Touring the modern magna grecia

COLONY of KroCOLONYton COLONY of SELINUNTE TOURING THE MODERN MAGNA GRECIA ETWINNING 2018-2019 TOURIST GUIDE TOURING

This tourist guide is the product of the etwinning project “Touring the Modern Magna Grecia “ year 2018-2019 .

What you see is the result of the combined and hard work of the students and the teachers participating in this project.

COLONY of KroCOLONYton COLONY of COLONY OF CROTON COLONY OF SELINOUNTE SELINUNTE COLONY OF SEGESTA

TOPICS BY 1. Culture of Kroton

by Michela, Serine and Valentina from ISISS Novelli 2. Milon of Croton

by Chrysoula Nteoudi from 6o Gymnasio Larisas (6th Junior High School), Greece 3. Pythagoras school of Croton

by Anastasia Michalakopoulou from B’ Arsakeio Tositseio Junior High School in Ekali,GREECE 4. Cave di Cusa

by Danae Daskalou from B’ Arsakeio Tositseio Junior High School in Ekali,GREECE 3

COLONY of KroCOLONYton COLONY of COLONY OF CROTON SELINUNTE

Crotone hosts a national archaeological museum, a municipal museum art gallery, and a provincial museum of contemporary art, as well as the Antiquarium di Torre Nao. The most famous places to visit are: the historic centre, cathedral of s. Dionigi, town walls, the immaculate church, s. Giuseppe church, s. Chiara church, ďŹ nding archeologists, Carlo V castle, Morelli’s palace, means of transport and s.

Anna’s airport.

5

KROTON’S CULTURE

The city was a rich cultural center in ferments, as it testifies the presence of the philosopher and mathematician Pitagora and of the prestigious school of medicine of Alcmeone.

The disciples of Pitagora lived in an organized community and regulated by the laws of the same teacher; they studied the disciplines of the crossroads (music, arithmetic, geometry and astronomy). They also believed in the magic power of the numbers and in the cults orfici. The pitagoricis were the first ones to found a school of superior teaching, to Metaponto and Kroton very similar to our universities.

The great wealth and the initiative of the inhabitants pushed her/it to 6

Milon of Croton Chrysoula Nteoudi from 6o Gymnasio Larisas

7

Athletic Career and Military experience Milo of Croton was a 6th-century BC wrestler from Magna Graecian city of Croton. Milo was six-time Olympic victor. He won the boys’ wrestling and thereafter after men’s wrestling titles between 536 and 520 BCE. He also won seven crowns at the Pythian Games at Delphi, ten at the Isthmian Games and nine at the at the Nemean Games.

In addition to his athletic victories, Milo is credited by the ancient commentator Diodorus Siculus with leading his fellow citizens to military triumph over neighboring Sybaris in 510 BC .

8

Death The date of Milo’s death is unknown but according to Strabo and Pausanias, Milo was walking in a forest when he came upon a tree-trunk split with wedges. In what was probably intended as a display of strength, Milo inserted his hands into the cleft rend the tree. The wedges fell from the cleft and the tree closed upon his hands, trapping him. Unable to free himself, wrestler was devoured by wolves.

9

10

Pythagoras brotherhood

Pythagoras brotherhood

By Anastasia Maria Michalakopoulou

B’ Arsakeio Tositseio JUnior High School in

Ekali,GREECE

11

Pythagoras lived on the Earth about 570-500 B.C. He is known as a Greek philosopher and mathematician. In the town of Croton in southern Italy, he founded the theological brotherhood, which became widespread with time. The purpose of the Pythagorean school was the ethical renovation of society, purification of religious views, and imparting confidential methods of spiritual development to deserving students. The brotherhood was a monastic community consisting of both men and women, who regarded Pythagoras as an Incarnation of God. The activity of that great School ended due to a massacre perpetrated by primitive people…

12

Politically, it aimed at imposing its exclusive rule upon the entire community.

Religiously, it took over most of the Orphic tenets and practices and combined them with the veneration of the teacher as the prophet of truth and a semi divine being.

Most important was the philosophical teaching of Pythagoras, which can be defined in the shortest and most simplified terms as a view of the world as consisting of numbers bound together by their ratios into an orderly entity called by him harmonia.

His greatest achievements were in the fields of arithmetics, geometry music and astronomy Pythagoras himself had to flee from Croton to Metapontum, where he died in 497 B.C. His brotherhood later succeeded in gaining power over Croton but was overthrown after the middle of the fifth century 13

Interesting facts : 1 Pythagoras knew about the sphericity of the Earth and that inside it there is the Central Fire.

2 he was the first who taught about the immortality of souls and about their gradual development in a series of incarnations.

3 Pythagoras of Samos is often described as the first pure mathematician.

14

15

HERA LACINIA SANCTUARY

Giovanna maccarone 16

A sanctuary nearby the sea ¨Along the beautiful coastline, overlooking the sea in the heart of Mediterranean, on the Lacinio promontory, we find the remains of the Hera Lacinia sanctuary. Surrounded by a garden “where everything blooms”, the sanctuary is situated in the archaeological site of Capo Colonna and it is one of the most important symbol of Magna Grecia.

Here it stands the last survivor of the 48 columns which supported the roof of the beautiful temple of the goddess Hera Lacinia: the Colonna of Capocolonna. The sanctuary and the temple have been built between the centuries VII-V BCE. Related to the constructions they exist two myths: the first attributes the building to Hercules, son of 17

¨The

sanctuary has been one of the most important religious places of the colony, infact many pilgrims came from miles around to offer presents to Hera. The sanctuary’s area stretched on the sides of the Sacred Way which leads to the temple, where probabily there was the altar. The temple was composed of four buildings: building A (the temple), building K, building H, building B. The building A is considered the most important in order to be the temple and the biggest, the building K was probabily designed to accept travellers, the building H was used for the banquets and, at the end, the building B, which is the oldest, where many remains have been found, including the preciuos crown and the “treasure of Hera Lacinia”. Today the treasure is kept in 18

19

COLONY ofCOLONY KroCOLONYtonOF COLONY of SELINUNTE SELINUNTE

TEMPLE OF SELINUNTE

BY RUSSO GIORGIA

SELINUNTE On the southwest coast of Sicily, not far from Mazara del Vallo, lies the largest archaeological site in Europe. On a par with pretty much anything found in Greece itself, Selinunte has lain abandoned for nearly 2,500 years, its numerous temples, its acropolis and its agora in digniďŹ ed ruins.

22

HISTORY

1.BIRTH OF SELINUNTE 650-628 B.C. The colonists of Megara Hyblea (now Augusta), guided by the ecistas Pammilo, seek new markets in western Sicily: they found the colony of Selinunte, as rich emporium. The name would stem from "Selinon", which refers to the leaves of "apio", a wild parsley that grows abundantly along the banks and in the valley of river Modione.

2. TWO CENTURIES OF PROSPERITY AND GROWTH 628 - 420 B.C. Selinunte grows establishing itself as Apoikia and weaving political and commercial relationships with the Carthaginians, the Greeks, it builds the Acropolis, the Sanctuary of Malophoros, founds the sub-colony of Eraclea Minoa. It is the dawn of one of the most ourishing Greek colonies.

3. THE CONFLICT WITH SEGESTA 413 B.C. The expansionist ambitions of Selinunte come to undermine the territory of Segesta. After several battles, ended without serious consequences, it came to a confrontation between mighty alliances: Segesta, supported by Carthage and Athens, and Selinunte, supported by Syracuse, Agrigento and Gela.

4. THE DECISIVE BATTLE AND THE DEFEAT OF SELINUNTE409 B.C. 23

HISTORY

5. THE TREATY OF PEACE BETWEEN SYRACUSE AND CARTHAGE III CENT. B.C. Selinunte attempts a revival, relying on the alliance with Syracuse still on. The tyrant Dionysius becomes the protagonist of several attempts to storm the promontory of Lilybaeum (now Marsala territory) and drive the Carthaginians out, but the failure of the military campaign leads to a peace agreement, and Selinunte ended up in the hands of Carthage.

6. THE PUNIC AGE III CENT. B.C. Selinunte is rebuilt by the Carthaginians, but only in the area of the acropolis. They settle elements of Punic civilization, spread new cults, and the old city center of Manuzza becomes necropolis.

7.THE END OF SELINUNTE III-II CENT. A.C. During the First Punic War, Selinunte hopes in vain to break 24 free from the yoke of Carthage with the help of the

25

Cave di Cusa The Cave Di Cusa or Rocche Di Cusa is an ancient quarry located about 10 km west of Selinunte, Italy. Selinunte was a Greek temple that was located 13 km southwest from the quarry. That area of Sicily was inhabited mainly be the ancient Greeks back in the 5th BC. In 409 BC Cave di Cusa was suddenly abandoned. This was because of the unexpected and unwanted arrival of Carthaginian invader Hannibal Mago. This visit turned into a war between the opposing forces, and ultimately Selinunte was defeated.

By Danae Daskalou 26

Cave di Cusa - Construction Construction The Cave di Cusa is 1.8 kilometer long and is on a ridge that spans from east to west. In the process of constructing it, firstly, a circle of a specified diameter was traced on top of the stone mass. The quarriers began digging downwards around the circumference until they reached a depth of up to around 2.5m.

The result was a perfect cylinder surrounded by a gap in the stone of about 45-60cm wide. Τhe base of the cylinder was chipped away at until it could be levered from the mother stone underneath by using metal tools. With that, the column section was ready to be taken to the

By Danae Daskalou 27

Cave di Cusa Many efficient and advanced methods were used to carve the stone, like grooves and holes put on "architraves" that allowed ropes and beams to be threaded through them to aid in lifting the rock.

It’s unarguably, most importantly a piece of history and has a cultural value to it.

Therefore, many visitors find it very educational as well as beautiful.

This quarry was mined for many years, 150 to be exact and was suddenly abandoned and left its glory days. Surprisingly and amazingly, all has remained exactly as it was on that fateful day in 409BC, making the Cave di

By Danae Daskalou 28

COLONY of SYRACUSE COLONY of HIMERA COLONY of NAXUS

Topics by 1.

THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO (SYRACUSE)

BY FRANCESCA M. 3째B LICEO SCIENTIFICO G. BERTO/ BY POLINA SELLA 6TH JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL OF LARISA, GREECE

2. THE TEMPLE OF OLYMPIAN ZEUS

BY FRANCESCA G. 3째B LICEO SCIENTIFICO G. BERTO 3. ARCHIMEDES

BY ANTONELLA C. 3째G LICEO SCIENTIFICO G.BERTO 4.BATTLE OF HIMERA

BY CHRISTINE KOLLIA B' ARSAKEIO TOSITSEIO JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL 5. ALTAR OF HIERON OR THE GREAT ALTAR OF SYRACUSE

BY SOFIA B. 3째B LICEO SCIENTIFICO G. BERTO 6. NAXOS: THE FIRST GREEK COLONY IN SICILY.

BY ILARIA SPINELLI, SWAMI PALUMBO, MARIA30CRISTINA ARNONE AND ASJA ANGELINO 2AL LICEO

THE TEMPLE OF OLYMPIAN ZEUS

By Francesca G.

31

THE TEMPLE OF OLYMPIAN ZEUS The temple of Olympian Zeus is located in Athens, in Greece. Once this was considered the highest temple ever built. Its build started in the 515 B.C , but in a ďŹ rst moment the project was abandoned. The works started again in the 174 B.C with Antionico IV. The temple was completed only between the 129 and the 131 A.D. by Adriano (an admirer of Greek culture).

This temple was built in pentelic marble, was 108 metres high and 41 metres large.

It consisted of 104 Corinthian columns. Inside of this there was a cell where the criso elephant statue of Zeus (entirely in gold) was located ; next to it Adrian built a statue of the same size representing himself.

32

THE TEMPLE OF OLYMPIAN ZEUS Today there is nothing left of the inside of the temple, according to some historians it was destroyed by the barbarians, others think that, like many other Greek buildings, it was destroyed by a strong earthquake occurred during the Middle Ages.

33

THE BATTLE OF HIMERA

by Christina Kollia

34

THE BATTLE OF HIMERA Himera was founded in 648 BC by the Greeks.

Its excellent natural position allowed it easy and fast trade, becoming an important link between central Sicily.

Himera commanded the sea-lanes along the north coast of Sicily as well as a major land route leading south across the island.

35

THE BATTLE OF HIMERA In the ďŹ rst decades of the 5th century B.C., Gelon of Syracuse and Theron of Akragas, rulers of Greek colonies on the island, formed an alliance to gain control of and to counter the power of the Carthaginians, who had arrived from North Africa to rule Sicily. They soon achieved their goal and exiled the city's Greek ruler, who then went to Carthage for help.

Gelon of Syracuse

Theron of Akragas 36

THE BATTLE OF HIMERA The Carthaginians saw an opportunity to seize the upper hand in the struggle for Sicily and mobilized their forces.Their leader, Hamilcar, built up a large army and navy in the far west of Sicily and started to attack Himera.

Theron fought him off, and in Syracuse, Gelon prepared the army. The battle had started.

Hamilcar, the Carthaginian leader 37

THE BATTLE OF HIMERA The Carthaginians expected reinforcements from their Greek allies from Selinus, and understood too late that the troops they had allowed to enter in their camp were in fact their enemies.

The battle resulted in the victory of the Greeks, which built a temple to commemorate their achievement, the temple of Victory.

The Temple of Victory today

How archaeologists assume it looked like 38

NAXOS : THE In two FIRST or three GREEK columns COLONY IN SICILY

By Ilaria Spinelli, Swami Palumbo, Maria Cristina Arnone and Asja Angelino

39

NAXOS: THE FIRST GREEK COLONY IN SICILY Naxos was the ďŹ rst Greek colony colonized by Theocles, the leader of the colony and the founder of the city. The memory of Naxos as the earliest of all the Greek settlements in Sicily was preserved by the dedication of an altar outside the town to Apollo Archegetes, the divine patron of the colony.

40

NAXOS: THE FIRST GREEK COLONY IN SICILY “The first of the Greeks to organize an overseas expedition to Sicily were the Chalcidians of Euboea. Led by the founder Thoukles, they founded Naxos and erected the altar to Apollo Archeghetes, which can still be seen outside the walls of the city”. The Greek historian Thucydides, described the foundation of Naxos in 734 BC and confirmed that it was the first of the Greek colonies to be established in Sicily. Since it derives its name from the island of Naxos, it seems likely that settlers from that island (Hellanikos), the largest of the Cyclades, also took part in the expedition, alongside Euboeans from Chalcis.

41

THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO

By Francesca Manco

42

THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO

The temple of Apollo (ApollĂłnion) is one of the most important monuments of Ortigia, the ďŹ rst that was erected in Syracuse. It was built in the sixth century a. C. and is the oldest Doric temple in Sicily. It was initially a Byzantine church, and then became an Islamic mosque. The remains allow us to understand how the temple was at the beginning.

43

THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO The original structure is a very elongated building surrounded by magniďŹ cent columns. Only in the second half of the nineteenth century and especially since the forties the area was excavated to bring to light the remains of the temple. The most important part is at the back of the Greek temples because they were oriented towards the east.

There are testimonies that refer to the birth of the temple as a tribute to Apollo, others, such as that of the Roman Consul Cicerone, as a tribute to Artemis.

44

THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO (SYRACUSE)

By Polina Sella 6th Junior High School of Larisa, Greece

45

The temple of Apollo : Information The Temple of Apollo (Greek : Ἀπολλώνιον Apollonion) is one of the most important ancient Greek monuments on Ortygia, in front of the Piazza Pancali in Syracuse, Sicily, Italy.

Archaeological Development It is thought that the Temple of Apollo is the earliest Doric temple in Sicily; it dates from the early 6th century B.C. The Temple has been likened to the Olympieion in Athens and it follows the Doric peripteral form, with 6 columns in the front and 17 on the sides. The columns are 7.9 metres high and the gap between them was very small - less than the arm span of a person. The reason for the spacing has been attributed to concern for structural weaknesses and effectively carrying the weight of the structure; the walls of the cella were46 made entirely out of stone. The roof of the

The temple of Apollo : Information

Gods/Heroes and Dedications An inscription to Apollo has been found on the stylobate, attributed to Kleiomenes, a possible tyrant of Syracuse; we are not sure exactly who he is. It reads 'Kleiomenes, the son of Knidieidies, built it for Apollo. And he put his hand to the columns; beautiful accomplishments they are.' A more recent translation by y Margheritta Guarducci and reads 'Kleiomenes the son of Knidieides made it for Apollo. And he included columns. They are fine works. 'Kleiomenes is stating that he built the he is reminding future generations of his good actions.

47

The temple of Apollo : Information

The temple during ages The temple underwent several transformations. In order to investigate this famous temple, the first built at Syracuse, it is now necessary to enter the house of a private individual, called Daniel, by paying a pound, where there are two capitals on their drums in the space between his bed and the wall, which are standing intact, augmenting the room. The columns are buried to more than half their height and are so close together that the capitals are not more than a few inches apart. In the process of some repairs and the digging of a cistern, the owner has discovered two other column drums, one in the corner and the other on the western side ...

These successive renovations severely damaged the building, which were rediscovered around 1890 inside the barracks and was brought to light in its entirety thanks to the efficient excavations of Paolo 48Orsi .

The temple of Apollo : Information

49

ARCHIMEDES

By Antonella

50

Archimedes’ Life

ARCHIMEDES Archimedes was born in 287 B.C in Syracuse, Sicily. Syracuse was a rich Greek city, on the sea shore in Sicily. In Syracuse 212 B.C Archimedes died, killed by a Roman soldier who didn’t know who he was. Phidias was Archimedes’s father .

When Archimedes was about ten years old, he left Syracuse to study in Alexandria, in Egypt, in the school of Euclid, who was a famous mathematician.

Nobody knew about the personal life of Archimedes, for example, whether he was married or if he had children. An Archimedes’ friend called Heracleides wrote his biography but sadly this work got lost. He was a Greek scientist. He was an inventor, an astronomer, and a mathematician. He was very famous during his life and he was may be one51 of the most clever people who have ever

Archimedes’Work

The famous sentence of Archimeds is "Give me a lever long enough and a fulcrum on which to place it and I shall move the world”.

He spent most of his life working on solving new problems. Sometimes he became so involved in his work that he forget to eat.

He discovered how to find the volume of a sphere.

His works are: "Of the equilibrium of the plans" and Principle of Buoyancy "On the afloat bodies." He devoted to the study of A formula to find the area under a curve, the amount of it the geometry I am in "On her mesura of the space that is enclosed by a curve. circle", "Of the spiral","Of the sphere and of the He was also inventor of devices mechanical devices (the cylinder." Arithmetic is treated in "The arenario", hydraulic grapevine, the planetarium, the water clock) and "The method." inventor of One war cars catapult, thewhile mirrors Curiosity: day(the Archimedes heustori) was .having the bath, opened his legs and arms.

They were floating. Because of he discovered that "an absorbed body in a liquid receives a push, from the lower part upward, equal to the weight of the liquid”. This discovery was called the Principle of Archimedes., After this experience he ran for the whole city shouting: 52

ARCHIMEDES

53

The Greek Theater in Syracuse

By Paidokouki Vera 6th Junior High School of Larisa, Greece

54

The Theater’s History

Set on the slopes above Syracuse, the Greek Theatre forms part of the city’s UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Built in the fifth century BC by Damokopos, the Greek Theatre is one of the largest in the world, reaching a diameter of just under 140m and the likely setting for the works of Aeschylus and other Ancient Greek tragedies.

This impressive ancient monument has seen several modifications over the course of two millennia, and has survived numerous spoliations. The design of the amphitheatre owes influence mostly to Hellenic and Roman modifications, although over the centuries the theatre also saw numerous periods of complete disrepair.

For example, after remaining abandoned for centuries, it underwent progressive spoliation at the hands of the Spanish under Charles V, who used the stone blocks to construct new fortiďŹ cations on Ortygia. This process led to the destruction of the scene building and the upper part of the seating.

Fortunately, the Greek Theatre of today is restored to its impressive majesty, and opens on many nights throughout the year to stage dramatic plays and live music events.

Photographs of the Monument

THE HISTORY OF SYRACUSE

by Myrto Seresioti

58

THE ARCHAIC AGE

❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏

Archias, a Corinthian aristocrat, founded Syracuse in 734BC. The oldest building from that era in Syracuse is the Temple of Apollo.

The elite of the original settlers was initially ruling the city. They were called “the gamoroi”.

The colony soon expanded in the nearby areas of Acrae (653BC), Casmenae (643BC), Camarina (598BC) and Morgantina (560BC).

The gamoroi were expelled from the city by the tyrants Hippocrates and Gelon (485BC).

During Gelon’s reign, the Carthaginians of West Sicily invaded, but they were defeated at Himera (480BC).

Gelon was succeeded by Hiero (478BC), who defeated an Etruscan invention at Cumae.

Hiero made Syracuse a center of59Greek culture, visited by poets like

THE DEMOCRATIC AGE

❏

❏

❏

❏

After Hiero’s death and the expulsion of his successor, Thrasybulus, (467BC), Syracuse became a democracy.

From 427 to 413BC the Athenians attacked Sicily twice, but the Sicilians, organized by the Syracusan democratic leader Hermocrates, made peace with each other to defend the island.

The Athenians were finally defeated in 413BC, with thousands of soldiers being killed and the generals Nicias and Demosthenes being executed.

In 408BC, a large Carthaginian army led by 60

THE TYRANNY AND OLIGARCHY AGES

❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏

❏

Dionysius I, fortified the city and staged four wars against Carthage, being in the end successful.

The Carthaginians were confined to the western parts of Sicily and Syracuse extended its control to the “foot” of Italy.

Dionysius I was an innovative army commander, employing new combat tactics, such as the use of artillery, catapult and siege-craft.

He was also a politician and a patron of the arts, making Syracuse the most splendid and the best fortified of all Greek cities.

Dionysius I was succeeded by his son, Dionysius II in 367BC, who was a moderate man interested in philosophy, even having Plato as his teacher.

The end of the tyrants came when the Corithian Timoleon established an oligarchy in 344BC, followed by Agathocles in 317BC who reigned until 288BC. After Agathocles, a period of instability ensued and Syracuse stopped 61

THE ROMAN AND LATER AGES

❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏

In about 200BC, Syracuse became a Roman province ruled by a supreme magistrate.

The Syracusians started talking Latin During 440-535AC, Sicily and Syracuse were captured by Vandals and Ostrogoths In 535AC, Syracuse became part of the Byzantine Empire, the Greek language was reintroduced.

From 663 to 669AC Syracuse was even the seat of the Byzantine government.

In 877AC Syracuse was conquered by Arabs, ending the city’s long history as a bastion of Greek and Roman culture.

62

COLONY OF HIPPONION /COLONY OF LOCRI

TOPICS BY 1. The Greek walls of Hipponion (Chiara L.G. Liceo Scientifico “G.Berto”, Italy 2. Orphic Gold Tablets (JIM STAVROU,B’ Arsakeio Tositseio JUnior High School in Ekali , GREECE) 3. History of Hipponion. Olga F. Liceo scientifico G.Berto Vibo Valentia 4. Necropolis of Hipponion . Gabriele N. Liceo Scientifico "G.Berto" Vibo Valentia 5. The poetess Nosside and the woman's role in Locri (NORA MAZARAKI - B’ Arsakeio Tositseio JUnior High School in Ekali , GREECE) 6. HISTORY OF ELEA (Nick Sapounas GREECE) 64

HISTORY OF ELEA NICK SAPOYNAS

HISTORY OF ELEA

Elea orVelia was the Roman name of an ancient city of Magna Graecia on the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea. It was founded by Greeks from Phocaea as Hyele (Ancient Greek: Ὑέλη) around 538–535 BC. The name later changed to Ele and then Elea (/ˈɛliə/; Ancient Greek: Ἐλέα) before it became known by its current Latin and Italian name during the Roman era. Its ruins are located in the Cilento region near the modern village Velia, which was named after the ancient city. The village is a frazione of the comune Ascea in the Province of Salerno, Campania, Italy.

66

HISTORY OF ELEA

The city was known for being the home of the philosophers Parmenides and Zeno of Elea, as well as the Eleatic school of which they were a part. The site of the acropolis of ancient Elea was once a promontory called Castello a Mare, meaning "castle on the sea" in Italian. It now lies inland and was renamed to Castellammare della Bruca in the Middle Ages.

67

The Greek walls of Hipponion

By Chiara L.G. ,Liceo Scientifico “G.Berto”, Italy

68

Recent researches have allowed us to recognize several constructive phases of the walls of the ancient city of Hipponion (today Vibo Valentia), but their chronological definition appears unresolved. In the locality "Trappeto Vecchio" a few steps from the cemetery, there are the remains of a part of the route for a length of about 400 m. At least 6 construction phases have been identified from the 6th to the 3rd century BC with the exception of the first phase dating back to the 6th century BC, all the others use squared blocks of sandstone and calcarenite. Of the last two phases, at least in plan, there are 8 circular towers, originally about 10 m high. Some of them are preserved in elevation, in particular, one reaches about 4 m in height.

As part of the fortifications, the most impressive circuit dates back to the Hellenistic period and includes the entire plateau with a track of about 6-7 km. It follows the natural course of the terrain and includes two hills, the Belvedere Telegrafo to the north, and the Cofino, to the north-east; it runs along the slopes and descends towards the plain through a small valley. The fortifications were also used to contain the land. The route was described by the Pignatari brothers in a 1753 manuscript and the map related to the route was published by Capialbi in 1832. The main construction phases identified by Aumßller are named with the letters of the alphabet A, B, C, D. Phase A This fortification, formed by rough-hewn stones of different colors and gneiss, is the oldest of Hipponion. The size of the stones used is not uniform, rather it varies greatly from block to block. The fortifications consist of a simple vertical wall, which is supported by a filling of earth. They are attested in a few sections of the circuit. Regarding this phase, no towers, doors, etc. were found, perhaps due to the poor conditions of preservation of the structures. Probably the wall enclosed the whole profile of the plateau. Since the wall circuit is located about 1 km from the city, this wall must be considered as a Geländemauer (a wall that includes a wider territory than the actual urban settlement). In this regard it should be noted that the Cofino survey that dominates the69 urban area was probably included in the wall circuit in order

Phase B The B phase was found for a stretch of about 350 m in the central and western section of the excavation area brought to light by Orsi. To them is added a short section in the eastern section. These evidences are often interrupted by the masonry structures of the subsequent phases.

The blocks have a parallelepiped shape and are made of local limestone, often very crumbly; they usually have measures between 80-110 cm x 50-70 cm x 40-50 cm. The wall is dry assembled without the use of binders. The traits belonging to this phase have been identified thanks to the type of material and the measures. These walls were destroyed in violent fashion between the end of the fifth and fourth centuries BC, perhaps in conjunction with the occupation of Dionysus I of Syracuse.

Phase C Phase C comprises two towers of a square shape, formed of stones, blocks of calcarenite arenaceous and fragments of bricks. AumĂźller proposes to report the construction of this system at the time of the repopulation of the polis implemented by the Carthaginians and its destruction at one of the subsequent war events that affected the city.

70

Phase D1 and D2 The two successive phases, the D1 and D2 - contemporary or built a short distance from each other - are made with blocks of arenaceous calcarenite and are characterized by the presence of semicircular towers on a square base.

In phase D1 the wall consists of blocks between 80 and 110 cm long, between 50 and 70 cm wide and between 50 and 70 cm high. They are placed one on top of the other and form a drywall without additional binders. The material and dimensions correspond to those of phase B1. Outside the blocks have an anathyrosis; inside they have a prism faรงade that moves back about 5 cm. The towers are placed on a square base and have a semicircular structure.

Phase D2 can be identified in the western part of the area investigated by Orsi (section of the towers from V to VIII).

The facade and towers are built like a drywall and are made of blocks of equal size. The limestone sandstone is slightly more friable than that of the phases B1 and D1. The blocks measure 80-100 cm in length, 50-70 cm in width and 46-48 cm in height. It is not possible to establish whether blocks of phases B1 and D1 have been reused in the construction of this wall.

The phases D1 and D2 can be framed between the end of the IV and the beginning of the III century a.C. and they were connected to operations. The two successive phases, the D1 and D2 - contemporary or built a short distance from each other - are made with blocks of arenaceous calcarenite and are characterized by the presence of semicircular towers on a square base. In phase D1 the wall consists of blocks between 80 and 110 cm long, between 50 and 70 cm wide and between 50 and 70 cm high. They are placed one on top of the other and form a drywall without additional binders. The material and dimensions correspond to those of phase B1. Outside the blocks have an anathyrosis; inside they have a prism faรงade that moves back about 5 cm. The towers are placed on a square base and have a semicircular structure.

71

72

History of Hipponion

By Olga F. , Liceo Scientifico “G. Berto”, Italy

73

Over the course of its thousand-year history, Vibo Valentia has had dierent names, which correspond to the evolution of the city in historical times: -Veip or Veipone, pre-Hellenic settlement; -Hipponion, name of the Greek colony; -Vibo Valentia in the Roman period; -Monteleone from the Swabian period to the UniďŹ cation of Italy -Monteleone di Calabria until 1928 It originated as the ancient Greek town of Hipponion and was praised in the 2nd century BC by the Roman statesman and author Cicero. There is a museum of Greek antiquities, and ruined Greek walls can be seen outside the town. Rebuilt in the 13th century after the destruction by the Arabs, Vibo Valentia was damaged by earthquakes in 1783 and 1905.

74

Notable ancient palaces and churches include San Michele's church, the Baroque church Collegiata di San Leone Luca, and a 13th-century Norman castle used by the Holy Roman emperor Frederick II. Monteleone was nn earlier name of the town .

Scrimbia is an area of the city of Vibo Valentia, near the Duomo, where many archaeologicals ďŹ nds have been found. A nice legend, tells the story of the nymph "Scrimbiaâ€?, who was a young girl unable to settle in peace because of the death of the young lover. She cried him uninterruptedly. The gods, saddened and moved by the continuous crying, turned it into a source of fresh and abundant water to water the whole city ".

A fountain was built in his honor, of which only a few pieces remain, badly placed in an arid concrete wall located in Via A. De Gasperi.

75

SCRIMBIA’S FOUNTAIN

76

ORPHIC GOLD TABLETS

77

twoPURPOSE or three columns DESCRIPTIONInAND OF ORPHIC TABLETS

These were very thin Golden pieces of foil either folder or rolled and placed in the mouth or in the hands of a dead person. Their purpose was to conďŹ rm the identity and the purity of the person allowing him to move easily on his way to paradise. These Golden tablets were engraved with ritual texts and their purpose was to protect with ritual texts from any evils that might haunt them along the way 78

In two FINDINGS or three columns

These tablets date from the fourth and third centuries BC and have most often been discovered in gravesites.

Approximately 40 of them have been unearthed across the Greek speaking Mediterranean, from the island of Crete to the mainland of Thessaly, in Northern Greece and ‘’MAGNA GRECIA’’, a coastal area in the Southern Italy which was colonized by the ancient Greek.

79

In two orPHOTOS three columns

80

The poetess Nosside

Nora Mazaraki

81

Short Bio

Nosside or Nossis (Greek: Νοσσίς) was a Hellenistic Greek poet from Epizephyrian Locris in southern Italy. She seems to have been active in the early third century B.C.E. as she wrote an epitaph for the Hellenistic dramatist Rhinthon. She primarily wrote epigrams for religious dedications and epitaphs.

Her epigrams were inspired by Sappho, whom she claims to rival. She may have also been influenced by Erinna and Anyte. Antipater of Thessalonica included her in his canon of nine female poets.

Nossis is one of the best preserved Greek women poets, with twelve epigrams attributed to her preserved as part of the Greek Anthology, the majority of which are about women. One of these poems (preserved as A. P. 5.170) is modelled after Sappho's fragment 16. Meleager 82 of Gadara, in his Garland, includes her

Nossis’ work

In her work can be found affinities (probably desired) with Sappho's work, which the poetess mention in one of her epigrams, and the female element is (at least in the epigrams that have reached our age) clearly predominant.

That, added to the fact that Aphrodite's worship was very widespread in Locri, led the experts to suppose the existence in the Greek colony of a thyasus, similar to the Sapphic one, led by the poetess Nossis.

Moreover Nossis' ideal of life seems to appear openly in her epigram "Nothing is sweeter than love..." where the similar views with the Sapphic thought is more than clear.

Of all her work only twelve epigrams, with various subjects, have been preserved; and they have reached the present day thanks to their inclusion in the so-called Garland of Meleager, a 83 collection of epigrams of various authors

Epigram

84

Necropolis of Hipponion

Gabriele N. Liceo ScientiďŹ co "G.Berto" Vibo Valentia

85

The survey of the Hipponion necropolis was carried out in several stages because it took place in an unscheduled but occasional manner, in relation to the enormous building expansion that affected those years. The western sector of the modern settlement where the Greek necropolis was found is located inside the walls surrounding Hipponion for defensive reasons; this position of the necropolis (inside the city wall) for a Greek polis is an exception that contrasts with the use in the Greek world of burying the dead outside the walls.

86

The study of chronological data led to the following reconstruction: up to the 4th century A.C. the necropolis was located outside the walls, but from the fourth century onwards the necropolis moved to the locality Piercastello -acquari, the walls were enlarged and the old necropolis, now out of use, was incorporated into the walls. The burials investigated are about a thousand among which a very important is the number 19 in which was found on the chest of the deceased a thin sheet of gold folded on itself on which there is engraved a text on sixteen lines, which from a series of instructions to the deceased, regarding the behavior to be held once in the afterlife

87

88

ISISS “G.B. NOVELLI”

BY CAFARO, CIPRIANO, PATIERNO

OUR WORK

The colony of Hoppinion is a city of Magna Greece.

Four kilometers from the coast, near Vibo Valentia, are the remains of the ancient Locrian colony of Hipponion, built near a former indigenous center called Veipo.

Hipponion was a colony of Locri Epizefiri founded at the end of the 7th century BC together with Medma, to acquire new arable land and secure a commercial outlet on the 90 Tyrrhenian Sea.

STORY The conquest of the city by the Brettiis is well documented, handed down from the sources for the year 356 BC who occupied it until the arrival of the Romans and the foundation of the Latin colony with the name of Valentia in 194 BC The old city of Hipponion kept all the peculiarities required by the Romans for the deduction of a colony: a strategic pole guarding a coastal area, which dominates a hinterland suitable for agricultural exploitation.

91

In 89 BC after the social war, Valentia took the status of municipium, with a regime of autonomy, and could count on direct relations with Rome, if Cicerone, guest of his Vibonese friend Vibius Sicca, and Agrippa stayed there.

The city assumed an important role during the civil wars and earned the favors of Caesar and Octavian as it offered both of them the support of its port as a base for the operations carried out on the Strait against Pompey, a gesture that guaranteed the city the exclusion of its territory from land assignments to veterans of those wars.

After Veipo and Hipponion, the city of Vibo Valentia has unfortunately developed above the previous urban systems, which does not allow to bring to light most of the precious testimonies useful for the history of the Magna Graecia of Calabria and not only. The pre-colonial center of Veipo is also largely submerged by the construction of Hipponion.

92

COLONY of RHEGIUM

TOPICS BY 1. History of Rhegium

by Dimitris Kollias from B’ Arsakeio Tositseio Junior High School in Ekali,Greece 2. Sculptor Pythagoras from Rhegium

by Dimitris Tsilingiris from B’ Arsakeio Tositseio Junior High School in Ekali,Greece 3. COLONY OF RHEGIUM/THE ORIGIN OF THE NAME

BY PENNY SAPOUNA FROM 6o GYMNASIO LARISAS 4. Coins of Rhegium

by Marco M.Liceo Scientifico G. Berto 94

Dimitris Tsilingiris

SCULPTOR PYTHAGORAS FROM RHEGIUM

GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT HIS LIFE AND HIS SCIENTIFIC ATTRIBUTION ● ● ● ●

● ● ● ● ● ●

Born: c. 575 B.C.E. Samos, Greece (SAMIAN) Died: c. 495 B.C.E. Metapontum Studied in Greece He was philosopher, scientist, mathematician, religious teacher and of course an innovative sculptor-PANEPISTIMONAS ( Greek word which means that a person knows has a great grasp of many scientific fields) Pythagoras and his followers became politically powerful in Croton and had rivals. There is a claim that he was exiled by them!

Non-conformist philosopher; he was not searching for truth as his contemporaries did, but deemed that the main point was the relationship of all life something that is known as Pythagoreanism Another philosophical attribution is the dualism (that life is controlled by opposite forces)-good and bad+ darkness and light. This was connected with the creation of the world.

His cosmology is that the Earth is a sphere which circles the center of the universe Most known for Pythagorean theorem. Other extensions to mathematical knowledge are "Tetractys of the Decad" and Hypotenuse Pythagoras developed a school of thought that 96 accepted the passage of the soul into another body and

HIS WORK AS SCULPTOR

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

They statues were mainly of athletes who have won in Olympic running contest He was trained in Rhegium by Klearchos of Rhegium Characterized as bronze sculptor due to the fact that many of his statues are made of bronze Pythagoras was not only an innovative philosopher but also an unconventional sculptor as he made the transition between the archaic and the classical styles His greatest innovation was the representation of hair, veins, nerves and muscles at his artefacts Amazing is the fact that he was able to represent the pain in a statue The first who aimed at rhythm and symmetry in sculpture Many people have doubted his work because there is no verification of it Most known artifact is Apollo killing the Python at Delphi 97

PHOTOS

98

COLONY OF RHEGIUM THE ORIGIN OF THE NAME

BY PENNY SAPOUNA FROM 6o GYMNASIO LARISAS

99

THE ORIGIN OF THE NAME

Rhegium is an ancient city, identified in the location of modern-day Reggio Calabria,located in southern Italy located opposite of the city of Messina on the island of Sicily. Rhegium is also named by the early Christian Paul on one of his travelling journeys. Today, the modern-day city of Reggio has over 10,000 inhabitants.

The origins of the name Rhegium is in question, as two of our ancient sources contradict each other on this issue. According to Aeschylus, the name Rhegium derives from the Greek word meaning “to rend, split, break,� however, Strabo claims that the term derives from the Latin word 'royal' (regium).

100

THE ETYMOLOGY OF RHEGIUM

The spelling is disrupted and complicated by naive ancient ideas of etymology. The Greeks, thinking of Sicily as “broken” from Italy by the seven-mile-wide Messina strait, derived the word from rhegnumi—to break. Italians favored the root “reg-” meaning “royal.” Hence the “h” or the absence of it. The name is prob. pre-Greek, and if one derivation is to be preferred to the other the Latin or Italian origin of the word is the more likely.

The town, at any rate, was a Greek colony on the toe of the Italian peninsula opposite Messana, and was founded in 720 b.c.by Chalcis with a strong infusion of citizens from Messenia, a colony itself only a few years older.

101

102

INTERNATIONAL MUSEUM OF MAGNA GRAECIA...

TICKETS for: Adults: 10 € Children : 5 € Opening times: From Monday to Sunday from 08 a.m. to 20 p.m.

Closing days: 25 december, 1 january

YOU CAN VISITE: Ancient vases, Sculpture, Ancient remains

103

THE STORY

104

Coins of Rhegium Made by Marco M. Liceo ScientiďŹ co G. Berto

Hystory of the Coins

•The monetary issues of Rhegion have not been continuous during the course of its long history. The city has beaten money at the end of the archaic period, for almost the whole classical age.

•Then entered in the Roman empire, after the defeat of Hannibal, Rhegion ceases to produce money.

•During the Byzantine period, reopened the mint and and coins gold and bronze coins but after a short time, disastrous events make the mint of Rhegium closed.

106

Various kind of Coins

•Anassila, tyrant of Rhegium, to celebrate his victory at the Olympics in 480 BC coins the “Anaxilas”.

•The first monetary series of Rhegium is an engraved one: they represent a bull with a human face kneeling and over it a larva of cicada. It is called “Bull Androprosopus”.

107

Photos Bull Androprosopus

Anaxilas

108

History of Rhegium

By Dimitris Kollias

Ancient Times ◉ The colony of Rhegium was founded by the Greek inhabitants of Chalkis in the 8th century B.C. ◉ It is one of the oldest Greek colonies in Italy ◉ At first, it was an ally of Athens, but after their loss in the Peloponnesian War, Rhegium was under the control of the Syracusans. ◉ After 271 BC Rhegium established itself as an independent city and a110strong ally of Rome.

Middle Ages

â—‰ Rhegium became a Byzantine Metropolis (mother city) in the 6th century â—‰ It was invaded many times from various armies (Normans, Arabs and more) mainly because of its strategic importance â—‰ Lots of innovative ideas were transmitted from the foreign civilizations during these centuries 111

Modern Times

◉ In the 18th century, Regium was incorporated in the kingdom of Italy ◉ This area had always had lots of seismic activity , so Rhegium suffered from lots of earthquakes, the most destructive in 1908 with numerous human casualties. ◉ During World War, Rhegium was captured by the British 112 ◉ Reggio Calabria recovered after the war, suffered

Necropolis of Rhegium Made by Massimiliano C. Liceo ScientiďŹ co G.Berto

Some examples of Rhegium’s Necropolis In archeology, the necropolis is a collection of tombs, arranged in a disorderly way: ◉ The first to be explored was the necropolis of “St. Caterina”.

This necropolis continued to be buried up to the Roman imperial age but probably also beyond. ◉ Another necropolis came to the light at Pentimeli; at that time it was a small town but today is completely incorporated in the city.

A frescoed chamber tomb was found inside the necropolis and a Terracotta urn with the shape of metal foil tubs used for domestic bathrooms.

114

The term of Necropolis

The term “Necropolis” represents “the city of the dead” where the burials of the members of a community are located.

The necropolis are the cemeteries of antiquity and constitute for the archaeologist one of the main sources of information to reconstruct the social composition in a given territory.

115

COLONY of PAESTUM AND VELIA

TOPICS BY 1. “Temple of Hera in Paestum” by Maro Mansola from B’ Arsakeio Tositseio Ekalis 2. “Acropolis of Elea” by Argiro Katsaraki from the Experimental Junior High of the University of Patras 3. “Zeno the Philosopher” by Giannakopoulou Phoebe from B’ Arsakeio Tositseio Ekalis 4. Temple of Athena (Paestum) ROSSELLA FIAMINGO, 3B LICEO SCIENTIFICO G. BERTO 5. ”Philosopher Parmenides”, ELENA M. CHIANESE, 3B Liceo Scientifico G.Berto 117

Temple of Hera in Paestum Maro Mansola 118

In two or OF three columns FEATURES THE TEMPLE

Paestum or Poseidonia about 90 km south of Naples,Italy is considered the best preserved case of ancient greek temples in the Mediterranean. The temple of Hera dates to 550 BC, measuring 24.5m x 53.5m and it is built of local limestone It is a typical peripteral temple with two long sides of 18 columns each and two narrow sides of 9 columns each.

Amazingly enough all 50 columns have survived. Their characteristic is the optical illusion called entasis 119

STRUCTURE OF THE TEMPEL

The temple is divided in a pronaos, the naos (cella) and an opisthodomos. Although the outer columns are of the Doric order those of the inner pronaos are of the Ionic. Nothing of the original roof made with wood and tiles remains nowadays while numerous fragments of terracotta decorations from nearby tombs are exhibited in the local archaeological museum. In front of the temple there was an altar where people left their oerings for the goddess of fertility and childbirth.

120

PHOTOS

Resources: http://sights.seindal.dk/photo/477,s105.htm http://sights.seindal.dk/sight/91_Temple_of_Hera_I.html https://study.com/academy/lesson/history-of-the-temples-of-hera-i-ii-at-paestum.html 121

Acropolis of Elea

Argiro Katsaraki

122

Acropolis of Elea

Velia was the Roman name of an ancient city of Magna Grecia on the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea. It was founded by Greeks from Phocaea as Hyele around 538–535 BC. The name later changed to Ele. Its ruins are located in the Cilento region near the modern village Velia, which was named after the ancient city.

The village is a frazione of the comune Ascea in the Province of Salerno, Campania, Italy.

The city was known for being the home of the philosophers Parmenides and Zeno of Elea, as well as the Eleatic school of which they were a part. The site of the acropolis of ancient Elea was once a promontory called Castello a Mare, meaning "castle on the sea" in Italian. It now lies inland and was renamed to Castellammare della Bruca in the Middle 123 Ages. Velia is a part of an UNESCO

Acropolis of Elea

The Acropolis of Elea has a variety of buildings on it. One of them is this medieval tower, built over a Greek church. It was part of a castle, but only short sections of walls remain. There is also a small theater that dates back to the 3rd century BC. and just down the spur there’s another little museum. Just below the acropolis are the remains of the site’s oldest houses. A bit down the hill are the thermal baths and some frescoed buildings.

124

PHOTOS

Resources http://amalďŹ coasting.org/news/velia-an-ancient-greek-town-in-the-heartof-italy 125

Zeno the Philosopher

Phoebe Giannakopoulou 126

Zeno’s Work Zeno of Elea, who lived in the 5th BC century, was a Greek philosopher who attended the Eleatic School. His work was based on Paradoxes which, through logical thinking, sought to prove that the perceptions and philosophies of his teacher, Parmenides, were right. More specifically, Parmenides argued against the validity of our senses and claimed that all reality and observable existence was a unity, which our eyes and mind could not perceive. Therefore, just like Parmenides, Zeno asserted that change, motion and plurality was just an illusion. He also supported that reality is indivisible and, thus, that the notion of infinity is problematical.

127

Parmenides

Zeno’s Paradoxes Zeno’s most famous Paradoxes were; ● Achilles and the Tortoise ● Dichotomy Paradox ● The arrow paradox These paradoxes show the impossibility of ever reaching the end of a given line. A moving body cannot reach the end because it must constantly reach the midpoint, and then another midpoint, again ad infinitum.

Consequently, in this way Zeno manages to prove that change, motion and plurality are not real, since the concept of infinite division is problematical in the first place.

Aristotle called him the inventor of dialectic, and Zeno was undoubtedly one of the important early Greek logicians.

128

Resources ● ● ● ● ●

https://www.ancient.eu/Zeno_of_Elea/ https://www.iep.utm.edu/zeno-par/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno%27s_paradoxes https://slate.com/technology/2014/03/zenos-paradox-how -to-explain-the-solution-to-achilles-and-the-tortoise-to-a-c hild.html

129

PHILOSOPHER PARMENIDES

● ● ● ● ●

ELEINA M. CHIANESE 130

BIOGRAPHY CURIOSITY PHILOSOPHY THE THEORY OF BEING IMAGES

BIOGRAPHY Parmenides is one of the most important pre-Socratic philosophers, also defined “the father of Metaphysics”. He was born in Magna Grecia, in the colony of Elea (whose ancient name was Velia) from an aristocratic family.

We don’t have lots of information about his life but we can build his biography on other philosophers’ words. He is noted for his philosophy and as the founderCURIOSITY of Eleatic school.

ABOUT THE PHILOSOPHER

Speusippus, Plato’s nephew, said that Parmenides has been chosen by his own citizens as a guide and jurist (who had to write the law).

Some contemporary scientists analyzed the philosopher’s work and presumed that Parmenides was already aware of the world’s characteristics which we now know 131 thanks to science. He also could have

PHILOSOPHY Parmenides embodied his tenets in a short poem, called “Nature”. It talks about a journey made by the philosopher when he was young. He reaches the dea Dike’s dwelling (the one who owns the keys of the truth) and thanks to her guidelines he will begin a path that will guide him far from the sensible knowledge and to the Truth’s Kingdom.

He upheld the theory of “being, thinkingOF and talking” as one element.

THE THEORY BEING The theory of being is founded on three ways: 1.

2.

3.

“Being” is and it can’t be not ---> “Not being” isn’t and it can’t be ---> “Being” is and “not being” is ---> 132

It’s the way of the truth.

It’s the way of the mistake.

It’s the way of appearance.

IMAGES

PHILOSOPHER PARMENIDES

ELEATIC SCHOOL

RESOURCES: Archè 1, http://www.liceorescigno.gov.it/progetti/as0001/Filosofia/storiadellafilosofia/parmenide.htm , https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmenide , https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/parmenides/ , https://antichecuriosita.co.uk/2018/02/09/parmenide-2-0/ 133

TEMPLE OF POSEIDON IN PAESTUM

Temple of Poseidon Architectural structure

Antonio Pio Francica

134

Temple of Poseidon Paestum, situated in the Campania region in the province of Salerno, is an ancient city of the Magna Greece originally called Poseidonia by the founders in honour of Poseidon, but also votary to Athena and Era. The extension of its dwelling place is still well recognizable today , enclosed in its Greek walls. In the Acropolis of the town a complex of temples dedicated to the various divinities was built.

In the latter, the Temple of Poseidon is the biggest in the ancient Polis built around the middle of the ďŹ fth century B.C., a period in which there was an increased owering of the centre. The temple, belonging to the so-called strict Greek art, stands out for the great imposingness of the architectonic elements that give a majestic aspect.

The massive shape of the external columns , about nine metres high, dominate in the front view and strikes the attention 135 of the observer. Today, it shows up with

Architectural structure The temple is an imposing hexastyle peripteral (with six columns on the two fronts) of Doric order that rises on a three steps crepidine (crepidoma).

The building is turned towards East, in a perfect parallel position to the other two Greek temples of Paestum.

The interior consists of a naos (cell), with symmetrical pronaos and opisthodomos, both framed by two columns, aligned with the two central of the fronts, to which match two colonnades that cross the cell, dividing it into three naves. These colonnades are composed of seven Doric columns each, positioned on two overlapping orders, featured by an uninterrupted thinning of the stem from the bottom to the top. Immediately after the hall of the cell, there were two rooms on the side.

The oor of the cell is composed of a succession of three rectangular lytic 136

IMAGES

137

COLONY of RHEGIUM

TOPICS BY 1. History of Rhegium

by Dimitris Kollias from B’ Arsakeio Tositseio Junior High School in Ekali,Greece 2. Sculptor Pythagoras from Rhegium

by Dimitris Tsilingiris from B’ Arsakeio Tositseio Junior High School in Ekali,Greece 3. COLONY OF RHEGIUM/THE ORIGIN OF THE NAME

BY PENNY SAPOUNA FROM 6o GYMNASIO LARISAS 4. Coins of Rhegium

by Marco M.Liceo Scientifico G. Berto 139

Dimitris Tsilingiris

SCULPTOR PYTHAGORAS FROM RHEGIUM

GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT HIS LIFE AND HIS SCIENTIFIC ATTRIBUTION ● ● ● ●

● ● ● ● ● ●

Born: c. 575 B.C.E. Samos, Greece (SAMIAN) Died: c. 495 B.C.E. Metapontum Studied in Greece He was philosopher, scientist, mathematician, religious teacher and of course an innovative sculptor-PANEPISTIMONAS ( Greek word which means that a person knows has a great grasp of many scientific fields) Pythagoras and his followers became politically powerful in Croton and had rivals. There is a claim that he was exiled by them!

Non-conformist philosopher; he was not searching for truth as his contemporaries did, but deemed that the main point was the relationship of all life something that is known as Pythagoreanism Another philosophical attribution is the dualism (that life is controlled by opposite forces)-good and bad+ darkness and light. This was connected with the creation of the world.

His cosmology is that the Earth is a sphere which circles the center of the universe Most known for Pythagorean theorem. Other extensions to mathematical knowledge are "Tetractys of the Decad" and Hypotenuse Pythagoras developed a school of thought that 141 accepted the passage of the soul into another body and

HIS WORK AS SCULPTOR

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

They statues were mainly of athletes who have won in Olympic running contest He was trained in Rhegium by Klearchos of Rhegium Characterized as bronze sculptor due to the fact that many of his statues are made of bronze Pythagoras was not only an innovative philosopher but also an unconventional sculptor as he made the transition between the archaic and the classical styles His greatest innovation was the representation of hair, veins, nerves and muscles at his artefacts Amazing is the fact that he was able to represent the pain in a statue The first who aimed at rhythm and symmetry in sculpture Many people have doubted his work because there is no verification of it Most known artifact is Apollo killing the Python at Delphi 142

PHOTOS

143

COLONY OF RHEGIUM THE ORIGIN OF THE NAME

BY PENNY SAPOUNA FROM 6o GYMNASIO LARISAS

144

THE ORIGIN OF THE NAME

Rhegium is an ancient city, identified in the location of modern-day Reggio Calabria,located in southern Italy located opposite of the city of Messina on the island of Sicily. Rhegium is also named by the early Christian Paul on one of his travelling journeys. Today, the modern-day city of Reggio has over 10,000 inhabitants.

The origins of the name Rhegium is in question, as two of our ancient sources contradict each other on this issue. According to Aeschylus, the name Rhegium derives from the Greek word meaning “to rend, split, break,� however, Strabo claims that the term derives from the Latin word 'royal' (regium).

145

THE ETYMOLOGY OF RHEGIUM

The spelling is disrupted and complicated by naive ancient ideas of etymology. The Greeks, thinking of Sicily as “broken” from Italy by the seven-mile-wide Messina strait, derived the word from rhegnumi—to break. Italians favored the root “reg-” meaning “royal.” Hence the “h” or the absence of it. The name is prob. pre-Greek, and if one derivation is to be preferred to the other the Latin or Italian origin of the word is the more likely.

The town, at any rate, was a Greek colony on the toe of the Italian peninsula opposite Messana, and was founded in 720 b.c.by Chalcis with a strong infusion of citizens from Messenia, a colony itself only a few years older.

146

147

INTERNATIONAL MUSEUM OF MAGNA GRAECIA...

TICKETS for: Adults: 10 € Children : 5 € Opening times: From Monday to Sunday from 08 a.m. to 20 p.m.

Closing days: 25 december, 1 january

YOU CAN VISITE: Ancient vases, Sculpture, Ancient remains

148

THE STORY

149

Coins of Rhegium Made by Marco M. Liceo ScientiďŹ co G. Berto

Hystory of the Coins

•The monetary issues of Rhegion have not been continuous during the course of its long history. The city has beaten money at the end of the archaic period, for almost the whole classical age.

•Then entered in the Roman empire, after the defeat of Hannibal, Rhegion ceases to produce money.

•During the Byzantine period, reopened the mint and and coins gold and bronze coins but after a short time, disastrous events make the mint of Rhegium closed.

151

Various kind of Coins

•Anassila, tyrant of Rhegium, to celebrate his victory at the Olympics in 480 BC coins the “Anaxilas”.

•The first monetary series of Rhegium is an engraved one: they represent a bull with a human face kneeling and over it a larva of cicada. It is called “Bull Androprosopus”.

152

Photos Bull Androprosopus

Anaxilas

153

History of Rhegium

By Dimitris Kollias

Ancient Times ◉ The colony of Rhegium was founded by the Greek inhabitants of Chalkis in the 8th century B.C. ◉ It is one of the oldest Greek colonies in Italy ◉ At first, it was an ally of Athens, but after their loss in the Peloponnesian War, Rhegium was under the control of the Syracusans. ◉ After 271 BC Rhegium established itself as an independent city and a155strong ally of Rome.

Middle Ages

â—‰ Rhegium became a Byzantine Metropolis (mother city) in the 6th century â—‰ It was invaded many times from various armies (Normans, Arabs and more) mainly because of its strategic importance â—‰ Lots of innovative ideas were transmitted from the foreign civilizations during these centuries 156

Modern Times

◉ In the 18th century, Regium was incorporated in the kingdom of Italy ◉ This area had always had lots of seismic activity , so Rhegium suffered from lots of earthquakes, the most destructive in 1908 with numerous human casualties. ◉ During World War, Rhegium was captured by the British 157 ◉ Reggio Calabria recovered after the war, suffered

Necropolis of Rhegium Made by Massimiliano C. Liceo ScientiďŹ co G.Berto

Some examples of Rhegium’s Necropolis In archeology, the necropolis is a collection of tombs, arranged in a disorderly way: ◉ The first to be explored was the necropolis of “St. Caterina”.

This necropolis continued to be buried up to the Roman imperial age but probably also beyond. ◉ Another necropolis came to the light at Pentimeli; at that time it was a small town but today is completely incorporated in the city.

A frescoed chamber tomb was found inside the necropolis and a Terracotta urn with the shape of metal foil tubs used for domestic bathrooms.

159

The term of Necropolis

The term “Necropolis” represents “the city of the dead” where the burials of the members of a community are located.

The necropolis are the cemeteries of antiquity and constitute for the archaeologist one of the main sources of information to reconstruct the social composition in a given territory.

160

COLONY of TARENTUM COLONY of MATAPONTUM COLONY OF HERACLEA

TOPICS BY 1.

National Archaeological Museum of Taranto Vincenzo Nesci 3G Liceo Berto ITALY

2.

Metaponto Temples Antonella Gionti, Maria Gravante, Gabriel Russo 2AL I.S.I.S.S G.B Novelli

3.

The tablets of Heraclea Michaela Tatoglou, B’ Arsakeio Tositseio Junior High SChool in Ekali, GREECE

4.

Tavole Palatine Dorina Ioannidou , B’ Arsakeio Tositseio Junior High School in Ekali, GREECE

5.

Taranto Temples Cristina Zinaida Tedesco, Liceo scientifico “G.Berto", Italy

6.

Archytas of Tarentum

162

Cristina Zinaida Tedesco, Liceo scientifico “G.Berto", Italy

TARANTO TEMPLES

163

DORIC TEMPLE IN PIAZZA CASTELLO

At the beggining there were 6 columns on the short sides and 13 in the long sides. Nowdays there are only 2 columns, one is included in the modern wall instead the other one is in stilu. They have a wheelbase of 3,72 m, are 8,47 m high with a diameter of 1,90 m. ◉ The very low profile of the capitals and the column drums suggest that they were manufactured before the fifth century B.C. ◉ The temple was divided into two naves and it is believed that it is dedicated to Poseidon. ◉

164

TEMPLE AT THE “SAN DOMENICO" CONVENT

◉ The temple presents a southern peristasis up to five metres high ◉ The cell is raised in stilu ◉ At the beginning there were nine columns without grooves and dowels ◉ The remains of the temple are visible through the open trapdoors in the floor with iron ladders ◉ It is now a place destined to little temporary exhibitions 165

Temple at the “S. Domenico" convent.

Doric temple in Piazza Castello.

166

Vincenzo Nesci 3G Liceo “G. Berto”, Italy

National Archeological Museum of Taranto “MARTA” 167

Telling “history”isn’t an easy task.

The choice of the methodological principles in creating a display route depends on the type of communication one wants to create.

Those who succeed in expressing history at its best are the museum.

One of the most important museum in Magna Grecia territory is the National Archeological Museum of Taranto named by the acronomy of these words “MARTA”.

168

In two or three columns

The structure is based on three floor and all of these are visitable. ❖

On the mezzanine level there are offices and laboratories and also ticket office.

❖

The first floor is rich of funerary culture object.

❖

On the second floor are located Rooms I-VIII. Part of the floor will be occupied by instructional laboratories and by a room that will prepare the visitors for the museum experience. These rooms contain a lot of important remains; two of these are antefixes with Gorgoneion, in both the variants, the petrifying power of the Gorgon’s 169

170

The tablets of Heraclea The Heraclean Tablets (Lat.Tabulae Heracleenses) were bronze tablets found a short distance from the site of Heraclea Lucania, which was an ancient city of Magna Graecia.

They are significant for the

By Michaella Tatoglou study of Roman Law. 171

Characteristics The Tabulae Heracleenses contain a long Latin inscription relating to the basic municipal regulations of Heraclea which is part of the Lex lulia Municipalis, which is an ancient Roman law that was introduced by Julius Caesar. More specifically, the tablets were so essential for the populations of Magna Graecia, because of the fact that on the back of them was engraved a long description defining the boundaries of 172

Importance & History Historically speaking, the tablets were created by the Julian family probably the 3rd century BC. After some centuries, they were separated and the mayor one was fragmented in two pieces, however, they were found, again in 1732 in the Cavone river, in the Southern Italy.

According to historians and archeologists the tablets of Heraclea are because we are able to learn, from 173

TAVOLE PALATINO

Dorina Ioannidou

174

B’ Arsakeio Tositseio Junior High School in Ekalii,GREECE

Tavole Palatine

Once, a few kilometers from Matera, the Greeks founded Metaponto, the city where today stands the Temple of Hera and the tavole palatine. The remains of the 6th-century temple are Metaponto’s most impressive sight. They’re known as the Tavole Palatine (Palatine Tables),since knights, or paladins, are said to have gathered there before heading to the crusades.

This hexastyle peripteral Greek temple was dedicated by the Acheans to Hera because they were devoted to the goddess, being the wife of Zeus.

The building was part of an extra-urban sacred aerial connected to the cult of the goddess. The temple, restored in 1961, was initially attributed to the cult of the goddess Athena, but a fragment of a vase found in the course of the 1926 archaeological excavations 175 turned out to be a votive dedicated to

Architecture

When it comes to its architecture, the temple was composed of a central naos, proceded by a pronaos and with an adyton at the rear. Fifteen columns with twenty flutes and doric columns survive. Of these fifteen columns, ten are on the north side and five on the southern side. Originally, there were thirty-two columns. The building has decayed significantly because it was built with local limestone. In the fifth century BC, it had a tiled roof with multi-coloured decoration in the Ionic tradition, with leonine protomes and gargoyles. In fact, remains of the fragments were found near the temple during the 1926 excavations and are now kept at the Museo archeologico nazionale di Metaponto.

The Palatine Tables and the sacred deluge dedicated to the Goddess Hera are still today the symbol of Metaponto, this wonderful city that Magna Grecia left as testimony to this day.

176

Photos

177

Archytas of Tarentum Elisa Quintieri Liceo Scientifico “G.Berto”, Vibo Valentia, Italy;

178

Archytas of Tarentum Archytas of Tarentum lived in the ďŹ rst half of the fourth century BCE. He was a mathematician and a philosopher in the Pythagorean tradition. He is famous for having sent a ship in 361 BCE to rescue Plato from Dionysius II, tyrant of Syracuse. Archytas is unique among ancient philosophers for his success in the political sphere as he was elected general seven consecutive times in a democratically governed Tarentum.

Archytas may have drowned in a shipwreck in the sea of Mattinata, where his body lay unburied on the shore until a sailor humanely cast a handful of sand on it. Otherwise, he would have had to wander on this side of the Styx for a hundred years, such the virtue of a little dust, munera pulveris, as Horace calls it in Ode 1.28 on which this information 179

life and work He was allegedly undefeated as a general, in Tarentine campaigns against their southern Italian neighbors. The Seventh Letter of Plato asserts that Archytas attempted to rescue Plato during his difficulties with Dionysius II of Syracuse. In his public career, Archytas had a reputation for virtue as well as efficacy. Some scholars have argued that Archytas may have served as one model for Plato's philosopher king, and that he inuenced Plato's political philosophy as expressed in The Republic.

Archytas solved for the ďŹ rst time one of the most celebrated problems in ancient mathematics: the duplication of the cube. One version of the problem reports that the habitants of the island of Delos were commanded by the god to build an altar double the size of the current altar, that had a cube shape. The problem was to determine the length 180

Archytasof of Tarentum Archytas Tarentum

181

Metaponto Temples

By Evdoxia Tsangaris , B’ Arsakeio Tositseio Junior High School in Greece

Metapontum, located on the southern coast of Basilicata, Italy, was an Achaean colony founded in the late 8th century BCE. Thriving on agriculture and trade, the city became one of the most prosperous colonies in Magna Graecia. Today, the best surviving evidence of Metapontum’s importance in antiquity is the 6th century BCE Temple of Hera with 15 of its Doric columns still standing.

182

COLONY of CUMAE COLONY of NEAPOLIS

TOPICS BY 1. History of Neapolis by Nicolo Grillo 2. Cave of Sibyl by Evdoxia Tsangaris from B’ Arsakeio Tositseio Junior High School in Ekali, Greece 3. Wall mosaic of Neptune and Amphitriti in Herculanum by Sara Lo Schiavo 4. Colony of Pithacusae by Sofia Iovinella 5. Archaeological site of Hercolaneum by Nikolas 184

The cave of Sybil Both the Greek and the Romans have their own ways of telling the future. The Greeks have oracles and the Romans have sibyls. The most famous oracle was the Oracle of Delphi, and the most famous sibyl was the Sibyl of Cumae both of which demonstrate similarities and differences.

The main similarity between the Sibyl of Cumae and the Oracle of Delphi is the fact that women were chosen by gods to be blessed with prophetic abilities.

However, the Oracle of Delphi and the Sibyl of Cumae share a couple of differences. The former spoke prophecies out loud, whereas the latter wrote 185

The cave of Sybil The Cumaean Sibyl was located in a Greek colony near Naples, Italy. The word sibyl comes from the ancient Greek word sibylla, meaning prophetess.

There were many sibyls in different locations throughout the ancient world, however, the cave of Sybil in Naples was the most famous among the Romans. The most famous story dates to the time of the last Roman King, Tarquinius Superbus, around 500 BC. 186

The cave of Sybil The cave has many corridors of what once was a sophisticated circuitry of stairs and passageways. Now they are no longer connected, but instead end in dirt or water.

Going back down the main tunnel, at the very end a vast staircase leads to another cavern. This may have been a Roman restaurant, bathhouse. A body of water has a wooden plank where visitors cross to see the caverns in which the Sibyl bathed and uttered her predictions.

187

eudoxia

History of Neapolis Nicolò Grillo 3B Liceo Scientifico G.Berto

188

Colony of Pithecusae The first Greek colony in Italy was Pithecusae (current Ischia). It was founded by Euboean Greeks at the beginning of the eigth century. Pithecusae was one of few examples of Greek emporium colony, but the colonisation of South Italy — particularly the shores

In 1930, Amedeo Maiuri, the renowned Neapolitan archaeologist, lamented that "Ischia is still completely unknown." He would be pleased to know that a lot of work has since gone into remedying that situation. Excavations and research on the wealth of artifacts uncovered on "Pithecusa" (the ancient Greek name for Ischia) as well as radioactive dating of the mineral deposits on the island — all work done since the 1940s (and still going 189— permit us now to sketch the on)

Ischia is roughly a rectangle at the western entrance to the Gulf of Naples. The four corners are almost exactly at NW, NE, SW and SE. The island has a 34 km (c.21 miles) coastline and a surface area of 46.3 square kilometres (c.18 sq miles). Ischia and her neighbors, Procida and Vivara, are all islands of recent and intense volcanic origin (unlike the other island neighbor, Capri, on the other side of the gulf, which is really a broken-off fragment of

ISCHIA

190

THE WALL MOSAIC OF NEPTUNE AND AMPHITRITI IN HERCULANUM

191

famous houses of Herculaneum. Despite the modest size of the building, the wall paintings and mosaics are the equal of any high status house. They are executed with taste, demonstrating that the owner was both wealthy and cultured. Many of the wall paintings and mosaics are missing or damaged.

This is because the house was one of the earliest properties to be targeted by Bourbon excavators who were intent on raiding the site for its work of art.

Areas of the house such as the lararium were damaged by the tunnelling and many of the wall paintings such as frescos from the triclinium are missing.

192

Placed on thistle IV, the house takes its name from a beautiful mural representation, in opus musivum (colored glass paste) depicting Neptune and Amphitrite, dated around 70 AD. This may have been added by the owner to commemorate his successful shipping business as Neptune is the Roman God of the sea. Neptune, the god of the sea, is depicted nude next to his scantily-clad wife, Amphitrite.

Neptune is easily recognizable by the trident that he’s holding in his left hand. Amphitrite was the daughter of Nereus, a child of the primordial deities Pontus (Sea) and Gaea (Earth). According to the legend,Neptune had fallen in love with Amphitrite, but she fled from him and sought refuge with Atlas. Among those the god of the sea sent out to look for her was Delphinus (the Dolphin), Neptune&Amphitrire who managed to find her.

193

In gratitude, Neptune turned Delphinus into the constellation Dolphin.Probably, Neptune refers to the owner’s connections with the sea; he may have been a merchant or otherwise earned his wealth through seaborne trade. The mosaic, created on a previous pictorial decoration that adorned the wall, is enclosed in a frame made of shells: then follow two other frames: one in green and one in blue; at the center of the scene there are the two main characters, Neptune and Amphitrite portrayed in an almost photographic pose and enclosed in a sort of pentagon niche.

194

On the upper part it opens a stylized shell supported by decorative elements egyptizanti, in turn enclosed in two columns on which rests a finely decorated architrave: the predominant color in the whole work is the blue and its different shades and the mosaic is made with vitreous tesserae. Interestingly, it should be noted that here the mosaic, born as a primitive floor decoration, then ends up conquering the walls too and in this location

195

HERCULANEUM

Nick Seressiotis

Herculaneum, ancient city of 4,000–5,000 inhabitants in Campania, Italy. It lay 5 miles (8 km) southeast of Naples, at the western base of Mount Vesuvius, and was destroyed—together with Pompeii, Torre Annunziata, and Stabiae—by the Vesuvius eruption of AD 79. The town of Ercolano lies over part of the site. The excavations of Herculaneum and Pompeii in the mid-18th century precipitated the modern science of archaeology. Collectively, the ruins of Herculaneum were declared a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1997. Ancient tradition connected Herculaneum with the name of the Greek hero Heracles, an indication that the city was of Greek origin. There is, however, historical evidence that toward the end of the 6th century BC a primitive nucleus of Oscan-speaking inhabitants came under Greek hegemony there and that in the 4th century BC Herculaneum came under the domination of the Samnites. The city became a Roman municipium in 89 BC, when, having participated in the Social War (war against Rome), it was defeated by Titus Didius, a legate of Lucius Cornelius Sulla. Herculaneum was severely shaken by an earthquake in AD 62, and the serious damage suffered by its public and private buildings had not yet been repaired when it was buried by the Vesuvius eruption. Because few human remains were found during early excavations, it was assumed that, most of the inhabitants succeeded in escaping toward Naples, in the direction opposite to the fall of lapilli and ashes.

Because few human remains were found during early excavations, it was assumed that, most of the inhabitants succeeded in escaping toward Naples, in the direction opposite to the fall of lapilli and ashes.

Colony of Neapolis

200

201

202

COLONY of CUMAE COLONY of NEAPOLIS

TOPICS BY 1. History of Neapolis by Nicolo Grillo 2. Cave of Sibyl by Evdoxia Tsangaris from B’ Arsakeio Tositseio Junior High School in Ekali, Greece 3. Wall mosaic of Neptune and Amphitriti in Herculanum by Sara Lo Schiavo 4. Colony of Pithacusae by Sofia Iovinella 5. Archaeological site of Hercolaneum by Nikolas 204

The cave of Sybil Both the Greek and the Romans have their own ways of telling the future. The Greeks have oracles and the Romans have sibyls. The most famous oracle was the Oracle of Delphi, and the most famous sibyl was the Sibyl of Cumae both of which demonstrate similarities and differences.

The main similarity between the Sibyl of Cumae and the Oracle of Delphi is the fact that women were chosen by gods to be blessed with prophetic abilities.

However, the Oracle of Delphi and the Sibyl of Cumae share a couple of differences. The former spoke prophecies out loud, whereas the latter wrote 205

The cave of Sybil The Cumaean Sibyl was located in a Greek colony near Naples, Italy. The word sibyl comes from the ancient Greek word sibylla, meaning prophetess.

There were many sibyls in different locations throughout the ancient world, however, the cave of Sybil in Naples was the most famous among the Romans. The most famous story dates to the time of the last Roman King, Tarquinius Superbus, around 500 BC. 206

The cave of Sybil The cave has many corridors of what once was a sophisticated circuitry of stairs and passageways. Now they are no longer connected, but instead end in dirt or water.

Going back down the main tunnel, at the very end a vast staircase leads to another cavern. This may have been a Roman restaurant, bathhouse. A body of water has a wooden plank where visitors cross to see the caverns in which the Sibyl bathed and uttered her predictions.

207

eudoxia

History of Neapolis Nicolò Grillo 3B Liceo Scientifico G.Berto

208

Colony of Pithecusae The first Greek colony in Italy was Pithecusae (current Ischia). It was founded by Euboean Greeks at the beginning of the eigth century. Pithecusae was one of few examples of Greek emporium colony, but the colonisation of South Italy — particularly the shores

In 1930, Amedeo Maiuri, the renowned Neapolitan archaeologist, lamented that "Ischia is still completely unknown." He would be pleased to know that a lot of work has since gone into remedying that situation. Excavations and research on the wealth of artifacts uncovered on "Pithecusa" (the ancient Greek name for Ischia) as well as radioactive dating of the mineral deposits on the island — all work done since the 1940s (and still going 209— permit us now to sketch the on)

Ischia is roughly a rectangle at the western entrance to the Gulf of Naples. The four corners are almost exactly at NW, NE, SW and SE. The island has a 34 km (c.21 miles) coastline and a surface area of 46.3 square kilometres (c.18 sq miles). Ischia and her neighbors, Procida and Vivara, are all islands of recent and intense volcanic origin (unlike the other island neighbor, Capri, on the other side of the gulf, which is really a broken-off fragment of

ISCHIA

210

THE WALL MOSAIC OF NEPTUNE AND AMPHITRITI IN HERCULANUM

211

famous houses of Herculaneum. Despite the modest size of the building, the wall paintings and mosaics are the equal of any high status house. They are executed with taste, demonstrating that the owner was both wealthy and cultured. Many of the wall paintings and mosaics are missing or damaged.

This is because the house was one of the earliest properties to be targeted by Bourbon excavators who were intent on raiding the site for its work of art.

Areas of the house such as the lararium were damaged by the tunnelling and many of the wall paintings such as frescos from the triclinium are missing.

212

Placed on thistle IV, the house takes its name from a beautiful mural representation, in opus musivum (colored glass paste) depicting Neptune and Amphitrite, dated around 70 AD. This may have been added by the owner to commemorate his successful shipping business as Neptune is the Roman God of the sea. Neptune, the god of the sea, is depicted nude next to his scantily-clad wife, Amphitrite.

Neptune is easily recognizable by the trident that he’s holding in his left hand. Amphitrite was the daughter of Nereus, a child of the primordial deities Pontus (Sea) and Gaea (Earth). According to the legend,Neptune had fallen in love with Amphitrite, but she fled from him and sought refuge with Atlas. Among those the god of the sea sent out to look for her was Delphinus (the Dolphin), Neptune&Amphitrire who managed to find her.

213

In gratitude, Neptune turned Delphinus into the constellation Dolphin.Probably, Neptune refers to the owner’s connections with the sea; he may have been a merchant or otherwise earned his wealth through seaborne trade. The mosaic, created on a previous pictorial decoration that adorned the wall, is enclosed in a frame made of shells: then follow two other frames: one in green and one in blue; at the center of the scene there are the two main characters, Neptune and Amphitrite portrayed in an almost photographic pose and enclosed in a sort of pentagon niche.

214

On the upper part it opens a stylized shell supported by decorative elements egyptizanti, in turn enclosed in two columns on which rests a finely decorated architrave: the predominant color in the whole work is the blue and its different shades and the mosaic is made with vitreous tesserae. Interestingly, it should be noted that here the mosaic, born as a primitive floor decoration, then ends up conquering the walls too and in this location

215

HERCULANEUM

Nick Seressiotis

Herculaneum, ancient city of 4,000–5,000 inhabitants in Campania, Italy. It lay 5 miles (8 km) southeast of Naples, at the western base of Mount Vesuvius, and was destroyed—together with Pompeii, Torre Annunziata, and Stabiae—by the Vesuvius eruption of AD 79. The town of Ercolano lies over part of the site. The excavations of Herculaneum and Pompeii in the mid-18th century precipitated the modern science of archaeology. Collectively, the ruins of Herculaneum were declared a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1997. Ancient tradition connected Herculaneum with the name of the Greek hero Heracles, an indication that the city was of Greek origin. There is, however, historical evidence that toward the end of the 6th century BC a primitive nucleus of Oscan-speaking inhabitants came under Greek hegemony there and that in the 4th century BC Herculaneum came under the domination of the Samnites. The city became a Roman municipium in 89 BC, when, having participated in the Social War (war against Rome), it was defeated by Titus Didius, a legate of Lucius Cornelius Sulla. Herculaneum was severely shaken by an earthquake in AD 62, and the serious damage suffered by its public and private buildings had not yet been repaired when it was buried by the Vesuvius eruption. Because few human remains were found during early excavations, it was assumed that, most of the inhabitants succeeded in escaping toward Naples, in the direction opposite to the fall of lapilli and ashes.

Because few human remains were found during early excavations, it was assumed that, most of the inhabitants succeeded in escaping toward Naples, in the direction opposite to the fall of lapilli and ashes.

Colony of Neapolis

220

221

222

GRIKO PEOPLE in SALENTO and CALABRIA

TOPICS BY

1. Nine villages in Bovesia Gloriana L.G. 3G Liceo Berto ITALY 2. Modern Magna Grecia writers (Gioacchino Criaco, Salvino Nucera…) Alessandra M. 3G Liceo Berto ITALY 1. High SChool Griko 224

Nine villages in Bovesia.

Griko is the dialect of the Italiot Greek spoken by Griko people in Salento and Calabria. Some Greek linguists consider it to be a Modern Greek dialect and often call it Grekanika, whereas its own speakers call it Greko or Griko. Griko and Standard Modern Greek are partially mutually intelligible. Two small Italiot-speaking communities

225

survive today in the Italian regions of Calabria (Province of Reggio Calabria) and Apulia (peninsula of Salento). The Italiot-speaking area of Salento comprises nine small towns in the GrecĂŹa Salentina region (Calimera, Martano, Castrignano de' Greci, Corigliano d'Otranto, Melpignano, Soleto, Sternatia, Zollino, Martignano), with a total of 40,000 inhabitants.

Gloriana La Grotteria

The Calabrian Greek region also consists of nine villages in Bovesia, (including Bova Superiore, Roghudi, Gallicianò, ChorÏo di Roghudi and Bova Marina) and four districts in the city of Reggio Calabria, but its population is significantly smaller, with around only 2000 inhabitants.

Griko folklore and oral tradition is culturally rich, though limited now to around 30,000 people. Some scholars, like the linguists Gerhard Rohlfs and G. Hatzidakis, believe that the origins of the Griko language may ultimately be traced to the colonies of Magna Graecia, present in Italy from the 8th and 7th century BC. The Italian researchers O. Parlangeli and G. Morosi, however, believe that the origin is more recent and linked to the hellenic immigration of the Middle Ages.

226

Among the "Most Beautiful Villages in Italy", Bova is a center of ancient origins, located within the National Park of Aspromonte. Bova is the capital of Calabrian Grecanic Area (Bovesìa) in Reggio Calabria district.

The medieval village of Bova develops around the big Rock with the Norman Castle on the top. It is characterised by a series of stone streets, in which it is possible to meet many ancient architectural buildings, such as the Bishop’s Palace, several palaces and many c Churches in which there are sculptures of relief (such as the Madonna and the Child attributed to Rinaldo Bonanno, 1584, in the Cathedral Santa Maria dell’Isodia). The surrounding and wonderful landscape accompanies visitors all the time: you can enjoy of it 227

THE MODERN MAGNA GRECIA WRITERS (GIOACCHINO CRIACO AND SALVINO NUCERA) The literature of Modern Magna Graecia presents a different number of writers, each of which deals with specific themes with passion and originality. The most original and best known are Gioacchino Criaco and Salvino Nucera.

“

MERCATANTE ALESSANDRA 228

GIOACCHINO CRIACO â—?

Gioacchino Criaco was born in 1965 in Africo, a small and welcoming town on the Ionian coast of Calabria. Son of shepherds, at a young age, he began to meditate on a new literary treatise on the Aspromonte and the nearby places, because Aspromonte was not well known. The writer graduated from the Scientific High School "Zaleuco“ of Locri and graduated in law in Bologna. After years of experimentation, in 2008 he published "Anime Nere", his first novel of great socio-cultural impact which, in 2011 in Paris, was translated into French and therefore took the title "Les ames noires".

Criaco tells and describes those minor realities on the brink of civilization that seems to continue to live according to their own laws and traditions, demonstrating a physical and political distance that is perhaps irreducible. The novel deals with the events of three Aspromonte boys not affiliated with the 'Ndrangheta, but involved in a myriad of situations typical of the underworld. In addition the three protagonists will find themselves traveling far and wide to Europe because of their 229 traffic. Black Souls is the first book of a trilogy that, together

SALVINO NUCERA ●

Salvino Nucera was born in Chorio di Roghudi (near Reggio Calabria) in 1952. His first poetic encounters dates back to the time when he began to look inside his Grecian soul and to reinvigorate the mother tongue that was previously faint in him. Teacher in a secondary schools, he held positions of considerable responsibility by participating in cultural associations with frequent exchanges between Greeks of Hellas and Greeks of Calabria, Thessalonica, Athens, Rhodes, Crete, Reggio Calabria, but also in Lombardy.

Nucera published “Agapào na graspo” ("I Love Writing") in 1987. "Greek Dialogues of Calabria" was instead an idea realized through the volume of Pietro Zavattieri who also checked the fidelity of the phonetic transcription; the most burdensome task has been reached by Salvino who has transcribed the dialogues.

The publication of the book was made possible thanks 230

GRIKO DISHES

During many centuries of cohabitation there was an exchange of knowledge between Griko and Southern Italians in the art of cooking. The Griko are traditionally producers of cereals, vegetables, olives and legumes. Local Griko cuisine does not differ greatly from the local Italian population, however there local regional variations. Many typical Griko dishes are still in use among them. Some of them are: Mendulata te cranu A delicious dessert similar to Pastiera, ďŹ lled with cream cheese, honey, sugar and vanilla.

Pita The classic bread that is served for lunch and dinner; in short, whenever possible. It is a typical bread of the countries that overlook the Mediterranean Sea and in fact ďŹ nds itself, declined in its small differences, also in North Africa and in the Middle East. The most famous recipe, internationally, is the Pita gyros, a dish made of pork strips inundated with the traditional tzatziki sauce, salad, tomato, onion and fries.

231

Souvlaki Pork, chicken or lamb; they are left to marinate in oil, lemon and spices and then skewered with skewers. Cook on coals et voila, you will ďŹ nd one of the most popular foods in Greece in the dish. You can use them to stuff the pita or enjoyed individually.

MoussakĂ Not really a light saucer but certainly a cornerstone of Hellenic cuisine. Aubergine layers alternated with potatoes, bĂŠchamel au gratin and minced meat; a slightly revisited parmigiana that makes up one of the unique dishes of Greek restaurants. More recommended for dinner, after a nice day at the beach. It is often also accompanied by a side dish.

Greek salad If the dinner is reserved for moussaka, there is nothing better than a Greek salad for lunch.

232

NINE SMALL TOWNS IN THE GRECIA SALENTINA REGION

233

The GrecĂŹa Salentina is an Hellenofona linguistic island of Salento located in southern Puglia, in the province of Lecce, and consisting of nine towns in which there is a neo-Greek dialect known as griko. The municipalities in alphabetical order are: Calimera, Castrignano dei Greci, Corigliano d'Otranto, Martano, Martignano, Melpignano, Soleto, Sternatia and Zollino. The origins derive from the period of Magna Graecia or from the Byzantine period. The Salento, in fact, was part of Magna Grecia along with much of Puglia, Calabria and Sicily. But here the language has been preserved until today. In order to "save" it from the disappearance, since the Nineties there have been many initiatives aimed at protecting it in the municipalities of the GrecĂŹa Salentina, such as the recording and dissemination of songs, stories and fairy tales in the Grika language, as well as the creation of an Italian vocabulary -griko. It is indeed a language in its own right, quite distinct from both modern Greek and classical Greek. This land is also rich in other testimonies related to that period. To Grecia Salentina are peculiar a whole series of proverbs, of rites about childhood, courtship and marriage, of religious and magical beliefs. All the municipalities concerned met in 2001 in the Union of Municipalities of the GrecĂŹa Salentina.

234

COLONY of SYBARIS COLONY of THURII

TOPICS BY 1. THURII By Eleonora D. Liceo Scientifico G. Berto, Italy 2. The war against Kroton

By Laura Teti, Liceo Scientifico G.Berto,Vibo Valentia 3. The origins of Sybaris

By Antriana Papakosta B’ Arsakeio Tositseio Junior High School in Ekali, GREECE 4. Coins of Thurii

By Evelyna Stavroulopoulou 236

Colony of Thurii

Thurii was a city in Magna Grecia, but now is a city situated in Calabria, on the west coast of Gulf of Taranto.

237

COINS OF THURII EVELYNA STAVROULOPOULOU

“

As we already know Thurii was built on the ruins of Sybaris. We can discern some elements that Thurii has used, from the culture of Sybaris, for their coins. One of them being “the bull”, the city badge of Sybaris. Nevertheless the Thurian bull has some characteristics that are more aggressive. They believe that it is a “play on words” from the Greek adjective thurios, which means “rushing”.

Thurii created its coins by depicting significant moments of its foundation. For this reason, we can distinguish on the front of the coin the head of Athena, as a token of its Athenian origins, while on the reverse of the coin we can detect the Sybarian bull, facing left, with his head down, while, sometimes, he is dragging his foot with force on the ground and other he is walking.

239

THURII

By Eleonora D. Liceo ScientiďŹ co G. Berto, Italy

•Thurii was built in 444 B.C. with Athens’ aid following a project of the architect Ippodamo from Mileto and it’s the only foundation created by Athens in the western Mediterranean.

•The sector called “Parco del Cavallo” is the best evidence of the superimposition of the three cities. Some close diggings found remains of Copia’s houses (a domus with mosaic and triclinium rooms), two wide roads crossing in a right angle (the north-south one is 13 metres wide, while the east-west one is about 7 metres wide), and house walls from the Thurii Age. •In the eastern side of the trunk road we find the socalled “Prolungamento Strada” sector, a route system made of perpendicular roads, also used in the Roman city.

241

•In the most recent Roman period a rich house is immediatly appreciable. It was built on a plan that was realized to standardize the parts of the new city, in order to rationalize the co-production of water drains. In an even deeper layer the mouth of a well was found, where numerous ceramic fragments from VI century B.C. were recovered.

This stratigraphy is an example of the overlap of the three ancient cities: Sybaris, Taranto and Copy.

242

243

COINS

Head of Athena right, wearing Attic helmet decorated with Skylla

Bull with lowered head walking left 244

“

THE ORIGINS OF SYBARIS Antriana Papakosta B’ Arsakeio Tositseio Junior HIgh School in Ekali, GREECE

245

In ancient times Sybaris was connected to wealth and this reputation has been preserved in the modern words 'sybaritic' and 'sybarite'. Sybaritic means “loving or involving expensive things and pleasure” while sybarite is “A person who is self-indulgent in their fondness for sensuous luxury”.Sybarites were renowned for their luxurious and excessive way of life. Wealth held such a significance for them that even their coins represented the two rivers Krathis and Sybaris to which the region owed its fertility. However what are the origins of this robust colony; Sybaris’ foundation by the Peloponnesus dates back from 720 BC in a fertile region on the coast at 246

According to resources, this wasn’t only owing to the fertility of the land, but the result of a really clever move by the Sybarites: they offered anyone who wished to settle in Sybaris citizenship. Furthermore not only agriculture but also traffic had a significant impact on Sybaris’ wealth.

Around 500 BC the city had 300,000 inhabitants and over four tribes and 25 subject cities were regulated by Sybarites! However Sybarites decided to banish the 500 richest citizens so they could take their fortune. When those citizens fled to Crotone, the Sybarites demanded their return. But the Crotones maintained to protect the refugees. It led to a battle.

Sybaris wasBy defeated.

Antriana Papakosta 247

SYBARITE

Sybarite was first recorded in the 1600s, meaning a “person devoted to pleasure.” The literal translation of this noun is “inhabitant of Sybaris,” which was an ancient Greek town full of citizens who loved nice things. Today, the word still has the same two meanings: it's either a person who could be described as addicted to pleasures and luxury, or an actual person who lives in Sybaris.

248

The war against Kroton Laura Teti Liceo ScientiďŹ co G.Berto,Vibo Valentia

249

The war against Kroton

In the middle of the sixth century B.C. between the"polis"there was a series of

wars to establish the supremancy of Kroton in the Ionian area.In the 525 B.C. there was the first conflict between the confederation of Achaean cities of Kroton,Sybaris and Metaponto against Siri,colony of Calabria.The Sirites then asked for help to the cities of Locri,Tempsa and Cleta.According to Justinus,Epitome of Pompey Trogo's author,Kroton's intent was to expel non-Achaeans from Magna Graecia and reduce them into slaves.The Crotonians followed the Syrians up to their city to sack and destroy it.The booty was divided between Kroton,Metaponto and Sybaris,but the last broke the alliance enriching the wealth of the others.

Kroton wanted to punish the cities that had helped Siri.Therefore it declared war to Locri,who asked for help to Sparta,but was already in other wars and couldn't help them.Locri turned to Castor and Pollux and had another encouragement from Persephone,who urged them to fight.Even Kroton consulted the Oracle of 250

Then Kroton decided to punish the city of Tempsa,the siege lasted four months to the end of which it was sacked,destroyed and all its citizens were reduced into slaves.After Tempsa the Kroton's revent broke out against Cleta,but it wasn't destroyed.

Siro and Tempsa had been destroyed,Cleta punished,Locri had won only for the behest of the gods.Now It was Sybaris.

After thirty crotonese anbassadors were frustrated and killed,Kroton sent his soldiers under the guidance of Milone,dressed in the skin of lion and a mace in hand.According to the legend the sybarites used the battle of the trained horses to perform dance moves to the flute,so the crotonates played flutes disorienting the horses.The siege ended with Sybaris at the flames that disappear forever and with the Kroton's definitive victory.

251

Milone,Krotonese ďŹ ghter

252