatively low, such as at position B.

1 This published document is the UK implementation of CLC/TR 50480: 2012

6. Which one of the following devices would not be suitable to provide overcurrent protection? a) RCCB (BS EN 61008) b) RCBO (BS EN 61009) c) Cartridge fuses (to BS 88-3) d) Rewirable fuses (BS 3036)

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BS 7671

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T E C HN I CAL

Insulation resistance testing and SPDs Why is care required when testing an installation containing SPDs?

O B JE C TIVE

Insulation resistance should be measured between live conductors and between live conductors and the protective conductor connected to the earthing arrangement. During such testing, line and neutral conductors may be connected together (643.3.1).

For circuits, other than SELV and PELV circuits, of nominal voltage less than or equal to 500 V, such testing should generally be performed with an applied voltage of 500 V DC (643.3.2 and Table 64). This applied test voltage is in excess of the maximum continuous operating voltage (Uc) of an SPD (see Table 534.2 of BS 7671); as a result the SPD will to start to conduct as described earlier in this article.

It is unlikely that an insulation resistance test will cause damage to an SPD. The 500 V DC test voltage is, relatively speaking, minimal in comparison to the voltages to which it is likely to be exposed in the event of an overvoltage, the test current is small (circa 1 mA), and the test is of short duration. However, the internal circuitry and the cross-connection between conductors caused by the SPD’s operation will almost invariably affect the results obtained during testing, making them worthless for verification purposes.

This article provides a brief summary of the types of surge protective device likely to be present in an electrical installation, before discussing how to carry out electrical testing without causing damage to them.

Introduction With perhaps the exception of low-rise domestic premises such as houses and bungalows, the use of surge protective devices (SPDs) is becoming more common in electrical installations. Indeed, in many more complex installations, a number of SPDs of differing types may be installed within a single premises. Their presence must be taken into account when carrying out testing during both initial and periodic verification.

What is a surge protective device?

An SPD is a device designed to limit transient overvoltage caused by lightning or switching by diverting any associated surge current to Earth, thereby limiting the overvoltage to a level insufficient to cause damage to an electrical installation or equipment installed therein.

Under normal operating voltages, the impedance of the SPD components is so high that the device ‘sees’ it as an open circuit.

However, when a transient voltage in excess of the continuous operating voltage (Uc) of the SPD appears between live conductors and earth (CT1) or between line conductors and neutral or between neutral and earth (CT2), the part of the SPD subject to the transient voltage will start to conduct, limiting the voltage to which the installation downstream is exposed.

Appendix 16 of BS 7671 provides examples of how SPDs may be installed in an installation.

How should insulation resistance testing be carried out when SPDs are present?

Prior to testing, SPDs should be inspected to confirm that they are operational (usually some kind of visual indication window). Typically when this window shows green the device is operational, whereas when it shows red the device or components thereof need replacing.

Regulation 643.3.2 permits the following actions when items of equipment such as SPDs are likely to influence the results of an insulation resistance test or may suffer damage as a result of an applied test voltage of 500 V DC: 56 SPRING 2019

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Temporary removal of equipment permits the continuing effectiveness of the insulation of wiring to be verified after installation using a test voltage in excess of nominal voltage. Cables may have suffered damage during their installation while, for example, being drawn into conduit or trunking, or after installation but before first use by the activities of other trades.

However, whenever an installation is partially dismantled, there is always a risk that this disturbance will introduce a fault where one did not exist previously. There is also a possibility that the equipment will not be reconnected once testing is completed, removing the overvoltage protection.

250 V is less than both the maximum permitted tolerance for single-phase nominal voltage (253 V rms)1 and also the peak voltage during normal service. Arguably, therefore, an insulation resistance test at this reduced voltage is less likely to detect anomalies in the insulation between parts intended to be at different potentials in service. However, it does permit some indication of insulation resistance to be obtained for recording on the Schedule of Test Results, as the SPD will not ‘see’ the test voltage as an overvoltage.

It is often overlooked that Regulation 641.1 requires, for initial verification, inspection and testing to be carried out, both during the construction process and on completion before the installation is put into use.

It is therefore strongly recommended that, wherever possible, insulation resistance testing is carried out at 500 V DC prior to the connection of equipment such as SPDs to verify the effectiveness of the cables after their installation. If the results of such testing are satisfactory, subsequent insulation resistance testing carried out on completion of work, the results of which will be used to populate the Schedule of Test Results which will accompany the Electrical Installation Certificate, may then be carried out at 250 V DC.

Fig 1 Single phase SPD 1

L/N

d

Re : Uc : Iimp In: : Imax : Up

t

ec

ef

-d

0V 26 kA 25 kA 30 kA 60 5 kV , <1

0A 10

• Wherever possible, the equipment should be disconnected prior to carrying out the test.

In many cases, this is a practical option as the SPD will be installed in parallel and a means of isolation should have been provided to facilitate inspection and replacement of either component parts or the device. This is not such a practical proposition where an installation contains multiple SPDs incorporated into socket-outlets. Once testing is complete, it is essential that all disconnected SPDs are re-connected.

• Where it is not reasonably practicable to disconnect the equipment, the test may be performed at 250 V DC. This test voltage is sufficiently low that it will not be mistaken for an overvoltage.

Regardless of the applied test voltage, the insulation resistance should have a measured value of at least 1 MΩ (see Table 64 of BS 7671).

Summary

What are the drawbacks with these testing options?

Both of the above methods present some difficulties, which must be taken into consideration when deciding on what option to take.

1 See Paragraph 15 of Appendix 2 of BS 7671: 2018

It is increasingly likely that an electrical installation will contain one or more surge protective devices. This may require those carrying out initial or periodic verification to disconnect the SPDs prior to performing insulation resistance testing to ensure that meaningful test results can be obtained. When, after proper consideration, such disconnection is deemed to be an impractical proposition, the insulation resistance testing can be performed at 250 V DC. However, regardless of the test voltage applied, the measured insulation resistance should be at least 1 MΩ.

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T E C HN I CAL

Small unearthed portable generators considerable depth or a significant length of electrode would need to be buried in the ground.

O B JE C TIVE

This article summarises the requirements and guidance related to the use of small unearthed portable generators to supply power tools and lighting in locations where other means of supply are not available.

In either case, such actions involve the risk of danger from hitting buried services or other hidden hazards such as unexploded bombs in certain areas.

Small portable single-phase generators with ratings up to 5 kVA designed to supply low wattage power tools and the like are widely available to purchase or hire. This article considers how such generators may be used safely without an intentional connection to Earth.

Introduction Relationship with BS 7671

While, in general, a properly designed temporary electrical distribution system would be installed to supply site lighting, power tools and equipment, and welfare facilities on an established construction site, there will be instances where this will not be the case or indeed the scale of the work to be carried out does not warrant the installation of such an extensive supply arrangement.

There will also be occasions where electrical equipment needs to be supplied in locations where no public electrical supply is available.

This would be the case, for example, at the very early stages of some construction projects and where work is being carried out on buildings or other structures in remote geographic locations.

The use of a small generator to supply portable equipment connected by plugs and socketoutlets via extension leads does not fall within the scope of BS 7671. The arrangement is merely a collection of products connected together temporarily. However, some of the protective measures described in BS 7671, which are themselves based on BS EN 61140: 2016 Protection against electric shock – Common aspects for installation and equipment may be used to allow for the safe use of such an arrangement. When considering safe usage it must be borne in mind that many using such supply arrangements will not be electrically competent and therefore will not understand the possible risks that electricity can pose.

Earthing is not always a viable option Internal connection

In many instances it is wholly impractical to expect that an electrode can be driven into the ground; reasons include, for example: • The ground in the vicinity where the generator is to be sited is a hard surface such as a road, pavement or concrete • Permission may not be given to install an electrode due to the damage that this would cause. Furthermore, to provide an effective connection with the general mass of Earth, the electrode would need to be either driven in to

Where small portable generators are used to supply portable power tools and equipment, care is needed to ensure that the generator is installed safely before use, particularly with respect to whether or not an earthing connection is necessary.

Typically the ‘earth’ terminal on the generator is connected internally to: • the frame of the generator, • the metal parts of the generator which do not 58 SPRING 2019

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and that supplied from other sources and from Earth.

Fig 1 Arrangement 1

Generator

Socket-outlet

RCD

L

L

L

Additional protection by an RCD having a rated residual operating current (I∆n) not exceeding 30 mA is not essential.

This method of supply can be used to supply one item of Class I equipment1 or multiple items of Class II equipment but is not suitable for electrical equipment which requires a functional earth connection.

3-core flexible cable L

Load

N

N

E

E

No connection is made to Earth

N

Arrangement 2 In this arrangement, a deliberate connection is made between the neutral winding and those parts of the generator which are connected to the earthing terminal (of the generator) and the earthing terminal of the output socket-outlet.

An unintended partial connection may exist between the conductive frame of the generator and the general mass of Earth. Any such unintentional connection to Earth will likely be sufficient to ensure operation of an RCD providing additional protection in the event of a fault of sufficient magnitude to present a shock risk. For this reason, the installation of an RCD having a rated residual current (I∆n) not exceeding 30 mA is essential where this arrangement is employed.

Where no connection with Earth, intentional or otherwise, exists, then a fault current of sufficient magnitude to cause personal injury cannot flow to Earth.

This method of supply can also be used to supply both Class I and II equipment.

N

Circuit protective conductor

carry current, and • the protective conductor terminal of any socket-outlets on the generator.

Often there is no electrical connection between the generator windings and those parts listed above. However, in some cases, a connection is also made to one pole – typically the neutral – of the generator winding.

It is important to determine which of the above arrangements applies to any generator that is to be used, either by testing or through reference to manufacturer’s product data when considering its safe use.

Typical connection alternatives

1 Regulation 413.1.3 stipulates that where more than one item of current-using equipment is supplied from an unearthed source with simple separation the requirements of Regulation 418.3 must be met.

Fig 2 Arrangement 2

Generator

Socket-outlet

RCD

L

L

L

Typically two possible connection arrangements may be employed to allow for the safe use of such generators without an intentional connection to Earth, and these are described below.

Arrangement 1 In this arrangement, sometimes referred to as a ‘floating’ system’, no connection is made between the neutral winding and those parts of the generator which are connected to the earthing terminal and the earthing contact of the output socket-outlet.

The arrangement provides electrical separation where: • the insulation of the conductors and use of enclosures provides basic protection, and • fault protection is offered by simple separation between the wiring supplied from the generator

3-core flexible cable L

≤30 mA

N

N

E

E

No intentional connection is made to Earth

N

Load

N

Circuit protective conductor

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T E C HN I CAL

Other factors to be taken into account As with any other temporary electrical supply arrangement, it is essential to conduct a thorough visual inspection of all components being used prior to each use: that is, the generator, the connecting leads and the currentusing equipment being supplied. Any items showing signs of significant damage should not be used.

Any specific operating instructions issued by the generator manufacturer should be taken into consideration.

As is the case for low voltage flexible cables for use on a construction site, it is recommended that flexible cable complying with H07RN-F (BS EN 50525-2-212) type or equivalent heavy duty flexible cable should be used to minimise the likelihood of accidental damage in use.

The functionality of all installed RCDs should also be verified by use of the integral test facility prior to each use of the equipment being supplied by the generator.

2 BS EN 50525-2-21: 2011 2011 Electric cables – Low voltage energy cables of rated voltages up to and including 450/750 V (U0/U) Part 2-21: Cables for general applications – Flexible cables with crosslinked elastomeric insulation

Apprentice Corner answers 1.

Correct option is (b) It is a misunderstanding to consider the overcurrent protective device is placed at the origin of the circuit to protect the connected load such as an appliance.

2. Correct option is (c) BS 7671 contains specific requirements with regard to electromechanical forces (Regulation 521.5.201), electromagnetic effects (Regulation 521.5.1) and thermal damage likely to occur under fault conditions. Electrochemical effects, such as electrolytic corrosion, are only mentioned in relation to the selection and erection of wiring systems and earth arrangements.

3. Correct option is (d)

Summary

Regulation 434.5.1 refers.

It is recognised that small portable generators can be operated unearthed without posing an electric shock risk provided that a number of basic precautions are taken, including, where necessary, the provision of protection by an RCD, the use of suitably robust flexible cables and conducting regular condition checks on all component parts of the temporary supply system.

4. Correct option is (d) BS 7671 allows the fault current protective device to be placed on the load side of the reduction in current-carrying capacity of a conductor, as is often necessary in short cable lengths between busbars, energy meters and such and the overcurrent protective device, providing precautions are taken such as ensuring that the cable length is no more than 3 metres (Section 434 and Regulations 434.2 and 434.2.1 refer).

5. Correct option is (b) Fault current Ipf = U × Cmin Z 230 × 0.95 = ≈ 73 A 3 From Table 43.1 of BS 7671, k = 143 2 2

Using the adiabatic equation t = k 2S I 2 2 = 143 × 22.5 ≈ 24 s 73

6. Correct option is (a)

Correction

A residual current circuit-breaker only operates when the algebraic sum of the neutral and line currents is not zero; it will not react to an overload or short-circuit.

Last issue of Connections (issue 208) contained an error on page 50, where the equation should have read 0.03 rather than 0.01. We apologise for any confusion.

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T E C HN I CAL

The ‘good old days’ The NICEIC has been in existence since 1956.

Initially, the ‘National Inspection Council for Electrical Installation Contracting’ issued a biannual newsletter rather than its current quarterly magazine, Connections. These newsletters detailed the progress of the NICEIC in its early days and its relationship with the ECA and Area Boards, and also detailed some of the issues that were raised by Inspecting Engineers – many of which remain the same today.

Newsletter No 5 from January 1962 This new section of the Technical Section of Connections will highlight an old problem that remains ever fresh.

Earthing problems 1962 “A careful record has been kept during the last twelve months of the number of installations examined by the Council which have revealed some defect in the earthing system, rendering the protective equipment incapable of operation.

Of the 8,500 installations examined during this period, it was recorded that:248 installations were ineffectively earthed, i.e., there was some defect in the earthing system between the main earth terminal of the installation and the main earth terminal of the supply transformer to which the installation was connected through the distribution network. Such defects prevented the proper operation of the consumer’s fuses or circuitbreakers under fault conditions, thus leaving the consumer without adequate protection.”

Technical Topics – No. 5, published January 1962

Earthing problems 2019 The purpose of the fault protection element of the protective measure Automatic Disconnection of Supply (ADS) (Section 411) is twofold: • Generally, to disconnect a fault to earth within a pre-determined time (ensuring a fault will not remain on the system indefinitely), and • to ensure that while the fault exists all exposed-conductive-parts and extraneous-conductive-parts are maintained at the same potential (voltage).

This arrangement means that even were someone to be in contact with two conductive parts during a fault then there would be a limited risk of shock.

To ensure fault protection, therefore, contractors are reminded that: • exposed-conductive-parts must be connected to a protective conductor; • simultaneously accessible exposedconductive-parts are connected to the same earthing system, • conductors comply with Chapter 54, and • a circuit protective conductor is run to and terminated at each point in the wiring and at each accessory except a lampholder having no exposed-

conductive-parts and suspended from such a point. (411.3.1.1).

Furthermore, to comply with the second part of fault protection, Regulation 411.3.1.2 requires that protective equipotential bonding in each installation connects extraneousconductive-parts to the main earthing terminal (MET).

1962-2018 The risks associated with the use of electricity have not changed, and the requirements for contractors to ensure that where the protective measure of ADS is relied upon to ensure the safety of the user has not changed.

The contractor must ensure therefore, as a minimum, the following: • The presence of an adequately sized earthing conductor • The presence of adequately sized protective bonding conductors connecting the MET to extraneousconductive-parts • The presence of adequately sized circuit protective conductors between the MET and exposed-conductive-parts • A disconnection time of the protective device that complies with the requirements of 411.3.2.

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P ROD UC T FO C U S

Luceco Luceco’s new range of robust, high performing, efficient 110V site lights have been developed based on feedback from those using similar products across a wide range of environments. The new work lights further expand Luceco’s arsenal of lighting options, joining an already broad range of lighting products aimed at the day-to-day tradesperson. All the lights are certified to a minimum IP rating of IP44, however, the bulk of the fittings are tested to IP65, with the plug being IP44. Luceco’s 110V site offering is backed up by its current rechargeable Work Light and Inspection Torch range, which offer tradespeople comprehensive task lighting solutions. www.luceco.com / 01952 238 100 / uk_sales@luceco.com

CK Tools

CK Tools

The CK Gloworm Cable Router (4m) is perfectly designed for running cables around tight corners, through insulationfilled walls, underneath flooring and across ceilings. Its glowin-the-dark phosphorescent polymer construction aids routing in low light conditions and easier navigation towards exit points. When charged under natural light, Gloworm provides an effective glow for up to 30 minutes. www.carlkammerling.com / 01758 704704

Carl Kammerling International is enhancing its range with the new CK Magma Pro Tool Case Plus (RRP £82.45 excluding VAT). This tool case features more than 60 vertical storage pockets and holders, measures 450 x 290 x 340mm and weighs just 2.65kg. The outer construction offers superb strength and durability and includes heavy-duty pierceprotected zips, with a 100% water and crack-proof base. www.carlkammerling.com / 01758 704704

Wiska The WISKA Tool Kit features an M20 WISKA cable gland spanner (perfect for tightening WISKA cable glands in your COMBI junction boxes), a bottle opener with two variations of screwdriver heads (ideal for locking quarter turn screws on our COMBI Junction Boxes) and two hole saws (7mm and 12mm) – perfect for creating a clean cable entry point on our KA installation boxes. The KA 006 is the perfect solution for downlighting installations, offering IP55 protection and cable retention. Available in five colour ways, with larger sizes available (KA 012 and KA 016 models). www.wiska.co.uk / 01208 816062

Schneider Electric With smooth modern lines and a range of finishes, Schneider Electric’s Lisse Screwless Deco range offers understated elegance to complement today’s interiors. The decorative finishes can be matched to handles, taps or other décor, creating a uniform look. Lisse Screwless Deco offers enhanced function with handy homeowner accessories such as a mobile phone charging shelf, a hook for keys or a clip for notes – transforming switches and sockets into multifunctional devices. There is a removable front plate for easy decorating, a 7mm raised edge profile for easy installation in both newbuilds and retrofits, and backed out and captive screw terminals for positive drive and speed of installation. www.schneider-electric.co.uk

63 SUMMER SPRING 2019 2017

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O F F T HE TO O L S

Team player

a great season last year, getting into the English national top four play-offs in our first year.

How do you juggle that with your day job?

Juggling work and football is always a challenge, and it’s one that results in having little to no social life outside of those two things! Between futsal and football I train or have matches five or six times every week and travel on average two and a half hours each day. So it takes quite a lot of commitment.

Does your background in the electrical industry help at all, or the football with the day job?

Being on site all day keeps you fit, and being strong for football has its advantages at work when lifting heavy cables and panels. But injury is a major hazard; I’ve pa broken my arm three times in the last five bro years playing football. yea

Ho long have you been in How the industry?

When Gabi Hughes, owner of mid-Wales firm EJ Fire, isn’t at work, the chances are she can be found on a football pitch or futsal court What age did you start playing football and how far did your career take you?

I first started playing when I was in my teens and just enjoyed playing with friends in a local league. Then in my mid-20s I suffered a bad anterior cruciate ligament injury which took two to three years to get sorted.

After a lot of nagging from my friends I decided to get back into a casual five-aside, which led to me playing for my local side, Aberystwyth Town Ladies FC in the Welsh Premier Women’s League. From there I attended some trials down in London, and played for West Ham Women for a spell a few years ago, which was an absolutely amazing experience.

Do you still play today?

Yes, I play in the Welsh Premier Women’s League for Abergavenny Women FC. We have just got through to the semi-finals of the FAW Welsh Cup and are near the top of the league, so still all to play for this season!

Years ago I was a striker but I’ve dropped back into central midfield these days.

I also play futsal for Cheshire Futsal in the FA Northern Women’s League. We had

‘Injury is a major hazard; I’ve broken my arm three times in the last five years playing football’

Ab 20 years. I did an apprenticeship About and worked for a local contractor doing domestic and industrial work nationwide. do Then I started out on my own in 2013, which The has been a completely different experience.

We do fire alarms and general electrical contracting; most work is mid or south con Wales, but I will travel anywhere. As I start Wa to gget more time back from football training, I’d like to expand into home automation integration, which may mean looking further afield for work.

What are your plans for the future? Will you continue to be involved in football?

I’m not a spring chicken any more, so I don’t think I’ll be playing for too much longer. I’m hitting the big 40 this year and I have found in the last few years that the recovery seems to take a lot longer.

I would like to take my UEFA coaching badges either this year or next, as I think I’d enjoy working with women’s teams in my area to pass on what I’ve learned over the years. Maybe in the future it would be nice to coach my own team.

What do you get up to in your spare time? Email offthetools@redactive.co.uk

65 SPRING 2019

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CURRENT AFFAIRS

#SPARKSLIFE

Blast from the past

We’ve been asking you to send in pictures of the jobs you are working on via social media – and you haven’t disappointed. Keep sending them in via Twitter @officialNICEIC or @officialELECSA, or via Instagram using the hashtag #sparkslife.

Thanks to John Wootton of OCD Electrical who sent in this scanned copy of the Daily Mirror, which he found under the floorboards of a domestic property.

The issue dates from Saturday 7 May 1983, and features stories about the so-called Hitler diaries being exposed as fakes and a policeman jailed for abusing his position. In another sign of the times, the paper cost just 16p, compared to 75p today.

What have you found under the floorboards or hidden in walls or lofts? Email your pictures to currentaffairs@redactive.co.uk

This issue’s prize for the best shot, a £25 voucher, goes to Cox Co Electrical Some neat work from Your London Electrician (via Instagram)

Best get the wellies out from Cox Co Electrical in Wales (via Instagram)

HE BANGS THE DRUMS

CREATURE COMFORTS For most people, going out to work is a time when electrical devices can be turned off, or left on standby. But, according to a poll

by SuperSaverOil.com, almost half (48 per cent) of people with dogs leave the radio on to give their pooch some company, while 25 per cent turn on the television before leaving. Some 15 per cent of owners even believe their mutt has a favourite TV show.

So next time you think you’re working on your own at a customer’s house and hear the radio or TV on, don’t worry: it’s probably just Fido making himself comfortable watching the latest episode of Bones Under the Hammer.

NICEIC area engineer Malcolm Bowmer has helped to raise £1,200 for the Alzheimer’s Society after his band took place in a charity gig at the Toolmakers Brewery Venue in Sheffield.

Malcolm (pictured here on the drums) regularly plays in a covers band, blasting out tunes from the likes of Radiohead, Squeeze, Stereophonics, Ocean Colour Scene and Del Amitri, and was one of three bands to take to the stage in March.

There’s now talk of the occasion becoming an annual event, so those wanting to see a different side to their local area engineer should watch this space…

Sending the apprentice down a well from Goodridge Electrical (via Twitter)

A chilly start to the day from Bright Spark Ted (via Instagram)

A lighting installation for London’s Super Sewer, posted by electricianslifeUK (via Instagram)

Tell us about any hidden talents or charity initiatives. Email currentaffairs@redactive.co.uk

66

Tag us at...

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Some things don’t age, they just get

better

The New AVO800 AVO830 and AVO835 The new AVO800 series multimeter is as reliable and accurate as the historical AVO units, but now comes with a new range of features to meet today’s standards of electrical testing.

Designed to exceed CAT III and CAT IV safety requirements, you can test three-phase systems and motors efficiently… and with peace of mind.

New, with a bit of the old… helping you to Power on.

For more information, visit uk.megger.com/AVO800 or email UKsales@megger.com

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05/04/2019 10:33