Studio E - Volumetric City | Tokyo

Volumetric Expansion, Tokyo

Volumetric City, Studio 2020

VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION, TOKYO Grant Li, Masters of Architecture Nan Li, Masters of Architecture Lingas Tran, Masters of Urban Design

p.18

INFORMATION & EXCHANGE

THE ADAPTIVE CYCLE

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CELLULAR AUTOMATA

p.26

p.22

p.16 GINZA & NIHONBASHI

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p.10 p.06

TOKYO

PROSPECT & REFUGE

WAT & ST

OBSERVATION & CIRCULATION

p.56

DESIGN PROPOSITION

WATER HYDROLOGY

LIGHT

PARAMETRIC SCRIPT

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p.72

p.52

p.46

UNIT AMALGAMATION

URBAN CONTEXT

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TER TEAM

ASSIGNMENTS 01,02,03,04

Fireworks over the Sumida River source: https://www.japan.org/niponica

Nihonbashi (left), Edo (Tokyo) Map (right), source: https://www.theguardian.com Volumetric Expansion

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Tokyo

Tokyo geographically is made up of plateaus, hills and mountains. Along its eastern border runs the Edo River, the Arakawa River and Sumida River downtown divides Tokyo from Chiba Prefecture, to the south of Tokyo the Sakai River and th lower stream of the Tama River separates Tokyo from Kanagawa Prefecture with many of its tributaries running through Tokyo.

Many of the rivers and tributaries are no longer visible to those living and visiting Tokyo, extensive infilling of canals, moats and rivers occurred after the WW1 in

the Meiji (restoration) period when Japan rose to become a major industrial nation. The sequences of events led to rapid growth and centralised population densities, transportation shifted from the water onto the land. Roads were widened and more footpaths were established which eventually led to tributaries being buried under the city.

and Shimbashi, Sukibashi were all old districts of old downtown area of the Edo period which were all connected by bridges - where views of hills and water in a dense built up city brought a sense of spaciousness where people would gather - where activities such as markets and festivals also took place.

Wet has been replaced with dry. Place names such as, hashi, bashi meaning bridge or jima, shima meaning island and kawa, gawa are seen but are no longer visible. Places like Kyobashi

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Shibuya River 渋谷川 source: https://riverculture.wordpress.com/

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Ginza Urban Block

Ginza 銀座 source: https://www.futuristarchitecture.com

Ginza

Ginza is a district in the Chou Ward of Tokyo, Japan – its 87 ha and is well known as a popular shopping district. Ginza was developed during the Meiji Era (1868-1912) to become westernized. Hence it has a distinctly strict grid set against many other districts of Tokyo with irregular and interlocking street networks.

The implementation of this current urban model was implemented in 1872 by a British engineer Thomas Waters, where the intension

was to develop a traffic efficient city with large thoroughfares and boulevards. However despite planning large urban blocks these blocks can be broken down to many sub blocks subdivided by secondary streets and tertiary street networks.

The scale relationship dynamic between small alleyways and tall and smaller buildings in large blocks is a fundamental character of the Ginza grid.

The endless movements within the Ginza grid offers a dynamic experience to pedestrians as primary, secondary and tertiary streets are interconnected with little to no cul-de-sacs.

Tertiary streets extend the footpath in-between buildings and create alternative routes through large urban blocks. The existence of these many little streets collapses the hierarchy of the large orderly and strict grid of Ginza which becomes one of the defining spatial characters of the Ginza street network.

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Nihonbashi (Edobashi) is a district of Chou Ward and it is located east of the Imperial Palace and north east of Ginza.

In the Edo Era Nihonbashi was a major mercantile, and continues to be one of the largest commercial centres in Tokyo and is home to the famous Nihonbashi (Japanese bridge), which is connected to the Tokaido

highway with Nikko Kaido, linking the old capital (Kyoto) with the new capital of the Edo Era (Tokyo). When its grid was introduced it was orientated following the lay of the land in the Low City (Shitamachi), which were aligned with the canals systems.

Second World War, 1945 areas like Ginza and Nihonbashi were re-developed and wider boulevards and main streets (omotedori) were established.

Following the Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923, and The Bombing of Tokyo in the

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Nihonbashi

Ginza

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Urban Code & Evaluation, Assignment 01 - Lingas source: Volumetric City, Studio 2020 Volumetric Expansion

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Ginza & Nihonbashi

1km

1km

Ginza Urban Block

Ginza Links & Nodes

Average Block Size: 4656m2 Total Block Perimeter Length: 16128 Average Block Perimeter Length: 121wm

Number of Links: 371 Number of Nodes: 200 Link to Node Ratio Index of Connectivity (L/N): 1.85 Number of Routes (L-N): 171

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Nihonbashi Urban Block

Nihonbashi Links & Nodes

Average Block Size: 6579m Total Block Permeter Length: 11525 Average Block Perimeter Length: 136

Number of Links: 176 Number of Nodes: 125 Link to Node Ratio Index of Connectivity (L/N): 1.48 Number of Routes (L-N): 51

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100

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200m

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3 3 3 333 3 22 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 22 2222 1 2 2 2 1111 11 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 111 2 211 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 111 1 2 1 3 222 2 1 11 1 2 2 2 2 2 22 2 333 2 3

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2 2 2 2 1 1 12 2 2 1 11 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 22 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 3

Urban Code & Evaluation, Assignment 03 - Lingas source: Volumetric City, Studio 2020 Volumetric Expansion

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Information Exchange

Nikos A. Salingaros – Urban Space and its Information Field Explores the use of urban space linked to the information field generated by the surrounding environment. Where a successful urban space offers tactile information – sensory deprivation or overload is uncomfortable because it means we have no information about the threats or

opportunities that is around us.

Information and Exchange is translated into colour – where each colour is given a value, high values (score) are awarded based on the intensity of the hue, low hue intensity is awarded a low score and white and black is null. The scores are then weighted, the low scores are boring and unpleasant – which

usually references, blank walls or unbuilt spaces and sky. The higher scores are exciting because it allows the opportunity to explore.

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Urban Code & Evaluation, Assignment 04 -Lingas source: Volumetric City, Studio 2020 Volumetric Expansion

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Prospect & Refuge

The information exchanged with pedestrians provided clues Signages, doors, windows coded in colour provided information to pedestrians and allowed them to read their environment, it creates excitement and the opportunity to explore, or the security to navigate the street.

Information Overload The theory of prospect and refuge - seeks secured environments and thereby meeting human psychological needs. Such environments provide people with the capacity

to observe (prospect) without being seen (refuge) – in the expanded theory by Grant Hildebrand, prospect and refuge is the concept of complexity, exploration and opportunity the opportunity to observe or hide.

The qualities of these space-particularly including volume, configuration, access to natural light and outlook can significantly influence a person’s emotional response to that space.

Enclosed spaces will evoke a feeling of safety

or relation while a view from the space can add levels of stimulation and excitement.

Aesthetics is based on experience, behaviours and strategic relationships, humans evaluate environments functionally, searching for the strategic opportunities they may provide, and movement through the space allows a degree of choice.

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Â

The Adaptive Cycle - Gunderson and Holling, 2002 Volumetric Expansion

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The Adaptive Cycle

1(a) Growth using the adaptive cycle resilience cycle as a framework is used to guide and evaluate the stage and phases of the city as it expands by assessing and evaluating its conditions at each stage in time, in affect it will produce higher resilient volumetric cities.

Conditions including; • • • •

Population density fluctuations Increase demand for resources; connectivity, resource flow services, technology Increase of infrastructure density (loading) Decreasing levels of porosity (air, solar) and permeability (water)

1(b) Growth Exploitation - Rapid Expansion, Fertile, Diverse, Multiple At the following stage; Population density increase, the city experiences rapid expansion through building resources (connectivity, services, experiences), it is at its most fertile stage and expands in multiplicities. A the growth stages moves into consolidations there is a stable incline it will gradually consolidate itself and fixed patterns will reveal itself between the interactions and flow of resources.

• • • • • • • • • •

High, decrease resilience Population increase Constructing context Rapidly expanding and resource accumulation Research, observing, understanding Creating a point of view Exploiting new opportunities Innovating new ways of being Succeeding elements become dominant Homogeneous growth

1(c) Conservation Consolidation

are no longer able to forge itself and the existing qualities will inhibit further growth. The city becomes brittle and less resilient to external conditions as well as internal feedback loops that test its viability causing the city to collapse.

• • • • • • •

Low resilience Population peak Slow accumulation of resources over time Stores away resources Has a point of view Dense core, regularity, highly complex Achieved diversity

2. Complicatedness, complexity, and gain.

2(a) Structural Elaboration Structural elaboration method illustrates the increase complexity by elaboration the organisation of the system. New levels appear as new challenges emerge as limits to the positive feedbacks of the emergent processes. Elaboration of organisation increases hierarchical depth.

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1(d) Collapse Release c

At the following stage; Population density gradually declines and its infrastructure begins to breakdown, older order and system begins to collapse due to its brittleness and rigidity and incapacity to grow further and accommodate further population growth, it moves towards the ‘edges of chaos’. In its stage of collapse the city has low resilience.

• • • •

Low, increasing resilience Decline in population Creative destruction Release previous resources stored in consolidation stage

1(e) Re-Organisation At the following stage; Population density is steady and low, re-organising is a rapid stage • • • •

High resilience Innovation occurs Constructions of new traditions Opens for external influences

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3. TABLE OF DEFINITIONS 3(a) Defining parts and their relationships 3(b) Functions (non-living) Contributes its part to the whole system, each function are individual units and can co-exist with other functions.

Each function has different behaviours or properties or patterns that can be plugged into the system in dynamic ways.

3(c) Role (living) 3(d) Structure: arrangements of space, with multiple parts 3(e) Process: arrangements that occur in time

At the following stage; Population density reaches its peak carrying capacity, it conserves itself and remains still. Patterns and process become rigid and new paths Volumetric Expansion

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A1-A6 A possible growth pattern responding to solar path with population increasing from 100 to 600 per hectare.

B1-B6 As a dynamic system, the growth of city always responds to the solar pattern. Tokyo receives sunlight from the south, thus to get as much sunlight as possible, the city volume tends to be tilted to enlarge the surface lit by sunlight.

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Basic Geometric Manipulations

Manipulations in response to Tokyo sun path

10. Winter Light-wells 11. Winter Light-wells Extended 12. Year-round Sunlight Left is North, Right is South The section diagrams explore different volumetric responses to sunlight and Sun paths using geometric forms developed in the project. Each section shows the effects of the Sun during the solstices and equinoxes of Tokyo.

7. Upper Planar Forms 8. Segregated Light Space 9. Summer Shade

From the explorations it can be observed that: Diagonal light-wells allow the highest volume of light into the model, but only at certain

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Shallow Vertical Light-well Deep Vertical Light-well Multiple Light-wells Shallow Diagonal Light-wells Deep Diagonal Light-wells Ascending Size Reduction

periods of the year, and also limits the amount of surfaces illuminated.

Smaller and more sparsely distributed geometries increase the amount of sunlight allowed into the model, although more fragmented.

Areas with sunlight year-round require larger light-wells, proportional the depth of the illuminated area.

Sections 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, and 12 displaced rather than remove blocks to retain the population amount.

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Cellular Automata

There are 3 different types of components for the aggregation, public/commercial/residential components. The components are connected through attaching bars. The openness of the components determines the hierarchy of attaching bars. The public unit has 4, named from P1-P4, the commercial has 3 and residential has 2.

To set up the rule for aggregation, the principle is 3 residential components and 1 commercial component share 1 public component, comprising a basic urban unit.

residential components will be connected to either public or commercial components. The units are then connected to form the city.

There are 2 steps to generate the iterations. The principal rule is to determine the connection between public and commercial components, whether it is at P1/P2/P3/P4. After that, the

P3 C3

P2

R2

C2 P4

C1 R1

P1

Component 1 - Public (P) 4 Attaching Bars

Component 2 - Commercial (C) 3 Attaching Bars

Component 3 - Residential (R) 2 Attaching Bars

Primary Rule - 1 P1-Cx P 2 - R x / Null P 3 - R x / Null P 4 - R x / Null Secondary Rule C x - R x / Null

P1 - C3 / P2 - R2 / P3 - R1 / P4 - R1

P1 - C3 / P2 - R2 / P4 - R1 C1 - R1

P1 - C3 / P3 - R2 / P4 - R1 C2 - R2

P1 - C3 / P4 - R1 C1 - R1/ C2 - R2

P1 - R2 / P2 - C1 / P3 - R1 / P4 - R1

P1 - R2 / P2 - C1 / P4 - R1 C3 - R1

P1 - R1 / P2 - C1 / P4 - R1 C2 - R1

P2 - C1 / P4 - R1 C2 - R1 / C3 - R1

P1 - R1/ P2 - R2 / P3 - C3 / P4 - R1

P1 - R1/ P2 - R2 / P3 - C3 C1 - R2

P1 - R1/ P3 - C3 / P4 - C2 C1 - R1

P2 - R2 / P3 - C3 C1 - R2 / C2 - R1

P1 - R2 / P2 - R2 / P3 - R1 / P4 - C3

P2 - R2 / P3 - R1 / P4 - C3 C2 - R1

P1 - R1 / P2 - R2 / P4 - C3 C1 - R1

P2 - R2 / P4 - C3 C1 - R1 / C2 - R2

Primary Rule - 2 P2-Cx P 1 - R x / Null P 3 - R x / Null P 4 - R x / Null Secondary Rule C x - R x / Null

Primary Rule - 3 P3-Cx P 1 - R x / Null P 2 - R x / Null P 4 - R x / Null Secondary Rule C x - R x / Null

Primary Rule - 4 P4-Cx P 1 - R x / Null P 2 - R x / Null P 3 - R x / Null Secondary Rule C x - R x / Null

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P3 C3

P2

R2

C2 P4

C1 R1

P1

Component 1 - Public (P) 4 Attaching Bars

Component 2 - Commercial (C) 3 Attaching Bars

Component 3 - Residential (R) 2 Attaching Bars

Unit Amalgamation & Iterations

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connections

cul-de in b

e-sacs blue

Circulation and Observations

plus:

minus:

• A multitude of varying experiences and qualities

• The circulation paths only facilitate pedestrian activity on-foot, and do not cater for those with inhibited mobility.

• Circulation paths around the outer perimeter as well as through inner areas.

• Quite an intimate tone throughout • Many opportunities to interact with other residents or workers in open spaces and pathways

• While the paths provide a multitude of different experiences, they are not efficient or intuitive; it would be difficult to navigate for non-regular visitors and time-consuming for those solely aiming to get from one destination to another.

• There is a lack of choice in the pathways; users are often forced to use specific individual nodes to ascend or descend this example.

• Pathways often cross next to or over residential blocks, which may be undesirable for privacy or security reasons.

possible paths

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Light

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Porosity

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Water

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Water

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1. Wide Circulation Path

3. Water Facade

5. Communal Area

1a: Water running along the center of a large circulation path: • The movement of the water mirrors and complements the movement of the pedestrians, giving a sense of accompaniment, and perhaps spiritual support for their continued movement.

• Breaks up the wide space of the circulation path, creating a less exposed experience.

• When experienced in static conditions, opportunities for play/touch/observation of the water are greater.

Value: 3

3a: Water falling down facade: • Shrouds the building, creating a sense of discovery or curiosity when approaching the entrance.

• Emphasises the experience of transitioning between the two spaces.

Value: 7

5a: Circular waterfall feature • Waterfall; see 10c • The radial arrangemen the feature encourage g individually or in smal • Can serve as a recognis feature that is used to r • Touching the water is e the water and radial co

Value: 6

1b: Water falling onto the horizontally flowing water: • Creates connections between separate vertical levels, and punctuates the continuity of the horizontal flow by creating powerful moments of interest.

• The impacts may give rise to small amounts of mist spray, bringing the experience of ‘touch’ beyond the primary boundaries of the water flow.

Value: 4 1c: Still water framing the tori gate: • Contrasts with the moving water channel that bisects the circulation path; hence complements the change in domain signified by the tori gate.

• The stillness also complements the religious conditions of the space beyond; the water largely remains at the one location, similarly to the kami whose presence is implied by the gate.

Value: 5

2. Overpass 2a: Water running along a circulation path (at the same level) • Circulation movement; see 1a.

• The relation with the path below creates a moment of interest as a point of interchange.

Value: 3 2b: Water running along circulation paths (at different levels) • Circulation movement; see 1a.

• The relation with the path above creates a moment of interest as a point of interchange.

• The shaded space below the upper path creates a shelter, that may serve as a respite or idling space.

• The different levels allow for different perspectives of interaction with the water, and also maybe indicate a separate circulation channel for smaller water transports.

Value: 3 CONSIDERATIONS for improvement/alternate experiences: Expanded spaces along the water edge(s) for idling activities that encourage the interaction or viewing of events associated with the water.

CONSIDERATIONS for improvement/alternate experiences: Could reduce the presence of the water channels along wall edges to allow people to approach and touch the wall, experiencing the sensation of touching a wall shrouded in water. Temperature could also be considered in this case.

Walls of water (higher volumes of water), such as aquarium walls/tunnels/columns.

4. Water Terraces 4a: Still water terrace: • Individually, the water terraces are simple and calm; a pristine feeling can be observed from the stillness of the surface.

Value: 2 4b: Moment of release of water into terrace below.

• The moment of release is presumably quite a rare occasion; a short-lived event that momentarily engages the attention of those present, regardless of how beautiful they may find it.

Value: 4 4c: Cascading water terraces: • Based upon the forms of rice paddies, the terraces recall the idea of agriculture and rural settings.

• Stillness; see 5a. Small waterfalls; see 10c.

Value: 4 CONSIDERATIONS for improvement/alternate experiences: Use these terraces for actual agriculture/farming/ produce/seafood processes, rather than just symbolism of said processes.

5b: Raised hand-washing sta • The hand-washing prom engage with the water, through the sense of to • The sheltered roof prov

Value: 6

5c: Small exposed channel o area: • The channel interrupts requires visitors to be m • The scale makes it quite appealing more to yout

Value: 2

CONSIDERATIONS for im experiences: Alternate uses for the handflowing somen, washing, oth tea-related activities, shade e

6. Interweaving Path

6a: Waterfall(s) from above: • Waterfalls; see 1b + 10c • The added context of w interstitial residential s intimacy to the waterfa

Value: 7

6b: Suspended water channe • Residential context; see • The interweaving and s paths presents more va perspectives in which t interweaving also gives independence; hence a

Value: 7

6c: Waterfall below: • Waterfalls; see 1b + 10c • Residential context; see • The bridge form indica the water flow beneath which in turn suggests experience from the ad • The view is expanded d water recedes away from the gaze outwards.

Value: 7

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e:

nt and central position of gathering and idling either ll groups around the feature. sable landmark or iconic rendezvous/navigate etc. encouraged by the height of onvergence.

ations: mpts people to directly experiencing water largely ouch. vides a sense of refuge.

of water in a larger public

s the space and hence mindful of their steps. e playful, perhaps ths (and pets).

mprovement/alternate

-washing stations, like her domestics activities, etc.

hs

: c what seems to be shared/ space adds a layer of alls.

el: e 5a. separation from pedestrian ariety to the different to experience the water. The s the water paths their own a different sense of life.

c e 5a. ates a relationship between h and the bridge itself; the bridge to be a separate djoining paths. due to how the flow of m the viewpoint, drawing

7. Fish Channel

10. Small Garden

7a: Water channels: • Circulation movement; see 1a.

• Small channel; see 5c.

• The added koi (or other fish) create a stronger sense of nature and the ecosystem, granting some company to those walking by.

Value: 4

10a: Water curtains: • Provides a sense of ‘soft’ separation between spaces; views or sounds are not prevented, but either lightly distorted or masked.

• The meditative qualities of the falling waters complement the calmness of the garden space, and provide a soft sense of enclosure or refuge.

Value: 4

7b: Pond: Pond; see 10b.

• Unlike 10b, the approach is more interesting in that the channel leads people towards the pond, traveling through a narrow passage, which then expands upon entering the clearing/courtyard/ garden; a brief moment of tension and release.

Value: 7 CONSIDERATIONS for improvement/alternate experiences: Using channels for drainage systems ( in conjunction with roof systems).

Creating moats around different buildings/subjects/ areas.

8. Water Corridor 8a: Water ceiling/enclosure: • Experiencing refracted sunlight; the distorted light waves and their dynamic patterns.

• Soft visual separation similarly to 10a, that helps enclose the corridor space.

Value: 7 8b: Waterfall walls: • Water curtains; see 10a • Together with the ceiling, the water systems enclose the corridor separating the space from the outside, providing a sense of privacy and protection without obstructing natural light from entering.

Value: 6 CONSIDERATIONS for improvement/alternate experiences: Potential to design other refracted effects, and also coloured light effects.

9. Stairwell 9a: Stairwell water feature: • The verticality of the water complements the vertical movement of the pedestrian circulation.

• The water creates activity in the empty space in the center of the stairwell, and draws the eye up/ down the space.

• The low intensity complements the deliberate ascent/descent of stairs, which are often a more humble alternative to faster modes of vertical transport like escalators/elevators.

Value: 6

10b: Water pond: • The calmness and scale of the pond complement the garden as a meditative space.

• The pond and garden support an ecosystem that gives more life to the space.

• The bridge allows for and encourages more intimate interaction with the water, also from a different perspective.

Value: 9 10c: Waterfall: • The waterfall provides a specific moment of interest in garden which can be observed and appreciated (and occupy/clear the mind), and also further masks out external distractions from the space.

Value: 4

11. Elevated Water Channel 11a: Large elevated water channel: • Experiencing the environment outwards from or atop the water rather than towards the water from outside.

• Larger volumes of water carry more gravity; more authority.

Value: 8 11b: Horizontal water strip below: • See 1a 11c: waterfalls: • See 1b CONSIDERATIONS for improvement/alternate experiences: Using these higher volumes of water, allowing activities like swimming.

Creating space for activities along the water edge.

The potential scenery and views along the channel Explore more river experiences: river banks, beaches, river networks, river markets, rivers that spill over etc.

CONSIDERATIONS for improvement/alternate experiences: Create experiences around condensation.

Explore the moment where the drips contact with the water (or other surfaces) below.

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Design Proposition

Tokyo was once a city of water, and it was an integral part of the city. Life was orientated around the water systems of canals and rivers - it connected people to their place and environment.

Second World War when ‘rubble of the bombed buildings was used to fill in small waters in the city’ (Graaf, R. and Hooimeijer, F., n.d. Urban Water In Japan).

The disappearance of the waterways began during the Showa-Era and the

The proposition for this design is to relieve Tokyo from the pressure of urban

sprawl, and regain and preserve its existing rivers and environs. It attempts to reconnect the relationship of water to its community and city.

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source: https://www.axscom.co.jp/project/no02252/

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Nihonbashi

source: google earth images

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The Kidai Shoran(picture scroll depicting the prosperity of the Nihonbashi, 1805 source: https://www.edo-tokyo-museum.jp Volumetric Expansion

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Nihonbashi

Nihonbashi (Edobashi) in the Edo Era, served as a major connection point with its road networks (Gokaido), river and canal system playing a central part to the economic growth in the Edo period.

Nihonbashi was a place of interaction, exchange giving rise to new industries

and cultures. In the latter half of the 1990s a significant increase in population emerged and for a decade from 1995-2005 the Nihonbashi area was designated an emergency urban renewal development (Tsubomoto, Uozumi and Wakabayashi, 2012).

Tall condominiums were developed, and the private sector lead the redevelopment.

Large high-rise towers with proposals reaching up to 287m and occupying entire blocks.

N

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Nihonbashi Expansion

ĺŒ—

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Storage

Infiltration

Uptake

Water Cascade

Water Collection

Kanda River

Water Treament

Grey Water

Condensation

Storage

Evaporation

Surface Runoff

Solar

Water Hydrology

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• •

Rule 1. OPENNESS: A system’s components are differentiated by their openness: P - public (high) / C - commercial (medium) / R residential (low).

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Rule 2. DIVERSITY: Components with the same openness can not be connected.

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Rule 3. HIERARCHY: The primary connection firstly is built between public and commercial (P-C), then it comes down to public and residential (P-R) / commercial and residential (C-R).Refined

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•

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Rule 1. OPENNESS: A system’s components are differentiated by their openness: P - public (high) / C - commercial (medium) / R residential (low).

Rule 2. VARIATION: Variations in dimension and configuration of components are needed to create more complexity and opportunities for aggregation.

Rule 3. DIVERSITY: Components with the same openness can not be connected.

Rule 4. HIERARCHY: The primary connection firstly is built between public and commercial (P-C),

then it comes down to public and residential (P-R) / commercial and residential (C-R).

•

Rule 5. STABILITY: The components in larger dimensions are generally placed in the lower part of cluster to achieve structural stability.

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Rule 6. BOUNDARIES: The boundary for aggregation to takes place is defined by the existing street grid and context.

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Rule 7. SUN PENETRATION: The sun penetration evaluates the growth pattern. The configuration of the cluster always responds to it to create various spatial qualities.

Unit Amalgamation

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The new city cluster will be interwoven onto the existing nihonbashi urban fabric.

Based on the rule of stability, the larger units will generally be placed under the smaller ones.

boulevards. The street network expands volumetrically from the main streets on the ground to the narrow alleys up here, providing refuge for people to escape from the overwhelming scale.

The transition of size also breaks down the inhuman scale of the giant blocks and

In the elevated city, people will have a broader view, which is a prospect. The

distribution also helps to distract people from the bombardment of information on the ground level, guiding people to move upwards.

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Permeability

The test sections below show different light strategies and an analysis of light permeation.

Fewer, larger, light shafts vs. multiple smaller shafts.

Strategies 3 and 5 (left to right) are most effective in terms of numbers (grouping and lower density).

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Permeability

The tests below measure the rate of light penetration at different depths; the range and rate of light reduction.

Across all strategies, light penetration ceases at around 50 meters (limiting expansion). Extending the upper patterns

in each strategy does not affect this behaviour to a notable degree.

The final row of testings shows light at solstices (upper two rows at equinoxes).

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Permeability

Images to left (p.g. 58) test sunlight angles (reflection) at different times of the year.

The images below (p.g. 59) demonstrate the different effects of interrupting light shafts (mirror/reflective materialities), reflection and dispersion.

In addition the vertical lightwell introduces more light into the space, as the others can only maintain the amount of light that is initially present.

suspended water layers.

The images following (see p.g. 60-61) illustrate reflectivity, transmission, refraction effects with light and

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Parametric Script

To generate the aggregation, the grasshopper script is composed of 3 major parts. The units as input define the base components to be aggregated. The connecting points and directions are required to set up the components.

The rules determine the possible connections between certain components through the given connecting points. The connection between

the same components are not allowed, and can set up a grammar to control different growth patterns. For example, the larger components will be generally placed under the smaller ones to achieve stability.

creating void space to allow more light coming through. The aggregation is probability-based as it is created through possible components and their potential connections.

To contextualise the cluster, the boundary for the aggregation is defined by inputting a field that is shaped by the existing urban blocks.

Sun penetration will change the field by

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Street Network Analysis, Assignment 01 Plot Configuration Analysis, Assignment 02 Urban Code & Evaluation, Assignment 03 Urban Code & Evaluation, Assignment 04 Volumetric City, Studio 2020

Tokyo, Japan 35.6762° N , 139.6503° E

San Francisco, USA 37.7749° N, 122.4194° W

Villa el Salvador, Peru 12.2162° S, 76.9415° W

San Francisco : Downtown San Francisco Urban Grid Located on a peninsula, San Francisco’s first street grids were established by Jean Jacques Vioget in 1839, when the city was a still Mexican trading post named Yerba Buena.

The city’s population boomed (shortly after being renamed to San Francisco) due to the discovery of gold in 1848, and so the urban grid was largely designed to accommodate in the influx of people due to the gold rush.

DESIGN LAYOUT & PRINCIPLES

The grid is primarily comprised of two orthogonal grids that meet along the diagonally-running Market Street, which was first laid out in a survey by Jasper O’Farrell in 1847.

The grid is noticeably regular, and is quite compact in the downtown area to the Northeast above Market Street, with smaller alleys and laneways being more prevalent.

Official map of San Francisco (1849) by William M. Eddy (Source: Library of Congress)

Map of the City and County of San Francisco (1864) by James Butler (Source: David Rumsey Historical Map Collection)

5 km

1km

1km

San Francisco Elevation Map (Source: Floodmap)

REGIONAL EXPANSION OF THE GRID, OPEN SPACES & EDGES

5 km

Another noticeable feature of San Francisco is its irregular topography, upon which the grids were overlayed. As a result the streets undergo significant changes in elevation that are not indicated by the grid.

However, around the Twin Peaks in the centre of San Francisco, the regular gri has been disrupted to accommodate the more extreme topography.

San Francisco Street Map by Roberto Scandala (Source: Dreamstime)

Street Network Analysis, Assignment 01 - Grant Volumetric City, Studio 2020 Volumetric Expansion

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San Francisco

STREET NETWORK ANALYSIS

1 km

%36

Total Block Surface Area: 557500 m2

%64

Laneway to Grid Ratio: (ratio of total surface area of secondary grid structure to total surface area of primary grid structure)

SECONDARY GRID STRUCTURE

Total Street Surface Area: 311300 m2

1 km

1 km

PRIMARY GRID STRUCTURE

1 km

URBAN BLOCK COMPOSITION & CONNECTIVITY MEASURES

DISTRIBUTION OF STREET HIERARCHIES

%2

URBAN BLOCKS

STREET SEGMENTS

LINKS & NODES

LINKS & NODES (dead-ends excluded)

Number of Sub-blocks: 72 Avg. Block Size: 10625 m2 Total Block Perimeter Length: 27068 m Avg. Block Perimeter Length: 420 m

Total Street Segment Length: 18479 m Avg. Street Segment Length: 97.7 m

Number of Links: 194

Number of Links: 171

Number of Nodes: 123

Number of Nodes: 100

Link-to-Node Ratio Index of Connectivity (L/N): 1.6

Link-to-Node Ratio Index of Connectivity (L/N): 1.71

Number of Routes (L-N): 71

Number of Routes (L-N): 71

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source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/telstar/174336503 Plot Configuration Analysis, Assignment 02 - Grant Volumetric City, Studio 2020 Volumetric Expansion

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San Francisco

PLOT CONFIGURATION ANALYSIS 1 km

Number of Plots

(400m walking distance from a central point)

Size of Plots

Number of Plots

DISTRIBUTION OF PLOT SIZES

1 km

PLOT BOUNDARIES

Accessible Plot Density: 474 plots

Size of Plots

Total number of Plots: 1074 Average Plot Size: 500 m2

BUILT COMPOSITION ANALYSIS %52

%36

%12

BUILT SPACES

CIRCULATION NETWORK

UNBUILT/OPEN SPACES

3D COMPOSITION & DENSITY ANALYSIS

BUILDING FOOTPRINTS

Total Surface Area of Building Footprints: 449,000 m2 Total Surface Area of Circulation Network: 317,000 m2 Total Surface Area of Unbuilt /Open Spaces: 102,000 m2

A

B

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Urban Code & Evaluation, Assignment 03 -Grant Volumetric City, Studio 2020

San Francisco

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San Francisco

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San Francisco

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VILLA EL SALVADOR In 1971, the government surveyed and divided up a large piece of vacant land south of the city of Lima, offering lots without services to any family in Lima that needed housing—a type of development which came to be called a barriada asistada (assisted shantytown). These lots were organized into “residential units”, groups of several blocks that featured a central plaza to ensure the presence of public space and to create a natural scale for community organization.

Originally, Villa El Salvador consisted of only government produced, surveyed plots - a chalk grid drawn in the sand.

Each standard group of 16 blocks is 300 by 300 meters and is centered around a public plaza, many of which have now fallen into disrepair. This necessitates immediate attention in order to improve the quality of life in Villa El Salvador.

V Sector

Sector V

Sector

Sector V

Sector

Sector Sector V

V V Sector

V PLOTS FURTHER SUBDIVISIONSector OF

V

DESIGN LAYOUT & PRINCIPLES

Sector

A typical residential group proposition, consisting of 16 blocks and a central plaza.

Sector V

Sector

63m

Sector

Sector V

V

63m

V

300m

300m

Each block consists of 24 residential units.

40m

8m

90m

Villa El Salvador zoning plan.

An irregularly divided block, still following the naming principle.

m

1k

Villa El Salvador was conceived as more than just a residential neighborhood. It was planned to have three major programmatic zones - residential, agricultural, and industrial - which allow for future urban growth using the grid as a framework. The houses, in turn, were grouped into 24 lots, organized in 16 blocks, which formed a residential group, which reserves a central communal area where the inhabitants built an initial education center, a communal premises, a medical post, sports areas and recreational.

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A typical block with a regular pattern, named in sequence.

REGIONAL EXPANSION OF THE GRID, OPEN SPACES & EDGES

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km

1.2

1:15.000 150

300

600

Street Network Analysis, Assignment 01 - Nan Volumetric City, Studio 2020 Volumetric Expansion

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86

1200

1500

Villa el Salvador

STREET NETWORK ANALYSIS Total Street Surface Area: 324821 m2

%27 %73

Laneway to Grid Ratio: (ratio of total surface area of secondary grid structure to total surface area of primary grid structure)

1 km

1 km

Total Block Surface Area: 874359 m2

SECONDARY GRID STRUCTURE

1.2 km

PRIMARY GRID STRUCTURE

1.2 km

URBAN BLOCK COMPOSITION & CONNECTIVITY MEASURES

A

3m

5m

6m

35m

6m

5m

3m

A B C 25000

Street Length (m)

DISTRIBUTION OF STREET HIERARCHIES

%45

20000 15000

y = 8588.5x - 7693 R² = 0.8306

10000 5000 0

0

1

2

3

4

Street Hierarchy (1: Major Freeways ...... 5: laneways) TOTAL STREET LENGTH (m)

B

2m

6m

6m

2m

C

2m

6m

2m

Linear (TOTAL STREET LENGTH (m))

URBAN BLOCKS

STREET SEGMENTS

LINKS & NODES

LINKS & NODES (dead-ends excluded)

Number of Sub-blocks: 166 Avg. Block Size: 4386 m2 Total Block Perimeter Length: 44623 m Avg. Block Perimeter Length: 269 m

Total Street Segment Length: 28615 m Avg. Street Segment Length: 67 m

Number of Links: 427

Number of Links: 425

Number of Nodes: 274

Number of Nodes: 272

Link-to-Node Ratio Index of Connectivity (L/N): 1.56

Link-to-Node Ratio Index of Connectivity (L/N): 1.56

Number of Routes (L-N): 153

Number of Routes (L-N): 153

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source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/davidalmeida/1657318802 Plot Configuration Analysis, Assignment 02 - Nan Volumetric City, Studio 2020 Volumetric Expansion

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Villa el Salvador

PLOT CONFIGURATION ANALYSIS 1.2 km

Accessible Plot Density: 1105 plots

4000 3418

3500

Number of Plots

(400m walking distance from a central point)

2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0

0-250

11

8

250-500

500-1000

6

5

1

1000-2000

2000-4000

above 4000

Size of Plots

4000

3418

3500 3000

Number of Plots

DISTRIBUTION OF PLOT SIZES

1 km

PLOT BOUNDARIES

3000

2500 2000 y = 1027.5x-3.89 R² = 0.8447

1500 1000 500 0 -500

0

1

11

8

2

3

6

5

1

4

5

6

7

Size of Plots Number of Plots

Power (Number of Plots)

Total number of Plots: 3449 Average Plot Size: 157 m2

BUILT COMPOSITION ANALYSIS

3D COMPOSITION & DENSITY ANALYSIS

BUILDING FOOTPRINTS

Total Surface Area of Building Footprints: 542948 m2 Total Surface Area of Circulation Network: 471891 m2 Total Surface Area of Unbuilt /Open Spaces: 185161 m2

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%39

%16

BUILT SPACES

CIRCULATION NETWORK

UNBUILT/OPEN SPACES

B A

A

B

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1.

2.

3.

4.

Urban Code & Evaluation, Assignment 03,04 - Nan Volumetric City, Studio 2020 Volumetric Expansion

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Villa el Salvador

The coding system is based on the complexity of the space, such as architectural elements, human activities, trees and objects.

The wiring system create another layer of nodes and links, which increases the spatial complexity. The rhythm diagram shows that the excitement of city is quite flat.

Based on Camillo Site Theory, some interplay between stimulation and temporary relief are placed to improve the excitement according to the wiring connections. Another layer of circulation and public spaces is proposed to increase the connectivities. The rhythm diagram reflects the interplay between stimulus and relief as well as the increment of excitement.

Evaluation of Interest of Space: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Existing Street Scape Nodes & Connections Re-invented Existing Re-invented

5.

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TOKYO Ginza 銀座 Ginza is a district in the Chou Ward of Tokyo, Japan – its 87 ha and is well known as a popular shopping district. Ginza was developed during the Meiji Era (1868-1912) to become westernized.

Hence it has a distinctly strict grid set against many other districts of Tokyo with irregular and interlocking street networks.

DESIGN LAYOUT & PRINCIPLES

The implementation of this current urban model was implemented in 1872 by a British engineer Thomas Waters, where the intension was to develop a traffic efficient city with large thoroughfares and boulevards. However despite planning large urban blocks these blocks can be broken down to many sub blocks subdivided by secondary streets and tertiary street networks. The scale relationship dynamic between small alleyways and tall and smaller buildings in large blocks is a fundamental character of the Ginza grid.

Owariya version, Partial Map of Edo Tsukiji Hatchobori Nihonbashi Ezu (Tsukiji Hatchobori Nihonbashi Map)

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The endless movements within the Ginza grid offers a dynamic experience to pedestrians as primary, secondary and tertiary streets are interconnected with little to no cul-de-sacs. Tertiary streets extend the footpath in-between buildings and create alternative routes through large urban blocks. The existence of these many little streets collapses the hierarchy of the large orderly and strict grid of Ginza which becomes one of the defining spatial characters of the Ginza street network.

REGIONAL EXPANSION OF THE GRID, OPEN SPACES & EDGES

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Street Network Analysis, Assignment 01 - Lingas Volumetric City, Studio 2020 Volumetric Expansion

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Tokyo

STREET NETWORK ANALYSIS

1 km

%30

Total Block Surface Area: 698538 m2

%70

Laneway to Grid Ratio: (ratio of total surface area of secondary grid structure to total surface area of primary grid structure)

SECONDARY GRID STRUCTURE

Total Street Surface Area: 301461 m2

1 km

1 km

PRIMARY GRID STRUCTURE

1 km

A B C D

A

B

irisbus

Ford

KAROSA

14000 12000 10000 9000 8000 7000 Street Length (m)

DISTRIBUTION OF STREET HIERARCHIES

%144

6000 5000 4000

C

2000 0

0

1

2

3

D

4

URBAN BLOCK COMPOSITION & CONNECTIVITY MEASURES

Total Street Length (m)

URBAN BLOCKS

STREET SEGMENTS

LINKS & NODES

LINKS & NODES (dead-ends excluded)

Number of Sub-blocks: 108 Avg. Block Size: 20100 m2 Total Block Perimeter Length: 16128 m Avg. Block Perimeter Length: 576 m

Total Street Segment Length: 23813 m Avg. Street Segment Length: 66.3 m

Number of Links: 371

Number of Links: 370

Number of Nodes: 200

Number of Nodes: 198

Link-to-Node Ratio Index of Connectivity (L/N): 1.85

Link-to-Node Ratio Index of Connectivity (L/N): 1.86

Number of Routes (L-N): 171

Number of Routes (L-N): 172

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source: https://www.gettyimages.ae Plot Configuration Analysis, Assignment 02 - Lingas Volumetric City, Studio 2020 Volumetric Expansion

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Tokyo

PLOT CONFIGURATION ANALYSIS 1 km

Number of Plots

Plot Sizes

Number of Plots

DISTRIBUTION OF PLOT SIZES

1 km

PLOT BOUNDARIES

Accessible Plot

Density: 608 plots (400m walking distance from a central point)

Plot Sizes

Total number of Plots: 1662 Average Plot Size: 197.9m2

BUILT COMPOSITION ANALYSIS

3D COMPOSITION & DENSITY ANALYSIS

BUILDING FOOTPRINTS

Total Surface Area of Building Footprints: 329019 m2 Total Surface Area of Circulation Network: 470981m2 Total Surface Area of Unbuilt /Open Spaces: 17469 m2

%40

%58

%2

BUILT SPACES

CIRCULATION NETWORK

UNBUILT/OPEN SPACES

A

B

A

B

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3 3 3 333 3 22 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 22 2222 1 2 2 2 1111 11 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 11 11 1 2 211 1 2 1 1 11 1 11 1 2 22 1 1 1 11 3 2 2 11 1 2 2 2 2 2 22 2 333 2 3

3

2 2 2 2 1 1 12 2 2 1 11 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 22 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 3

Urban Code & Evaluation, Assignment 03 - Lingas Volumetric City, Studio 2020 Volumetric Expansion

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Tokyo

Nikos A. Salingaros – Urban Space and its Information Field Explores the use of urban space linked to the information field generated by the surrounding environment. Where a successful urban space offers tactile information – sensory deprivation or overload is uncomfortable because it means we have no information about the threats or

opportunities that is around us.

Information and Exchange is translated into colour – where each colour is given a value, high values (score) are awarded based on the intensity of the hue, low hue intensity is awarded a low score and white and black is null. The scores are then weighted, the low scores are boring and unpleasant – which

usually references, blank walls or unbuilt spaces and sky. The higher scores are exciting because it allows the opportunity to explore.

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SOFT SCAPE

EPHEMERAL

SIGNAGE

OPENINGS

SKY

Urban Code & Evaluation, Assignment 04 -Lingas Volumetric City, Studio 2020 Volumetric Expansion

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Tokyo

The information exchanged with pedestrians provided clues Signages, doors, windows coded in colour provided information to pedestrians and allowed them to read their environment, it creates excitement and the opportunity to explore, or the security to navigate the street.

Information Overload The theory of prospect and refuge - seeks secured environments and thereby meeting human psychological needs. Such environments provide people with the capacity

to observe (prospect) without being seen (refuge) – in the expanded theory by Grant Hildebrand, prospect and refuge is the concept of complexity, exploration and opportunity the opportunity to observe or hide.

The qualities of these space-particularly including volume, configuration, access to natural light and outlook can significantly influence a person’s emotional response to that space.

Enclosed spaces will evoke a feeling of safety

or relation while a view from the space can add levels of stimulation and excitement.

Aesthetics is based on experience, behaviours and strategic relationships, humans evaluate environments functionally, searching for the strategic opportunities they may provide, and movement through the space allows a degree of choice.

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Grant Li, Nan Li & Lingas Tran Volumetric City, Studio 2020