2016d NEAIPG Winter Newsletter

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL GEOLOGISTS

Northeast Section

NEWSLETTER Holiday 2016 As Published on 12/222016

ESRI BASEMAP

Inside: Student Research Project Constraining the Rate of Surface Processes at the InSight Landing Site, Elysium Planitia, Mars NYS Professional Geologist Licensure Updates Check out our Advertiser Hot Links!

-www.ne-aipg.org

Right Now, Give Back To The Profession That Has Given You So Much! See the Pledge Form on the Last Page.

CLICK HERE! Pledge Either A Little or A Lot, But Do Something, & Do It Now! Our Goal Is 100% Participation in 2016!

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AIPG NORTHEAST SECTION NEWSLETTER DECEMBER 2016

EDITION NO. 145

PUBLISHED BY THE NORTHEAST SECTION OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL GEOLOGISTS TABLE OF CONTENTS: 2016 NEAIPG Executive Committee Directory .................................... 5

Click here!

2017 Executive Committee Meeting Schedule ....................................

7 2016 Index of Advertisers ............................................................. 8-9 Presidential Ramblings .................................................................. 11 NEAIPG EXCOM Meeting Minutes July 2016 ..................................... 15 New York State Geological Assoc.—Friends of Grenville Joint Conf..... 17 NEAIPG Fall Section Meeting 2016.................................................. 23 Constraining the Rate of Surface Processes at the In-Sight Landing... 26 Geology of the North East Section .................................................. 33 Free Geologic Exploration App ...................................................... 35 New England Aquifers: Elusive and Complex Workshop .................... 40 The Giants Causeway, Northern Ireland ......................................... 49 NYS Professional Geologist Licensure Updates ................................. 53

Angelo Tagliacozzo Memorial Geological Scholarship Perpetual Trust 59 Fall Meeting Evening Presentation: NYS PG Licensure ...................... 65 Plants Can Reveal Much About Underlying Geology .......................... 76 A Dire Omen for Sea Level Rise...................................................... 81 NE/AIPG Publication Schedule ........................................................ 86

Angelo Tagliacozzo Scholarship Perpetual Trust Fund Contribution Form

(Please contribute now!) ............................................... Last Page

NEWSLETTER EDITOR

PUBLISHER & ADVERTISING MANAGER

Christopher Proce Roux Associates, Inc. 209 Shafter Street Islandia, NY 11749 631-232-2600 (Office) 631-232-2600 (Fax) neaipg.editor@gmail.com

Dick Young Consulting Geologists, LLC 179 Intervale Road Parsippany, NJ 07054 973-335-2289(Office) 973-335-9799 (Fax) RYoungNJ@aol.com

The Newsletter of the Northeast Section of the American Institute of Professional Geologists is digitally published four times annually at www.issuu.com/neaipg/docs. Design and layout by Christopher Proce and Dick Young. Section Members and Advertisers are alerted to each issue by e-mail. Many thanks are extended to all who helped in compiling this issue.

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2016 NEAIPG EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AND SUBCOMMITTIES PRESIDENT Jeff Frederick, CPG-10989 The Louis Berger Group, Inc. 565 Taxter Rd., Suite 510 Elmsford, NY 10523 Office: (914) 798-3762 Email: jfrederick@louisberger.com PRESIDENT ELECT Jessica McEachern, MEM-0395 37 Spencer Street W Farmingdale, NY 11735 Office: (516) 694-5212 E-mail: geode78@verizon.net SECRETARY Michael G. Grifasi, CPG-11489 FPM Remediations, Inc. 181 Kenwood Ave Oneida, NY 13421 Office: (315) 336-7721 X215 Fax: (917) 336-7722 Cell: (917) 767-2662 Email: m.grifasi@fpm-remediations.com TREASURER Robert P. Blauvelt, CPG-06508 GEI Consultants 300 Broadacres Dr, Suite 100 Bloomfield, NJ 07003 Office: 973-873-7127 Cell: 973-803-0167 Fax: 973-509-9625 rblauvelt@geiconsultants.com MEMBERS Christopher Brown, CPG-10599 PVE Sheffler, LLC 48 Springside Avenue Poughkeepsie, NY 12603 Office: (865) 454-2544 Cell: (914) 475-2650 E-mail: cbrown@pvesheffler.com Luke E. Mahier, CPG –8948 Parsons Brinckerhoff One Penn Plaza New York, NY 10119 Office: 212-465-5255 E-mail: mahier@pbworld.com Jean M. Patota, CPG 11438 Alpha Geoscience 679 Plank Road Clifton Park, NY 12065 Office: 518-348-6995 E-mail: jpatota@alphageoscience.com

Laurie Scheuing, CPG-9898 46 Homestead Rd Saratoga Springs, NY 12866-5808 Office: (518) 695-9445 Fax: E-mail: lescheuing@aol.com William (Tom) West, CPG-08935 Haley & Aldrich of New York 200 Town Centre Drive, Suite 2 Rochester, NY 14263-4264 Office: (585) 321-4201 Fax: (585) 321-8201 E-mail: twest@haleyaldrich.com Luanne Whitbeck, CPG-07923 P.O. Box 637 Singerlands, NY 12159 Office: 518-475-1008 E-mail: Luanne.whitbeck@gmail.com Christopher Proce, CPG-11717 Roux Associates, Inc. 209 Shafter St. Islandia, NY 11749 Office: (631) 630-2382 Fax: (631)-232-9898 E-mail: cproce@rouxinc.com SCREENING BOARD CHAIRMAN Charles A. Rich, CPG-04433 CA Rich Consultants, Inc. 17 Dupont Street Plainview, NY 11803-1602 Office: (516) 576-8844 Fax: (516) 576-0093 E-mail: crich@carichinc.com NEWSLETTER EDITOR Christopher Proce, CPG-11717 Roux Associates, Inc. 209 Shafter St. Islandia, NY 11749 Office: (631) 630-2382 Fax: (631)-232-9898 E-mail: cproce@rouxinc.com DIRECTORY OF MEMBERS EDITOR Curtis A. Kraemer, CPG-06019 111 Van Cedarfield Road Colchester, CT 06415 Office: 860-861-4644 email: curtkraemer@comcast.net PUBLISHER & ADVERTISING MANAGER Richard H. Young, CPG-03356 Consulting Geologists, LLC 179 Intervale Road Parsippany, NJ 07054 Office: 973-335-2289 Fax: 973-335-9799 E-mail: ryoungnj@aol.com

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(Executive Committee continued from page 5) WEBMASTER Jeff Frederick, CPG-10989 The Louis Berger Group, Inc. 565 Taxter Rd., Suite 510 Elmsford, NY 10523 Office: (914) 798-3762 Email: jfrederick@louisberger.com

2016 NORTHEAST SECTION SUBCOMMITTEES (As updated 8/28/16) Advertising Sales: Dick Young

Advisory Board Delegate: Jeff Frederick Financial Planning and Treasury: Bob Blauvelt, Curt Kraemer, Dick Young

Legislative Liaison and Registration: Tom West (NY), Russell

Slayback (CT), Sam Gowan, Tim Stone, Dorothy Richter (NH), Laurie Scheuing (NY)

Membership: Open Nominating: Bob Blauvelt, Dennis McGrath Public Affairs: Dennis McGrath Scholarship: Sam Gowan, Dean Herrick, Len Rexrode, Craig Werle, Laurie Scheuing, Tom West, Dennis McGrath

Section Directory: Curt Kraemer, Dick Young Section Meetings: Jean Patota, Jessica McEachernm, Bob Blauvelt Section Newsletter: Christopher Proce, Editor; Dick Young, Publisher Screening Board: Charles Rich (Chairman), Don Bruehl, Carol Graff, William Penn, Daniel Toder, Andrews Tolman, William Prehoda

2017 Executive Committee Meeting Schedule: January 9 March 13 May 17 (Spring Meeting TBA) July 10 September 11 October 18 (Fall Meeting TBA) December 11

Meetings are typically held from 4:00 to 6:00 pm at the offices of Louis Berger Group, Elmsford, New York or via teleconference.

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2016 INDEX OF ADVERTISERS Allegheny Instruments, Inc .................................................... 27 Alpha Analytical ..................................................................... 69 Alpha Geoscience .................................................................. 67 Aquifer Drilling & Testing, Inc ..................... Inside Front Cover...2 Arcadis ................................................................................. 29 Atlantic Screen & Mfg., Inc ..................................................... 43 Badger Injection Solutions…………………………………………………….18 Boyd Artesian Well Co., Inc .................................................... 52 Brinkerhoff Environmental Services, Inc.................................. 32 Cascade Drilling…………………………………………………………………...13 CHA…………………………………………………………………………………….75 Church, Stephen B., Co .......................................................... 73 Clearwater Drilling, Inc. ......................................................... 38 Complete Environmental Testing, Inc. ..................................... 67 ConeTec, Inc......................................................................... 39 Connecticut Test Borings, LLC ................................................ 67 Conrad Geoscience Corporation .............................................. 32 CSG Environmental Consultants .............................................. 36 Delta Well & Pump Co., Inc ...................................................... 6 Directional Technologies, Inc .................................................. 44 Diversified Geophysics, Inc ........................ Inside Rear Cover...87 Drilex Environmental, Inc ......................................................... 3 EAI, Inc ................................................................................ 60 Eastern Analytical, Inc ........................................................... 20 EcoTest Labs,Inc ................................................................... 52 EnviRent Corporation ............................................................. 47 Environmental Assessment & Remediations ............................. 52 Enviroscan ............................................................................ 30 EWMA .................................................................................. 47 FPM-Remediations ................................................................. 72 Gannett Fleming.................................................................... 24 GEI Consultants, Inc. ............................................................. 71 General Borings, Inc .............................................................. 38 GEOD Corporation ................................................................. 14 Geophysical Applications, Inc.................................................. 45 GEOSPHERE Environmental Management, Inc.......................... 82

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2016 INDEX OF ADVERTISERS Geologic Mapping and Resource Evaluation, Inc.. .....................83 Hager GeoScience, Inc ...........................................................57 Hager-Richter Geoscience, Inc ................................................58 Haley & Aldrich ......................................................................34 Hatch Mott MacDonald ...........................................................64 Hetager Drilling, Inc. ..............................................................21 Jonathan Paul Associates, Inc. ................................................74 Layne Christensen Company ...................................................77 Leggette, Brashears & Graham, Inc. .........Outside Rear Cover...88 Lincoln Applied Geology, Inc. ..................................................56 McLane Environmental, LLC ....................................................20 MC Environmental, LLC...........................................................56 Maine Test Borings.................................................................35 NAEVA Geophysics, Inc. .........................................................61 New England Boring Contractors of CT., Inc. ............................24 Pennsylvania Drilling Company ................................................62 Probe Support Services...........................................................10 Quantitative Hydrogeology, Inc ...............................................81 Regenesis..............................................................................75 ReRem ..................................................................................77 Rich, C. A., Consultants, Inc.....................Outside Rear Cover...88 Roux Associates, Inc ..............................................................11 SGS Environmental Services, Inc. ............................................46 SJB Services, Inc. ..................................................................36 Soil Mechanics Drilling Corporation ..........................................41 Soiltesting, Inc ......................................................................58 Sonic Drilling Services, Inc.………………………………………..………...34 StoneHill Environmental, Inc ...................................................22 Stothoff, Samuel, Company, Inc ..............................................62 Summit Drilling Co., Inc..........................................................66 Tectonic Engineering ..............................................................79 Terracon ...............................................................................70 TRC Environmental Corporation…………………………………………….16 Zebra Environmental .............................................................48

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Presidential Ramblings December 2016 As 2016 draws to a close, a new AIPG-NE executive committee is about to begin their term. I would like to thank the outgoing members for their outstanding and selfless service to the organization over the past term, and we all look forward to working together with them in the new term.

I would also like to welcome all of the new executive committee members to their posts: Jessica McEachern - President Mike Grifasi – President Elect (Ramblings continued on Page 12)

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Jeffrey Frederick – Past President Robert Blauvelt – Treasurer Jennifer Becker – Secretary Luanne Whitbeck – Member-at-Large Jean Patota – Member-at-Large Luke Mahier – Member-at-Large The new Executive Committee is comprised of both new entries as well as some more experienced AIPG members and CPGs. We are excited to open these leadership opportunities to new members. Welcome aboard!

Our Fall Meeting was very well attended, and we dedicated ourselves to using thing to raise funds for the Angelo Tagliacozzo Memorial Geological Scholarship Trust Fund (ATMGSTF). Jessica has written a more detailed summary of the Fall Meeting which appears in the pages of this newsletter, but I would like to take a brief moment to thank our sponsors, who made a huge financial commitment to the Section and the ATMGSF!!

A very special thanks to: Cascade Drilling and Technical Services; Aquifer Drilling and Testing; FPM Group/FPM Remediations, Inc.; Alpha Analytical; PVE Sheffler; Cont-Test Analytiocal Laboratories; Eco-Rental Solutions If interested in being a bigger part of the NE-AIPG Section, please reach out to us.

Have a Safe and Healthy Holidays!!

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Your Full Color, Professional Card Ad could be Right Here, selling for you every day, for less than 40 cents per day!

Just call Volunteer Advertising Manager Dick Young at 973-335-2289 or email RYoungNJ@aol.com

If you have a suggestion for a future section meeting presentation, venue, or field trip, reach out to the NE/AIG team and share your ideas and opinions.

Jessica McEachern— geode78@verizon.net Jean Patota —jpatota@alphageoscience.com

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July 2016 MEETING MINUTES NE SECTION – AIPG EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING Monday July 11, 2016 In Person/Conference Call Bob Blauvelt

Jeff Frederick

Michael Grifasi

Chris Brown

Luke Mahier

Jean Neubeck

Laurie Scheuing

Tom West

Luanne Whitbeck

Mike Greenman

Dennis McGrath

Dick Young

Jessica McEachern

Chris Proce

Guest: Samantha Eckes

NOTE: Red denotes participation in the meeting.

Call to Order: 4:11 PM

Secretary’s Report: Minutes prepared by Michael Grifasi. The May 2016 meeting minutes, prepared by Tom West, were reviewed and minor edits recommended. A motion was made, seconded and there was no further discussion. Meeting minutes were approved for publication in the newsletter, with the recommended edits.

Treasurer’s Report: The NE Section budget is currently in good standing. With exception to one minor item, all Section payables are accounted for. No additional major revenue is anticipated for the remainder of the calendar year. It was noted that additional fundraising would be needed in order to fund the ATMGS at the anticipated level. The status of the ATMGS fund was reviewed. The ATMGS fund was flat between May and June 2016. It was speculated that that “Brexit” decision had some negative impact within that timeframe. However, some increase was observed in July 2016.

Correspondence: A handwritten note was received from the New Mexico Section AIPG president thanking the NE Section AIPG for their donation.

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Old Business: National Meeting Update: Jeff Frederick indicated that AIPG National preliminary polling is weighing in favor of Burlington, Vermont as the location of the 2019 national meeting. It was noted that the AIPG national meeting has not been held in Burlington before. Additionally, the need for a local presence in this area was reiterated to the Section.

As part of the planning for the meeting, the NE Section would be responsible for generating content which includes field trips, short courses, and presentations.

New Business: Fall Meeting: Potential locations for the Fall NE Section meeting were discussed. Both Syracuse and Long Island were considered for possible meeting locations. The New York State Council of Professional Geologists (NYSCPG) had mentioned their interest in doing a joint meeting. The potential for having a licensure application workshop in conjunction with the Fall meeting was discussed. It was also noted (Meeting continued on Page 19)

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that the Central New York Association of Professional Geologists (CNYAPG) were doing a day long symposium on high resolution site characterization and emerging contaminants around the time of the NE Section meeting. A robust discussion pertaining to location selection and teaming ensued. Jessica McEachern introduced Glen Cove, located on the North Shore of Long Island, as a potential location for the Fall meeting. This location would also include the option of teaming with the Long Island Association of Professional Geologists (LIAPG) as well. Jessica McEachern indicated that she would continue to look into this location for the Fall meeting.

NE Section Elections: Bob Blauvelt noted that current board members had responded in the affirmative regarding whether or not they would continue on in their current position during the next ExCom cycle.

However, the need for a new president-elect was holding up the circulation of the 2017-2018 ballot. It was noted that the position of president is a six-year term which includes two years at each of the following: president-elect, president, and past president. Additionally, the president is expected to attend the National meeting, call meetings to order, prepare agendas, etc. In the absence of any potential candidates, it was decided that the ballot position of president elect would be kept open while the search continued. Two candidates for other ExCom positions have come forth. One candidate inquired as to whether or not a CPG was needed to become a member of the ExCom. However, as it is understood by the current ExCom, the only requirement for being on the ExCom was to be an NE Section AIPG member.

Angelo Fund Fundraising - Solicitation of Local/Regional Sister Organizations: The potential for reaching out to local and/or regional sister organizations for the purpose of ATMGS fundraising was discussed. This would include both partial and full scholarship funding and would likely require negotiations with individual organizations. It was noted that this type of arrangement was not uncommon for other scholarship providers to engage in. Jean Patota indicated that she could circulate a list of organizations, as well as send letters out, but would need to find points of contact to reach out to. Dennis McGrath could provide a generic ranking system to show other organizations that the NE Section has a strong scholarship recipient selection system.

Additional information regarding how the scholarship committee works and what the overall process looks like could be provided as well. Luanne Whitbeck and Jean Patota indicated that they would work on a request letter and distribute it to the Section for review and approval. It was recommended for all ExCom members to identify groups to reach out to, as well as point of contact info.

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Newsletter Update: Chris Proce has decided to take a step back from the role of newsletter editor and a new editor is needed. Dick Young requested that ExCom members make a firm commitment to generate content until a new editor is identified. Dick Young also praised Chris Proce for his outstanding work as editor. Essentially, each newsletter is an 80 page document with about 40 pages of blank space that needs to be filled, per issue. Not only is content needed but someone to help assemble the newsletter is needed as well. The next newsletter was scheduled to be published on July 29, 2016. Michael Grifasi recommended adding an NE Section member interview to each newsletter and volunteered to do that work. Jean Patota suggested that recent scholarship recipients are asked to provide abstract to publish. Additionally, student chapters could provide written updates pertaining to their chapter activities. In the future, scholarship applicants will be asked during the application stage to provide information for the newsletter. Jeff Frederick raised the question as to what the Section should do to help with Chris’s transition. One potential option is to pay a student to assemble the newsletter. This and other options would need to be considered moving forward.

(Meeting continued on Page 22) Specialist in Environmental, Geotechnical & Core Drilling No Job Too Large or Too Small

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DRILLING CAPABILITIES Air Hammer Angle Drilling Indoor Drilling

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Advertising Sales Update: A total of 75 advertising invoices have been sent to advertisers since June 21st. Nine payments have since been received. Jean Patota noted that we need to let vendors know we’re choosing them for work because they’re choosing the Section to advertise with.

Adjournment: 5:33 PM: A motion was made and seconded with no discussion. Motion for adjournment passed and the meeting adjourned.

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Check out our Advertiser hotlinks wherever there is a website or email listed in an advertisement!

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Northeast Section Fall Meeting

The Northeast Section Fall Meeting was held on October 19th at Garvies Point Museum and Preserve in Glen Cove, NY. The Museum is a center for research on Long Island geology as well as an important resource in the study of the Island’s Native American archaeology. A discussion and slide show presentation on the geology of Garvies Point was given by geologist Herb Mills. His presentation gave an overview of the stratigraphy of the area, consisting mainly of glacial deposits such as till and Cretaceous sands and clay. The discussion also touched upon some of the sedimentary features such as iron oxide concretions (also known as “Indian paint pots”). This presentation was followed by a field trip to the beach on the Museum and Preserve’s grounds.

The field trip gave us an opportunity to view the many geological features of the area (or as many as possible, given the high-tide conditions!) presented during the discussion up close. A number of geological features, which, while typical of Long Island, are not usually found together in such a limited area elsewhere on the island. Garvies Point is one of only a few spots on Long Island where a pre-glacial hill of Cretaceous sediments is exposed at sea level here. These Cretaceous sands and clays are covered by younger deposits almost everywhere on the island, but the shorefront cliffs at Garvies Point provide remarkable exposures (Article Continued on page 25) (Meeting continued on Page 25) -23-

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of these older sediments. We were able to see a good representative of the Cretaceous clay (photo below).

The glacial deposits in the area are quite thin and consist of three to five feet of till covering the Cretaceous Sand, as well as a variety of large boulders, many of which we were able to observe at the shoreline.

It was an enjoyable experience and we lucked out with

perfect weather!

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Student Research Project Constraining the Rate of Surface Processes at the InSight Landing Site, Elysium Planitia, Mars Julianne Sweeney – Student at SUNY Geneseo Jms60@geneseo.edu My name is Julianne, and I am a senior geology major at SUNY Geneseo. Since the summer of 2015, I have been studying the landing site for the next NASA mission to Mars – InSight (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport). I began this project as a NASA-funded intern under the instruction of Dr. Nicholas Warner and I have continued this research project throughout my last two years at SUNY Geneseo. I have had the opportunity to present this work at both the Geological Society of America annual conference in November 2015 and at the Lunar and Artist’s conception of the InSight lander on the Martian surface Planetary Science with the instruments deployed.

Conference in March 2016. This project will culminate in an honors thesis defense in the spring of 2017.

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sales@alleghenyinstruments.com www.alleghenyinstruments.com (Meeting continued from page 26)

2018. The goal of this mission is to investigate the interior structure of Mars to improve our understanding of rocky planet formation. To accomplish this, InSight is equipped with a suite of instruments that will measure seismic activity, internal heat flux, and precession. Unlike Curiosity and Opportunity, which are rovers and can traverse the Martian surface, InSight is a stationary lander – once it reaches the surface of Mars, it will stay in the same place throughout the mission.

Therefore, it is imperative that we have a thorough understanding of potential hazards to mission success. My research was born out of this need to understand landing sight characteristics, such as crater abundance, regolith thickness and rock abundance, in order to determine landing site suitability and safety. In particular, the goal of my research is to quantify the magnitude of the surface processes operating at the landing site through the study of crater degradation, and determine if these surface processes pose any threats to mission success.

By performing both visual and quantitative analyses of the degradation of 100-m scale fresh craters, I have been able to constrain the rates of surface modification at the landing site in western Elysium Planitia, Mars.

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Using ArcGIS and visible light images acquired by HiRISE (High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment), I assessed the degradation state of fresh craters by examining crater and ejecta morphology. I also used digital elevation models created by the USGS to measure crater diameter, depth, and rim height in order to quantitatively analyze crater degradation state. This process allowed me to assess the accuracy of the visual classification method as compared to the quantitative method. I found a strong correlation between crater degradation states as determined by the two methods, which is encouraging, as it indicates that the visual classification method is a satisfactory way to determine relative crater ages.

The surface modification rates I calculated from datasets of 207 craters and 595 craters are 0.008 meters per million years and 0.02 meters per million HiRISE image (25 cm/pixel) of a fresh crater in the landing site. years, respectively.

The lower rate was calculated with rim height measurements, while the higher rate was calculated with crater depths. The lower rate is likely more representative of the magnitude of the surface processes operating at the landing site, as it is a rim erosion rate and therefore only accounts for vertical rim degradation whereas the second rate considers both rim erosion and infill of the crater floor.

The higher rate, 0.02 m/Myr is a less precise estimate, as the sand and (Article continued on page 31)

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dust filling the crater floor may be sourced from another location and therefore, changes in crater depth are not as precise a representation of the actual rate of surface modification in the limited region of the landing site.

The rim erosion rate of 0.008 m/Myr indicates that the dominant surface processes acting at the InSight landing site are cratering and eolian activity. The processes do not pose any threats to landing safety or operation success, confirming the suitability of the landing site selected for this mission. However, due to the small size of the data set, the next step in this research project is to determine a method that will expedite the crater measurement process. The rates given above were calculated by measuring the diameter, depth, and rim height of each crater individually and across several profiles – a very time-consuming process. Currently, I am creating an automated method using the different tools in ArcGIS that will measure all the craters in a digital elevation model at the same time. This will allow me to measure hundreds of craters at a time, as opposed to measuring them individually as has been the practice to date. Such a novel method will help me to better constrain the erosion rates and allow for precise assessments of the nature of the surface processes operating at the InSight landing site.

This experience has given me excellent exposure to the many tools used in remote sensing, provided me the opportunity to present the findings at professional conferences, and given me a greater appreciation for the interdisciplinary nature of geological research. While my project has mostly focused on geomorphology, the InSight team includes physicists, engineers, atmospheric scientists and seismologists, as well as geologists from a range of fields. This project has taught me many technical skills, and has showed me the importance of creativity and perseverance in answering geological questions. I have learned the value of independence and passion, while also appreciating the need for collaboration and conversation. I am very grateful to have had this opportunity, and I am excited to see how I can use these skills in my academic and professional career.

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Check out our Advertiser hotlinks wherever there is a website or email listed in an advertisement!

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Geology of the Northeast Section The Bear Valley strip mine is arguable one of the best exposures of folded rock in the United States. Across this approximate 7-acre area of land near the small town of Shamokin, Pennsylvania, you can find six stages of deformation for the Valley and Ridge Province and numerous structural elements inPlant Fossil cluding pencil cleavage, slickenlines, and lineations. In addition to the folds, faults, and joints the south wall also has scores of concretions.

Originally found while the area was being strip mined for its Llewellyn Formation coals, the privately held land can now be accessed with permission and used as a field laboratory for structural geology lessons.

Above: Series of east plunging folds with concretions to the south. East being along the axial trace of the folds and into the page. Left: Pencil Cleavage Nickelsen, R.P., 1979, Sequence of structural stages of the Alleghany orogeny, Bear Valley strip mine, Shamokin, Pa.: American Journal of Science, v.

279, p. 225-271.

Edmunds, W.E. and Eggleston, J.R., 1984, Field Guide to the Pennsylvania Anthracite Region.

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UW-Madison Geoscientist Offers Free Geologic Exploration App FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE 9/29/16 CONTACT: Shanan Peters, peters@geology.wisc.edu DOWNLOAD PHOTOS: https://uwmadison.box.com/v/rockd

By David Tenenbaum, djtenenb@wisc.edu, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 500 Lincoln Drive, 25B Bascom Hall, Madison, Wisconsin.

Plenty of apps are born over a cup of joe or a glass of wine or beer. Here's an idea brewed over a beer by a couple of geologists who were fiddling with Untappd, an app covering the who, what and where of microbrews.

As Shanan Peters, a professor of geoscience at the University of WisconsinMadison, and Patrick McLaughlin, formerly at the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, mulled it over, the kernel of a great idea emerged: Why not do the same thing for geology and open a two-way channel between experts and amateurs?

"Here was this app that allows you to rate a beer and see what others think about it," says Peters. "It was fun to use, because you can easily learn who made the beer, where it was brewed. The data were there, ready to be tapped when you wanted to."

Rockd, the outcome of that musing, is now available free at the App Store and will be submitted to Google Play shortly. People can use it as a portable, GPS(Article continued on page 37)

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CSG ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS

property transfer site assessments groundwater development, management, protection, permitting UST closures and investigations litigation support Carol S. Graff, CPG-06429 109 Renfrew Avenue Trenton, NJ 08618-3335

Phone: 609-393-4442 FAX: 609-393-5999 E-mail:cgraff5297@aol.com cgraff5297@aol.com -36-

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powered field guide, but Peters hopes its interactive features will raise the sum of geologic knowledge. "The big idea is, 'Tell us what you saw and I will tell you what I saw,'" Peters says. "Users can upload their observations and photos, and compare those to what others think or know about that location."

With its GPS-driven accuracy, Rockd overcomes a key limitation on geologic maps: their focus on big structures. "Using a map, it can be hard to tell specifically where to go to see a particular rock unit exposed at the surface," Peters says.

Rockd serves both amateur rock lovers and professional geologists, he says. For amateurs, "the goal is to help people discover the natural history that is recorded all around them. People see rocks at highway cuts, and some may wonder what they are and when they formed. The answers to many of these questions exist in the databases that we tap into.”

The new app should also help students, Peters says, and may lead to learning innovations. "Making a map after you are dropped in the middle of nowhere is a foundational skill in geology, but we already have maps. They are not perfect and often need to be redone at a finer scale, but maybe we can leverage what we already know to greater effect."

For working professionals, the app "puts maps in your hands in the field, and gives you a simple way to annotate them," Peters says. "A geologic map is often a big sheet of paper that you attach by magnet to the side of the van, but it's difficult to use that knowledge as you walk through the field. Now you can leave the paper map behind, dig into the digital data and record what you see right when you see it, and link it to existing knowledge.”

Rockd could also engender friendly competition, Peters says. "There's an adage: the best geologist is the one who has seen the most rocks. It's tongue-in-cheek, but now we can measure that."

Peters has spearheaded several web-based interfaces to ease access to large geologic data sets in projects like Macrostrat, the Paleobiology Database. "The special sauce for Rockd,” he says, “is the rich data we draw on because we have (Article continued on page 39) -37-

info@clearwaterdrillinginc.om

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(Article continued from page 37)

instant access to data from thousands of digitized studies of geology and paleontology."

Uniquely, Rockd will also expand the sum of geologic knowledge, Peters says.

"Data gathered through Rockd's crowd-sourcing aspect can feed back into our data structure, so we end up with a richer database to do our analyses. It also can help us plan fieldtrips with students or for research.�

The app was written using software tools from Ionic, a UW-Madison spinoff that translates HTML and JavaScript into code for Android and Apple phones.

"I'm a map guy, with a background in political science and geographic information systems at UW-Madison," says John Czaplewski, an information technologist in Peters' lab who handled application development. "Ionic allows you to adapt technology from the web to build a mobile app. Instead of learning new programming languages, you write the code once and deploy across multiple platforms."

This project was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (EAR-1150082), the UW-Madison Department of Geoscience, and other sources.

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New England Aquifers: Elusive and Complex Workshop Hosted by AIPG

Registration Fees: $100 AIPG Members / $125 NonMembers: Register online or Registration Form Click here for Event Details December 15, 2016 - Holiday Inn Concord Downtown, 172 North Main Street, Concord, NH 03301 Earn 4 Contact Hours or .4 CEU’s | Earn NH Water Works Operator TCHs

2 LSP Technical Credits | Earn 4

Hosted by the American Institute of Professional Geologists (AIPG) This is a half-day workshop was developed to provide water utility personnel, engineers, hydrogeologists, regulatory officials, and other interested persons in understanding about the sand and gravel and bedrock aquifers their wells are located in and how and why well performance declines over time along with options that are available to rehabilitate your well. The workshop begins with an introduction of the geology and aquifers of New England. From plate tectonics to glacial geology along the effects of weathering that have created the majority of high-yield aquifers located throughout New England. A quick trip through well types, water well terminology, groundwater flow into well screens, and a discussion of specific capacity as it applies to sand and gravel and bedrock aquifers. Specific capacity is easy to calculate and use as a measure of the performance of your well, but something that is often overlooked. Moving forward, there is a segment on declining well performance including a discussion of the chemical, physical, and microbiological factors that are the cause for drop in performance in wells. Improving the performance of your well will be discussed by examining physical and chemical methods to rehabilitate your well and improve specific capacity. Understanding the permitting considerations along with the costs of well rehabilitation services will be discussed. The final segment of the workshop will be case studies on well rehabilitation. This will tie together all of the other segments of the workshop.

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Program   

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8:00 am Registration – Coffee and Danish 8:30 am Welcome and Introduction 8:45 am Geology and Related Aquifers of New England – Ted Morine  Geology of New England  Glacial Features 9:30 am Why Redevelop Your Well and Why Specific Capacity? – Ray Talkington  Water Well Terminology  Specific Capacity  Why Groundwater Flow into Well Screen is Important  Entrance Velocity 10:00 am Declining Well Performance or Why Wells Plug – Frank Getchell  Chemical Factors  Physical Factors  Microbiological Factors 10:30 am Break 10:45 am Well Rehabilitation and Maintenance Techniques – Ted Morine  Physical Methods  Chemical Methods  New Techniques 11:30 am Permitting Considerations and Costs – Frank Getchell 12:00 pm Case Study – All 12:30 pm Questions and Answers and Wrap-Up 12:45 pm Adjourn

Earn 4 Contact Hours or .4 CEU’s!

Presenters J. Theodore Morine, P.G., CPG — Ted Morine is the Vice President and Senior Hydrogeologist for the Denis L. Maher Company. Ted has been providing groundwater exploration and development for sand and gravel wells and bedrock wells since 1963. During this time he has brought on line more than 200 high yielding groundwater (Article continued on page 43) -42-

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sources for private and public clients throughout the world. In addition to his groundwater exploration skills, Ted has been involved with hundreds of well redevelopments in both sand and gravel and bedrock systems. Ted is a frequent lecturer on Well Redevelopment and Maintenance for the New England Water Works Association, American Water Works Association, New Hampshire Water works, and numerous other organizations.

Raymond Talkington, Ph.D., P.G., CPG — Dr . Raymond Talkington is the Principal Hydrogeologist and President of GEOSPHERE Environmental Management, Inc. He has over 30 years of experience providing direction to GEOSPHERE’s hydrogeological and geological projects. Typical projects involve groundwater supply exploration and development in sand and gravel and fractured bedrock systems. This includes the interpretation of glacial features on U.S. Topographic Maps along with the air photo interpretation and performing fracture trace analysis (FTA) to locate potential drilling targets for high yielding bedrock groundwater sources. For over 20 years Ray has been a regular instructor for courses on well redevelopment and maintenance, bedrock wells, and helping people understand the ABCs of groundwater, wells, and aquifers. Dr. Talkington was the 2014 President of the American Institute of Professional Geologists (AIPG) and a past Editor of the professional journal “The Professional Geologist.” He has 50 professional publications including books and chapters in geology laboratory manuals.

Frank Getchell, P.G., CPG — Fr ank Getchell is a Pr incipal and Managing Hydrogeologist with Leggette, Brashears & Graham, Inc. His over 30 years of professional consulting experience includes management, design and implementation of subsurface investigations related to groundwater resource development and planning; aquifer (Article continued on page 45)

atlantic@ce.net

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hydraulics; groundwater recharge and storage and ASR; construction, foundation and quarry dewatering; land use impacts related to building development and extractable resource activities; and delineation and remediation of contaminated soil and water. Typical projects involve the evaluation of aquifer and well yields and hydraulic performance; the design, siting, and rehabilitation of screened and open-borehole wells; assessment of groundwater movement and the implications for contaminant fate and transport, and remediation of soil and ground water in unconsolidated deposits and fractured bedrock aquifers for private, municipal, utility, and industrial clients throughout the country. His experience dealing with regulators and permitting includes: water supply diversion and allocation permits; wetland delineations and impact mitigation; stormwater and wastewater subsurface disposal systems and SPDES permitting. His experience also includes the development and utilization of 2-D and 3-D numerical and analytical models and GIS-based analysis to evaluate contaminant fate and transport, aquifer hydraulics, and groundwater flow and recharge. Mr. Getchell’s experience includes the application and interpretation of sur(Article continued on page 46)

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www.us.sgs.com

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face and downhole geophysical investigations to delineate and estimate hydraulic properties of aquifers. Frank regularly provides technical support and expert witness testimony before local planning boards and courts of law regarding the impacts on land use, the subsurface environment, water-supply wells and water resources resulting from proposed and existing groundwater supply development, land use, contamination sources, resource extraction, and waste disposal practices. Mr. Getchell has published numerous papers and provided related presentations at local and national water-resource and environmental organization meetings, conferences, and workshops, in connection with water supply development, and land use impacts on soil, bedrock, and groundwater conditions and contamination. He also is a regular technical instructor for the NJWA, NYRWA, and AWWA/NEWWA in connection with water-supply operator certification continuing education programs.

Register online or Registration Form (End) -46-

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THE GIANT’S CAUSEWAY, NORTHERN IRELAND A UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE

BY MIKE GREENMAN, CPG In the summer of 2015 while on a tour of Ireland and Scotland with my wife, I had the opportunity to visit the Giant’s Causeway. The site is on the north coast of Ireland in County Antrim near the town of Bushmills. Being near Bushmills, the Causeway may be the second most important attraction in the area.

As any drinking person knows, Bushmills is famous for its Irish whiskey. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and for good reason.

The month was August but it felt like March in New York. The area is the windiest in all of Ireland. Temperatures were in the 50’s but with a lower wind chill.

After being dropped off at the visitor’s cen- The walk ter, we had the option of a short bus ride or a windswept walk to the site. Bus is far too tame for a geologist and his wife of 47 years, so we (Article continued on page 50) -49-

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walked the mile or more to the formations. Headsets are provided to explain the various features along the way.

First, a little geology. 50 to 60 million years ago the area was subject to intense igneous activity. Magma came up through the chalk beds to form an extensive lava plateau. As the lava cooled, contraction occurred with resulting cracks in the horizontal surface. The cracks propagated downward leaving the basalt in vertical pillars.

The columns also fractured horizontally leaving “biscuits”, with a concave top and a convex bottom.

This feature causes “ball and “Biscuits” socket” joints for the length of the column.

The name, Giant’s Causeway, comes from the local legend that an Irish giant built the causeway across the North Channel to fight another giant from Scotland. The Scottish giant retreated and destroyed the middle of the causeway. A section is also still visible on the island of Staffa on the Scotland end.

The columns and the biscuits are visible throughout. People meander around and over the structures. Climbing is permitted. The columns are as much as 39 feet high. Larger columns are visible in the high cliffs facing the water.

Columns on the cliff face with “biscuits” (Article Continued on page 51 -50-

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The formations are very similar to those I discussed in a previous newsletter that I visited in Iceland.

Erosion has caused several interesting rock formations. One of the favorites is the Giant’s Boot which is popular among the “selfie set�.

In addition to the rock formations there is an excellent visitor center and numerous hiking trails that make for several hours of exploration.

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Geology is Now a Licensed Profession in NYS November 21, 2016

Today, in accordance with Chapter 260 of the laws of 2016, New York becomes the 32nd state to require licensure and/or registration of professional geologists. Geology is the 53rd licensed profession in NYS. This law assures that New York State’s citizens, natural resources, and the environment are protected by making sure that certain activities be performed by licensed professional geologists. The NYSCPG would like to take this opportunity to thank all of our members, sponsors, and supporters for helping us to make the law a reality. This also marks a turning point for the Council as we must now focus our efforts on outreach, education, monitoring legislation, and expanded advocacy for our profession.

Geologists registered in other jurisdictions cannot represent themselves as PGs in New York State as on Monday Nov. 21. The best way to avoid a potential violation of the ethics standard in NY is to add in parentheses after any designation, the state where the license applies. This means email signature footers, marketing material, letters, etc. i.e. John Doe P.G. (PA) If you have a PG or license in another state, add the state to everything ie PG (PA, LA). If you have a CPG or any other “certification”, no additional clarification would be required (Article continued on Page 54) -53-

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Important Dates: November 21, 2016: Licensure law goes into effect. Applications for PG licenses are being accepted by NYSED (this began late summer). Applicants with the necessary education and experience can apply for a grandparent license without an exam. For those persons who hold a license in another jurisdiction with passage of the ASBOG exam, you can apply for an endorsement license.

November 21, 2017: Grandfathering window closes. After this time, all applicants who apply for licensure in NYS must pass an examination of geologic knowledge (likely the ASBOG exam).

March 1, 2018: Enforcement date for the law. All persons and companies providing professional geological services in New York must have completed their licenses and articles of incorporation. After this date, no one can legally offer geologic services without the proper credentials.

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Looking for Material for the Northeast Section Newsletter—We want you!

There is plenty of room for growth in the Newsletter, and the digital/ internet versions offer many opportunities to add value to your organization So, if you are interested, email myself at neaipg.editor@gmail.com or Dick Young at ryoungnj@aol.com.

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LSRPA, AHMP, NJSWEP, and AEG present the

Third Annual Aspiring Professionals Networking Event Wednesday, December 14, 2016 5:30pm—8:00pm Chimney Rock Inn 800 North Thompson Avenue, Bound Brook NJ 08805 $20 Registration Fee/Register by clicking the AHMP Link Below

Be part of the tradition! Please join us for light refreshments at Chimney Rock Inn for an evening of networking with members from the LSRPA, AHMP, NJSWEP, and AEG

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(Article continued from page 54)

More Information: All information for PG licensure is available at the NYSED website (http://www.op.nysed.gov/prof/geo/) Specific content includes: Licensure requirements: http://www.op.nysed.gov/prof/geo/ geolic.htm Summary of all relevant laws: http://www.op.nysed.gov/prof/ geo/geolaw.htm Application procedure: http://www.op.nysed.gov/prof/geo/ geoforms.htm .

We will continue to provide information on this topics as it evolves. If you have any interesting insights, please share them with us.

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Fall Meeting Fundraiser Angelo Tagliacozzo Memorial Geological Scholarship Perpetual Trust The Northeast Section AIPG Fall Meeting on November 16, was a huge success for the “Angelo Fund.� We extend our sincere gratitude to our generous sponsors and all those who attended for their donations. Thanks to your support, we raised almost $5,000 that was added to the Scholarship Trust Fund.

The applications for 2017 currently are being received and the all-volunteer Scholarship Committee headed by Dennis McGrath, CPG, will soon begin the review process so that deserving geology students can be awarded scholarships by March 2017.

We acknowledge our corporate sponsors below. Please let our sponsors know you appreciate their support by acknowledging their contribution when you use their services.

PLATINUM Sponsors:

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LITTLE THINGS YOU CAN DO What’s going on out there? Let your colleagues know what you are working on, your new position, or a new company.

Simply e-mail a paragraph or more to: neaipg.editor@gmail.com or cproce@rouxinc.com Become active in your section. Attend one of our Spring or Fall meetings.

For details, simply e-mail jpatota@alphageoscience.com or geode78@verizon.net Join our Executive Committee. We always have openings for creative, committed Geologists who want to make a difference, . . . and not much is asked of your time.

Think about putting it on your resume!

For more info, simply e-mail jfrederick@louisberger.com or geode78@verizon.net

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GOLD Sponsor:

SILVER Sponsor:

NE-AIPG also acknowledges and thanks all who attended the dinner meeting and contributed through their registration fees including AIPG members, fellow geologists from LIAPG, NYSCPG, and other geologists at large: Kris Almskog Richard Baldwin Robert Blauvelt Richard Bova Steven Colabufo Daniel Darcy Karen Destefanis Edward Destefanis Brian Duggan Jessica Ferngren Paul Fleischmann Eugene P. Fowler, Jr. Dawn Marie Fowler Jeffrey Frederick Frank Gehrling Kevin Gibbons Annielu DeWitt Michael Greenman

Tyler Hintz Kevin Hoogerhyde Joan Hoogerhyde Richard Izzo Jason Cooper Victoria Whelan Michael Kapareiko Raphael Ketani John Lamprecht Samantha Langton Ronald Lombino II Laura Jensen Jeff Wills Brandon Luther Luke E. Mahier Michael McEachern Jessica McEachern Dennis G. McGrath

Thomas Melia Daniel St. Germain Jennifer Becker Brian Montroy Brian Moore Patrick Korths Steven Muller John Nadeau Stacy Stieber Brandon Tufano Nicholas Valkenburg Eric Weinstock Chris Wenczel Craig Werle William West Mark Williams Richard Young Zeb Youngman

THANK YOU ALL for a Successful Fall Meeting Fundraiser!

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Fall Meeting Evening Presentation – Applying for Licensure in New York As part of the usual, agenda the NE-AIPG Fall Meeting featured an evening presentation, this time by John Nadeau, who is the Legislative Chair (and Past-President) of the New York State Council of Professional Geologists (NYSCPG). John provided an overview of the application process for individual geologic licensure in NY and an update on the newly enacted law pertaining to corporations. Licensure topics included who is required to be licensed, the basic requirements for licensure, the window for grandfathering, applying under endorsement, and the various pathways for determining qualifying education and experience. There are three (3) criteria for licensure: Education, Experience, and the Exam (ASBOG).

John presented the various forms, reminding everyone to read the regulations and also the directions pertaining to each form to determine whether a particular form is needed for your specific case. The provisions for licensure by grandfathering expire on November 21, 2017, so your application must be post-marked by November 20, 2017. Those eligible and applying for licensure under the grandfathering provision are exempt from taking the exam if they apply by November 20. Those who have already passed the ASBOG exam and are licensed under another state will apply under “endorsement” as your ASBOG scores will need to be submitted directly to State Education (SED) from the jurisdiction/state where you took the exam.

It is recommended that all who are qualified to do so submit their applications under the 12-years “all experience” route to avoid requiring SED to review your education. Those with less than 12 years experience must have their education reviewed so it is advisable to check with your school(s) whether there is a fee and to ensure that official transcripts are submitted to SED directly by the college.

Navigating us through the forms, John provided some “do’s and don’ts” to avoid delays in processing your application or requests for clarification from the State Education Department. It is important to “check all the boxes” to ensure your application is complete and to communicate with your endorser(s) to submit the form “4A” in a timely manner. You should consider that the endorser for your experience must be able to attest that he/she is knowledgeable of your work and agrees that the work you are claiming is representative. John cautioned that an applicant (or endorser) who provides (Article Continued on page 68) -65-

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false information may lose their ability to become licensed and may also be subject to discipline.

Although a resumé is a good place to start, John recommended avoiding simply listing projects from your resumé, which likely is more of a marketing tool, and also avoiding phrases such as “participated in” and “involved with” that do not provide insight to your role or specific geologic work.

John reminded the audience that the applicant needs to document through their experience how they meet the requirements established in the SED regulations. You must provide sufficient and specific detail of your individual work that shows the complexity, breadth, and the depth of geology, including being in responsible charge of geologic work. Remember that the reviewers can only consider the information that you submit on the forms so it is up to the individual to provide your case that you are qualified for licensure.

The second focus of John’s presentation summarized the new corporationrelated law that was passed during the 2016 legislative session and signed by the Governor on August 19, 2016. This law was enacted to rectify an unintended consequence of individual licensure -- that general business corporations (“Inc.” for example) must become professional corporations of some type allowed by NYS law in order to legally practice their profession to the public (which already applies to all other licensed professions in NY).

The new law provides for a smooth transition from a general corporation to a professional corporation while retaining a company’s current structure and avoiding significant tax consequences, for example. It is strongly advised that owners of geologic firms consult both an attorney and a tax expert to evaluate the best option for their specific company that can include converting to a Professional Corporation (PC), Professional Limited Liability Corporation (PLLC), Limited Liability Partnership (LLP), or Design Professional Corporation (DPC).

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The new laws provide some opportunities, also, as licensed geologists can now join other licensed professionals as partners in the same firm, participate in new contracts as a team or joint venture and other relationships available to the professions. Those engineering firms and others that offer geologic services also will be affected and will need to amend their corporate papers to add “geology” to their name, provided that a licensed geologist is an owner of that firm in some capacity. Given the importance of the new law and establishing a new profession in NYS, there is a “grace period” until March 2018, before the laws will be enforced although the provisions for licensure and corporate practice currently are in effect now.

The NYSCPG has started a series of FAQs on licensure that is accessible at https://nyscpg.wildapricot.org/FAQs. For more information and to read the regulations and download the application forms, please visit the NYSED website at http://www.op.nysed.gov/prof/geo/.

(End)

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Article By,

Plants Can Reveal Much David Bressan, Forbes About Underlying Geology Contributer “For a miner must have the greatest skill in his work, that he may know first of all what mountain or hill, what valley or plain, can be prospected most profitably, or what he should leave alone...”

De Re Metallica, by Georgius Agricola (1494-1555) Already early prospectors had to carefully watch for clues in the landscape to find hidden ore or precious minerals. Some ore-bearing rocks (like dolostone, often containing iron and copper) are more weathering resistant than others and so form steep cliffs or prominent peaks. Strange colored rocks or sediments (mostly green, evidence of copper or rusty brown, caused by iron) found in a river also can indicate ore-bearing veins. But also plants can be very important to the prospecting geologist. Normally geologists don´t like plants, as the vegetation tends to cover rocks and soils and makes it difficult to accurate map the geological underground.

However some species or associations of plants grow only if specific geological conditions are met.

For example an alpine fissure, famous for the crystals hidden inside, often reveals itself on the rocky surface by plants or patches of vegetation growing there. As in the fissures water can infiltrate more easily, The Alpine rockfoil species Saxifraga sempervirens is often found growing in or on fissures. (Photo by David plants tend to grow on and follow a Bressan) fissure to get the needed water.

Plants with deep reaching roots known to grow on such fissures are species of the genus Artemisia.

The medieval mining engineer Georgius Agricola describes in his textbook about contemporary mining and mining technologies, De Re Mettallica published in 1556, also the usefulness of plants for the prospector and miner. He writes ‘Lastly, there are trees whose foliage in spring-time has a bluish or lead(Article continued on Page 78) -76-

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(Article continued from Page 76

en tint, the upper branches more especially being tinged with black or with any other unnatural colour, the trunks cleft in two, and the branches black or discoloured.‘ Agricola attributes the discoloration or unhealthy color of the plants to the exhalations of the ore-bearing veins. Georg Grandtegger, engineer at a mine in Tyrol, is even more explicit. In his 1731 published guidelines for the successful prospector he writes ‘If the grass or the plants growing on the soil show an unusual color or will die before time or the soil is barren, this is a sign that in the underground ore will be found...If you find trees in a forest, that displays fall leaf before time or misshaped treetops, it´s a sign that below ore should be searched for.‘ Nowadays we know that some elements found in ore-bearing rocks, like copper, are toxic and leaking from the underground to the surface will cause spots with sick plants or no plants at all.

The first modern research about the connections of plants to rocks and soils was done by German physician and botanist Johannes Thal (1542-1583) and Italian Andrea Cesalapino (1519-1603).

Cesalapino described how the rockfoil species Alyssum bertolonii can only be found on outcrops of serpentine (a weathered basaltic rock rich in iron) along the shores of the river Tiber.

French physician and amateur botanist Jean-Ètienne Guettard (1715-1786) used the distributions of plants to create one of the first geological maps, published in 1780 as Atlas et Description Minéralogiques de la France.

German biologist Heinrich Friedrich Link (1767-1851) finally The lady's-slipper orchid is one of the most beautiful orchids distinguished between ‘...plants, in Europe, it grows only on limestone soils, as the botanical Cypripedium calceolus (calceolus from chalix, old found on dry chalky soils, and name Latin name of limestone) suggests. (Photo by David Bressan) others, found on wet, loamy soils.‘ But only in 1836 the Austrian physician and botanist Franz Unger (1800-1870) in his book Über den Einfluß des Bodens auf die Verteilung der Gewächse (translated into The influence of the soil on the distribution of plants) proved a direct connection between rock chemistry and plants. He showed that the high content of the element calcium in soils above limestone will make it impossible for certain plants to grow there and benefit others, species that are adapted to (Article continues on page 80) -78-

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high concentrations (calcium is important as it controls the absorption of water by plant cells).

The lady's-slipper orchid is one of the most beautiful orchids in Europe, it grows only on limestone soils, as the botanical name Cypripedium calceolus (calceolus from chalix, old Latin name of limestone) suggests. (Photo by David Bressan) Further research showed that certain metals are limiting plant growth and the presence of certain plants, adapted to the toxic metals in the soil, can be used to find ore-bearing rocks in the underground.

Metallophytes or indicator plants for metals are a specific association of plants, adapted to high concentrations of metals in the underground. Where other plants can´t grow or will grow only poorly those species have evolved a tolerance or can deal with the toxic properties of the environment. Common indicator plants for metals like copper, recognizable even to geologists, are the bladder campion Viola species can indicate ore-bearing rocks, in this (Silene vulgaris and - inflata), the rockcase iron-rich schist. (Photo by David Bressan) cress (Arabidopsis halleri), some Viola species (Viola sp.), the lady's cushion (Armeria sp.) and the sandwort (Minuartia sp.).

Reprint of Original Article (End)

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In climate science, the conventional wisdom is that the Greenland Ice Sheet — the world’s second-largest block of ice — formed some 2.5 million years ago and endured continuously until modern times.

A Dire Omen for Sea Level Rise Article by STRN for Stem

But a new study is challenging this notion, hinting that Greenland may have been nearly free of ice for much of this period, says Jason Briner, a University at Buffalo geologist who co-authored the research. This finding comes from geologic evidence, from a sample of the bedrock that lies below the ice sheet.

An analysis found that this surface was exposed to open sky for at least 280,000 of the last 1.4 million years.

The results were a “complete surprise,” Briner says. They point to an unsuspected volatility in the ice sheet, suggesting that it may not take much more warming for the ice to disappear completely, causing a spike in sea levels worldwide, he says.

The study, which was published on Dec. 8 in the journal Nature, was led by Joerg Schaefer, PhD, at Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.

Briner was one of several co-authors on the multi-institution project, which also included the University of California, Berkeley; the Berkeley Geochronology Center; Pennsylvania State University; Purdue University; and the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory.

To arrive at their conclusions, the scientists investigated the bedrock beneath a key part of the ice sheet: the summit, a location that climate models show would be one of the last to lose its ice in the event of a complete meltdown.

The bedrock contains aluminum and beryllium isotopes, and the ratio of these isotopes to one another reveals information about how long the bedrock has been exposed to the sky over a given length of time.

In the case of the chosen site, an analysis showed that the bedrock had been bared to the sky — and, therefore, free of ice — for at least 280,000 of the last 1.4 million years. While it’s possible that all of the exposure occurred during a single ice-free period, it’s more likely that the ice vanished multiple times for shorter stretches, the scientists say.

“The Greenland Ice Sheet likely shrank down to almost zero during extended periods of time when we thought it was much more stable,” says Briner, PhD, an associate professor of geology in UB’s College of Arts and Sciences.

“We’ve just learned that the ice sheet has a weak underbelly, that it may not take much more warmth for it to go away completely.”

“Unfortunately, this makes the Greenland Ice Sheet look highly unstable,” said (Article continues on page 82) -81-

(Article continued from Page 81

Schaefer, a paleoclimatologist. “If we lost it in periods of natural forcing, we may lose it again.”

The bedrock sample the researchers used came from a rock core — a cylindrical sample of rock — recovered in July 1993 by a U.S. scientific team working in southeast Greenland. It took them five summers to drill through 3,056 meters (about 10,000 feet) of ice and sediment. Then they punched 1.55 meters (5 feet) into the underlying bedrock. Scientists tried early on to analyze the rock, but only in the last year or so have lab techniques become sophisticated enough to tease out the needed information, says co-author Robert Finkel of the University of California, Berkeley.

Briner, an expert on the history of Arctic ice, contributed to the project by helping to interpret data, assisting the team in telling the story of why the scientific results were significant in the context of the region’s past.

While scientists have known for some time that ice sheets in Canada and Greenland is losing ice rapidly today, and the study suggests that this the United States repeated- could proceed more rapidly than previously thought. Here, icebergs from Allison Glacier float near Kullorsuq, western Greenly expanded over vast dis- discharged land. Credit: Margie Turrin/Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory tances before completely disappearing again over the past 2 million years, the Greenland Ice Sheet was thought to be more stable — until now.

“Because the forcing of climate has a heartbeat, with ice sheets expanding and shrinking in a periodic pattern, our results suggest that the Greenland Ice Sheet likely zeroed out at multiple points in the past 2.5 million years,” Briner says.

“If that happens again — this time due to global warming — it would raise sea level by about 24 feet and add to sea level rise from melting in Antarctica,” he adds. “This would have devastating consequences, ranging from profound economic burden to a widespread coastal refugee crisis.”

To better understand the sensitivity of the Greenland Ice Sheet to climate change, Briner, Schaefer and colleagues are collaborating on a new National Science Foundation-funded study. This new research, led by Briner, will examine how anticipated changes in Arctic precipitation could influence the ice sheet’s rate of decline (End) -82-

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