M21 -S- Computational Design Biomimetics- Kinetic Facade PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Where | Delhi, India
DELHI
Area
1,484 km²
Population
16,787,941
Density/km2
11,320 2nd most populated city in the world Population expected to increase by 9 million in the next 11 years
Source1. Census 2011 2. Demographic World Urban Areas: 11th Annual Edition: 2015.01 M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
1
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Why | Issues
High variation between summer and winter temperature
Extreme Climate
Summers: April- July
38 °C - 45 °C
Winters: November- January
6°C - 7 °C
Sun Path Diagram
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
2
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Why | Issues
Annual Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
Extreme temperature recorded
-2.2°C | 48.4 °C
Comfortable temperature range
19.4°C | 27.8 °C
3
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Why | Issues
Annual Direct Radiation (kWh/m2)
Annual Diffused Radiation (kWh/m2)
Annual Comfortable radiation range Daily Comfortable radiation range
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
4
350-700 kWh/m2 0-2 kWh/m2
Source- ASHRAE Standard 55-2017 PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Why | Issues
Construction is resulting in Extreme weather conditions in Delhi-NCR 70% of the buildings that will exist in by 2030 are yet to be built
Over 4.08 million sq.m. of new office space is under construction in Delhi-NCR with 40% in Gurugram alone
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
5
Source: Mordor Intelligence Delhi Pollution Control Committee PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Why | Problem Statement
Buildings and construction are responsible for extreme climate conditions in Delhi-NCR
The buildings are not equipped to deal with extreme thermal changes
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
6
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Why | Issues Site- INXT City Centre Typology Location Year of Construction 5th Floor Area Analysis Period
Mid-rise building Sector 83, Gurugram 2020 1485 sq.m. Annual
5th Floor Plan
East Elevation
South Elevation
West Elevation
North Elevation
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
7
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Aim
To develop a system which is
Quick to transport
Quick to install
reduces Solar Radiation
brings in Natural Light
Possible Strategies
Deployable
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
Pre-Fab
8
Self- shading
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Fitness Criteria
Deployable Minimise Volume occupied
Time of Construction Minimise
Solar Radiation Minimise 0-2 kWh/m2
Sunlight Hours
Solar Gains
Minimise 1-3 Hours (direct)
Optimise
Daylight Optimise 200-500 lux
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
9
Source- ASHRAE Standard 55-2017 PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Natural System | Blaptica dubia wing
Blaptica dubia
Wing- folding
Contraction- Expansion Depending on the vein’s placement, Blaptica Dubia can fold-unfold their wings to take flight
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
10
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Natural System | Spanish Moss
Spanish Moss- Hair
Microscopic view- Hair
Structure- Hair
Self-shading In absence of water for photosynthesis, the hair stand up and reflect back the Sunlight to reduce further dehydration
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
11
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Initial Experiments
Material | Experiments Experiment Set- 1 | Layering (Temperature) Exp. 1.1
2nd Layer (towards heat)
Temperature (on the surface away from heat °C )
-
35.1
Foam
27.6
Fibre Paper
30.8
Laminated Paper
32.2
2nd Layer (towards heat)
Temperature (on the surface away from heat °C )
-
40.2
Cork
29.4
Fibre Paper
30.7
Laminated Paper
39.9
10cm X 10cm Material (Surface of Analysis) Surface Temperature (without heat) Heat applied Time Period
Cork 24.6°C 55°C 10 s
Exp. 1.2
10cm X 10cm Material (Surface of Analysis) Surface Temperature (without heat) Heat applied Time Period
Foam 24.8°C 55°C 10 s
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
12
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Material | Experiments Experiment Set- 1 | Layering (Temperature) Exp. 1.3
2nd Layer (towards heat)
Temperature (on the surface away from heat °C )
-
44.4
Cork
27.6
Foam
29.2
Laminated Paper
54
10cm X 10cm Material (Surface of Analysis) Surface Temperature (without heat) Heat applied Time Period
Fibre Paper 24.5°C 55°C 10 s
Exp. 1.4
2nd Layer (towards heat)
Temperature (on the surface away from heat °C )
-
54.8
Cork
31.5
Fibre Paper
36.7
Foam
53.8
10cm X 10cm Material (Surface of Analysis) Surface Temperature (without heat) Heat applied Time Period
Laminated Paper 24.6°C 55°C 10 s
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
13
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Material | Experiments Experiment Set- 2 | Deployability (Folding) Experiment 2.1 <x
2cm
20cm
<x
<x
90°
20cm
Module
Variable
<x Compresses upto
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
14
3cm x 3cm PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Material | Experiments Experiment Set- 2 | Deployability (Folding) Experiment 2.2
Experiment 2.3
<x
<x
<x
Compresses upto M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
80°
<x
3cm x 6cm
Compresses upto 15
70°
4.5cm x 9cm PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Deployable System | Experiments Experiment Set- 3 | Deployability (Area) ParametersConstant- Length of the stick (L) <a
Exp. 3.1- <a= 120°
<b
Variable-
L
a°
L a°
b°
L L a°
L
L
R2
a°
R1
π-a°
Module
A2 = 1.16 A1
Aggregate
Exp. 3.2- <a= 135°
Exp. 3.3- <a= 150°
R2
R2 R1
A2 = 1.82 A1 M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
R1
A2 = 3.24 A1 16
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Deployable System | Experiments Experiment Set- 4 | Deployability
Exp. 4.1- <a= 120°
Exp. 4.2- <a= 135°
Exp. 4.3- <a= 150°
Movable but Not Deployable
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
17
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Deployable System | Experiments Experiment Set- 5 | Assembly (Area Optimisation) Exp. 5.1- <a= 120°
Exp. 5.2- <a= 135°
Module Unoccupied Area
Assembly 1
Assembly
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
18
Assembly 2
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Deployable System | Experiments Exp. 5.3- <a= 150°
Inference-
Module
Maximum Area Optimization is seen in hexagonal module
Unoccupied Area
Assembly M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
19
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Deployable System | Experiments Experiment Set- 6 | Deployability (Volume)
Elements in Z-axis
2d geometry
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
3d geometry
20
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Deployable System | Experiments Experiment Set- 6 | Deployability (Volume) Exp. 6.1- <a= 120° Volume= 129.5
Exp. 6.2- <a= 135° Volume= 142
Minimum Volume is occupied by hexagonal module
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
21
Exp. 6.3- <a= 150° Volume= 173.5 PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Deployable System | Experiments Exploration of a system which can move according to Sun movement
Experiment Set- 7 | Deployability System 1
Module- Front
System 2
Module- Side
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
System 3
Module- Front
Module- Side
22
Module- Front
Module- Side
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Final Experiments
Experiment Set up
Roof Walls Glazed Facade Analysis Surface at a height of 750 mm Floor Proposed Facade
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
23
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Base Case Floor Plate of 8000x8000 mm is considered as base case. The analysis is done from South and West facade.
Radiation
Time period for analysis- 9 am- 6 pm
Sun Hours
Daylight
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
24
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Geometry | Deployable
Experiment 8
Aim- To maximise deployment by minimising Volume between open and close situation ParametersConstant1. Length of the stick= 100mm 2. Width of the stick= 10mm 3. No. of sticks= 12
Variable1. x x
Base Module
50
2 Modules connected at 90° M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
25
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Geometry | Deployable
Experiment 8.1
Variablex= 40mm 40
Base Module
Volume occupied (V1)= 672 cm3
Volume occupied (V2) = 1344 cm3
Volume occupied (V3) = 1872 cm3
V1= 0.35 (V3)
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
26
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Geometry | Deployable
Experiment 8.2
Variablex= 50mm 50 60
Base Module
Volume occupied (V1)= 560 cm3
Volume occupied (V2) = 1056 cm3
Volume occupied (V3) = 216 cm3
V1= 2.6 (V3) M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
27
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Geometry | Deployable
Experiment 8.3
Variablex= 60mm 40
60
Base Module
Volume occupied (V2) = 820 cm3
Volume occupied (V2) = 960 cm3
Volume occupied (V3) = 1638 cm3
V1= 0.5 (V3) Inference- Minimum volume is achieved at x=50mm (i.e for maximum deployment, pin joints in base module must be collinear) M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
28
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Geometry + Surface | Deployable
Experiment 9
Aim- To maximise deployment by minimising Volume between open and close situation ParametersConstant1. x= 100mm 2. a= 90° 3. No. of sticks= 8
Variable1. y
x
x
x x
x
x
x
a°
y y
a°
a°
Front Elevation
y
y
a°
a°
x
y
y
a°
y
a°
Left Elevation
a°
y
Front Elevation Left Elevation Open Condition M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
Close Condition 29
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Geometry + Surface | Deployable
Experiment 9.1
Variabley= 100mm
Volume occupied (V1)= 840 cm3
Volume occupied (V2)= 243 cm3
V1= 3.5 (V2)
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
30
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Geometry + Surface | Deployable
Experiment 9.2
Variabley= 120mm
Volume occupied (V1)= 1074 cm3
Volume occupied (V2)=467 cm3
V1= 2.3 (V2) M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
31
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Geometry + Surface | Deployable
Experiment 9.3
Variabley= 140mm
Volume occupied (V1)= 1288 cm3
Volume occupied (V2)= 605 cm3
V1= 2.1 (V2) Inference- Minimum volume is achieved at x=y (i.e for maximum deployment, lenth of sticks must be constant) M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
32
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Assembly | Deployable + Self-shading
Experiment 10
Aim- To minimise solar radiation and sun hours by identifying spacing between modules ParametersConstant1. length of stick= 100mm 2. width of stick= 10mm 3. No. of modules= 3 4. x= 300mm
Variable1. y
y
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
x
33
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Assembly | Experiment 10.1 Variabley= 30mm
Open Condition
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
Close Condition
34
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Assembly | Experiment 10.1
Direction- South-West Time- 9 am- 6 pm Radiation
Sun Hours
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Open Condition M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
Close Condition
Open Condition 35
Close Condition PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Assembly | Experiment 10.2 Variabley= 0mm
Open Condition
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
Close Condition
36
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Assembly | Experiment 10.2
Direction- South-West Time- 9 am- 6 pm Radiation
Sun Hours
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Open Condition Close Condition Open Condition Inference- Uniform distribution of Solar Radiation and Sun Hours is achieved at y=30mm M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
37
Close Condition PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Assembly | Deployable + Self-shading
Experiment 11
Aim- To minimise solar radiation and sun hours by identifying orientation of skin ParametersConstant1. length of stick= 100mm 2. width of stick= 10mm 3. No. of modules
Variable1. orientation
Orientation 1
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
Orientation 2
38
Orientation 3
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Orientation | Experiment 11.1 Mountain Fold
Open Condition M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
Close Condition 39
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Orientation | Experiment 11.1
Direction- South-West Time- 9 am- 6 pm
Radiation
Sun Hours
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Open Condition M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
Close Condition
Open Condition 40
Close Condition PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Orientation | Experiment 11.2 Mountain Fold
Open Condition M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
Close Condition 41
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Orientation | Experiment 11.2
Direction- South-West Time- 9 am- 6 pm
Radiation
Sun Hours
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Open Condition M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
Close Condition
Open Condition 42
Close Condition PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Orientation | Experiment 11.3 Valley Fold Mountain Fold
Open Condition M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
Close Condition 43
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Orientation | Experiment 11.3
Direction- South-West Time- 9 am- 6 pm
Radiation
Sun Hours
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Open Condition
Close Condition
Open Condition
Close Condition
Inference- Hybrid of vertical and horizontal surfaces is most suitable M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
44
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
System Development | Experiment 12 Aim- To minimise Solar Radiation, Sun Hours by determinining suitable grid size for aggregation of modules ParametersConstant1. a= 3M 2. b= 8M 3. x:y
Variable1. x= a, a/2, a/3, a/4
b
y
x a
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
45
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
System Development | Experiment 12
b
y
Direction- South- West Time9 am- 6 pm DaySummer Solstice
Solar Radiation
x x=a
x=a/2
x=a/3
x=a/4
a Close Condition
b
y
x
Open Condition
a
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
46
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
y System Development | Experiment 12 Solar Radiation
x x=a
Direction- South- West Time9 am- 6 pm DayWinter Solstice x=a/2
x=a/3
a Close Condition
b
y
x
Open Condition
a
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
47
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
y System Development | Experiment 12 Sun Hours
x x=a
Direction- South- West Time9 am- 6 pm DaySummer Solstice x=a/2
x=a/3
x=a/4
a Close Condition
b
y
x
Open Condition
a
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
48
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
System Development | Experiment 12
b
y
Direction- South- West Time9 am- 6 pm DayWinter Solstice
Sun Hours
x x=a
x=a/2
x=a/3
x=a/4
a Close Condition
b
y
x
Open Condition
a
Inference- Grid size of x=a/3 gives the most optimum results M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
49
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
System Development | Experiment 13 Aim- To minimise Solar Radiation, Sun Hours andoptimise Daylight by determining angle of opening ParametersConstant1. size of module 2. orientation of skin 3. size of grid
Variable1. θ
θ
Module
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
50
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
System Development | Experiment 13
Direction- South- West Time9 am- 6 pm
Solar Radiation θ- 90°
θ- 75°
θ- 60°
θ- 45°
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
51
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
System Development | Experiment 13
Direction- South- West Time9 am- 6 pm
Sun Hours θ- 90°
θ- 75°
θ- 60°
θ- 45°
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
52
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
System Development | Experiment 13
Direction- South- West Time9 am
Daylight θ- 90°
θ- 75°
θ- 60°
θ- 45°
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
53
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
System Development | Experiment 13
Direction- South- West Time12 noon
Daylight θ- 90°
θ- 75°
θ- 60°
θ- 45°
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
54
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
System Development | Experiment 13
Direction- South- West Time3 pm
Daylight θ- 90°
θ- 75°
θ- 60°
θ- 45°
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Inference- System performs best from 90° -60° M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
55
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
System Development | Prototype
Fully Open
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
Fully Closed
56
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
System Development | Prototype
Fully Open
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
Fully Closed
57
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
System Development | Prototype
Fully Open
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
Fully Closed
58
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
System Development | Final Analysis
Radiation
Direction- South- West DaySummer Solstice
Sun Hours
Daylight
Without Facade
With Facade
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
59
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
System Development | Final Analysis
Radiation
Direction- South- West DayWinter Solstice
Sun Hours
Daylight
Without Facade
With Facade
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
60
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
System Development | Design detail
Configuration- 90°
A B
C
D D
Schematic Section
A- Aluminium Slide Track M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
Elevation- South
B- SS L plate- 50x50x1.2MM
C- Scissor Pivot Joint 61
D- SS hinge- 50x38x1.2MM PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Views
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
62
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Views
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
63
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Conclusion • The proposed kinetic facade system is a modular system made of pre-fabricated modules using Aluminium sheet for base frame and Wood Composite Panels. • The modules can deploy such that they can contract and transported quickly to the site. • The contraction and expansion of scissor mechanism causes the panels to fold-unfold, thus adapting to the movement of the Sun and extreme environmental conditions of Delhi. • The movement of each panel of each module depends on the degree of opening. The panels open and close at certain angles wrt to the exisitng facade. This angle allows to reflect the direct Sunlight, while simultaneously allowing indirect light to enter inside the building. • The mountain fold of the plates cuts the Solar radiation and direct Sun, and the combination of mountain and valley fold allows optimising the natural illumination inside. • Deployability also allowed the system to be material efficient thus reducing wastage.
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
64
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Way-forward • The system is an extension of the idea that a building’s envelope is an active system rather than just a container. • The proposed system has the potential to be explored further. One such possibility of exploration involve replacing linear scissor with curved scissor mechanism. • By modifying the material and controling the angle of opening, the proposed system has the potential to be used either in hot climate or cold climate as well. • The simplicity of the system makes it easier to install it almost anywhere on the building thus making it user friendly. • The system is not just limited to facade as secondary skin, it can be used on openings like windows etc, or can be used in building interiors (as partitions) as well. • Depending on the type of building envelope, such dynamic facades can play a crucial role in saving or consuming energy. Such kinetic facades support the three pillars of sustainability—economy, society, and the environment.
M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics
65
PID20215 | Namraota Jain
Thank you!