Thủy tinh %iFK NKRD WRjQ WKѭ Pӣ :LNLSHGLD
Thủy tinh ÿ{L NKL WURQJ GkQ JLDQ FzQ ÿѭӧF JӑL Oj kính KD\ kiếng Oj PӝW FKҩW UҳQ Y{ ÿӏQK KuQK ÿӗQJ QKҩW Fy JӕF VLOLFiW WKѭӡQJ ÿѭӧF SKD WUӝQ WKrP FiF WҥS FKҩW ÿӇ Fy WtQK FKҩW WKHR ê PXӕQ > @ 7URQJ YұW Oê KӑF FiF FKҩW UҳQ Y{ ÿӏQK KuQK WK{QJ WKѭӡQJ ÿѭӧF VҧQ [XҩW NKL PӝW FKҩW OӓQJ ÿӫ ÿӝ QKӟW Eӏ OjP OҥQK UҩW QKDQK Yu WKӃ NK{QJ Fy ÿӫ WKӡL JLDQ ÿӇ FiF PҳW OѭӟL WLQK WKӇ WK{QJ WKѭӡQJ Fy WKӇ WҥR WKjQK 7Kӫ\ WLQK FNJQJ ÿѭӧF VҧQ [XҩW QKѭ Yұ\ Wӯ JӕF VLOLFiW Silicát Oj ÿL{[tW VLOLF 6L2 Fy WURQJ GҥQJ ÿD WLQK WKӇ QKѭ FiW Yj FNJQJ Oj WKjQK SKҫQ KyD KӑF FӫD WKҥFK DQK 6LOLFiW Fy ÿLӇP QyQJ FKҧ\ NKRҧQJ & ) Yu WKӃ Fy KDL KӧS FKҩW WK{QJ WKѭӡQJ KD\ ÿѭӧF Eә VXQJ YjR FiW WURQJ F{QJ QJKӋ QҩX WKӫ\ WLQK QKҵP JLҧP QKLӋW ÿӝ QyQJ FKҧ\ FӫD Qy [XӕQJ NKRҧQJ & 0ӝW WURQJ Vӕ ÿy Oj V{ ÿD FDFERQDW QDWUL 1D &2 KD\ Eӗ WҥW WӭF FDFERQDW NDOL . &2 7X\ QKLrQ V{ ÿD OjP FKR WKӫ\ WLQK Eӏ KzD WDQ WURQJ QѭӟF Oj ÿLӅX QJѭӡL WD NK{QJ PRQJ PXӕQ Yu WKӃ QJѭӡL WD FKR WKrP Y{L VӕQJ {[tW FDQ[L &D2 Oj KӧS FKҩW Eә VXQJ ÿӇ SKөF KӗL WtQK NK{QJ KzD WDQ
WKӫ\ WLQK WURQJ VXӕW NK{QJ PjX NK{QJ P L NK{QJ Yӏ NK{QJ Fy KuQK GҥQJ QKҩW ÿӏQK
7URQJ GҥQJ WKXҫQ NKLӃW Yj ӣ ÿLӅX NLӋQ EuQK WKѭӡQJ WKӫ\ WLQK Oj PӝW FKҩW WURQJ VXӕW WѭѫQJ ÿӕL FӭQJ NKy PjL PzQ UҩW WUѫ KyD KӑF Yj NK{QJ KRҥW ÿӝQJ [pW YӅ SKѭѫQJ GLӋQ VLQK KӑF Fy WKӇ WҥR WKjQK YӟL EӅ PһW UҩW QKҹQ Yj WUѫQ 7X\ QKLrQ WKӫ\ WLQK UҩW GӉ Jm\ KD\ Yӥ WKjQK FiF PҧQK QKӑQ Yj VҳF GѭӟL WiF GөQJ FӫD OӵF KD\ QKLӋW PӝW FiFK ÿӝW QJӝW 7tQK FKҩW Qj\ Fy WKӇ JLҧP QKҽ KD\ WKD\ ÿәL EҵQJ FiFK WKrP PӝW Vӕ FKҩW Eә VXQJ YjR WKjQK SKҫQ NKL QҩX WKӫ\ WLQK KD\ [ӱ Oê QKLӋW 7Kӫ\ WLQK ÿѭӧF Vӱ GөQJ UӝQJ UmL WURQJ [k\ ÿӵQJ OjP ÿӗ FKӭD FKDL Oӑ FӕF FKpQ O\ WiFK Y Y KD\ YұW OLӋX WUDQJ WUt
Mục lục 7tQK FKҩW 7UX\ӅQ ViQJ ÈQK ViQJ QKuQ WKҩ\ 7ӱ QJRҥL +ӗQJ QJRҥL &KLӃW VXҩW 1KLӋW ÿӝ QyQJ FKҧ\ Ĉӝ GүQ ÿLӋQ /ӏFK Vӱ ӬQJ GөQJ 7iL FKӃ ;HP WKrP &K~ WKtFK /LrQ NӃW QJRjL
Tính chất 7Kӫ\ WLQK WURQJ VXӕW NK{QJ JӍ FӭQJ QKѭQJ GӉ Yӥ 7Kӫ\ WLQK NK{QJ FKi\ NK{QJ K~W ҭP Yj NK{QJ Eӏ D [tW ăQ PzQ
Truyền sáng QӃX WD WKD\ ÿәL PӝW WURQJ FiF WtQK FKҩW FӫD WKӫ\ WLQK 0ӝW WURQJ QKӳQJ ÿһF WUѭQJ U} QpW QKҩW FӫD WKӫ\ WLQK WK{QJ WKѭӡQJ Oj Qy WURQJ VXӕW ÿӕL YӟL iQK ViQJ QKuQ WKҩ\ PһF G NK{QJ SKҧL PӑL YұW OLӋX WKӫ\ WLQK ÿӅX Fy WtQK FKҩW QKѭ Yұ\ GR SKө WKXӝF YjR WҥS FKҩW > @ Ĉӝ WUX\ӅQ ViQJ FӫD WKӫ\ WLQK WURQJ Y QJ EӭF [ҥ ÿLӋQ Wӯ EӭF
[ҥ Wӱ QJRҥL Yj WLD KӗQJ QJRҥL WKD\ ÿәL W \ WKHR YLӋF OӵD FKӑQ WҥS FKҩW Ánh sáng nhìn thấy 7tQK WURQJ VXӕW FӫD WKӫ\ WLQK WURQJ iQK ViQJ QKuQ WKҩ\ Oj GR Vӵ YҳQJ PһW FӫD WUҥQJ WKiL FKX\ӇQ WLӃS FӫD FiF ÿLӋQ Wӱ WURQJ NKRҧQJ EѭӟF VyQJ FӫD iQK ViQJ QKuQ WKҩ\ Yj WUҥQJ WKiL Qj\ Oj WKXҫQ QKҩW WURQJ PӑL EѭӟF VyQJ KѫQ Oj FKӍ WURQJ NKRҧQJ EѭӟF VyQJ FӫD iQK ViQJ QKuQ WKҩ\ Vӵ NK{QJ WKXҫQ QKҩW OjP FKR iQK ViQJ Eӏ WiQ [ҥ OjP WiQ [ҥ KuQK ҧQK ÿѭӧF WUX\ӅQ TXD WKӫ\ WLQK Fy WKӇ WKәL KRһF VҧQ [XҩW TXD QKj Pi\ EҵQJ SKѭѫQJ SKiS F{QJ QJKLӋS &iF NLP ORҥL Yj {[tW NLP ORҥL ÿѭӧF Eә VXQJ WKrP YjR WKӫ\ WLQK WURQJ TXi WUuQK VҧQ [XҩW Qy ÿӇ WKD\ ÿәL PjX VҳF FӫD Qy 0DQJDQ Fy WKӇ WKrP YjR YӟL PӝW OѭӧQJ QKӓ ÿӇ ORҥL Eӓ PjX [DQK Oi Fk\ WҥR UD EӣL VҳW KD\ WURQJ PӝW OѭӧQJ OӟQ KѫQ ÿӇ FKR WKӫ\ WLQK Fy PjX WtP DPrWtW *LӕQJ QKѭ PDQJDQ VHOHQ Fy WKӇ Vӱ GөQJ YӟL PӝW OѭӧQJ QKӓ ÿӇ OjP ED\ PjX FӫD NtQK KD\ WURQJ PӝW OѭӧQJ OӟQ KѫQ ÿӇ WҥR UD PjX KѫL ÿӓ 0ӝW OѭӧQJ QKӓ FREDQ WX ÿӃQ VLQK UD WKӫ\ WLQK PjX [DQK GD WUӡL Ð[tW WKLӃF YӟL DQWLPRDQ Yj {[tW DVHQ VLQK UD WKӫ\ WLQK PjX WUҳQJ ÿөF OҫQ ÿҫX WLrQ ÿm ÿѭӧF Vӱ GөQJ ӣ 9HQH]LD ÿӇ VҧQ [XҩW ÿӗ JLҧ Vӭ ÿӃQ FӫD {[tW ÿӗQJ VLQK UD PjX [DQK ODP ĈӗQJ NLP ORҥL QJX\rQ FKҩW VLQK UD WKӫ\ WLQK Pӡ Fy PjX ÿӓ WKүP Qy ÿ{L NKL ÿѭӧF Vӱ GөQJ WKD\ WKӃ FKR WKӫ\ WLQK PjX KӗQJ QJӑF FӫD YjQJ 1LNHQ SKө WKXӝF YjR QӗQJ ÿӝ VLQK UD WKӫ\ WLQK Fy PjX [DQK GD WUӡL KD\ PjX WtP KRһF WKұP FKt Oj PjX ÿHQ 6ӵ Eә VXQJ WLWDQ VLQK UD WKӫ\ WLQK Fy PjX QkX YjQJ 9jQJ NLP ORҥL WURQJ PӝW OѭӧQJ UҩW QKӓ NKRҧQJ VLQK UD WKӫ\ WLQK Fy PjX KӗQJ QJӑF WKүP WURQJ NKL PӝW OѭӧQJ WKҩS KѫQ VLQK UD PjX ÿӓ QKҥW KѫQ WK{QJ WKѭӡQJ JӑL Oj PjX QDP YLӋW TXҩW 1JX\rQ Wӕ XUDQL ÿӃQ Fy WKӇ WKrP YjR ÿӇ WKӫ\ WLQK Fy PjX YjQJ SKҧQ TXDQJ KD\ PjX [DQK Oi Fk\ 7Kӫ\ WLQK XUDQL QyL FKXQJ Oj NK{QJ QJX\ KLӇP YӅ SKyQJ [ҥ WX\ Yұ\ QӃX Qy ӣ GҥQJ EӝW FKҷQJ KҥQ QKѭ ÿiQK EyQJ EҵQJ JLҩ\ QKiP Yj GҥQJ EөL WKu Qy Oj WiF QKkQ Jk\ XQJ WKѭ +ӧS FKҩW FӫD EҥF WK{QJ WKѭӡQJ Oj QLWUDW EҥF Fy WKӇ VLQK UD PӝW NKRҧQJ PjX Wӯ ÿӓ GD FDP ÿӃQ YjQJ 3KѭѫQJ WKӭF ÿӕW QyQJ Yj OjP OҥQK WKӫ\ WLQK Fy WKӇ Fy ҧQK KѭӣQJ ÿiQJ NӇ WӟL PjX VLQK UD EӣL FiF FKҩW Qj\ &iF FKҩW Qj\ WKDP JLD YjR FҩX WU~F WKӫ\ WLQK QKѭ WKӃ QjR KLӋQ QD\ YүQ FKѭD ÿѭӧF QJKLrQ FӭX Nӻ &iF ORҥL WKӫ\ WLQK PjX NKiF YүQ WKѭӡQJ [X\rQ ÿѭӧF WuP UD FiF FKҩW XQLULF VӁ WҥR UD FiF Pm QJXӗQ FKR FiF KӧS FKҩW UҳQ NKiF WKӫ\ WLQK EOXRRQ EDR JӗP Fҧ FiF FKҩW SKө OѭX FӫD FiW Yj ÿi WUҳQJ SKҫQ FҳW FjQJ PӏQ WKu WKӫ\ WLQK FjQJ ÿҽS Yj EӅQ Yj Fy FKҩW OѭӧQJ KѫQ FҫQ Eә VXQJ WKrP TX\ WUuQK VҧQ [XҩW WKӫ\ WLQK WKu WӕW KѫQ Fy WKӇ OѭX WUӳ PӝW OѭӧQJ WK{QJ WLQ Wӯ QKӳQJ FRQ Vӕ WKҩQJ Nr Tử ngoại 7Kӫ\ WLQK WK{QJ WKѭӡQJ NK{QJ FKR iQK ViQJ Fy EѭӟF VyQJ QKӓ KѫQ QP KD\ Wӱ QJRҥL WLD FӵF WtP 89
ÿL TXD &y ÿLӅX Qj\ Yu Vӵ Eә VXQJ FӫD FiF KӧS FKҩW QKѭ WUR V{ ÿD FDFERQDW QDWUL 7Kӫ\ WLQK WKXҫQ 6L2 FzQ JӑL Oj WKӫ\ WLQK WKҥFK DQK NK{QJ KҩS WKө WLD 89 Yj Qy ÿѭӧF Vӱ GөQJ WURQJ FiF ӭQJ GөQJ \rX FҫX ÿӝ WURQJ VXӕW WURQJ NKRҧQJ EѭӟF VyQJ Qj\ PһF G Qy ÿҳW KѫQ WKӫ\ WLQK WKѭӡQJ &y WKӇ SKD WKrP [HUL_[rUL YjR WKӫ\ WLQK ÿӇ WăQJ YLӋF KҩS WKө WLD FӵF WtP FiF EӭF [ҥ LRQ KyD QJX\ KLӇP YӅ PһW VLQK KӑF Hồng ngoại 7Kӫ\ WLQK Fy WKӇ VҧQ [XҩW ÿӃQ PӭF ÿӝ WLQK NKLӃW Pj KjQJ WUăP NLO{PpW WKӫ\ WLQK YүQ Oj WURQJ VXӕW ӣ EѭӟF VyQJ WLD KӗQJ QJRҥL WURQJ FiF VӧL FiS TXDQJ 0ӝW OѭӧQJ OӟQ VҳW ÿѭӧF Vӱ GөQJ WURQJ WKӫ\ WLQK Fy NKҧ QăQJ KҩS WKө QKLӋW FKҷQJ KҥQ QKѭ FiF WҩP OӑF KҩS WKө QKLӋW FKR FiF Pi\ FKLӃX SKLP
Chiết suất &KLӃW VXҩW FӫD WKӫ\ WLQK Fy WKӇ WKD\ Fy WKӇ W \ WKHR FiF GҥQJ WKjQK SKҫQ ÿәL NKL Fy FiF WKjQK SKҫQ NKiF WKrP 7Kӫ\ WLQK Fy FKӭD FKu FKҷQJ KҥQ QKѭ chì tinh thể KD\ WKӫ\ WLQK ÿi OӱD Oj UӵF Uӥ KѫQ Yu Qy OjP WăQJ FKLӃW VXҩW Yj VLQK UD Vӵ OҩS OiQK Fy WKӇ QKұQ WKҩ\ U} KѫQ ;HP WKrP SKD Or 9LӋF Eә VXQJ EDUL FNJQJ OjP WăQJ FKLӃW VXҩW Ð[tW WKRUL FKR WKӫ\ WLQK Fy KӋ Vӕ FKLӃW VXҩW UҩW FDR Yj Qy ÿѭӧF Vӱ GөQJ ÿӇ VҧQ [XҩW FiF OăQJ NtQK FKҩW OѭӧQJ FDR
Nhiệt độ nóng chảy 1Kѭ PӑL FKҩW UҳQ Y{ ÿӏQK KuQK WKӫ\ WLQK NK{QJ Fy QKLӋW ÿӝ QyQJ FKҧ\ QKҩW ÿӏQK 1DWUL QyL FKXQJ ÿѭӧF WKrP YjR ÿӇ Kҥ QKLӋW ÿӝ QyQJ FKҧ\ FӫD WKӫ\ WLQK 6ӵ Eә VXQJ V{ ÿD KD\ Eӗ WҥW ÿ{L NKL FzQ Kҥ QKLӋW ÿӝ QyQJ FKҧ\ [XӕQJ WKҩS KѫQ
Độ dẫn điện Ĉӝ GүQ ÿLӋQ Yj ÿӝ GүQ QKLӋW FӫD WKӫ\ WLQK Fy WKӇ WKD\ ÿәL NKL WKrP ER FKҷQJ KҥQ QKѭ ӣ 3\UH[
Lịch sử &iF ORҥL WKӫ\ WLQK Fy QJXӗQ JӕF Wӵ QKLrQ JӑL Oj FiF ORҥL ÿi Yӓ FKDL ÿm ÿѭӧF Vӱ GөQJ Wӯ WKӡL ÿҥL ÿӗ ÿi &K~QJ ÿѭӧF WҥR UD WURQJ Wӵ QKLrQ Wӯ FiF GXQJ QKDP PDJPD Q~L OӱD 1JѭӡL QJX\rQ WKӫ\ G QJ ÿi Yӓ FKDL ÿӇ OjP FiF FRQ GDR FӵF VҳF
+uQK ҧQK WKәL WKӫ\ WLQK WKӃ Nӹ
9LӋF VҧQ [XҩW WKӫ\ WLQK OҫQ ÿҫX WLrQ KLӋQ FzQ OѭX ÿѭӧF FKӭQJ WtFK Oj ӣ $L &ұS NKRҧQJ QăP WUѭӟF F{QJ QJX\rQ NKL ÿy WKӫ\ WLQK ÿѭӧF Vӱ GөQJ QKѭ Oj PHQ PjX FKR QJKӅ JӕP Yj FiF PһW KjQJ NKiF 7URQJ WKӃ Nӹ WUѭӟF F{QJ 1JX\rQ Nӻ WKXұW WKәL WKӫ\ WLQK ÿm SKiW WULӇQ Yj QKӳQJ WKӭ WUѭӟF NLD Oj KLӃP Yj Fy JLi WUӏ ÿm WUӣ WKjQK EuQK WKѭӡQJ 7URQJ WKӡL NǤ ÿӃ TXӕF /D 0m_ÿӃ FKӃ /D 0m UҩW QKLӅX ORҥL KuQK WKӫ\ WLQK ÿm ÿѭӧF WҥR UD FKӫ \ӃX Oj FiF ORҥL EuQK Yj FKDL Oӑ 7Kӫ\ WLQK NKL ÿy Fy PjX [DQK Oi Fk\ Yu WҥS FKҩW VҳW Fy WURQJ FiW ÿѭӧF Vӱ GөQJ ÿӇ VҧQ [XҩW Qy 7Kӫ\ WLQK QJj\ QD\ QyL FKXQJ Fy PjX KѫL iQK [DQK Oi Fk\ VLQK UD FNJQJ EӣL FiF WҥS FKҩW QKѭ Yұ\
&iF ÿӗ YұW OjP Wӯ WKӫ\ WLQK Wӯ WKӃ Nӹ Yj WKӃ Nӹ ÿm ÿѭӧF WuP WKҩ\ WUrQ ÿҧR 7RUFHOOR JҫQ 9HQLFH &iF ORҥL KuQK Qj\ Oj OLrQ NӃW TXDQ WUӑQJ JLӳD WKӡL /D 0m Yj Vӵ TXDQ WUӑQJ VDX Qj\ FӫD WKjQK SKӕ ÿy WURQJ YLӋF VҧQ [XҩW WKӫ\ WLQK .KRҧQJ QăP VDX &{QJ QJX\rQ PӝW ÿӝW SKi TXDQ WUӑQJ WURQJ Nӻ WKXұW ÿm ÿѭӧF WҥR UD ӣ %ҳF ÆX NKL WKӫ\ WLQK V{ ÿD ÿѭӧF WKD\ WKӃ EҵQJ WKӫ\ WLQK OjP Wӯ FiF QJX\rQ OLӋX Fy VҹQ KѫQ Eӗ WҥW WKX ÿѭӧF Wӯ WUR Jӛ 7ӯ WKӡL ÿLӇP Qj\ WUӣ ÿL WKӫ\ WLQK ӣ NKX YӵF SKtD EҳF FKkX ÆX Fy Vӵ VDL NKiF U} QpW YӟL WKӫ\ WLQK ӣ NKX YӵF ĈӏD 7UXQJ +ҧL Oj NKX YӵF Pj V{ ÿD YүQ ÿѭӧF Vӱ GөQJ FKӫ \ӃX 7KӃ Nӹ ÿѭӧF FKR Oj QәL EұW WҥL ĈӭF SKѭѫQJ SKiS PӟL FKӃ WҥR WKӫ\ WLQK WҩP ÿm UD ÿӡL EҵQJ FiF TXҧ FҫX ÿӇ WKәL VDX ÿy FKX\ӇQ Qy VDQJ WKjQK FiF KuQK WUө WҥR KuQK FҳW FK~QJ NKL ÿDQJ FzQ QyQJ Yj VDX ÿy GiW SKҷQJ WKjQK WҩP .ӻ WKXұW Qj\ ÿm ÿѭӧF KRjQ WKLӋQ YjR WKӃ Nӹ ӣ 9rQLGѫ &KR ÿӃQ WKӃ Nӹ WKӫ\ WLQK ÿӕP Fy QJKƭD Oj WKӫ\ WLQK YӟL FiF YӃW PjX WK{QJ WKѭӡQJ Oj NLP ORҥL ÿm NK{QJ ÿѭӧF Vӱ GөQJ UӝQJ UmL QӳD 7UXQJ WkP VҧQ [XҩW WKӫ\ WLQK Wӯ WKӃ Nӹ Oj 9rQLGѫ ӣ ÿy QJѭӡL WD ÿm SKiW WULӇQ QKLӅX F{QJ QJKӋ PӟL ÿӇ VҧQ [XҩW WKӫ\ WLQK Yj WUӣ WKjQK WUXQJ WkP [XҩW NKҭX Fy OmL FiF ÿӗ ÿӵQJ WKӭF ăQ JѭѫQJ Yj QKLӅX ÿӗ [D [Ӎ NKiF 6DX ÿy PӝW Vӕ WKӧ WKӫ\ WLQK FӫD 9rQLGѫ ÿm FKX\ӇQ VDQJ FiF NKX YӵF NKiF QKѭ %ҳF ÆX Yj YLӋF VҧQ [XҩW WKӫ\ WLQK ÿm WUӣ QrQ SKә ELӃQ KѫQ &{QJ QJKӋ WKӫ\ WLQK &URZQ ÿm ÿѭӧF Vӱ GөQJ FKR ÿӃQ JLӳD QKӳQJ QăP 7URQJ F{QJ QJKӋ Qj\ ӕQJ WKәL WKӫ\ WLQK Fy WKӇ [RD\ WUzQ NKRҧQJ SRXQG NKӕL OѭӧQJ NJ WKӫ\ WLQK OӓQJ WҥL SKҫQ FXӕL FӫD ӕQJ FKR ÿӃQ NKL Qy ÿѭӧF OjP SKҷQJ WKjQK ÿƭD ÿѭӡQJ NtQK NKRҧQJ IW P ĈƭD VDX ÿy ÿѭӧF FҳW WKjQK WҩP FKӳ QKұW 7Kӫ\ WLQK FӫD QJѭӡL 9rQLGѫ Oj FDR JLi JLӳD WKӃ Nӹ Yj WKӃ Nӹ EӣL Yu Kӑ JLӳ ÿѭӧF Et TX\ӃW 6ҧQ [XҩW WKӫ\ WLQK &URZQ .KRҧQJ QăP F{QJ QJKӋ ÿ~F WKӫ\ WLQK ÿm ÿѭӧF SKiW WULӇQ GүQ WӟL YLӋF Vӱ GөQJ Qy QKѭ PӝW YұW OLӋX WK{QJ GөQJ 6ӵ SKiW PLQK UD Pi\ pS WKӫ\ WLQK QăP FKR SKpS VҧQ [XҩW KjQJ ORҥW FiF ÿӗ YұW Wӯ WKӫ\ WLQK Uҿ WLӅQ KѫQ 3KѭѫQJ SKiS ӕQJ [\ ODQK ÿѭӧF SKiW NLӃQ EӣL :LOOLDP - %OHQNR WURQJ QKӳQJ QăP ÿҫX FӫD WKұS QLrQ 7Kӫ\ WLQK QJKӋ WKXұW ÿ{L NKL ÿѭӧF WҥR UD EҵQJ SKѭѫQJ SKiS NKҳF D[tW KD\ EҵQJ FiF FKҩW ăQ PzQ NKiF WҥR UD KuQK FҫQ WKLӃW WUrQ EӅ PһW WKӫ\ WLQK 7K{QJ WKѭӡQJ Qy ÿX\ѭӧF WҥR UD EӣL FiF QJKӋ QKkQ VDX NKL WKӫ\ WLQK ÿѭӧF WKәL KD\ ÿ~F 7URQJ QKӳQJ QăP SKѭѫQJ SKiS PӟL ÿӇ NKҳF D[tW WKHR NKX{Q ÿm ÿѭӧF SKiW NLӃQ WKHR ÿy FiF WiF SKҭP QJKӋ WKXұW ÿѭӧF NKҳF WUӵF WLӃS WUrQ NKX{Q Yu WKӃ PӛL PӝW OѭӧW ÿ~F ÿm WҥR UD KuQK ҧQK WUrQ EӅ PһW WKӫ\ WLQK ĈLӅX Qj\ OjP JLҧP FKL SKt VҧQ [XҩW Yj NӃW KӧS YӟL YLӋF Vӱ GөQJ UӝQJ UmL FӫD FiF ORҥL WKӫ\ WLQK PjX ÿm WҥR UD FiF VҧQ SKҭP WKӫ\ WLQK Uҿ WLӅQ WURQJ QKӳQJ QăP VDX Qj\ ÿѭӧF ELӃW ÿӃQ QKѭ Oj WKӫ\ WLQK WKӡL NǤ VX\ WKRiL
1Jj\ QD\ WҥL QKLӅX TXӕF JLD EDR JӗP Fҧ +RD .Ǥ YLӋF WKX WKұS ÿi Yӓ FKDL Eӏ SKiS OXұW QJăQ FҩP ӣ PӝW YjL QѫL
Ứng dụng 9u WKӫ\ WLQK Oj PӝW YұW OLӋX FӭQJ Yj NK{QJ KRҥW KyD QrQ Qy Oj PӝW YұW OLӋX UҩW Fy tFK 5ҩW QKLӅX ÿӗ G QJ WURQJ JLD ÿuQK OjP Wӯ WKӫ\ WLQK &ӕF FKpQ EiW ÿƭD FKDL Oӑ Y Y Fy WKӇ ÿѭӧF OjP Wӯ WKӫ\ WLQK FNJQJ QKѭ EyQJ ÿqQ JѭѫQJ ӕQJ WKX KuQK FӫD PjQ KuQK Pi\ WtQK Yj WL YL FӱD Vә 7URQJ SKzQJ WKt QJKLӋP ÿӇ OjP FiF WKt QJKLӋP WURQJ KyD KӑF VLQK KӑF YұW Oê Yj QKLӅX OƭQK YӵF NKiF QJѭӡL WD Vӱ GөQJ EuQK WKyW Fә ӕQJ WKӱ OăQJ NtQK Yj QKLӅX GөQJ Fө WKLӃW Eӏ NKiF ÿѭӧF OjP Wӯ WKӫ\ WLQK ĈӕL YӟL FiF ӭQJ GөQJ Qj\ WKӫ\ WLQK VLOLFDW ER QKѭ 3\UH[ WKѭӡQJ ÿѭӧF Vӱ GөQJ Yu VӭF EӅQ Yj KӋ Vӕ JLmQ Qӣ QKLӋW WKҩS WҥR FKR Qy Vӵ %jQ Fӡ YXD EҵQJ WKӫ\ WLQK FKӕQJ OҥL WӕW KѫQ ÿӕL YӟL FiF VӕF QKLӋW Yj FKR SKpS ÿR ÿҥF FKtQK [iF KѫQ NKL OjP QyQJ Yj OjP QJXӝL FiF WKLӃW Eӏ ĈӕL YӟL SKҫQ OӟQ FiF ӭQJ GөQJ Fy \rX FҫX FDR WKӫ\ WLQK WKҥFK DQK ÿѭӧF Vӱ GөQJ PһF G UҩW NKy OjP YLӋF YӟL Qy 3KҫQ OӟQ WKӫ\ WLQK QKѭ WKӃ Qj\ ÿѭӧF VҧQ [XҩW KjQJ ORҥW EҵQJ FiF F{QJ QJKӋ NKiF QKDX QKѭQJ ÿD SKҫQ FiF SKzQJ WKt QJKLӋP OӟQ FҫQ UҩW QKLӅX FiF ORҥL ÿӗ WKӫ\ WLQK NKiF QKDX Yu WKӃ Kӑ YүQ JLӳ ӕQJ WKәL WKӫ\ WLQK WURQJ YăQ SKzQJ 7Kӫ\ WLQK Wӯ Q~L OӱD QKѭ ÿi Yӓ FKDL ÿm ÿѭӧF Vӱ GөQJ Wӯ OkX ÿӇ WҥR UD FiF F{QJ Fө EҵQJ ÿi Yj Nӻ WKXұW ÿұS ÿi OӱD Fy WKӇ GӉ GjQJ WҥR UD FKҩW EҩW WUӏ FӫD QDWUL YӟL Vӵ SK KӧS YӟL WKӫ\ WLQK VҧQ [XҩW KjQJ ORҥW QJj\ QD\
Tái chế 7Kӫ\ WLQK ÿѭӧF WҥR KuQK NKL Qy ÿDQJ QyQJ FKҧ\ KRһF ELӃQ PӅP GR ÿy QKӳQJ SKӃ OLӋX Fy WtQK FKҩW JҫQ JLӕQJ WtQK FKҩW VҧQ SKҭP FҫQ WҥR ÿӅX Fy WKӇ WiL FKӃ QҩX FKҧ\ Yj WҥR KuQK OҥL Ӣ QKӳQJ QKj Pi\ OӟQ VҧQ [XҩW WKӫ\ WLQK ÿD Vӕ ÿӅX G QJ Oz EӇ Oj PӝW ORҥL Oz Fy WKӇ QҩX OLrQ WөF 1JѭӡL WD KҥQ FKӃ WӕL ÿD YLӋF GӯQJ Oz EӣL PӛL OҫQ QKѭ WKӃ OѭӧQJ WKӫ\ WLQK FzQ WKӯD FKLӃP NKRҧQJ WKӇ WtFK Oz VӁ ÿ{QJ FӭQJ FR OҥL Yj SKi KXӹ OӟS JҥFK FKӏX OӱD [k\ Oz Yj ҧQK KѭӣQJ ÿӃQ NӃW FҩX WKjQK Oz &KL SKt [k\ JҥFK PӟL Yj QKLrQ OLӋX FXQJ FҩS FKR TXi WUuQK QkQJ QKLӋW FӫD Oz ÿӃQ QKLӋW ÿӝ QҩX WKӫ\ WLQK VӁ UҩW OӟQ &KtQK ÿLӅX ÿy GүQ ÿӃQ YLӋF Fy PӝW Vӕ WKӫ\ WLQK WKjQK SKҭP QKѭQJ FNJQJ ÿѭӧF ÿѭD YjR WiL FKӃ QҩX OҥL ĈLӅX Qj\ [ҧ\ UD WҥL FiF QKj Pi\ WKӫ\ WLQK OӟQ FKҷQJ PD\ KjQJ EiQ NK{QJ FKҥ\ Pj KjQJ WӗQ ÿӑQJ OҥL WURQJ NKR TXi QKLӅX QӃX WLӃS WөF VҧQ [XҩW PӟL VӁ NK{QJ Fy FKӛ FKӭD %LӋQ SKiS [ӱ Oê Oj ÿұS Yӥ WKjQK SKҭP ÿHP TXD Oz QҩX OҥL PөF ÿtFK Oj ÿӇ GX\ WUu Vӵ KRҥW ÿӝQJ FӫD Oz
Xem thêm 0HQ JӕP &KҩW UҳQ Y{ ÿӏQK KuQK 3KD Or
Chú thích A a ă %DUVRXP 0LFKHO : Fundamentals of ceramics ҩQ EҧQ %ULVWRO ,23 ,6%1
Liên kết ngoài %iFK NKRD WKѭ WKӫ\ WLQK ± +ѭӟQJ GүQ WRjQ WұS YӅ WҩW Fҧ FiF :LNLPHGLD &RPPRQV Fy ORҥL WKӫ\ WLQK [ѭD Yj QD\ YӟL WK{QJ WLQ KuQK ҧQK Yj QJXӗQ WKrP WKѭ YLӋQ KuQK ҧQK Yj WKDP NKҧR KWWS ZZZ WKFHQWXU\JODVV FRP JODVVBHQF\FORS SKѭѫQJ WLӋQ WUX\ӅQ WҧL YӅ HGLDBKRPH KWP
Thủy tinh (https://common %ҧR WjQJ YăQ KyD &DQDGD ± &kX FKX\ӋQ YӅ YLӋF OjP UD WKӫ\ s.wikimedia.org/wiki/Catego WLQK ӣ &DQDGD KWWS ZZZ FLYLOLVDWLRQV FD FPF H[KLELWLRQV KLV ry:Glass?uselang=vi) W YHUUH YHPDN H VKWPO
%ҧR WjQJ WKӫ\ WLQK &RUQLQJ KWWS ZZZ FPRJ RUJ
"Đồ thủy tinh của bạn được tạo ra như thế nào" KWWS ERRNV JRRJOH FRP ERRNV"LG S&('$$$$0 %$- SJ 5$ 3$ GT SRSXODU VFLHQFH FDU OLJKWV IODVK KO HQ HL = I&737W-V/<Q$H7 [U\(&J VD ; RL ERRNBUHVXOW FW UHVXOW UHVQXP YHG &'(4 $(Z$$ Y RQHSDJH T I WU WiF JLҧ *HRUJH : :DOW] WKiQJ QăP NKRD KӑF SKә WK{QJ
XH WiF JLҧ *HRUJH : :DOW] WKiQJ QăP NKRD KӑF SKә WK{QJ /ҩ\ Wӯ ³KWWSV YL ZLNLSHGLD RUJ Z LQGH[ SKS"WLWOH 7Kӫ\BWLQK ROGLG ´ 7KӇ ORҥL 7Kӫ\ WLQK 9ұW OLӋX &KҩW FiFK ÿLӋQ ĈLӋQ P{L 9ұW OLӋX ÿyQJ JyL 7UDQJ Qj\ ÿѭӧF VӱD ÿәL OҫQ FXӕL O~F QJj\ WKiQJ QăP 9ăQ EҧQ ÿѭӧF SKiW KjQK WKHR *Lҩ\ SKpS &UHDWLYH &RPPRQV *KL F{QJ±&KLD Vҿ WѭѫQJ Wӵ Fy WKӇ iS GөQJ ÿLӅX NKRҧQ Eә VXQJ 9ӟL YLӋF Vӱ GөQJ WUDQJ ZHE Qj\ EҥQ FKҩS QKұQ ĈLӅX NKRҧQ 6ӱ GөQJ Yj 4X\ ÿӏQK TX\ӅQ ULrQJ Wѭ :LNLSHGLD Oj WKѭѫQJ KLӋX ÿm ÿăQJ Nê FӫD :LNLPHGLD )RXQGDWLRQ ,QF PӝW Wә FKӭF SKL OӧL QKXұQ