Excerpt of "Yountsville"

YO U N T SVI LLE The Rise and Decline of an Indiana Mill Town

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RO N A LD V. M O R R I S

University of Notre Dame Press Notre Dame, Indiana

University of Notre Dame Press Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 undpress.nd.edu Copyright Š 2019 by the University of Notre Dame All Rights Reserved Published in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

∞ This book is printed on acid-free paper.

CONTENTS

Figures vii Tables and Graphs xi Acknowledgments xiii Introduction 1 ONE. Education in Indiana 000 TWO. The Growth of Industry in the United States 000 THREE. The Production History of Yount’s Mill 000 FOUR. The Yount Family 000 FIVE. The Lives of the Workers 000 SIX. Landscape Reconstruction at Yount’s Mill 000 SEVEN. Conclusions 000 Notes 000 Bibliography 000

Introduction The Yount brothers established their mill in Indiana during the pioneer period, when only primitive industry was emerging on the frontier. Daniel continued to operate the mill through the economic boom of the 1850s and 1860s through sectional crises. His strong hands were at the levers of the mill during the rest of the 1800s. Through these times of economic prosperity and depression, everyone in Daniel’s family had a relationship with the mill across three generations. In every decade of the mill’s history, circumstances changed and the family adapted to the new realities.1 At the same time, textile workers came to work for Daniel. These immigrants and local people looked for and found a better life for their families in a woolen mill on the banks of Sugar Creek. Their children learned a good craft, brought wages into their homes, worked in proximity to relatives, and had a complete day off for leisure every week. The children prepared for a career that would make them employable in their adopted country. These immigrants experienced decent jobs, a steady income, a dependable future, and hope for their children’s success through the economic prosperity produced through industrial apprenticeship.

Just four miles away, Caleb Mills was the president of Wabash College; he spent his life working for change in education. He provided leadership in educational reform, lobbying the state legislature for public libraries, higher education, and the provision of a public-school education to every student. He had a different view of the future, believing that students 1

2  Introduction

would need an education and values to perpetuate a democratic society.

Some young men would even attend the university to learn the skills necessary to steer communities through education, religion, commerce, and politics. This was a future based on knowledge, and everyone would need to participate through the common schools,2 public libraries, or universities.

In a small company town, the Yount family’s mill owners and workers labored in a woolen mill, while educator Caleb Mills, located in the county seat, helped the community change to an education-based economy. Both those associated with the mill and the professor thought they would give children the best chance for the future, but both Daniel Yount and Caleb Mills died before it came to pass. Today communities working with industrialization and deindustrialization still work with educational reform to improve the lives of their children. In the contrast between the apprentice system of learning and public education, the extant industrial site serves as a metaphor through which to provide critical commentary for educational policy in the twenty-first century. The Yount family, who built a successful business and failed to change in the next generation, illustrated the process of industrialization and deindustrialization, illuminating the importance and function of the mill in the lives of the owners and workers in the mill company town of Yountsville.

In the Midwest, there are multiple stories about German working immigrants in urban areas, but there are few stories of immigrants as capitalists in rural areas. The story of the Yount family is a familiar one of an immigrant family who with talent, labor, and advantage built an industry.

Local newspapers and magazines have told this story many times, but they rarely stress the fact that the Younts were an immigrant family. Forgetting the advantages they had in knowledge, skills, talent, and capital tends to lump all immigrants together as poor laborers, which is not the story of the Yount family.

Moreover, local people rarely told the story of the immigrant families who came to work in the mill. The stories of these people are revealed through census data that documents each person’s ethnicity, family labor, and gender, which offered important narratives to explore in Midwestern life as a contrast to the well-told stories of people working in eastern mill communities. In a small rural town there were stories of working men, women with children, working single women, families working together in the mill, and immigrants from England, Ireland, and Scotland. While it

Introduction 3

was difficult to track the families after the mill closed in 1921, one thing was certain: most of the families left the area to find mill work elsewhere.

Deindustrialization, dislocation, adaptation, and reuse were familiar problems in the Midwest.

Caleb Mills spent his entire life teaching and in service to education across the Midwest. He was a tireless advocate for educational reform, and the reforms he promoted had a definite effect on the families at Yountsville. Child labor laws with teeth were not enforced until after Yount’s Mill closed. The termination of child labor caused declining incomes for families working in the mills, and the eventual barring of the youth population from the mill caused the mill owners to pay more money to employ older workers.

Public funding for education remains controversial. The Midwest does not have a uniform story to tell on educational reform, with some areas making rapid strides and other areas tardy and poorly funded. Then and now, nothing starts a fight in the Midwest like talking about how to fund the public schools. The controversy over spending time and effort on vocational education versus strengthening college preparation skills and liberal arts education remains pertinent in the twenty-first century. In an age in which people can expect employment in seven different jobs in a career, preparing for a variety of careers rather than one job might be the most prudent course to take.

Educational reform was a symptom of the rapid changes occurring during industrialization. Caleb Mills led the forces of change and helped students who had a future adapting to new industry. He saw the establishment of libraries, public schools, and private universities as the tools to prepare for the future of the community. Citizens in the twenty-first century look to these same tools to adapt to change in their economic circumstances.

At the same time, Caleb Mills worked for change in education, rapid industrialization called for changes in business and industry. Nearly every American has had to deal with the wider historical processes that gave them the capacity to make a living. This preparation for life might be found in the home, in the school, or in the community, but every generation of young people found a way to educate themselves. Dan Yount addressed these opportunities to use the most up-to-date technology, the turbine, which led to having more power and produced a greater output for the mill. Positioning his mill to serve more clients meant that he could provide

4  Introduction

a variety of products and a full production line processing fiber to finished goods for his community. In addition to working with technology, Dan employed more workers in the form of immigrants.

As time progressed, the business folded and the deindustrialization of the site began. The diaspora of people came first, as they found new opportunities, careers, or locations when the mill closed. The adaptive reuse of the mill as a boarding house followed next, serving as a residence and a bed and breakfast. The deindustrialization continued as the ruin played a role in the constructed memory of the local community.3 L O O K I N G F O RWA R D The first chapter of this book details the rise of the common schools in Indiana. An education in technical, vocational, industrial, or informational fields allowed the student to link their preparation to their occupations or enjoy the felicity of learning for community improvement. The rise of the common schools provided a way for many young people across the Midwest to acquire the tools they needed for work and for participation in the democratic life of the community.

The ideological and political notion of economics affects citizens today as it did in the time of Mills and Yount, and the second chapter examines that interaction. The transition from hydropower to steam and the application of that power to textile mills in Indiana to spin and weave cotton from the South and from domestically produced wool produced stories of smallfarm cotton production, slave labor, cotton production, and the work of the region’s women to bring home sheeps’ wool to clothe their families. At the same time, a new state constitution drafted after a financially disastrous flirtation with publicly financed internal improvement attempted to create a more perfect union of prosperity for citizens and communities.

Chapter 3 documents the production history of the mill. The mill at Yountsville played a regional role in the economy across nearly one hundred years. The mill responded to national events and played a part in the booming economy of the 1850s and 1860s. It remained a significant employer in the area, and it manufactured items used by soldiers in both the Civil War and the Spanish-American War. It was also unique in that the structures from the original mill remained standing, and do to the present.

Introduction 5

But despite protective tariffs on imported wool and wool products, the mill eventually was not sustainable.

Chapter 4 illustrates the life of the Yount family. The family, like the mill, is also unique, and as German immigrants they built a family business in a small company town in a rural area. Ultimately the family was not able to sustain the mill as conditions in manufacturing, marketing, and transportation changed around them. The youngest generations of the Yount family embraced the future through receiving college educations. The members of the family lived modest lives while being generous and supporting institutions and the community.

While the story of the Yount family has been told in the community, the lives of the workers have not been discussed, and chapter 5 documents their lives in the mill, their graffiti, and their family lives. The mill workers came from the British Isles, bringing their textile skills with them. Families worked together in the mill — ​fathers, mothers, sons, and daughters — to make a living turning wool into cloth. These families lived in Yountsville for generations while the mill was open. Single people lived in the boarding house or with a family. Families of workers lived in housing close to the mill, but as soon as the mill closed most of the workers left the area to seek textile work in other mill communities.

Chapter 6 documents both the changes to the site and the preservation efforts that stabilize the remaining buildings. As the decade progressed the Yount family changed the geography of the mill site; they added and subtracted structures and upgraded their source of power. As the site evolved over a century, they created a residential site on the hill and an industrial complex in the valley. The site continued to change after the Yount family left the area and landowners made modifications to the land to improve it for their uses. People almost immediately valued the location on the banks of Sugar Creek and the history of the site.

Chapter 7 illuminates how nineteenth-century rural Midwesterners imagined the future, primarily the ways they imagined the relationship between education and industry. To do this, a very detailed description of Yount’s Mill and a general portrait of Caleb Mills’s life is included. The story paints a fine-grained picture that provides a rich illustration of social life and materiality. The discovery of abandoned warehouses, buildings, foundations barely rising above the grass, or in this case mills and boarding houses, causes the visitor to wonder about the past. Hopefully, this narrative will encourage

6  Introduction

the reader or the visitor to the site to stop to think about the history those parts of the landscape embodies, as well as what they symbolize and mean for the present.

Examining the foundations of public education at a time when it was under attack shows the promise that public education holds and why people are willing to support it. At a time when immigrants are demonized, it is important to see how past immigrants worked to contribute to their communities and to build better lives for their children. When local rural communities are seen only as hotbeds of meth production, places full of opioid dens, or economic wastelands it is important to remember that these areas are important manufacturing centers and productive communities, and they hold the keys to a high quality of life where people engage with their communities in a democratic society. These communities were once wildernesses that flowered with economic change, and they hold the promise for the next flowering of economic opportunity based on fresh water, recreation, and clean power, which all contribute to a good quality of life.

A N O T E O N S O U RC ES To ameliorate the problems created by the gaps in the written records and to compensate for the fact that neither the Younts nor the mill workers can speak for themselves, the investigation of the site required multiple sources of evidence to tell the story of the people. The features lay hidden underground awaiting interpretation, such as the homes of Daniel and his brother Alan Yount. The results of that investigation revealed a very simple and tidy lifestyle across multiple years. Archeology confirmed the demise of Daniel Yount’s house with a cluster of evidence from the 1940s backfilled over the site. Archeology also explored the undocumented features of the site, such as the existence of a mill pond and the undocumented development of a sewer line for a proposed amusement park. Material culture and especially landscape played influential roles in the understanding of the site. People have continued to live at the site since the founding of the mill. While a bulldozer-loving owner changed some sections of the site, much of it remained untouched, providing an extant landscape of residences of owners, workers, and industrial buildings. The powerful layout of the land by Daniel Yount led to the interpretation of well-defined social

Introduction 7

and work spheres, and the combination of data from different sources created a case study that described an everyday rural life that revolved around the transformation of work and school during the nineteenth century.

The archaeological exploration of the evidence provided by primary documents gave good clues as to what life was like at the mill. However, many of the documents of the mill have been lost over time, so the inclusion of archaeological and architectural data augments incomplete records.

Few first-hand accounts were left either by the Yount family or by the mill workers. The large number of primary sources included in the book reflect the reality that sources on the Younts were held in many collections. The sources were both difficult to access and in danger of disappearing as records passed from one generation to another. While all of the sources for the records were acknowledged at the time of publication in the next decade, there is a very real possibility they will be in different locations than those names. Other documents, such as Census records, provide details about the lives of the workers. Census documents and the collections of Caleb Mills, which help to flesh out his life, were both readily available.

The variety of historical records provided a context for understanding both the location and the time. Archeological analysis considered information from interviews with past owners, visual observation of ruins and the surviving structures at the mill site, the relationship between the sites of the buildings, the graffiti left in the buildings, artifacts found through archaeological excavation, and artifacts located in the community. The structures that existed provided evidence of their original use and changes, including graffiti, and the ruins provided unmistakable evidence of their relationship to commerce and industry.