F21_FJAD 6723 Methods of Design Inquiry

FJAD 6723 Fall 2021

Methods of Design Inquiry

Burcham, Amanda Finley, Susan Emily Gomez, Cathleen Lee Hash, Tyler Kling, Phillip Koehn-Quillin, Trinity Kutey, Sydney McCurdy, Shannon Parsafar, Sahar Shirazi, Saba Rostami Trucks, Stacey

1

Course FJAD 6723 Methods of Design Inquiry in Fall 2021 Students Burcham, Amanda Finley, Susan Emily Gomez, Cathleen Lee Hash, Tyler Kling, Phillip Koehn-Quillin, Trinity Kutey, Sydney McCurdy, Shannon Parsafar, Sahar Shirazi, Saba Rostami Trucks, Stacey Publisher/Instructor Jinoh Park Contact jinohp@uark.edu

*. The copyright of all design results contained in this book belongs to each (student) designer.

2

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE

At the beginning of the Fall semester of 2021, I had the opportunity to meet new students in an entirely new context. Despite my convictions about what I did in my previous schools, it is always challenging and a little frightening to start over at a new school. One of the things I was determined to keep was the publication of this book despite difficulties and fears.

Even if instructors and students put their best efforts throughout the semester, the end-of-semester outputs may or may not meet expectations. Regardless of what outputs we achieve, the importance of our process cannot be overlooked. To begin with, this publication is intended to serve as a record of our processes and experiences during the semester.

than a portfolio of my work as a designer. I hope you will find this publication useful in reclaiming what you have learned and saving what you have accomplished as a designer.

Lastly, I want to say that everyone did a good job last semester. I was happy while making this book since I was able to combine the results as precious as everyone’s efforts into a book.

Jinoh Park, Instructor

It is meaningful in many ways to review the processes and experiences. Firstly, you can see what processes and experiences you followed and what outputs you achieved.

Upon obtaining satisfactory outputs from each step, you can repeat the procedure and practice it. If you don’t achieve satisfactory results, try another procedure or retry the procedure if it doesn’t matter. Second, you may review your performance levels within each process to determine if there has been any change. It is possible to attain the desired outcome when you know the cause of when your performance was good and when it was poor. Additionally, you can learn from reviewing others’ outputs. That is probably the reason that we are purchasing a design book with the process.

Back in my student days, I was not very satisfied with the first portfolio I developed by simply binding output files for the job preparation that I was required to complete.

Although it used to bother me that it would have been better to prepare the portfolio in advance during the break, every break is short and I needed to rejuvenate my body and mind after having completed so many tasks during the semester. I often did not remember what I had learned or what I had missed. Occasionally, I was unable to locate my output files. I therefore found myself holding a portfolio that had nothing to do with what I am passionate about or what I enjoy. It was more like another assignment 1

CONTENTS

01 Publisher’s Note

12 Finley, Susan Emily

24 Hash, Tyler

02 Contents

30 Kling, Phillip

2

18 Gomez, Cathleen Lee

06 Burcham, Amanda

04 Course Schedule

48 McCurdy, Shannon

66 Trucks, Stacey

54 Parsafar, Sahar

42 Kutey, Sydney

60 Shirazi, Saba Rostami

36 Koehn-Quillin, Trinity

3

COURSE SCHEDULE

#7 Testifying Applicability of Qualitative Research Methods | Test qualitative research methods if they can answer your questions

#4 Morphological Chart 2/2 | Choose best options of potential options per element | Optimize the synergy of the best options

#6 Testifying Applicability of Quantitative Research Methods | Test quantitative research methods if they can answer your questions

#3 Morphological Chart 1/2 | Explore and collect potential options through literature review

4

#2 Concept wheel about your research project | Establish programmatic concept

#1 Concept wheel about you | Establish your personal identity

#5 Concept wheel about your research theme | Establish research concept with main research questions and theme

#8 Testifying Applicability of Mixed Methods | Test mixed methods if they can answer your questions

#9 Specifying Sub-research Questions | Develop sub-research questions towards the main question by considering the types of data

#12 Identifying Your Short-term Output | By using the program evaluation framework, students outline the expected outputs from their activities

#10 Identifying Your Resources | By using the program evaluation framework, students identify their resources

#13 Identifying Your Mid-term Outcome | By using the program evaluation framework, students outline the expected outcomes from their outputs

#15 Abstract | Write an abstract (max 500 words)

Multiple Case Study of Wellness Hotels: Holistic Wellbeing with Performance Standards AUTHOR Shannon McCurdy University of Arkansas, MDes

INTRODUCTION This study explores case studies to examine the impact of performance-based design standards on the holistic wellbeing of guests in wellness hotels.

PURPOSE This study aims to understand the contribution of each building evaluation system (WELL and LEED) to the Scale of Wellness Amenities (SWHA) by examining the SWHA of the two wellness hotels with WELL and two wellness hotels with LEED.

BACKGROUND

#11 Identifying Your Activities | By using the program evaluation framework, students identify their research activities to answer their main and sub questions

#14 Identifying Your Long-term Outcome | By using the program evaluation framework, students outline the expected consequences from their outcomes; | Especially about what impact will be in your discipline and industry

In previous research focused on Wellness hotels, the main motive of the guest’s stay is to promote or maintain a healthy lifestyle through service packages and amenities. Outlined in this research, a Wellness Hotel’s conceptual framework was designed to include these three dimensions of holistic wellbeing: mind wellness, physical wellness, and environmental wellness. These dimensions were then used to generate a Scale of Wellness Amenities (SWHA) that provides in-depth information about the guest’s perception of wellness amenities (Chi, C. G. Q., Chi, O. H., & Ouyang, Z. (2020).

METHODOLOGY Through the contextual framework based on the multiple case study methodology, this research consists of six phases. First, the author collected the Wellness Hotel Case studies based off the specified achievement of WELL and LEED performance-based certifications.

Second, the individual cases were evaluated based on the Scale of Wellness Amenities (SWHA). Third, based on the context of the data collected, the author established the criteria and questions for the guest surveys. Fourth, surveys are distributed for an allotted amount of time to the guests of the Wellness Hotels in which the case studies were researched on. Fifth, based on the context of the data collected from case studies, the author established the criteria about the collection of guests reviews via an online platform from the past three years.

Image provided by: https://www.1hotels.com/toronto/gallery

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK & RESEARCH DESIGN INTRODUCTION

Growing Wellness Hospitality & Tourism Industry

ANALYSIS

Pursuit of training and certification with performance based design standards

STUDY METHODOLOGY

Collect Wellness Hotel Case studies (two wellness hotels with WELL and two wellness hotels with LEED. )

Evaluate case studies based on the Scale of Wellness Amenities (SWHA).

LITERATURE REVIEW

SCALE OF WELLNESS AMENITIES

Establish the criteria and questions for the guest surveys

The collected data was quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed to compare and understand the perception of guest's holistic wellbeing in conjunction with the specified performance base standards of the individual case studies.

Concept of Wellness

Conceptualization of Wellness Hotels

LEED Certification

WELL Building Certification

Distribute surveys to selected Wellness Hotel guests.

Establish the criteria about the collection of guests reviews via and online platform from the past three years.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH METHODS

Multiple Case Study Exploration

Does the use of performancebased design standards impact on the holistic wellbeing of guests in wellness hotels?

FINDING

CONCLUSION

Does a performance based standard influences guests' perception of their holistic wellbeing over another?

Outcomes may or may not imply that one standard out preforms the other

WELLNESS HOTEL CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Figure by: Chi, C. G. Q., Chi, O. H., & Ouyang, Z. (2020).

Scale created by: Chi, C. G. Q., Chi, O. H., & Ouyang, Z. (2020).

RESULTS

SOURCES

As a result, this study helps to identify if a particular performance based standard influences guests' perception of their holistic wellbeing over another.

CONCLUSION The results may or may not imply that one standard out preforms the other in this scenario, but it will benefit designers and architects in practiced based situations when exploring these standards with their clients.

Case Study 1

Case Study 2

1. Chi, C. G. Q., Chi, O. H., & Ouyang, Z. (2020). Wellness hotel: Conceptualization, scale development, and validation. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 89, 102404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.102404 2. Avison Young. (2019, October). The Future of Wellness in Hospitality. https://avisonyoung.co.uk/research 3. Lee, P. C., Lee, M. J., & Cheng, T. T. (2019). Importance of Wellness Concepts in the Hotel Industry: Perspectives from the Millennials. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 20(6), 729–752. https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008x.2019.1616041 4. Uysal, M., Berbekova, A., & Kim, H. (2020). Designing for Quality of life. Annals of Tourism Research, 83, 102944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102944 5. https://www.1hotels.com/toronto/gallery

Case Study 3

Case Study 4 0

10

20

30

CHART MADE BASED OFF OF COLLECTED AND ANALYIZED DATA

#16 Poster | Make a poster and present it (max 4’ x 3’)

5

Burcham, Amanda

As an Interior Design professional, I want to achieve the best possible outcome for a project by collaborating with the entire project team. Being considerate of all stakeholders, including the use of empathy allow me place myself in another’s position to guide decisions throughout the design process. To be a good designer, I have to have the self-determination to be diligent and purposeful in all design making decisions. I am required to be thoughtful and creative in all phases of the interior design process. By being the best I can be, I will build credibility to my reputation and receive appreciation from project stakeholders.

6

Programmatic Concept “Creatively curate an experience for a personal connection”

Converting Programmatic (Left) to Design (Right) Concepts

Literature Review

Design Concept “Strategies for identifying wellness priorities during the early stages of the design process”

Keywords

Strategies

Reference details

Strategies

Keywords

Transparency

Honesty

Jeremy Knoll (2020) Enhancing the Human Condition: Reducing Building Material Toxicity by Design

Improving occupant health through the use of building materials

Responsibility

Katie Gaudion, Ashley Hall, Jeremy Myerson & Liz Pellicano (2015) A designer’s approach: how can autistic adults with learning disabilities be involved in the design process?

Inclusive design strategies

Accountability

Sebastian Macmillan (2006) Added value of good design

Value in good design

Improve occupants physical and mental health through the built environment

Knowledgeable

Shirin Izadpanah & Kagan Gunce (2021) Social Media as a Means of Increasing Non-Designers’ Insight into Interior Design

Sharing knowledge of design and wellness through social media

Openness

Jesús Miguel Muñoz Cantero, Ricardo García Mira & Vicente López-Chao3 (2016) Influence of Physical Learning Environment in Student’s Behavior and Social Relations

Promoting interaction using spatial organization

Credibility

Stefanie Pakura & Christian Rudeloff (2020) How entrepreneurs build brands and reputation with social media PR: empirical insights from start-ups in Germany

Using social media as a tool to further the program process by initiating dialog with stakeholders

Collaboration

Françoise Détienne, Michael Baker & Jean-Marie Burkhardt (2012) Quality of collaboration in design meetings: methodological reflexions

Collaboration strategies for optimal project outcomes

Humility

Elizabeth J. Krumrei-Mancuso (2017) Intellectual humility and prosocial values: Direct and mediated effects

Built environments that inspire intellectual humility

Purposeful

Gavin Melles, Ian de Vere & Vanja Misic (2011) Socially responsible design: thinking beyond the triple bottom line to socially responsive and sustainable product design

Socially responsible design strategies

Thoughtfulness

Katie Williams (2012) Regenerative design as a force for change: thoughtful, optimistic and evolving ideas

Design strategies for wellness in the built environment

Experience

M. G. Ormerod & R. A. Newton (2005) Moving Beyond Accessibility: The Principles of Universal (inclusive) Design as a Dimension in nD Modelling of the Built Environment

Challenging the minimum standards of inclusive (universal) design

Friendship

Kristina Musholt (2018) Self and others

Connection of designers sense of self and the spaces they design

Innovation

Editorial board of IJDCI (2013) Perspectives on design creativity and innovation research

Design creativity and innovation in built environments

Consistency

Evie Michailidis & Adrian P. Banks (2016) The relationship between burnout and risk-taking in workplace decision-making and decision-making style

Design strategies to mitigate burnout

Originality

Lucy Kimbell & Guy Julier (2019) Confronting bureaucracies and assessing value in the co-production of social design research

Design strategies to elevate human experience

Resolution

Roger Hoerl, Willis Jensen & Jeroen de Mast (2021) Understanding and addressing complexity in problem solving

Developing more in depth program strategies for better project outcomes

Idealistic

Mélanie Watchman, Claude M. H. Demers & André Potvin (2021) Towards a biophilic experience representation tool (BERT) for architectural walkthroughs: a pilot study in two Canadian primary schools

Design strategies for wellness in harsh climates

Connection

Creativity

Strategies for diversity and inclusion in the built environment

Identify improved strategies in the schematic + design development phase of the design process

7

Testifying Applicability of Research Methods Objective

Methods

Population / Participants

Intervention

Comparison

Outcomes

Research Question

Improving occupant health through the use of building materials

Evidence-Based Case Study Ethnography Research

Stakeholders

Design strategies for mitigating “sick building syndrome” (SBS)

Buildings with SBS characteristics of healthy buildings

Evaluating ways building owners can improve existing materials to mitigate SBS

How can owners of existing older buildings mitigate sick building syndrome?

Evaluating ways building owners can improve existing materials to mitigate SBS

Observations Surveys Interviews Questionnaires On site quality testing/evaluation

Building owner Building occupants Facility / maintenance staff

Design strategies for mitigating “sick building syndrome” (SBS)

Buildings with SBS characteristics of healthy buildings

Comparison of buildings with occupants suffering from SBS

What are common materials used in buildings that occupants are experiencing SBS?

Design strategies for wellness in the built environment

Case Study Research Evidence-Based

Potential WELL project stakeholders

Using the WELL building standards for maintaining health and wellbeing of occupants

Comparing the initial costs of WELL certification and upkeep compared to LEED and other rating systems

Determining the value of a WELL certified project to justify costs associated with certification.

What effect does the initial investment of a WELL certification have on building occupants?

Determining the value of a WELL certified project to justify costs associated with certification.

Observations Surveys Interviews Questionnaires Case Studies

WELL certified project teams Developers interested in WELL Occupant of WELL certified buildings

Using the WELL building standards for maintaining health and wellbeing of occupants

Comparing the initial costs of WELL certification and upkeep compared to LEED and other rating systems

Evaluate average costs associated with a WELL project

Are the costs associated with the WELL building certification worth it to stakeholders?

Design strategies for wellness in harsh climates

Research Survey Case Study

Populations who are located in harsh climates

Effects of harsh climates on well-being of building occupants

Design strategies for wellness in the built environment

Designing for WELL even in harsh environments

What is the effects of living in New Orleans (one of the wettest cities below sea level) for overall well-being of building occupants and quality of interior environments?

Designing for WELL even in harsh environments

Observations Surveys Interviews Questionnaires On site quality testing/evaluation

Individuals working in harsh climates (Alaska, Arizona, Michigan, Oregon, Louisiana, etc)

Effects of harsh climates on well-being of building occupants

Design strategies for wellness in the built environment

Identify WELL certified projects in Alaska, Arizona, Michigan, Oregon, Louisiana (if any)

How can interior environments help circadian rhythms and overall wellness for rainy/dark climates?

Identify similarities of building materials where SBS is present Highlight strategies to mitigate

Highlight the investment tradeoffs of a WELL project

Compare strategies to projects that are not in as harsh of climates Highlight additional strategies for designing WELL projects in harsh environments

8

Effect of well building certified interior space for Circadian rhythms

Case study Survey

WELL Certified interior spaces in harsh climates (Alaska, Arizona, Michigan, Oregon, Louisiana, etc)

WELL Certified interior spaces, Harsh Climates

WELL Building Standard Criteria - Certification Grade - Specific criteria for Circadian rhythms

Users of circadian rhythms Status of overall wellness

In rainy/dark climates, how do the WELL Building Standard criteria for circadian rhythms and overall wellness help to improve circadian rhythms and overall wellbeing?

Effect of well building certified interior space

Survey or precedent study

Interior spaces without WELL Certification in harsh climates (Alaska, Arizona, Michigan, Oregon, Louisiana, etc)

Living in Harsh Climates

WELL Building Standard Criteria

Users of circadian rhythms Status of overall wellness

How can WELL-certified interior environments help circadian rhythms and overall wellness for rainy/dark climates?

Inclusive design strategies

Evidence-Based Case Study

Neurodiverse individuals

Workplace design to optimize productivity for neurodivergent individuals

Comparing distractions, sensory stimulation and wayfinding in work environments

Evaluating priorities in the workplace for designing inclusive spaces for diagnosed/undiagnosed Neurodivergents.

What effect does inclusive design strategies have on employees in open office work environments?

Evaluating priorities in the workplace for designing inclusive spaces for diagnosed/undiagnosed Neurodivergents.

Observations Surveys Interviews Questionnaires

Neurodiverse individuals Neurodiverse medical/ wellness professionals Current business with strategies in place for neurodiversity and inclusion

Workplace design to optimize productivity for neurodivergent individuals

Comparing distractions, sensory stimulation and wayfinding in work environments

Comparison of workplace strategies

What are successful design strategies for neurodiverse and inclusive design in the workplace?

Promoting interaction using spatial organization

Case Study Survey Research Lived Experience

Hotels + Guests

Interior environments that promote interaction through spatial organization

Comparing various hotel chains sequence of arrival, lobby and amenities

That overall interaction with hotel staff and guests are improved based on spatial organization

What effect does spatial organization of hotel lobbies and amenities have on guest interactions?

That overall interaction with hotel staff and guests are improved based on spatial organization

Observations Surveys Interviews Questionnaires

Hotel Staff Ownership Hotel Patrons

Interior environments that promote interaction through spatial organization

Comparing various hotel chains sequence of arrival, lobby and amenities

Comparison of interaction with hotel staff and guests

Are we able to improve interactions with hotel staff and patrons through design?

Design strategies to mitigate burnout

Research Lived Ethnography Survey Case Study Evidence-Based

People in the workplace who are experiencing burnout and individuals mitigating causes of burn out

Interior environments that mitigate burnout

Interior environments of individuals with high and low levels of burnout

Interior design strategies to help occupants mitigate burnout

What effect does an individuals daily work environment have on workplace burnout?

Interior design strategies to help occupants mitigate burnout

Observations Surveys Interviews Questionnaires

Broad survey of individuals working in all different sectors of the workforce

Interior environments that mitigate burnout

Interior environments of individuals with high and low levels of burnout

Comparison of similarities of individuals who are and are not experiencing burnout

In response to covid-19, are our work environments assisting with mitigating burnout?

Highlight strategies for diagnosed/undiagnosed Neurodivergent individuals

Strategies to improve interaction of hotel staff and guests

Highlight strategies for mitigating burnout

Research Overview Time

Current Research

Following Research

Inputs

Outputs

Outcomes - Impact

Activities

Participants

Short Term

Medium Term

Long Term

WELL Building Standard: WELL ScoreCard: Arup Boston (WELL Gold): Cleveland Clinic (WELL Silver): Symantec - AZ (WELL Silver): Citi Tower, One Bay East, Hong Kong, China (WELL Silver): JLL Shanghai Office at HKRITaikoo Hui (WELL Platunum): Cundall Office, One Carter Lane (WELL Gold):

Systematic Review Multiple Case Study

International WELL Building Institute (IWBI) - WELL Building Standard + Scorecard WELL Certified Projects (New and Existing Buildings / New and Existing Interiors)

Learn the WELL features that support circadian health

Define design strategies to support circadian health.

Understand the WELL scorecard on how to optimize design strategies for circadian health.

Identify recoccomend fixture types and color temperatures.

Support circadian health by defining strategies to optimize supporting circadian health through the design of our built environments.

WELL Tip: Navigating preconditions for the light concept: WELL Story: Light at Arup: Top 5 Takeaways from the Light #WELLography Circadian Rhythms: Shaw showroom and office, Shanghai (WELL Silver)” Metropole Head Office: Taipei, Taiwan, China Mirvac Headquaters (WELL Gold): Haworth Kerry Center Organic office showroom (WELL Silver): The circadian system: Aligning the body’s internal clock:

Systematic Review Multiple Case Study

International WELL Building Institute (IWBI) - WELL Building Standard + Scorecard

Learn the WELL features that support circadian health

Define design strategies to support circadian health.

Understand the WELL scorecard on how to optimize design strategies for circadian health.

Identify recoccomend fixture types and color temperatures.

WELL Certified Projects (New and Existing Buildings / New and Existing Interiors)

Review WELL certified projects to analyze daylight/ lighting strategies.

Review WELL certified projects to analyze daylight/ lighting strategies.

Identify lighting levels to support circadian health.

Identify lighting levels to support circadian health.

Support circadian health by defining strategies to optimize supporting circadian health through the design of our built environments.

Abstract Designing to Live WELL: A Systematic Review of the Impacts of WELL Building Standards on Circadian Rhythm This study reviews the design strategies of the WELL Building Standards to analyze the impacts of designing interior environments to support circadian rhythm. The International WELL Building Institute developed the WELL Building Standards to identify best practices in design and construction with evidence-based health and wellness interventions (International WELL Building Institute, 2019). Light is one of the main external stimuli influencing the circadian rhythm.

This study investigates the Light Feature of the WELL Building Standard and evaluates how designers can implement design strategies to improve circadian health for building occupants. Through the contextual framework based on systematic review methodology, this research consists of five phases. First, the author established the research objectives and questions. Second, the preconditions of the Light Feature were evaluated to determine the minimum requirements of lighting interventions identified in the WELL Building Standards. Third, the optimizations of the Light Feature were evaluated to determine the optional requirements of lighting interventions identified in the WELL Building Standards.

Fourth, is identifying the appropriate project types defined by the WELL Building Standard. Lastly, the collected data was analyzed to evaluate the WELL Building Standards interventions’ impact on Circadian Health of building occupants.

As a result, this study helps to define WELL Building Standards design interventions to improve circadian health for building occupants. WELL Building Standards that can be applied to multiple design sectors. However, not all WELL features apply to all buildings. Further evaluation of design strategies for all design sectors is required to optimize circadian health to improve the health and wellbeing of all building occupants.

KEYWORDS: Circadian rhythm, WELL Building Standard, Health and wellness, lighting design, WELL certification

9

FJAD 6723 - Methods of Design Inquiry

|

Univ

Designing to Live Well: A Systematic Review of Design Interventions of the WELL Building Standards to Support Circadian Rhythm Amanda Burcham University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR This study reviews the design strategies of the WELL Building Standards to analyze the impacts of designing interior environments to support circadian rhythm. The International WELL Building Institute developed the WELL Building Standards to identify best practices in design and construction with evidence-based health and wellness interventions (International WELL Building Institute, 2019).

Light is one of the main external stimuli influencing the circadian rhythm.

This study investigates the Light Feature of the WELL Building Standard and evaluates how designers can implement design strategies to improve circadian health for building occupants. Through the contextual framework based on systematic review methodology, this research consists of five phases.

First, the author established the research objectives and questions. Second, the preconditions of the Light Feature were evaluated to determine the minimum requirements of lighting interventions identified in the WELL Building Standards. Third, the optimizations of the Light Feature were evaluated to determine the optional requirements of lighting interventions identified in the WELL Building Standards. Fourth, is identifying the appropriate project types defined by the WELL Building Standard. Lastly, the collected data was analyzed to evaluate the WELL Building Standards interventions’ impact on Circadian Health of building occupants.

As a result, this study helps to define WELL Building Standards design interventions to improve circadian health for building occupants. WELL Building Standards can be applied to multiple design sectors. However, not all WELL features apply to all buildings. Further evaluation of design strategies for all design sectors is required to optimize circadian health to improve the health and wellbeing of all building occupants.

WELL Certified Silver [1]

Ffindings[5]:

Circadian Rhythm[3]:

W Poor Circadian Health Impacts[5]:

10 WELL Certified Gold[2]

Cundall and Dirk Lindner. (n.d.). Cundall Office, One Carter Lane

versity of Arkansas

|

December 7, 2021

WELL Building Standards. (n.d.). Symantec. photograph.

Photoreceptive Cells[4]:

Figure 3: Anatomy of the Human Eye: Light in Layers. (Adapted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: NATURE (Corie Lok, “Seeing Without Seeing,” 469/7330, pp. 284-285), copyright (2011).

WELL Certified Gold[2]

contrast and the visual environment will appear in shades of grey, blue becomes black and yellow objects will seem to disappear. Even dim light at night without a red filter is not desirable. Since rod vision is shifted toward the blue spectrum, this may be why even a little bit of light could still transmit non-visual information as action spectra for melatonin suppression.

There is a third type of photoreceptor called the retinal ganglion cell located in the inner retina that relays signals from the rods and the cones to the brain (Figure 3). Visual information to these cells stimulate pupillary light reflex and non-visual photoneural responses (circadian, neuroendocrine, and neurobehavioral regulation) with some additional

Health + Design

input from the rods and cones. A small subset (�1-3�) of these cells is called the intrinsically photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells (ipRGCs), which has an absorption peak at approximately 480 nm.25 As it turns out, there are two pathways for light to take on its way to being processed by the brain. Visual information can be taken by the optic nerve to be processed by the image-forming centers of the brain in the visual cortex.

Or, non-visual information can be transmitted via another pathway to the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), which relay signals throughout the nervous system to provide information regarding time of day and ambient levels of light and darkness. The pineal gland receives these non-visual signals from the SCN and, in turn, regulates its production and secretion of the hormone melatonin. Melatonin production is greatest at night and lowest during the day for optimal circadian function. Its production is suppressed by blue-shifted white light26 with a peak at around 464nm (Figure 2C),27 close to both the 480 nm ipRGC peak and the 498nm rod peak.

Brooklyn Says, “Move to Detroit”

ϭϬϭ

Cundall and Dirk Lindner. (n.d.). Cundall Office, One Carter Lane

WELL Certified Silver [1]

WELL Building Standards. (n.d.). Symantec. photograph.

REFERENCE: 1. WELL Building Standards. (n.d.). Symantec. photograph. Retrieved December 6, 2021, from https://resources.wellcertified.com/articles/symantec/.

2. Cundall and Dirk Lindner. (n.d.). Cundall Office, One Carter Lane. photograph, WELL Building Standard. Retrieved December 6, 2021, from https://resources.wellcertified.com/articles/cundall-office-one-carter-lane/.

3. Infographic of a conventional circadian rhythm. Image Credit: elenabsl / Shutterstock.com 11 4. Anatomy of the Human Eye: Light in Layers. (Adapted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: NATURE (Corie Lok, “Seeing Without Seeing,” 469/7330, pp. 284-285), copyright (2011).

5. Light. V2.wellcertified.com. (n.d.). Retrieved December 6, 2021, from https://v2.wellcertified.com/v/en/light.

6. Light. Light | WELL Standard. (n.d.). Retrieved December 6, 2021, from https://standard.wellcertified.com/light.

Finley, Susan Emily

My primary career goal is to design healthy, sustainable outdoor spaces which foster connection and enjoyment of our environment. I value diligence and hard work in pursuit of personal and professional growth because I believe that what is worth having, doesn’t come easy. The work of creative design requires courage to show up every day and try something new. It also requires you to be authentically you. No one can design what you can design because your mind, experiences, and passions are all uniquely yours. Using those gifts is a noble pursuit.

But what grounds me to the reality of this work is the people it serves. I believe that people are the most important piece of this career because people can affect real, lasting change and yet, we tend to prioritize the work itself over the people.

People are worth planning for. Serving our communities this way allows us to share the joy of designing! Watching clients find rest, fun, connection, playfulness, and even just aesthetic enjoyment in landscapes I’ve designed reminds me why this profession is so crucial to everyone’s experience. This responsibility to serve though extends beyond clients and the population in general to my peers. Integrity in the face of difficulty, gentleness in the wake of failure, and trustworthiness in the day-to-day decisions we make show who we truly are as leaders in the world of design. Building resilient systems can also build resilient people if move forward boldly, encouraging each other as we go.

12

Converting Programmatic (Left) to Design (Right) Concepts

Programmatic Concept “Creating spaces that connect people and nature”

Literature Review

Design Concept “Creating the community-centered neighborhood”

Keywords

Strategies

Reference details

Strategies

Keywords

Community

Inclusive

Almatarneh, R. T., & Mansour, Y. M. (2013). The role of advertisements in the marketing of gated communities as a new western suburban lifestyle: A case study of the greater cairo region, egypt

Effects of advertisement and imagery on where we live

Collaboration

Ke Fan, Eddie C.M. Hui, Evolutionary game theory analysis for understanding the decision-making mechanisms of governments and developers on green building incentives

Incentives allowing more progressive neighborhood development

Creating market- demand for better residential development

Friendship

Taylor, W. C., Franzini, L., Olvera, N., Carlos Poston, W. S., & Lin, G. (2012). Environmental Audits of Friendliness toward Physical Activity in Three Income Levels

Social relationship with neighbors

Resolution

Bond, S. A., & Devine, A. (2016). Incentivizing green single-family construction: Identifying effective government policies and their features

Current residential development policies

Connection

Hanson, Royce. Suburb : Planning Politics and the Public Interest

Natural features and nature corridors utilized in design of residential areas

Grace

Armstrong, P. J., & Ali, M. M. (2012). Overcoming unsustainability: Retrofitting american suburbs with high-density built environment

Changing existing neighborhoods

Kindness

Ahmed Osama, Tarek Sayed, Evaluating the impact of connectivity, continuity, and topography of sidewalk network on pedestrian safety

Successful pedestrian neighborhood infrastructure

Restful

Beyer, K. M., Kaltenbach, A., Szabo, A., Bogar, S., Nieto, F. J., & Malecki, K. M. (2014).

Exposure to neighborhood green space and mental health: evidence from the survey of the health of Wisconsin.

Improved health through built residential environment

Purposeful

Fassi, D., & Sedini, C. (2017). Design actions with resilient local communities: Goals, drivers and tools

Sustainable and resilient neighborhood elements

Creativity

Katja Thoring, Pieter Desmet, Petra Badke-Schaub, Creative environments for design education and practice: A typology of creative spaces

Company cultures which produces innovative design

Hopeful

Sweeney, G., & Hanlon, B. (2017). From old suburb to post-suburb: The politics of retrofit in the inner suburb of Upper Arlington, Ohio.

Improving municipal policy to enforce high standards

Passion

Daugherty,Jack Neil, I.,II. (2013). Revitalize: How contemporary planners view their role in addressing neighborhood distress (Order No. 1534514)

Successful revitalization of existing neighborhoods

Wellness

Empowering

Prioritizing resident health and sustainable practices in the built environment of neighborhoods

Educating and empowering all players (developers, designers, municipalities, and end-users) to build better communities.

13

Testifying Applicability of Research Methods Objective

Methods

Population / Participants

Intervention

Comparison

Outcomes

Research Question

Improving municipal policy to allow more types of development within neighborhoods

Case study

City in the US which recently improved its municipal policies

Neighborhood developments

Compare 3-5 neighborhoods developed prior to municipal policy improvements and 3-5 developed after (different developers and areas of the municipality)

Neighborhoods built under stronger policy perform better for people (education and research alone is not enough)

How often does policy affect the infrastructure of the built residential environment?

Understanding current residential development policies

Policy/literature review

NWA region municipalities

Local policy development

Fayetteville, Springdale, Rogers, Bentonville, Centerton, and Farmington AR

List of legally allowable types of neighborhood housing developments

How many types of housing development/densities are allowed within residential neighborhoods in different NWA municipalities (without any variances)?

Incentives allowing more progressive neighborhood development

Controlled observational study methods

Previously developed projects or developers previously developed communities

Development

Group A = health and wellness considered Group B = health and wellness not considered

Difference in levels of incentives from two groups

What is the difference in number of incentives applied to a project between two developments (one health/wellness considered and the other not considered)?

Natural features and nature corridors utilized in design of residential areas

Pre- and post-occupancy evaluations

Residential developments within NWA in the last 30 years

Neighborhood development of NWA

Neighborhoods which do not preserve natural features

Residential zone development rarely preserves natural features

How often are natural pre-development features (such as forests, wetlands, streams or other waterways) preserved in their pre-development condition or better during residential development in NWA within the last 30 years of development?

Successful pedestrian neighborhood infrastructure

Ethnographic Survey

Residents of a revitalized neighborhood

Neighborhood revitalization (retrofitting neighborhoods with more walkable infrastructure, additional housing types, and development for everyday needs closer to home)

Residents of a typical single-family neighborhood

Differences in amounts of physical activity, social connection, and happiness in residents of revitalized neighborhoods vs non-revitalized

Does walkable neighborhood infrastructure improve frequency of physical activity and social activity for residents?

Creating market demand for alternative neighborhood design

Survey

Residents of neighborhoods in NWA

Neighborhood development

Neighborhoods close to existing amenities (walkable) vs. not

Neighborhoods closer to existing community amenities are more longterm successful

What are the top physical amenities residents would want to change in their neighborhood?

Understanding current residential development policies

Quasi-experimental study

Residents of neighborhoods in NWA

Educational sessions

Residents in neighborhoods where no educational sessions are performed

Educated community members ask their municipalities/representatives for policy reform

What kind of educational intervention produces more politically involved community members?

Incentives allowing more progressive neighborhood development

Literature review of successful incentives; case studies or interviews with developers to show behind the scenes

Developer/ project

Existing development

Group A = health and wellness considered Group B = health and wellness not considered

Certain types of incentives are more readily utilized than others

What kind of incentives will encourage a developer to consider health and wellness?

Prioritizing resident health and sustainable practices in the built environment of neighborhoods

Controlled observational study or survey

Residents of neighborhoods in NWA

Neighborhood development

Comparable home in a typically-developed neighborhood

Potential homeowners are more interested in homes with better neighborhood designs

Are potential buyers more likely to purchase a home in a neighborhood that has been developed with resident health and wellness as a priority?

Educating and empowering all players (developers, designers, municipalities, and end-users) to build better communities

Ethnographic study

Developers

Continuing development-focused education (CE)

Developers without continuing education requirements

Developers with CE requirements alter their priorities over time

What role does continuing education play in the goals or priorities of developers?

Successful revitalization of existing neighborhoods

Pre- and post-occupancy evaluations

Residents

Neighborhood revitalization

Resident enjoyment of common space prior to revitalization

Certain features are more enjoyed by residents than others

What kind of revitalization efforts/features are most often utilized and enjoyed by residents?

Improving municipal policy to allow more types of development options within neighborhoods

Case studies

Developers

Additional policies written for more flexible development options

Residential areas developed under more simplistic policy

Developers will create better neighborhoods with increased flexibility and options

Will development patterns under more flexible policy with increased residential development options be more creative and multi-use?

Incentives allowing more progressive neighborhood development

Ethnographic studies and interviews

Developers

Neighborhood development with incentives utilized

Development in region without many incentive options

Incentives are most affective at the local municipal level when related to project finances

At what level are incentives most influential in residential development? (federal, state, local, organizational (i.e. LEED or other awards)

Educating and empowering all players (developers, designers, municipalities, and end-users) to build better communities

Ethnographic studies and case studies

Developers, designers, municipalities, and end-users

Education and neighborhood development

Communities which do not seek to educate all development players

Informed communities are more resilient and successful than those who rely solely on the education or intention of officials and policies

How can we educate and empower all players within residential development to build better communities?

14

Research Overview Time

Inputs

Outputs

Outcomes - Impact

Activities

Participants

Short Term

Medium Term

Long Term

Current Research

1. The list of top livable U.S. cities 2. Methodology approach for determining U.S. most livable cities 3. Resources from methodology (Census Data, FBI Crime Reports, Sharecare’s Community Well-being index, etc.)

4. Definitions of livability, quality of life, value, etc.

5. City and municipal codes for all 5 top cities

1. Study the policies for residential development in all 5 most livable cities 2. Create comparison system for residential policies and separate system for programs comparison 3. Define residential development and different types of residential development by their components in order to compare and contrast 4. Identify 2-3 most common types of residential development by metro-area

1. Cities of Boulder, Raleigh, Fayetteville, Huntsville, and Austin 2. U.S. News methodology team

- Research results inspire the involved top U.S. cities to highlight, promote, or draw attention to those beneficial and intentional policies which increased livability in their area

- Other U.S. cities take note of policies which created livability and high ranking scores in top ranked cities and begin the process of implementing their own similarly designed or similarly effective policies (hopefully, this starts to create a culture of acknowledging the effect that policy has on our daily lives)

- This research is one piece in the creation of a publicly-accessible database of tested, measurable results of policies in existing cities for both politicians and citizens to use in updating their own municipal codes. Hopefully, this educates the voter/citizen to know what to ask their elected officials for and gives well-intentioned elected officials tested data to prove their case for beneficial policy.

Following Research

1. Case studies of residential developments in top livable cities in the U.S.

5. Identify 2-3 most recent residential developments per metro-area 6. Compare residential development over time, by frequency, and by the metro-area’s standing in the liveable cities list according to recent code updates

1. Cities of Boulder, Raleigh, Fayetteville, Huntsville, and Austin 2. Developers of those residential areas 3. City officials involved in approving plans for specified residential areas

- Direct connections are made in the mind of the neighborhood residents’ between policy and infrastructure

- Citizens in those residential areas are able to ask their builders/developers to implement specific strategies based on this research and other research like it

- Designers and design students are empowered to study their own regions and especially the residential areas within them to have a greater understanding and greater effect on future development in their area.

Abstract Creating livable places through policy: How municipalities write their own rules for success Each year, the United States’ 150 most populous metro areas compete for top livability status in U.S. News’ annual “Best Places to Live in the U.S.” rankings. Livability has been defined as “the frame conditions of a decent life for all inhabitants of cities, regions and communities including their physical and mental wellbeing”. This research examines livability through municipal policy and programming in the top five most livable places in the United States, according to the U.S. News’ annual “Best Places to Live in the U.S.” rankings and aims to measure those policy and program’s effects on each city’s livability ranking. While many organizations categorize or rank livability, U.S. News was chosen for its inclusive, approachable, and practical mixed methodology. The methodology analyzes each metro area using public data categorized into five indexes (Job Market Index, Value Index, Quality of Life Index, Desirability Index, and Net Migration). The indexes are weighted according to annual public survey results determining Americans’ top priorities when choosing a place to live. This results in an overall livability score. The overall 2021-2022 livability rankings named 1) Boulder, Colorado, 2) Raleigh & Durham, North Carolina, 3) Huntsville, Alabama, 4) Fayetteville, Arkansas, and 5) Austin, Texas as its current most livable places in the United States. The purpose of this research is two-fold: first, to understand how municipal policy and programming has contributed to livability in the most livable metro areas in the United States; and second, to aid the future development of guidelines or principles for other metro areas discussing how to improve livability in their area with public policy. Through a systematic review process, this research 1) determines criteria for relevant policy and programs to compare between metro areas based on U.S. News’ methodology 2) collects data for each of the top five livable places according to research criteria 3) synthesizes research into comparable format and 4) assesses each metro area’s similarities and differences in relevant policy and programming. A systematic review process was chosen to allow for repeated research to be conducted annually as U.S. News rankings change over time.

The research indicates that metro areas in the top five livable places share commonalities within their policy and programming which directly impact livability rankings. Among these commonalities are affordable housing policies and programs and Tree City USA designations and program participation. Differences, however, include factors such as bike share programs (included in only two of the top five areas). Through this process, we see that public policy and programming has a significant effect on the livability rankings of U.S. metro areas but does not directly determine their ranking order. Municipalities wishing to improve their overall livability may benefit their region and residents by implementing specific, strategic policies and programs seen in the top five ranked metro areas which create a more livable place.

Keywords: livable, livability, public policy, program, municipality, methodology, place 15

INTRODUCTION

CREATING LIVABLE PLAC

how municipalities write th

Each year, the United States’ 150 most populous metro areas compete for top livability status in U.S. News’ annual “Best Places to Live in the U.S.” rankings.

Livability has been defined as “the frame conditions of a decent life for all inhabitants of cities, regions and communities including their physical and mental wellbeing”. This research examines livability through municipal policy and programming in the top five most livable places in the United States, according to the U.S. News’ annual “Best Places to Live in the U.S.” rankings and aims to measure those policy and program’s effects on each city’s livability ranking.

RESEARCH POPULATION + BACKGROUND While many organizations categorize or rank livability, U.S. News was chosen

for its inclusive, approachable, and practical mixed methodology. The methodology analyzes each metro area using public data categorized into five indexes (Job Market Index, Value Index, Quality of Life Index, Desirability Index, and Net Migration). The indexes are weighted according to annual public survey results determining Americans’ top priorities when choosing a place to live. This results in an overall livability score. The overall 2021-2022 livability rankings named 1) Boulder, Colorado, 2) Raleigh & Durham, North Carolina, 3) Huntsville, Alabama, 4) Fayetteville, Arkansas, and 5) Austin, Texas as its current most livable places in the United States.

RESEARCH DESIGN + METHODOLOGY The purpose of this research is two-fold: first, to understand how municipal

policy and programming has contributed to livability in the most livable metro areas in the United States; and second, to aid the future development of guidelines or principles for other metro areas discussing how to improve livability in their area with public policy.

Through a systematic review process, this research 1) determines criteria for relevant policy and programs to compare between metro areas based on U.S. News’ methodology 2) collects data for each of the top five livable places according to research criteria 3) synthesizes research into comparable format and 4) assesses each metro area’s similarities and differences in relevant policy and programming. A systematic review process was chosen to allow for repeated research to be conducted annually as U.S. News rankings change over time.

Unemployment Rate

EXPECTED RESULTS

JOB INDEX:

The research indicates that metro areas in the top five livable places share commonalities within their policy and programming which directly impact livability rankings. All five top metropolitan areas meet several criteria: Providing continual affordable housing opportunities Tree City USA Program designation and Urban Forestry Department Habitat and/or Tree Preservation policy and Program Improvement or Overlay Districts or Historic Preservation Program Urban Agriculture/Pollinator Garden Project/Community Garden Program

While each metropolitan area has a unique expression of affordable housing policy, each area did address it within its municipal code and/or programming.

The unique trait between the areas’ affordable housing policies and programs is that each is intentional about long-term or sustained affordable housing opportunities for its qualifying residents.

Average Salary

Best indicator of earning pote Source: Department of Labor

Blended Median Annu

VALUE INDEX: A.K.A. THE HOUSING AFFORDABILITY INDEX

Percentage of population tha rents a home.

Source: U.S. Census data

Blended Annual Hous

Annual cost of a mortgage in Source: U.S. Census data

Crime Rates

Source: FBI’s Uniform Crime R

U.S. NEWS METHODOLOGY

Quality and Availabilit

QUALITY OF LIFE INDEX:

CONCLUSION + DISCUSSION

Source: U.S. News’ Best Hosp

Quality of Education

Source: U.S. News’ Best High

Well-being

Source: Sharecare’s Commu

Commuter Index

Through this process, we see that public policy and programming has a sig-

nificant effect on the livability rankings of U.S. metro areas but does not directly determine their ranking order. Policies and programs which appear in multiple of the top five metro areas appear to be more effective in creating a livable environment than those which are found in fewer.

Calcualted for 12-month unem Source: Department of Labor

Source: U.S. Census’ average

DESIRABILITY INDEX:

Desirability Index

Measures whether people wa Source: Desirability Survey (p metro areas they would most

Municipalities wishing to improve their overall livability may benefit their region and residents by implementing specific, strategic policies and programs seen in the top five ranked metro areas which create a more livable place.

NET MIGRATION: 16

Net Migration

Measures whether people are Source: U.S. Census data

CES THROUGH POLICY:

heir own rules for success

1. BOULDER, COLORADO 5. AUSTIN, TEXAS 4. FAYETTEVILLE, ARKANSAS 3. HUNTSVILLE, ALABAMA 2. RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA

FJAD 6723 METHODS OF DESIGN INQUIRY DEC. 7, 2021 SUSAN EMILY FINLEY UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS

Development Criteria Affordable Housing

ential in a metro area r’s Bureau of Labor Statistics

ual Household Income

at owns a home with a mortgage and the percentage that

sing Cost

n a metro area (owning and renting)

Reports

ty of Health Care

pitals rankings

Schools rankings

unity Well-being Index (analyzing resident satisfaction)

e commute time calculations

ant to live in a given metro area polled ~3,600 people across the country to rank which t like to live in)

e moving to or away from a metro area

WHAT DEVELOPMENT CODES MATCH THE CRITERIA FOR THE TOP LIVABLE CITIES IN THE U.S.?

mployment rate r’s Bureau of Labor Statistics

Provide continuting affordable housing opportunities Developments are required to include a certain amount of the total number of dwelling units as permanently affordable housing units Affordable Housing Bonds Affordable Rental Housing Program Multiple other more sustainable housing development solutions other than single-family residential are provided as options in the municipal code Resource Programs for first-time homebuyers/owners and for renters Housing Rehabilitation and Repair Program for low-to-moderate income households (disability or elderly homeowners primarily) Mortgage Assistance Program Waive or modify development restrictions in exchange for providing low-to-moderate income housing Long-term affordable housing assistance meant to lead to home ownership

Boulder, CO

Raleigh, NC

Huntsville, AL

Fayetteville, AR

Austin, TX

X

X

X

X

X

X

X X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X X X

X

Well-being

AFFORDABLE HOUSING

No Pesticides permitted to be used on city property Tree City USA Program designation and Urban Forestry Program Paint the Pavement Program (Art) Community Connectors Program or similar social neighborhood program Active Adult Program or Aging in Plance Program (Senior Citizens) Neighborhood Traffic Management Program Neighborhood Improvement Program Neighborhood Volunteering Program Neighborhood Cost Share Program for Community Projects

X X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X X

X

X

X X X X

Commuting and Public Transportation

WELL-BEING COMMUTING AND PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION

Dismount Zone for bicycles Bike Share Program E-scooter Program Bus Rapid Transit Program (BRT) Public Transit Safe Routes to School SafeLight Red Light Camera Program Complete Streets Policy or Plan Multi-modal Greenway System in place Smart Commute or Ride Share Program Active Transportation Plan and Program Slow Streets Program in residential areas

X X X

X X X X X X

X

X X

X

X

X

X X

X

X X X

X

Misc.

Habitat and/or Tree Conservation Program Improvement or Overlay Districts or Historic Preservation Programs Growth Management System Street Tree Planting or Giveaway Program Urban Agriculture / Pollinator Garden Project / Community Garden program Rainwater Rewards Program Community Climate Action Plan or Sustainability Program Local Air Pollution Control Program Naturalistic Landscape Ordinance (plants are native or non-invasive) Low Impact Development Ordinance

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X X

X X X X

17

Gomez, Cathleen Lee

As an architect i am motivated to create developing projects that can help communities with low resources. I have the mindset to overcome any obstacle that allows me to do good for others. I want to gain enjoyment in doing so, my objective in my career path is very clear and it to help others be the best people they can be. This low income communities just need a push to start a new road into their lifes, and giving this people back a little bit of dignity can help with their future choices in life. Our clients should be trusting of our decisions as architects and we should be as humble as we can be to help them with that. As architects we should be moldable to new ideas that can come our way ad be fair with the clients into what they actually need into enjoying a new life with dignity and respect.

18

Programmatic Concept “Giving people a sense of worth back”

Converting Programmatic (Left) to Design (Right) Concepts

Literature Review

Design Concept “Strategies for modular communal development housing after a hazard-prone environment.”

Keywords

Strategies

Reference details

Strategies

Keywords

Necessities

Housing

Martins et al., 2021. Women-led humanitarian architecture in disaster-prone environments: Learning from the Marielle Franco Community-Design Award.

Humanitarian architecture in hazard-prone environments

Sustainable

Chen et al., 2021. Lego architecture: Research on a temporary building design method for post-disaster emergency.

Dignity

Deria et al., 2021. Evaluating implication of flood vulnerability factors with respect to income level for building long-term disaster resilience of low-income communities.

Utilizing local resources after a natural disaster environment.

Help

Pourvali et al., 2017. Post-failure repair for cloud-based infrastructure services after disasters.

Local communities and how they utilize local resources.

Trust

Roberts et al., 2021. The potential role of nonprofit organisations in building community resilience to disasters in the context of Victoria, Australia.

Modular housing with minimal capitalization cost.

Necessities

Brown et al., 2018. Housing status among single adults following homelessness prevention and rapid re-housing program participation in indianapolis.

Safety

Ikeda & Inoue, 2016. An evacuation route planning for safety route guidance system after natural disaster using multi-objective genetic algorithm

Open construction system framework to achieve a rapid, simple and safe temporary housing.

Red Cross

Wu et al., 2019. Planned sheltering as an adaptation strategy to climate change: Lessons learned from the severe flooding in Anhui Province of China on 2016.

Community development innovation

UN

Rockwood et al., 2015. Design and prototyping of a FRCC modular and climate responsive affordable housing system for underserved people in the pacific island nations.

CDGB

Pine, 2012. Enhancing the resilience of coastal communities: dealing with immediate and long-term impacts of natural hazards.

Master’s

Valenzuela-Levi et al., 2021. Housing and accessibility after the COVID-19 pandemic: Rebuilding for resilience, equity and sustainable mobility.

Human

Resources

Rapid, safe and modular housing done with a low cost.

Identify improved strategies in the schematic + design development phase of the design process

Resilience and adaptive capacity

19

Testifying Applicability of Research Methods Objective

Methods

Population / Participants

Strategies for modular communal development housing after a hazard-prone environment.

Evaluating case studies, weather paths and changes, and different housing solutions.

Utilizing local resources after a natural disaster environment.

Study of the land and environmental change to determine which resource is good to use.

People/communities/countries suffering from a natural disaster and or weather changes that need a shelter or refuge after the strike or impact on a hazard-prone environment.

Community development resilience and adaptive capacity

Creating a sense of worth back to communities and giving them a friendly solution to incorporate back into their lives.

Rapid, safe and modular housing done with a low cost.

Studying different case studies to determine quick and easy ways to build shelters or housing.

Adaptability to the different changes of weather.

Studying the different types of weather changes to determine a good adaptable housing mechanism.

Materials to be used depending on the natural disaster.

Working with local community neighbors to determine which resource can be use to build.

Designing within communities.

Intervention

Comparison

Research Question

To determine different houses typologies dependng in the hazard-prone environment.

What type of housing or shelters we can make depending on the environmental crisis?

To know which resources can be used after a natural disaster.

What type of materials you can use depending on the natural disaster?

Incorporating the community into helping design this shelter depending on their family needs.

Integrate community into the design aspect of the sheltering evaluating their needs.

How can neighborhood be created and adapted?

Built rapid, modular and low income shelter that are safe if a second strike might occur.

Making temporary housing or modular housing.

What type of shelter can be made rapidly and efficiently?

Creating adaptable housing depending on the weather changes.

Knowing how to adapt sheltering depending on the climate changes.

How can shelters be adapted to different climate changes or weather changes?

Evaluating which materials are good to built depending on the local resources after a natural disaster may strike.

Utilizing materials that can be sustainable to build shelters.

What are the different materials that can be used in the shelter depending on the natural disaster?

Making the community work aside the studio to re-build their neighborhoods.

Developing a sense of community after a environmental change.

Giving neighborhoods a sense of community back.

How can communities be incorporated into helping build their neighborhood back?

Adaptability to the different hazardous-prone environment.

Having different methods to know how to adapt the shelters into different hazard-prone environments.

Creating adaptable housing depending on the natural disasters that may occur.

Have different case studies made for future natural changes.

How this shelters can be adapted into the different natural disasters that could happen?

Housing layout and how it affects the impact of different climates.

Analyzing different case studies of shelters and tiny homes to determine which can be build quick and low cost.

Evaluate different layouts to determined the best one depending on different situations.

Having different studies of how can climate changes or natural disasters can affect shelter or housings.

How can a housing layout help with the impact of a natural disaster before it strikes?

Typology of different housing shelters.

Analyzing different case studies of shelters and tiny homes to determine which is better depending on the environmental change.

Creating different housing typologies depending on the needs and or population in need at the moment.

Creating different typologies depending on the environmental changes.

What can be different typologies of housing shelters depending on the natural disaster?

Containers as an option for temporary housing.

Evaluating different criterias to determine if containers are a good solution to quick sheltering.

Evaluating if shipping containers are good for natural disaster prone environments or environmental changes.

To know if its a good element to use.

Are containers viable for sheltering?

Study materials and methods of use.

Researching different methods of construction with different materiasl.

Determine which materials are good to built.

Utilizing materials that can be sustainable to build shelters.

What materials can be used in shelters?

Shelter solutions and different criteria methods.

Determining different case studies to know which can be applied to different natural disasters or environmental changes.

Evaluating different criteria methods that can be use for sheltering depending on the situation.

Creating different solutions for a shelter or housing and how we can embark and determine it quickly and easy.

What criterias you need to build a good and resilient shelter?

Shelter in evacuation sites or routes.

Making a plan of the territory after a natural disaster or environmental change to the determine the best way to evacuate and built a shelter solution.

Creating evacuation sites or routes to determine which area is affected or not.

Having settle different evacuations routes prior to the situation.

How can we plan ahead of a natural disaster and have shelters ready on an evacuation site?

Thermal comfort assessment.

Study the area of the crisis to assess the thermal comfort of the shelter.

Making an assessment to know the thermal comfort in different situations and also different typologies of shelters.

To know more about thermal comfort depending on the environmental changes.

How can we adapt different shelters with thermal comfort?

Selection of the location of the shelter.

Studying the location of the disaster and evaluating the best place to locate the shelters.

Creating a system to know which areas are the best to build the shelters.

Study the areaa of the situation to determine the best location of the shelters.

How to choose a good site where to locate the shelter and be prepared for a second strike?

Adaptable rapid shelters for environmental changes

Controlled Observational Study Methods

To determine how rapid and temporary shelters can be adapted depending on the different environmental changes (climate changes or weather changes).

How rapid temporary shelters can be adapted to the different environmental changes?

20

People/communities/countries suffering from a natural disaster and or weather changes that need a shelter or refuge after the strike or impact on a hazard-prone environment.

People/communities/countries suffering from a natural disaster and or weather changes that need a shelter or refuge after the strike or impact on a hazard-prone environment.

People/communities/countries suffering from a natural disaster and or weather changes that need a shelter or refuge after the strike or impact on a hazard-prone environment.

People/communities/countries suffering from a natural disaster and or weather changes that need a shelter or refuge after the strike or impact on a hazard-prone environment.

Build modular housing or shelter depending on the different natural disasters or environmental changes that may occur.

Outcomes

Finding the best local materials that we can work with for the built of this shelters.

Build rapid and temporary shelters that can be used after an environmental change (climate change or weather changes), as different typologies and can be easily adaptable depending on the weather change.

Prefab housing and temporary housing.

Different environmental changes and typology.

Research Overview Time

Current Research

Inputs

Identify the three main states that are more disaster prone to earthquakes, hurricanes and floods.

Categorize the characteristics of the community and collect the information about the community according to the type of weather condition.

In creating a survey we can set a group of principles to know the wants and needs of the different communities.

Outputs

Outcomes - Impact

Activities

Participants

Short Term

Medium Term

Long Term

Strategies Select participants based on: -Location (California, Florida and Louisiana) -Climate -Population -Materials Review studies based on the different climate changes cases (using case studies and systematic review).

Target Formulate an understanding of what the participants need in regard to comfort and shelter.

Data Collection Strategies Create a survey questionnaire for the participants.

Collect information based on the case studies and reviews.

Survey Questionnaire Analysis Strategies Compare the survey answers vs the contrast of the case studies to know what information is valuable to make the next step.

Interpretations With the reviews and information obtained from the studies and survey we can create a simulation (virtual or 3d prints to scale) of how shelters can sustain different climate conditions.

Communities more prone to natural disasters (states) Earthquakes: California Floods: Florida Hurricanes: Louisiana

In this research we identify the three main states that are more prone to natural disasters such as: earthquakes, floods and hurricanes. With this information we can categorize the characteristics of this identified communities and check if this weather conditions change over time.

We identify the communities of California, Florida and Louisiana and know that they’re more prone to natural disasters due to climate change. We establish variables for resident comports and specifications of shelters in communities that are more prone to earthquakes, floods and hurricanes because of each type of climate changes. In creating a survey for every natural disaster and community we can establish a set of principles that we need to create this shelters in regards of comfort and need for each community. With this principles we can create a set of modules depending on the disaster and community.

California, Florida and Louisiana are communities more prone to natural disasters, in identifying this communities we can set a group of principles to know the wants and needs after a disaster prone environment have stroke.

In knowing that we can categorize the characteristics needed to create modular shelters that can be set into any community and any natural disaster due to climate change.

Into creating a survey we can know more about the wants and needs of the set communities with different weather conditions and with that we can create modular shelters with the different natural disasters that may occur.

Following Research

Abstract Studying the potential for temporary, adaptable, and rapid shelter during hazardous natural disasters in California, Florida, and Louisiana This study undertakes research that can be prone to these hazardous natural disasters: earthquakes, floods, and hurricanes. After the natural disasters have happened there will be a high demand for temporary, adaptable, and rapid shelters. In this study, we explore the needs of these shelters in communities that are more prone to these natural disasters. When considering these communities, we opted to use the communities with the highest exposure to each natural disaster in 1) California (earthquakes), 2) Florida (floods), and 3) Louisiana (hurricanes). This situation must be managed quickly due to the number of people left homeless and without resources.

This poster highlights the needs (and/or wants) of communities in California, Florida, and Louisiana, which are more susceptible to these hazardous environmental changes. In doing this research we can understand what the community will need for shelter to support these communities. This can also vary depending on different criteria for the support of the shelters: 1) Location, 2) Climate, 3) Population and 4) Materials. These categories should be reviewed over time due to the changes that can occur in the criteria in these community.

This will also review the needs (and/or wants) of the resident’s comforts and the specification of the design of the shelter using these criteria. In this research, we will collect different information from a survey, to collect the data from residents of their needs (And/or wants) of these highly vulnerable communities after natural disasters have struck. Furthermore, we will classify the characteristics that are necessary to set as a standard for temporary, adaptable, and rapid shelters for these natural disasters. Based on different studies reviewed, we can create the survey that will provide for temporary, adaptable, and rapid construction of shelters following a hazardous environmental change using construction systems. This study will be conducted for around 500-1,000 participants of each community depending on the category of the disaster. This study will help in the decision-making based on the needs (and/or wants) of the participants in these communities that are more prone to these hazardous natural disasters. This research will help to establish a set of variables and standards levels for the comforts of residents and specifications of the design of the shelters of these communities that are the most prone to these natural disasters. Some of these variables may be: the improvement of thermal comfort, clean water supply and sanitation, security, protection of weather, and have special specifications for accessibility. Even though the implementation of any temporary, adjustable, and rapid sheltering program depends on the natural disaster and damages created, this study points out the importance of establishing clear indicators and standards for residents of the communities. The lack of previous research studies on the theme of temporary, adaptable, and rapid shelters identifies the gaps in the further development of the research. Due to the insufficient information related to the theme, we need to develop a set of surveys to collect the data needed to implement the use of comfort and shelter design for the residents. Additionally, stating a need for future research regarding the limitations of the weather changes in each location mentioned before. This research will establish a set of principles that will be set in a time frame of five years depending on what the participants in each location will be looking for after a natural disaster strikes. To study the four criteria (location, climate, population, and materials), we need to know the uncertainty of weather changes in this time frame of five years. This uncertainty of the post-disaster period tends to overshadow the socio-cultural characteristics of the communities but having a pre-disaster strategic plan could potentially allow communities to express cultural identity and local values in temporary, adaptable, and rapid sheltering communities.

Research into sheltering in the United States can benefit from the findings of this study, which paves the way for future studies in this area of the theme. KEYWORDS: Circadian rhythm, WELL Building Standard, Health and wellness, lighting design, WELL certification

21

STUDYING THE POTENTIAL FO RAPID SHELTER DURING HAZA CALIFORNIA, FLOR BACKGROUND

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

ME

This study undertakes research that can be prone to these hazardous natural disasters: earthquakes, floods, and hurricanes. After the natural disasters have happened there will be a high demand for temporary, adaptable, and rapid shelters. In this study, we explore the needs of these shelters in communities that are more prone to these natural disasters. When considering these communities, we opted to use the communities with the highest exposure to each natural disaster in 1) California (earthquakes), 2) Florida (floods), and 3) Louisiana (hurricanes). This situation must be managed quickly due to the number of people left homeless and without resources.

This poster highlights the needs (and/or wants) of communities in California, Florida, and Louisiana, which are more susceptible to these hazardous environmental changes. In doing this research we can understand what the community will need for shelter to support these communities. This can also vary depending on different criteria for the support of the shelters: 1) Location, 2) Climate, 3) Population and 4) Materials. These categories should be reviewed over time due to the changes that can occur in the criteria in these community. This will also review the needs (and/or wants) of the resident’s comforts and the specification of the design of the shelter using these criteria.

In t as (an nat the for ura cre and env stu of e ter.

Communities that can be prone to hazardous natural disasters.

What are the characteristics of communities that are more prone to Needs (and/or wants) of communities in California, Florida, and Louisiana

hurricanes? information from a survey, to collect the data from residents of their needs (and/or wants) of these highly vulnerable communities What are variables and standard levels of resident comforts and

Earthquakes, hurricanes

shelters?

Need to managed quickly due to the number of people left homeless and without resources.

Can vary depending 1) Location 2) Climate 3) Population 4) Materials.

High demand for temporary, adaptable, and rapid shelters

-California (earthquakes) -Louisiana (hurricanes)

Classify the characteristics that are necessary to set as a standard for temporary, adaptable, and rapid shelters for these natural disasters.

Set of v standards comforts o

Conducted for around 500-1,000 participants of each community depending on the category of the disaster and the amount of damage made in the community.

Variabl improvem comfort, cl and sani protection

design o

What are needs (and/or wants) ?

Will set the resident’s comforts tion of the design of the shelter using these criteria.

22

This stud the decis based on (and/or w participa comm

for a

What are the prioritized needs (and/or wants)?

LIMITATIONS

CONCLUSION & DI

Even though the implementation of any temporary, adjustable, and rapid sheltering program depends on the natural disaster and damages created, this study points out the importance of establishing clear indicators and standards for residents of the communities. The lack of previous research studies on the theme of temporary, adaptable, and rapid shelters identifies the gaps in the further development of the research. Due to the insufficient information related to the theme, we need to develop a set of surveys to collect the data needed to implement the use of comfort and shelter design for the residents. Additionally, stating a need for future research regarding the limitations of the weather changes in each location mentioned before.

This research will establi depending on what the p ter strikes. To study the fo know the uncertainty of t ty of the post-disaster pe communities but having express cultural identity a munities. Research into s study, which paves the w

OR TEMPORARY, ADAPTABLE, AND ARDOUS NATURAL DISASTERS IN RIDA, AND LOUISIANA.

ETHODOLOGY

EXPECTED FINDINGS

this research, we will collect different information from survey, to collect the data from residents of their needs nd/or wants) of these highly vulnerable communities after tural disasters have struck. Furthermore, we will classify e characteristics that are necessary to set as a standard temporary, adaptable, and rapid shelters for these natal disasters. Based on different studies reviewed, we can eate the survey that will provide for temporary, adaptable, d rapid construction of shelters following a hazardous vironmental change using construction systems.[1] This udy will be conducted for around 500-1,000 participants each community depending on the category of the disas.

This study will help in the decision-making based on the needs (and/or wants) of the participants in these communities that are more prone to these hazardous natural disasters. This research will help to establish a set of variables and standards levels for the comforts of residents and specifications of the design of the shelters of these communities that are the most prone to these natural disasters. Some of these variables may be: the improvement of thermal comfort, clean water supply and sanitation, security, protection of weather, and have special specifications for accessibility. [2][3]

Depends on the natural disaster and damages created.

Will establish a set of principles that will be set in a time frame of

dy will help in sion-making n the needs wants) of the ants in these munities.

Lack of previous research studies on the theme.

To study the four criteria and know the uncertainty of the weather changes.

variables and s levels for the of residents and

of the shelters

les may be the ment of thermal lean water supply itation, security, n of weather, and

accessibility.

Research into sheltering in the United States will ies on this theme.

the further development of the research.

Post-disaster period tends to overshadow the socio-cultural characteristics of the communities Need to develop a set of surveys to collect the data.

Pre-disaster strategic plan could potentially allow communities to express cultural identity.

Future research regarding the limitations of the weather changes in each location.

ISCUSSION

ish a set of principles that will be set in a time frame of five years participants in each location will be looking for after a natural disasour criteria (location, climate, population, and materials), we need to the weather changes in this time frame of five years. This uncertaineriod tends to overshadow the socio-cultural characteristics of the a pre-disaster strategic plan could potentially allow communities to and local values in temporary, adaptable, and rapid sheltering comsheltering in the United States can benefit from the findings of this way for future studies in this area of the theme.

[1] Daoyuan Chen, Guoen Wang, Guojun Chen, Lego architecture: Research on a temporary building design method for post-disaster emergency, 2021 [2] Omar S. Asfour, Learning from the past: Temporary housing criteria in conflict areas with reference to thermal comfort, 2019 [3] F. Moran, D. Fosas, D. Coley, S. Natarajan, J. Orr, O. Bani Ahmad, Improving thermal comfort in refugee shelters in desert environments, 2021

Cathleen Lee Gomez Advisor: Jinoh Park University of Arkansas

23

Hash, Tyler

I have persevered through my education and learned to become adaptable to any design scenario while never forgetting to question the plausibility of my project. Without the friendship and support of my friends and family, I wouldn’t be able to be as dependable or determined to complete my degree. I have always been meticulous and sincere in my determination to see everything through to the end. I have always been bluntly honesty has resulted in a very strong sense of morality.

24

Programmatic Concept “Affordable Housing”

Converting Programmatic (Left) to Design (Right) Concepts

Literature Review

Design Concept “How can the costs of an affordable house be minimized/offset in order to maximize the efficiency of the layout and thermal comfort of the interior?”

Keywords

Strategies

Reference details

Strategies

Keywords

Community

Livability

Fay, Roger. “DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR AFFORDABLE AND SUSTAINABLE HOUSING.”

Strategies to reduce cost

Revitalization

Coma Bassas, E., Patterson, J., & Jones, P. (2020). A review of the evolution of green residential architecture.

Offsetting energy needs of the home

Friendly

Hachem-Vermette, C., Guarino, F., La Rocca, V., & Cellura, M. (2019). Towards achieving net-zero Energy communities: Investigation of design strategies and seasonal solar collection and STORAGE NET-ZERO.

Sustainable energy & Net-Zero Housing

How can sustainable strategies, such as solar energy, offset initial costs for long term rewards?

Can costs be reduced in other areas to pay for these amenities in an affordable house?

Optimization

Pai, V., & Elzarka, H. (2021). Whole building life cycle assessment for buildings: A case study on how to achieve the leed credit.

Strategies to achieve a LEED accredited building

Adaptive

Dominici, L., Fleck, R., Gill, R. L., Pettit, T. J., Irga, P. J., Comino, E., & Torpy, F. R. (2021). Analysis of lighting conditions of indoor living walls: Effects on co2 removal.

How plants can be integrated in a tiny house to improve air quality and influence the design of a smart lighting system.

Cohesive

Zhou, J., & Chen, X. (2018). Convertible furniture design.

Integrating furniture can double the available space in an affordable house

Prosperous

Lück, K. (2012). Energy efficient building services for tempering performance-oriented interior spaces – a literature review.

How do recyclable & bio-based materials affect the interior thermal comfort of a space.

Efficiency

Creativity

Pujadas-Gispert, E., Alsailani, M., van Dijk (Koen), K. C. A., Rozema (Annine), A. D. K., ten Hoope (Puck), J. P., Korevaar (Carmen), C. C., & Moonen (Faas), S. P. G. (2020). Design, construction, and thermal performance evaluation of an innovative bio-based ventilated façade.

Identity

Glumac, B. (2021). Tiny portable home: Measuring the rental preferences. Cities, 116, 103279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103279

Longevity of the tiny house trend and its favorability among locals in the community.

Security

Radha, R. K. (2021). Flexible smart home design: Case study to design future smart home prototypes.

Modular room dividers integrated with technology and furniture create an adaptive and customizable space

How can the design of several smart systems such as plant and furniture integration generate a smarter, more efficient home?

Identify improved strategies in the schematic + design development phase of the design process

25

Testifying Applicability of Research Methods Objective Strategies for how to offset cost of PV Panels & installation

Methods Case Study

What are the typical installation costs of PV panels?

Population / Participants NWA’s potential for solar energy

Intervention Test PV panels potential for solar energy collection

Is the chosen plot of land a good spot for solar energy?

Comparison

Outcomes

Research Question

Compare different brands of PV Panels in order to test efficiency vs cost effectiveness

One of the compared PV Panel’s will prove more cost effective

How can PV Panels be integrated into a small residential house?

What is the best HVAC system for an affordable house?

A highly customizable control over thermal comfort of an interior space

How can the interior thermal comfort of an interior space be customized for an individual?

How does maintaining thermal comfort affect an interior environment?

Can the thermal comfort be customized for multiple individuals?

People will typically enjoy an interior space that has plants integrated more

How can furniture and plants improve a space and an individual’s experience?

How to integrate solar energy into the design?

Other sustainable strategies?

Strategies for how to customize thermal comfort per individual

Case Study & Surveys

How to customize thermal comfort for the individual?

How to calculate thermal comfort?

Integrating plants into an architectural experience

Case Study & Poll

Mixed group of individuals Do people enjoy plants inside?

What are the best types of plants for an interior space?

Survey

Mixed group of individuals

How does a layout affect how a space is used?

Geothermal in affordable housing

Case Study

Is geothermal a good option?

How much does geothermal cost?

Plants that clean the air and how to take care of them

Survey the group of individuals to get a range of values for individual thermal comforts & research how to control thermal comfort

Study plants effects on an interior space through research and by polling random individuals

Are they too much to take care of?

How much lighting is required per plant type?

Effects of a highly functional layout on the inhabitants

Mixed group of individuals

Case Study

Compare people’s experience in an interior space that has plants vs a space without

How should the furniture be protected from while being integrated with plants? Water?

What are some resilient plant types that don’t require much maintenance?

Survey the group of individuals to determine what amenities are a must, such as; integrated storage, efficient circulation, open layout, etc...

Compare and contrast the different survey answers

An efficient layout will combine a smart blend of integrated storage, utility, and circulation

How could these results have been improved upon?

How can efficiency be quantified?

From an inhabitants perspective, what amenities are necessary to consider living in affordable housing acceptable?

What amenities are a must have?

NWA’s potential and installation costs of geothermal

Research the costs of geothermal and how long it will take to pay for the initial installation vs a cheaper utility bill

Geothermal is more expensive in the beginning but could pay off in the long term

What are the requirements from the land for geothermal to be installed?

How long does it take to offset installation costs?

How much more does geothermal cost compared to other sustainable strategies

Plants that are really efficient at cleaning the air of CO2

Determine which plants recycle the greatest amount of CO2 from the air

Very common plants such as moss and peace lilies will improve air quality

Can the benefits of a geothermal system outweigh the initial cost?

How long will it take to outweigh the initial cost?

What type of plants are known to clean the air the most efficiently?

What types of plants clean the air?

What is the best plant type to clean the air of CO2?

Level of maintenance?

Integrated furniture vs movable furniture

Survey

Mixed group of individuals

What are the pros vs cons of having furniture fixed into the layout and design of an affordable house?

How can these plants be utilized into an aesthetic experience?

Survey the group to determine generalize opinion on integrated vs movable furniture What is popular opinion on the subject?

Compare/contrast the pros and cons of integrated and movable furniture

Which is more favorable, integrated furniture (fixed in one location) or furniture that is movable, what are the pros vs cons?

What are some alternative methods to customize an interior space for the inhabitants if furniture is integrated and cannot be easily changed?

What are the pros vs cons of allowing more freedom in the design and layout of someone else’s home?

Favorability of a modular layout

I expect movable furniture to be more favorable but personally believe integrated furniture is more efficient and provides more opportunities for smart storage applications

Survey

Mixed group of individuals

Survey the group to determine usefulness in a modular/adaptable layout

The pros will outweigh the cons of a modular layout in an affordable house

What is a modular layout?

Will a modular layout prove to be favorable among the proposed inhabitants?

How can a modular layout be utilized?

What are the pros vs cons of a modular layout?

Tiny house/ADU be acceptable in NWA’s neighborhoods What are the city governances revolving around tiny houses & ADU?

Survey, Polls, Questionnaires, and Interviews

Homeowners

Asking the opinions on tiny houses in a neighborhood that is single family homes How can tiny houses & ADUs affect surrounding house values?

What neighborhoods might be receptive towards affordable housing?

Political motivation to solve the housing crisis How can politics be involved or changed in favor of affordable housing?

Compare multiple areas to determine a neighborhood that would be receptive towards affordable housing

What is the minimum space a family of two could live in? 3? 4?

How can public opinion be changed towards the affordable housing issue?

Lower-income neighborhoods?

Survey, Polls, Questionnaires, and Interviews

Mixed group of individuals Who has the ability to influence change?

Ask a large body of people a series of questions about affordable housing and how big of an issue it is How can affordable housing become a motivation for political change?

Case Study, Survey, and Polls

Mixed group of individuals Who would be living in this affordable house?

Using VR to explore different layouts/designs of a 600 sq ft house to determine if up to four people could comfortably live in a 600 sq ft house

Amenities, life style, characteristics of population,...

Affordable housing is recognized as an issue and moves should be made to address it before it is too late

Can the affordable housing issue be used to spark political motivation to make the laws more accepting of ADUs and affordable housing?

What needs to be changed to make affordable housing a better option then homelessness?

What should the government be doing for the homeless population?

If storage and efficiency of spaces is maximized and lofts are utilized, I believe a 600 sq ft affordable housing option could be viable

What is the maximum occupancy that could comfortably coexist in a 600 sq ft space?

How can VR be utilized?

Timing? Before assigning an housing option?

Occupying the housing…

26

What is popular opinion on tiny housing & ADUs?

What is the public opinion on tiny houses or ADU’s as affordable housing options in NWA

Gentrification?

Housing is a Human Right?

Efficiency of a 600 sq ft house and how many people can comfortably live in it

I expect tiny houses to be largely looked at unfavorably

Levels of comfort, Appropriate numbers of occupants, conditions...

What is a good balance of occupants for 600 sq ft?

What is their lifestyle like?

What amenities or features should be offered?

Research Overview Time

Current Research

Inputs

Sustainable strategies integrating into an affordable housing type in order to improve the quality of life of the person and efficiency of the building https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102535 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.109796 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.04.113 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.04.020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103476 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2018.07.024 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.09.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122685 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103279 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.08.004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.08.249 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.110954

Outputs

Outcomes - Impact

Activities

Participants

Short Term

Medium Term

Long Term

Gathering research and other case studies that have focused on sustainability and resiliency of a built environment.

Strategies to gather data about energy collection

Rank different sustainable strategies on their efficiency and potential to either decrease cost of utilities or to generate income in the case of energy collection.

Utilizing grasshopper + ladybug + energy plus

Collect a series of information highlighting NWA’s demographics, potential for solar collection, and sustainable local materials.

Develop a concept/ schematic design of a prototype to further expand research on affordable house.

Construction of a prototype affordable housing unit designed and built in collaboration with local partners and organizations in NWA community.

Use researched information to influence the design of the prototype.

Rely on environmental data to assist with the orientation of a new building and optimization of solar panels.

Design of prototype needs to be efficient enough to be replicable as an affordable housing type.

How to design a housing unit that is not only affordable but replicable.

Following Research

Abstract Integrating Sustainable Strategies to Improve the Efficiency of an Affordable House Integrating sustainable strategies into a residential home has been proven to reduce /the energy consumption of the home, resulting in a more efficient housing design. This project was aims to respond to the rising housing crisis in Northwest Arkansas (NWA) which is growing at an exponential rate. The region is projected to reach one million residents by 2045 and currently it only has 22.5 housing units per square mile. This study tackles the affordable housing issue in NWA and is sponsored by United Design Build Studio (UDBS) to design a prototype for “Workforce Housing”.

UDBS defines Workforce Housing as a home with a maximum of 500 ft2 conditioned interior space that has been designed to both fit the needs of the inhabitants and increase flexible livability. This is aimed to target employees of NWA with an hourly wage of sixteen to eighteen dollars and construction will be financed by partners curated by UDBS for the betterment of the NWA region with the goal of producing a replicable, affordable housing type. This study aims to answer how sustainable strategies can be integrated into Workforce Housing to improve the efficiency of the home while responding to the current housing crisis. It delineates the conditions of workforce housing and utilizes demographic information to determine the needs of affordable housing in specific communities around the NWA region. It also surveyed the NWA region to understand the public opinion of this type of housing project while bringing attention to the rapidly growing population and underwhelming number of houses available to house the needs of the region.

Through the addition of sustainable strategies into the Workforce Housing is remains possible to reduce if not eliminate its energy consumption needs. It is this studies intention to utilize materials local to the NWA region as a strategy to reduce costs while producing a regionally specific and thermally adaptive affordable housing type. To meet the goals of producing a highly efficient and sustainable prototype, the study will utilize programs such as Climate Studio, Ladybug, and Energy Plus to produce quantitative results. The programs will simulate the prototype’s energy consumption, access to natural daylight, and thermal performance to maximize the efficiency of the conditioned interior space. Through these simulations, the optimal orientation of the building and slope of the roof will be defined, naturally responding to the available natural light producing a building that doesn’t need to rely so much on indoor lighting. The quantitative results that are produced will ultimately influence the design of future Workforce Housing, allowing it to naturally respond to the environment and regional climate of NWA. By merit of its cost reduction, thermal adaption, and locally sourced materials, the prototype will more than likely be eligible for LEED certification. The construction of the prototype will be managed by UDBS to ensure it can be replicated and has integrated sustainable strategies. In addition, government incentives may be applied to residential homeowners that generate more energy than they consume through sustainable strategies.

Keywords: Affordable House, Sustainable, Energy Efficient, LEED, Climate Analysis, Solar Energy & Storage, Workforce Housing Prototype 27

Tyler Hash I MDES in Resiliency Advisor: Jinoh Park

Integrating Sustainable Strategies the Efficiency of Workforce Housin DATA COLLECTION

WHAT LOCAL MATERIALS ARE AVAILABLE FOR THE NWA REGION AND ARE THEY SUSTAINABLE?

Northwest Arkans

Case studies and research looking into sustainability and workforce housing were initially collected in order to determine the applicability of producing a housing type that is sustainable while maintaining a design that is affordable for individuals making between $16-$18 per hour. Surveys were conducted to gauge the public opinion about the topic in order to located a community of people who could use Workforce Housing Typology. The collected information was then utilized in the generation of a set of design standards that was used to influence and revise the final design of the prototype before the construction process begins. The overarching goal of this study is to produce an affordable housing prototype that is ultimately replicatable in order to serve the growing population needs of the NWA Region.

HOW TO DETERMINE THE OPTIMAL ORIENTATION OF THE PROTOTYPE?

RESEARCH PROCESS •Define Workforce Housing.

•Determine what is classified as an ADU in NWA’s municipal code.

•Research NWA demographics to determine who would be affected the

POPULATI 80,621

most by an workforce housing type.

•Identify determined communities characteristics of family sizes/types.

•Survey the surrounding community to determine the pubilc opinion on

FAY ETTEVILL

Workforce Housing.

•Determine optimal neighborhood that will be receptive to the prototype.

•Research average construction cost per square foot in the NWA region.

•Research public access to financial support (or loan) for home ownership.

•Establish research protocol using grasshopper + ladybug for daylight

AVG

22.5 HOUSING UNITS PE R SQ MILE

analysis.

OF

OV

% P •Generate a set of design standards generate a prototype layout.

18 TE TA •Schematic & Concept designs for a prototype workforce houseing.

•Run a daylight and climate analysis on the prototype and site.

TOTAL •Check the relevance of applicable materials with the daylighting analysis. POPULATION 3,000,000 •Utilize research on local materials to NWA region to obtain LEED credit.

ESTIMATED •Estimate cost of the prototype.

AN H S AP AS D CS EMOGR HI •Check the price competitiveness of applicable materials.

P RA OG $16M •Revise prototype based on the earlier research.

DE PER H

TY

M PL OYEE

RE

SE

AR

CH

CO

M

M

NI

E

U

K AR

WHAT ARE THE CONDITIONS OF WORKFORCE HOUSING IN NWA?

28

RE VIE W

TU DY +

RE LITERATU

AL DU IVI ND DI TE E G TAR

NWA REGION

WORKFOR HOUSING

PA RTICIPANTS

OJ EC T REQUIRE

PR

ES CAS

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

IC S

S

DOES NWA HAVE A PROTOTYPE WORKFORCE HOUSING TYPOLOGY?

to Improve ng

BACKGROUND

MAXIMIZE DAYLIGHT AVAILABILITY

Integrating sustainable strategies into a residential home has been proven

CL IO IMA TE STUD

to reduce the energy consumption of the home, resulting in a more efficient housing design. This study tackles the affordable housing issue in Northwest Arkansas (NWA) and is sponsored by United Design Build Studio (UDBS) to design a prototype for “Workforce Housing”. UDBS defines Workforce Housing as a home with a maximum of 500 ft2 conditioned

POPULATION 41,613

SOLAR ENERGY + STORAGE

NT ON VILLE BE

S ROGER G

LADYBU

POPULATION 76,565

P

U OP

T IO LA

NI

N

AP NW

RO

JE

CT

E

OE DT

XC

EE

M DA

EN S ERGY PLU

LL RA ON VE ATI L U P PO

financed by partners curated by UDBS for the betterment of the NWA region

I ILL

ON

BY

20 4

5

ESTIMATED POPULATION 1,000,000 BY 2045

OR S TH WEST ARKAN

CONCLUSIONS + RESULTS Results show that the NWA Region is undergoing a dramatic increase in population with projected numbers to exceed one million people living in an area that only has 22.5 housing units per square mile. Through the

RE GIO N

RT NS HW EST ARKA

UTILIZE LOCAL MATERIALS FROM THE NW

A

NO

AS

POPULATION 546,725

with an hourly wage of sixteen to eighteen dollars and construction will be

N

E AL SPRINGD

LE

and increase flexible livability. This is aimed to target employees of NWA

with the goal of producing a replicable, affordable housing type.

POPULATION 61,464

ION

interior space that has been designed to both fit the needs of the inhabitants

AS

sas Density

utilization of programs that can simulate the regional environment and climate, a series of analysis were conducted in order to determine the optimal orientation of the prototype dependent on the location of the site, utilizing local materials, maximizing the natural availability of daylight, and determine the prototypes potential for solar energy generation and collection. This study produced a series of design standards for the Prototype in order to generate a more efficient and sustainable design.

>500sf

CO AVG.

$100 $155

INC REASED

INC REASED

LEED QU TI ES T CERTIFICA

PE R SF

G

NIN E EAR

VA RIA TE BLE BY SI

FLEXIBILITY + LIVABILITY

RE

-$18 HOUR

THERMAL PERFORMANCE

ON

OR

CO

DETERMINE OPTIMAL ORIENTATION

ND I ITIO ER NED INT

NS ST TR UCTION CO

PL ICA TY BLE PROTO

PE

VI Y RO AL NME N NTAL A

SI S

DESIGN OF PROTOTYPE RE

EN EM

INTEGRATED SUSTAINABILITY EN

TS

RCE G

29

Kling, Phillip

I work hard to be as successful as possible in both my work and private life. In my private life I try to maintain my friendships and build a good support group between me and my friends. I do this partly by being dependable and compassionate to my friends. I’m always going to be there for them if they really need me. In my work life, I also try to be dependable and get things done on time and done well. I strive in my work to always be consistent in what I bring to the table, although in all honesty, I have missed the mark several times. I hope in my work that I can be creative and innovative and help solve problems in an interesting way through design. I also look for refinement in my work. I want my designs to be well refined and not sloppy.

The areas of my life I am always fighting the most to achieve are structure, harmony, and dedication. I want a structure in my life that helps separate my work and personal lives but I also want there to be harmony between the two. To achieve this, I need to be truly dedicated to the things that I care about in my personal and work lives. To find what I really care about and focus on it.

30

Programmatic Concept “Impactful Teaching”

Converting Programmatic (Left) to Design (Right) Concepts

Literature Review

Design Concept “Design schools affecting thoughts of rural communities to trend towards larger issues”

Keywords

Strategies

Reference details

Strategies

Keywords

Poetic

Creativity

Michael D. Mumford (1998) Creative thought: Structure, components, and educational implications

General public appreciation of design

Idealistic

Tim Gough (2016) Are We So Sure It’s Not Architecture?

Client’s perception of good design

Passion

Andrea Augsten & Moritz Gekeler (2017) From a master of crafts to a facilitator of innovation. How the increasing importance of creative collaboration requires new ways of teaching design.

Design students influence on one-another

Design school informing public’s perception of design

Thoughtfulness

Leon Cruickshank & Nina Trivedi (2017) When Your Toaster is a Client, how do you design? Going Beyond Human Centred Design

Client’s should drive less of the design

Resolution

Mario de Liguori (2017) Returning the aesthetics to the heart of the design process.

On the conflict between social design and product beauty

The relationship between beauty and usability to users

Credibility

Manuel Martínez Torán, Chele Esteve Sendra & Ricardo Moreno Cuesta (2017) Scenarios for design and craft

Design influencing users actions for good

Medium

Seungkoo Jo (2004) Body–subjects Knowledge of the World in Architectural Representation

Wood’s psychological and physiological effects on young people

Useful

Understandable

Tawfiq M. Abu-Ghazzeh (2000) Environmental Messages in Multiple-family Housing: Territory and personalization Order

Helen Pineo (2020) Towards healthy urbanism: inclusive, equitable and sustainable (THRIVES) – an urban design and planning framework from theory to praxis

Rural towns implementing urban design strategies

Objective

David Cabianca (2016) A Case for the Sublime Uselessness of Graphic Design

Architectural understanding among the general public

Design for more than the client or usability

Increased design understanding in rural communities

31

Testifying Applicability of Research Methods Objective

Methods

Population / Participants

Intervention

Comparison

Outcomes

Research Question

Roles of rural communities towards sustainable living environments

Experimental research

Multiple rural communities (or members) and professional designers

Workshops with community members

Roles of Communities (decision maker, client, stakeholders, reviewers, etc.)

Review/Survey

What role can rural communities play in designing a more sustainable living environment?

Design schools affecting the design understanding of their neighbors.

Quasi-Experimental

People who live around design schools, and those who do not

Present the participants with images of different works of design, and have them talk about them.

Compare how the people next to the design school describe the work vs the those who do not live by a school

Proximity to school affecting design understanding.

Do design schools improve the design understanding of people who live around them?

Increased understanding of the benefits of good design improving living situations

Survey/ test

Randomized

Survey about their living situation, and a test of their design knowledge

See if their issues could be addressed through design and do they know that

Design understanding of the population and how it affects them

Do people who understand benefits of good design, implements those designs in their own life?

Design students influence on one-another

Ethnographic study

A design studio’s students

Observe the students and how they interact with one another

Compare their works

Understand how design students affect each other

How do design students influence each others work?

Rural towns implementing urban design strategies

Case study

Rural towns

Design a rural town by adapting popular urban design strategies to be more favorable to rural people

Regular rural town vs case study

Understand how rural towns can benefit from urban design strategies without just urbanizing.

Can urban design strategies be implemented in rural towns to benefit the people?

Designers influencing users actions for better well being

Opinion

Reputable architects and interior designers

See in what ways they think their work has had the best impact on people

See how design can improve well being and in what ways it is most successful

Where do designers find the most success in improving well being?

Rural towns implementing urban design strategies as their role in addressing sustainability.

Experimental research Case study

Multiple rural communities (or members) and professional designers Rural towns

Workshops with community members Design a rural town by adapting popular urban design strategies to be more favorable to rural people

Roles of Communities (decision maker, client, stakeholders, reviewers, etc.)

Regular rural town vs case study

Review/Survey

Can rural communities play a role in designing a more sustainable living environment by implementing urban design strategies?

Strategies for improving well being that non-designers can implement in their own lives.

Opinion Survey/ test

Reputable architects and interior designers Randomized

See in what ways they think their work has had the best impact on people Survey about their living situation, and a test of their design knowledge

See if their issues could be addressed through design and do they know that

See how design can improve well being and in what ways it is most successful Design understanding of the population and how it affects them

What design strategies can non-designers use that are most effective at improving well being.

Design students influencing people’s lives through design in their personal lives

Quasi-Experimental Ethnographic study

People who live around design schools, and those who do not A design studio’s students

Present the participants with images of different works of design, and have them talk about them.

Observe the students and how they interact with one another

Compare how the people next to the design school describe the work vs the those who do not live by a school Compare their works

Proximity to school affecting design understanding.

Understand how design students affect each other

How can design students start to influence the lives of people around them personally through design.

32

Understand how rural towns can benefit from urban design strategies without just urbanizing.

Research Overview Time

Inputs

Outputs Activities

Current Research

https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jue.2008.09.002 http://www.dot.state.mn.us/research/ reports/2020/202010.pdf https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721034513

Taking surveys of people in the Mississippi River Delta to figure out their average emissions from traveling.

Outcomes - Impact Participants

Short Term

Medium Term

Long Term

People who live in the Mississippi River Delta region.

Following Research

Abstract VMTs in the MRD In the United States, 29% of greenhouse gas emissions comes from the transportation sector (US EPA 2019). In rural areas, there are more miles traveled per person and per vehicle than in urban parts of the US (Federal Highway Administration 2017). There are clear strategies that are known about for how to reduce vehicle miles traveled, however, it is difficult to implement these strategies in areas of low density and low economic status. The lower Mississippi River Delta (MRD) is a prime example of the overlap between these two situations within the United States. To tackle the issue of reducing vehicle miles traveled (VMT) in this region, there is more information needed on the population and the exact sources of these VMTs. A survey will be conducted that asks residents of the MRD to answer questions that can be grouped into four main categories: household size and income, modes of transportation, driving destinations and routes, reasons for living in the MRD. The answers to these questions will provide a complex understanding of the sources and reasons for VMTs in this area. The purpose of this research is to set up a following study that investigates different strategies in how VMTs may be reduced in these areas.

33

ASSESSING SOURCES OF PERSONS MILES TRAVELED IN THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER DELTA Background In the United States, 29% of greenhouse gas emissions come from the transportation sector (US EPA 2019). In rural areas, there are more miles traveled per person and per vehicle than in urban parts of the US (Federal Highway Administration 2017).

Literature Review Clear strategies have been developed dealing with reducing person miles traveled, however, it is difficult to implement these strategies in areas of low density and low economic status. The lower Mississippi River Delta (MRD) is a prime example of the overlap between these two situations within the United States. According to the US Department of Transportation’s 2018 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS), residents in the MRD travel 60-70 miles per week on average. This is similar to data collected from other rural regions around the US. Also, the same region has been identified by the US Census to be one of the most povertystricken areas of the US, with much of the region’s average poverty rate being 35-40%, far higher than the national average. To tackle the issue of reducing person miles traveled (PMT) in this region, there is more information needed on the population and the exact sources of these PMTs in order to determine the appropriate strategies for reducing PMTs.

Research Objectives The objective of this research is to determine how and why people in this region are traveling, where they are traveling too, their living situation, and how that relates to their economic status. This data could then be used to evaluate whether there are any design strategies that could help reduce PMTs in this region.

Research Methodology & Design A survey will be conducted that asks residents of the MRD to answer questions that can be grouped into four main categories: household size and income, modes of transportation, driving destinations and routes, and living in the MRD.

34

Child Poverty Rate (US Census)

Data Collection & Analy

Responses will be analyzed to find re categories. This is to facilitate a deeper und how PMTs may be addressed from multiple household size and income, allow us to un interpret what options may be available to t modes of transportation allow us to assess emissions coming from these areas. Respo and routes will allow us to understand what residents to have access to. Lastly, questio can assess the population’s willingness to/ Introduction

Literat

US Sou PMTs VMTs in are

High GHG emissions from vehicles

High PMTs in rural areas

Lack of strategies for reducing PMTs in areas of high poverty

Need for strategies in reducing PMTs in poor rural areas

Rural p

Reason people rural a

PHILLIP KLING FJAD 6723: METHODS OF DESIGN INQUIRY UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS DECEMBER 7, 2021

Persons Miles Traveled (NHTS)

ysis

Expected Findings

elationships between the major derstanding of the issue, and e sources. Responses about nderstand the population and them. Responses around s the amount of greenhouse gas onses about driving destinations t places are most important for ons about general life in the MRD ability for potential interventions

It is expected that many residents will live in poverty, drive inefficient vehicles, and mostly be driving for work or school. The critical findings will revolve around what specific types of places are they working, going to school, or shopping and how that relates to their economic status and their attitudes towards urban living.

Discussion The purpose of this research is to set up a following study that investigates different strategies in how PMTs may be reduced in the MRD through planning or design interventions.

ture Review

Question

urces of s and n rural eas

poverty

ns why e live in areas

Research Method

Conclusion

Need information on sources of PMTs in the MRD

MRD exemplifies all of these areas

Need information on why people live in the MRD

What are the sources of PMTs in the MRD and what underlying factors affect them

Survey residents of the MRD

Summarize relationships between economic status, rural living, and PMTS

Set up following study that uses data to create strategies for addressing theissue

Need information on GHG emissions from vehicles in the MRD

35

Koehn-Quillin, Trinity

I try to be purposeful in the decisions that i make and think about how they can positively affect myself and others. It’s important to have consideration for others needs and accommodations, and to also try and empathize with their circumstances. I find breaking boundaries, setting examples, and educating others on important issues is extremely valuable and influential. Individuals in creative fields have the power to change people’s perspectives on not only design, but other aspects of life as well.

With creativity comes patience and self determination. You have to have the motivation and will to create and inspire people to follow their own paths and live in the open mindedness and freedom creativity brings. With this comes balance and harmony as you learn and grow in your own creative journey.

36

Programmatic Concept “Resilient Adaptable Unrestricted”

Converting Programmatic (Left) to Design (Right) Concepts

Literature Review

Design Concept “Investigative Solutions to create sustainable and influential spaces”

Keywords

Strategies

Reference details

Strategies

Keywords

Opportunistic

Ambition

Adamson, W. L. (2016, January 7). Fascinating futurism: The historiographical politics of an historical avant-garde: Modern italy.

The connection between art, healing and public health

Purposeful

Albeck-Ripka, L. (n.d.). How to Reduce Your Carbon Footprint.

Visual language association cortex

Confidence

Martin, P. (2017, November 7). Redefining Community Boundaries with Social Media Data. Retrieved September 9, 2021, from https://www.spatial.ai/post/redefining-community-boundaries-with-social-media-data.

Art spaces, public space and the link to community development

The Link between influential art spaces and positive community environments

Investigative

Hammad, A. W., & Akbarnezhad, A. (2018). Sustainable Lighting Layout in urban areas: Maximizing implicit coverage and minimizing installation cost.

Changing design processes to use more inclusive technology

Experimental

Safer alternatives to hazardous products: Arcata, CA. Safer Alternatives to Hazardous Products | Arcata, CA. (n.d.).

Transitioning to Ecocentric Design practices

Inspiration

Pineda, R., Guth, R., Herring, A. et al. Enhancing sensory experiences for very preterm infants in the NICU: an integrative review. J Perinatol 37, 323–332 (2017).

Timber Construction Methods

Resiliency

Willmann, J., Knauss, M., Bonwetsch, T., Apolinarska, A. A., Gramazio, F., & Kohler, M. (2016). Robotic timber construction — expanding additive fabrication to new dimensions.

Optimization Design: Fabric Manipulation Strategies

Durability

Keller, K. L. (1999). Managing brands for the Long Run: Brand Reinforcement and Revitalization Strategies.

Impactful Treatment of Historic Properties

Multi use

Hultén, B. (2011), “Sensory marketing: the multi‐sensory brand‐experience concept”

Utilization of Reclaimed Materials

Exploratory

Adaptable

The importance of creating sustainable structures to reduce our carbon footprint Environmental Design: Adaptive Reuse Projects through reclaimed materials

37

Testifying Applicability of Research Methods Objective

Methods

Population / Participants

Intervention

Comparison

Outcomes

Research Question

Environmental Design: Adaptive Reuse Projects through reclaimed materials

Choice experiments to support design

designers/random people

Holistic approach to interventions

Comparison of energy used between reclaimed and new materials

Used adaptive reuse strategies to restore conservation and accessibility in its territorial context

What adaptive reuse strategies can be best suited for historic properties?

The Link between influential art spaces and positive community environments

examine the relationship between public space and community development at various art spaces

Community involvement

Bringing greater attention to art spaces as public space

Community quality of life when art is incorporated in the environment

enhances social interaction and engagement white generating economic growth

Does creating environments where art spaces are public spaces benefit community development?

Changing design processes to use more inclusive technology

Build more inclusive technologies

Excluded and diverse communities

Information based research on the needs of the community type

Quality of life in inclusive design researched spaces

Designing inclusibley leads to better health and wellness and overall positive attitudes in struggling communities

What are the positive environmental impacts of inclusive design?

Impactful Treatment of Historic Properties

Choosing the correct strategies to ensure impactful treatments

Historic properties

preservation, rehabilitation, restoration, and reconstruction

Appropriate treatments to certain historic property needs guarantees successful revitalization

What does successful revitalization of historic properties mean in terms of sustainability?

Timber Construction Methods

Develop CLT based construction methods that can reach the scale of traditional methods

No set group of people

CLT construction replacement of steel and concrete construction

CLT construction is a sustainable and viable solution to harmful traditional practices

Besides CLT, what other sustainable building methods can be incorporated in design to replace materials that have a harmful impact on the environment?

Transitioning to Ecocentric Design practices

Involve both human and environmental needs in the design process

Biodiverse ecosystems

Environment centered design

product or service development that aims to make products or services environmentally, socially and economically sustainable by focusing on the needs of the environment

How to incorporate ecocentric design practices into interior architecture

The importance of creating sustainable structures to reduce our carbon footprint

Reduce harmful impact of building practices through green building

designers/engineers

Stop traditional building methods and replace with green building

durability /lifespan of traditional materials versus more sustainable materials

significantly reduce the carbon footprint of buildings and occupants

How to build green and use sustainable building strategies in future developments?

Art spaces, public space and the link to community development

examine the relationship between public space and community development at various art spaces

Community involvement

Bringing art into public space to enhance community education and development

Community development rates between places that incorporate art in public space and ones that don’t

Influential art spaces lead to greater community health and education

Can interactive art spaces implemented in design aid in community development?

Utilization of Reclaimed Materials

Use of recycled materials to replace concrete and steel construction

designers

Recycle old concrete into new concrete

Durability of recycled materials and non recycled materials

Reduces raw material use

What are the environmental impacts of the use of raw materials over recycled materials?

The connection between art, healing and public health

Test creative art therapy to see positive outcomes

Chronic disease patients

Music management, visual art therapy, creative expression and writing

Therapy outcomes between art therapy and on art therapy practices

Continued investigation is being done, creating future interest in the topic

Could introducing creative based therapies in the early stages of chronic illness help aid in full recoveries?

Visual language association cortex

Use biological network models to simulate word meaning acquisition for visually impaired people

Visually impaired people

Biological neural network system experiments

under visual deprivation, distributed neural circuits into deprived visual areas

Can design practices implement neural technology to aid in wayfinding for visually impaired individuals?

Optimization Design: Fabric Manipulation Strategies

Implement sustainable fashion practices to reduce pollutants

Fashion industry and consumers

Waste fashion implementing fashion sustainability

Repurposed and recycled materials is transitioning the fashion industry to more sustainable practices

How to reduce fashion waste through repurposing materials?

38

CLT durability compared to traditional materials durability (steel and concrete)

Research Overview Time

Inputs

Outputs Activities

Current Research

https://www.pps.org/article/ collaborative-creative-placemaking-good-public-art-depends-on-good-public-spaces https://www.pps.org/article/ collaborative-creative-placemaking-good-public-art-depends-on-good-public-spaces Community Development Journal Vol. 38, No. 3, Special Issue: Sustainable livelihoods and community development (July 2003), pp. 255-265 (11 pages)

Art showcases Collection of reusable materials Community survey of experiences Educational aspects incorporated in design and design processes Educating residents on regenerative materials and positive impacts of the arts Social experiment over how people use/interact with the space

Outcomes - Impact Participants

Fayetteville residents

Short Term Community gathering/involvement to develop strong relationship to community

Medium Term

Long Term

Education to community on art and sustainable materials (adaptive reuse project potential)

Positive community development leads to similar future projects, increased economy value, sustainable building practices being taught to the community

Following Research

Abstract Creating Influential Spaces Through the Use of Art and Sustainable Materials that Directly Link to Positive Community Development The purpose of this study is to undertake research on communities that lack educational gathering spaces that are open to the public. This poster will highlight the needs of Fayetteville citizens and how these potential additions can lead to positive community development. Studies that are presented here have evaluated and classified the necessary information needed for positive community development including the use of sustainable materials and public art spaces. This information has been based on comprehensive reviews, journals, case studies, and building precedents regarding materials, use of space, and community involvement and reviews of said spaces to be able to adequately address the needs of the Fayetteville community. As part of the research, I will identify the scopes of successful revitalization projects in regards to inclusive and sustainable design, assess the impacts of incorporating sustainable (regenerative) materials in interior and outdoor spaces, including environmental impacts to the site, survey the impacts of incorporating art in these spaces, and finally evaluate what all of these aspects mean in regards to positive community development. Overall, I hope to establish a basis for an educational center that incorporates sustainable materials and public art spaces that will directly link to the betterment of the Fayetteville community based on its wants and needs.

This space would allow for citizens to feel a sense of belonging in the community, as well as educating the public on the importance of using sustainable, regenerative, and local materials in building projects and help to open minds through temporary art exhibitions that further emphasize the importance of these aspects.

39

FJAD 6723: METHODS OF DESIGN INQUIRY | UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS | DECEMBER 7, 2021

Creating Influential Spaces Through The Use of Art and Sustainable Materials That Directly Link to Positive Community Development Trinity Quillin University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR THE OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to undertake research on communities in Northwest Arkansas that lack educational gathering spaces that are open to the public. This poster will highlight the needs of NWA citizens and how these potential additions can lead to positive community development.

Studies that are presented here have evaluated and classified the necessary information needed for positive community development through the use of sustainable materials and public art spaces.

LITERATURE REVIEW To achieve the goal of creating a spa and sustainable builidng materials, use Cross Laminated Timber derived yellow pine tree that is abundant in Arkansas area. Timber is a regenera creates warm, inviting spaces that c feel more connected to nature while space that they are in. The use of CL environmental benefits.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND QUESTIONS

Need For Educational Public Spaces

Precedents of Local Public Art Spaces

What Are The Energy Costs?

Crystal Bridges Museum of Art The Momentary, Bentonville, AR

Precedents of Local CLT Projects

Investigative Solutions to Creating Sustainable and Influential Spaces

Need For The Use of Local Materials

How Will The Community Be Benefited?

What Are The Environmental Impacts of This Process?

Adohi Hall Fayetteville, AR

Evidence Based Design

40

Need For Community Outreach

What Are The Educational Aspects?

Golenda, G. (2019, Fe

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF CLT Trees absorb copious amounts of ca but stop once they mature. When th replanted it helps to maintain an eff Using the timber to create homes an the carbon in place and CLT is a way timber to create large numbers of in can maintain the amount of carbon of time, which in term reduces the u materials which emit large amounts atmosphere as well as high energy c use timber for building materials, th there will be to replant trees, thus ai scale reforestation across the world February 5)

ace made of local it seems suitable to d from the southern the Northwest ative material that can make individuals e inhabiting the LT also includes many

ebruary 5). The Architect’s Newspaper

T arbon as they grow, hey are cut down and icient carbon cycle. nd builidngs traps y of engineering nfrastructure that over long periods use of traditional s of pollution into the costs. The more we he higher demand iding in large d. Golenda, G. (2019,

PUBLIC ART SPACES AND THE LINK TO POSITIVE DATA COLLECTION COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Once a public space is created with Cross Laminted Research Research Data Timber and other Arkansas materials, it’s important Precedents Design Analysis to think about what things could fill the interior of this space to further enhance the positive experience this space can have on Northwest Arkansas citizens. One way to do this is through art and education. According to Grodach, C. (2009). Art Spaces, public space, and the link Integrative Utilize to community development. Community Development Survey Analysis and Local Community Journal, 45(4), 474–493. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/ Comparison with Materials Members Local Trends bsp018, communal art spaces enhance social interaction and engagement, as well as generate economic revitalization. Characteristics of public art spaces help EXPECTED FINDINGS to address overlooked issues regarding the effect of the physical environment on outcomes related to Needs For Educational Public Spaces Incorporating education and art into this space would increase the cultural, community development. Public art adds tremendous and environmental value of the community. It would also enrich value to the cultural, aesthetic and economic vitality of a economic, the community on the importance of sustainable building methods. community. It is now a well-accepted principle of urban Need For The Use of Local Materials The most sustainable option for this space would be to utilize Arkansas design that public art contributes to a community’s through Cross Laminated Timber building construction. It would identity and creates a sense of belonging, and enhances timber result in low energy costs and aid in reducing carbon emissions. the quality of life for its residents and visitors.(2009) Need For Community Outreach This space would enhance social interaction, environmental education systems, and economic vitality throughout the Northwest Arkansas community.

designboom. (2019, May 17)

CONCLUSION As a result, this study illustrates the need in Northwest Arkansas for an educational public art space that utilizes local timber materials through Cross Laminated Timber construction methods. This space would allow for citizens to feel a sense of belonging in the community, as well as educating the public on the importance of using sustainable, regenerative, and local materials and help to open minds through temporary art exhibitions that further emphasize the importance of these aspects.

41

Kutey, Sydney

I am a person who appreciates affirmation that I am doing things well. I need to trust the people in my life in order to feel comfortable with them. I think that unity is an important goal to have in a work environment. I appreciate when someone tells me the truth when I ask for their opinion on something. I instantly respect someone who I feel is a visionary, creating things that have never been done before. I value intelligence, especially when it requires dedication to acquire. I always appreciate those who are gracious with people around them despite having a bad day. I care deeply about the people I spend my time with. It requires bravery to be confident.

42

Converting Programmatic (Left) to Design (Right) Concepts

Programmatic Concept “Change”

Literature Review

Design Concept “Discovery through precedent”

Keywords

Strategies

Reference details

Strategies

Keywords

Humanity

Collaboration

Atalan, Ö., & Sevinç, Z. (2016). Necessity of “Historic cultural heritage and conservation” course in interior architecture education.

An exploratory study of clients’ experiences and preferences for counselling room space and design

Global

Florentino, R., Correia, M., Sousa, G., & Carlos, G. (2020). Vernacular Architecture And Traditional Urbanism In The World Heritage Cultural Landscape Property Of Pico, In Azores (portugal).

Vernacular Architecture And Traditional Urbanism In The World Heritage Cultural Landscape Property Of Pico, In Azores

Improve occupants physical and mental health through the built environment

Needs

Fitzgerald CJ, Danner KM. Evolution in the Office: How Evolutionary Psychology Can Increase Employee Health, Happiness, and Productivity.

Evolution in the Office: How Evolutionary Psychology Can Increase Employee Health, Happiness, and Productivity

Dedication

Love, J. (2018). SENSORY SPACES: SENSORY LEARNING – AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH TO EDUCATING FUTURE DESIGNERS TO DESIGN AUTISM SCHOOLS.

SENSORY SPACES: SENSORY LEARNING – AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH TO EDUCATING FUTURE DESIGNERS TO DESIGN AUTISM SCHOOLS

History

Ałykow, K., & Napiórkowska-Ałykow, M. (2019). Influence of long-time work of 19th century modern-type roof construction on technical condition of vaults of gothic church.

Juxtaposing the New and the Old

Courage

Freeman L, Neckerman K, Schwartz-Soicher O, et al. Neighborhood walkability and active travel (walking and cycling) in New York City.

Neighborhood walkability and active travel (walking and cycling) in New York City

Visionary

Importance

Strategies for diversity and inclusion in the built environment

Identify improved strategies in the schematic + design development phase of the design process

43

Testifying Applicability of Research Methods Objective

Methods

Population / Participants

Intervention

Comparison

Outcomes

Research Question

Exploratory studies in environment and historical/cultural aspects of a place

Experiment Survey

Random

Control

Yes

Generalized opinions of locals and visitors

What impacts do historical events have on people’s perception of a building or place?

Exploring sensory qualities of interior spaces by experiencing buildings from different time periods

Experiment Interview Case study

Systemic

Control

Yes

Opinions and data on if sensory qualities in buildings have improved

What is different about the sensory experiences of buildings built more recently?

Walkability and the positive impacts it has in a community

Participant and non participant observation

Opportunity

Community

Yes

Data about commutes, general happiness, etc

How does living in a walkable community compare to non walkable communities?

Juxtaposing the New and the Old

Case studies Survey Interview

Random

Control

Yes

Data, opinions

What is the difference between old and new building techniques?

SENSORY SPACES: SENSORY LEARNING – AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH TO EDUCATING FUTURE DESIGNERS TO DESIGN AUTISM SCHOOLS

Experiment Survey

Stratified

Control

Yes

Ways to accomodate and issues to address

How can we accommodate people of all learning abilities in schools?

Evolution in the Office: How Evolutionary Psychology Can Increase Employee Health, Happiness, and Productivity

Case study Interview Survey

Random

Control

Yes

Quantifiable and attainable methods of designing a workspace.

What factors are needed to boost morale and happiness in office environments?

Vernacular Architecture And Traditional Urbanism In The World Heritage Cultural Landscape Property Of Pico, In Azores

Case study

Systemic

Community

Yes

Methods of building that have lasted centuries.

What impacts do traditional building methods have on architecture and design?

An exploratory study of clients’ experiences and preferences for counselling room space and design

Experiment Interview

Opportunity

Control

Yes

Specific aspects of a space, like temperature, colors, etc.

What makes an environment outside of your home comfortable?

Exploratory studies in environment and historical/cultural aspects of a place

Experiment Survey

Random

Control

Yes

Generalized opinions of locals and visitors

What impacts do historical events have on people’s perception of a building or place?

Exploring sensory qualities of interior spaces by experiencing buildings from different time periods

Experiment Interview Case study

Systemic

Control

Yes

Opinions and data on if sensory qualities in buildings have improved

What is different about the sensory experiences of buildings built more recently?

Juxtaposing the New and the Old

Case studies Survey Interview

Random

Control

Yes

Data, opinions

What is the difference between old and new building techniques?

SENSORY SPACES: SENSORY LEARNING – AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH TO EDUCATING FUTURE DESIGNERS TO DESIGN AUTISM SCHOOLS

Experiment Survey

Stratified

Control

Yes

Ways to accommodate and issues to address

How can we accommodate people of all learning abilities in schools?

Vernacular Architecture And Traditional Urbanism In The World Heritage Cultural Landscape Property Of Pico, In Azores

Case study

Systemic

Community

Yes

Methods of building that have lasted centuries.

What impacts do traditional building methods have on architecture and design?

Evolution in the Office: How Evolutionary Psychology Can Increase Employee Health, Happiness, and Productivity

Case study Interview Survey

Random

Control

Yes

Quantifiable and attainable methods of designing a workspace.

What factors are needed to boost morale and happiness in office environments?

Vernacular Architecture And Traditional Urbanism In The World Heritage Cultural Landscape Property Of Pico, In Azores

Case study

Systemic

Community

Yes

Methods of building that have lasted centuries.

What impacts do traditional building methods have on architecture and design?

An exploratory study of clients’ experiences and preferences for counselling room space and design

Experiment Interview

Opportunity

Control

Yes

Specific aspects of a space, like temperature, colors, etc.

What makes an environment outside of your home comfortable?

Walkability and the positive impacts it has in a community

Participant and non participant observation

Opportunity

Community

Yes

Data about commutes, general happiness, etc

How does living in a walkable community compare to non walkable communities?

44

Research Overview Time

Inputs

Outputs Activities

Current Research

https://journals.sagepub.com/ doi/10.1177/147470491201000502 - Evolution in the Office: How Evolutionary Psychology Can Increase Employee Health, Happiness, and Productivity

Find metrics and scope for measuring the following:

Outcomes - Impact Participants

Short Term

Medium Term

Long Term

Volunteers of a local business

Sunlight, green space, interior space, happiness, sociability and productivity Measure with new metrics productivity of worker in presence of sunlight and plants vs worker without sunlight and plants.

Repeat experiment with other metrics such as happiness, sociability, and other reactions to sunlight and green space Conclude if natural elements like sunlight and green space help workers feel happier, more social, or more productive.

Following Research

Abstract Evolutionary Psychology in the Workplace: A Systematic Review This study discusses the topics of evolutionary psychology, human wellness, and their link to interior design decisions. Evolutionary psychology is defined as “an approach to studying psychology. It applies principles of evolutionary biology (Darwin, 1859), in particular the logic of adaptationism (Williams, 1966), to derive and test hypotheses about the design and operation of the human mind. Because it is an approach, it can be applied to any of a wide range of content areas of psychology, such as developmental psychology, social psychology, clinical psychology, perception, language, judgment and decision making, and so on.” 4 This study explores the benefits and importance of blending nature with interior space, particularly greenery and sunlight, through a review of a study previously reported regarding key components of human wellness in ancestral environments. Ancestral Environment refers to “the environment in which human cognitive structures evolved; generally, the Pleistocene (from two million years ago to historical times), in small bands of hunter-gatherers.” 5 The study, “Evolution in the Office: How Evolutionary Psychology Can Increase Employee Health, Happiness, and Productivity” by Fitzgerald and Danner 1 discusses the elements of human evolutionary psychology that are most impactful to our lives, bodies, and biology. The scope of the research includes sunlight, greenery, sleep, physical movement, and social interaction. The topics of sunlight and greenery in interior spaces will be reviewed further in the systematic review. The study also discusses the impacts these elements have on an employee’s physical and psychological health as well as their productivity. By introducing natural elements such as sunlight and greenery, there is an increase in employee happiness and productivity. Interior spaces that remind humans of ancestral environments, or environments a species has evolved to adapt to, appeal to our evolutionary psychology, which includes an evolutionary need to be connected to nature. Connecting people to nature through interior design will produce positive results. I aim to help improve the health and well being of employees in a workplace setting by highlighting and reviewing methods to appeal to human evolutionary and psychological needs, and why these needs are important. Some questions I will be asking include: How can human health and well being be optimized indoors, particularly in office settings? How can I connect humans and nature using interior design concepts? Why do humans do better in these more natural settings? The concept of connecting nature and people is also known as biophilic design, and will be discussed further as a means of incorporating these natural evolutionary needs into interior spaces. In this study I will review the research and findings of the study by Fitzgerald and Danner and the connections made to biophilic design and interior space through a designer’s perspective. The research population includes workers in an office setting. I will discuss the link between human evolutionary psychology as researched in the article, and nature based elements of interior design, such as sunlight and greenery. I will then analyze what these elements do for employee health and wellness as a designer. The findings are expected to be rooted in the psychology of the evolution of humans. By involving aspects of biophilic design and natural elements, I hope to introduce the benefits of nature on the human brain to those making design decisions. I hope this research and systematic review is informative in explaining how and why sunlight and green space should be implemented in office settings. Immersing people in a familiar environment reminiscent of nature and early human development yields positive results in the brain. This is key for workspaces as people spend large amounts of time in such places. There are standards and concepts available now as a framework for designers who wish to appeal to human evolutionary psychology. One such standard is the WELL building standard, which defines 10 concepts relating to human health and well being in the development of buildings. The WELL building standard concepts are also rooted in human evolutionary psychology and biophilic design. WELL offers designers a way to incorporate their 10 concepts of Air, Water, Nourishment, Light, Movement, Thermal Comfort, Sound, Materials, Mind and Community 3 into anything they design. In conclusion, The WELL building standard and biophilic design, are good ideals for designers to consider for human wellness.

KEYWORDS: Human Well Being, Evolutionary Psychology, Literature Review, Design Research, WELL Building Standard

45

FJAD 6723: METHODS OF DESIGN INQUIRY

|

UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS

Evolutionary Psychology in the Workplace: A Systematic Review

12/07/2021

Theoretical Framework:

Sydney Kutey Jinoh Park - Advisor University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR

Background + Introduction: This study discusses the topics of evolutionary psychology, human

wellness, and their link to interior design decisions. Evolutionary psychology is defined as “an approach to studying psychology. It applies principles of evolutionary biology (Darwin, 1859), in particular the logic of adaptationism (Williams, 1966), to derive and test hypotheses about the design and operation of the human mind. Because it is an approach, it can be applied to any of a wide range of content areas of psychology, such as developmental psychology, social psychology, clinical psychology, perception, language, judgment and decision making, and so on.” 4 This poster explores the benefits and importance of blending nature with interior space, particularly greenery and sunlight, through a review of a study previously reported regarding key components of human wellness in ancestral environments. Ancestral Environment refers to “the environment in which human cognitive structures evolved; generally, the Pleistocene (from two million years ago to historical times), in small bands of hunter-gatherers.” 5

Literature Review: The study, “Evolution in the Office: How Evolutionary Psychology Can Increase

Employee Health, Happiness, and Productivity” by Fitzgerald and Danner 1 discusses the elements of human evolutionary psychology that are most impactful to our lives, bodies, and biology. The scope of the research includes sunlight, greenery, sleep, physical movement, and social interaction. The topics of sunlight and greenery in interior spaces will be reviewed further in the systematic review. The study also discusses the impacts these elements have on an employee’s physical and psychological health as well as their productivity.

Biophilic Design Examples

W

Theoretical Perspective: By introducing natural elements such as sunlight and greenery, there is an increase in employee happiness and productivity.

Conceptual Framework: Interior spaces that remind humans of ancestral environments, or environments a species has evolved to adapt to, appeal to our evolutionary psychology, which includes an evolutionary need to be connected to nature. Connecting people to nature through interior design will produce positive results.

Research Objectives: I aim to help improve the health and well being of employees in a workplace setting by highlighting and reviewing methods to appeal to human evolutionary and psychological needs, and why these needs are important.

Research Questions: How can human health and well being be optimized indoors, particularly in office settings?

How can I connect humans and nature using interior design concepts? Why do humans do better in these more natural settings?

Research Methodology: Research Design: The concept of connecting nature and people is also known as biophilic design2, and will be discussed further as a means of incorporating these natural evolutionary needs into interior spaces. In this study I will review the research and findings of the study by Fitzgerald and Danner and the connections made to biophilic design and interior space through a designer’s perspective.

Research Population: Workers in an office setting.

Data Collection: I will discuss the link between human evolutionary psychology as researched in the article, and nature based elements of interior design, such as sunlight and greenery.

Data Analysis: I will then analyze what these elements do for employee health and wellness as a designer.

1

46

|

2

R

WELL Building Design Examples

Expected Findings: The findings are expected to be rooted in the psychology of the evolution of humans. By involving aspects of biophilic design and natural elements, I hope to introduce the benefits of nature on the human brain to those making design decisions. I hope this research and systematic review is informative in explaining how and why sunlight and green space should be implemented in office settings.

3

Conclusion + Discussion: Immersing people in a familiar environment reminiscent of nature and early human development yields positive results in the brain. This is key for workspaces as people spend large amounts of time in such places. There are standards and concepts available now as a framework for designers who wish to appeal to human evolutionary psychology. One such standard is the WELL building standard, which defines 10 concepts relating to human health and well being in the development of buildings. The WELL building standard concepts are also rooted in human evolutionary psychology and biophilic design. WELL offers designers a way to incorporate their 10 concepts of Air, Water, Nourishment, Light, Movement, Thermal Comfort, Sound, Materials, Mind and Community 3 into anything they design. In conclusion, The WELL building standard and biophilic design, are good ideals for designers to consider for human wellness.

Citations: Publications:

Photos:

1 - Precedent study: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/147470491201000502

1 - https://www.frameweb.com/article/citibank-singapore-ministry-of-design 2 - https://www.planetpartitioning.co.uk/biophilic-design/ 3 - https://www.ambius.com/blog/well-building-the-next-big-thing-in-business/ 4 - https://cinilittle.com/2020/10/20/be-well-stay-well-live-well-the-well-building-standard-and-your-cafe/ 5 - https://www.australiandesignreview.com/architecture/the-international-well-building-institute-makes-worlds-most-innovative-companies-list/

2- Biophilic design source: https://living-future.org/biophilic-design-overview/ 3 - WELL Building standard source: https://v2.wellcertified.com/v/en/overview 4 - Evolutionary psychology source: http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Evolutionary_psychology 5 - Ancestral environment source: http://cogweb.ucla.edu/ep/Glossary.html#EEA Why do humans do better in these more natural settings?

4 “Plants improve air quality.” 1 “Plants reduce indoor air pollution.” 1 “Plants prevent Sick Building Syndrome, caused by lack of ventilation, which leads to a large concentration of contaminants in the air.” 1 “Utilizing images of greenery may be able to combat the stress experienced from urban settings.’” 1 “It (plants and plant imagery) increases one's ability to concentrate, decreases diastolic blood pressure, stress, and anxiety.” 1

5

Study Selection: “Evolution in the Office: How Evolutionary Psychology Can Increase Employee Health, Happiness, and Productivity”

Research Overview

Findings

Greenery and Sunlight greatly impact humans in a wide variety of ways in a wide variety of studies

Why do humans do better in these more natural settings?

“Our body produces vitamin D - a vitamin essential to human life - through UVB rays produced by sunlight.” 1 “Vitamin D has been shown to elevate mood and decrease depression as well as help prevent many forms of cancer, Type I Diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis. ” 1 “Sunlight exposure through workplace windows has been found to be positively correlated with worker job satisfaction and their general well-being on the job, as well as negatively correlated with their intentions to quit .’” 1

Greenery and Sunlight Human Impact

Data Collection

Human Evolutionary Psychology Find Link

Data Analysis

Conclusion

Nature Based Interior Design (Sunlight + Greenery)

47

McCurdy, Shannon

I strive to balance relationships and community through a creative and authentic lens. As a practicing interior designer, these are pillars that I wish to incorporate within my future design initiatives. With passion and an empathy for people and their experiences, I would like to hone in on progressive social justice practices within the design profession. In order to accomplish this goal, I will need to research, find programs and specific social issues that can be bettered through the built environment. As designers, we shape and mold our cities for the future. How do we rethink our design practices to make sure we are designing for the greater wellbeing of them and the people that live there?

48

Programmatic Concept “Prepared Team Player”

Converting Programmatic (Left) to Design (Right) Concepts

Literature Review

Design Concept “Unique implementation of sustainable design through human centered branding”

Keywords

Strategies

Reference details

Strategies

Keywords

Equipped

Adapt

Parinaz Motealleh, Maryam Zolfaghari & Mojtaba Parsaee (2018) Investigating climate responsive solutions in vernacular architecture of Bushehr city

Sustainable Development

Empathy

S. Gopikrishnan & V.M. Topkar (2017) Attributes and descriptors for building performance evaluation

Shapes social identity

Story-Telling

Essi Kuure & Satu Miettinen (2017) Social Design for Service. Building a Framework for Designers Working in the Development Context

Provides designers a framework to navigate.

What is a sustainable framework for designer’s to implement that will help shape social identity

Endurance

Anne Bordeleau (2009) Charles Robert Cockerell’s architecture and the language of ornaments

Through Identity, Branding the media, and the economy,

Evidence-Based Design

Gerlinde Verhaeghe (2017) Learning Architectural Design. Material and Immaterial Aspects

React through interactions with material.

Harmony

Joseph Giacomin (2014) What Is Human Centred Design?

Infrastructure systems meet user’s needs.

Purpose

Daniela Selloni & Marta Corubolo (2017) Design for social enterprises. Codesigning an organizational and cultural change

Collaboration with communities

Creativity

Santosh Jagtap (2019) Design creativity: refined method for novelty assessment

Novelty is an important characteristic

Equity

Collaboration

How is brand Identity formed through the implementation of human centered materials.

How can communities capture novelty in design through collaboration?

49

Testifying Applicability of Research Methods Objective

Methods

Population / Participants

Intervention

Comparison

Outcomes

Research Question

Develop human centric branding

Observational Surveys and interviews

End Users / Employees

Increase brand trust in consumers

Control Group of Consumers

Increased recurring product sales and brand loyalty

Can human centric branding increase product sales?

Developing a branded retail environment

Snowball Sampling Emailed and Social Distribution of surveys And timed interactions

Employees/ Interview from other designers

Increase consumer interaction with product in person

Control Group of Consumers

Measurement of time spent at at a retail store

Does a branded retail experience contribute to longer amount of time spent in a brick and mortar retail shop?

Unique implementation of branding in a hospitality setting

Casual - Comparison Research

End Users

Increase tourism and visitation from local and non-guest users

Guest vs. Non-guest visitations?

Increased brand loyalty in the local community

Does unique branding implementation attract local community involvement?

Implementation of the WELL Building Standards in a hospitality setting

Cross-Examination Research and End User Surveys

End Users / Employees

Increased guest rooms bookings and recurring guests

Statistics / Quantitative Data

Increased sales for guest rooms

Does the cost of implementing the WELL building standards outweigh / and increase guest room sales based of off end users experience?

Using human centric thinking to design back of house spaces for staff

Observational Surveys and interviews

End Users / Employees

Increase productivity in hospitality staff

Control Group?

Increased sales revenue and guest experiences

Through using human centric design thinking for the staff support areas, can revenue for hotels increase?

Increased collaboration with interiors designers for the Implementation of branded environments

Correlation Research

Employees/ Interview from other designers

Greater understanding and sense of brand loyalty in employee groups.

Control group and surveys?

More successful integration of brand within all elements of design

Does increased interior designer led implementation of branded environments lead to to higher brand loyalty?

Develop social and cultural identity through design

Cross-Examination Research and End User Surveys

End Users

Identify and celebrate uniqueness of each culture through design

Control Group of end users

A more intimate relationship with the local community

By celebrating social and cultural identity in the built environment, can that in turn create further brand loyalty?

Develop community loyalty through strategic brand implementation

Observational Surveys and interviews

End Users / Employees

Increase brand awareness through employee and user (word of mouth branding)

Control Group?

Increased revenue with less money spent on marketing

Can strategic brand implementation within the built environment increase revenue due to the employee experience? Just by verbal recommendations?

Human Centered branding within a hospitality setting

Ethnographic study

End Users / Employees/ Staff

Measure the brand allegiance for recurring guests

Control Group of Guests / Hotel Brands

The comparison of annual sales with a branded environment vs. a similar hotel without human centered branding

Are we able to increase brand loyalty with guests through adding human centered branding?

The retail experience through branding and attention to novel detail

One-on-one interviews Observations Case Study Research

End users Consumers And Staff

Understand the correlation between the customer’s retail experience and their brand allegiance

Control Group of Consumers

The comparison of customer interviews and annual sales reports to understand the correlation between the two

Can we create brand allegiance through experiential design in a retail setting?

Attracting community at large through boutique branding in a hospitality setting

One-on-one interviews Observations Case Study Research Surveys

End Users Tourists Locals Gusts

Understand the correlation of the boutique brand marketed on social media and the amount of non-guest visitors

Guest vs. Non-guest visitors Amount of clicks / referrals on social media

Understand how non-guests are influenced to visit a hotel amenity through the lens of design elements and branding

Through unique branding and design detail implementation can hotels attract non-guest visitors through social media marketing?

Marketing the healthy building / WELL standards in a hospitality setting to attract guests

One-on-one interviews Observations Case Study Research Surveys

End Users Tourists Locals Gusts

Measure how marketing the WELL building standard/healthy building standards attract and influence guests hotel choice

Control Group of Consumers

The comparison of a marketing a sustainable standard vs. just implementing the sustainable standard

By marketing the implementation of the WELL building standard, can that increase brand allegiance and attract visitors?

Human Centered branding within a hospitality setting

Ethnographic study

End Users / Employees/ Staff

Measure the brand allegiance for recurring guests

Control Group of Guests Or Hotel Brands

The comparison of annual sales with a branded environment vs. a similar hotel without human centered branding

Are we able to increase brand loyalty with guests through adding human centered branding?

Re-framing brand problems / questions to be human centered (minded)

Ethnographic study Case Studies Questionnaires Survey

The Hospitality Staff Guests of the hotel

Design strategies for consumer engagement with the brand

Comparing marketing strategies / consumer engagement of hotel brands that focus on strictly business strategies vs hotel brands that focus on design thinking strategies

Evaluate how human centered branding strategies will increase consumer engagement in a hospitality setting.

How can hotel brands increase guest engagement by reframing their branding strategies to use design thinking when approaching problem solving?

Create memorable touchpoints or multi-sensory experience of branding within the hospitality built environment

Ethnographic study Case Studies Questionnaires Guest Surveys

Guests and Visitors of the hotel

Tangible Design elements Intangible Design Elements

Comparison between brand reinforced environments

Evaluate case studies, surveys, and questionnaires to understand and compare/ rank the memorable touch points of the hospitality setting

What are the top tangible brand reinforcement design elements and how can hospitality designer’s implement them in their designs to create a multi-sensory guest experience?

Integration of technology in physical retail stores re-thinking the business structure of the physical environment

Case Study Research Interviews Ethnographic study Questionnaires Survey

Stakeholders Consumers

Implementation of innovative physical technology

Retail stores that use innovative technology, case studies, Comparing ROI between the more traditional retail business model vs. more innovative business models

Evaluate implementation strategies

How can designers create an immersive retail experience in a physical store, while weighing the costs of the new technologies?

Determine the cost value for investors and shareholders for new technologies Understanding the customization opportunities through use of technologies

Customization of personal retail experience

Implementation of WELL building standards and its direct effect on guests health and wellness in a hospitality setting

Impact of health and wellness marketing in the hospitality industry from a cost standpoint

50

Case Study Research Interviews Ethnographic study Questionnaires Survey

Stakeholders Consumers

One-on-one interviews Observations Case Study Research Surveys Quasi-experimental research Ethnographic Study

Hotel guests The Hospitality Staff

One-on-one interviews Observations Case Study Research Surveys Quasi-experimental research Ethnographic Study

Hotel guests The Hospitality Staff Stakeholders Market Researchers

Implementation of AI and AR

Comparing the customer ease of experience using AI or AI Understanding the pros and cons of using AI and AR in the physical retail environment

The WELL building Standards

Control Group of Consumers

Understanding a new agile business model that is culturally relevant through use of customization through different technologies

Can physical retail environments become agile and culturally relevant through the use of AI and AR to create a personalized consumer experience?

The ease of access to health and wellness amenities to hotel guests

Through the implementation of the WELL building standards, can hotels quantifiably impact the health and wellness of short term guests?

Evaluating the outcomes of health and wellness tourism marketing and highlight the investments made to create a destination that provides that

Can hotel’s strengthen investments and guest visits because of health and wellness marketing?

Case Studies of WELL certified projects WELL certified hospitality projects

Design strategies for the implementation of the WELL standards

Using the WELL building standards to impact health and wellness of guests The WELL building standards

Control Group of Consumers Case Studies of WELL certified projects

Health and Wellness trend marketing Health and Wellness amenities

Design strategies for the implementation of the WELL standards Comparison of wellness tourism marketing vs. traditional tourism marketing

Research Overview Time

Inputs

Outputs Activities

Current Research

Wellness Hotel Case studies Performance Based Design Standards for LEED and WELL Holistic Wellness concepts Holistic Wellness Design Strategies

Conduct systematic review on Wellness hotel, Holistic Wellness Concepts, and Performance Based Design Standards.

Gather the participants ( Case Studies and guest reviews) align with the new understanding of the common factors found in systematic review.

Data Collection Strategies: Create survey for guests of cases selected, review online platform of guest reviews, and summarize commonalities and unique parts of selected features.

Analysis Strategies: Compare survey with guest reviews from online platform, and commonalities found in case studies Interpret data, summarize and synthesize

Outcomes - Impact Participants List of Case Studies List of guest reviews of case

Short Term

Medium Term

Long Term

Research results will help us to understand the relationship between certain performance based standards and hotel guest perceptions

After this more research can be done and compare the SWHA scale to other design standards to see what how they are able to compare overall/

Long term impact, the industry moves to using more wellness based research to develop and make decisions on based on wellness research and trends.

The research results will be able to help start a conversation with clients about the most approachable standard to abide by in hospitality setting

Following Research

Abstract Multiple Case Study of Wellness Hotels: Holistic Wellbeing with Performance Standards This study explores case studies to examine the impact of performance-based design standards on the holistic wellbeing of guests in wellness hotels. In previous research focused on Wellness hotels, the main motive of the guest’s stay is to promote or maintain a healthy lifestyle through service packages and amenities. Outlined in this research, a Wellness Hotel’s conceptual framework was designed to include these three dimensions of holistic wellbeing: mind wellness, physical wellness, and environmental wellness. These dimensions were then used to generate a Scale of Wellness Amenities (SWHA) that provides in-depth information about the guest’s perception of wellness amenities. (Chi, C. G. Q., Chi, O. H., & Ouyang, Z. (2020). This study aims to understand the contribution of each building evaluation system (WELL and LEED) to the SWHA by examining the SWHA of the two wellness hotels with WELL and two wellness hotels with LEED. Through the contextual framework based on the multiple case study methodology, this research consists of six phases. First, the author collected the Wellness Hotel Case studies based off the specified achievement of WELL and LEED performance-based certifications. Second, the individual cases were evaluated based on the Scale of Wellness Amenities (SWHA). Third, based on the context of the data collected, the author established the criteria and questions for the guest surveys. Fourth, surveys are distributed for an allotted amount of time to the guests of the Wellness Hotels in which the case studies were researched on. Fifth, based on the context of the data collected from case studies, the author established the criteria about the collection of guests reviews via an online platform from the past three years.

Lastly, the collected data was quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed to compare and understand the perception of guest’s holistic wellbeing and the specified performance base standards of the individual case studies. As a result, this study helps to identify if a particular performance based standard influences guests’ perception of their holistic wellbeing over another. The results may or may not imply that one standard out preforms the other in this scenario, but it will benefit designers and architects in practiced based situations when exploring these standards with their clients.

KEYWORDS: Performance-Base Standards, WELL Certified, LEED Certified, Wellness Hotel, Holistic Wellness, Guest Perceptions

51

Multiple Case Study of Wellness Hotels: Holistic Wellbeing with Performance Standards AUTHOR Shannon McCurdy University of Arkansas, MDes

INTRODUCTION This study explores case studies to examine the impact of performance-based design standards on the holistic wellbeing of guests in wellness hotels.

PURPOSE This study aims to understand the contribution of each building evaluation system (WELL and LEED) to the Scale of Wellness Amenities (SWHA) by examining the SWHA of the two wellness hotels with WELL and two wellness hotels with LEED.

BACKGROUND In previous research focused on Wellness hotels, the main motive of the guest’s stay is to promote or maintain a healthy lifestyle through service packages and amenities. Outlined in this research, a Wellness Hotel’s conceptual framework was designed to include these three dimensions of holistic wellbeing: mind wellness, physical wellness, and environmental wellness. These dimensions were then used to generate a Scale of Wellness Amenities (SWHA) that provides in-depth information about the guest’s perception of wellness amenities (Chi, C. G. Q., Chi, O. H., & Ouyang, Z. (2020).

METHODOLOGY Through the contextual framework based on the multiple case study methodology, this research consists of six phases. First, the author collected the Wellness Hotel Case studies based off the specified achievement of WELL and LEED performance-based certifications.

Second, the individual cases were evaluated based on the Scale of Wellness Amenities (SWHA). Third, based on the context of the data collected, the author established the criteria and questions for the guest surveys. Fourth, surveys are distributed for an allotted amount of time to the guests of the Wellness Hotels in which the case studies were researched on. Fifth, based on the context of the data collected from case studies, the author established the criteria about the collection of guests reviews via an online platform from the past three years.

Image provided by: https://www.1hotels.com/toronto/gallery

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK & RESEARCH DESIGN INTRODUCTION

Growing Wellness Hospitality & Tourism Industry

Collect Wellness Hotel Case studies (two wellness hotels with WELL and two wellness hotels with LEED. )

Evaluate case studies based on the Scale of Wellness Amenities (SWHA).

LITERATURE REVIEW

SCALE OF WELLNESS AMENITIES

ANALYSIS

Pursuit of training and certification with performance based design standards

STUDY METHODOLOGY

Establish the criteria and questions for the guest surveys

The collected data was quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed to compare and understand the perception of guest's holistic wellbeing in conjunction with the specified performance base standards of the individual case studies.

Concept of Wellness

Distribute surveys to selected Wellness Hotel guests.

Conceptualization of Wellness Hotels

Establish the criteria about the collection of guests reviews via and online platform from the past three years.

LEED Certification

WELL Building Certification

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH METHODS

Multiple Case Study Exploration

Does the use of performancebased design standards impact on the holistic wellbeing of guests in wellness hotels?

FINDING

CONCLUSION

Does a performance based standard influences guests' perception of their holistic wellbeing over another?

Outcomes may or may not imply that one standard out preforms the other

WELLNESS HOTEL CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Figure by: Chi, C. G. Q., Chi, O. H., & Ouyang, Z. (2020).

Scale created by: Chi, C. G. Q., Chi, O. H., & Ouyang, Z. (2020).

RESULTS

SOURCES

As a result, this study helps to identify if a particular performance based standard influences guests' perception of their holistic wellbeing over another.

CONCLUSION The results may or may not imply that one standard out preforms the other in this scenario, but it will benefit designers and architects in practiced based situations when exploring these standards with their clients.

Case Study 1

Case Study 2

Case Study 3

Case Study 4

52

0

10

20

30

CHART MADE BASED OFF OF COLLECTED AND ANALYIZED DATA

1. Chi, C. G. Q., Chi, O. H., & Ouyang, Z. (2020). Wellness hotel: Conceptualization, scale development, and validation. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 89, 102404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.102404 2. Avison Young. (2019, October). The Future of Wellness in Hospitality. https://avisonyoung.co.uk/research 3. Lee, P. C., Lee, M. J., & Cheng, T. T. (2019). Importance of Wellness Concepts in the Hotel Industry: Perspectives from the Millennials. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 20(6), 729–752. https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008x.2019.1616041 4. Uysal, M., Berbekova, A., & Kim, H. (2020). Designing for Quality of life. Annals of Tourism Research, 83, 102944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102944 5. https://www.1hotels.com/toronto/gallery

What is your plan after this semester?

My plan for after this semester is to begin to read and consume more published design research papers. I believe that your mind is a like a filing cabinet - and just how I try to consume as much design projects and inspiration that I can to subsequently fuel my mind and design process - I hope that consuming research papers more lightly and casually will help me to understand the process and frameworks a bit more.

What problems did you encounter in your design inside and/or outside of the class?

I think my main problem I ran into this semester was honestly being scared of the content because it was so foreign to me. Sometimes when I’m unfamiliar with something I freeze up and I am unable to the larger overarching picture or solution to what I am working on.

How would you define a well-designed research or good research?

After being in your class this semester, I think one of my biggest takeaways is understanding research quality and research process design. Remembering back to science class in middles school - the step by step methodology is so important when conducting research in order to keep your quality consistent and true. After watching the video you shared with us about the sandwich making, it make it more clear to me that people will need to understand step by step how to conduct the research process in order to validate the results!

How was your experience conducting your research?

I liked my topic, and I think it would be interesting to research to understand in greater depth the hospitality and health and wellness connect. But I wish I would have chosen a different topic that I think would be more impactful to actual practice. I now understand that one research paper can’t change the world, but I might have chosen something with a little bit more sources already on the topic.

What a study would you like to conduct next?

I’m really interested in wellness and its impact within the workplace - I think I would rather research more specific parts of that instead of the hospitality industry honestly.

What would you like to tell your instructor (ex. Personal or project, anything else you want)?

I would like to thank you for planning the class out to be working towards one final end goal through all of our assignments. I think it’s super helpful when professors do that -so then at the end we can see all of the overarching work that went into the final product.

I enjoyed this class this semester, and found the content to be really intriguing!

One suggestion I will make moving forward - I understand the idea and reason behind reviewing everyone’s work weekly so we can see what mistakes each other made and how we can work through them and some are applicable to one another. It’s a way of reiterating the lesson and teaching, but I feel that during that time (especially in the morning) people tend to zone out and not pay attention unless it’s their turn to get critiqued. Might I suggest maybe changing up that in person class review to move to being virtual crit that people can look at individually and use that time to lecture a bit more about the concepts you are wanting to reiterate? Sometimes explaining ideas in multiple different ways helps me get a better understanding of what’s going on.But like I said this is just a suggestion, not a complaint!

But like I said, overall really enjoyed the class Jinoh and learned quite a lot in one semester! Thank you again!

53

Parsafar, Sahar

After several years of work experience I have learnt that a number of factors can help a perfectionist architect to reach his/her ambitions. Although hardworking and determined architects may experience some achievements but singular designers need to have more essential features such as willpower and tolerance. My interaction with some well-known architects in my country taught me that their loyalty to their professional principles, their humility to their clients preferences and innovativity were the most important factors of their outstanding accomplishments.

54

Converting Programmatic (Left) to Design (Right) Concepts

Programmatic Concept “Thoughtful”

Literature Review

Design Concept “Passive and sustainable building considering PCM and modularity”

Keywords

Strategies

Reference details

Strategies

Keywords

Harmony

Homogeneous

Eilouti, B. (2018). Concept evolution in architectural design: an octonary framework.

An octonary framework

Rosa, C. (2015). Design Processes in Pictogram Design: Form and Harmony through Modularity.

Modular design

Sustainable modular building

Consistency

Carvalho, J. P., Bragança, L., & Mateus, R. (2021). Sustainable building design: Analysing the feasibility of BIM platforms to support practical building sustainability assessment.

BIM platform to support BSA

Order and complexity

Akalin, A., Yildirim, K., Wilson, C., & Kilicoglu, O. (2009). Architecture and engineering students’ evaluations of house façades: Preference, complexity and impressiveness.

Architecture and engineering students’ evaluations of house façades

Ma, L., Zhang, H., & Lu, M. (2020). Building’s fractal dimension trend and its application in visual complexity map.

A computation program for fractal dimension based on the box-counting method

Variation

Distinct

Diversity

Kokotovich, V., & Dorst, K. (2016). The art of ‘stepping back’: Studying levels of abstraction in a diverse design team.

Responsive

Liu, S., Kwok, Y. T., Lau, K. K.-L., Ouyang, W., & Ng, E. (2020). Effectiveness of passive design strategies in responding to future climate change for residential buildings in hot and humid Hong Kong.

The dynamic effectiveness of passive design strategies for residential buildings

Flexibility

Marotta, I., Guarino, F., Cellura, M., & Longo, S. (2021). Investigation of design strategies and quantification of energy flexibility in buildings: A case-study in southern Italy.

Thermal management of metal roof building using phase change material (PCM)

Novelty

Bonenberg, W., & Kapliski, O. (2017). Knowledge is the key to innovation in architectural design.

Knowledge is the key to innovation in architectural design

Original

Christensen, B. T., & Ball, L. J. (2016). Dimensions of creative evaluation: Distinct design and reasoning strategies for aesthetic, functional and originality judgments.

Originality is basically seeking novelty of kind rather than leading to suggestions on how to improve the concept’s originality

Reputation

Franzitta, V., La Gennusa, M., Peri, G., Rizzo, G., & Scaccianoce, G. (2011). Toward a European Eco-label brand for residential buildings: Holistic or by-components approaches?

Holistic or by-components approaches toward a European Eco-label brand for residential buildings

Phase change materials in passive buildings

55

Testifying Applicability of Research Methods Objective

Methods

Population / Participants

Intervention

Comparison

Outcomes

Research Question

Finding effective PCM to reduce heat transmission

Experimental

Single storey buildings/ models in the same direction and location.

Insulating PCMs

Three PCMs, location, direction, thickness and any other controllable factors

Changes in the temperature of the outer, inner surfaces of the roof and consequently the indoor temperature.

How much each of the three PCMs can lower the room temperature?

Which one is the most effective?

Finding the best PCM for any particular climatic condition

Experimental (simulation)

PCMs

Climatic condition like temperature variation, air humidity and orientation of surface.

PCM bricks and conventional brick

Two PCMs were suitable for the climate

Which PCM is suitable for which climate?

Reduce energy consumption in buildings

Experimental

Computational modeling

Energy Plus and GenOpt tool

Effects of PCMs on structures with and without shading devices

PCM could save energy for both cooling and heating during summer and winter respectively

How much PCM-panels can save energy usage in buildings?

Using bio-based/eco-friendly material for energy saving

Experimental

Bio-based PCM

Coconut fat, cellulose fibers, natural clay powder and graphite

Building envelopes with and without bio-based PCM

prepared composite-PCM has the potential to be used for passive TES in building envelopes in order to enhance their thermal inertia

Does bio-based PCM is effective for building envelopes to save energy?

How to bio-based composite PCM?

Confirming and determining the effect of SS-PCM on reducing thermal transfer in buildings.

Experimental

SS-PCM

PSA, PGMA, HA or any other material that SS-PCM can be synthesized with.

Warm and cold climates dark, light and SSPCM-coated systems

Reduce undesirable heat exchange Roof is the best location

What is the maximum energy saving and the best location of SS-PCM in buildings?

Sustainability through modularity (life cycle perspective)

Survey

Construction experts

Questionnaire

Modular and conventional buildings

This indicates that participants believed that the applicability of a SPC is more important than its measurability.

What is suitable life cycle sustainability performance criteria (SPCs) for modular buildings?

To find environmental performance of conventional and modular construction.

Experimental

Three single-family buildings

Questionnaire survey

Conventional versus modular construction methods

Modular building resulted less environmental impacts

What type of construction method (on-site or off-site) have less environmental impact?

Having a quieter space in modular buildings

Experimental

Slabs

Mock-up and simulation ANSYS and SYSNOISE.

Four different flooring structures Wet and dry construction

Double concrete slabs and dry construction had the best performance in reducing noise vibration

Strategies which help occupants to experience a quieter spaces in sustainable buildings?

Reducing the environmental impact of buildings.

Experimental

Green roofs and green walls

Waste and sustainable materials

Geogreen system with other living wall systems and materials

Geogreen System has low environmental impact

What are sustainable strategies to reduce the environmental impact of buildings?

improving energy efficiency of buildings passively

experimental

PCMs, double glazing windows

Two rooms

double-glazed window unit coupled with a PCM and normal double-glazed window

double-glazed window with PCM reduced energy consumption and temperature fluctuation

How to reduce indoor temperature passively?

heating energy saving in buildings in severe cold regions

Case study

Sunspace, PCM louvers. rural residence in a severe cold region of China

Four indoor temperatures throughout seven months

Original rural residence, rural residence with sunspace, rural residence with sunspace and PCM louver

Sunspace reduces the energy consumption.

PCM louvers can reduce energy consumption fluctuations in coldest day

What are the ways PCMs can be used in buildings to reduce energy consumption?

improving energy efficiency of buildings passively

experimental

Cement mortar, PCMs

natural aggregates

Three sets of cement mortar composed with different percentages of PCMs

A higher amount of PCM ingredients have revealed enhanced thermal responsiveness

What are the ways PCMs can be used in buildings to reduce energy consumption and the results?

Ways to optimize energy consumption in buildings

experimental

PCM panel and fan-assisted ventilation

artificial climate inside a laboratory environment

Two rooms, one room with PCM and the other room without PCM

Hybrid system increased thermal comfort level

How to improve indoor thermal comfort passively?

Ways to optimize energy consumption in buildings

experimental

PCM Five different climatic regions

EnergyPlus software

Different kinds of PCMs with different thickness.

PCMs placed on different surfaces of the building

PCM can significantly improve the thermal and energy performance

How to optimize energy consumption in prefabricated buildings?

Ways to optimize energy consumption in buildings

experimental

PCM’s University department

real and simulated investigation

Two rooms with and without PCM panels

PCM reduced overheating

How to increase indoor thermal comfort passively?

Improving energy efficiency in buildings

experimental

PCMs, several existing buildings

Locations, orientations, height levels

macro-encapsulated PCM with different transition temperatures

considerable reduction in peak when using PCMs

How to reduce peak indoor air temperature passively?

Improving energy efficiency in buildings

experimental

PCM, lightweight ceramic tiles

vacuum

PCM-ceramic tiles vs conventional ceramic tiles

PCM-containing ceramic tiles reduce indoor space temperature variation

How to improve thermal performance in buildings passively?

Identifying the impact of prefabricated modular construction on GHG emission

Case study

Two single-storey flat-packed house constructions

Construction

Prefabricated construction and others

Difference in the amount of GHG emission

Does prefabricated modular construction produce less greenhouse gas emissions than conventional construction?

Improving energy efficiency in buildings

Case study

PCM, a house

air conditioning systems

Dwelling with and without PCM

lower energy consumption and CO2 emission.

How to improve thermal comfort and reduce thermal cooling loads passively

Improving energy efficiency in buildings

Experimental and case study

PCM

DSC laboratory

Measurements from the beginning of their lifetime and after 14 years

reducing room temperatures and cooling degree hours

How long do PCMs work?

Improving energy efficiency in hot climatic regions

Case study

PCMs

Wall and roof

PCMs of RT-31, RT-35, RT-42

RT-31 resulted in energy saving more than the other PCMs

How to save energy in hot climatic regions?

Improving energy efficiency in hot climatic regions

Experimental and case study

PCMs, concrete bricks

aluminium bar, tested under hot summer conditions

Concrete bricks with PCMs and a concrete brick without PCM (reference brick)

concrete bricks’ thermal performance could be remarkably improved using PCM

How to save energy in hot climatic regions?

Reducing energy consumption in buildings through PCM in plaster

Case study or review of precedents

PCM, lime plaster

Two buildings

Two buildings with similar features except the experimental materials

Difference in the amount of energy consumption in buildings

What are the ways that PCM can be used in buildings to reduce energy consumption?

Improving energy efficiency in buildings through PCMs and finding the best and most effective location for applying PCMs by considering different climatic condition

Case study or review of precedents, experiment

PCM, plaster, roof, wall, window

A model

Effectiveness of PCM on indoor temperature in different locations in buildings

Difference in the amount of energy savings

Where is the best location in buildings to apply PCMs to have the most efficacy for energy efficiency?

Finding appropriate PCMs for arid climate

Experimental or review of precedents

PCMs

Arid climate

PCMs

PCMs efficacies

Which PCM is appropriate for arid climate?

Finding appropriate PCMs for cold climate

Experimental or review of precedents

PCMs

Cold climate

PCMs

PCMs efficacies

Which PCM is appropriate for cold climate?

Finding the best place/location in buildings to apply PCMs

Experiment or case study or review of precedents

PCMs, wall, roof, window

A building or a model

wall, roof, window

Difference in the amount of energy saving or heat transmittance

Where is the best location in buildings to apply PCMs to have the most efficacy for energy efficiency?

Finding the best location for PCMs in buildings for cold climatic conditions

Experiment or case study or review of precedents

PCMs, wall, roof, window

A building or a model

wall, roof, window

Difference in the amount of energy saving or heat transmittance

Where is the best location in buildings to apply PCMs to have the most efficacy for energy efficiency in cold climate?

To find the best material for combining with PCMs

Experiment or review of precedents

PCMs, brick, mortar, ceramic tiles

A model

brick, mortar, ceramic tiles

Difference in interior temperature

Which one of these materials are best to be combined with PCMs to have the best efficiency?

Finding the PCM which has the longest lifetime in buildings

Review of precedents, case study

PCMs

Buildings with PCMs

Lifetime of different PCMs

Difference in the lifetime of PCMs

Which PCM, in buildings, has the longest lifetime?

Regarding saving the environment, finding one of the best methods of construction and insulation

Case study, review of precedents

Buildings (prefabricated vs conventional), PCMs

Construction methods

A prefabricated and PCM retrofitted building with other types

Difference in saving energy and impact on environment

How much a prefabricated building retrofitted with PCMs can contribute to reducing GHG emission and energy saving?

56

Elimination and Choice Translating Reality

Research Overview Time

Current Research

Following Research

Inputs

Outputs

Outcomes - Impact

Activities

Participants

This research quantitatively investigates the thermal performance and energy efficiency of the three models integrated with PCMs (coconut oil (Eller, C., Rida, M., Boudier, K., Otoni, C., Celani, G., Labaki, L., & Hoffmann, S. (2021) and a model without PCM in Fayetteville, Arkansas Humid Subtropical Climate (Cfa, according to Koppen-Geiger climate classification). The thermal performance was evaluated by comparing the difference between indoor and outdoor temperatures in four models in every month of the year. Finally, economic and environmental analyses will be carried out to evaluate the utility of the PCM in the subtropical climate.

making models

4 models (Windows, walls, roofs)

In future studies, it will be discussed how PCM can be incorporated in other types of facades with different materials and its influence on indoor temperature.

The same as above

Validation Indicating Thermal performance through energy measurement Indicating energy performance Data collection

PCM

Short Term Residents’ thermal comfort

Medium Term

Long Term

Financial benefits

Minimizing greenhouse effect

Less electricity consumption

Tools (Heat flux sensor, Temperature sensor, Sensors and data logger) Electricity meter, HVAC

Data analysis Data analysis softwares The same as above

Abstract Where is the best location in buildings to install PCMs to have the most efficacy for energy efficiency in Fayetteville, Arkansas (Humid subtropical zone)?

Energy efficiency is one of the most important issues in some fields of study. According to the statistics, significant amount of global energy is being used in buildings accounted for around 17% (U.S. energy facts explained, 2021). Researchers have been looking for materials have less impact on the natural environment. This study focuses on materials which can help reduce energy consumption in buildings. Literature suggests that phase change materials (PCM) can improve energy efficiency in buildings. PCMs are substances which absorb or release large amounts of so-called “latent” heat when they go through a change in their physical state, i.e., from solid to liquid and vice versa (Pause, B., 2019). In fact, the PCM is in the group of specific substances, which can store and release a significant amount of energy once undergoing a phase change procedure (Alehosseini, E., & Jafari, S. M., 2020). The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of PCM incorporated in some parts of models including windows, walls, and roof. Through the contextual framework based on the experimental study, this research consists of three phases. This study conducts an experimental study as a case study. The author examines the thermal performance of the models by analyzing the temperature data collected from indoor and outdoor thermocouples. In addition, to evaluate the energy consumed in our models, we conduct experiments including models with HVAC system and electricity meter. A study was conducted using three models containing coconut oil, one of the PCM substances, in three locations: 1) double-glazed windows, 2) window frames, and 3) walls and roofs, and 4) the other one without coconut oil. The models are real-scale and located in Fayetteville, Arkansas, an area with a humid subtropical climate. The author evaluates the examined thermal performance by comparing the differences between indoor and outdoor temperatures in the four models in each month of the year.

Considering the indoor and outdoor temperatures, we measure the energy consumption using electricity meter by turning on the HVAC system. The author is supposed to investigate the performance of PCMs in each location of models and to find out about the places that can be considered as the best locations for the PCM installation. This study will provide tentative evidence for architects/designers and industries to design and build more effective buildings that enhance energy efficiency considering the best locations of PCM. In future studies, it will be discussed how PCM can be incorporated in various types of facades with different materials and its influence on indoor temperature.

KEYWORDS: PCM, energy efficiency, humid subtropical climate, energy consumption, thermal performance 57

Where is the best location in buildings to inst efficiency in Fayetteville, Arkan

Sahar P University of Arkansas Methodology

Abstract Energy efficiency is one of the most important issues in some fields of study.

According to the statistics, significant amount of global energy is being used in buildings accounted for around 17% (U.S. energy facts explained, 2021).

Researchers have been looking for materials have less impact on the natural environment. This study focuses on materials which can help reduce energy consumption in buildings. Literature suggests that phase change materials (PCM) can improve energy efficiency in buildings. PCMs are substances which absorb or release large amounts of so-called “latent” heat when they go through a change in their physical state, i.e., from solid to liquid and vice versa (Pause, B., 2019). In fact, the PCM is in the group of specific substances, which can store and release a significant amount of energy once undergoing a phase change procedure (Alehosseini, E., & Jafari, S. M., 2020). The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of PCM incorporated in some parts of models including windows, walls, and roof. Through the contextual framework based on the experimental study, this research consists of three phases. This study conducts an experimental study as a case study. The author examines the thermal performance of the models by analyzing the temperature data collected from indoor and outdoor thermocouples. In addition, to evaluate the energy consumed in our models, we conduct experiments including models with HVAC system and electricity meter. A study was conducted using three models containing coconut oil, one of the PCM substances, in three locations: 1) doubleglazed windows, 2) window frames, and 3) walls and roofs, and 4) the other one without coconut oil. The models are real-scale and located in Fayetteville, Arkansas, an area with a humid subtropical climate. The author evaluates the examined thermal performance by comparing the differences between indoor and outdoor temperatures in the four models in each month of the year.

Considering the indoor and outdoor temperatures, we measure the energy consumption using electricity meter by turning on the HVAC system. The author is supposed to investigate the performance of PCMs in each location of models and to find out about the places that can be considered as the best locations for the PCM installation. This study will provide tentative evidence for architects/designers and industries to design and build more effective buildings that enhance energy efficiency considering the best locations of PCM. In future studies, it will be discussed how PCM can be incorporated in various types of facades with different materials and its influence on indoor temperature.

Introduction According to the literature review, incorporation of PCM into building envelope has been studied before. However, there is still a lack of information/studies that performed detailed energy efficiency and thermal performance evaluation, particularly for the subtropical climate. This study aims to investigate the impact of PCM on thermal performance and energy saving potential of the residential building in Fayetteville, AR USA humid subtropical climate (Kenzhekhanov, S., Memon, S. A., & Adilkhanova, I., 2020)..

Background Efforts regarding how PCMs can help reduce energy consumption in buildings

58

Purpose Where is the best part of a building for installing PCMs and Reducing energy consumption passively

Methods Conducting an experimental study to see which part of the models incorporated with PCM has the most energy efficiency

Experiment was conducted in four real-scale laboratory rooms in Suzhou China. The size of the two experimental rooms is 2 m × 1.5 m × 2.7 m, as shown in Fig. 1. There is a single-layer glass window of 121 mm × 96 mm on the south wall of each room. The envelope consists of 75 mm thick stone wool board in the middle, and 1.2 mm thick color steel plate on each side.

The schematic diagram of PCM wall and ordinary wall is shown in Fig. 2. The thermophysical parameters of room materials are shown in Table 1. The experiment was conducted once the rooms without HVAC system , in order to see the temperature difference, and once with HVAC system with the same parameters to see how much energy is used for heating or cooling.

Figure 2

Figure 1

Table 1: Thermophysical parameters of the room materials.

material

Thickness (mm)

Density (kg/m3)

Capacity (J/ (kg⋅k))

Conductivit y (W/ (m⋅K))

Stone wool board

75

20

1400

0.04

Color steel plate

1.2

7850

480

48

Glass

5

2500

750

1.4

PCM (coconut oil)

200

890

–

0.321

Findings Data regarding indoor temperature and energy consumption of the four models

(a)

(b)

Figure 3: schematic diagram of the (a) ordinary wall and (b) PCM wall, (Meng, E., Cai, R., Sun, Z., Yang, J., & Wang, J., 2021) .

Figure 4: Xiao, Z., Mishra, P., Mahdavi Nejad, A., Tao, M., Granados-Focil, S., & Van Dessel, S. (2021)

tall PCMs to have the most efficacy for energy nsas (Humid subtropical zone)?

Parsafar s, Fayetteville, AR USA Table 3: Energy saving rate and power consumption of two rooms at different setting temperature Case 1 17 C

Figure 5: Structure of window frame (Jiang, W., Liu, B., Zhang, X., Zhang, T., Li, D., & Ma, L. 2021)

Figure 6: Schematic of double-glazed window (King, M. F. L., Rao, P. N., Sivakumar, A., Mamidi, V. K., Richard, S., Vijayakumar, M., Arunprasath, K., & Kumar, P. M., 2021)

As mentioned above, there are four models in this study.

1. A model with PCM incorporated in double glazed window.

2. A model with PCM incorporated in window frame.

3. A model with PCM incorporated in walls and roof.

4. A model without PCM. After making all the models, the indoor and outdoor temperature were measured by K-type thermocouples. The experiments were done in each month of the year.

Equipment

Type

Range

Accuracy

K

40–120 ◦C

±0.5 ◦C

21 C

Eo

54.3KWh

31KWh

69.2KWh

Ep (wall, roof)

52.4KWh

30.5KWh

68.4KWh

ɛr

3.5%

1.6%

1.15%

Table 4: Energy saving rate and power consumption of two rooms at different setting temperature Case 2 17 C

19 C

21 C

Eo

54.3KWh

31KWh

69.2KWh

Ep (window frame)

53.4KWh

30.8KWh

67.4KWh

ɛr

1.65%

0.65%

2.6%

Table 5: Energy saving rate and power consumption of two rooms at different setting temperature Case 2

Table 2: Parameters of the experiment instrument.

Thermocouple

19 C

17 C

19 C

21 C

Eo

54.3KWh

31KWh

69.2KWh

Ep (double-glazed window)

53KWh

30KWh

68.5KWh

ɛr

2.4%

3.2%

1%

In order to study the energy consumption of PCM rooms and ordinary room, the electricity consumption of the two rooms was measured and studied by electricity meter.

Expected conclusion

Expected results

The thermal performance of four models is evaluated. The performance is assessed in terms of indoor room temperature. The graph shows that the indoor temperature is lower, during summer, when PCMs incorporated in roof compared with the other parts and a model without PCM. Furthermore, by reading the ectericity meter of the models, it is found that the models with PCMs consumed less energy that the ordinary model. Among the three models with PCMs, the model with PCM on the roof consumed less energy.

Discussion

For future research to improve the indoor thermal performance, the PCM will be incorporated in different types of facades with various materials. Also, the economic value and how PCM can help reducing the co2 emission.

References Figure 7: Indoor temperature of four models in different times of a day in summer εr is the energy saving rate. Eo is the total power consumption of the ordinary room, and Ep is the total power consumption of the PCM room.

Chen, X., Tang, Z., Chang, Y., Gao, H., Cheng, P., Tao, Z., & Lv, J. (2020). Toward Tailoring Chemistry of Silica-Based Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage. In iScience (Vol. 23, Issue 10, p. 101606). Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2020.101606 Eller, C., Rida, M., Boudier, K., Otoni, C., Celani, G., Labaki, L., & Hoffmann, S. (2021). Climate-Based Analysis for the Potential Use of Coconut Oil as Phase Change Material in Buildings. In Sustainability (Vol. 13, Issue 19, p. 10731). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910731 Jiang, W., Liu, B., Zhang, X., Zhang, T., Li, D., & Ma, L. (2021). Energy performance of window with PCM frame. In Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments (Vol. 45, p. 101109). Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101109 Jia, J., Liu, B., Ma, L., Wang, H., Li, D., & Wang, Y. (2021). Energy saving performance optimization and regional adaptability of prefabricated buildings with PCM in different climates. In Case Studies in Thermal Engineering (Vol. 26, p. 101164). Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2021.101164 King, M. F. L., Rao, P. N., Sivakumar, A., Mamidi, V. K., Richard, S., Vijayakumar, M., Arunprasath, K., & Kumar, P. M. (2021). Thermal performance of a double-glazed window integrated with a phase change material (PCM). In Materials Today: Proceedings. Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.09.099 Meng, E., Cai, R., Sun, Z., Yang, J., & Wang, J. (2021). Experimental study of the passive and active performance of real-scale composite PCM room in winter. In Applied Thermal Engineering (Vol. 185, p. 116418). Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.116418 Pause, B. (2019). Phase change materials and their application in coatings and laminates for textiles. In Smart Textile Coatings and Laminates (pp. 175–187). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-102428-7.00008-0 U.S. energy facts explained (May 14, 2021) Retrieved (November 30, 2021) from https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/

59

Shirazi, Saba Rostami

In the world we live in, everything works based on a system. The universe has a system, our bodies have a system, even our brain can think and work based on a system. I’ve been always a realistic person that never liked fantasizing. This is why I adapt quickly to new situations or decisions. My passion in achieving my goals made me to strengthen my confidence and fight for what I want. Respecting people and honestly is two important keys in success. I love paying attention to details because I believe that is how a good system can function and this is why I believe that details can change your vision and perspective toward anything in life.

60

Converting Programmatic (Left) to Design (Right) Concepts

Programmatic Concept “LOYAL”

Literature Review

Design Concept “URBAN REGENERATION”

Keywords

Strategies

Reference details

Deliberate

Thoughtful

Kostas Mouratidis, Urban planning and quality of life: A review of pathways linking the built environment to subjective well-being

Helpful

Damla Mısırlısoy, Kaan Günçe, Adaptive reuse strategies for heritage buildings: A holistic approach, Sustainable Cities and Society

Applicable

Attila Buzási, Bettina Szimonetta Jäger,District-scale assessment of urban sustainability

Intentional

Cristina Maxim, Carmen Emilia Chasovschi,Cultural landscape changes in the built environment at World Heritage Sites: Lessons from Bukovina, Romania

Consistent

Li Yin, Hao Zhang, Building walkable and safe neighborhoods: Assessing the built environment characteristics for pedestrian safety in buffalo, NY

Harmony

Clarice Bleil de Souza, Contrasting paradigms of design thinking: The building thermal simulation tool user vs. the building designer,Automation in Construction

Multi-layer and Palimpsest of urban structure

Unity

Qian Cao, Qingzu Luan, Yupeng Liu, Renqing Wang, The effects of 2D and 3D building morphology on urban environments: A multi-scale analysis in the Beijing metropolitan region

District-focus analysis

Order

Hülya Turgut, Istanbul: The city as an urban palimpsest,Cities,Volume 112,

Understanding and applying context-driven concepts

Resilient

Somaiyeh Falahat, Context-based conceptions in urban morphology: Hezar-Too, an original urban logic?,Cities,

Flexible

Jingjing Wang, Yiyang Yang, Jiandong Peng, Linchuan Yang, Zhonghua Gou, Yi Lu, Moderation effect of urban density on changes in physical activity during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic,Sustainable Cities and Society,

Urban greenness, high density neighborhoods and active travel

System

Somaiyeh Falahat, Context-based conceptions in urban morphology: Hezar-Too, an original urban logic?,Cities,

Landscapes seen from built environment

Dependable

Adaptable

Strategies

Keywords Urban Revitalization

reuse existing buildings and materials

Delivering meaningful massage of cultural relevance

Palimpsest

Creating places where people want to be

61

Testifying Applicability of Research Methods Objective

Methods

Urban Revitalization

Finding an appropriate revenue model that can sustain a financially and commercially feasible project

Designers and cities which lack Vital livability and urban wellness

Comparing the aspects of buildings new buildings and the benefits of adaptive reuse buildings

Convincing others that adaptive reuse and preserving heritage is more sustainable than building new building and using new materials.

how can adaptive reuse of abandoned or disused heritage improve subjective well-being of urban planning ?

URBAN REGENERATION

Case studies over cities with successful urban design. Like Rome, Copenhagen.

Designers and cities which lack Vital livability and urban wellness

Comparing cities that have active travel and cities that lack active travel.

Highlighting strategies for designers to regenerate cities for better quality of wellness.

How can pathways link the built environment to subjective well-being, to have a better quality of life in cities?

Palimpsest

Understandings of the relationship between past, present and future.

Designers and cities which lack Vital livability and urban wellness

Comparing new cities like Dubai with old cities like Rome and comparing their palimpsest.

Suggesting the necessity of keeping the successive layers of urban form alive rather than simply effacing and rebuilding, for that keeps a city’s history alive.

How to keep a city alive by “Palimpsest preservation”

creating places where people want to be

Researching existing spaces that makes people happy and comfortable.

Designers and cities which lack Vital livability and urban wellness

Comparing public spaces that lack green spaces and active travel with public spaces that has landscapes as design element.

Urban density and vegetation is a key to having an active travel built environment.

How can urban green and high density neighborhoods create active travel and landscape view from built environment?

improving subjective well-being through urban planning

Researching strategies for well-wellness design

Designers and cities which lack Vital livability and urban wellness

Bringing life back into abandoned heritages fills out urban voids and helps with urban density, therefore a healthier environment.

How to improve the subjective well-being in an urban environment through abandoned or disused heritage?

Adaptive reuse strategies for abandoned or disused heritage

Systematic literature review and synthesis methods.Circular economy strategies seek to reduce the total resources extracted from the environment and reduce the wastes that human activities generate in pursuit of human wellbeing.

Designers and cities which lack Vital livability and urban wellness

Preserving historical built environments by adaptive reuse and making them sustainable and add modern architecture can transfer culture to next generations.

How to transfer the cultural identity to future generations through heritage buildings?

Urban greenness, high density neighborhoods and active travel

Explore associations between neighborhood landscape elements and public health in a subtropical high-density urban context, neighborhood renewal strategies.

Designers and cities which lack Vital livability and urban wellness

Urban density and palasest regenerates urban leisure satisfaction, and invites people to spend more time outdoor instead of indoor.

How built environment influences leisure satisfaction?

Landscapes seen from built environment

Case studies over green cities and analyzing visual structure of landscapes seen from built environment.

Designers and cities which lack Vital livability and urban wellness

Designed landscapes influences well being of built environments..

How does the weight of plant life cause an eco-friendly environment?

Understanding and applying context-driven concepts

Researching adaptive reuse Built environment that driven from the context and heritage

Designers and cities which lack Vital livability and urban wellness

Context driven architectures are more successful in an urban environment, specially when they keep the heritage.

How to widen and approach the existing framework of the unrevealed dimensions of cities?

District-focus analysis

Searching cities that have a successful urban strategies for fill the scientific gap of Urban sustainability. In Meso urban level.

Designers and cities which lack Vital livability and urban wellness

Paying attention to meso scale of urban design is as important as macro and micro scale. It connects neighborhoods together and lead to urban wellness.

How to fill the scientific gap of urban sustainability between developed cities and underrepresented cities?

Multi-layer and Palimpsest of urban structure

Researching cities that have palimpsest analogy and a methodology.

Designers and cities which lack Vital livability and urban wellness

Palimpsest can be a designer for new urban design by keeping the old and producing new with the old.

How can cities shape with their permanent inhabitants and produce new urban spaces?

Regeneration of urban palimpsest

Researching adaptive reuse Built environment that driven from the context and heritage

Designers

Preserving historical built environments by adaptive reuse and making them sustainable and add modern architecture can transfer culture to next generations.

How can we link the built environment to subjective well-being, to have a better quality of life in cities?

62

Population / Participants

Intervention

Comparison

Comparing cities like Rome, Istanbul with cities that lack urban palimpsest.

Outcomes

Research Question

Research Overview Time

Inputs

Outputs Activities

Current Research

Objectives of linking built environment to subjective of well-being : 1-People-focused design, environmental sustainability, realistic long-term plans for how spaces will be used.

2-Minimize building “new building and instead focus on reusing existing structures (adaptive reuse, restoration, preservations...”.

3-Make public life the driver for urban design.

4-the conservation of identity, strengthening of neighbourhood and encouragement of its cultural diversity and distinctiveness.

5-the wise use of resources, minimising additional land take up, and the encouragement of moderate degrees of urban density.

- enable a better understanding of the complex relationship between urban structure and travel behavior - the development of two case studies, in the metropolitan areas of Porto and Copenhagen.

Reference: URBAN REDEVELOPMENT AS A SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION FOR GROWING CITIES: A LOOK AT AMSTERDAM EASTERN DOCKLANDS -how Dutch city planners and architects were able to work together and combine their ideas for the creation of mix use developments in the city’s docklands, which prior to intervention no longer served their purpose as port systems for modern ships, having shallow waters, and unsuitable berthing conditions.

Reference: URBAN STRUCTURES AND MOBILITY A Case-study in Copenhagen

Systematic Review + Research Design: Find cases of cities that addresses the subjective of well-being of citizens.

Highlighting factors of the case: - People-focused design - Minimize building “new building and instead focus on reusing existing structures (adaptive reuse, restoration, preservations...”.

- Make public life the driver for urban design.

Literature review on Case study of Porto and Copenhagen.

Literature review on Case study of Amsterdam link the findings of both case studies Establish / Reframe research Research Population Selection: Review case studies on Copenhagen and Amsterdam Data Collection: “Use an accessibility-based tool – the Structural Accessibility Layer – to assess the levels of pedestrian accessibility to activities in the Metropolitan Area”.

Surveys from citizens Data Analysis: The SWB data come from the Eurostat database (urb percepdatabase). The Eurostat data are city-level aggregates from the Flash Eurobarometer Survey 419 (Quality of Life in European Cities) and the Flash Eurobarometer Survey 366 (Quality of Life in European Cities).The Flash Eurobarometer Surveys interviewed European urbanites aged 15+ on behalf of the European Commission. SWB is measured using two variables of LIFE SATISFACTION (fairly satisfied, not very satisfied or not at all satisfied with ...? ) and PLACE SATISFACTION (fairly satisfied, not very satisfied or not at all satisfied with ...?). The MERCER is a city ranking survey in terms of livability or standard of living based on the Mercer Index.

Outcomes - Impact Participants

Short Term

Medium Term

Long Term

Data collected from the case studies and and surveys, online platform, library resources

-importance of the practice, problems and solutions, -Knowing people’s views and attitudes towards the issue, culture, and the benefits and opportunities the process provides -urban renewal instrument when it replaces outdated older structures or un(der) used sites by more attractive buildings, thereby increasing the overall quality of the urban area for society -Economic opportunities are vital for the evolution and progress of these areas. cities are needed for the purchase of goods and services that help determine and support economic trends. -Developers and planners have to take into consideration spaces for business and economic opportunities when redeveloping an urban area because it is a necessary strategy for developing denser communities.

-elevated gardens or walkways structure can unite zones if there are linkage systems with the potential to be revitalized.

This stimulates revitalization, fuels citizen engagement in city life, and makes walking accessible and enjoyable. -Cities with similar conditions can improve their pedestrian circulation areas and establish creative physical mechanisms to increase public interest in the particular urban sector.

-planning for new neighborhoods that allows integration to the community - providing all social sectors, commerce, connectivity, walkability, public green spaces, links to transportation, and environment protection.

-construction within the existing built-up area reduces pressure on the surrounding open space which is generally regarded as an important amenity -a relatively high-density, mixed-use city, based on an efficient public transport system and dimensions that encourage walking and cycling -a higher density can help to limit automobile travel, as it may shorten travel distances to destinations and make more sustainable transport modes more viable.

Following Research

Abstract “Urban Regeneration Through Existing Urban Structure” Why can denser urban patterns, high levels of pedestrian accessibility, and revitalizing existing structures/spaces help a community’s subjective well-being?

By enabling a better understanding of the complex relationship between urban structure and subjective well-being with the development of a case study of “Urban structure and mobility in the metropolitan areas of Porto and Copenhagen” by the University of Porto, and a case study of “Urban redevelopment as a sustainable solution for growing cities” looking at Amsterdam, this paper aims to study the relationship between urban density, pedestrian accessibility, and revitalizing existing structures and spaces linking to subjective well-being. According to research on ‘Urban density and spatial planning” by the University of Amsterdam, denser patterns of urbanization and revitalizing existing spaces promotes higher levels of accessibility by foot, hence providing the conditions for more sustainable travel behavior in daily trips and with efficient land use-transport policies and leads to urban well-being and livability. Data, case studies, surveys, and studies on European views on the subject suggest that successful well-being urban cases are mostly people-focused, designed in terms of revitalizing existing structures, environmentally sustainable, and have realistic long-term plans for how spaces will be used. We use the Mercer Index and complement the analysis by using the data as a robustness check in the Appendix. The SWB data come from the Eurostat database. The Eurostat data are city-level aggregates from the Flash Eurobarometer Survey 419 (Quality of Life in European Cities) and the Flash Eurobarometer Survey 366 (Quality of Life in European Cities). The Flash Eurobarometer Surveys interviewed European urbanites aged 15+ on behalf of the European Commission. SWB is measured using two variables of LIFE SATISFACTION based on pedestrian accessibility (reasonably satisfied, not very satisfied or not at all satisfied with ...? ) and PLACE SATISFACTION based on urban density and un-used structures and spaces (reasonably satisfied, not very satisfied or not at all satisfied with ...?). The MERCER is a city ranking survey regarding livability or standard of living based on the Mercer Index. The Mercer Survey, also referred to as the Mercer Index, evaluates cities based on political, economic, environmental, personal safety, health, education, transportation, and other public service factors. Based on this knowledge and using an accessibility-based tool (to assess the levels of pedestrian accessibility to activities in the Metropolitan Area) and surveys from citizens, this paper presents an overview of strategies for linking urban density pedestrian existing structures and spaces to subjective well-being. Therefore, based on the data analysis and the case studies, the proposed strategies are to: Cities that can improve their pedestrian accessibility and urban density and revitalize existing structures and spaces increase public interest. (1)Minimizing building “new building and instead focus on reusing existing structures (adaptive reuse, restoration, preservations...” Makes public life the driver for urban design; (2) conserving the identity will strengthen the neighborhood and encourage its cultural diversity; (3) The wise use of resources, minimizing additional land take up, and the encouragement of moderate degrees of urban density; (4) increasing the overall quality of the urban area for society by replacing outdated older structures or un(der)used sites; (5) A relatively high-density, mixed-use city, based on an efficient public transport system and dimensions that encourage walking and cycling and higher density can help to limit automobile travel, as it may shorten travel distances to destinations and make more sustainable transport modes more viable. These strategies aim to link all social sectors such as commerce, connectivity, walkability, public green spaces, transportation, environment protection, and citizen well-being within the urban 63 environment.

­

­

­

­

­

¡ ­

¢

64

£ ¤ ¥ ¦ § ¨ ¨ © ©

¤ © ¤ ª«

­ © ¡

¬ ¬ ¬ © 𠨫 ® ¢ ©

¤ ¨

© · § ¯ ¤ ¯ ¢ ° ¯ ¢

65

Trucks, Stacey

Focusing on myself is harder than supporting others and their needs. I value emotions as part my daily process and show empathy towards others effortlessly. If I am not passionate about a project or initiative I am working on, I find it difficult to persist long-term. That said, I have had to learn to be open to change and adaption in my life when it was sometimes easier to remain stagnant. I feel like I am naturally creative and question so many things around me, especially design, form, function, and purpose. I want my environment to make sense and be orderly, which help me remain calm, and enjoy the little things in life. I am persistent in finding a better way whether it be a new layout in our home, a piece of collateral I am designing or even a mundane operational process.

66

Converting Programmatic (Left) to Design (Right) Concepts

Programmatic Concept “Process and Understanding drives Consistent Value”

Literature Review

Design Concept “Effective, Engaging, and Valuable Experiences”

Keywords

Strategies

Reference details

Strategies

Keywords

Process

Productivity

Qiuqin He, José Manuel Guaita-Martínez & Dolores Botella-Carrubi (2020) How brand equity affects firm productivity: The role of R&D and human capital

Develop brand equity and protect innovations

Process

Resolution

Andreas Unteidig, Blanca Domínguez Cobreros, Elizabeth Calderon-Lüning & Gesche Joost (2017) Digital commons, urban struggles and the role of Design

SMILES— “Spreading smiles, with care and concern”

Innovation

Pablo Marcel de Arruda Torresa (2017) Design for Socio-technical Innovation: A Proposed Model to Design the Change

Adaption to Socio-technical Innovation

Responsibility

Alice Devecchi & Luca Guerrini (2017) Empathy and Design. A new perspective

Design driven solutions

Reliability

Sandra Maria Correia Loureiro, Eduardo Moraes Sarmento & Goulwen Le Bellego | (2017) The effect of corporate brand reputation on brand attachment and brand loyalty: Automobile sector

Establish and develop emotional bonds with candidates

Trust

Gian Luca Gara & José María La Porte (2020) Processes of building trust in organizations: internal communication, management, and recruiting

Communication strategy

Purposeful

Letizia Bollini (2017) Beautiful interfaces. From user experience to user interface design

Beautiful User Interface/Experiences

Collaboration

João Bernarda, Ana M. Ferreira, Carlos Silva & Inês Queiroz (2017) Design as a process tool of collaborative and multidisciplinary learning in society

Collaborative Design Solutions

Consistency

Understanding

Consistency

Understanding

67

Testifying Applicability of Research Methods Objective

Methods

Population / Participants

Intervention

Comparison

Outcomes

Research Question

“Spreading smiles, with care and concern”

Survey or Assessment

Employees

Providing wellbeing resources

Control group

Measure the level specific mental health factors

Is the investment in wellbeing resources worth the money?

Develop brand equity

Causal-Comparative Research and Survey

Employees

Increased brand equity through targeted campaigns

Control group

Measure the levels of brand equity amongst all participates

Do targeted brand campaigns for employees increase equity in the company brand?

Design driven solutions

Observational Survey

End Users

Create design driven solutions that embody empathy

A simple solution with the same output as the intervention but without the empathetic nature

Users will gravitate towards the more thoughtfully designed, empathetic solution

Can we find tools to design the conditions of empathic experiences to happen?

Adaption to Socio-technical Innovation

Observational Survey

Designers

Application of new frameworks

Comparative case studies?

Design plays a key role supporting the creation and spread of socio-technical innovations, making them more accessible, effective and replicable.

How can designers contribute to the new working environment?

Communication strategy

Causal-Comparative Research

Candidates and Employees

Create targeted communication strategies

Control group

Increased trust, higher AES scores, and higher retention

Can strategic communication campaigns increase AES scores and reduce turnover?

Beautiful User Interface/Experiences

Survey

Random sample

A thoughtfully designed interface that is created to benefit the end-user’s productivity and ease of use

A simple straight-forward design with the same output as the intervention

Users will gravitate towards the more thoughtfully designed interface

What is the relationship between form and function and its importance in the digitally built environment?

Collaborative Design Solutions

Causal-Comparative Research and Survey

Employees

Require collaboration in a group assignment

Individuals working alone

Increased design value in the group work outcomes due to collaboration

What framework can be used to drive faster and more desired results in design?

Establish and develop emotional bonds with candidates

Questionnaire

Candidates

Create targeted brand campaigns and recruiting engagements to increase bonds with candidates

Control group

Established emotional bonds to our company as an employer of choice

Can increased engagement with candidates encourage stronger bonds and awareness of brand?

Effective ways to spread smiles, with care and concern

Case studies and employee surveys

Employee groups

Spreading smiles, with care and concern

Ways to spread them

Level of enjoyment of wellbeing resources

What is an effective way to spread smiles, with care and concern?

Develop brand equity amongst employees

Perception survey

Onboarding new associates

Increased brand equity through targeted campaigns

Week 1 vs. 6 months post arrival

Measure the levels of brand equity amongst all participates

Can employee advocates influence brand equity in the workplace?

Increase employee experience initiatives

Survey with focus on open ended answers

Employees

Create targeted communication strategies

Previous year AES scores

Increased trust, higher AES scores, and higher retention

Can focus on employee experience solutions reduce apathy and turnover?

Produce more user friendly interfaces

Usability testing

Random sample

A thoughtfully designed interface that is created to benefit the end-user’s productivity and ease of use

A simple straight-forward design with the same output as the intervention

Users will gravitate towards the more thoughtfully designed interface

What is the relationship between form and function and its importance in the digitally built environment?

Identify effective ways to spread smiles, with care and concern

Case studies and employee surveys

Employees

Introduction of mental health initiatives

Pre-initiative survey data

Difference in level of stress and enjoyment in the workplace

What factors support mental health in the workplace?

Identify impacts of employee advocacy on growth, sales, and human capital

Case study

Employees

Increased brand equity through targeted campaigns

Week 1 vs. 6 months post arrival

Level of brand equity amongst all participates

What impact can employee advocacy benefits have on the new associates?

Understanding the influence of design on employee mental health and turnover

Survey with focus on open ended answers

Employees

Create targeted communication strategies

Previous year AES scores

Difference in AES scores and turnover

What design solutions can reduce apathy and turnover in the workplace?

Understanding the influence of interface for productivity and usability

Quasi-experimental Case-study

End users for candidate experience

User-interface for VR candidate experience

Focus group data

Difference in productivity and usability

What user interface factors affect productivity and usability?

Identify effective ways to spread smiles, with care and concern

Case studies and employee surveys

Employees

Introduction of mental health initiatives

Pre-initiative survey data

Difference in level of stress and enjoyment in the workplace

What factors support mental health in the workplace?

Identify impacts of employee advocacy on growth, sales, and human capital

Case study

Employees

Increased brand equity through targeted campaigns

Week 1 vs. 6 months post arrival

Level of brand equity amongst all participates

What impact can employee advocacy benefits have on the new associates?

Understanding the influence of design on employee mental health and turnover

Survey with focus on open ended answers

Employees

Create targeted communication strategies

Previous year AES scores

Difference in AES scores and turnover

What design solutions can reduce apathy and turnover in the workplace?

68

Research Overview Time

Inputs

Outputs Activities

Current Research

Identify the strategies and design standards that may enhance the wellbeing of employees within the workplace.

Determine the effects of biophilic design on the employees and their wellbeing.

Discuss the effects of this design solution on the productivity of human capital.

Literature Review + Research Design: Evaluate/study cases to identify common strategies Identify target population for research and participants Collect data based on the reviewed case studies and precedents Identify qualitative and quantitative data from cases and precedents Interpret data and summarize the information into findings

Outcomes - Impact Participants

Confirmed references

Following Research

Short Term

Medium Term

Long Term

Study the references to identify correlation relationships between biophilic design solutions and mental wellbeing.

Explore why this design solution supports the ROI for corporations and emphasize the business case for implementation of biophilic design methods. Explore these questions: How can biophilic design support wellbeing in the workplace?

How can biophilic design contribute to increased productivity?

Continue to review long term effects or identify any unanticipated results that may come from the design strategy. Highlight the negative health aspects of the workplace to clients and continue to explore the literature review data regarding implementation of biophilic solutions through specific design strategies such as LEED, WELL, FITWEL, and Living Building Challenge.

Advocate for biophilic design solutions be universally mandated applications for all built environments.

Conduct a case study or pre/ post surveys from employees to get a much more thorough understanding of the individual effects of this design strategy.

Explore Implementation of biophilic design elements within my own workplace with available to funds and explore other obstacles

Abstract Workplace Wellbeing and Human Capital: ROI of Biophilic Design This research explores methods to enhance employee wellbeing in the workplace through specified strategies and design solutions, as well as the indirect effects on human capital. It is widely regarded that human capital has become any organization’s most important asset. As such, employee health can affect an organization both directly and indirectly through healthcare, productivity, absenteeism, presenteeism, and engagement. An increasing research base recognizes the positive benefits of biophilic design as an effective way for organizations to address wellbeing, productivity, and creativity. The idea of biophilic design incorporating natural elements—water, natural light, green plants, and exposed wood—into buildings can contribute to the health and wellbeing of occupants. Given the issue of productivity costs and the advantages of biophilic design, this study aims to emphasize the business case for biophilia as an effective strategy in reducing productivity costs caused by mental health and stress at the workplace. First, the author collected existing research to gather data on workplace wellbeing and healthy design solutions. Second, the author reviewed specific cases completed by industry leaders of design to explore the relationships between healthy design strategies and their impact on workplace wellbeing. Third, the author shares a framework for assessing health, wellbeing, and productivity for use by individual organizations. Lastly, the collected data was quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed to understand the business case for investing in wellbeing in the workplace. This study emphasizes the importance of creating a natural, calm, and inviting work environment to elicit productive, healthy, and engaged employees. Biophilic design is often regarded as a luxury for organizations that want to provide the best possible workplace design for their employees. In reality, improving workplace wellbeing through biophilia can impact productivity costs and the bottom line, making it critical for organizations to step forward and invest in human capital to keep up in today’s competitive business environment. In conclusion, the data found in this study illuminates that the most logical economic investment is an investment in human capital, employee productivity, and overall satisfaction. Even minor improvements could boost profits and the bottom line, creating measurable ROI from implementing biophilic design solutions.

KEYWORDS: Human Capital, Productivity, Presenteeism, Biophilic Design, Biophilia, Wellbeing, Workplace, ROI 69

70

• • • • • • • •

• • • • •

71

Master of Design Studies | Fay Jones School of Architecture and Design, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville SPRING SEMESTER

FALL SEMESTER FJAD 6906 Advanced Design Studio 1

FJAD 6723 Methods of Design Inquiry

FJAD 6916 Advanced Design Studio 2

FJAD 6803 Design Leadership

Vocabularies of Context Production

Sustainability 1: Analysis and Design of Resilient Systems

Cities and Public Good

Sustainability 2: Decision Making, Analysis and Synthesis in Sustainability

Hospitality Operations and Financial Analysis

Business Analytics

Meetings and Convention Management

Global Travel and Tourism Managementsis in Sustainability

Fundamental Wood Theories, Tectonics, and Environmental Response

Introduction to Marketing

Timber Design

Retail Strategy

Advanced Wood Production Processes

SUMMER SEMESTER FJAD 6926 Graduate Residency

Consumer and Market Research

Environmental Health

My students in FJAD 6723 Methods of Design Inquiry demonstrate the ability to build abstract relationships and explore and develop original ideas with their imagination. They understand the impact of design based on applied research and analysis of multiple theoretical, social, political, economic, cultural, and environmental contexts to the creation of built environments.

72