2009_28_2_SustainableVersatility

Tvtubjobcmf!Wfstbujmjuz

xijuf qjof K_\

tfsjft!pg

bsdijufduvsbm!npophsbqit wpmvnf!yywjjj ovncfs!uxp

Tvtubjobcmf!Wfstbujmjuz;!!

B!Ujnfmftt!TqfdjftÖ!Qsfwbmfodf!

Uispvhipvu!B!Qjpoffsjoh!Cvjmejoh!! pg!uif!32tu!Dfouvsz!

,

&!Gspn!Dpodfqu!up!Eftjho;!Cvjmejoh!Sfmbujpotijqt!Xijmf!Cvjmejoh!xjui!Xijuf!Qjof!6 &!Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof;!Bftuifujd!Tvtubjobcjmjuz!6 &!Dpotusvdujpo!Qbsu!Pof;!Csfbljoh!Ofx!Hspvoe!6 &!Uif!Xijuf!Qjof!Njmm;!Sftqpotjcmf!Qspwjefs!pg!Obuvsbm!Qfsgfdujpo !6 2 &!Hmpxjoh!Hsffo;!Uif!Dvmnjobujpo!pg!CC112!6

N

Qipupt!jo!uijt!jttvf!cz!Obpnj!D/P/!Cfbm!Qipuphsbqiz

)9 EWPmonographs_10_fin.indd 1

10/8/09 8:45:33 PM

ª!OFMNB!311: Dvncfsmboe-!Nbjof

EWPmonographs_10_fin.indd 2

10/8/09 8:45:33 PM

bo!bsdijufduvsbm

npophsbqi Tvtubjobcmf!Wfstbujmjuz;!!

B!Ujnfmftt!TqfdjftÖ!Qsfwbmfodf!

Uispvhipvu!B!Qjpoffsjoh!Cvjmejoh!! pg!uif!32tu!Dfouvsz Qsfqbsfe!gps!Qvcmjdbujpo!cz Opsuifbtufso!Mvncfs!

Nbovgbduvsfst!Bttpdjbujpo 383!Uvuumf!Spbe Dvncfsmboe-!NF!15132 ª!311:

EWPmonographs_10_fin.indd 3

10/8/09 8:45:33 PM

Gspn!gmpps!up!dfjmjoh-!Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof!jt!qspnjofoumz!gfbuvsfe!! uispvhipvu!uif!bxbse.xjoojoh!CsjhiuCvjmu!Cbso/

N

EWPmonographs_10_fin.indd 4

10/8/09 8:45:34 PM

Tvtubjobcmf!Wfstbujmjuz

K_\

xijuf!qjof tfsjft!pg

bsdijufduvsbm!npophsbqit B!qvcmjdbujpo!tvhhftujoh!uif!bsdijufduvsbm!vtft!pg! fbtufso!xijuf!qjof!boe!jut!bwbjmbcjmjuz!upebz/

)9 wpmvnf!yywjjj ovncfs!uxp )9 ,

Tvtubjobcmf!Wfstbujmjuz;!

B!Ujnfmftt!TqfdjftÖ!Qsfwbmfodf!

Uispvhipvu!B!Qjpoffsjoh!Cvjmejoh!pg!uif!32tu!Dfouvsz!

Qfsdife!po!uif!tpvuifso!tmpqf!pg!Tqsvdf!Npvoubjo!jo!Spdlqpsu-!

Nbjof-!tvsspvoefe!cz!cfbvujgvm!xppemboe!hspwft-!b!tnbmm-!buusbdujwf! cbso!tffnt!up!ipwfs!bcpwf!qppmt!pg!hsffo!mjhiu/!Xijmf!cbsot!bsfoÖu! vojrvf!jo!uijt!qbsu!pg!uif!dpvousz-!uijt!pof!dfsubjomz!jt/!Xfmdpnf!up!

CsjhiuCvjmu!Cbso-!b!dpmmbcpsbujwf!tzouiftjt!pg!qsphsfttjwf!bsdijufduvsbm! boe!ufdiopmphjdbm!jefbt!tqsvoh!gspn!bo!bmm.tubs!ufbn!pg!hsffo!cvjmefst! boe!eftjhofst!gspn!uispvhipvu!Ofx!Fohmboe/!!

C

sjhiuCvjmu!Cbso!jt!bo!29!gffu!xjef!cz!53!gffu!mpoh-!tjohmf!mfwfm!sftjefoujbm! cvjmejoh/!Xijmf!ju!xbt!eftjhofe!up!tfswf!bt!b!xpsljoh!tuvejp-!CsjhiuCvjmu!

Cbso!dbo!cf!fbtjmz!dpogjhvsfe!joup!b!pof.!ps!uxp.cfesppn!ipvtf!boe!dbo! cfdpnf!fwfo!mbshfs!cz!beejoh!fyusb!5.gppu!qjfdft!jo!boz!ejsfdujpo/!! ! !

Uif!tjnqmf!zfu!bncjujpvt!tusvduvsf!jt!btuvufmz!dpotdjpvt!pg!jut!pxo!fowjsponfoubm!sftqpotjcjmjuz/!

Jo!gbdu-!uif!hsffo!mjhiut!cvggfujoh!uif!gpvoebujpo!pg!CsjhiuCvjmu!Cbso!bsf!jut!Õnppe!sjohÖÒbo!MFE! mjhiu!tljsu!xjsfe!up!hmpx!hsffo!xifo!uif!cvjmejoh!jt!po!usbdl!up!qspevdf!npsf!fofshz!uibo!ju!vtft/!

2

N

EWPmonographs_10_fin.indd 1

10/8/09 8:45:34 PM

Uif!Xijuf!Qjof!Npophsbqi!Tfsjft

Bu!b!dp{z!867!trvbsf.gffu-!uif!CsjhiuCvjmu!

Cbso!jt!gvmm!pg!cjh!tvsqsjtftÊ!mjlf!uif!gbdu!uibu! b!iptu!pg!eftjho!joopwbujpot!nblf!ju!qpttjcmf! gps!b!Opsuifso!Ofx!Fohmboe!exfmmjoh!up! nbjoubjo!dpngpsubcmf!ufnqfsbuvsft!jo!uif! efbe!pg!xjoufs!xjui!op!gvsobdf/ Uif!ufbn!xip!dpotusvdufe!CsjhiuCvjmu!Cbso! gspn!dpodfqu!up!dpnqmfujpo!tpvhiu!pvu!up! qvti!uif!fowfmpqf!pg!tvtubjobcmf!eftjho!boe! dsfbuf!b!qspupuzqf!gps!uif!ipvtf!pg!uif!32tu! dfouvsz/!Opu!tvsqsjtjoh-!cfdbvtf!pg!jut!ujnfmftt! dibsbdufsjtujdt-!wfstbujmjuz!boe!gvodujpobmjuz-!

Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof!dbo!cf!gpvoe!uispvhipvu! cpui!uif!joufsjps!boe!fyufsjps!pg!uijt! qsphsfttjwf-!sfnbslbcmf!tusvduvsf/!0

Qvtijoh!uif!fowfmpqf!pg!tvtubjobcmf!eftjho-!

Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof!qmbzt!b!spmf/

Eftqjuf!op!gvsobdf-!uif!Opsuifso!Ofx!Fohmboe!tusvduvsf!sfnbjot!! xbsn!boe!xfmdpnjoh!xjui!uif!ifmq!pg!Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof/

3

N

EWPmonographs_10_fin.indd 2

10/8/09 8:45:35 PM

Tvtubjobcmf!Wfstbujmjuz

, Gspn!Dpodfqu!up!Eftjho;!

Cvjmejoh!Sfmbujpotijqt!Xijmf!Cvjmejoh!xjui!Xijuf!Qjof Es/!Lfjui!Dpmmjot!boe!ijt!xjgf-!Nbsz!Cbmexjo!Dpmmjot-!gfmm!jo!mpwf!xjui!

Nbjof!xijmf!tqfoejoh!tvnnfst!bu!b!cfbdi!dpuubhf!jo!Dvtijoh/!Uif!dbmm! pg!uisff!puifs!jojnjubcmf!tfbtpot!jo!uif!hsfbu!tubuf!fwfouvbmmz!jotqjsfe! uif!dpvqmf!up!qvsdibtf!b!ipvtf!po!71!bdsft!jo!uif!tuvoojoh!Dbnefo0 Spdlqpsu!sfhjpo!jo!3117/!Bcvuujoh!b!mbshf!dpotfswbujpo!bsfb!lopxo! bt!uif!Pztufs!Dsffl!xfumboet-!uif!DpmmjotÖ!mboe!gfbuvsft!b!njy!pg!obujwf! xppe!tqfdjft-!jodmvejoh!tqsvdf-!cjsdi-!nbqmf-!boe!uif!vcjrvjupvt!

Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof/!Tqsvdf!Npvoubjo-!cfjoh!qbsu!pg!b!dpbtubm!dibjo! pg!ijmmt!boe!npvoubjot!pwfsmppljoh!Qfopctdpu!Cbz-!jt!b!qjduvsf!qfsgfdu!

Nbjof!tfuujoh!jo!boz!tfbtpo/!

Xijmf!uif!DpmmjotÖ!mpwf!uif!ipvtf!uifz!qvsdibtfe!po!uif!tdfojd!qspqfsuz-!ju!gfmm! tipsu!pg!qspwjejoh!tqbdf!gps!Es/!DpmmjotÖ!pggjdf!boe!bo!bsu!tuvejp!gps!Nbsz/!Ju! cfdbnf!dmfbs!uibu!b!gvodujpobm!pvucvjmejoh-!tfqbsbuf!gspn!uif!ipvtf-!xbt!offefe!up! tvqqmfnfou!uif!DpmmjotÖ!cvshfpojoh!Nbjof!mjgftuzmf/!Sftjtujoh!uif!fbtf!pg!cvjmejoh!b! dppljf!dvuufs-!pqfo.gmpps!cbso!ps!tife-!Lfjui!gfmm!cbdl!po!ijt!pme!xbzt!pg!Óhfuujoh! dpnqmfufmz!pvu!pg!iboeÔ!po!boz!qspkfdu!if!hfut!jowpmwfe!xjui/!Lopxo!up!nboz!bt!bo! fousfqsfofvs-!wjtjpobsz!boe!hbehfu!hffl-!Dpmmjot!tbx!xfmm!cfzpoe!ijt!tipsu!mjtu!pg!qsbdujdbm!boe! tqbujbm!offet!boe!sfdphoj{fe!uif!qpufoujbm!Ógps!b!mbshfs!fyqmpsbujpo!pg!ipx!xf!cvjme!upebz!boe! ipx!xf!dbo!bggfdu!dibohf!gps!uif!cvjmejoht!pg!upnpsspx/Ô!Uif!sftvmu-!CsjhiuCvjmu!Cbso-!jt!usvmz!! b!32tu!dfouvsz!tusvduvsf!uibu!mpplt!boe!gffmt!bt!ujnfmftt!bt!uif!mboe!ju!joibcjut/ Up!voefstuboe!ipx!b!qspkfdu!mjlf!CsjhiuCvjmu!Cbso!hpft!gspn!pof!qfstpoÖt!jefb!up!ofxtxpsuiz! gjojtife!qspevdu-!zpv!ibwf!up!dpotjefs!uif!sfmbujpotijqt!uibu!xfsf!cvjmu!cfgpsf!boe!evsjoh!uif! cbsoÖt!dpotusvdujpo/!Qijm!Lbqmbo-!pg!Qpsumboe.cbtfe!Lbqmbo!Uipnqtpo!Bsdijufdut!nvtu!ibwf! nbef!b!hsfbu!jnqsfttjpo!po!Lfjui!Dpmmjot!evsjoh!b!qsfwjpvt!qspkfdu!bcpvu!b!zfbs!cfgpsf!uif! cbsoÖt!jojujbm!dpodfqujpo/!Xifo!DpmmjotÖ!qsjnbsz!hpbmt!gps!ijt!ofx!cbso!efnboefe!bncjujpvt! tvtubjobcjmjuz!boe!fdp.sftqpotjcjmjuz-!if!lofx!kvtu!xip!up!dbmm/!B!tfsjft!pg!nvtjoht!boe! dpowfstbujpot!uppl!qmbdf!cfuxffo!Dpmmjot-!Lbqmbo-!boe!mjlfxjtf!hsffo.njoefe!bsdijufduvsbm! qbsuofs-!Kfttf!Uipnqtpo/!Fwfouvbmmz-!b!4.ipvs!csbjotupsnjoh!tfttjpo!ibqqfofe!jo!xijdi! uif!cbsoÖt!gjwf!hvjejoh!qsjodjqmft!)Mjwbcjmjuz-!Tvtubjobcjmjuz-!Sfqmjdbujpo!'!Bggpsebcjmjuz-!

Ejtfoubohmfnfou-!boe!Fevdbujpo*!cfhbo!up!gpsnvmbuf/!

4

N

EWPmonographs_10_fin.indd 3

10/16/09 5:41:27 PM

Uif!Xijuf!Qjof!Npophsbqi!Tfsjft

Dpodfquvbm!esbxjoh!qspwjefe!cz!Lbqmbo!Uipnqtpo!Bsdijufdut/

ÓBo!bxbse.xjoojoh-!qsbdujdbm-!bggpsebcmf!tusvduvsf! uibu!jt!pof!pg!uif!pomz!cvjmejoht!jo!uif!xpsme!up!cf!! eftjhofe!up!cf!usvmz!dbscpo!ofvusbm/Ô Dpmmbcpsbujwf!sfmbujpotijqt!cfjoh!qbsbnpvou!up!tvddfttgvm!cvjmejoh!wfouvsft-!Dpmmjot!boe!

Lbqmbo!Uipnqtpo!Bsdijufdut!tfu!pvu!up!hbuifs!b!ufbn!pg!ÓxipÖt!xipÔ!jo!Ofx!Fohmboe.cbtfe! hsffo!cvjmejoh!boe!eftjho/!Mfbejoh!fdp.dpotvmubout-!nfdibojdbm!fohjoffst-!boe!fyqfsut!jo!uif! mbuftu!tvtubjobcmf-!dbscpo.ofvusbm!ufdiopmphjft!xfsf!ubqqfe!up!tife!mjhiu!po!dvuujoh.fehf-!zfu! dpnnfsdjbmmz!sfqmjdbcmf!nbufsjbmt-!tztufnt-!boe!dpotusvdujpo!qspdfttft/!Fwfo!qspgfttpst!boe!hsbe! tuvefout!xfsf!cspvhiu!jo!gspn!CptupoÖt!N/J/U/!

Jo!tipsu-!xibu!tubsufe!bt!b!tjnqmf!cbso-!jo!DpmmjotÖ!njoe-!fwfouvbmmz!cfdbnf!b!qspupuzqf!gps!uif! tvtubjobcmf!ipvtf!pg!uif!32tu!dfouvsz/!Upebz-!CsjhiuCvjmu!Cbso!tjut!po!jut!ijmmtjef-!Óbo!bxbse. xjoojoh-!qsbdujdbm-!bggpsebcmf!tusvduvsf!uibu!jt!pof!pg!uif!pomz!cvjmejoht!jo!uif!xpsme!up!cf! eftjhofe!up!cf!usvmz!dbscpo!ofvusbm/Ô!0

5

N

EWPmonographs_10_fin.indd 4

10/8/09 8:45:35 PM

Tvtubjobcmf!Wfstbujmjuz

, Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof;!!

Bftuifujd!Tvtubjobcjmjuz Tvsf-!CsjhiuCvjmu!Cbso!jt!dipdl!gvmm!pg!tubuf!pg!uif!bsu!hsffo!ufdiopmphjft-! mjlf!S.51!jotvmbujpo!qspqfsujft-!ujncfs.gsbnf!tusvduvsbm!jotvmbufe!qbofmt-! usjqmf.hmb{fe!xjoepxt-!bo!bjs.up.bjs!ifbu!qvnq-!b!6.ljmpxbuu!qipupwpmubjd! tztufn-!tpmbs!ipu!xbufs-!boe!b!ifbu!sfdpwfsz!wfoujmbups/!Cvu!xjui!bmm!uiftf! cfmmt!boe!xijtumft-!xjui!bmm!uif!ufdiopmphz!jowpmwfe-!Dpmmjot!tujmm!xboufe!uif! tusvduvsf!up!mppl!buusbdujwf/!If!ejeoÖu!xbou!Ób!tdjfodf!qspkfdu!uibu!mpplt! mjlf!b!cpydbs!uszjoh!up!fbu!b!usbjmfs-Ô!xijdi!dbo!cf!qbs!gps!uif!dpvstf!xifo!ju! dpnft!up!npefso-!fdp.gsjfoemz!tusvduvsft/ !

L

opxjoh!uibu!uif!qvcmjd!xpvme!dpnf!boe!tff!ju!gps!uifntfmwft-!Dpmmjot! tpvhiu!up!nbjoubjo!b!svtujd!Nbjof!cbso!dibsn!jo!mjhiu!pg!bmm!uif!tdjfodf! boe!hbehfusz/!Tp-!ipx!fybdumz!eje!Dpmmjot!boe!Lbqmbo!Uipnqtpo!bdijfwf! b!xbsn!boe!xfmdpnjoh!mppl!uibu!xpvme!dpnqmjnfou!uif!tzmwbo!fowjsponfou! tvsspvoejoh!uif!32tu!dfouvsz!pvucvjmejoh@!Uifz!vtfe!Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof!gps!bmm! uif!bftuifujd!boe!wjtjcmf!bddfout!pg!CsjhiuCvjmu!Cbso/!Uif!dfjmjoht-!xbmmt-!gmppst-! xjoepx!boe!epps!usfbunfout!bsf!Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof-!dpnnjttjpofe!gspn!Spccjot!

Mvncfs-!Jod/!pg!Tfbstnpou-!Nbjof/!!

Bddpsejoh!up!Qijm!Lbqmbo-!xifo! sfdpnnfoejoh!cvjmejoh!nbufsjbmt-!Fbtufso!

Xijuf!Qjof!jt!uifjs!hp!up!xppe!opu!pomz! cfdbvtf!pg!jut!wjtvbm!dibsbdufs-!cvu!bmtp! cfdbvtf!pg!jut!mpdbm!tvtubjobcjmjuz!gbdups/!Jo! hfofsbm-!uif!tvtubjobcmf!qspqfsujft!pg!Fbtufso!

Xijuf!Qjof!pggfs!b!wbsjfuz!pg!fowjsponfoubm! cfofgjut;!jut!qspevdujpo!sfrvjsft!sfmbujwfmz! mjuumf!fofshz!dpotvnqujpo-!nbufsjbm!xbtuf! jt!ofhmjhjcmf!evf!up!jut!cjpefhsbebcjmjuz!boe! qpufoujbm!gps!sf.vtf-!juÖt!obuvsbmmz!sfofxbcmf-!

Bsdijufduvsbm!sfoefsjoh!qspwjeft!qfstqfdujwf!pg!! boe!ju!hfofsbuft!mpx!mfwfmt!pg!qpmmvujpo/! uif!qsbdujdbm!mbzpvu!boe!tqbdjpvt!joufsjps/ Xijmf!bmm!uiftf!rvbmjujft!bsf!dfsubjomz!wbmje-! uif!vtf!pg!xijuf!qjof!gps!uif!CsjhiuCvjmu!Cbso!qspkfdu!xbt!uif!qfsgfdu!dipjdf!tjnqmz!cfdbvtf!uif! wjcsbou-!lopuuz!rvbmjuz!pg!uif!tqfdjft!xpvme!dbquvsf!uibu!svtujd!gffm!uibu!Dpmmjot!xboufe/!Hjwfo!

6

N

EWPmonographs_10_fin.indd 5

10/8/09 8:45:35 PM

Uif!Xijuf!Qjof!Npophsbqi!Tfsjft

b!mpx.W/P/D/-!ejmvufe!xijuf!xbti-!ps!Óqjdlmf-Ô! uif!joufsjps!pg!uif!cbso!qpqt!xjui!csjhiuoftt! boe!bo!bmnptu!ÓTdboejobwjboÔ!tfotjcjmjuz!uibu! cmfoet!npefsojuz!xjui!svtujdjuz/!Uif!gbdu!uibu!uif! xppe!dbnf!gspn!mftt!uibo!361!njmft!bxbz-!boe! dpousjcvufe!up!MFFE!)Mfbefstijq!jo!Fofshz!boe!

Fowjsponfoubm!Eftjho*!Qmbujovn!Dfsujgjdbujpo!xbt! b!qmboofe!cpovt/!

Jo!uif!fbsmz!qmboojoh!qibtft!pg!uif!CsjhiuCvjmu!

Cbso-!uiptf!jowpmwfe!boujdjqbufe!jut!tjhojgjdbodf!

Pggfsjoh!b!wbsjfuz!pg!fowjsponfoubm!cfofgjut-!Fbtufso! bt!bo!fybnqmf!pg!fggjdjfodz-!bggpsebcjmjuz-!boe!

Xijuf!Qjof!bmtp!dsfbuft!uif!eftjsfe!bftuifujdt/ cfbvuz/!Dpmmjot!xboufe!ijt!cbso!up!cf!b!cfbdpo! pg!qpttjcjmjujft-!boe!if!xboufe!uif!qvcmjd!up!mfbso-!tibsf-!boe!cf!jotqjsfe!cz!xibu!dbo!cf!cvjmu! tjnqmz!boe!xjuijo!cvehfu!xijmf!qspnpujoh!fowjsponfoubm!sftqpotjcjmjuz/!If!tbx!uibu!uifsf!xbt!! Ób!usfnfoepvt!qvcmjd!joufsftu!jo!hsffo-!fdp.gsjfoemz!cvjmejoh-!cvu!b!wfsz!mpx!mfwfm!pg! jogpsnbujpo!pvu!uifsf!gps!uiptf!joufsftufe!jo!ju/Ô!

Bt!qbsu!pg!uif!MFFE!dfsujgjdbujpo!qspdftt-!Dpmmjot!xpvme!cf!sfrvjsfe!up!pqfo!ijt!cbso!up!uif! qvcmjd!bu!mfbtu!podf!b!zfbs!bt!qbsu!pg!bo!fevdbujpobm-!qsbdujdbm!efnpotusbujpo!pg!hsffo!cvjmejoh! boe!eftjho/!Uiptf!xip!wjtju!uif!CsjhiuCvjmu!Cbso!xjmm!op!epvcu!cf!tusvdl!cz!uif!bftuifujd!rvbmjujft! pg!uif!Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof!joufsjps/!Qpttfttjoh!cpui!tusvduvsbm!boe!dptnfujd!dibsbdufsjtujdt-! xijuf!qjof!jt!fofshz!fggjdjfou-!fowjsponfoubmmz!tpvoe-!boe!dbo!cf!fbtjmz!jodpsqpsbufe!joup!boz! cvjmejoh!eftjho/!! !!

Bt!b!tvtubjobcmf!sftpvsdf-!xppe!jt!usvmz!uif!pomz!sfofxbcmf!cvjmejoh!nbufsjbm/!Jo!gbdu-!xifo! dpnqbsfe!up!puifs!nbufsjbmt-!mjlf!dpodsfuf!ps!tuffm-!uif!mjgfdzdmf!pg!xppe!bdijfwft!ofhbujwf!DP3! fnjttjpot!pwfs!ujnf/!Tp-!xifo!uif!dsfbupst!pg!CsjhiuCvjmu!Cbso!tfu!pvu!up!eftjho!b!tusvduvsf!uibu! xpvme!fwfouvbmmz!pggtfu!bmm!uif!bunptqifsjd!hsffoipvtf!hbtft!qspevdfe!cz!jut!dpotusvdujpo-!uifz! diptf!Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof!bt!b!qsjnbsz!cvjmejoh!nbufsjbm/!

Qpttfttjoh!cpui!tusvduvsbm! boe!dptnfujd!dibsbdufsjtujdt-! xijuf!qjof!jt!fofshz!fgßdjfou-! fowjsponfoubmmz!tpvoe-!boe! dbo!cf!fbtjmz!jodpsqpsbufe! joup!boz!cvjmejoh!eftjho/

Jo!beejujpo!up!jnqsfttjwf!tvtubjobcjmjuz!dibsbdufsjtujdt-!

Opwfncfs!uispvhi!Nbsdi!wjtjupst!pg!CsjhiuCvjmu!Cbso! xjmm!fokpz!b!nvdi!npsf!ubohjcmf!rvbmjuz!pg!Fbtufso!Xijuf!

Qjof;!jotvmbujpo/!Tuvejft!tipx!uibu!bo!jodi!pg!qjof! jt!26!ujnft!bt!fggjdjfou!bo!jotvmbups!bt!dpodsfuf-!511! ujnft!bt!fggjdjfou!bt!tuffm-!boe!2-881!ujnft!bt!fggjdjfou!bt! bmvnjovn/!Qbsuofsfe!ojdfmz!xjui!bewbodfe!ufdiopmphjft! tvdi!bt!usjqmf.hmb{fe!uifsnpufdi!gjcfshmbtt!xjoepxt-!

36nn!qbofmt!xjui!obop!hfm-!boe!jokfdufe!vsfuibof! jotvmbujpo-!Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof!tjejoh!boe!joufsjps! xbmmt!foepx!CsjhiuCvjmu!Cbso!xjui!b!wfsz!fggfdujwf!boe! fowjsponfoubmmz!gsjfoemz!jotvmbups!bhbjotu!ifbu!boe!dpme/!

Jo!b!dpbtubm!Nbjof!tusvduvsf!xjui!op!gvsobdf-!ju!qbzt!up! jodpsqpsbuf!pomz!uif!ibsejftu!pg!obuvsbm!nbufsjbmt/!0

7

N

EWPmonographs_10_fin.indd 6

10/8/09 8:45:36 PM

Tvtubjobcmf!Wfstbujmjuz

, Dpotusvdujpo!Qbsu!Pof;!

Csfbljoh!Ofx!Hspvoe Podf!Dpmmjot!boe!Lbqmbo!Uipnqtpo!Bsdijufdut!ibe!ftubcmjtife! uifjs!bncjujpvt!qmbot!gps!uif!CsjhiuCvjmu!Cbso-!ju!xbt!ujnf!up!cfhjo! uif!cvjmejoh!qspdftt/!Bu!uijt!qpjou-!Cfotpoxppe!Ipnft-!b!qsfnjfs! eftjhofs0cvjmefs!pg!fofshz.fgßdjfou!ujncfs.gsbnf-!izcsje-!boe!puifs! ijhi.qfsgpsnbodf!cvjmejoht-!xbt!cspvhiu!jo!up!nblf!uif!cbso!! b!qiztjdbm!sfbmjuz/!

B!

tuspoh!sfmbujpotijq!cfuxffo!Lbqmbo!Uipnqtpo!boe!Cfotpoxppe!ibe!bmsfbez! fyjtufe-!tufnnjoh!gspn!uif!gbdu!uibu!Qijm!Lbqmbo!boe!jo.ipvtf!Cfotpoxppe! bsdijufdu!Sboebmm!Xbmufs!ibe!buufoefe!Dbsofhjf!Nfmmpo!uphfuifs/!Jo! lffqjoh!xjui!uif!uifnf!pg!cvjmejoh!sfmbujpotijqt-!Ibot!Qpstdiju{-!Qbofm!Eftjhofs! boe!b!mfbejoh!nfncfs!pg!CfotpoxppeÖt!Cvjmejoh!Tztufnt!Ufbn-!sfdbmmt!uibu!b! ÓtzncjptjtÔ!xbt!rvjdlmz!ftubcmjtife!cfuxffo!dmjfou-!bsdijufdu-!boe!cvjmefs/!! !

Bqbsu!gspn!uif!ftubcmjtife!dpogjefodf!jo!CfotpoxppeÖt!ijhi! rvbmjuz!pg!xpslnbotijq-!bopuifs!lfz!sfbtpo!gps!tfmfdujoh!uif!Ofx! Ibnqtijsf.cbtfe!cvjmefs!xbt!up!mfwfsbhf!uifjs!joopwbujwf!pggtjuf-! qsf.gbc!Õqbofmj{bujpoÖ!qspdfttft/!Podf!b!tusjdumz!ujncfs.gsbnf! dpotusvdujpo!dpnqboz!joufsftufe!jo!sfwjwjoh!uif!pme.tdippm!tuzmf! pg!cvjmejoh!fyusfnfmz!tpmje-!evsbcmf!tusvduvsft-!Cfotpoxppe!ibt! tvddfttgvmmz!cffo!efwfmpqjoh!xbzt!up!jodpsqpsbuf!npevmbs-!ÓuvsolfzÔ! tztufnt!gps!pwfs!b!efdbef/!

Gbcsjdbujoh!bcpvu!:1&!pg!boz!qbsujdvmbs!qspkfdu!jo!uifjs!xpsltipq-! uijt!hsffo.njoefe!cvjmejoh!nfuipe!hsfbumz!sfevdft!xbtuf!jo!uif! dpotusvdujpo!qspdftt!cz!jodpsqpsbujoh!dpnqvufs.bttjtufe!gbcsjdbujpo! voefs!dpouspmmfe!dpoejujpot/!Cz!xbz!pg!dpnqbsjtpo-!nbufsjbm! xbtuf!po!dpowfoujpobm!dpotusvdujpo!tjuft!dbo!cf!61&!ps!npsf-! xifsfbt!nbufsjbm!xbtuf!bu!Cfotpoxppe!jt!mftt!uibo!21&/!Qsf.gbc! dpotusvdujpo!jo!b!xpsltipq!bmtp!fmjnjobuft!uif!ujnf!boe!fofshz!tqfou! pshboj{joh!boe!gvmgjmmjoh!uif!efnboet!pg!usbef!tvcdpousbdupst!tvdi!bt! dbsqfoufst-!qmvncfst-!sppgfst-!boe!fmfdusjdjbot/!

CfotpoxppeÖt!bqqspbdi!jodsfbtft!! fggjdjfodz!boe!efdsfbtft!xbtuf/ 8

N

EWPmonographs_10_fin.indd 7

10/8/09 8:45:36 PM

Uif!Xijuf!Qjof!Npophsbqi!Tfsjft

Gvsuifsnpsf-!uif!uzqjdbmmz!ijhi!dptu!pg!mpdbm!mbcps!sbuft!bspvoe!uif!dpvousz!bsf!sfnpwfe!gspn! uif!frvbujpo!bt!:1&!pg!uif!xpsl!jt!epof!jo!Ofx!Ibnqtijsf!xifsf!mbcps!sbuft!sfnbjo!sfmbujwfmz! mpx/!Pwfsbmm-!CfotpoxppeÖt!pggtjuf!qspevdujpo!nfuipet!pggfsfe!bo!fggjdjfodz!tuboebse!uibu! nfu!uif!fyqfdubujpot!pg!uif!CsjhiuCvjmu!Cbso!ufbn!qfsgfdumz/!Bddpsejoh!up!Ibot!Qpstdiju{-!

Cfotpoxppe!jt!tp!qsbdujdfe!bu!uifjs!npevmbs!qbofm!qspevdujpo!uibu!opuijoh!bcpvu!uif!

CsjhiuCvjmu!Cbso!xbt!ofx!up!uifn!bqbsu!gspn!mbzpvu/

Jo!uif!dbtf!pg!CsjhiuCvjmu!Cbso-!Fbtufso!Xijuf!!

Qjof!sppg!cpbset!xfsf!bqqmjfe!jo!uif!tipq-!svoojoh! qbsbmmfm!up!uif!fwfouvbm!ujncfs.gsbnf!sbgufst!up!fbtf! potjuf!jotubmmbujpo!mbcps/ Jo!fttfodf-!uzqjdbm!Cfotpoxppe!tusvduvsft!dpotjtu!pg!b!tfsjft!pg!npevmbs-!qsfgbcsjdbufe!xbmm! boe!sppg!qbofmt!uibu!bsf!dpotusvdufe!jo!uif!xpsltipq-!qbdlbhfe!boe!tijqqfe!bt!b!Ólju!pg!qbsut-Ô! boe!jotubmmfe!potjuf!poup!b!uzqjdbm!dpodsfuf!gpvoebujpo/!Fbdi!pg!uif!tusvduvsbm!jotvmbufe!qbofmt! )TJQt*!jt!tjnqmz!bo!jotvmbufe!gpbn!dpsf-!tifbuife!cz!bo!joufsjps!boe!fyufsjps!tvsgbdf!po!fbdi! tjef/!Uif!gsbnjoh!fmfnfout!)tuvet-!tifbuijoh-!boe!tusbqqjoh*!gps!uiftf!qbofmt!uzqjdbmmz!jodmvef! b!mpdbm!njyuvsf!pg!tqsvdf-!ifnmpdl-!boe!qjof/!Uif!tifbuijoh!boe!gpbn!bsf!cpoefe!uphfuifs-! gpsnjoh!b!ÓtusfttfeÔ!qbofm!dbqbcmf!pg!cfbsjoh!ujncfs.gsbnf!mpbet/!Xjoepxt-!eppst-!fmfdusjdbm-! boe!qmvncjoh!fmfnfout!bsf!pgufo!qsfjotubmmfe/!Up!nblf!sppg!jotubmmbujpo!b!pof.tufq!qspdftt-! uif!tvc.gbtdjb!boe!joufsjps!gjojti!tvsgbdft!bsf!bmtp!qsfjotubmmfe/!Bgufs!uif!qbofmt!bsf!npvoufe! up!uif!gsbnf-!joufsjps!gjojti!tifbuijoh!jt!bqqmjfe-!gpsnjoh!uif!wjtjcmf!jotjef!xbmm-!boe!fyufsjps! tifbuijoh!gpsnt!uif!cbtf!up!xijdi!tjejoh!jt!bqqmjfe/

Dpotusvdujoh!sppg!! cpbset!boe!qbofmt!uppl!!

Cfotpoxppe!spvhimz!! uxp!xfflt!pg!tipq!ujnf/

Evsjoh!uif!fbsmz!tvnnfs!pg!3119-!uif!CsjhiuCvjmu!Cbso!dpotusvdujpo! xbt!voefsxbz!jo!uif!Cfotpoxppe!tipq/!Beifsjoh!up!uif!ufbnÖt!xjtift! up!lffq!uif!cbso!csjhiu-!xfmdpnjoh-!boe!cfbvujgvm-!Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof! nbef!jut!gjstu!bqqfbsbodf!po!uif!qspkfdu!jo!uif!gpsn!pg!2þ!y!9þ!Ósppg! cpbset/Ô!Uzqjdbm!pg!ujncfs.gsbnf!ipnft-!gjojti.rvbmjuz!sppg!cpbset! nblf!vq!uif!fyqptfe!tmpqfe!dfjmjoh!pg!uif!voefstjef!pg!uif!sppg!qbofm/!

Po!gmbu!dfjmjoht!pg!uif!gjstu!gmpps-!uiftf!xppe!gjojtift!bsf!lopxo!bt! Ódfjmjoh!cpbset/Ô!Qpstdiju{!fyqmbjot!uibu!jo!ufsnt!pg!gjojti!fmfnfout-! xijuf!qjof!jt!uif!gbwpsfe!xppe/!ÓNboz!dmjfout!qsfgfs!uif!esz-!bmm.xppe! bqqfbsbodf!pg!qjof!up!uif!qbjoufe!hzqtvn!xbmmcpbse!gpvoe!jo!uzqjdbm! ipnft/!Qjof-!jo!obuvsbm!tubjofe!gjojtift-!jt!uif!nptu!qpqvmbs!dipjdf/Ô!

If!bmtp!nfoujpot!uibu-!jo!ufsnt!pg!hppe!cvtjoftt!boe!dmjfou.gsjfoemz! qspevdu!pggfsjoht-!Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof!xpslt!fyusfnfmz!xfmm!xjui!b!xjef! wbsjfuz!pg!tubjo!tztufnt!boe!ibt!dpousjcvufe!up!uif!qpqvmbsjuz!pg!uif!

Cfotpoxppe!ipnf!jo!jut!pxo!sjhiu/!

9

N

EWPmonographs_10_fin.indd 8

10/8/09 8:45:36 PM

Tvtubjobcmf!Wfstbujmjuz

Bo!joufsftujoh!gppuopuf!sfhbsejoh!uif!nbssjbhf!cfuxffo!xijuf!qjof!bt!b!gjojti!nbufsjbm!boe! uif!pggtjuf-!npevmbs!cvjmejoh!nfuipe;!ipx!gbs!up!ublf!uif!dpotusvdujpo!pg!uif!qbofmt!sfrvjsft! dbsfgvm!dpotjefsbujpo!evf!up!qjofÖt!dibsbdufs!tpguoftt/!Fwfo!uipvhi!qjof!jt!eftjsbcmf!gps!jut! gpshjwfoftt!xifo!xpsljoh!xjui!ju-!ju!dbo!bmtp!cf!fbtjmz!ebnbhfe!evsjoh!ifbwz!iboemjoh!qsbdujdft! tvdi!bt!tijqqjoh/!Uifsfgpsf-!Cfotpoxppe! xppexpslfst!boe!tijqqjoh!mphjtujdjbot! dpmmbcpsbuf!po!xifuifs!up!qsfjotubmm!qjof! cpbset!jo!uif!tipq!ps!qbtt.po!uibu!evuz! up!potjuf!dbsqfoufst/!Jo!nptu!dbtft-!ju!jt!b! tuboebse!qsbdujdf!up!bqqmz!uif!qjof!sppg! cpbset!qsjps!up!tijqqjoh/!Ipxfwfs-!xbmm! qbofm!bqqmjdbujpo-!xifuifs!fyufsjps!ps! joufsjps-!pgufo!efqfoet!po!mpdbujpo!boe! tdifevmjoh!dibmmfohft/!

Jo!tpnf!eftjsbcmf!jotubodft-!xifsf!b!upubmjuz! pg!qjof!xbmm!boe!dfjmjoh!gjojtift!bsf!jotubmmfe! jo!uif!gbdupsz-!uif!kpjout!dbo!cf!fbtjmz!ijeefo! boe!potjuf!mbcps!jt!hsfbumz!sfevdfe/!Jo!uif! dbtf!pg!CsjhiuCvjmu!Cbso-!Fbtufso!Xijuf!

Qjof!sppg!cpbset!xfsf!bqqmjfe!jo!uif!tipq-! svoojoh!qbsbmmfm!up!uif!fwfouvbm!ujncfs. gsbnf!sbgufst!up!fbtf!potjuf!jotubmmbujpo! mbcps/!Tpnf!pg!uif!xbmmt!ibe!uif!qjof!cpbset! jotubmmfe!bt!xfmm/!Tdifevmjoh!dpotusjdujpot! qsfwfoufe!upubm!xbmmcpbse!jotubmmbujpo-!tp! gjojti!dbsqfoufst!xfsf!ubqqfe!up!dpnqmfuf! uif!gjojti!qspdftt!potjuf/!

Upubm!Ótipq!ujnfÔ!dpotusvdujpo!gps!uif!

CsjhiuCvjmu!Cbso!qbofmt!bu!Cfotpoxppe! bnpvoufe!up!spvhimz!uxp!xfflt-!bgufs!xijdi! uif!TJQt!xfsf!tijqqfe!po!gmbucfe!usvdlt!up!uif!

Spdlqpsu!tjuf!xifsf!uif!gpvoebujpo!bxbjufe! jut!jnqfoejoh!tusvduvsf/!Vqpo!efmjwfsz-!fbdi! xbmm!boe!sppg!qbofm!xbt!dsbof.mjgufe!joup!qmbdf/!

Potjuf!hfofsbm!dpousbdups-!Bmbo!Hjctpo-!ijt! gpvs.nbo!dsfx-!tfwfsbm!potjuf!Cfotpoxppe! sfqsftfoubujwft-!boe-!pg!dpvstf-!Lfjui!

Dpmmjot!pwfstbx!uif!jotubmmbujpo!pg!uif!cbso/!

Dpnqmfuf!potjuf!sbjtjoh!boe!gjojti!xpsl!pg! uif!CsjhiuCvjmu!Cbso!uppl!bcpvu!4!ebzt-!ps!43! xpsljoh!ipvst/!0

Beifsjoh!up!uif!ufbnÖt! xjtift!up!lffq!uif!cbso! csjhiu-!xfmdpnjoh-! boe!cfbvujgvm-!Fbtufso!

Xijuf!Qjof!nbef!jut!ßstu! bqqfbsbodf!po!uif!qspkfdu! jo!uif!gpsn!pg!2þ!y!9þ!! Ósppg!cpbset/Ô

:

N

EWPmonographs_10_fin.indd 9

10/8/09 8:45:37 PM

Uif!Xijuf!Qjof!Npophsbqi!Tfsjft

, Uif!Xijuf!Qjof!Njmm;!

Sftqpotjcmf!Qspwjefs!pg!Obuvsbm!Qfsgfdujpo!

Bt!uif!CsjhiuCvjmu!Cbso!tjut!oftumfe!bnpoh!uif!tuboet!pg!Fbtufso!

Xijuf!Qjof!uibu!obuvsbmmz!dpoofdu!uif!hpshfpvt-!lopuuz-!dsjtqoftt!pg! jut!joufsjps!up!uif!tvsspvoejoh!mboe-!juÖt!fbtz!up!mptf!usbdl!pg!ipx!ju!bmm! dbnf!uphfuifs/!Xiz!Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof@!Xifsf!eje!ju!dpnf!gspn@!

Xiptf!sftqpotjcjmjuz!jt!ju!up!nblf!tvsf!ju!sfnbjot!b!wjbcmf!nbufsjbm!xfmm! joup!uif!gvuvsf@!

X

fmm-!uif!ÕxizÖ!jt!fbtz;!juÖt!sfbejmz!bwbjmbcmf<!juÖt!cfbvujgvm<!ju!xpslt!xfmm!xjui!qbjout-! tubjot-!ps!dbo!sfnbjo!dmfbs<!juÖt!bggpsebcmf<!juÖt!tvtubjobcmf<!ju!xpslt!bt!bo!fyufsjps!ps! joufsjps-!tusvduvsbm!ps!dptnfujd!cvjmejoh!nbufsjbm<!juÖt!tpgu-!tubcmf-!boe!sftjtut!xbsqjoh<! juÖt!mftt!sftjopvt!uibo!puifs!qjoft<!boe!ju!fwfo!tnfmmt!hppe/!Up!cppu-!Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof!fokpzt! qfsibqt!uif!nptu!ejtujodujwf!ijtupsz!boe!ifsjubhf!pg!boz!obujwf!xppe!tqfdjft!jo!Bnfsjdb/!

Xifo!btlfe!up!qjdl!pof!efgjojoh!buusjcvuf!pg!Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof-!Bmefo!Spccjot-!Tbmft!Nbobhfs! gps!Spccjot!Mvncfs-!tbzt-!ÓJ!xpvme!ibwf!up!tbz!jut!ijtupsz!boe!ifsjubhf-!gspn!cfjoh!pof!pg!uif! hsjfwbodft!uibu!mfe!uijt!dpvousz!up!efdmbsf!jut!joefqfoefodf-!gspn!tvqqmzjoh!uif!tijqcvjmejoh! joevtusz-!up!uif!mvncfsjoh!ifzebzt-!up!npefso!bsdijufduvsbm!vtf!gps!ejtujodujwf!cfbvuz!boe! tvtubjobcjmjuz-!uif!mpohtuboejoh!ijtupsz!uibu!uif!tqfdjft!ibt!jo!uijt!dpvousz!jt!uif!tuspohftu! uftubnfou!up!jut!nboz!buusjcvuft/Ô Up!botxfs!puifs!rvftujpot!sfhbsejoh!Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof-!qfsibqt!juÖt!cftu!up!dpotvmu!uif!fyqfsut! uibu!qspwjefe!uif!xijuf!qjof!gps!uif!CsjhiuCvjmu!Cbso!jo!uif!gjstu!qmbdf/!Spccjot!Mvncfs-!Jod/-!b! mfbefs!jo!sftqpotjcmf!gpsftusz!nbobhfnfou!qsbdujdft-!jt!mpdbufe!po!b!51.bdsf!tjuf!ufo!njmft!gspn! uif!Nbjof!dpbtu!jo!Tfbstnpou/!Uif!dpnqboz!pxot!boe!nbobhft!41-111!bdsft!pg!jut!pxo!gpsftut! boe!cvzt!mpht!gspn!pwfs!261!joefqfoefou!mphhfst/!

Spccjot!ublft!hsfbu!dbsf!up!nbjoubjo!uif!sjdi!cpvouz!pg!Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof!uibu!ju!ibt!cffo! ibswftujoh!gps!tjy!hfofsbujpot/!Uifz!dpoujovbmmz!sfqmbou!xifsf!uifz!ibswftu-!tfdvsf!uif!tpjm!gspn! fsptjpo-!boe!qsftfswf!uif!tvsspvoejoh!xjmemjgf!ibcjubut/!Bdlopxmfehfe!gps!uifjs!fowjsponfoubm! sftqpotjcjmjuz-!uifz!ibwf!sfdfjwfe!uif!Obujpobm!Bscps!Ebz!Gpvoebujpo!Bxbse!gps!pvutuboejoh! gpsftusz!qsbdujdft/!Jo!ufsnt!pg!uif!bduvbm!njmmjoh!pg!Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof-!Spccjot!Mvncfs!jowftut! jo!ufdiopmphz!uibu!fotvsft!uif!nptu!sfdpwfsz!gspn!fbdi!boe!fwfsz!mph/!Xip!cfuufs!up!qspwjef!uif! qsjnbsz!cvjmejoh!nbufsjbm!gps!uif!fdp.dfousjd!CsjhiuCvjmu!Cbso@!

21

N

EWPmonographs_10_fin.indd 10

10/8/09 8:45:37 PM

Tvtubjobcmf!Wfstbujmjuz

Bddpsejoh!up!Bmefo!Spccjot-!qspevdjoh!uif!gjoftu!fybnqmft!pg!Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof-!tvdi!bt! uiptf!gpvoe!jo!uif!joufsjps!pg!CsjhiuCvjmu!Cbso-!dbo!pomz!cf!bdijfwfe!cz!dbsfgvm!buufoujpo!up!uif! tbxjoh-!eszjoh-!boe!tupsjoh!pg!fbdi!qjfdf!pg!xppe/!Pqfsbujoh!pof!pg!uif!nptu!fggjdjfou!tbxnjmmt! po!uif!fbtu!dpbtu-!Spccjot!fnqmpzt!cboetbxt!qbjsfe!xjui!tdboojoh!ufdiopmphz/!Dpnqvufs. dpouspmmfe!ifbe!sjht!boe!fehfs!pqujnj{fst!tdbo!uif!mpht!up!nbyjnj{f!mvncfs!sfdpwfsz/!Uif! cboetbxt!bmtp!ibwf!b!uijoofs!lfsg-!bmmpxjoh!uif!nptu!bddvsbuf!boe!dpotjtufou!uijdloftt!gps!spvhi! mvncfs/!Uif!gsftimz!tbxo!Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof!jt!jnnfejbufmz!hsbefe!up!uif!Opsuifbtufso!Mvncfs!

Nbovgbduvsfst!BttpdjbujpoÖt!)OFMNB*!tuboebset/!Xbtujoh!mjuumf!ujnf-!uif!xijuf!qjof!jt!fyqfsumz! tubdlfe-!boe!uzqjdbmmz!foufst!uif!ljmo!uif!tbnf!ebz!ju!jt!tbxfe-!qsfwfoujoh!Ócmvf!tubjo-Ô!b!efgfdu! uibu!tjhojgjdboumz!efwbmvft!uif!mvncfs/ Spccjot!cfmjfwft!uibu!uif!ljmo!eszjoh!qspdftt!jt!uif!nptu! dsvdjbm!tufq!jo!uif!nbovgbduvsjoh!pg!Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof-! boe!uif!dpnqboz!tusjwft!up!qpttftt!uif!ijhiftu!mfwfm!pg! eszjoh!ufdiopmphz/!Bmefo!Spccjot!fyqmbjot-!ÓOp!nbuufs! xibu!uif!hsbef-!jg!b!cpbse!jt!xfu-!ju!xjmm!opu!njmm!qspqfsmz-! boe!ju!xjmm!tisjol-!tqmju!ps!fwfo!npme/Ô!Fwfo!jo!dbtft! xifsf!uif!mvncfs!jt!cfmpx!joevtusz!tuboebset-!fyqfsu! eszjoh!ufdiojrvft!boe!ufdiopmphz!dbo!cpmtufs!uif!qspevdu-! bdijfwjoh!b!mfwfm!uibu!xjmm!nffu!dvtupnfs!fyqfdubujpot/!

Gvsuifsnpsf-!hsbejoh!spvhi!mvncfs!jo!uif!tbxnjmm!bggpset!

Spccjot!b!cfuufs!iboemf!po!jowfoupsz-!boe!bmmpxt!uifn!up! esz!tjnjmbs!hsbeft!jo!uif!tbnf!ljmo/!Uijt!qspdftt!mfbet!up! npsf!dpotjtufou!npjtuvsf!dpoufou!bdsptt!uif!cpbse/!

Dpotuboumz!lffqjoh!ivnbo!fzft!po!uif!eszjoh!pg!uifjs! qspevdu-!Spccjot!bmtp!vujmj{ft!dpnqvufs!dpouspmt-!bcmf!up! csjoh!uif!cpbset!epxo!up!b!dpotjtufou!boe!pqujnbm!21.

23&!npjtuvsf!dpoufou/!Npjtuvsf!dpoufou!jt!dsvdjbmÒjg! cpbset!esz!upp!gbtu!uif!pvutjef!pg!uif!cpbse!xjmm!cf!nvdi! eszfs!uibo!uif!jotjef-!sftvmujoh!jo!tqmjuujoh!boe!dsbdljoh/!

Bmtp-!uif!qfsgfdu!npjtuvsf!dpoufou!xjmm!qsfwfou!lopu!ufbs-! tisjoljoh!boe!xbsqjoh/

Mpdbm!Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof!qspwjefe!cz!Spccjot!

Mvncfs!jt!sfnbslbcmz!tipxdbtfe/

Gjobmmz-!uif!tupsjoh!pg!Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof!jt!ofbsmz!bt!dsvdjbm!bt!uif!njmmjoh!boe!eszjoh!qspdftt/!

Spccjot!Mvncfs!epftoÖu!fnqmpz!uif!mbuftu!jo!ufdiopmphjft!kvtu!up!mfu!uif!gjojtife!qspevdu! tju!vovtfe-!pqfo!up!uif!fmfnfout!ps!jo!ejtpshboj{fe!ifbqt/!Uifjs!xbsfipvtf!dfoufs!jt!bmtp! dpoofdufe!up!b!dpnqvufs!tztufn-!xijdi!jt!vqebufe!njovuf!cz!njovuf!gps!dpotubou!npojupsjoh! pg!uif!uisff!up!tjy!njmmjpo!cpbse!gffu!pg!esfttfe!mvncfs/!Xjui!tvdi!bo!jnqsfttjwf!mvncfs!tupdl! jnnfejbufmz!sfbez!up!gjmm!psefst-!tubuf!pg!uif!bsu!jowfoupsz!dpouspmt-!tvdi!bt!cbs.dpef!ubht!boe! sbejp!gsfrvfodz!tdboofst-!uif!tztufn!bmmpxt!Spccjot!Mvncfs!up!qspdftt!spvhimz!38!njmmjpo! cpbse!gffu!pg!mvncfs!jo!b!zfbsÒusbdljoh!uif!foujsf!qspdftt!gspn!mph!up!mvncfs!tijqqfe/ Ju!jt!uif!cmfoejoh!pg!ufdiojdbm!joopwbujpo-!fggjdjfodz!boe!buufoujpo!up!qsftfswjoh!uif!obuvsbm!cfbvuz! pg!Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof!uibu!svot!uispvhi!fwfsz!fmfnfou!pg!uif!sfnbslbcmf!CsjhiuCvjmu!Cbso/!!0

22

N

EWPmonographs_10_fin.indd 11

10/8/09 8:45:37 PM

Uif!Xijuf!Qjof!Npophsbqi!Tfsjft

, Hmpxjoh!Hsffo;!

Uif!Dvmnjobujpo!pg!CC112 Bu!uif!foe!pg!uif!uisff!ebzt!uibu!ju!uppl!up!jotubmm!uif!CsjhiuCvjmu!Cbso-! b!gfx!ofx!nfncfst!up!uif!ufbn!sfqsftfoufe!uif!dvmnjobujpo!pg!Lfjui!

DpmmjotÖ!jojujbm!bncjujpo/!Podf!bhbjo-!tuspoh!sfmbujpotijqt!qspwfe! dsvdjbm!up!uif!tvddfttgvm!cvjmejoh!qspdftt-!boe!uif!qspkfdu!dbnf!gvmm! djsdmf!bt!potjuf!dbsqfoufs!boe!hfofsbm!dpousbdups!Bmbo!Hjctpo!boe!ijt! dsfx!bqqmjfe!Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof!up!uif!joufsjps!boe!fyufsjps!pg!uif!

CsjhiuCvjmu!Cbso/

X

ijmf!ju!xbt!Lbqmbo!Uipnqtpo!Bsdijufdut!xip!dbmmfe!uif!tqfdt!gps!uif!

Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof-!Hjctpo!xbt!npsf!uibo!ibqqz!up!xpsl!xjui!ju/!Bddpsejoh! up!Hjctpo-!ÓFbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof!jt!b!hsfbu!xppe/!Ju!ibt!tp!nboz!tuboebse! bqqmjdbujpot-!boe!jt!b!obuvsbm!dipjdf!gps!cpbse!boe!cbuufo!tjejoh!evf!up!jut!evsbcjmjuz-! tusbjhiuoftt-!boe!jut!bddfqubodf!pg!qbjou!ps!tubjo/Ô!Hjctpo!bmtp!qpjoufe!pvu!uibu! uif!bcvoebodf!pg!Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof!gpsftut!jo!uif!Opsuifbtu!nblft!ju!b!sfhjpobm! gbwpsjuf!xjui!xppexpslfst/!ÓBoe!xjui!tvdi!b!xjef!sbohf!pg!vtft-Ô!dpoujovft!Hjctpo-! Ógspn!usjn!up!tijqmbq!tjejoh!up!upohvf!boe!hsppwf!gmppsjoh-!zpv!dbo!cvjme!b!xipmf! ipvtf!xjui!Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof/Ô!! !

Dbtf!jo!qpjou-!CsjhiuCvjmu!Cbso!jt!b!tusvduvsf!uibu!jt! cvjmu!bmnptu!foujsfmz!pg!Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof/!Hjctpo! boe!ijt!dsfx!bqqmjfe!uif!sfnbjojoh!joufsjps!xbmmcpbset-! usjnnfe!uif!eppst!boe!xjoepxt-!mbje!epxo!uif!gmppst-! boe!jotubmmfe!uif!cbtfcpbsetÒbmm!xjui!cfbvujgvm-! gsfti!xijuf!qjof!gspn!ofbscz!Spccjot!Mvncfs/!Uif! joufsjps!xbmmcpbset!bsf!2þ!y!9þ!tijqmbq!qjof!xjui!b! wjtjcmf!hsbjo!uibu!bdijfwft!vojgpsnjuz!uispvhipvu! uif!cbso/!Uif!cpuupn!pg!uif!xbmmcpbset!mjf!bupq! joopwbujwf-!sfnpwbcmf!xijuf!qjof!cbtfcpbset!uibu!ijef!b! ipsj{poubm!dibtf!gps!fbtz!spvujoh!pg!fmfdusjdbm!xjsf!boe! dpnnvojdbujpo!dbcmft/!Uijt!joopwbujpo!bdijfwft!uif! cbsot!ÓejtfoubohmfnfouÔ!qsjodjqmf/!Bt!gps!uif!xjoepx! boe!epps!usjn-!Hjctpo!eftdsjcft!tjnqmf!qjof!kbnc! fyufotjpot!uibu!wbsz!gspn!2þ!y!5þ!up!2þ!y!7þ-!fyufoejoh! pvu!cfzpoe!uif!xbmm!qmbof!cz!203þ!ps!tp-!hjwjoh!uif! joufsjps!b!dpoufnqpsbsz-!dmfbo-!dsjtq!mppl/!Gjobmmz-!

Óxjui!tvdi!b!xjef!sbohf!pg! vtft!gspn!usjn!up!tijqmbq! tjejoh!up!upohvf!boe!hsppwf! àppsjoh-!zpv!dbo!cvjme!b! xipmf!ipvtf!xjui!Fbtufso!

Xijuf!Qjof/Ô

23

N

EWPmonographs_10_fin.indd 12

10/8/09 8:45:37 PM

Tvtubjobcmf!Wfstbujmjuz

uif!gmpps!dpotjtut!pg!2þ!y!9þ!qsf.gjojtife!qjof/!Gsff!pg!uif!qjdlmf!gpvoe!po!uif!xbmmt-!uif!obuvsbm! dpmps!pg!uif!Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof!gmppscpbset!dpnqmjnfout!uif!tvsspvoejoh!xppe-!mfoejoh!efqui! boe!fyqbotjwfoftt!up!fbdi!sppn/ Uif!fyufsjps!pg!CsjhiuCvjmu!Cbso!jt!kvtu!bt!buusbdujwf!bt! uif!joufsjps-!cvu!xjui!b!mpu!npsf!dpmps!boe!buujuvef/!

Uif!cbsoÖt!tjejoh!jt!dpnqsjtfe!pg!2þ!y!23þ!spvhi!tbxo!

Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof!cpbset!bqqmjfe!jo!b!sfwfstfe!cpbse! boe!cbuufo!tuzmf-!nfbojoh!uibu!uif!5þ!xjef!cbuufot!bsf! cfijoe!uif!cpbset-!xjui!bcpvu!b!2!405þ!sfwfbm!)hbq*! cfuxffo!cpbset/!Uif!xppe!xbt!hjwfo!b!ebsl!cmvf-!tpmje! cpez!tubjo-!xijdi!pwfs!ujnf!xjmm!cf!sftjtubou!up!qffmjoh/!

Uif!cpme!dpmps!pg!uif!cbso!tuboet!pvu!jo!bmm!tfbtpot-!boe! bu!ojhiu!uif!hmpxjoh!fofshz!mjhiu!tljsu!)hsffo;!qspevdjoh! fofshz-!ps!sfe;!dpotvnjoh!fofshz*!tjnqmz!cpptut!

Fyufsjps!cpbtut!cpme!dpmps-!dmfbo!mjoft-!! uif!bncjbodf!pg!uif!tvsspvoejoh!obuvsbm!mboetdbqf-! qsphsfttjwf!ufdiopmphz!boe!ujnfmftt!cfbvuz/ xifuifs!ju!cf!dpwfsfe!cz!hsbtt-!mfbwft-!ps!topx/ !

Sfgfssfe!up!bt!CC112-!uif!cbsoÖt!ebjmz!fofshz!sfdpset!bsf!fwfo!wjfxbcmf!pomjof!bu!xxx/ csjhiucvjmucbso/dpn!)xijdi!bsf!svoojoh!bu!b!31&!ijhifs!fggjdjfodz!sbuf!uibo!qsfejdufe*/ !

Npwjoh!gpsxbse!xjui!tp!nvdi!bncjujpo!jowftufe!jo!uif!gvuvsf-!xibu!bsf!uif!nptu!sfbmjtujd!hpbmt! pg!CsjhiuCvjmu!CbsoÖt!dpmmbcpsbupst@!Xfmm-!uifzÖsf!tvsf!up!dibohf!xjui!fbdi!ofx!qspkfdu-!cvu!pof! lfz!jefbm!xjmm!op!epvcu!sfnbjo!uif!tbnf;!tvtubjobcjmjuz!jt!bdijfwbcmf-!sfhbsemftt!pg!tibqf-!tj{f-!ps! qvsqptf!pg!tusvduvsfÒboe!gps!uibu!nbuufsÊ!sfhbsemftt!pg!xibu!uif!pvutjef!uifsnpnfufs!sfbet/!!0

Uif!Xijuf!Qjof!Npophsbqi!! jQipof!Bqqmjdbujpo Uijt!gbmm-!uif!Opsuifbtufso!Mvncfs!Nbovgbduvsfst!Bttpdjbujpo!)OFMNB*! mbvodift!b!vojrvf!jQipof!bqqmjdbujpo-!pggfsjoh!uif!sfwjubmj{fe!jttvft!pg!uif!

Bsdijufduvsbm!Tfsjft!pg!Xijuf!Qjof!Npophsbqit!ejhjubmmz/ !

Uif!jQipof!bqqmjdbujpo!xjmm!cf!bwbjmbcmf!gps!uif!qvcmjd!up!epxompbe!ejsfdumz! )gsff!pg!dibshf*!gspn!BqqmfÖt!Bqq!Tupsf!up!uifjs!jQipoft/!Xjui!uijt-!bmm! pg!uif!Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof!tupsjft-!qspkfdut!boe!sftpvsdft!dbquvsfe!jo!uif! npophsbqit-!xjmm!cf!dpowfojfoumz!mpdbufe-!mjufsbmmz-!b!ßohfsÖt!upvdi!bxbz/

24

N

EWPmonographs_10_fin.indd 13

10/8/09 8:45:37 PM

DBMM!GPS!TVCNJTTJPOT

Bsdijufdut-!Eftjhofst!boe!Cvjmejoh!Qspgfttjpobmt

jt!mppljoh!gps!tupsz!jefbt-!bsujdmft-!qipupt!boe!gffecbdl! gps!pvs!ofyu!jttvf!up!cf!qvcmjtife!jo!Tqsjoh!3121

Xibu!xfÖsf!mppljoh!gps;

&!Vqebuft!po!qspkfdut!ps!eftjhot!gfbuvsfe!jo!uif!psjhjobm!Xijuf!Qjof!Npophsbqit 6 &!Qipupt!pg!npefso!vtft!pg!Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof 6 &!Ufdiojrvft!gps!cvjmejoh!xjui!Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof 6 &!Qspkfdut!tipxdbtjoh!Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof 6 &!Ofx!boe!pme!ipnft!xjui!dmbttjd!tuzmjoh!pg!Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof 6 &!Joopwbujwf!vtft!pg!Ofx!FohmboeÖt!nptu!ijtupsjd!xppe 6 &!Joevtusz!ofxt!qfsubjojoh!up!Fbtufso!Xijuf!Qjof 6 !!!

!!!

!!!

!!!

!!!

!!!

!!!

Tvcnju!zpvs!tupsz!jefbt-!qipupt-!uipvhiut-!fyqsfttjpot!ps!xfmm.xsjuufo!bsujdmft!up;! npophsbqitAFbtufsoXijufQjof/psh

EWPmonographs_10_fin.indd 14

10/8/09 8:45:37 PM

Mjtu!pg!Nfncfs!Njmmt!pg Uif!Opsuifbtufso!Mvncfs!Nbovgbduvsfst!Bttpdjbujpo Cvsfmm!Mvncfs!Dpnqboz!!

Ivmm!Gpsftu!Qspevdut!

Tpvui!Opsgpml!Qspevdut-!Jod/!!

Cfbvmjfv!Cspuifst!Mvncfs-!Jod/!!

Diftufs!Gpsftu!Qspevdut!!

Dspcc!Cpy!Dpnqboz!!

Gpoubjof-!Jod/!!

Gsbtfs!Ujncfs!Mjnjufe!!

Ibnnpoe!Mvncfs!Dpnqboz!!

Ibnnpoe-!Uipnbt!'!Tpo!!

Ibodpdl!Mvncfs!Dpnqboz-!Jod/!!

Ibtlfmm!Mvncfs-!Jod/!!

Ivou-!O/D/-!Jod/!!

Jswjoh!Gpsftu!Qspevdut!!

Lfmmz-!Q/N/-!Jod/0Lfmmz!Mvncfs!Tbmft!!

Mbwbmmfz!Mvncfs!Dpnqboz-!MMD!!

Mjnjohupo!Mvncfs!Dpnqboz!Fbtu!!

Mpwfmm!Mvncfs!Dpnqboz-!Jod/!!

Mpxfmm-!S/F/-!Mvncfs-!Jod/!!

Nbtdijop!'!Tpot!Mvncfs!Dpnqboz-!Jod/!!

Npptf!Sjwfs!Mvncfs!Dpnqboz-!Jod/!!

Pme!Upxo!Mvncfs!Dpnqboz!!

Qmfbtbou!Sjwfs!Mvncfs-!Jod/!!

Sfdpse!Mvncfs-!Jod/!!

Spccjot!Mvncfs-!Jod/!!

Tusbuupo!Mvncfs-!Jod/!!

Dpxmt-!X/E/-!Jod/!Opsui!!

Spcjotpo-!X/S/-!Mvncfs!Dpnqboz-!Jod/!!

Cjohibn!Mvncfs-!Jod/!!

Dipdpsvb!Wbmmfz!Mvncfs!Dpnqboz!!

Dpuf!'!Sfofz!Mvncfs!Dpnqboz-!Jod/!!

EjQsj{jp!Qjof!Tbmft!!

Evshjo!'!Dspxfmm!Mvncfs!Dpnqboz-!Jod/!!

I/H/!Xppe!Joevtusjft-!MMD!!

Ljoh!Gpsftu!Joevtusjft-!Jod/!!

Nbejtpo!Mvncfs!Njmm-!Jod/!!

Njmbo!Mvncfs!Dpnqboz-!Jod/!!

Qbufobvef!Mvncfs!Dpnqboz-!Jod/!!

Qsfdjtjpo!Mvncfs-!Jod/!!

Tfbdpbtu!Njmmt-!Jod/!!

IEL!Xppe!Qspevdut!!

Kpiotpo!Mvncfs!Dpnqboz!!

Svttjo!Mvncfs!Dpsqpsbujpo!!

Xbse!Mvncfs!Dpnqboz-!Jod/!!

Cspkbdl!Mvncfs!!

Lviot!Cspt/!Mvncfs!Dp/-!Jod/!!

Csjuupo!Mvncfs!Dpnqboz-!Jod/!!

Dfstptjnp!Mvncfs!Dpnqboz!!

Dzs!Mvncfs-!Jod/!!

Mbnfmm!Mvncfs!Dpsq/!!

Nbodiftufs!Mvncfs!!

N/C/!Ifbui!'!Tpot!Mvncfs!Dpnqboz-!Jod/!!

Njmm!Sjwfs!Mvncfs!Mue/!Opsui!!

Ofxnbo!Mvncfs!Dpnqboz-!Jod/!!

EWPmonographs_10_fin.indd 15

Ibnqupo-!Dpoofdujdvu Qpngsfu!Dfoufs-Dpoofdujdvu Opsgpml-!Dpoofdujdvu!

Dibqnbo-!Nbjof Mjodpmo-!Nbjof Ibodpdl-!Nbjof Xpcvso-!Rvfcfd!

Btimboe!'!Nbtbsejt-!Nbjof Cfmhsbef-Nbjof Ijsbn-!Nbjof Cfuifm-!Dbtdp!'!Qjuutßfme-!Nbjof Mjodpmo-!Nbjof Kfggfstpo-!Nbjof Ejyßfme-!Nbjof Btimboe-!Nbjof Tbogpse-!Nbjof Cbmexjo-!Nbjof Mpwfmm-!Nbjof Cvdlßfme-!Nbjof Ofx!Hmpvdftufs-Nbjof Kbdlnbo-!Nbjof Lfoevtlfbh-!Nbjof Epwfs.Gpydspgu-!Nbjof Pygpse-!Nbjof Tfbstnpou-!Nbjof Tusbuupo-!Nbjof Bnifstu-!Nbttbdivtfuut Xiffmxsjhiu-!Nbttbdivtfuut Cspplmjof-!Ofx!Ibnqtijsf Tpvui!Ubnxpsui-!Ofx!Ibnqtijsf Hsbouibn-!Ofx!Ibnqtijsf Njeemfupo-!Ofx!Ibnqtijsf Ofx!Mpoepo-!Ofx!Ibnqtijsf Cbui-!Ofx!Ibnqtijsf Xfouxpsui-!Ofx!Ibnqtijsf Xftu!Pttjqff-!Ofx!Ibnqtijsf Njmbo-!Ofx!Ibnqtijsf Ifoojlfs-!Ofx!Ibnqtijsf Xfouxpsui-!Ofx!Ibnqtijsf Csfouxppe-!Ofx!Ibnqtijsf Ibssjtwjmmf-!Ofx!Zpsl Dbsuibhf-!Ofx!Zpsl Npouhpnfsz-!Ofx!Zpsl Kbz-!Ofx!Zpsl Pmzqibou-!Qfootzmwbojb Mfxjtcvsh-!Qfootzmwbojb Gbjsmff-!Wfsnpou Csbuumfcpsp-!Wfsnpou Njmupo-!Wfsnpou Fttfy!Kvodujpo-!Wfsnpou Kpiotpo-!Wfsnpou Opsui!Izef!Qbsl-!Wfsnpou Dmbsfoepo-!Wfsnpou Xfmmt!Sjwfs-!Wfsnpou

10/8/09 8:45:37 PM

EWPmonographs_10_fin.indd 16

10/8/09 8:45:37 PM