Kinetic Facade_Computation Based Design

M21 -S- Computational Design Biomimetics- Kinetic Facade PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Where | Delhi, India

DELHI

Area

1,484 km²

Population

16,787,941

Density/km2

11,320 2nd most populated city in the world Population expected to increase by 9 million in the next 11 years

Source1. Census 2011 2. Demographic World Urban Areas: 11th Annual Edition: 2015.01 M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Why | Issues

High variation between summer and winter temperature

Extreme Climate

Summers: April- July

38 °C - 45 °C

Winters: November- January

6°C - 7 °C

Sun Path Diagram

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Why | Issues

Annual Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)

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Extreme temperature recorded

-2.2°C | 48.4 °C

Comfortable temperature range

19.4°C | 27.8 °C

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Why | Issues

Annual Direct Radiation (kWh/m2)

Annual Diffused Radiation (kWh/m2)

Annual Comfortable radiation range Daily Comfortable radiation range

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350-700 kWh/m2 0-2 kWh/m2

Source- ASHRAE Standard 55-2017 PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Why | Issues

Construction is resulting in Extreme weather conditions in Delhi-NCR 70% of the buildings that will exist in by 2030 are yet to be built

Over 4.08 million sq.m. of new office space is under construction in Delhi-NCR with 40% in Gurugram alone

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Source: Mordor Intelligence Delhi Pollution Control Committee PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Why | Problem Statement

Buildings and construction are responsible for extreme climate conditions in Delhi-NCR

The buildings are not equipped to deal with extreme thermal changes

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Why | Issues Site- INXT City Centre Typology Location Year of Construction 5th Floor Area Analysis Period

Mid-rise building Sector 83, Gurugram 2020 1485 sq.m.

Annual

5th Floor Plan

East Elevation

South Elevation

West Elevation

North Elevation

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Aim

To develop a system which is

Quick to transport

Quick to install

reduces Solar Radiation

brings in Natural Light

Possible Strategies

Deployable

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Pre-Fab

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Self- shading

PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Fitness Criteria

Deployable Minimise Volume occupied

Time of Construction Minimise

Solar Radiation Minimise 0-2 kWh/m2

Sunlight Hours

Solar Gains

Minimise 1-3 Hours (direct)

Optimise

Daylight Optimise 200-500 lux

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Source- ASHRAE Standard 55-2017 PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Natural System | Blaptica dubia wing

Blaptica dubia

Wing- folding

Contraction- Expansion Depending on the vein’s placement, Blaptica Dubia can fold-unfold their wings to take flight

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Natural System | Spanish Moss

Spanish Moss- Hair

Microscopic view- Hair

Structure- Hair

Self-shading In absence of water for photosynthesis, the hair stand up and reflect back the Sunlight to reduce further dehydration

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Initial Experiments

Material | Experiments Experiment Set- 1 | Layering (Temperature) Exp. 1.1

2nd Layer (towards heat)

Temperature (on the surface away from heat °C )

-

35.1

Foam

27.6

Fibre Paper

30.8

Laminated Paper

32.2

2nd Layer (towards heat)

Temperature (on the surface away from heat °C )

-

40.2

Cork

29.4

Fibre Paper

30.7

Laminated Paper

39.9

10cm X 10cm Material (Surface of Analysis) Surface Temperature (without heat) Heat applied Time Period

Cork 24.6°C 55°C 10 s

Exp. 1.2

10cm X 10cm Material (Surface of Analysis) Surface Temperature (without heat) Heat applied Time Period

Foam 24.8°C 55°C 10 s

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Material | Experiments Experiment Set- 1 | Layering (Temperature) Exp. 1.3

2nd Layer (towards heat)

Temperature (on the surface away from heat °C )

-

44.4

Cork

27.6

Foam

29.2

Laminated Paper

54

10cm X 10cm Material (Surface of Analysis) Surface Temperature (without heat) Heat applied Time Period

Fibre Paper 24.5°C 55°C 10 s

Exp. 1.4

2nd Layer (towards heat)

Temperature (on the surface away from heat °C )

-

54.8

Cork

31.5

Fibre Paper

36.7

Foam

53.8

10cm X 10cm Material (Surface of Analysis) Surface Temperature (without heat) Heat applied Time Period

Laminated Paper 24.6°C 55°C 10 s

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Material | Experiments Experiment Set- 2 | Deployability (Folding) Experiment 2.1 <x

2cm

20cm

<x

<x

90°

20cm

Module

Variable

<x Compresses upto

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3cm x 3cm PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Material | Experiments Experiment Set- 2 | Deployability (Folding) Experiment 2.2

Experiment 2.3

<x

<x

<x

Compresses upto M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics

80°

<x

3cm x 6cm

Compresses upto 15

70°

4.5cm x 9cm PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Deployable System | Experiments Experiment Set- 3 | Deployability (Area) ParametersConstant- Length of the stick (L) <a

Exp. 3.1- <a= 120°

<b

Variable-

L

a°

L a°

b°

L L a°

L

L

R2

a°

R1

π-a°

Module

A2 = 1.16 A1

Aggregate

Exp. 3.2- <a= 135°

Exp. 3.3- <a= 150°

R2

R2 R1

A2 = 1.82 A1 M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics

R1

A2 = 3.24 A1 16

PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Deployable System | Experiments Experiment Set- 4 | Deployability

Exp. 4.1- <a= 120°

Exp. 4.2- <a= 135°

Exp. 4.3- <a= 150°

Movable but Not Deployable

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Deployable System | Experiments Experiment Set- 5 | Assembly (Area Optimisation) Exp. 5.1- <a= 120°

Exp. 5.2- <a= 135°

Module Unoccupied Area

Assembly 1

Assembly

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Assembly 2

PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Deployable System | Experiments Exp. 5.3- <a= 150°

Inference-

Module

Maximum Area Optimization is seen in hexagonal module

Unoccupied Area

Assembly M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Deployable System | Experiments Experiment Set- 6 | Deployability (Volume)

Elements in Z-axis

2d geometry

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3d geometry

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Deployable System | Experiments Experiment Set- 6 | Deployability (Volume) Exp. 6.1- <a= 120° Volume= 129.5

Exp. 6.2- <a= 135° Volume= 142

Minimum Volume is occupied by hexagonal module

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Exp. 6.3- <a= 150° Volume= 173.5 PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Deployable System | Experiments Exploration of a system which can move according to Sun movement

Experiment Set- 7 | Deployability System 1

Module- Front

System 2

Module- Side

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System 3

Module- Front

Module- Side

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Module- Front

Module- Side

PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Final Experiments

Experiment Set up

Roof Walls Glazed Facade Analysis Surface at a height of 750 mm Floor Proposed Facade

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Base Case Floor Plate of 8000x8000 mm is considered as base case.

The analysis is done from South and West facade.

Radiation

Time period for analysis- 9 am- 6 pm

Sun Hours

Daylight

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Geometry | Deployable

Experiment 8

Aim- To maximise deployment by minimising Volume between open and close situation ParametersConstant1. Length of the stick= 100mm 2. Width of the stick= 10mm 3. No. of sticks= 12

Variable1. x x

Base Module

50

2 Modules connected at 90° M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Geometry | Deployable

Experiment 8.1

Variablex= 40mm 40

Base Module

Volume occupied (V1)= 672 cm3

Volume occupied (V2) = 1344 cm3

Volume occupied (V3) = 1872 cm3

V1= 0.35 (V3)

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Geometry | Deployable

Experiment 8.2

Variablex= 50mm 50 60

Base Module

Volume occupied (V1)= 560 cm3

Volume occupied (V2) = 1056 cm3

Volume occupied (V3) = 216 cm3

V1= 2.6 (V3) M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Geometry | Deployable

Experiment 8.3

Variablex= 60mm 40

60

Base Module

Volume occupied (V2) = 820 cm3

Volume occupied (V2) = 960 cm3

Volume occupied (V3) = 1638 cm3

V1= 0.5 (V3) Inference- Minimum volume is achieved at x=50mm (i.e for maximum deployment, pin joints in base module must be collinear) M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Geometry + Surface | Deployable

Experiment 9

Aim- To maximise deployment by minimising Volume between open and close situation ParametersConstant1. x= 100mm 2. a= 90° 3. No. of sticks= 8

Variable1. y

x

x

x x

x

x

x

a°

y y

a°

a°

Front Elevation

y

y

a°

a°

x

y

y

a°

y

a°

Left Elevation

a°

y

Front Elevation Left Elevation Open Condition M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics

Close Condition 29

PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Geometry + Surface | Deployable

Experiment 9.1

Variabley= 100mm

Volume occupied (V1)= 840 cm3

Volume occupied (V2)= 243 cm3

V1= 3.5 (V2)

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Geometry + Surface | Deployable

Experiment 9.2

Variabley= 120mm

Volume occupied (V1)= 1074 cm3

Volume occupied (V2)=467 cm3

V1= 2.3 (V2) M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Geometry + Surface | Deployable

Experiment 9.3

Variabley= 140mm

Volume occupied (V1)= 1288 cm3

Volume occupied (V2)= 605 cm3

V1= 2.1 (V2) Inference- Minimum volume is achieved at x=y (i.e for maximum deployment, lenth of sticks must be constant) M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Assembly | Deployable + Self-shading

Experiment 10

Aim- To minimise solar radiation and sun hours by identifying spacing between modules ParametersConstant1. length of stick= 100mm 2. width of stick= 10mm 3. No. of modules= 3 4. x= 300mm

Variable1. y

y

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x

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Assembly | Experiment 10.1 Variabley= 30mm

Open Condition

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Close Condition

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Assembly | Experiment 10.1

Direction- South-West Time- 9 am- 6 pm Radiation

Sun Hours

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Open Condition M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics

Close Condition

Open Condition 35

Close Condition PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Assembly | Experiment 10.2 Variabley= 0mm

Open Condition

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Close Condition

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Assembly | Experiment 10.2

Direction- South-West Time- 9 am- 6 pm Radiation

Sun Hours

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Open Condition Close Condition Open Condition Inference- Uniform distribution of Solar Radiation and Sun Hours is achieved at y=30mm M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics

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Close Condition PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Assembly | Deployable + Self-shading

Experiment 11

Aim- To minimise solar radiation and sun hours by identifying orientation of skin ParametersConstant1. length of stick= 100mm 2. width of stick= 10mm 3. No. of modules

Variable1. orientation

Orientation 1

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Orientation 2

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Orientation 3

PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Orientation | Experiment 11.1 Mountain Fold

Open Condition M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics

Close Condition 39

PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Orientation | Experiment 11.1

Direction- South-West Time- 9 am- 6 pm

Radiation

Sun Hours

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Open Condition M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics

Close Condition

Open Condition 40

Close Condition PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Orientation | Experiment 11.2 Mountain Fold

Open Condition M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics

Close Condition 41

PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Orientation | Experiment 11.2

Direction- South-West Time- 9 am- 6 pm

Radiation

Sun Hours

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Open Condition M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics

Close Condition

Open Condition 42

Close Condition PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Orientation | Experiment 11.3 Valley Fold Mountain Fold

Open Condition M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics

Close Condition 43

PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Orientation | Experiment 11.3

Direction- South-West Time- 9 am- 6 pm

Radiation

Sun Hours

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Open Condition

Close Condition

Open Condition

Close Condition

Inference- Hybrid of vertical and horizontal surfaces is most suitable M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

System Development | Experiment 12 Aim- To minimise Solar Radiation, Sun Hours by determinining suitable grid size for aggregation of modules ParametersConstant1. a= 3M 2. b= 8M 3. x:y

Variable1. x= a, a/2, a/3, a/4

b

y

x a

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

System Development | Experiment 12

b

y

Direction- South- West Time9 am- 6 pm DaySummer Solstice

Solar Radiation

x x=a

x=a/2

x=a/3

x=a/4

a Close Condition

b

y

x

Open Condition

a

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

y System Development | Experiment 12 Solar Radiation

x x=a

Direction- South- West Time9 am- 6 pm DayWinter Solstice x=a/2

x=a/3

a Close Condition

b

y

x

Open Condition

a

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

y System Development | Experiment 12 Sun Hours

x x=a

Direction- South- West Time9 am- 6 pm DaySummer Solstice x=a/2

x=a/3

x=a/4

a Close Condition

b

y

x

Open Condition

a

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

System Development | Experiment 12

b

y

Direction- South- West Time9 am- 6 pm DayWinter Solstice

Sun Hours

x x=a

x=a/2

x=a/3

x=a/4

a Close Condition

b

y

x

Open Condition

a

Inference- Grid size of x=a/3 gives the most optimum results M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

System Development | Experiment 13 Aim- To minimise Solar Radiation, Sun Hours andoptimise Daylight by determining angle of opening ParametersConstant1. size of module 2. orientation of skin 3. size of grid

Variable1. θ

θ

Module

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

System Development | Experiment 13

Direction- South- West Time9 am- 6 pm

Solar Radiation θ- 90°

θ- 75°

θ- 60°

θ- 45°

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

System Development | Experiment 13

Direction- South- West Time9 am- 6 pm

Sun Hours θ- 90°

θ- 75°

θ- 60°

θ- 45°

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

System Development | Experiment 13

Direction- South- West Time9 am

Daylight θ- 90°

θ- 75°

θ- 60°

θ- 45°

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

System Development | Experiment 13

Direction- South- West Time12 noon

Daylight θ- 90°

θ- 75°

θ- 60°

θ- 45°

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

System Development | Experiment 13

Direction- South- West Time3 pm

Daylight θ- 90°

θ- 75°

θ- 60°

θ- 45°

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Inference- System performs best from 90° -60° M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

System Development | Prototype

Fully Open

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Fully Closed

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

System Development | Prototype

Fully Open

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Fully Closed

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

System Development | Prototype

Fully Open

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Fully Closed

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

System Development | Final Analysis

Radiation

Direction- South- West DaySummer Solstice

Sun Hours

Daylight

Without Facade

With Facade

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

System Development | Final Analysis

Radiation

Direction- South- West DayWinter Solstice

Sun Hours

Daylight

Without Facade

With Facade

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

System Development | Design detail

Configuration- 90°

A B

C

D D

Schematic Section

A- Aluminium Slide Track M21 -S- Computational Design - Biomimetics

Elevation- South

B- SS L plate- 50x50x1.2MM

C- Scissor Pivot Joint 61

D- SS hinge- 50x38x1.2MM PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Views

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Views

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Conclusion • The proposed kinetic facade system is a modular system made of pre-fabricated modules using Aluminium sheet for base frame and Wood Composite Panels.

• The modules can deploy such that they can contract and transported quickly to the site.

• The contraction and expansion of scissor mechanism causes the panels to fold-unfold, thus adapting to the movement of the Sun and extreme environmental conditions of Delhi.

• The movement of each panel of each module depends on the degree of opening. The panels open and close at certain angles wrt to the exisitng facade. This angle allows to reflect the direct Sunlight, while simultaneously allowing indirect light to enter inside the building.

• The mountain fold of the plates cuts the Solar radiation and direct Sun, and the combination of mountain and valley fold allows optimising the natural illumination inside.

• Deployability also allowed the system to be material efficient thus reducing wastage.

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Way-forward • The system is an extension of the idea that a building’s envelope is an active system rather than just a container.

• The proposed system has the potential to be explored further. One such possibility of exploration involve replacing linear scissor with curved scissor mechanism.

• By modifying the material and controling the angle of opening, the proposed system has the potential to be used either in hot climate or cold climate as well.

• The simplicity of the system makes it easier to install it almost anywhere on the building thus making it user friendly.

• The system is not just limited to facade as secondary skin, it can be used on openings like windows etc, or can be used in building interiors (as partitions) as well.

• Depending on the type of building envelope, such dynamic facades can play a crucial role in saving or consuming energy. Such kinetic facades support the three pillars of sustainability—economy, society, and the environment.

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PID20215 | Namraota Jain

Thank you!