Elderly-Friendly Housing Design Principles

Elderly-friendly Housing Design Principles 銀髮友善住宅設計原則 Chenyu Chen 陳震宇 Associate Prof. , Department of Architecture, NCKU 國立成功大學建築學系 副教授

1

Introduction

2

Background Information

Proportion of population aged 65+(%) （資料來源：National Development Council /國家發展委員會，2020.08） 3

Background Information  國民健康署在2010年呼應世界衛生組織倡議「高齡友善城市」理念 (Age-friendly Cities)  實現在地老化，走出家門步入社區 (Aging in Place) 隨著高齡者的逐步老化，除了室內空間的逐步調整與改善, 如何在社區內提供完善的共 有空間，達到支持高齡者走出家門步入社區，才能建構健康友善的高齡社會。

圖：高齡友善城市－八大面向 資料來源：衛生福利部國民健康署

4

Research Purposes

Collecting and analyzing design

Understanding the issues

Explore and propose

content and case examples for

of supportive care,

future design principles

elderly-friendly housing in

environmental design,

for elderly-friendly

Taiwan and abroad to

hard- and software

housing.

understand how to integrate

facilities, etc. facing the

the development and needs of

establishment of elderly-

aspects such as design concept,

friendly housing in the

smart technology, overall

future.

societal care and well being, etc.

5

Subjects (研究對象) Subjects Senior Appropriate Elderly-Friendly Housing is the primary research subject.

Limitations of the Study The research parameters are Seniors aged 65 and older who are capable of independent living. (自主生活能力的長者)

It focuses primarily on

Building Type

Townhouse 連棟式住宅

Spatial Attributes(空間屬性) Private Services Barthel Index Score 0-20分 21-60分

seniors who are healthy, sub-healthy, mildly disabled, partially and moderately disabled.

61-90分

Seniors within these categories are capable of independent living, or living in their own homes with the help of assistive devices and caregivers.

Multi-Unit Residential Building

91-99分 100分

Shared Services Dependence Level Fully Dependent Heavily Dependent Moderately Dependent Mildly Dependent Fully Independent

Open Spaces Living Capability Requires professional care Requires care by others Requires assistive devices and help of others (Those who need full assistance for self-care are not within the scope of this study) Mostly capable of self care 6

Capable of self care

Method 1. Literature Review  The physical and mental state of seniors  Statutes and regulations on senior housing  Living-space behavior of seniors

3. In-Depth Interview  Experts on elderly residential spaces and operation/management personnel, to form a preliminar y understanding of common planning principles and knowledge on the d e s i g n of e l d e r l y r e s i d e n t i a l s pa c e s .  Hold symposiums with field experts to understand the suitability of the framework of the developmental strategy in this case, and to determine whether there are areas where detailed adjustment is needed in the set principles of elderly residential housing.

2. Case Study  To collect and compare the methods of approach in different elderly housing case examples  To understand the relevant priorities, content, and methods of domestic “elderly-friendly housing design,” through results gathered from on-site surveys and expert consultations, and to understand the issues and possible demands facing senior housing design at this stage

4. Field Survey  To be conducted on select cases of elderly-friendly housing, which serve as valuable points of reference for understanding the current issues and real spatial demands facing seniors living in their own homes through field surveys.

7

2

Literature Review

8

Health and Living Condition of Seniors To evaluate the physical and mental state of seniors,

Performance Elements

cognitively, psychologically, and physically, according to the “New Evaluation Chart for Care and Management” (新型照顧管理評估量表) published by the Ministry of Health and

Feeling and Movement

Welfare (2017) and the “Activity Analysis Template” published by the American Occupational Therapy Association.

Cognitive 認知

＋

Social Psychology 社交心理

表現要素

Sensorimotor 感覺動作

Cognition

Barthel Index Score

Social Psychology

Fully

Mildly

Moderately

Independent

dependent

Dependent

Feeling: awareness, Process (vision, hearing, sense of taste, spatial location, spatial orientation…

Neuromuskuloskeletal: reflex, muscle strength, posture control…

Exercise: movement control, motor ability, coordination…

• • •

Awareness Attention span Problem solving Spatial function

• • • •

Sense of direction Recognition memory Classification ability

• •

Psychological: moral values, interests, self-concept Social: role performance, social behavior, social skills, self-expression Self-Management: coping with stress, time management…

•

• • • •

9

Living Patterns of Elderly Resident Proportion of Population aged 65+ by Living Expectation Total Number of People

Percentage of Population

Living Alone

End of September, 2017

Living only with a Partner (including all occupants)

Living with Adult Children

Living with Relatives or Friends

Living with other Seniors in a Facility

Other

No Answer

Total

3,218,881

100.0

9.6

26.2

54.3

0.8

0.9

0.2

8.1

Men

1,480,556

100.0

7.7

32.7

50.0

0.9

1.0

0.1

7.6

Women

1,738,325

100.0

11.2

20.6

58.1

0.6

0.7

0.2

8.5

Men 69.5% hope to live near adult children

Women

The proportion of elderly women who expect to “live with their adult children,” or to “live alone”

81.4% 69.5% hope hope to to live live near near adult adult children children 10

is 58.1% and 11.2% respectively. These are both higher than the proportion of men; Among those who live alone, 81.4 % of women hope to live near their adult children. This is higher than men at 69.5%. （資料來源：Ministry of Health and Welfare/ 衛福部，2018）

Living Patterns of Elderly Resident To further collect information on the family composition of seniors according to the “Senior Citizen Condition Survey”(2018) published by

Building Type

the Ministry of Health and Welfare (衛服部，106年 老人狀況調查)

Living Alone 獨居 Able to successfully and independently accomplish self care and all things pertaining to it. The deterioration of functional ability is therefore more gradual. However, in the event of accident or emergency, their ability to adapt is more fragile.

With Caregiver

Without Caregiver

Elderly Spouses 老老照顧 When elderly spouses or cohabitants practice mutual care, if one party suffers an accident or illness, the healthy party is required to take up the responsibilities of caregiving.

Living with Family 家人同住 In terms of safety and living circumstances, living with family includes a comparatively broader range of family composition.

Therefore, the living functions, activities, and roles of family members are also different.

Living alone

Living with Spouse (Elderly Spouses)

Living with Family

Professional caregiver (Caretaker, Institutional) This category will not be discussed

11

Composition of Residential Spaces Building Type Townhouses

Multi-Unit Residential Building

Spatial attributes

01

Private services 專有服務 Independent usage with designated ownership

02

Shared services 共用服務 Can be used by all residents in the same building

03

Open space 開放空間 Open for residents and partially open to the public

12

Composition of Residential Spaces Private services space

Housing Unit_A1

Housing Unit _B1

Shared services space Corridor

Open space

Housing Unit _A2

Elevator hall

Housing Unit _A3

Housing Unit _B2 Typical Floor Plan

Public open space

Housing Unit _A5 Entrance hall

Dwelling-cum-shop A2

Rooftop garden Elevator hall Multi-functional classroom

Elevator hall

Traffic lane

Community Clothes drying yard

Rooftop Floor Plan

Dwelling-cum-shop _A3

library Ground Floor Plan

資料來源：京城建設逸文苑

13

Composition of Residential Spaces Spatial Category

Spatial Terms

Entrance (Entrance Hall) Bedroom Bathroom/WC Living Room/Sitting Room Kitchen Dining Room Private Study/Studio/Workroom services Storage space 專有服務 Balcony/Terrace Hallway (Interior Passage Way) Worship Hall Elderly Parents’ Bedroom Private Stairway Private Courtyard Shared Stairway/Staircase Elevator Interbuilding Passageway Shared Parking Lot services Recreational Facilities (Swimming Pool, Spa, Game Room, Fitness Studio) space 共用服務 Public Toilet Clothes Drying Area Lounge and Service Management Office Shared Open Space Open space Public Open Space

Suitable Building Types Non-collective housing

Multi-unit residential building

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ X X X X X X X X X X

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ X X X X ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ △

○：basic installation

△：optional installation X：no installation

14

Domestic Statutes and Regulations for Elderly-Friendly Housing Constructing Barrier-Free Environments

Encouragement for Building (獎勵興建):

Housing Policy： housing law(住宅法)、Overall Housing Policy Barrier-Free Housing Design： Building Technical Regulations Chapter 10 (建築技術規則建築設計施工編, 第10章) Design Specifications of Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities (建築物無障礙設施設計規範)、 Standards for Barrier-Free Housing Design (無障礙住宅設計基準)

Senior Citizens Welfare Act (老人福利法), Building Technical Regulations Construction Section Chapter 16. (建築技術規則建築設計施工編, 第16章) Application for Establishment and Operation/Management (申請設置與營運管理): Senior Citizens Welfare Act Rules for Implementation (老人福利法、老人福利法施行細則、), Comprehensive Priorities for Senior Residences. (老人住宅綜合管理要點) Actual Spatial and Environmental Design (實質空間與環境設計):

Universal Design Principles： Universal Design Guidelines for Housing Development for Taipei and Kaohsiung (臺北市及高雄市之居住空間通用

Relevant Legislation for Senior Housing

設計指南)

Building Technical Regulations Construction Section Chapter 16. (建築技術規則建築設計施工編, 第16章) Basic Design Guidelines for Facilities and Equipment of Senior housing (老人住宅基本設施及設備規劃設計規範) 15

Domestic Statutes and Regulations for Elderly-Friendly Housing Current design guidelines for senior housing primarily references barrier-free guidelines. Most

of these only resolve issues caused by the

deterioration of physical capabilities.

They lack consideration for aspects of functional performance such as the deterioration of vision and hearing, and there is an even greater lack on cognitive and psychosocial performance and the spatial needs of caregivers.

Future design principles will broaden the scope of current statutes and regulations, and improve the construction of elderly-friendly housing and environments.

16

Domestic Statutes for Elderly-Friendly Housing

(資料來源：本研究拍攝)

(資料來源：福樂多 福祉事業 提供)

17

Domestic Statutes for Elderly-Friendly Housing

18

Design Principles of Elderly-Friendly Housing Abroad U.S.A.《Aging in Place Design Guidelines》 Not only the building itself, but also the exterior open spaces and site selection are a part of the construction of elderly-friendly housing. Building specifications are set according to the functional performance needs of people with deteriorating vision, hearing, and other physical abilities.

Consideration is also made toward the social psychology of seniors. Moreover, the detailed principles of design and facility configuration, as well as building areas in frequent use by residences are

Site

Room Layout

Pedestrian safety, walkable routes, street parking, exterior entrances, site illumination, landscaping and plant cover, and outdoor facilities.

Indoor entrance, living room, kitchen, dining room, washroom, bedroom, laundry and individual garage

Common Architectural Issues

Innovative Technology

Shared spaces, healthcare, renovation projects, high-rise construction, outdoor terraces, electronic appliances and mechanical systems, doors and windows

Smart pets, pill distributors, navigation and sensor technology

Unit Layout and Interior Fixture/Design Spatial planning, visible floors, color/material, maintenance and service

also taken into account.

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Design Principles of Elderly-Friendly Housing Abroad Site 05 Site Illumination

01 Pedestrian Safety • • •

Site Selection：safety, services, walkability Connectedness: short walking distance Public Transportation: affordable reliable, predictable

• •

06 Landscaping and Plants

02 Walkable Routes •

• • •

Walking Routes: slope, pavement, ease of navigation

03 Street Parking • • •

•

Entrance Type: lighting, shelter from wind and rain, signage

Paved pathways: slope, pavement, ease of navigation Plants: shade, seasonality Visibility and Privacy: purposeful, openness

07 Outdoor Facilities

Streets and Intersections: smoothness, safety Route-Finding: visible and easy to read Parking/Exiting the Vehicle: ample space, barrier-free

04 Exterior Entrance

Safety: contrast, visibility, energy efficiency Illuminated Pathways: guidance, recognizability

（圖片來源：Enterprise Green Communities，2016）

• • • •

Outdoor Furniture: mobility, flexibility in usage Community Gardens: ease of operation, sociability Entertainment: low impact, convenient facilities Pets: passageways, lawns

20

Design Principles of Elderly-Friendly Housing Abroad Japan“Design Principles of Senior Housing” (高齢者が居住する住宅の設計指針) This study divides senior living environments into residential sections (private sections) and exterior sections (outdoor and public sections). It explains the basic principles （基

本レベル）that must be followed during planning.

Additionally, in order to more actively prevent tripping and falling of the elderly caused by movement and to guarantee that when they are using wheelchairs, they will be more able to conveniently go about basic living activities. It also puts

Recommended principles

（推奨レベル）

include prioritizing dimensional design over basic principles,

and

more

detailed

suggestions

equipment installation and the use of material, etc.

Room configuration, height difference, railing, passage way and entrance/exit width, stairways, floor and wall finishing, room area, doors and windows, equipment, temperature and environment, storage space, and other

Outdoor Spaces of Single-Family Homes (共用部分と屋外) Connected passageways, outdoor stairways, outdoor illumination

forward “Recommended“ design principles.

！

Residential Private Spaces （専用部分）

on

Public and Outdoor Spaces (Excluding SingleFamily Homes) Public stairways, shared hallways, width, elevators, other passageways, floor finishing, lighting equipment 21

Design Principles of Elderly-Friendly Housing Abroad Residential Private Spaces 02 Handrails 01 Room Configuration •

Basic: install toilets/Wc’s on designated floors where bedrooms are located

• Recommendations: 1. Aside from satisfying the basic level of requirement, entrance ways, bathrooms/showers, changing rooms and washrooms should also be located on designated floors where bedrooms are located.

2. If equipped with a residential elevator, the “functional width of its entrance/exit should be above 750mm, and should meet the needs of wheelchair users.”

In this case, only toilets/WC’s need to be located on designated floors where bedrooms are located

• 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Basic:

（基本レベル）

Stairways, Toilets/WC’s, bathrooms, entrance ways and changing rooms should be equipped with handrails At least one side of each stairway should be equipped with a handrail, if its slope is greater than 45°, then both sides should be equipped with a handrail The handrail’s height should be between 700mm~900mm If the height difference of windows, hallways, and stairways on the 2nd floor and above, as well as balconies is greater than 1m then they should be equipped with protective railings.

The distance between railing posts must be less than 110mm.

• Recommendations（推奨レベル） 1. The basic level of requirement should be met 2. Both sides of a stairway must be equipped with handrails (if equipped with a residential elevator, then only one side needs to be equipped with a handrail 3. Adding handrails in assisted access bathroom/showers, standing and sitting bathtubs, and handrails to help maintain posture 22

Design Principles of Elderly-Friendly Housing Abroad China “Design Guidelines for Residential Buildings for the Aged” 《老年人居住建築設計規範》 These Guidelines were primarily created for the design of Buildings and Housing Environment, not only should appropriate geographic conditions, relevant medical treatments, natural environments, and other public facilities be considered, but these should be distributed nearby. Building space design and facility installation must be done according to relevant guidelines and be suitable to the physical and psychological characteristics of the elderly, and determine minimal space requirements and spatial functions to guarantee residential needs and quality. These should be done according to the spatial needs of future longterm care and wheelchair use, in order to promote the long-term requirements and use of residential spaces.

Basic Principles Population size, medical treatment, public facilities, fire and disaster prevention, evacuation plan, interior design

Site Planning and Design Site selection and layout, traffic, site facilities, landscaping, outdoor ramps, steps

Public Space Entrance/exit, public passageways, stairways, elevators, railing, safety evacuation

Indoor（inside）space Indoor space, bedroom and living room, kitchen, bathroom/WC, passageway and storage, balcony and terrace, doors and windows,

Physical Environment Acoustics, lighting, temperature, wind direction, air quality

Building facilities Water supply and drainage, heating, ventilation, airconditioning, electricity 23

Design Principles of Elderly-Friendly Housing Abroad Public Space 01 Entrance/Exit • • • •

Door：types, installation Entrance/Exit: Reserved Space, Pavement Material Gathering Space: Resting, Socializing

02 Public Passageway

Clearance Space/Non-Slip Surfaces: Pavement, Turnaround Space

03 Stairway •

Shape/Differentiation: Shape, Color, Height Difference

04 Elevator •

Capacity: Can Accommodate a Stretcher

05 Handrail •

Continuity/Material: Leveling, Material

06 Safety Evacuation •

System Installation: Floor Restrictions, Signage, Fire Control and Prevention

24

3

Analysis and Compilation of Expert Opinion on Residential Space Behavior

25

Issues Surrounding Living-Space Behavior s of the Elderly Daily activity and resting behaviors of the elderly Characteristics

Long-term use and regularity

Privacy and gathering

explanation

Key elements of design 1.

Activity planning among seniors is comparatively more regular

Must guarantee a certain level of privacy while promoting social gathering for the physical and mental well-being of the elderly.

Social gatherings are necessary.

Pay attention to housing orientation and location and the position of furniture and equipment

2.

Make considerations for long-term use and storage spaces

3.

Maintain the same furnishing to ease recognition and use

1.

Due to individual differences between cohabiting family members, there must be adequate distinction between the interior, exterior, activity, and rest areas

2.

To provide a certain level of flexibility in the use of activity spaces, and to separate it from interior living spaces, to prevent the disturbance of cohabitants

Individuality and communality

Deterioration And gradual change

1.

The daily activities of the elderly have a greater degree of communality, but family composition, personal characteristics, and life habits continue generate individuality

The daily activities of the elderly and their physical conditions are closely related. With the decline in self-care capabilities, their daily activities will also deteriorate and change gradually.

1.

Spaces are to have a certain level of flexibility in usage, to provide for more convenient reconfiguration and modification by the elderly according to individual characteristics Spaces are to have a certain level of flexibility in usage, to provide for more convenient improvement according to

高齡者住所之生活展開

the physical conditions and need of the elderly

(長澤 泰，(2014)， 高齡者のすまい)

26

Issues Surrounding Living-Space Behavior s of the Elderly The Spatial Dimensions of Daily Activity among the Elderly The bodily dimensions of the elderly serves as the basic data for the design of unit spaces. The bodily dimensions of the elderly are comparatively smaller than younger adults, and there are obvious differences in the change in height

Spatial Behavior and Issues • Kitchen • Dining room • Study • Storage

Private Services

• Entrance/Exits • Bedroom • Bathroom/WC’s • Living rooms

Shared Services

• Shared Stairways/Staircases • Elevators • Interbuilding Passageways • Parking Lots

according to physical conditions.

Open Spaces

• Balconies • Private • Hallways Stairways • Worship Halls • Private • Elderly Courtyards Parent’s Bedrooms

• Recreational Facility Spaces • Public bathrooms • Clothes Drying Area • Lounge and Service Management Offices

• Shared Open Spaces • Public Open Spaces

27

台灣老年人身體尺寸圖 (單位：mm，資料來源：張力山等，2012)

27

Living-Space Behaviors of the Elderly Examples – Kitchen Space Behavior and Issues Building Type

Non-Collective Housing/Multi-Unit Residential Building

Item Number

Spatial Behavior and Issues

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Decline in attention span and memory, often forget to turn off the stove Deterioration in physical capabilities, resulting in a reduced ability to perform cleaning tasks. The difficulty of oil buildup leads to an unclean environment and sticky/slippery floors Long food and cooking preparation times and the inability to stand for long periods Insufficient work surface space, leading to falling objects and danger Unsuitable work surface height, making the elderly tire quickly or creating additional burdens on the body Unsuitable storage cabinet heights for the elderly in different physical conditions Deterioration of vision and difficulty recognizing equipment labels and instructions Insufficient lighting in areas of operation Erroneous storage methods for food and medication

註：▲ 代表此居住型態較容易發生此類行為或課題

Housing Type Without a Caregiver Living Alone

With a Caregiver Elderly Spouse Caregivers

Living with Family

▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲

▲

▲

▲

▲

▲

▲ 28

Compilation of Exper t Opinion 意見摘錄 1.

年齡的增長與身體功能退化之程度不一定呈現正相關

反思 1.

To consider evaluating functional capabilities instead of age in

之關係，隨著醫療的進步與保健觀念的提升，部分高

the design of senior housing environments (功能性取代以年齡判

齡者其實看不出年紀，設計原則宜對應使用者的退化

定)

狀態。 1.

2.

若採用標章型式，如同綠建築的型態，把老人都集中

Elderly-friendly housing does not gather all elderly people into

在一棟大樓之中，這不是社會趨勢，將使這棟建物被

one location. Rather, it allows them to more fully realize the goal

貼上負面標籤。

of aging in place (在地老化) and aging at home (在宅老化) in

建議應提供設計原則供民眾自我改善空間，以及哪些

their original places of residence and environments by

服務可以銜接進來，如林玉子書中所述，保留因應老

improving their environment

化時的改建空間。 3.

1.

2.

留設輔助洗浴空間 (資料來源：坂本啓治，2006)

Whether in spatial design or renovation, the installation of

銀髮友善住宅要比無障礙更好，在民間獎勵上可能更

equipment and assistive devices in the future should be

容易推動，即「健康住宅」的概念，如更強調在居家

considered, to allow spaces to retain flexibility for adjustment

的活動空間、退休後休閒與工作的空間，新型態的高 齡者生活模式打破早期的空間框架。 1.

高齡者常用的輔具及設備等，尺寸與型態改變相當大， 1.

Spatial composition should include greater flexibility, in order to

應思考居家空間如何容許輔具的變化與操作。

adapt to the greater diversity in lifestyles and the different stages of psychological change among the elderly

1.

社交心理也很重要，如開窗的方式亦有助於高齡者獲

1.

Allowing living environments to retain informational

得外界資訊，環境的一些顯性及隱性的有關人、事、

interconnectivity is important to the maintenance of health

時、地、物的提示

among the elderly and the realization of individual life planning in the future.

29 馬桶側裝扶手協助起身 (資料來源：TOTO，2020)

Compilation of Exper t Opinion 反 思 1.

Spatial design principles should maintain its fundamental principles and avoid using absolute parameters to meet requirements.

2.

Since there are no excellent examples of elderly-friendly housing domestically, partial spatial design principles and practices can reference more mature installations in a facility to slow down and connect with the progression in the deterioration of physical and mental capabilities.

1.

Shared service spaces provide a degree of assistance in increasing social activity among residents.

2.

Spatial design principles can by planned according to basic and recommended categories.

1.

Special considerations are made according to the aging of cognitive functions and social psychology among the elderly, these should be integrated into overall considerations of spatial design. For example: Different colors or spatial arrangements should be made to signal the differences between the stairways on each level. Safe and variegated recreational facilities and spaces with fitness functions should be provided. These can improve the opportunities of use for the elderly and can increase the chances of social interactions between the elderly and other people

向長照機構取 經 (資料來源：本研究拍攝)

明顯顏色區別的樓層標示， 輔助認知能力退化的高齡者 正確判斷之用

30

4

Principles of Spatial Design for Elderly-Friendly Housing

31

Basic Motivations

Reviewing the Eight Domains of

Basic

Motivations

“Age Friendly Cities”(八大面向)

Principles of Elderly-Friendly Housing

To provide for different types of recreation and

(passage, visibility, usability).

to go outdoors.

important

the

initiative

information

connectedness

between

in

providing to

the

all

guarantee elderly

and

Health 康健

Connectedness 連通

society, and to reduce loneliness.

To provide environmental stimulation and channels for stress release, and to maintain

Barrier-Free 無礙 Expedited Passage 暢行

Ageless 不老

psychological health and satisfy needs.

Design

accordance with barrier-free standards or needs

and health examinations, and to encourage the elderly

take

the

To guarantee living and activity spaces in

entertainment, exercise and fitness activities, lectures

To

for

Respect of Elders 敬老

ElderFriendly 親老

SafeLiving 安居

To guarantee that movement between spaces is barrier-free, that routes of travel are convenient, and to improve reachability and convenience.

To ensure housing and services for different living circumstances and to satisfy different living needs.

To promote social interactions and a sense of

To provide for different services and activity

belonging and dignity, and to encourage

spaces

cross-generational social activities.

participation and use.

which

are

convenient

for

elderly 32

Basic Framework for Design Principles Principle directions for the development of basic motivations Barrier-free Safety + Peace of Mind

Expedited Passage Safe-Living

Basic P r i n c i p l e s of S pa t i a l D e s i g n for Elderly-Friendly Housing Site Planning and Overall Configuration

Spatial Planning and Design

Private Services

Shared Services

Open Spaces

Connectedness Respectful of Elders Elder-Friendly Well-Being Ageless

Fundamental Principles 基本通則 Basic Principles 基本原則 Suggestions for Improvement 33

Fundamental Principles of S pa t i a l D e s i g n

To expand on the eight domains of the basic principles, the fundamental principles of spatial design are presented. When designing spaces, the fundamental principles must first be satisfied before detailed design principles of service needs are met according to the functional characteristics of each space.

8 Main

Contents of Rules

Aspects 1.

Barrier-

Basic Rules

Free

2.

3.

Optimization 1.

Suggestions

Basic Rules

Smooth Optimization

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

1.

2.

3.

Suggestions 4.

5.

考量高齡者使用輪椅靠近櫥櫃、桌面、工作面、櫃台等家 具時的操作深度、高度、靠近距離、容膝深度等尺寸，可 參考建築物無障礙設施設計規範「附錄」之建議數值進行 設計。 櫃體、開關、把手等設備的操作必須容易開啟、辨識及容 易拿取。 在容易長時間停留的區域（客廳、餐廳、床邊等）留設輔 具的置放空間，例如輪椅、助行器、拐杖等。 Setting up handrails or some equipment to assist wheelchair users in taking or picking items (Fig. 1 and 2) 地坪宜平整、防滑，小於0.5公分的突起物或高低差。 行走空間宜保留寬度90公分以上。 出入口淨寬宜大於90公分以上。 留設輪椅可原地迴轉，直徑120公分的淨空間。 開放空間宜設置可遮陽遮雨之連續性通路。 留設輪椅可方便原地迴轉，直徑150公分的淨空間。 保留120公分以上一般人與輪椅可並行的走廊寬度。 Setting up circulation flow (No turning is needed in a site) (Fig. 3) Using horizontal sliding doors or folding doors at the gate。（Fig. 4） 若需要於高低差處設置斜坡，宜參考建築物無障礙設施設計 規範規定之坡道斜率相關數值設置。

1 Fig.1.

With suitable depth to get items

(資料來源：坂本啓治，2006）

3 Fig.3：circulation flow (資料來源：張麗，2019)

2 Fig. 2. Upright and flipping devices for wheelchair users to get articles

(資料來源：坂本啓治，2006）

4 Fig 4. Sliding door applied at the entrance.

(資料來源：本研究拍攝) 34

Fundamental Principles of Spatial Design Contents of Rules

8 Main Aspects

Basic rules

S A F

1.

2.

減少燈光直射及使用不容易產生眩光的地坪。 去除可能使高齡者跌倒元素，如電線或其他雜物。

3.

Placing anti-collision pads or edges to prevent seniors from bumping into tips and edges of furniture. (Fig. 5)

4.

高齡者常攙扶的傢俱，如矮櫃或書櫃等，固定於 牆面不可容易搖動，桌椅等可移動之傢俱底部則 須具有止滑效果，避免滑動造成危險。

5.

Providing elders with proper rescue mechanism, emergency button and life-connection facilities for instance. (Fig. 6)

1.

鋪設不影響輪椅或助行器之防跌地墊或短毛地毯。

2.

Materials such as glass-reinforced plastic or PU with low thermal conductivity should be chosen for handles or handrails in order to reduce chances of touching metal materials like stainless.

(Fig. 7)

3.

宜設置吊扇方式減少立扇電線散落地面，避免產 8 生絆倒危險的可能性。 公共區域宜配置AED等急救裝置。 操作明火處，設置火災感測器及擺放滅火設備。 宜設置可依時段調整之自動照明系統。

安居 (settle)

T Optimization

E

Suggestions

Y

4.

5.

6.

Conne ction

Basic rules Optimization Suggestions

1.

1.

Fonts and words of public messages for seniors should be enlarged and have contract color with background color. (Fig. 8)

於公共空間的道路節點處，設置顯眼且易於理解 的標示系統。

6

5 Fig. 5 anti-collision edges (資料來源：陳建宇，2015)

Fig. 8. Enlarging fonts (資料來源：本研究拍攝)

Fig. 6. Domestic used emergency rescue report system (資料來源：曾金月，2020)

7 Fig. 7. glass-reinforced plastic handrail (資料來源：本研究拍攝) 35

Fundamental Principles of Spatial Design 9

Eight

Contents of Rules

Domains

Bas.

1.

Sufficient areas for taking a rest should be provided in open areas to increase chances of interaction and communication. (Fig. 9)

1.

Various kinds of services as well as spaces for activities should be provides in open areas, such as lounges or recreation areas（Fig. 10）。

Respectful Princ. of Elders

Impr.

Sug. Bas.

Elder-

Princ.

Friendly

Impr.

Sug. Bas.

-

10

1.

Well-

Princ.

開放空間宜設置充足之休憩及停留空間，創造友 善環境，以鼓勵長輩走出戶外。

Being

Impr. 1.

確保高齡者由居家至戶外的通路為可順暢通行之 無障礙通路。

Sug.

Ageless

1.

Bas. Princ.

Impr.

Sug.

-

Fig. 9. Providing seats for elders to take a rest (資料來源：本研究拍攝) Fig. 10. Providing places for gathering (資料來源：Gwaar，2009)

11

Some spaces which could let seniors be stimulated or feel relaxed should be offered in opening areas. That is to say, spaces for interaction and gathering or classes like gardening should be provided. （Fig. 11）。 Fig.11. Providing places for gardening treatment and therapy (資料來源：許婷宜、林姿含，2017)

36

Living Room/Sitting Room (Excerpt) 12 原則內容

Eight Domains

1.

基本 Expedited

原則

2.

Passage

優化

1.

建議 基本 Safe-Living

Assistive devices should be placed next to seating. (Fig. 13)

1.

柔軟、有彈性的室內地板材料，使用無光澤 的地板蠟。

1.

可放置高齡者生活中具回憶性的紀念品或照 片，營造高齡者心理的歸屬感。 於牆面或天花板設置吊架、儲藏空間、展示 空間、掛勾等放置物品之空間。 It is suggested that table used should be suitable both for wheelchair users and normal people to acquire higher chances to have interactions. (Fig. 14)

建議

2. 基本 Respectful of

原則

3.

Elders

優化

台等相較穩固之家具形成連續性之支撐點， 使高齡者在移動時能有所支撐。 建議從客廳至臥室的路徑可安裝連續性扶手， 有助於高齡者移動時之安全性。

1.

原則 優化

Passing regions, areas for wheelchair to change directions and so on in interior design should comply with the basic rules.

(Fig. 12) 若客廳空間無法安裝扶手，可結合矮櫃、窗

-

Fig. 12. Providing sufficient areas for wheelchair to go through

(資料來源：養老產業小七，2018)

13 Fig.13. Providing assistive devices to get up from seating. (資料來源：窩新生活照護，2020)

14 Fig. 14：furniture for both wheelchair users and normal people

(資料來源：本研究拍攝)

37

Principles of Residential Space Design 八大面向

原則內容 1.

基本 Expedited

原則

Passage

2.

3.

4.

優化 建議

of Elders

1.

原則 優化 建議 基本 原則

Fig. 15 ： Placing ceiling fans indoors could avoid messy wires on the ground.

If a caregiver, partner, relative or friend is going to take (資料來源：Enterprise Green of the elder, individuals should sleep on separated beds Communities，2016） in order to prevent interruption and distractions. (Fig. 16)

1.

Well優化

15

17

1.

Being

If ceiling fan and circulator are planned to be placed, criteria should comply with “basic rules of accommodation”.(Fig. 15) 保持室內足夠之淨空，以利輪椅及輔具移動與使用，詳見 通則之「暢行基本原則」。 宜增設穩固及可抓握之床頭櫃，增加老人起身及置物之方 便性。床頭櫃處應有充電插座。 於活動空間頻繁使用處增加緊急求助鈴。

…

基本 Respectful

Bedroom Spaces (Excerpt)

2.

建議 3.

16 Fig. 16：Placing single beds in the bedroom (資料來源：本研究拍攝)

18

注意環境清潔，詳見基本通則之「康健基本原則」。 Heating, ventilation and air condition (HCAV) such as heat exchanger, air quality detector and so on should be installed. (Fig. 17) Offering services of property management such as house keeping services, cleaning services and so on.

(Fig. 18) 設置控制溫溼度之裝置，如除溼機。

Fig. 17 ： Connecting smart air quality detector facility with indoor heat exchanger. (資料來源：松下電器，2020)

Fig. 18：Reinforcing visual identities of control panels or control systems in the surroundings 38 (資料來源：本研究拍攝)

住宅空間設計原則

無障礙陽台落地拉門 (資料來源：本研究拍攝)

臥室空間設計原則參考圖

(資料來源：本研究繪製)

39

Principles of Residential Space Design

Bathroom/WC Spaces (Excerpt) 19

原則內容

Eight Domains

1.

2.

Bas. Princ.

3.

4.

Barrier-

1.

Free

2.

3.

Impr.

4.

Sugg.

5.

6.

浴廁內地板宜施作止滑材質，以及注重快速排水的洩水坡 度，並定時清理堆積於地坪的水漬及汙垢，避免止滑效果 因此降低。 It is suggested that separate shower room as well as toilet and sliding door should be installed based on barrier-free regulation which regulates the limitation of width and height for wheelchair. （Fig. 19） The sign for hot water and cold water on faucet should be easily recognized.（Fig. 20） It is recommended to install some assistive devices near toilet, shower room and tub to let elders be able to use them by themselves based on design of barrierfree building regulation focusing on handrail.（Fig. 21) 浴室內可規劃更衣空間，宜具備保暖性及暫時置物、儲物 及掛衣的空間。 提供衣物換洗後可分開放置的空間，避免皮膚性疾病相互 感染。 熱水器建議選用恆溫式系統，避免過大的溫差造成高齡者 沐浴時的身體不適。 It is feasible to select assistive devices for lifting (Fig.22), controlling temperature and washing like washlet or toilet seat lift to assist seniors in using the toilet 淋浴用之花灑固定架可選用能夠調整高度之樣式，依照高 齡者習慣調整至易於使用之位置。 於新建浴廁規劃初期即考量未來照顧者可輔助高齡者洗浴 的操作空間。

Fig. 19. build-in sliding door

20

Fig. 20. Valves with different colors for recognizing hot water and cold water

(資料來源：本研究拍攝)

(資料來源：本研究繪製)

21

22 Fig22：assisting elders to get up from the toilet by using a toilet seat lift.

(資料來源：坂本啓治，2006)

Fig. 21： Assistive devices, handrail, next to the toilet helps elders get up from the toilet

(資料來源：TOTO，2020)

40

住宅空間設計原則 八大面向

樓梯與梯廳空間 1

原則內容 1. 基本原則

無礙

2.

3.

踏階的第一階與最末階宜與通道保持退縮，避免影響通道 通行以及發生意外的跌落。 樓梯的踏面材質注意防滑，且梯級終端宜有良好的辨別性， 避免高齡者因誤判而發生踩空。(附圖1) 建議扶手牢固且斷面形狀適合高齡者省力抓握，且扶手與 牆面宜有明顯的顏色區別。(附圖2)

附圖1:良好辨識度的梯級終端

優化建議 -

基本原則 2.

3.

暢行

1. 優化建議

2.

3.

(資料來源：臺北大眾捷運股份有限 公司，2020)

附圖2:明顯顏色區別扶手與牆面 (資料來源：本研究拍攝)

…

1.

2

1

大多既有公寓入口進入梯廳之間仍有踏階設計，可設置活 動斜坡板，讓使用輪椅者可以順利通行。(附圖3)。 可視動線需求增設扶手。 保持室內足夠之淨空，以利移動與使用，有關地坪、通道 寬度與出入口寬度，詳見「暢行」之基本通則。

可採用智能設備(感應磁扣、數字按鍵)控制門扇開閉，省 去高齡者開關門的困難。(老年住宅) 第一階與最末階宜設置有牆側的踏面照明，有利於高齡者 判斷位置。 在不影響通行的條件下，可於梯間及轉折平台處留設提供 休息之座椅空間。

3 附圖3:三踏階以下可放置斜坡板

(資料來源：財團法人伊甸社會福利基金會，2015)

41

住宅空間設計原則 八大面向

樓梯與梯廳空間 2

原則內容

基本原則

1.

2.

3.

4.

安居

宜有良好的照度(至少達120Lux以上) 光源安裝位置避免直射眼睛(附圖5)。 光源數量及間距宜考量產生的影子影響步行過程 的視覺判斷(附圖6、7)。 有關安全防護、救援設備，詳見「安居」之基本 通則。

附圖1:樓梯照明避免直射眼睛

(資料來源：高齡者住宅財團，2011) 優化建議

基本原則

1.

宜於起踏平台及轉折平台處設有緊急求救按鈕， 當意外發生時有機會對外求援。

1.

樓梯間建議設置有明顯的樓層標示(位置、尺寸及 顏色) (附圖4)。

1.

宜以不同色彩或空間布置表示各樓層梯廳之差異。

1.

樓梯設置的寬度宜設置90~110公分，可便於親友 協助高齡者移動。

連通 優化建議

敬老

基本原則 優化建議

-

6

5

附圖2:適當數量與間距的照明

(資料來源：高齡者住宅財團，2011)

4 附圖4: 明顯顏色區別的樓層標示， 輔助認知能力退化的高齡者正確判斷 (資料來源：Marius Holtmon，2020)

7 附圖3: 於樓梯設置多處照明設備 (資料來源：高齡者住宅財團，2011) 42

Principles of Residential Space Design 八大面向

Elders

基本 原則

2.

(Public)

優化 建議

2.

Friendly

基本

3.

原則

(Shared)

4. 優化 建議

It is appropriate to set up areas or facilities which could be used by different generations simultaneously, such as games, simple sports facilities, community gardens, farmlands, meeting areas and so on. (Fig. 23) 高齡者無法長時間站立或步行,可提供頻繁的 休息場所，將休息區和遮蔭納入為休息提供 方法。台灣氣候炎熱，在沿街步道路和休息 區周圍種植樹木和植被，會有遮陰效果。

1.

Elder

Fig. 24： It is advised to offer gardening work surfaces with higher level of height or position, enabling elders to work in a sitting position 。

原則內容 1.

Respectful of

Open Spaces (Excerpt)

-

於陰暗處或夜間環境適當照明標示設置可使 高齡者清楚分辨動線與辨識空間位置。 花園牆壁、裝飾柵欄、種植的範圍或樹籬可 以直觀地劃分空間,以服務於不同的目的。 It is advised to offer gardening work surfaces with higher level of height or position, enabling elders to work in a sitting position, such as flower stands and pergola（Fig. 24） It is suggested to place seats in multiple places。（Fig. 25）

24

23 Fig. 23. Places for generations to share (資料來源：坂本啓治，2006)

25

Fig. 25. It is suggested to place seats in multiple places to increase chances of communications and interactions of seniors 43

5

Conclusions and Future Recommendations 44

Conclusions Basic P r i n c i p l e s o f S p a t i a l D e s i g n for Elderly-Friendly Housing

Design Directions of each Country or Guideline Content

Principle directions for the development of basic motivations Barrier-free

Safety

Expedited Passage

Spatial Planning and Design

Private Services

Shared Services

Open Spaces

Safe-Living

Case Analysis

Connectedness

Domestic Scholar Opinion

Site Planning and Overall Configuration

Peace of Mind

Respectful of Elders Elder-Friendly Well-Being

Fundamental Principles Basic Principles Suggestions for Improvement

Ageless 45

Future Recommendations Prospect 1 The establishment of guidelines for the design of elderlyfriendly housing Planned renovations and improvements to housing environments can satisfy the various need of current elderly people in their process of aging.

We suggest the establishment of ”Guidelines for the Design of ElderlyFriendly Housing” through the preliminary Research Findings of this project.

To take the general public as the primary subject “Age at Home” when they are faced with their own aging or that of a family member. This will serve as a useful reference guide for the improvement of living spaces.

Prospect 2 To promote standards for elderly-friendly housing Currently, domestic guidelines and designs for elderly housing or living spaces are not yet commonplace. In order to increase domestic public and construction industry investment, as well as understanding of the demand for and importance of elderly-friendly environments, this study has completed its initial finding on the design principles of elderly-friendly housing spaces and can move on to drafting the “Criteria for the Evaluation of Elderly-Friendly Housing Spaces” and to take these evaluation criteria as the basis for constructing a comprehensive set of “Standards for Elderly-Friendly Living.”

This suggestion can be put into effect immediately or as part of a follow-up project.

This will lead to the establishment of forward-thinking innovations for the construction of suitable living environments for the elderly, and reach the general goal of creating age friendly cities.

46

Thank for your attention

47