The Dynamic Highrise

THE

OVERHANGING SUBMERGED TWISTING DYNAMIC HIGHRISE SLANTING ASYMMETRIC SUBTERRANIAN UNV EILIN G THE P OTENT I ALS OF TALL BUILDING S

NO RTHE ASTE RN UNIV E RSIT Y AR CH 7130 / FALL 201 4

This publication has been prepared as a part of the 2014 Master’s Research Studio in the Northeastern University School of Architecture. All research and content in this publication was produced by tvhe “How Tall Buildings Meet the Ground” studio research team.

Published by Northeastern University School of Architecture 360 Huntington Avenue Boston, Massachusetts 02215 Copyright 2014 by Northeastern University School of Architecture All rights reserved

02

This book was created by the 2014-2015 studio “How Tall Buildings Meet The Ground”

FACULTY: Carlos Zapata Daniel Belknap

RESEARCH TEAM: Amani Almuwallid Areta Brucic Carolina Clemente Christine Cutry Huda Arshadlamphon Kevin Chung Miguel Espino Nathan Ellenberger Roaa Badwood

PREFACE

RESEARCH TEAM

03

04

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1

INTRODUCTION 1.1 Forward 1.2 Intent

2

8 10

GROUND CONDITIONS

2.1 onBuilding Case Study1 Hearst Tower Case Study 2 Vancouver Stock Exchange

2.2 onWater Case Study 3 Troll A Case Study 4 Burj Al Arab

2.3 onTerrain Case Study 5 Holmenkollen Ski Jump Case Study 6 High Cliff

2.4 overInfrastructure Case Study 7 Broadgate Exchange Case Study 8 150 N Riverside Drive

3

16

28

44

56

COMPONENTS

3.1 Components Case Studies Case Study 9 Petronas Towers Case Study 10 Shanghai Financial Case Study 11 Burj Khalifa Case Study 12 CCTV Case Study 13 Shanghai Tower

3.2 Foundations

3.3 Structure

3.4 Vertical Systems

3.5 Enclosure

86 90 96 106

4

110

LOOKING FORWARD PREFACE

74

TABLE OF CONTENTS

05

06

The thesis of this class is “How Tall Buildings Meet the Ground.� An extensive research of tall buildings has been performed, and many discoveries about tall buildings have been made. Here we wish to introduce the research that is presented within this book, and give a clear insight into what is being studied and why it is being studied.

1

INTRODUCTION 07

This book summarizes the research semester of a two semester course on High Rise design at the Graduate School of Architecture at Northeastern University.

This is the third consecutive year of high-rise research that has been explored under the direction of different faculty. The first year, led by Blake Middleton of Handel Architects and David Turturo of Bruner/Cott & Associates, focused on tall buildings in historic centers. The second year of the series, taught by Gary Haney, Aybars Asci, and Marta Nowak of Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill, explored efficiency in tall buildings by developing a system of parametric formulas.

intimate relationship between structure and MEP systems, vertical transportation systems, and enclosure systems. Zoning ordinances, building codes, and other limiting factors that tend to shape the form and restrict the expressive qualities of tall structures were also discussed at length.

One key finding relates to the identification of the basic modules that make a tall structure, punctuated by structural bracing, or sequential connections between core and external columns in the form of outriggers and belt trusses, and their convenient relationship to MEP and vertical circulation systems; but also the flexibility with which these devices (systems) can be arranged. In other words, the finding The research of these two studios has been available to our students as reference that nothing is absolute and that by taking advantage of this inherent flexibility, we material. can achieve unlimited means of expression in tall structures.

This course, the third round of the high-rise series, is a two-semester research and design course focused on the way tall structures meet the ground. Given how many of these structures are in the planning, design, and construction stages around the world and how much of an impact these large structures can have on the urban experience, this is an indispensable body of research.

Another ongoing theme of this research semester is that not all tall structures need to be designed in a “soldier” like posture. The realization that advances in technology allow for increased flexibility in the way the components of tall structures are shaped, stacked, organized, and supported, means that we need to further advance the way tall buildings are imagined. This class has chosen to explain this increase in flexibility and its potential expressive qualities as the “relaxation” of the structure, which is essential in the way this class intends to deal with the way tall structures meet the ground. This class has chosen to study tall structures the imply a sense of “contrapposto”, making an analogy to the way in which the distribution of weight in figurative Greek and Roman sculpture recognizes the way in which the human body changes (adapts) its posture to achieve a balanced weight distribution as the body rests on a surface or ground.

There are many definitions of ground. It could be considered the plane at which the building is entered by the users, but it also may be an elevated plane, the top of a building, an underground point of access, or the surface of a body of water. In order to develop a more strategic understanding of how to deal with the ground before starting the design of their own projects, students have analyzed a group of tall structures that meet the ground in a range of challenging conditions, dealing with geographical restrictions, large scale transportation infrastructure, under water conditions, and sites occupied by existing landmark structures. They have con- The final phase of this semester requires each student to identify a particular ducted a focused analysis on what it takes to build tall structures in these uncon- ground condition and strategy, select a site and propose a program that will guide ventional conditions and have catalogued their findings. them to explore potential ways of grounding a tall structure. These proposals are included at the end of this research book. It will be interesting to follow how these In addition to studying unconventional sites, it was necessary to analyze the more initial ideas take shape during the Spring semester. universal principles and systems necessary in high-rise design and construction.

The primary tactic for understanding how the necessary systems in tall buildings Carlos Zapata affect street level architecture is an extensive range of case studies, only a fraction Dan Belknap of which were ultimately formatted and included in the final publication. This included understanding the structural characteristics that differentiate tall vertical structures from horizontal structures, as well as the inherent structural differences between low-rise and mid-rise structures. Another key aspect of our research is the 08

INTRODUCTION

FOREWORD

1.1 F O R E W O R D

INTRODUCTION

FOREWORD

09

10

INTRODUCTION

INTENT

Tall buildings are the eidetic image of modern cities throughout the world. They form the skyline when viewed from afar and influence the character from within.

Through their relatively short history within the urban context - spanning little more than a century - a transformation has taken place regarding their connection to the ground plane and the interrelationships between the assemblage of components. In the early years, a tall building resembled the stiff, monumental nature of Egyptian sculpture due to its structural composition and the technological limitations that restricted form. As skyscrapers matured even further and improvements to building practices accelerated, the structural form began to deviate from the soldier-like figure into more fluid opportunities. Much like the techniques in sculpture developed from the Egyptians to the Greeks, a similar analysis can be used to describe the same phenomena in the tall-building. Greek sculptural practice, while still monumental, emanated a more dynamic and relaxed subject. This came to be known as Contrapposto; Italian for counter-pose. We have analyzed this relationship of sculptural practice to the human body and have analogously applied the high-rise studio to the human body. With this overarching theme, we have sought to reverse-engineer a tall building’s composition in order to understand both its rationale and how each component relates to its respective conditions. For here, we have divided our research into two main sections: Conditions and Components. Within each we have established subcategories that allow us to further explore their complex interrelationships. These case studies provide unique insights into the continuously changing world of the high-rise. Through careful study, the information uncovered in our research will serve to inform our choices moving forward.

1.2 I N T E N T

INTRODUCTION

INTENT

11

CONTRAPPOSTO

12

INTRODUCTION

CONTRAPPOSTO

INTRODUCTION

CONTRAPPOSTO

13

14

Ground conditions primarily studies how the tall building meets the ground and establishes its relationship to the respective context. Within conditions there are four subdivisions: onBuilding, onWater, onTerrain and overInfrastructure. These are just a handful of broad characterizations for the ground plane that are dealt within the construction of a high rise building. Each case study does not necessarily reflect one condition completely and several themes have been seen to overlap.

2

GROUND CONDITIONS 15

onBuilding is concerned with how the introduction of an addition or new structure reacts to an existing landmark. “Does it touch the ground or rest on another building?” and “what is the final relationship achieved?” are some of the basic questions this research sought to uncover. onBuilding relates to the interaction of a new structure’s interaction with an existing building. Does it sit on top, wrap around, or rise over from an adjacent site?

2.1

ON

BUILDING

BUILDING ON TOP OF EXISTING BUILDINGS

GROUND CONDITIONS

ON BUILDING

17

ON

BUILDING TIMELINE

1961-64, 1992 The Reichstag cc. 1616

The Reichstag Building lived

Old London Bridge

through many eras of Berlin’s

The Old London Bridge began as a

history. After the fall of the

traditional bridge but gained buildings

Berlin Wall, the Reichstag

running along the length of it. Over years

Renovation was granted

the bridge was burnt and destroyed and

to Foster + Partners. The

such rebuilt to its formation today.

building was gutted aside from structural walls due to effects of the years of war. The graffiti and some damages were left on the walls of the original Reichstag for historical purposes.

1345

1928, 2003-06

Ponte Vecchio

Hearst Tower

Medieval stone closed-spandrels seg-

Original building designed in 1928 by

mental arch bridge over the Arno River,

Joseph Urban. Due to the Great Depres-

in Florence, Italy. The bridge consists of

sion, construction stopped and the tower

three arches with the top of the bridge

was not built. Foster + Partners designed

being a hub for merchants and shops to

and constructed a new tower by leaving

display goods.

the facade of the original structure and building a new tower.

18

ON BUILDING

TIMELINE

2000+ New York City Houses on Top of High-Rises Dubbed the ski chalet by Scouting NY located between 77th and 78th Street, in the middle of the block between Broadway and Amsterdam. Structures have been popping up around New York City to bring the suburbs to the city.

2006-2014 Harvard Art Museum Expansion Harvard University’s three art museums – the Fogg, the Busch-Reisinger and the Arthur M. Sackler – are being consolidated into one reorganized and upgraded facility, Harvard Art Museums.

A new glazed rooftop structure bridges the old and the new. The rooftop addition, designed with sensitivity to surrounding historic structures, will allow controlled natural light into the conservation lab, study centers, and galleries, as well as the courtyard below.

ON BUILDING

TIMELINE

19

HEARST TOWER CASE STUDY 1

ARCHITECT: LOCATION: COMPLETED: HEIGHT: FLOOR COUNT:

20

Norman Foster New York City, New York 2006 597 ft/182m Height: 597’ (182 m)

Structurally the Hearst Tower provides insight into deviations from the traditional perimeter frame. It is a relatively light structure weighting in at 9,500 metric tons; twenty percent less than a conventional steel tower of similar dimensions. The new tower’s structural foundation is also unique because of the new systems interacting with the original as well as the bedrock conditions. In order to have this new tower rise above a landmark, (21) socketed caissons that extend 30 feet in length were implements and etched into the bedrock.

Dept is a variable depending on portion of the site, ranging from 20-45 feet below grade. To address the structural stability of the original building shell, the existing wall had to be braced while preserving the openness of the iconic lobby. The lobby atrium occupies the entirety of the original building and transfers the floor area that would have been on the remodeled floor into the tower. This not only addressed specific zoning regulations but it effectively created an unique case study where a historic existing building in its entirety became the base and entry to a modern intervention. The Hearst Tower is built upon an existing six story building that was constructed in 1928. The original ON BUILDING

HEARST TOWER

intention was to construct a high rise that would extend above the art-deco, cast stone facade structure, but was initially put on hold because of the Great Depression. However, the groundwork for the idea of a skyscraper was laid long before Norman Foster designed the structure seen today.

Around 80 years alter, the interior of the historic building was gutted and a new 44 story high rise took place in the Manhattan skyline. This cause study showcases the concept of a modern invention in a historic context and is also notable for its sustainable features being the first “green” office tower in New York City.

Location Map

Below: An axon view of the existing structure in which the Hearst Tower was built on top of. While the inside of the building was completely demolished, the existing structure and facade was preserved for use with the new tower.

Bottom Right: A plan the ground/ floor. Here the new core and columns can be seen in interaction with the existing outer shell. All are poched in black.

The large columns allow for an open floor plan on this level, and provides the opportunity for the new tower to be lifted above the existing structure.

Ground Level Floor Plan Poche (in black) : Outer structure from existing building, mega columns of new tower and thick concrete walls of tower’s core.

ON BUILDING

HEARST TOWER

21

1 Existing Shell

2 Foundation

3 Inner Structure

4 Outer Structure

The existing building was gutted to allow for the new tall tower to be constructed on top. The only part of the existing building to remain was the facade and exterior structure as well as part of the existing building’s foundation.

Mega columns were built inside of the skeleton of the existing structure, extending from the ground to where the first floor of the tower will start. Large diagonal columns were also constructed for additional support and to allow for the large multi-story entrance and lobby.

The first floor of the tower was built directly on top of the mega-columns, which are the tower’s main support. The tower’s core, constructed of concrete, sits on top of this floor. The columns below completely support the core.

Finally, the tower’s floors and shell are built around the core. Like the core, the entire structure of the tower rests on the mega columns and diagonal columns below, which then transfer the weight into the foundations below.

22

ON BUILDING

HEARST TOWER

An exploded section axon of the lower half of the building shows the relationship between the existing building and new columns which support the tower above. As shown, the columns extend to the ground withing the existing structure.

Taking away the existing facade, it can be see that the tower could stand on its own. The existing structure that is remaining just acts as the building’s enclosure on the lower section.

A section of the lower portion of the building, where the tower interacts with the existing as well as the ground plane.

ON BUILDING

HEARST TOWER

23

STOCK EXCHANGE CASE STUDY 2

ARCHITECT: LOCATION: COMPLETED: HEIGHT: FLOOR COUNT:

24

Harry Gugger Studios Vancouver, Canada Original: 1902’s; New: 2016 382’ft (113m) 31

The new Exchange was designed to play off of the strengths and qualities of the existing building on Howe Street. The historic Stock Exchange of Vancouver was opened in 1929, a year after the Hearst Building. The Edwardian-style structure is 11 stories high and complements the new 31 story tower rather than clashing with it perpetually. The facade and lobby of the original structure are retained with an unique addition in the form of the re-creation of the original trading floor from archived plans. Once these components were completed, the building was designated with landmark status to preserve its character. The tower rises from an adjacent site once occupied by a two story structure and transitions over the top of the original stock exchange building. The new tower had to adhere to urban space restrictions and height limitations to preserve view corridors. This posed challenges to the design in addition to maintaining a positive relationship with the existing structure.

The steel and glass of the new tower was paired with the brick and concrete 1929 building in what would seem like an unresolvable relationship.

However, neither one dominates the other in overall composition. To contrast with a building such as ON BUILDING

STOCK EXCHANGE

the Hearst Tower where the original building was emptied, the floor area of the Exchange’s existing structure is integrated into the new tower. While the Stock Exchange is not strictly for office space, it includes a mixture of ground level retail in an effort to boost the vibrancy of downtown Vancouver. The tower is to be completed in 2017. This building serves as a case study for the adaptive re-use of an existing landmark to improve the performance of a new intervention.

Location Map

Original Vancouver Stock Exchange building; the proposal for the extension will site directly on top of this structure.

Ground Level Floor Plan Left: (in white) New tower. Right (in gray) Existing building.

STOCK EXCHANGE`

25

1 Existing

2 Foundation

3 Structure

4 Enclosure

The existing Stock Exchange will be kept completely in tact, protected during construction. The new tower will not intervene with the existing building, but rather sit on top of it.

The new tower will not have a foundation of it’s own, but rather use the existing structure as a foundation. It will touch down to its ‘ground plane” in two locations, one on the roof of the existing building and one on the adjacent site.

Large columns are the main support of the new Exchange tower.

They extrude from the two points which are being considered the foundation of the tower (on the existing building).

A conservative approach was taken for the enclosure of the building so that there was nothing taken away from the facade of the existing building. The new tower is set back from the building below as to make as little intervention as possible.

26

ON BUILDING

STOCK EXCHANGE

Axon perspective of how the new Exchange tower will sit on top of the existing building. There will be no intervention with the existing building as the structure of the tower will sit on top.

Section of the Exchange, showing the interaction of the existing building (lower right) with the new tower (upper left).

ON BUILDING

STOCK EXCHANGE

27

28

onWater offers an insight into one of the most unique relationships a building can have with its ‘ground plane’. Whether this conditions is harnessed by working with the solid earth beneath the water or is a manmade ground pane needed prior to construction is an imperative to the overall character of the project.

Water has very atypical site conditions. The building’s ground-place will be exposed to the forces associated with water. Protecting and mitigating the ground plans from erosion will also effect the overall composition of the site. onWater must focus on how a highrise interacts with its “ground plane”. What constitutes the ground plane?

2.2

ON

WATER

C R EATING FO UNDATIO NS ON WATE R

GROUND CONDITIONS

ON WATER

29

ON

WATER TIMELINE

7989 BC

312

Raft

Roman Aqueduct

1836

First man-made structure

First Roman Aqueduct to

on water

supply water to Roman

Boston Boston’s first landfill project

1852 Seattle Houseboat Typology started by fisherman

cities.

3000 BC

500

Mesopotamia

Venice

First dam built

Foundations of Venice, Italy (city built on water through a series of tree chunks)

1914 1776 Submarine The first military submarine designed by David Bushnell to accommodate a single man

30

ON WATER

TIMELINE

Panama Canal Construction of the Panama Canal bridges the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through a series of locks.

1936

2000

2001

Fallingwater

Osaka Maritime Museum

Amsterdam

Frank Lloyd Wright’s

Designed by Paul Andreu, it’s

Floating houses, designed by

building with water is

access is underwater and is

Marlies Rohmer, are a series of

no longer a necessity,

tied to the shore by structural

75 floating townhouses

rather a commodity

cables (Floating Museum)

Future Millennium Tower 1989

1999

Millennium Tower

Burj Al Arab

Commissioned by the

Designed by Tom Wright, is

Japanese government to

a man-made island housing

Foster + Partners. Mega

a luxury hotel off of Dubai’s

project proposes building

coast.

As technology advances and sea levels rise, architecture, landscape and urbanism will have to adapt to these future changes. Buildings will become more affordable, sustainable and inherent to

2km off of the coast.

coastal cities.

ON WATER

TIMELINE

31

TROLL A CASE STUDY 3

ARCHITECT: LOCATION: COMPLETED: HEIGHT:

32

Acker Storig, Norwegian Contractors Norway 1996 1549’ (472 m)

Troll A is a platform used for the extraction of gas and oil in the North Sea off the Western coast of Norway It is known as the “skyscraper at sea”.

When compared to the Empire State Building which weights in at 350,000 tons with a height of 1,250 feet, Troll A weighs 683,000 tons with a height of 1,592 feet. Similar to icebergs, the bulk of these structures are hidden below the surface of the water. In general there are over 27,000 oil platforms in US waters, out of which around 25,000 are abandoned. Adaptively re-using these structures is an idea that is worthy of exploration, especially given the potential both above and below the water.

Over the course of their use, underwater habitats form around the supports, giving life to a brand new flourishing ecosystem. After the platforms are decommissioned it would do more harm to dismantle them rather then to abandon them. Since there is already both a very stable foundation system in place and a myriad of abandoned oil rights, the potential for their re-imagining is promising. Troll A, like many other platforms, was constructed on land and brought out to the site of an underwater oil field. In this case, the formwork and six feet thick concrete walls of the legs are poured while being surrounded by the vacuum barrel foundations.

These vacuum barrels are also called skirt suction ON WATER

TROLL A

foundations because they are composed of cylindrical concrete drums that are embedded into the sea floor and anchored through a process of hydrostatic pressure. When the mid point of the concrete legs are reached, a concrete belt is cast around them for stability and the structure is prepped for transport. The legs are towed from the temporary dry-dock to a fjord where they are then moved into deeper waters. A prefabricated platform the size of three football fields is then placed on top and welded to the legs. Once this happens the barrels are flooded and the process of the foundation systems takes over. When in place, the legs act as the structure, enclosure, and vertical circulation just like a high rise building. The concrete cylindrical legs contain import and export risers for the oil.

Location Map

From the surface Troll A seems like a smaller structure. But in reality the height of the structure is quite substantial. Seen in the diagram to the left, Troll A can be compared in height to the empire state building.

While from the surface it seems like a mid-rise building, the fact is that Troll A is a skyscraper underneath the water.

ON WATER

TROLL A

33

34

1 Foundation

2 Lower Legs

3 Bracing

4 Upper Legs

Foundation construction inland.

Each leg uses a group of six 40 meters (130 ft) tall vacuum-anchors holding it fixed in the mud of the sea floor.

The walls of Troll A’s legs are over 1 meter thick made of steel reinforced concrete formed in one continuous pour.

The four legs are joined by a “Chord shortener”, a reinforced concrete box interconnecting the legs. It has the function of damping out unwanted potentially destructive wave-leg resonances by retuning the leg natural frequencies.

Additional stability (lateral) and gravity loads reinforced by a midpoint bracing.

ON WATER

TROLL A

5 Moving off Land

6 Moving to Sea

7 Platform

8 Submerged

After 4 legs are completely formed and dried, the structure is towed to a fjord, a deep water formation with low wave frequency.

The structure continues to be towed further out into the ocean and away from land.

The Platform (modular construction at a nearby dock) is attached and welded to the legs.

Finally, the entire structure is submerged under water, dropped further and further into it reaches the ground floor of the ocean.

ON WATER

TROLL A

35

The concrete cylindrical legs contain pumps that move raw oil for processing upwards towards the detachable platform. Through these legs workers, machinery, and systems are transported throughout - a nine minute travel distance from the bedrock level above the anchors to the very top at the first level of the platform above sea level. These do not house ordinary pulley elevators - they are lifted by a mechanical truss system due to pressure stress and its extraordinary distance.

Re

mo

vab

le m

od

ula

rp

la t

fo r

m

Envelope: 1m thick poured concrete walls High Rise Concrete chord shortener.

Similar to a high rise belt with outrigger trusses; dampens wave frequencies.

Low high rise

Track elevators.

High mid rise

Vacuum anchors at bedrock sink the entire structure.

Low mid rise

Foundation

36

ON WATER

TROLL A

Helicopter commute from land to Troll A is the only way for workers to access the platform as intense waves and the platform’s relative height sea level make ship access problematic.

Food, supplies and fresh water are brought to the platform by vessels on a routine basis.

The offshore industry, motivated by resource extraction at sea, challenges the traditional concept of ground condition. Where is the ground? It is at the bedrock level where electricity is fed into the legs by submarine 40 mile long wires from land to power the platform? Or is the ground condition the first habitable space above the bedrock, being the bottom of the cylindrical legs which actually house program? During rough seasons, Shell sponsors concerts to their workers here, 1200 feet below sea level. Perhaps the ground condition is in fact the helipad, the first moment of human interaction with the platform. This is the only pragmatic way to get people to and from these structures, as ships are below platform level and problematic due to heavy wave frequencies (making it impossible to dock).

Whether it be the umbilical chord to land (72kV chords at 350m of ocean depth), the aerospace entry, or the habitable spaces inside of the mega structure, Troll A provides a myriad of entry condition. It has proven to be a distinct case study in our research, and open discussion on the conditions necessary for high rise construction. Building on water is no such a far-off idea as it has been achieved in such extreme settings as the Baltic Sea.

Platform is entirely powered electrically from land. It pumps raw oil back to land to a processing in Kollsnes west Bergin.

Reservoir located 1500m sub sea in shallow marine sandstones from Fensfjord.

ON WATER

TROLL A

37

BURJ AL ARAB CASE STUDY 4

ARCHITECT: LOCATION: COMPLETED: HEIGHT: FLOOR COUNT:

38

Tom Wright Dubai, UAE 1999 1056’ (322m) 60

The Burj al-Arab is a five star luxury hotel location off the coast of Dubai and connected by a private bridge. The building sits on an artificially constructed island .2 miles off shore in the Arabian Gulf. The foundation of the building was an enormous undertaking in order to create suitable ground for a high rise in an area completely surrounded by 25 feet deep water. This portion of the project took over three years to construct. A stand alone structure located on water subjects itself to the forces of nature to a much higher degree.

Waves, wind and sun exposure were magnified by the vulnerable characteristics of the constructed site. The island itself is a 500 foot wide prism comprised of 70,000 cubic meters of concrete that rises 23 feet above sea level with piled foundations embedded deep into the sand to increase friction for stabilization. The concept to a fully constructed site on water and the characteristics brought with it have provided a uniquely extreme case for exploration. The tower was designed to resist winds of over 100 mph and this can be attributed both literally and figuratively to its shape. Its profile plays homage to the nautical culture of Dubai by imitating the shape of a dhow sail. The arrangement of ON WATER

BURJ AL ARAB

the Burj al-Arab is a “V” shaped plan with three cores, one at each point. These cores contain all of the services including elevators and egress. The structure of the ‘V’ also assists in bracing against the wind conditions by including tensile, tubular steel trusses that from the outer sides. Each truss is the size of an airbus’s fuselage. In addition to the potentially extreme wind conditions, corrosion from the salty sea was a particular concern that had to be addressed in the material choices as a fact of building on a site bounded by water. To protect the island from erosion, a perimeter of concrete blocks with voids resembling a honeycomb shape were installed allowing the edge to act as a sponge to mitigate the ebbs and flows of water The tower also opens itself up to full sun exposure, which given Dubai’s location in a area of extreme temperate fluctuation had to be considered with shading and cooling strategies.

Location Map

Top Left: Foundation of the man made island.

Bottom Left: Picture of land and during construction.

Bottom Right: Axon showing the foundation interacting with the water.

ON WATER

AURJ AL ARAB

39

1 Foundation

2 Base

3 Structure

4 Enclosure

Concrete piles are poured and tied by a temporary frame. There are 250 piles, each 45m long and 1.5 diameter thickness. The piles work in friction with the sand.

The sand is poured and a 9m high basement is built. Steep rough rocks are placed at the edge of the island.

Steel exoskeleton is wrapped around a reinforced concrete tower. 12 Individually tensioned two layer membrane panels form the north facing facade.

White translucent teflon coating glass fiber is used as the facade in two layers, each being 52mm thick.

40

ON WATER

BURJ AL ARAB

Longitudinal section showing the relationship of the built out foundation of the Burj Al Arab in comparison to the shore land to the right. The bridge connects the two together. The Burj sits on a built up land, dug out from the sea sand below.

A section depicting the foundations of the building, which are embedded deep into the sand of the sea floor. The new ground sits on top of the sea floor.

ON WATER

BURJ AL ARAB

41

Temporary basin built for excavation and concrete pouring. Piles are driven and tied to the temporary basin walls.

42

ON WATER

BURJ AL ARAB

Perimeter of island layered with concrete sponge -like blocks to prevent erosion. A total of 150 piles are driven into the ground to facilitate friction with the underlying and sand substrates.

A basement that is nine meters in height is constructed and is flush with the top level of the island.

Foundation is completed and the construction of the superstructure is able to commence.

ON WATER

BURJ AL ARAB

43

44

onTerrain explores how extreme topographical features reflect the character of a high-rise. How the building navigates the site’s grade can determine the types of systems and structures needed for successful relationship to occur. A high rise’s interaction with the ground plane can be manipulated with site specific features of topography.

The entry point can be placed at the top, middle, or bottom of the structure as opposed to the typical conditions.

A site’s grade will also influence the structural systems that are utilized and the overall character of the building. onTopography allows the high rise to directly interact with more surface area on the x, y and z planes of a site. How does the building sit on the landscape?

2.3

ON

TERRAIN

BUI LDING O N EXTREME TO PO G RAP HY

GROUND CONDITIONS

ON TERRAIN

45

ON

TOPOGRAPHY TIMELINE

Fortress Wall

Kotor The coastal town of Kotor is a UNESCO world heritage

The wall of the fortress is

site. Undoubtedly, it served the designation because of

free-standing until it tucks naturally

the majestic rugged mountains towering all around it

into the mountain. Cut from the

with a ribbon of blue water that somehow finds its way

surrounding rock and masterfully

from the ocean to the edge of the city

built, it looks like it has been here since the beginning of time–like it is part of the mountain.

St. John’s Fortress Another famous landmark of the city is the St. John’s Fortress that towers overhead carved into and at other places jutting out of the mountain.

This Kotor fortress is a prominent feature of the present landscape and the story of Montenegro through history.

46

ON TERRAIN

TIMELINE

Bonifacio Bonifacio has two prehistoric sites of some importance: the ancient cave shelter of Araguina-Sennola near the village of Capello on Route N96 just north of the city and a chambered tomb of Vasculacciu further north near Figari. The first is the site of the notable Lady of Bonifacio, a female burial carbon-dated to about 6570 BC, which is either late Mesolithic or Early Neolithic, and the second belongs to the Megalithic Culture and is dated to the Middle Neolithic. The alignment of the two and the extensive use of chert from Monte Arci in Sardinia shows that the Bay of Bonifacio was a route to inland Corsica from the earliest times.

ON TERRAIN

TIMELINE

47

HOLMENKOLLEN SKI JUMP

CASE STUDY 5

ARCHITECT: LOCATION: COMPLETED: HEIGHT:

48

Julien de Smedt Olso, Norway 1892 197 ft (60m)

Among the oldest structures studied, the Holmenkollen Ski Jump was originally opened in 1892 and has undergone several renovations since.

In the early stages, its incline and degree were solely dependent on the topography of the site.

While the most recent iteration still depends on the knoll which is rests, it is supplemented by a structure with in-set spread footings that increase the overall run. The section of the run that follows the hill-side rises 190 feet and the newly added tower supplements the height with a cantilever of 226 feet. What makes the Ski Jump unique is that it was the first to posses permanent wind protection with a double skin facade on each side cladded in GKD Sambesi PC metal fabric. Given the allowable speed granted by the terrain and cantilever, it was necessary to provide a vehicle for wind protection along the in-run. The shell etched into the bottom of the knoll required the excavation of 8,000 cubic meters of material in order to increase the bowl and widen the area to accommodate the grand stands and tower within the landscape. The shell partially rests upon the old knoll structure, working with both the topography and an existing built condition.

Overall, the entire character and structural makeup ON TERRAIN

SKI JUMP

of the ski jump are inherently dependent on topo graphical conditions regardless of the systems used to establish the relationships. Even though the Holmenkollen Ski Jump is not a high rise in the typical sense, many parallels can be drawn to other case studies by means of structure, enclosure, dynamic force strategies and an acknowledgment of existing ground conditions. Taking away the topography around the ski slope, the structure can be analyzed in two components. The first is the bowl at ground level, and the second is the lightweight metal truss tower which reaches into the sky. The bow was constructed into the topography of the site, and the tower was designed to tilt into the air, using the site’s topography to its advantage.

To the bottom right is a diagram series of how the metal tower portion of the structure interacts with the topography and ground plane. A thick structural shaft backs the tower, reaching down into the ground acting as the tower’s main foundation. A knoll made of concrete supports the points of the slope that touch the ground. Finally, a series of bending trusses allow for the leaning shape and structure of the tower.

Location Map

Site Plan

ON TERRAIN

SKI JUMP

49

1 Topography

2 Foundation

3 Structure

4 Enclosure

The existing topography of the site is extreme, a natural mountain with cold and wet weather conditions.

The bottom of the structure consists of a bowl, which houses seating as well as the end/pit of the ski jump. It was constructed by the exvacation of the ground. The structure of the bowl is thick concrete, poured in a curved shape.

The tower and actual jump of the structure is constructed out of lightweight metal. A truss system was used to allow for the curving form seen.

To protect the structure and its occupants from the extreme weather conditions, the tower was given an enclosure. It is a double skin facade which protects mostly from extreme wind conditions.

50

ON TERRAIN

SKI JUMP

Right: Detailed axon of the main structural components interacting with the ground and sloped conditions. A large shaft acts as the spine of the building, allowing for the tower portion to reach into the air. The knoll at the bottom of the shaft acts as a large foundation for the structure.

Further down the structure are columns attached to a metal plate, which support the curved part of the structure.

Bottom: A complete section of the structure, showing the truss tower and bowl below. Here the extreme topographic changes between the top of the tower and the bottom of the bowl can be seen.

The large shaft, knoll and smaller columns all together allow the structure to take the curved and leaning form that can be seen.

ON TERRAIN

SKI JUMP

51

HIGHCLIFF TOWER CASE STUDY 6

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52

DLN Architects & Engineers Hong Kong, China 2012 2003 828 ft (252m)

Highcliff Tower is built on a hillside overlooking the Happy Valley of Hong Kong. At the time of its construction it was considered the tallest purely residential building in the world. With its prominent placements it offers unobstructed views of its surroundings. The higher floors provide views of the South China Sea and outer lying islands to the South. Its slenderness has made the tower an icon in addition to the neighboring slender tower names the Summit. These two tall and thing structures together are known as “the chopsticks�. With a slenderness ration of 1:20 and prominent placements on the hillside, the design was opened up to challenges that make it an unique case study. The height and wind load proved to be the starkest concern, especially in a residential only tower where the building movement could prove unsettling.

These two design issues influenced everything from the facade to the systems utilized to counter the effects of the site. Hong Kong is prone to typhoon conditions and during these conditions a building can sway at a ration of 1:500 which is one foot laterally for every 500 feet of height. This problem is commonly found in office towers, but typically floor plates are larger and they can be ON TERRAIN

HIGH CLIFF

unoccupied during bad weather conditions. The opposite of both are true in the case of Highcliff, and its prominent point on the hillside only further exposes it to these conditions. Without any supporting systems, the cycle of a sway could last up to nine seconds. To avoid creating a system with massive columns to address this issue, damper tank system that was both passive and maintenance free was implemented. This system features water tanks in layers and compartments organized in a grid form with strategically placed openings allowing the flow of water to automatically counter the wind load. The movement rate with this system was reduced from nine seconds of discomfort to a manageable 4.7 seconds.

Taken out of its context with the surrounding topography, the Highcliff can be seen as a typical high rise building. How it interacts with the unique ground condition and site conditions is what makes it an unique building and an important case study. The site which Highcliff sits on is one that suffers from extreme weather conditions, specifically high winds. To counteract this problem, Highciff was given an extremely small floor plate, which can be seen in the plan of the tower to the right. The floors which are embedded into the topography are given a larger floor area, as they are protected from external elements by the ground.

Location Map

Typical Tower Floor Plan

ON TERRAIN

HIGH CLIFF

53

1 Topography

2 Foundation

3 Structure

4 Enclosure

The site of the tower is in between two mountain ranges. The topography creates challenges for the foundation and ground levels of the construction of a building.

Large areas of ground is dug away to allow for the construction of the tower. A mat foundation is constructed flat on the ground, while a large retaining wall is created on the backside of the foundation, keeping ground from falling into the site and future building.

The bottom six stories of the tower are underground. The building is constructed of concrete floor slabs, which allow for the tower’s extremely narrow and thin form.

The tower’s enclosure consists of a simple glass system. The topography allows for only one side of the building’s ground level to be accessed and exposed to the surrounding site.

54

ON TERRAIN

HIGH CLIFF

An enlarged axon view of the building’s structure and how it sits in the topography of the site. The lower portion of the building is supported by large columns, while the tower has a small enough floor plate that it can be supported by concrete slabs.

A section of the building, showing the grade change from the front of the building to the rear. The thick mat foundation and retaining wall can also be seen ON TERRAIN

HIGH CLIFF

55

56

overInfrastructure deals with a tall building’s interaction with railroads, highways, and other circulatory aspects of the urban context. The established ground planes between modes of transport and pedestrians are among the themes analyzed in this section. overInfrastructure considers a high rise’s relationship with different modes of transit. How does the building negotiate the flow of present infrastructure? Is there more than one ground plane to consider?

2.4

OV ER

INFRASTRUCTURE

BUI LDING OVER RAILWAYS

GROUND CONDITIONS

OVER INFRASTRUCTURE

57

OVER

INFRASTRUCTURE TIMELINE

1908 William Wilgus is the first person to suggest that property owners could sell the rights to develop the space above their lots, coined the phrase “taking wealth from the air.”

1913

1908

1970

Grand Central Station

Infrastructure

Lower Manhattan Expressway

The first large-scale construction over

Term infrastructure is coined with the

Proposal by Paul Rudolph places

infrastructure, which was also the first

meaning “The installations that form the

sloping stacks of apartments over a

air rights development was Grand Central

basis for any operation or system.”

giant transportation artery.

Station in New York City.

58

OVER INFRASTRUCTURE

TIMELINE

1976

2014

George Washington Bridge

Fenway Center

Reyner Banham proposes the idea of

Planned on a 99-year air rights lease

using the George Washington Bridge

over the Massachusetts Turnpike

as a framework for the development

in Boston

of the space that is around and above

1990 Broadgate Complex Sets the trend in UK for constructing over the railways to alleviate density of London

OVER INFRASTRUCTURE

TIMELINE

59

BROADGATE EXCHANGE CASE STUDY 7

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60

Skidmore, Owings and Merrill London, UK 1990 197 ft (60m) 10

The Exchange House is part of a 32 acre urban center of 17 buildings. The complex has been in development since the late Eighties. The building is built over the railway tracks that go into the Liverpool Street Station in what is considered air-rights development. In 1994 the city of London amended its zoning code specifically in order to quire the complex from neighboring Hackney. As London is considered among the densest cities in the world, the development of the space over railway tracks was considered to be advantageous in nature. A 2.5 meter concrete and steel framed raft was also constructed above the space over the remainder of the site’s railway, which would be prime for future development. The raft rests on piers with piled foundations and provides an amalgamation of public squares and piazzas, pedestrian streets and concourses. The Exchange House spans 256 feet over the tracks to create a building-bridge hybrid that allowed the tracks to operate normally underneath even during the time of construction. Four parabolic arches distribute the weight of the 10 story building and openly express the architectural character on the facade. The bearing points for this building were predetermined due to the track OVER INFRASTRUCTURE

BROADGATE EXCHANGE

arrangement, but that did not necessarily reflect a limitation. The infrastructure was embraced to formulate the arrangement and character of both the building and the site. The Exchange House prepared for future development with the construction of the raft. With it came an extended ground plane from the street through the underside of the building to the plaza for public use. The Exchange House negotiated different scales of traffic and access by being both elevated over the tracks and lifted an additional level off of the street. This allowed the existing infrastructure to routinely function below the raft and pedestrian traffic from the street to the public plaza to occur above the raft.

Picture of Broadgate Exchange during construction. The existing rail tracks can be seen below. Here it is shown how construction could take place without interruption of the tracks below. The raft allows for this.

Location Map

Site Plan A site plan of the urban center where the Broadgate Exchange house is located. The relationship between the existing rail tracks and the exchange house can be seen, as well as the public square in front of the building.

OVER INFRASTRUCTURE

BROADGATE EXCHANGE

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62

1 Existing Tracks

2 Foundation

3 Raft

Existing series of regional rail tracks running into Liverpool Street Station.

Piles and piers located in existing spaces between track lines. No disruption to rail travel resulted from their construction.

Two and a half meter concrete and steel raft built to span 256 feet over the rail tracks. No extra supports could be added between without adjusting tracks.

OVER INFRASTRUCTURE

BROADGATE EXCHANGE

4 Arches

5 Structure

6 Raft Extension

Since no additional supports were able to be constructed, four parabolic arches were used to act as the primary structure of the building.

A supporting structural “cage” surrounds the perimeter of the building to stabilize the parabolic arches. The north and south arches are the dominant feature of the building’s facade.

Ten years after completion of the original raft and building, the raft is extended to form a public plaza over the entirety of the tracks leading into Liverpool Street Station.

This area is now utilized as a public space.

OVER INFRASTRUCTURE

BROADGATE EXCHANGE

63

Pull away axon to show the relationship of the building to the raft where the roadway is located and tracks below.

The large scale of the raft and piers can be seen.

64

OVER INFRASTRUCTURE

BROADGATE EXCHANGE

An axon showing the building’s structure without the raft or tracks below. Four large structural arches support the building and allow loads to be transferred down into the piers and building’s foundation.

Section of the Exchange, showing the relationship of the building to the tracks below, as well as the piers and foundation in section.

OVER INFRASTRUCTURE

BROADGATE EXCHANGE

65

150 NORTH RIVERSIDE CASE STUDY 8

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Goettsch Partners Chicago, IL 2017 747 ft (228m) 53

150 North Riverside is a Class A, 53 story tower in Chicago. The site is situated on a strip of land sandwiched between railroad tracks and the Chicago River. This project is air rights development where a contract had to be negotiated with Amtrak in order to proceed. The waterfront site falls within Chicago’s downtown mixed-use development district zone giving it enormous potential to create a significant space. A lease of 99 years was negotiated, but with several conditions that included the redevelopment of the riverfront for the public’s benefit. The infrastructural improvements called for the reconstruction of the river wall, a 30-45 foot public river walk and upgraded traffic/pedestrian signals in the surrounding area. From this a 1.5 acre park and plaza was created adjacent to the building. With 75% of the site set aside for public green space, the tower was situated on a tight core plan in the northeastern corner of the site. A raft spans over the railroad tracks essentially enclosing them and allowing the use of a new ground plane.

OVER INFRASTRUCTURE

N. RIVERSIDE

The design was envisioned as Transit-Oriented Development (TOD), which plays off of its strategic placement within the infrastructure. It is located near multiple “El” stops, expressways and water taxi stops and provides parking accommodation for only 80 vehicles. The idea of TOD essentially discourages car travel and promotes the use of mass transit. While the area is seemingly connected to different modes of infrastructure, the design creates a separation from the railway that runs through the site. Diesel fumes are vented away from the existing residential building on the opposite side of the tracks in addition to being directed away from the park. This enclosure of the railway also reduces noise pollution by 80% allowing the different uses in the general vicinity to quietly coexist. The constraints of the site provided that the tower’s footprint prove efficient while not exceeding a maximum width of 40 feet. The superstructure rests on a 150 ft x 40 ft mat that is ten feet deep and supported by caissons. The tight footprint is what generates the character of the upper portion of the tower. The shape of the tower is the product of two requirements: efficient floor plates and the site constraints. The first typical office floor is at the 8th level, which is 104 feet above the plaza. As the building tapers towards its base, it makes way for a glass cable net wall and an enclosed lobby that opens up the ground level to the space around the river walk.

Location Map

Existing Site

OVER INFRASTRUCTURE

N. RIVERSIDE

67

1 Existing

2 Foundation

3 Raft

4 Building

The existing site and rail tracks are currently owned by Amtrak. The land directly adjacent to the tracks was unoccupied but also owned by Amtrak as a right of way. Located next to the river, the land is a perfect opportunity for development.

The foundation of the building consists of caissons. On top of these sits a mat foundation and an underground level, which is at the same level of the existing railway tracks.

A required clearance above the tracks was required, and here a platform was created that will span the entire distance of the site. At this level is the main entrance to the lobby. This raft allows for complete coverage of the existing tracks.

Constructed around the structural core and lifted off the ground is the shell and the enclosure of the building. Lifting the floors of building above the lobby allows for a direct connection from the water on one side of the site to the public area on the raft on the other side.

68

OVER INFRASTRUCTURE

N. RIVERSIDE

A diagram of the building’s foundation and entry level.

Building section: To the left of the building are the train tracks with a public park above. To the right is the river walk and the river.

OVER INFRASTRUCTURE

N. RIVERSIDE

69

70

Components studies the pieces that go into the construction of a tall building. Within components there are four subdivisions: foundations, structure, vertical circulation, and enclosure. These categories combined are the components that allow a tall building to stand and function as a whole. Different systems were analyzed and compared to gather the most holistic and complete understanding possible of the components of tall buildings.

3

COMPONENTS 71

TALL BUILDING

72

SECTION

COMPONENTS

SECTION

COMPONENTS

SECTION

73

74

Five different tall buildings were looked at because of their extensive use of components.

Building extremes were chosen to that a complete analysis of all types of components within a tall building could be looked at and evaluated.

These five buildings were first evaluated, then a comparative analysis was performed, comparing all systems of all five buildings to each other.

3.1 C O M P O N E N T S C A S E S T U D I E S S ELECTED CASE STU DY BUI LD I NG S

COMPONENTS

CASE STUDIES

75

BURJ K H A L I FA CASE STUDY 9

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Skidmore, Owings & Merrill Dubai, UAE 2010 2,722 ft / 829 m 163

The Burj Khalifa has been the tallest man-made structure in the world since 2010. The design of the spiral minarets are derived from characteristics of Islamic architecture with the spirals growing more slender as the building rises. As the tower rises, there are 27 setbacks in a spiraling pattern, decreasing floor area while also allowing for outdoor terraces. The Y-shaped plan optimizes maximum views as well as optimum penetration of natural light. For structural integrity of such a tall building, a buttressed core structural system is utilized, which enables lateral stability as well as resistance from twisting. The cladding system of the Burj Khalifa features reflective glazing and stainless steel spandrels for protection from the extreme desert temperatures and strong winds.

Programmatically, the Burj Khalifa houses the Armani Hotel and Residences from the ground to the 40th floor. Above the Armani Hotel are the residental floors to the 108th floor. Corporate suites, observatories, and a restaurant occupy the remaining portion of the tower up to the 148th floor.

76

CASE STUDIES

BURJ KHALIFA

VERTICAL CIRCULATION

MECHANICAL

STRUCTURE

CASE STUDIES

BURJ KHALIFA

77

SHANGHAI TOWER CASE STUDY 10

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78

Gensler Shanghai, China 2015 2,073 ft / 632 m 121

The Shanghai Tower is a skyscraper under construction in Pudong, Shanghai. The building is located adjacent to the Jin Mao Tower and the Shanghai Financial Tower. The tower is designed as nine cylindrical buildings that create interior zones of public spaces for visitors. These realms create atrium spaces consisting of gardens, cafes, restaurants, and retail spaces. The building features two facades each transparent, allowing for a reduction of wind loads that lessens the use of construction materials as well as the reliance on mechanical systems, such as heating and cooling.

Programmatically, the nine zones are divided based on uses. Located in Zone 1 are shops and restaurants while Zones 2 to 6 house the offices. Zones 7 and 8 are allocated to a hotel and boutique offices. Lastly, Zone 9 accommodates an observatory.

CASE STUDIES

SHANGHAI TOWER

VERTICAL CIRCULATION

MECHANICAL

STRUCTURE

CASE STUDIES

BURJ KHALIFA

79

CASE STUDY 11

SHANGHAI FINANCIAL TOWER

80

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Kohn Pedersen Fox Shanghai, China 2008 1,621 ft / 494 m 101

The Shanghai Financial Tower is a mixed-use skyscraper composed of offices, hotels, and retail spaces. The design of the tower is characterized by the large void located at the peak of the structure which reduces the wind loads on the building. The exterior structure employs a diagonally-braced frame coupled with outrigger trusses that lessen the materials required on the shear walls as well as the structural steel necessary for the perimeter walls.

Programmatically, the Shanghai Financial Tower accommodates shops and restaurants from the ground to third floors. Exhibition and forum spaces are located from the fourth to sixth floors. The majority of the building is composed of office spaces from the seventh to seventy-seventh floors. Park Hyatt Shanghai occupies the 79th to 93rd floors with three observatories located above on the 94th, 97th, and 100th floors respectively.

CASE STUDIES

SHANGHAI FINANCIAL

VERTICAL CIRCULATION

MECHANICAL

STRUCTURE

CASE STUDIES

SHANGHAI FINANCIAL

81

PETRONAS TOWERS CASE STUDY 12

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82

Cesar Pelli Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 1996 1,483 ft / 451 m 88

The Petronas Towers are twin skyscrapers distinguished by a post-modern style for Kuala Lumpur.

The towers are composed largely of reinforced concrete coupled with a steel and glass facade. The design of the floor plans are influenced by Islamic architecture in their geometric configuration. The use of high-strength reinforced concrete allowed for more efficient sway-reduction than traditional street construction while the use of super columns enabled column-free office spaces. The most notable feature of the Petronas Towers is the double decker sky bridge located on the 41st and 42nd floors. While also serving as a tourist attraction, the sky bridge acts as a means of egress in the event of an emergency.

Programmatically, the ground floor houses a retail center consisting of shops, galleries, a philharmonic theatre, and an underwater aquarium. The towers themselves are occupied entirely by office spaces with Tower One composed entirely by Petronas itself and Tower Two leased by various other companies and corporations.

CASE STUDIES

PETRONAS TOWERS

VERTICAL CIRCULATION

MECHANICAL

STRUCTURE

CASE STUDIES

PETRONAS TOWERS

83

CCTV HQ CASE STUDY 13

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84

OMA Beijing, China 2012 768 ft / 234 m 44

The CCTV (China Central Television) Headquarters serves as a news, broadcasting, and studio production center for the state-run television broadcaster.

The design of the tower is characterized by its unusual shape, described as two towers that lean into each other and ultimately merge to form a continuous form. The primary structural support is composed of the irregular grid expressed on the surface of the building which indicates moments of greater structural necessity in the highly seismic region of China.

Programmatically, the two towers serve different functions. Tower 1 houses editing rooms and offices while Tower 2 is dedicated to news broadcasting. The connecting overhang houses administrative offices.

The main lobby/atrium space that occupies three floors below ground level and three floors above is also connected to Beijing’s subway network.

CASE STUDIES

CCTV

VERTICAL CIRCULATION

MECHANICAL

STRUCTURE

CASE STUDIES

CCTV

85

86

A foundation is what anchors a building to the ground. The foundation is where a building’s weight and loads are distributed into the ground, which is why it is so integral to a building. How a building sits on the ground is also directly effected by the type of foundation. For tall buildings, foundations are crucial because of height and massive weights. Different foundations are used depending on the need of the building, the type of soil on the site, and the ground conditions. Analyzing the foundation of a building in section is most beneficial, as depths into the ground can be seen.

3.2 F O U N D A T I O N S HOW THE BUILDING CO NNECTS TO G RO UND

COMPONENTS

FOUNDATIONS

87

DEEP PILES BURJ KHALIFA

The superstructure is supported by a large reinforced concrete mat 3.7 meters thick, which is in turn supported by bored reinforced piles.

PATRONAS TOWERS

Foundation for the tower consists of bore piles 1 meter in diameter and 52 to 56 meters long. The tower is supported on a 6m deep mat supported by 947 bore piles.

Because of the depth and bedrock, the buildings were built on the world’s deepest foundations. The raft is 4.6m thick. Piles work in friction and the foundation system of the towers consists of a 4.5m thick pile raft supported on rectangular friction piles (barrettes) varying in depth from 40m to 106 to control predicted settlement under Kenny Hill formation, underlain by limestone.

SWFC TOWER

CCTV TOWER

SHANGHAI TOWER

A thick reinforced concrete mat transfers the building loads to piles. The tower uses approximately 2,200 friction piles because of Shanghai’s waterlogged soil that has little bearing capacity.

Piled raft is 7m thick and has a footprint greater than the tower. Tension piles are used away from the tower to resist uplift pressures.

BURJ KHALIFA 88

FOUNDATIONS

DEEP PILES

SHANGHAI TOWER

SHANGHAI FINANCIAL

PETRONAS TOWERS

CCTV TOWER FOUNDATIONS

DEEP PILE

89

90

The structure of a building is what allows it to stand. The height and floor plan of a tall building directly effects which construction process is used within the building. Different methods as well as different materials are used for the structure of tall buildings. The higher a building, the more reinforcement needed for the structure. The structure of a tall building can be analyzed in plan, in horizontal form on each floor , as well as in axon, which allows for an overall building evaluation of the vertical structural system.

3.3 S T R U C T U R E HOW THE BUILDING STANDS

COMPONENTS

STRUCTURE

91

IN PLAN BURJ KHALIFA

Floor area 309,473 sq m.

SHANGHAI TOWER

Floor area 395,000 sq m.

SWFC TOWER

Floor area 380,000 sq m.

PETRONAS TOWERS

Floor area 381,600 sq m.

CCTV TOWER

Floor area 450,000 sq m.

COLUMNS & CORES

BURJ KHALIFA 92

STRUCTURE

IN PLAN

SHANGHAI TOWER

SHANGHAI FINANCIAL

PETRONAS TOWERS

CCTV TOWER STRUCTURE

IN PLAN

93

IN AXON BURJ KHALIFA

Reinforced concrete system.

SHANGHAI TOWER

75m by 75m concrete cores.

Systems with outer ring of widely spaced super column.

SWFC TOWER

Concrete core with outrigger and super-column system.

PETRONAS TOWERS

Outrigger truss, mega brace, mega core and belt truss.

CCTV TOWER

Diagrid framing system.

BURJ KHALIFA 94

STRUCTURE

IN AXON

SHANGHAI TOWER

SHANGHAI FINANCIAL

PETRONAS TOWERS

CCTV TOWER STRUCTURE

IN AXON

95

96

Vertical systems allow a tall building to function. They consist of mechanical, electrical, plumbing, fire protection, and the circulation of a building. How vertical systems are constructed is important because it directly reflects the efficiency of the building. Different systems are also a direct result of different construction methods, as well as the programs which occur within a specific building.

3.4 V E R T I C A L S Y S T E M S HOW THE BUILDING FUNCTI O NS

COMPONENTS

VERTICAL SYSTEMS

97

CIRCULATION Vertical circulation systems provide connectivity between programs, while ensuring safety routes for access and evacuation throughout a tall building. Efficiency, does not only define how a user perceives their way-finding, but also its effectiveness in moving masses in a timely, orderly fashion.

Core layouts, vertical circulation and service distribution have a great impact on the overall performance of tall buildings as well as floor plan layouts. One square inch of inefficiency can significantly affect the feasibility of a project.

Elevators are essential components of a building’s vertical circulation. They are conventionally distributed in sectional accordance with programmatic functions. Tall buildings include local and express elevators as means of passenger and service 98

VERTICAL SYSTEMS

transportation and also to connect vertically distributed sky lobbies that divide the building into smaller sections. The following case studies showcase the vertical distribution of elevators in high-rise structures, as well as the close relationship of elevator typology (express and/or local) to programmatic elements.

CIRCULATION

BURJ KHALIFA

SHANGHAI TOWER

SHANGHAI FINANCIAL

PETRONAS TOWERS

CCTV TOWER VERTICAL SYSTEMS

CIRCULATION

99

IN PLAN BURJ KHALIFA

The tower has 57 elevators and 8 escalators. Each elevator has the capacity of 12 to 14 people per cabin. The elevators go 10m/s. This building has the longest single running elevator, which goes 140 floors high. All elevators and services are located in the triangular core of the building.

SHANGHAI TOWER

Consists of a square service core, which houses a total of 106 elevators. This includes 3 high-speed models which are capable of traveling at 1,080 m/minute.

considered the third fastest in the world.

PETRONAS TOWERS

A central core carries 78 elevators including 29 double decker elevators. The ground floor has 2 main groups of lifts, short haul and mid haul.

Along side of these are a series of connecting elevators which travel between other floors.

CCTV TOWER

Consists of multiple cores, which all together house 75 elevators. The stairs are also located in the cores along side the elevators. A complex program, each core connects SWFC TOWER a different area of the Housing 91 elevators, the top building. speed is 10m/s. This is

BURJ KHALIFA 100

VERTICAL SYSTEMS

IN PLAN

SHANGHAI TOWER

SHANGHAI FINANCIAL

PETRONAS TOWERS

CCTV TOWER VERTICAL SYSTEMS

IN PLAN

101

MECHANICAL Mechanical systems include heating, ventilation, cooling, plumbing and electrical distribution that provide adequate energy and thermal comfort. In order to design and maintain healthy and comfortable indoor conditions, architects must consider local climate, occupancy, and construction type/materiality. Raised flooring, flexible drop-ceilings, and wet-walls are some of the design strategies employed in mechanical system distribution.

Sustainability is continuously influencing the vertical layout and horizontal distribution of these systems, seeking to optimize both the consumption throughout the building, while understanding the opportunities for energy production.

The redundancy of mechanical systems in highrise buildings is crucial to 102

VERTICAL SYSTEMS

providing a successful MEP plan. The following case studies speak to the idea of redundancy albeit any formal differences presented. The CCTV Tower, essentially a high rise folded on itself, is subject to a similar repetitive module of usable floors vs. mechanical floors as the Shanghai Financial Tower.

Another recurring theme in our studies is the inherent marriage between mechanical floors and sky lobbies.

Vertical circulation, if not always, is tied to the mechanical layout of a high rise.

These floors dedicated to service and energy distribution define the module for which elevators drop as the high rise soars. Mechanical repetition and redundancy is an efficient, time and cost saving strategy for zoning and energy/service distribution.

MECHANICAL

BURJ KHALIFA

SHANGHAI TOWER

SHANGHAI FINANCIAL

PETRONAS TOWERS

CCTV TOWER VERTICAL SYSTEMS

MECHANICAL

103

PROGRAM BURJ KHALIFA

The tower mainly has mixed use programs divided into five zones that include three different hotels, two types of residential, and offices.

SHANGHAI TOWER

The tower is divided into nine zones; retail in zone one, offices in zones two to six, a hotel in zones seven and eight, and an observation at the top in zone nine.

PETRONAS TOWERS

Unlike most of the towers that have several programs, the Petronas towers mainly house commercial offices.

The only unique program is a tourist attraction.

CCTV TOWER

The tower is divided into many zones, which are distinguished by square feet as the building was created to house all of the same company; totaling 473,000 sq m. The SWFC TOWER programs are administration, The tower is divided into multi-purpose, news producthree main zones. Retail in tion, staff facilities, parking, zone one, offices in zone two and a service building. and a hotel in zone three. The tower has a main feature of three separate observation decks located on the 94th, 97th and 100th floor.

BURJ KHALIFA 104

VERTICAL SYSTEMS

PROGRAM

SHANGHAI TOWER

SHANGHAI FINANCIAL

PETRONAS TOWERS

CCTV TOWER VERTICAL SYSTEMS

PROGRAM

105

106

The enclosure of a building is what allows the building to be separated from the outside environment. It is what surrounds a building on all sides, and acts as an envelope or container. There are many different ways to enclose a tall building, each having different benefits depending on the program happening within. From a design standpoint, the facade of a building is the first aspect of architecture that is examined. While providing aesthetic and cultural implications for a given project, the facade is also critical from an engineering and efficiency standpoint. Many, if not all, enclosure systems require engagement with ventilation, glare, solar gains, etc. The notion of the facade becomes even more imperative in the design of high rises. Issues of

3.5 E N C L O S U R E FACADE AND SKIN

efficiency demand balance between performance and expenses in terms of building systems (heating + cooling) and materials (cost + construction).

COMPONENTS

ENCLOSURE

107

PERSPECTIVE BURJ KHALIFA

Curtain Wall/ Aluminum + Steel The Burj Khalifa features aluminum and stainless steel spandrel panels with vertical fins. The facade consists of over 26,000 panels of glass, providing thermal comfort and anti-glare in the intense desert climate.

repeat every 13 floors, allowing for efficiency in both the use of materials and the cost of construction.

PETRONAS TOWERS

Curtain Wall/ Steel The Petronas Towers are identified by the diamond-faceted facade that consists of stainless steel extrusions that evoke motifs of Islamic SHANGHAI TOWER architecture. Additionally, a Double Skin/ Steel panel curtain wall system of The Shanghai Tower is char- laminated glass reduces heat acterized by the use of a gains and glare. transparent double-skin facade. The use of the douCCTV TOWER ble-skin not only reduces the Diagrid/Steel wind loads on the building, but also allows for a reduction of The CCTV Headquarters is structural steel required in the predominantly defined by the diagrid system visible on the construction of the tower. external surface. The ‘exoskelSWFC TOWER eton’ of the building features Curtain Wall/ Steel irregular (non-uniform) densiThe Shanghai Tower employs ties in specific areas of the a glazed curtain wall system tower, creating unique compothat reflects the surrounding sitions on different facades. environment. The facade is arranged within modules that 108

ENCLOSURE

IN AXON

BURJ KHALIFA

SHANGHAI TOWER

SHANGHAI FINANCIAL

PETRONAS TOWERS

CCTV TOWER ENCLOSURE

PERSPECTIVE

109

110

After the gathering of a complete and whole understanding of tall buildings, the research team each took a focus in one direction, which will then become their thesis project in this studio. The following section will introduce each student’s thesis project.

4

LOOKING FORWARD 111

PLATFORMS AMANI

The premise of this approach is to redefine the operative quality of tall building’s podiums in flood-prone urban edges. By reconciling nature and technology, a new model of adaptation will emerge. This model will redefine the missed programmatic opportunities and will react as a flood adaptive structure along the perimeter of riverbanks in port areas. Not only will it contribute to the city’s resilience and economic growth, it will also protect cities infrastructural assets.

SITE: PASIG RIVER/MANILA, PHILIPPINE RIVER FERRY TERMINAL LOCATED AT THE VERY EDGE OF PASIG RIVER, THE SITE FACES MAJOR THREATS INCLUDING TIDAL CHANGE , HIGH RAIN FALL AND STORM SERGE, CAUSING MOST OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL UNREST. IT IS ALSO AFFECTED BY 6 TO 7 TYPHOONS EVERY YEAR. 1 2 3 4

Financial District Pasig River Historical District Preserved Ruins

Financial/ Industrial

DISTRICT

Open Spaces

1

3

LANDS/ DISTRICTS

112

LOOKING FORWARD

AMANI

2

Historical/ Institu

Parks

tional

DISTRIC

T

4

Roads Parks Institutions Businesses

RECLAIMED ZONES

Reclaimed Areas Preserved Areas

FLOOD ZONES

Pasig river 3-6 Meter 2-5 Meter

X

?

SECTION

?

SCENARIO1 -UNMODIFIED PLATFORM

POROUS CONFIGURATIONS OF THE PODIUM

X

?

SCENARIO2 -POROUS PLATFORM

SCENARIO3 -POROUS/ OPENED UP FOR POTENTIAL FUTURE USE Open Space Ferry Terminal Market/ Commercial attractions Public Amenities (space for rent) Businesses

X

?

SCENARIO3 -POROUS- ANGLED PLATFORM

PROGRAM PROPOSAL LOOKING FORWARD

AMANI

113

ARETA

EXPLORING THE SUBTERRANEAN

Through the excavation process, what forgotten subterranean feature can be found, the utilized, in a built architecture?

Can the subterranean frame the design of a highrise structure and its connection to the ground?

114

LOOKING FORWARD

ARETA

When excavating into the Earth, much is yet to be discovered. The depth of the foundation of a highrise can add up to quite a few feet of digging. Whilst digging, designers can stumble upon many historical objects. From the smallest of fossils and skeletons, to military citadels and subway systems, to full cities and waterways can be discovered in the subterranean world. Discovering the subterranean would provide architectural as well as engineering challenges but could produce an interesting endeavor.

The New York City subway system has 842 miles of track, making it the largest in North America. And there’s even more to it than riders see: dozens of tunnels and platforms that were either abandoned or were built but never used. They form a kind of ghost system that reveals how the city’s transit ambitions have been both realized and thwarted.

City Hall Abandoned Site Overlay

City Hall Station: Opened 1904-45 City Hall Station, situated on a loop of track in front of City Hall, was the original southern terminal of the Interborough Rapid Transit subway. The site of the 1900 groundbreaking, this station was designed to be the showpiece of the new subway. Unusually elegant in architectural style, it is unique among the original IRT stations.

LOOKING FORWARD

ARETA

115

TOWER OF DAVID: CASE STUDY

CAROLINA

The project seeks to understand how the informal occupation of the Tower of David and its unique circulation system fostered social interactions, while generating a sense of community. In contrast to the social drawbacks of the conventional, isolating circulation system found in tall buildings. Thus questioning the social benefits of the typical vertical circulation against the alternative, Skip-Stop circulation.

Among the advantages of the Skip-Stop proposed circulation system are as follows: speeding of vertical mobility, allowing for interim gathering spaces, encouraging those who can to use the stairs, thus providing health benefits for the users, while reducing the overall energy consumption.

“Torre de David, Informal Vertical Communities�, Brillembourg & Klumpner, (2013)

116

LOOKING FORWARD

CAROLINA

The proposed circulation system provides an array of possibilities in terms of the vertical sorting of occupants and thus programs.

Simultaneously, the incorporation of a Doubledecker elevator system will significantly reduce energy consumption in the building, with a 30% less energy demand, requiring smaller cores, and so providing an approximate 10% more of rentable/ useable floor area. [1] The proposed site is located in the heart of Caracas, Venezuela. A former airport, planned to be transformed into a 255 acre public park with a perimeter of residential, and mixed-use buildings.

Providing housing and amenities for a city that has been greatly marginalized due to a deficit of available land for development.

“Torre de David, Informal Vertical Communities�, Brillembourg & Klumpner, (2013)

Proposed Site - La Carlota, Caracas, Venezuela Programmatic Design Possibilities

[1]THYSSENKRUPP STATISTICS

Double-Decker Elevator Advantages

Circulation and Programmatic Design Possibilities

GUGGENHEIM, FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT

REID BUILDING, STEVEN HOLL

LOOKING FORWARD

CAROLINA

117

EXISTING FA B R I C S

CHRISTINE

The idea of this thesis is to explore and discover opportunities to build on top of existing fabrics.

How can new development be integrated into an existing city while maintaining and preserving history, character and scale of what is already there.

How can the natural qualities of an existing condition be conserved while allowing for new infrastructure to take place in or around the existing structure(s) and the context with which it is in.

The idea will be to understand what existing buildings can possible be removed to allow for a new building type, which reacts and responds to existing conditions, culture and fabric.

118

Building on top of narrow sites:

LOOKING FORWARD

CHRISTINE

The parcel sizes in Philly are not ideal to place a tall building. Therefore, opportunities to extract existing buildings that are no longer of worth to the area and plug in new efficient buildings should be studied.

Possible building PROGRAM:

Possible intersections with the GROUND:

Site Location : PHILADELPHIA

LOOKING FORWARD

CHRISTINE

119

C ACARVING RVING

JEDDAH CIT Y IN CELEBRATION OF WATER

G G

HUDA

R RBA N CITY IN A D I ARABIA R RBA N CITY IN RED EA COA T A D I ARABIA N RECO NI E D RED EA COA T CONCE T OF N RECO NI E D TER A AN CONCE T OF N THE CITY TER A AN N THE CITY R I NE ER A NEW E ECONO ICA L R I NE ER A NEW LO REAL TATE E ECONO ICA L BILITIE OF HOW LO REAL TATE O THE ITE WITH BILITIE OF HOW Y CONNECTION O THE ITE WITH I A L AND A Y CONNECTION AN RBAN DE I A L AND A RCEI E RI ACY AN RBAN DE RADITIONAL A RCEI E RI ACY AN AD A NTA E RADITIONAL A R TO ER E THE AN AD A NTA E EN I RON ENT R TO ER E THE EN I RON ENT

C

C

A A D T Burj Al Arab in Dubai: A A D T The design of the tower begins

Constructing the island, placC

Building a private bridge over

Constructing the building on the C

ing the foundations and con-

water to connect the island to

island

with isolating the island from

sructing the basement, which

the city.

the city by building a man

includes all the services.

made island on water.

E

E

Y

RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT

RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT

EXISTING BUILDINGS

D

J

D

J

C

C

C

C A

T Proposal Design in Jeddah:

EXISTING BUILDINGS

Building the tower inland.

AIN ROAD RIVATE ROAD ITE AIN ROAD RIVATE ROAD ITE

Placing foundations, baseT ments, and a tunnel that conE

Constructing the building.

ered under water.

services to the tower.

120

LOOKING FORWARD

HUDA

RETAIL CO ERCIA

AIN ROAD

RETAIL CO ERCIA

D

L

SITE

L

RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT

D EXISTING BUILDINGS

building to invite water. At this stage the tunnel will be cov-

level and it transfers all the

AIN ROAD

Carving the land around the

road. The tunel is underground

BURJ D UBAI SITE CO NSTRUCTIO N VS. PROPO SAL SITE CONSTRUCTIO N

I LDIN WATER NE concept ER A NEW BuildingBon waterON is never a Inew to increase CON CE T T O INCREA E ECONO L SomeA A economical activities and develop realICA estate.

ACTI I TIE AND DE E LO REAL TATE T of of the ideas of this thesis: testing the possibilities TE TIN THE O I BILITIE OF HOW how to invite water into the site with respect to the TO IN ITE WATER INTO THE ITE WITH city connection, how to engage visual and spacial RE ECT TO THE CITY CONNECTION impression an urban and A perceive priHOWtoTO EN A Edevelopment I A L AND vacy, cultural CIAL I and RE traditional I ON TO aspects, AN RBANand DEwhat is the advantage water to serve building and ELOof being EN Ton AND ERCEI E RItheACY the environment.

C LT RA L AND TRADITIONAL A EC T HOW TO ET AN AD A NTA E OF BEIN ON WATER TO ER E THE B I LDIN AND THE EN I RON ENT

RED SEA

nects the tower to the main E

BURJ D UBAI SITE CO NSTRUCTIO N VS. PROPO SAL SITE CONSTRUCTIO N

Y

A

HU DA LAMPHO N

JEDDAH I A AJO R RBA N CITY IN WE TER N ID E OF A D I ARABIA LOCATED ON THE RED EA COA T Jeddah is a major urban city in the Western side of THE CITY HA BEEN RECO NI E D Saudi Arabia.

Red Sea

BY IT Located RICHNEon theCONCE T Coast, OF the city has been recognized by its richnessAconcepts CELEBRATIN WATER AN of celebrating ELE water element city.

ENasTanTO DE I toNdesign THE the CITY

JEDDAH CIT Y IN CELEBRATION OF WATER JEDDAH CIT Y IN CELEBRATION OF WATER

ODI

OFFICE

DEVE O NE BLIC ODI E R RE ICEIDENTIA E O ENT

AIN ROAD OFFICE RIVATE ROAD ITE

E R ICE

E

E I TING I DING RE ORT D RRAT A ARO O NE BLIC NDEVE O ED AND

SITE: NO RTH JED D AH CITY

H O NE

EI

O NE

EI

H

BURJ D UBAI SIT

UNDE R A TER TUNN EL

RETAIL CO ERCIA

AIN ROAD

L LA A ARI

CAR T NNE L

NDER RO ND E

E R ICE

E

ODI

O NE

BLIC

HOTEL

OFFICE O NE

EI

B LIC

CON DO INI O NE

R I AT E

TUNN EL PRO R AMS LOOKING FORWARD

HUDA

121

OVERFILL

KEVIN

The overfill condition is a scenario that arises from the combination of limited vacant lots (or infills) and the unique opportunities presented through elevating building connections from the ground.

Possibilities of utilizing air rights and introducing building-to-building reciprocity (i.e. means of circulation, MEP and program) pose challenging yet compelling possibilities of both expanding the city fabric vertically and revitalizing existing low rise buildings.

POTENTIAL AIR RIGHTS OPPORTUNITIES

SITE:

NEW YORK CITY BRYANT PARK

CURRENT GROUND FLOOR PROGRAM

122

LOOKING FORWARD

KEVIN

PARCELS OF INTEREST

MASSING PROPOSAL

PROGRAM + RECIPROCITY LOOKING FORWARD

KEVIN

123

PA R K I N G REVISITED MIGUEL

Below grade basement parking in high rises involves costly excavation, heavy structural framing, and sloped vehicular access amongst other elemental components. This proves to be unaffordable and impractical for high rise construction in cities with a shallow water table. Given that most developing river and coastal cities are found in high water table ground conditions, this thesis asks: How can parking, unable to be concealed underground, and therefore forming the base of a high rise, play an intrinsic role in informing the massing and programing of a high rise that engages the city and provides meaningful public space.

Implicit in this question, is another: as urban infrastructure improves at a global scale and cities become increasingly networked, parking spaces become irrelevant or useless. How can the design of a parking informed tower as the one proposed, also prove to be resilient in adaptability for programmatic reuse?

In short, this thesis will explore an unlikely juxtaposition of functions (parking vs. others) as to reinvent the base condition of high rises in shallow water table cities.

124

LOOKING FORWARD

MIGUEL

Panama City, Panama: A booming city, a showcase of skyscrapers, yet lacking efficient transportation, serves as a driver for an architecture proposal. Due to complications and high costs in building underground parking and its inherent susceptibility to flooding, developers and architects alike devise multistory garage podiums to meet parking requirements.

OFFICE: 44.5 SQ. FT. PER 100 SQ. FT.

HOTEL: 48 SQ. FT. PER 100 SQ. FT

RETAIL: 80 SQ. FT. PER 100 SQ. FT.

RESIDENTIAL: 25 SQ. FT. PER 100 SQ. FT

Above: Parking requirements per function (parking requirement per 100 sq. ft. of designated program.)

Right above: Exploration of the ramp typology as an inherent condition of the garage base. Since there is no great reason to build and reuse on sloped slab (as it creates many spatial challenges) typologies with the least presence of ramps proves to be more adaptable. Areas designated as UFA can serve as spaces for contrasting programmatic adjacencies.

Right below: Parking informing the massing of a high rise.

LOOKING FORWARD

MIGUEL

125

INTRASTRUCTURE NATHAN

How can a site, fragmented as a byproduct of the spatial needs of infrastructure, be developed to form an extension of the urban fabric?

How can these sites connect with the circulation systems that simultaneously surround and create them rather than leaving an isolated dead zone that simply enable the flows of the rest of the city?

SITE: CAMBRIDGE/CHARLESTOWN, MA BOSTON SAND & GRAVEL

SOMERVILLE CHARLESTOWN

CAMBRIDGE

BOSTON

126

LOOKING FORWARD

NATHAN

THE UNIQUE ASPECT REGARDING THESE FRAGMENTED ‘SITES’ IS THAT ALTHOUGH THEIR BORDERS ARE SURROUNDED BY INFRASTRUCTURE, THEY SHARE NO CONNECTION TO IT FOR ACCESS. I’M INTERESTED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS EXTREME WHERE I CAN EXPLORE ISSUES OF INFRASTRUCTURE SCALE, OPPORTUNITIES FOR CONNECTIVITY, AND A REIMAGINING OF THEIR POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE URBAN FABRIC WHERE THEY BECOME MORE THAN JUST AN ENABLER.

SITE RESPONSE STUDY 1

LAYERS OF INFRASTRUCTURE

WAT E R WAY WA L K WAY R A I LWAY R OA D WAY

RETAIL

OFFICE

EDUCATION

HOTEL

SITE RESPONSE STUDY 2

LAND OWNERSHIP LOOKING FORWARD

NATHAN

127

PLUG - IN ROAA

The city of Jeddah is a vibrant city, and a gateway to the two Holy Cities of Makkah and Madinah. Jeddah has a history that dates back to many centuries, through which it has been a cultural pilgrimage and tourism center for the Muslim work and an important historic city in the Middle-East region. Jeddah is currently growing quickly due to flourishing diverse economy resources and significant location as a strategic Western gateway to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. However, Jeddah faces considerable urban challenges, where the uncontrolled expansions of the last century have left the city with an extensive, poorly focused structure. This urban context has resulted in an over dependence on car travel, on increasingly overcrowded roads; and a service infrastructure which does not reach all citizens.

How can architecture activate social interaction between different classes of people?

This investigation will explore the effects of such aggregation node, and their influence on neighborhood and environmental health.

Building a high rise in a poor area will improve social interaction and quality of life around the area. It also provides the area with the basic service and amenities. Revitalizing such a site would integrate the effected community back into the area.

128

LOOKING FORWARD

ROAA

LOOKING FORWARD

ROAA

129

IMAGE CREDITS Page 04 & 05 Introduction - New York Looking Up h t t p : // i 2 .w p . c o m / j a v i e r a i s a . c o m / w p - c o n t e n t / u p l o a d s /2 0 1 4 /0 4 / D E S - 0 1 .

Interior View of Troll A Leg

jpg?resize=500%2C333

http://img.offshore.no/sak/Stats%20Group%20Troll%20A%20%20view%20from%20worksite.

Page 16 & 17

jpg

Image_Grand Central

38 & 39

http://www.adventuresofagoodman.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Grand-Central-

Burj al-Arab Cover Shot

Station-Met-Life-Building-Chrystler-Building.jpg

http://thehungrypartier.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/DSC02939.jpg

Page 20 & 21

Burj al Arab Concrete Shore Close Up

Image_Hearst Tower Looking Up Diagonally

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-B7E-CJhPSiA/TzvCsGQP43I/AAAAAAAAAUA/ulXVUZ9bhgw/

http://www.socalgreenrealestateblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/The-Hearst-Tower-

s1600/5.jpg

NYC.jpg

Burj al Arab Island Bird’s Eye

Hearst Floor Plan

http://rolandoruval.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/dubaitwo.jpg?w=300&h=210

http://www.arcspace.com/CropUp/-/media/31769/15hearst.jpg

44 & 45

Page 22 & 23

onTerrain Image Topographical Layers

Image_Hearst Tower Section

http://ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/1300909769-natural-topogra-

http://esarq7.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/1124_fp247384_1.jpg

phy-without-buildings.jpg

Page 24 & 25

Hoover Dam

Image_Vancouver Exchange Render

http://www.usbr.gov/lc/phoenix/AZ100/1930/images/4a_Upstream-face-of-the-dam-near-

http://www.vancouversun.com/cms/binary/8788510.jpg

completion-Wash-No-3144.jpg

Image_Original Building Photograph

48 & 49

http://searcharchives.vancouver.ca/uploads/r/null/1/0/1034027/f5f67fa4-9ed2-4ee0-b841-

Holmenkollen View - Snow Covered Trees

c6b6b7bf0367-A40180.jpg

http://jdsa.eu/wp-content/uploads/HOP-proj-18.jpg

Exchange Floorplan

Holmenkollen Ski Jump Site Plan

http://www.archdaily.com/478111/harry-gugger-studio-s-the-exchange-to-rise-in-vancouver/

http://www.don-lawrence.com/assets/images/PROJECTS/holmenkollen/holmenkollen_ski_

Page 26 & 27

jump_07.png

Image_Vancouver Exchange Section

50 & 51

http://www.archdaily.com/478111/harry-gugger-studio-s-the-exchange-to-rise-in-vancouver/

Holmenkollen - Section

32 & 33

http://www.architecturenewsplus.com/cdn/images/o/n/b/g/nbgbt81.jpg

Troll A View at Sea

52 & 53

http://www.offshoreenergytoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Troll-A-gets-new-

High Cliff Tower - Mountain View

compressors.jpg

http://www.shafir.info/shafir_images/10Album/22Hong _

Troll A View on Land with Platform

Kong~10Volume_3~100Morning~500The_Summit_and_Highcliff%5E1920x.jpg

http://blog.piotrpietrzak.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/norway04.jpg

130

56 & 57

82 & 83

Penn Station

Petronas Towers

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Acela_nearing_9th_Av_jeh.

http://www.48houradventure.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Petronas-Towers.jpg

jpg/1024px-Acela_nearing_9th_Av_jeh.jpg

84 & 85

60 & 61

CCTV HQ

Broadgate - Diagonal View of Plaza Side of Building

http://smg.photobucket.com/user/cityq/media/Urban/CCTVHeadquarters3smallA.jpg.html

http://www.som.com/FILE/16124/broadgateexchangehouse_1400x800somlandalandelanc-

86 & 87

eywordsearchr_02jpg.jpg?h=800&s=17

Foundations Cover Photo

Broadgate - Construction

http://www.som.com/FILE /18930/willistower_ structural _1400x800_ som _01_ new2.

http://www.mascontext.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/13_bridging_the_tracks_04.jpg

jpg?h=800&s=17

Broadgate - Site Plan (Bottom Right)

90 & 91

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-VZgLPXKqpjo/TfntTpuNPuI/AAAAAAAACns/qy554MmAno4/

Structure Cover Photo

s1600/FIsXTvk.jpg

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xULBOFX0w3w/UGXJQxJtIqI/AAAAAAAACUw/xmDf2hxoKxk/

66 & 67

s1600/DSC_0099.JPG

150 North Riverside Drive - Render

96 & 97

http://imagizer.imageshack.us/a/img809/5386/0nbo.jpg

Vertical Systems Cover Photo

150 North Riverside - Railroad Image

http://thelongroadtovenice.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/20120508_8743.jpg

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hytvHMRTUkw/UearwywgJaI/AAAAAAAAUYo/3X20GD22wb0/

106 & 107

s1600/150_site.jpg

Enclosure Cover Photo

150 North Riverside - Plan (Bottom Left)

http://www.tapchikientruc.com.vn/images/stories/chuyenmuc/kientrucnoithat/2011/06/

http://150northriverside.com/wp-content/uploads/150_Download_Sheets_v6.pdf

hinh%203-4_resize.jpg

COMPONENTS 74 & 75 Components Case Studies Cover Photo http://www.som.com/FILE/18929/willistower_structural_700x800_som_02_new2.jpg 76 & 77 Burj Khalifa http://www.burjdubaiskyscraper.com/2010/02/burj0902.jpg 78 & 79 Shanghai Tower http://www.dexigner.com/news/image/17776/Shanghai_Tower_01 80 & 81 Shanghai Financial Tower http://s5.photobucket.com/user/cityz/media/Urban/ ShanghaiWorldFinancialCenter5medium.jpg.html

131

THE DYNAMIC HIGHRISE ARCH 7130 GRADUATE RESEARCH STUDIO FALL 2014 This book summarizes the research semester of a two semester course on High Rise design at the Graduate School of Architecture at Northeastern University. This course, the third consecutive year of high-rise research, is a two-semester research and design course focused on the way tall structures meet the ground. Given how many of these structures are in the planning, design, and construction stages around the world and how much of an impact these large structures can have on the urban experience, the grounding strategies of high-rise buildings is an indispensable body of research in need of greater attention from the design community. This book is an attempt to begin that effort.