A Historical Perspective and a New Beginning
white pine The
series of
architectural monographs volume xxvii number one
A Historical Perspective and a New Beginning The Revitalization of A Historical Monograph Series
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% King’s Broad Arrow Sheathing Techniques of Yesterday and Tomorrow 5 1
% Behind the Stamp—Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers Association Set the Standard 5 % How One Company ReconstructsM the Past Using Historic White Pine Monographs 5 % A Win-Win Situation: Like Father Like Son 5
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Š NELMA 2006 Cumberland, Maine
an architectural
monograph on the Historical Perspective and a New Beginning The Revitalization of A Historical Monograph Series
Prepared for Publication by Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers Association 272 Tuttle Road Cumberland, ME 04021 Š 2006
Original issues of The White Pine Series of Architectural Monographs
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A Historical Perspective and a New Beginning
The
white pine series of
architectural monographs A publication suggesting the architectural uses of eastern white pine and its availability today.
(8 volume xxvii number one (8 +
The Revitalization of A Historical Monograph Series The year was 1915. The country was not yet involved in World War I, Alexander Graham Bell recreated his first telephone exchange between New York and San Francisco and Woodrow Wilson was President of the United States. This year also holds historical significance to the White Pine lumber industry.
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t was early in 1915 that the premiere issue of The White Pine Series of Architectural Monographs made its debut to the consuming trade industry at large. Published, distributed, and well received by a mailing list of fifty-five hundred architects in the Eastern White Pine consuming territory. The Monographs became an industry favorite well into the 20’s and 30’s, gaining readership across the country. Earning a valuable place in architectural literature, for those fortunate enough, the monographs can often be found preserved in libraries, homes and vintage books stores across the nation. The initial concept behind The White Pine Series of Architectural Monographs was to present vivid illustrations of wood construction incorporating the Pine species. Looking at its unique applications, individual representations were visually illustrated with crisp photography of the time and captioned through detailed editorial by well-respected American architects.
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The White Pine Monograph Series
Featured topics throughout the publication’s history were not only diverse, but the introductory text subject matter was always fluid and varied. Traditionally composed by prestigious architects of the day, all of The White Pine Series of Architectural Monographs have a unique introductory author, just as distinctive as every issue’s concentration. Moreover, the Monographs integrated applicable lessons and were saturated with tangible examples of ways to incorporate White Pine into homes of the day. With sizeable photos spread throughout every issue, readers truly get a sense of the applications being presented. From original architectural sketches of White Pine homes valued at a costly $12,500, to looking at the first few structures of small New England towns such as Nantucket, readers appreciated the influence White Pine had on urban development. As stated in the introduction of the original first published Issue 1, Number 1: The Monograph Series will present classified illustrations of wood construction, critically described by representative American architects, of the most beautiful and suggestive examples of architecture, old and new, which this country has produced....In selecting subjects of the highest standard will be maintained...By this discriminating choice of subject matter and the quality of its plate reproductions, the Monograph Series hopes to earn a place as a valuable addition to the literature on architecture and thereby become worthy of preservation in a library standard architectural works. Over its twenty-five-year publication span, the Monograph was successful in attaining these goals on several levels. Now today, almost seven decades later, The White Pine Monograph has returned. In your hands is the rebirth of a historic industry publication. The revitalization of the Series Monographs brings all of the beauty, various applications and reliable resources of Eastern White Pine to today’s leading experts and industry consumers. The continuation of the Monographs is an important attribute to the vitality of our industry. Indeed, lumber is renewable in terms of sourcing, but it is up to us to make certain it remains sustainable by elevating demand and fostering awareness of its many positive attributes. We hope you enjoy reading this derivative issue. It takes a glimpse at the past while keeping a pulse on the future. To truly capture the spirit of the original Monographs requires a collaborative effort on all of our parts. We invite you to share your knowledge and experiences of working with Eastern White Pine and preserve this aspect of our industry’s history. Enjoy the revitalization of The White Pine Monograph. See page 14 for details on how to become involved. / 2
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A Historical Perspective and a New Beginning
+ King’s Broad Arrow A Treatise on early building with Eastern White Pine. The majestic Eastern White Pine is the tallest of the pine species in North America with a rich history that played a crucial historical role in colonial America, yet unknown to many. Trees as high as 240 feet tall and 7 feet in diameter at the butt, with trunks free of branches to heights of 80 feet or more were plentiful in the new world. Lumber from these trees was very light, yet strong. The woodworking properties of the species made it very easy for a carpenter to shape and finish. As added value due to its characteristics and slow growth, it was also incredibly resistant to rot. Houses, businesses, bridges and countless other structures, along with day-to-day utility items were built from the wood of Eastern White Pine. So it is said that this species literally shaped early America.
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wenty years after their arrival, the Pilgrims began exporting Eastern White Pine as far as Madagascar in ships also built of these native North American trees. They were so big that ships with extra-long special decks were built to accommodate them for transport to the shipbuilding ports owned by Great Britain. Due to its height and straightness, Eastern White Pine quickly became the choice material for ship mast production. Of all the species of wood used for masts around the world, these were the lightest in weight and the largest in size. A finished mast had to be three feet high for every inch of diameter. The standard length for a 74 gun ship, how England protected Her territory, typically measured 36 yards, or 108 feet high. Additional critical shipbuilding components such as frames, planking and knees, pitch and tar for seaming, resins and turpentine for paint and varnish, and spars to hold sails aloft were all produced from the wood species. In order to maintain its world dominance of the seas, Great Britain needed the strongest and fastest ships, and it was Eastern White Pine, which made these ships the greyhounds of their day and a force to The King’s Broad Arrow be reckoned with in any battle.
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The White Pine Monograph Series
As a result, King George I of England wanted to ensure that the very best trees were kept for official Navy use. Since all of New England was considered “Crown Land” of the British Empire, the King took control of the tallest and largest of these great trees. Each one was emblazoned (three hatchet slashes) by the King’s Royal Surveyors with a mark that became known as the King’s Broad Arrow. This signified property of the King and that the trees were to be harvested and used solely for building ships for the Royal British Navy. This move greatly upset the colonists who made a great deal of income from the wood products they produced and exported from these native giants. One can easily understand why the early American colonists, shipbuilders and other craftsmen were frustrated, and some may even say irate. The early American pioneers had this timber on their land, within grasp, yet they were not permitted to touch it. Donald Peattie in his book, A Natural History of Trees, points out that, “Swamp Law was exercised by many of the colonists, whereby many of the King’s pines were cut illegally, the Kings Broad Arrow mark obliterated and the wood was put to use.” So the colonists cut down all the trees marked with the King’s Broad Arrow and then placed the broad arrow on smaller trees. This rebellion led to numerous skirmishes between the local settlers and the British. The developing conflict quickly became known as the White Pine War. The Revolutionary War was about several matters, and Eastern White Pine weighed heavy on the minds and hearts of the colonists’ desire for independence. Some historians even believe that the denial of use of these trees was as instrumental as taxation of tea in bringing about the American Revolution. It is known too, that the outbreak of the Revolution immediately effected the Kings shipments of masts. When news of Bunker Hill was heard, England’s shipments were immediately detained by the colonists and mast cargo waiting to set sail to the British was seized. All of the confrontational pieces became quite apparent, as the insignia of Eastern White Pine stood emblazoned on the first colonial flag. /
Tall and straight. Perfect for ship building.
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A Historical Perspective and a New Beginning
+ Sheathing Techniques of Yesterday and Tomorrow One factor that has significantly developed over the years is the abundance of new building material options that tradesmen can select from. Combine composite technologies like oriented-strand board (OSB), plywood and particleboard with a booming industry, and new building products are climbing out of the proverbial woodwork. There is discussion among the ranks though, as some quality minded builders find it difficult to improve upon what nature provides, naturally. A look at buildings constructed in the 1800’s, abundant in the Northeast, illustrates an attention to detail and craftsmanship that has supported homes to stand strong for centuries. These are the signature homes that composite products get their inspiration from; what composites aspire to be.
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he reason why is quite simple. Behind the inspirational moldings and removed profiles of the nation’s oldest houses is Eastern White Pine board sheathing—a building technique that produces strong, quiet, and well-insulated structures. Long before OSB and plywood came on to the scene and began to dominate the market, there was simply pure wood: high-quality, strong boards. Today’s builders are flush with backlog, so the swiftness at which the current project is completed is imperative. But the speed advantages of building with OSB and plywood versus board sheathing are overestimated. Not only that, but the pricing and supply can be erratic, and old-school methods still prove to stand the test of time. Eastern White Pine on the other hand is abundant, proven and consistent. Yes, it takes more skill to install, but it is skill where builders are able to differentiate themselves and add value. An existing example is Bob Vail of Vail General Contracting Inc., in Cumberland, Maine. Vail and his crew of five build only a handful of new houses each year, with several remodeling jobs happening throughout the state’s short building season. The only marketing Vail has is his wellbuilt homes. He has no shortage of work, and with one look at the detail and craftsmanship of 5
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The White Pine Monograph Series
Vail’s finished houses is proof positive. But it’s what is under the surface, visible only during construction, which truly sets him apart. It is the Eastern White Pine board sheathing used over framing that adds an increased level of superior quality to his homes.
Home sheathed with 7/8-inch Eastern White Pine on the diagonal.
“No chips. No glue. No pressing. Just natural boards...”
Vail won’t sheath with OSB or plywood. “No chips. No glue. No pressing. Just natural boards,” says Vail. He preps his walls with 7/8-inch Eastern White Pine on the diagonal. It makes for a quieter and more insulated home. In addition, unlike builders who felt the pinch of the great plywood drought of recent years due to overseas conflicts and Hurricane Katrina, Vail doesn’t have to be concerned about hurricanes or international re-building efforts affecting the price of his boards. Planed on three sides and rough to the weather-side, the Eastern White Pine Vail uses is plentiful in the Northeast. His crews are well trained, and therefore, quick at installing the sheathing. “Once the technique is learned, we can frame and sheath a house in about the same time and for about the same price as any OSB-sheathed home,” says Vail. There’s part of the value—a better home at the same price. Homeowners also seem to enjoy the building process more, he claims. During construction, where other homes appear “boarded up” with composite material, Vail’s homes, sheathed on the diagonal are attractive and unique. The construction project instantly becomes an eye-catching attraction to the passerby. 6
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A Historical Perspective and a New Beginning
Despite its beauty, some builders shy away from the process with a tendency to misunderstand the technique. They believe that OSB or plywood is more efficient, failing to recognize the value in the increased performance of sheathing. Whereas Vail, who was exposed to the process when he entered the trade, says that he can’t imagine a home built without sheathing in Eastern White Pine. He started building his career by remodeling homes originally built in the 1800’s. During those projects, he saw how things had been done. Things were still sturdy, with all of the details remaining prominent. The houses still stood solid. When Vail began his own company, he knew he wanted to build homes that would last.
“I want the home I build to be someone’s last home. Even if it’s their first,” says Vail. “It’s about building it right, and adding value to a home.” With home prices and real-estate values shifting, consumers are demanding more quality and durability from their most expensive investments—their homes. The mini-mansions built quickly with poor product, unskilled labor and questionable techniques that where thrown together to keep up with demand are now being turned down in exchange for a well-built home. With this return to traditional quality building techniques and materials, homebuilders are adding more value to their homes and their relationships with customers. Sheathing with Eastern White Pine boards richens the experience of the home building process for the consumer, protects the builder’s reputation and can increase the value of a home. / 7
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homes sheathed with eastern white pine feel more sturdy.
“Once the technique is learned, we can frame and sheath a house in about the same time and for about the same price as any OSBsheathed home.”
The White Pine Monograph Series
+ Guided by the Past Craftsman Focuses on Authenticity William Harris has a long and colorful past working with historic pieces that are often only found in the most prestigious of places. Combine his share of practical experience, a few serendipitous opportunities and a passion for studying craftsmanship found in original White Pine Monographs and what you will get is a solid understanding of what recently lead Harris’ career in a new direction. After years of being both a businessman and general contractor, his latest endeavor is building a new company, William J. Harris Architectural Woodworking.
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realized that it was important for me to become part of the continuum,” says Harris, “That I wanted to give some level of longevity to craftsman.”
This idea lead him to pursue recreating historic wood ornament pieces, often more than 100 years old, using White Pine from the same time period. The company’s inspiration and instruction manual: original White Pine Series of Architectural Monographs. Working with period wood derived from the late 18th and 19th centuries forward, means that William J. Harris Architectural Woodworking is literally reconstructing history one piece of White Pine at a time. The goal is to preserve history, yet simultaneously build it a solid foundation for the future. To make certain the company’s wood structures are authentically replicated, Harris utilizes architectural sketches from the original Monographs as both guidance and reference to how craftsman of the time actually created such distinctness. Replicated pieces are set to include a diverse spectrum, from elaborate fireplace mantels to elegant china corner cabinets. Harris explains, “To really capture the spirit of the era, you need to live with the Monographs for a while. To read these documents and see the level of expertise and precision of the craftsmen, truly captures the artistry and intellectual level of this era.”
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Harris was first made aware of high-level craftsmanship when he was an apprentice carpenter in his teenage years on the coast of Bar Harbor. It was here that he had an opportunity to work with White Pine in some of the country’s original opulent homes. By being exposed to high-level craftsmanship early in his career, Harris was naturally engaged to explore the depths of historic architectural trends. What has continued to captivate him through the years is the steadfastness of White Pine craftwork and its ability to endure the test of time, both physically and aesthetically. As an apprentice, Harris was often given the challenge to build new pieces to supplement preexisting structures. The challenge, make them blend in seamlessly so that not even a trained eye would be able to detect the new from the old. The woodworking skills he learned as a young man, served not only as the foundation for which he built his career, but have brought him full circle. William J. Harris Architectural Woodworking applies the White Pines Series of Architectural Monographs to establish a link between the past and present. Required talents of yesterday’s past: resourcefulness, patience, and creative intellect, still remain viable to the challenges of today’s craftsman. In keeping with the use of original native material, Harris is determined to breath new life into reclaimed lumber, that some may see as past its prime. /
William Harris (207) 797-4928 wharris1@maine.rr.com www.harriscontractingllc.com
Original designs from volume 12 no.5 of the White Pine Monographs. 9
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+ A Win-Win Situation: Like Father Like Son, Eastern White Pine Lumber Mill Grows into the Next Generation When a father shares his wisdom on the tools of the trade and his son then applies it to the industry standards of today, the result is a successful lumber mill with a strong foundation and a bright future. For those with the opportunity to speak to both Win Smith Sr., founder of Limington Lumber, and his son, Win Jr., now serving as president, it becomes clear that these two have a connection stronger than Oak.
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imington Lumber, the Eastern White Pine lumber mill that Win Sr. started back in 1961, has not only survived the industry’s transitory phases through nearly 50 years, it has thrived. Sustaining the test of time has afforded Win Sr. the opportunity to engage his son with Eastern White Pine and build a company that, today, remains a leader in the lumber mill industry. When Win Sr. developed Limington Lumber, he applied a lesson that can be learned simply by watching the trees on a windy day- bend with flexibility so as to not break. To be adaptable with shifting industry standards and expectations, Limington Lumber never broke with the pressure of outside forces, but instead took advantage of the developments in the trade. This resulted in Win Sr. creating a mill that matured as time passed. His ability to evolve and remain privy to new industry resources and technology added value to the company, both with workers and product quality. It was this that created a strong foundation for Limington Lumber, not to mention a whole lot of hard work. “When I began the company back in 1961, we had 13 employees in the saw mill,” explains Win Smith Sr., “And we were sawing 10,000 board feet per day.” Today, they still employ less than 40 people, but saw over 15,000,000 board feet a year. The important thing is that it is still done right.
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A Historical Perspective and a New Beginning
From there, finished rough lumber would exit the sawmill by way of the green chain, where the lumber was pulled by hand into appropriate units according to quality and size. The units of lumber would either go to be shipped as rough green or to the yard to be dried. The brawny men of Limington Lumber loaded the units onto train cars, or laid out the rough lumber to air dry. According to Win Sr., “We needed to grow production. From the green chain, all of the products were stacked by men, and it was becoming difficult to find the hardy folk to keep up with it all. Essentially, we were wearing the chain, and the men out.” This was the first evidence that to remain a competitive mill, Limington Lumber needed to invest in machines and technology, a differentiation from some competitors. In order to sell to customers through the harsh New England winter months, mills always needed to make certain that they have plenty of dry lumber to offer. This meant that there was tremendous inventory simply sitting out on the yard all winter. “For example, in order to get better quality control, we had to invest in dry kilns that would allow us to dry as production demanded,” says Win Jr., “By doing so, we affected inventory and freed capital up while still supplying product in a timely manner.” Win Jr. continues, “In this business, everyday has to be a busy day, and the kilns allow us that.” Indeed, over the years the lumber industry has transformed. Further developments in technology and machinery has allowed Limington Lumber to accomplish tasks with more precision and efficiency, which in turn, guarantees customers reliability for quality. Today, mill workers often have responsibilities more like operators than anything. Such as with the optimizer edger, which allows them to process more lumber without physically handling the wood. Numerous upgrades are optimized and as a result, the decision making process is automated. Yet, no matter how much innovative technology and equipment enter the lumber industry, there are aspects to the trade that will never change. “No matter what, there is still a strong personal relationship that develops between people working with and operating in a mill together,” says Win Sr. His son chimes in, “When you put goods on the market, your reputation is on the line. Today, and even tomorrow, that reputation is based on end product and service.” /
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“No matter what, there is still a strong personal relationship that develops between people working with and operating in a mill together” Win Sr.
The White Pine Monograph Series
+ Behind the Stamp Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers Association Sets the Standard. Established in 1933, the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) was one of the first acts passed under the “New Deal” program from the Roosevelt administration. NIRA, known often by its popular blue eagle emblem, was created to allow workers to organize into unions. In addition, it permitted unions to engage in collective bargaining without interference from outside firms. It was under the terms of this new Act that the Northeastern Lumber Manufacturer’s Association (NELMA) was created out of the necessity for a lumber code authority.
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he Irst NELMA meeting was held in New York City at the New Yorker Hotel on Thursday, June 22, 1933. At this meeting, E. R. Plunkett was elected NELMA’s first President and J. J. Farrell as Vice-President of the new organization. Since affiliation with the Code Authority was generally legally required, the Association started off with a membership of some 2,500 manufacturers and a budget of more than $100,000 annually. The dues rate was set at $0.25 per thousand board feet and total footage represented in the Association membership was approximately 37 million per month.
The Empire State Forest Products Association (ESFPA) then provided NELMA temporary office space, and Secretary A.B. Recknagel of the ESFPA was appointed acting Secretary of the organization. A few months later on September 23, 1933, Edward W. Treen was appointed as Secretary-Treasurer. From there, the Northeastern Lumber Manufacturer’s Association was incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware on December 15th of that very same year. The primary objective of the National Industrial Recovery Act and the Code Authority was to uphold prices, restore businesses by enforcing fair trade codes, and to help stimulate and maintain the economy. This required NELMA to conduct interesting and diverse sets of duties, including the employment of foresters. To see to it that the provisions of the Code pertaining to forestry were enforced, NELMA was also responsible in fielding men to ensure wages, hours, and production were upheld. The Code had set minimum wage at $0.25, the normal workweek at 55 1/2 hours, and the best stumpage could be had for $5 per thousand board feet.
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Then on May 27, 1935 the NIRA was declared unconstitutional because it tried to control intrastate commerce, a power reserved to the states. Many also felt that the codes stopped the tailspin of prices for a short time. But soon, higher wages inevitably went into effect, prices rose, and as a result, consumer spending declined. The continuous cycle of overproduction and under-consumption put small businesses back into a slump. On this date the Lumber Code Authority expired; and there was no longer a reason for NELMA to exist as a Code Authority agency. However, many of the members of the Association could foresee the necessity for a trade organization to represent the Northeastern lumber industry. As a result, NELMA was overhauled as a voluntary membership Association with a staff consisting of a Secretary-Treasurer and an office assistant. The dues were reset at $0.10 per thousand. NELMA endured several lean years following the change. From there, it would be several years before it could fully establish its identity as a trade organization that could work solely as a membership spokesman group, handling issues important to the lumber industry. The monstrous hurricane of 1938 provided such an opportunity for the Association to successfully prove its real worth, by getting the lumbermen together to take group action and cope with the disaster.
“The Code had set minimum wage at $0.25, the normal workweek at 55 1/2 hours, and the best stumpage could be had for $5 per thousand board feet.�
These early tests of unity and strength proved the desirability of NELMA to its membership as a vehicle to resolve formidable problems that continually confronted the industry. The evolution of the organization from its birth to its establishment as a leading organization for the growing lumber industry in the Northeast in the 1930’s, is now a matter of record. A history that built the foundation for a strong Association, proudly represents its membership today. Today, as the rules writing agency for Eastern White Pine lumber and the grading authority for Eastern Spruce, Balsam Fir, Spruce Pine Fir and other commercially important Eastern softwood lumber species, NELMA plays a vital role in several aspects of the lumber industry. To learn more, visit www. nelma.org. /
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The 2006 Standard Grading Rules published by NELMA
CALL FOR SUBMISSIONS
Architects, Designers and Building Professionals
is looking for story ideas, articles, photos and feedback for our next issue to be published in Spring of 2007.
What we’re looking for:
% Updates on projects or designs featured in the original White Pine Monographs 5 % Photos of modern uses of Eastern White Pine 5 % Techniques for building with Eastern White Pine 5 % Projects showcasing Eastern White Pine 5 % New and old homes with classic styling of Eastern White Pine 5 % Innovative uses of New England’s most historic wood 5 % Industry news pertaining to Eastern White Pine 5
Submit your story ideas, photos, thoughts, expressions or well-written articles to: monographs@EasternWhitePine.org
List of Eastern White Pine Mills of The Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers Association Hull Forest Products . . . . . . . . . Hammond Lumber Company . . . . . . Maschino & Sons Lumber Company, Inc. . . Robbins Lumber, Inc. . . . . . . . . . Cold Stream Lumber . . . . . . . . . Haskell Lumber, Inc. . . . . . . . . . Hancock Lumber Company, Inc. . . . . . McQuesten Company . . . . . . . . . Hancock Lumber Company, Inc. . . . . . Fraser Timber Limited . . . . . . . . . Record Lumber, Inc. . . . . . . . . . Lavalley Lumber Company, LLC . . . . . Hunt, N.C., Inc. . . . . . . . . . Crobb Box Company . . . . . . . . . Lowell, R.E., Lumber, Inc. . . . . . . . Lovell Lumber Company, Inc. . . . . . . Old Town Lumber Company . . . . . . Limington Lumber Company . . . . . . Irving Forest Products . . . . . . . . . Hammond, Thomas & Son . . . . . . . Hancock Lumber Company, Inc. . . . . . Kelly, P.M., Inc./Kelly Lumber Sales . . . Robinson, W.R., Lumber Company, Inc. . Cowls, W.D., Inc. . . . . . . . . . King Forest Industries, Inc. . . . . . . . Durgin & Crowell Lumber Company, Inc. . Barton Lumber Company . . . . . . . . Cote & Reney Lumber Company, Inc. . . . Chocorua Valley Lumber Company . . . . Fernald Lumber, Inc. . . . . . . . . . Patenaude Lumber Company, Inc. . . . . DiPrizio Pine Sales . . . . . . . . . Bingham Lumber, Inc. . . . . . . . . . H.G. Wood Industries, LLC . . . . . . Precision Lumber, Inc. . . . . . . . . . Crestwoods, Inc. . . . . . . . . . Madison Lumber Mill, Inc. . . . . . . . Adirondack Forest Industries . . . . . . HDK Wood Products . . . . . . . . . Johnson Lumber Company . . . . . . . Ward Lumber Company, Inc. . . . . . . Kuhns Bros. Lumber Co., Inc. . . . . . Britton Lumber Company, Inc. . . . . . Cersosimo Lumber Company . . . . . . Cyr Lumber, Inc. . . . . . . . . . Mill River Lumber Ltd. . . . . . . . . . Lamell Lumber Corp. . . . . . . . . . Newman Lumber Company, Inc. . . . . .
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Pomfret Center,Connecticut Belgrade,Maine New Gloucester,Maine Searsmont, Maine West Enfield, Maine Lincoln, Maine Casco, Maine Portland, Maine Pittsfield, Maine Masardis, Maine Oxford, Maine Sanford, Maine Jefferson, Maine Hancock, Maine Buckfield, Maine Lovell, Maine Kenduskeag, Maine East Baldwin, Maine Dixfield, Maine Hiram, Maine Bethel, Maine Ashland, Maine Wheelwright, Massachusetts North Amherst, Massachusetts Wentworth, New Hampshire New London, New Hampshire Barnstead, New Hampshire Grantham, New Hampshire South Tamworth, New Hampshire Nottingham, New Hampshire Henniker, New Hampshire Middleton, New Hampshire Brookline, New Hampshire Bath, New Hampshire Wentworth, New Hampshire Winchester, New Hampshire West Ossipee, New Hampshire Galway, New York Harrisville, New York Carthage, New York Jay, New York Lewisburg, Pennsylvania Fairlee, Vermont Brattleboro, Vermont Milton, Vermont North Clarendon, Vermont Essex Junction, Vermont Wells River, Vermont