Thesis I: A Generative Social Laboratory

Final Submission ARCH 4981: Senior Project I - Tectonics Stream Dr. Sherif Morad & Dr. Amr Abdel Kawi Fall 2019 Nadine Hani Abdelghani 900150398

“A shift from product to process has the social advantage of reducing the architect’s and designer’s present unhealthy concern with the completeness of the end-product” - Cedric Price

v

Fuwwah

Problem Definition

The Soul of Fuwwah

Intellectuals: Foreigners, Government Officials and NGOs

A Series of Circles of Influence of Transport,Trade and Physical Heritage

Selling Kilim Now $

Kilim NGO for Women X

Teach unskilled Women and Give them Low Wages

Lost Skill

Foreigners Buy Kilim from NGO

Kilim Artisan

Preserve Historic Architecture

Unique Mangour Material

365 Mosques

Local: Kilim and Brass Artistans, Farmers and Fishermen Source of Family Income

Social Ecosystem Fishermen Brass Artisans

Women and Children Disentangle the natural threads and Dye them Man Designs and Produces on the “Nole�

Heritage as Nodes of Daily Events

Kilim Artisans Farmers Employees

Problem Statement There is a Gap between Heritage as a Physical Object and Heritage as a Social Process

v

Generating a Social Laboratory Cedric Price - Heritage as an Event in Time Cedric Price advocated for architecture as a temporal event with a natural lifecycle, to be demolished after its use becomes obsolete, facilitating a continuously regenerative process. He looked at architecture as a Situationist backdrop to facilitate human activity, by combining Learning + Leisure.

Fun Palace

Inter-Action Center

Mutability

Temporality

Constantly Re-invented - Appearance - Program

Any time of day or night, winter or summer - Dismantled - Transformed - Transported

Multiplicity

Situationism

Choose what you want to do, or watch someone else doing it.Variety in: - Sociability - Type - Pace

Implies that something should be done to it.

Stimulate new behavior: - Human Encounter - Play

Thesis Statement Re-energizing the Social Ecosystem to Bridge the Gap between Heritage as a Physical Object and as a Heritage as a Social Event

A RegerativeTypology

Process-Based

Product-Based

Farmers

Fashion Design

Hotel

Skill School

Recreational Center

Social Laboratory In order to facilitate a continuous regeneration of the social ecosystem, my project will be a social laboratory that is highly responsive to the temporal needs of Fuwwah and its inhabitants. It will be highly mutable to allow for the functional multiplicity of a variety of different activities in one space. Firstly, an hotel is proposed for the people with enough power to make a change, including access to efficient production, sales and funding resources, are constantly lacking of a place to stay in Fuwwah overnight, limiting their projects, and hindering their long term sustainability. Secondly, a recreational center will solve the local community’s need of public place and a sense of entitlement to their own development and to basic human needs, as well as strengthening the local ecosystem. Finally, by facilitating an extended network of learning, the skill school will act as the melting for the regenerative process, where both sides of the bridge are needed to maximize its potential. Thus, a more grass roots approach to community development will be applied that capitalizes on local knowledge.

Children on the Street, reflect a Sense of Ownership

Proposed Regenerative Development Initiators

Brass Artisans Kilim Artisans

Kilim Artisans

Efficiency and Quality

Local Community Furniture Design

Brass Artisans Farmers

Fishermen Kilim Artisans

Mosque Activators

Re-enforcing Heritage as an Event

Brass Artisans Fishermen Kilim Artisans

Sustainable Background Backup Intellectuals

Open River View

Researchers

Government Employees

Educated Youth

NGOs

Designers

Light Structure Sports Club - Local Association of site with Recreation

Investors

Spatial Morph.

Fuwwah

Cedric Price

Architecture

A Compact Ecosystem

Defined Entrances - Arch Shape & Mangour

Movement as a Spatial Driver Spatial Driver

In-Between Spaces

Centralized Artisans

Fishermen Brass Artisans Kilim Artisans

Carve Skyline

Space

Decentralized Network of Contextual Spaces

Farmers Carve Employees

Nodes of Communal Activity Materiality Kilim

Mangour

Temporal Movement

Fun Palace

Plaza Axis derived from the nodes of communal activity, to create a place for continuous social interaction for social regeneration.

In-Between Spaces

Building Heights vigh Negative Space 4 Floors

New Patterns of Encounter

Ecosystem Nodes

Structure

Axial Path Creation for Nodes

Highlight Entrances Kilim as a Temporal Stuctur

Parameters for Regenerative Design Mutability

Temporality

Constantly Re-invented - Appearance - Program

Any time of day or night, winter or summer - Dismantled - Transformed - Transported

Multiplicity

Situationism

Choose what you want to do, or watch someone else doing it.Variety in: - Sociability - Type - Pace

Implies that something should be done to it. Stimulate new behavior: - Human Encounter - Play

Event Node Optimization

Dome - Modular

III IV

Kilim for Temporality

Highlight Main Structure

II 1

Materiality

Structural Logic

vv

Tectonic Drivers: Local and Global

Decentralized Services

Overall Logic

v

Attractor

Activity

MAX Communal (Negative) Space

MAX Proximity

Tectonic Parameters Optimization Strategies

“Continuous Regeneration through Temporal Mutability”

- Modularity vs. 3D Interconnectedness

Overall Experience

- Functional Multiplicity

Visual Integration

- User Density - Movement Pattern - Proximity Group Size - Program Division - Spatial Volume

Communal (Negative) Space

In Spaces Proximity

Spatial Morphology Hotel Rab’

Skill School Madrasa

Privacy

In Between Spaces Recreation Street

Sensory Stimulation

v

Tectonic Drivers: Regenerating the Heritage Madrasa

Rab’

Layers of Formality

Visual Integration

Layering of formal, structured spatial organizing axis, with informal irregular labyrinth of educational components.

Core - HIGH Spatial Components - Balanced Transitional Path -LOW

Proper balance, between perceived and conceived experience

Event Node Sequence & Quality

Parametric Variation

Going up: - higher privacy and “sakan” - less social interaction and stimulattion Layers of privacy screen create gradual transition

SabilWekala Caravansarai Kuttab Educational For Caravans Other Typol.

Commercial & Charity on the Road

v

Se

Int

ern

rvi

ce

Ve st

al S

ibu

rs

Degree of Attachment

le

Temporality

Surprise in Transitional Path

Bent Entrance

X X

Commercial Activity

tai

2 Gallery/ Corridor

Central Court

Dynamic Section Experience

3 Riwaq

Private Terrace

Hidden Character

Transitional Path

Surprising Journey

Sid

External - Formal Gerometric Internal Complex Labyrinth

Mausoleum Destination

eA

lley Duplex

1 Main Street Orient Attract

Structured - Unstructured Madrasa Morphology Main transitional path that governs the structured educational sequence, surrounded by an unstructured Hotel labyrinth.

Skill School Morph.

Event Nodes

Privacy screens

Tectonic Parameters

Hotel Morphology

- User Density - Functional Multiplicity - Group Size - Modular vs 3D - Sensory Integration

Outreach

Rec. Node III

Triplex

- Both Horizontal and Vertical Connection with Outdoors - Series of Duplexes and Triplexes

Attract Reflect

Riwaq

Learning Riwaq

Rec. Node II Hotel Labyrinth

Gallery

Riwaq

Riwaq

Rec. Node I

R&D

Riwaq Street

Transitional Path

Gallery A Fluid In-Between Logic A fluid street experience where the user seemingly flows fluidly from one space to another throughout the whole building, but it surprised by a landmark event node, that attracts him and redirects him to another path.

Reorienting Node

Gallery

Riwaq

Riwaq Riwaq

Riwaq

Fluid Path

Preliminary Form Formal - Informal School

Religious

X

Storage

Informal, Unstructured Components

Formal, Structured Path

X

Amenities

Zawya

Inter-Zone Relations Event Node Landmark

Background Labyrinth

Structured Skill School Core Labyrinth Entrances

Labyrinth Hotel

Recreational Nodes / Landmarks

Main Transitional Path

v

I Site Positionality Catalyst for Future Development The first step in the form generation is the positioning of the different main zones on site according to site conditions. Here the:

Form Generation Stages

Old City Expansions Site

- Visitors’ center - cross roads and high topography - Pier - Nile River with wide turn

Spatial Enclosure

Then Formal Zoning of the skill school is done as derived from the Madrasa morphology

Secondary Structure

Workshops and stores in Fuwwah

Intervention

Site Positionality Logic Temporal Structure

Highest Topography 1 Positioning Recreation at Site Attractors

3rd Party Connector

Spatial Generation Nile View 3 Rotating Buildings to create street axis plazas, similar to fuwwah Morphology

1 Positioning Recreation at Site Attractors

Spatial Generation

Overall Zoning

Skill School Core

The skill school components are clustered in the center, creating a node of interaction in the middle. The Hotel surrounding the skill school, with one hotel component per skill school.The recreation acts as the attractor for the circulation.

Hotel Labyrinth Recreational Event Nodes

Visitor’s Center (Entrance)

Hotel Hotel Pier Learning

Outreach Street Cafe / Restaurant

-0.50

R&D

-0.50

Hotel

+1.00 +2.00 +1.00

-1.50

Nile River with Wide Turn

0.00

Rising Topography

+3.00

Cross Roads

v

II Temporal Mutability as a Spatial Organizer Algorithm

Program Division

Spaces in Zones

Spatial Volume

I1Zoning Relations

1 Functional Multiplicity and Connection

Stages of Algorithmic Utilization a Parametric Spatial Generation

Modularity vs 3D Interconnectedness

1 Density & Movement

I1 Proximity

Plan

II1Zone Generation

Functional Multiplicity

Zoning Distribution

Spatial Generation

b Iteration Optimization

Functional Multiplicity / User Density Movement Pattern Proximity Group Size Between People Section 3D Perspective

II1Space Generation

People in Spaces

Plan

Section 1

Section 2

c Bottom-Up Spatial Distribution

People in Spaces

Outreach Zone Example

60 X 60 cm boxes / person for nodes

The design language of the hotel is derived from the Rab’ SpatialBehavioral Morphology

Generative design to optimize for high proximity and the creation of communal space within the room itself, thus creating a dynamic experience.

Riwaq

Riwaq

Program

Gallery

Riwaq

Riwaq Street

1 4-Bed Dormitory 1 6-Bed Dormitory

4 Bed Dormitory

Gallery

3 Private Rooms with a Studio 7 Private Rooms with a Desk

Gallery

Riwaq

5 Private Rooms with a Meeting Area

2 Beds

Riwaq

Riwaq Riwaq

Riwaq

Terrace Gathering Area

2 Beds

Little Spatial Alternatives

Riwaq Gallery Riwaq

Riwaq Overall form optimizing for proximity and morphologically accurate negative space

6 Bed Dormitory

Street

2 Beds Gathering Area

2 Beds

2 Beds

MAX Communal Space

Riwaq

Riwaq Riwaq Gallery

Riwaq

Overlay of inner form into general spatial logic

Riwaq

Street Riwaq

Private Room with Research / Studio

d Locating Circulation Elements

Bed

Studio

Allow Privacy

Entrance

Split Level

Horizontal Corridor

Vertical Staircase / Elevator

e Optimization to Logical Building Private Room with Meeting Area

Bed Meeting Space

Gathering Area

MAX Communal Breakfast Space

Distribution of spaces into the section and plan of the building by drawing the outline of the building around the generative spatial distribution, while maintaining the optimized negative space.

III Temporal Mutability as a Structural Logic Daily Spatial Regeneration by Users Overlapping circulation paths, and temporal space utilization, creates a regenerative spatial experience, and a mutability of various spaces to accommodate for different users.

Materials Lab

Pier

Passers-by / Caretakers

Long-Term Students

Cafe Fajr Isha Cafe

Farmers

Kilim Artisans

Fishermen Children

Meeting

Mosque Activators

NGOs

Designers

Investors

Playground

Meeting

Structural Logic

Meeting

Visitors’ Center

Playground

Library

Occupation Patterns

Hotel

Skill School

Recreation

The usage of the building during different times of the day was analyzed to find an occupational pattern of the spaces. It was found that the most used space will be the skill school. Accordingly this is the area with the highest spatial and structural complexity. It is also the largest in volume to accommodate the high user density.

Temporal Activity Labyrinth

Main Activity Space

Landmark

Structural and Form Logic

Percieved Complexity

Clear Geometry

HIgher Complexity of Fuwwah Inspired Dome

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Structural Outcome

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Internal Temporal Experience

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Redefining the Dome as Spatial Landmark PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Workshops

Maghreb Asr

Pier

Cafe

Dynamic Experience

Duhr

Researchers Government Educated Employees Youth

Brass Artisans

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

v

v

Architectural Translation Hotel PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Ground Floor Plan

Scale 1: 400

P w/ Meeting P w/ Meeting 4-Bed

Visitors’ Center

6-Bed

Hotel

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Pier

Kilim

Outreach

Metal General Workshop

Market

Conf.

Hall

Learning

6-Bed

Hotel

Street Cafe / Restaurant

Conf.

Hall

General Workshop Lecture Halls

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

P w/ Meeting

4-Bed

Hotel 6-Bed

River Cafe / Restaurant

P w/ Meeting

R&D Classrooms

P w/ Meeting

Meeting

Library

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Floor Plan Analysis

Site Layout

Circulation

Scale 1: 800

Stages of Circulation in around the building starting with a connecting transitional path.

Then the path divides into two types of circulation. Courts in terms of the skill school and labyrinth in terms of the hotel

0.00

+3.00

Indoor Islamic Morphological Density

The internal circulation is created by nodes that are inspired from the spatial morphology of the Rab’ and the Madrasa.

This results in stages of community encounter

Outdoor Fuwwah Morphological Density

v

Figure Ground The outdoor experience is characterized by axial paths inspired from the spatial morphology of Fuwwah. The axis connect the recreational nodes. The intersection of the axis creates new nodes, resulting in new patterns of enounter. A central node of created between the skill school components

The Figure Ground shows an interplay between Fuwwah’s logic of axial paths creating a labyrinth experience, and the internal spatial morphology of the Rab’s and the Madrasa

v

Physical Model

v

The Labyrinth: Hotel (Rab’) Hospitality Alternatives

4 Bed Dorm 6 Bed Dorm

Private Bedroom with a Research Desk

Private Bedroom with a Meeting Area

Main User

A w/ Outreach

B w/ Learning

1

2

Educated Youth

1

2

2

7

C w/ R&D

17%

2

of Total

2

5

2

Secondary Zone

Space

Hospitality

4 People Dorms

18.5 5

92.5

370.0

6 People Dorms

37.0 5

185.0

740.0

Private Room with Desk

23.5 21

492.7

1970.6

• Researchers • Civil Society • Government Officials

Private Room with Studio

28.5 9

256.5

1026.0

• Designers

Private Room with Meeting Area

28.5 9

256.5

1026.0

• Investors • Civil Society • Government Officials

Riwaq

20.0 4

80.0

320.0

Shared Bathrooms

33.6 2

67.2

268.8

Gallery

40.0 1

40.0

160.0

Circulation & Services

294.1

1176.3

• Youth Students • Researchers • Investors • Civil Society • Government Officials • Designers

TOTAL

1764.4

7057.7

A w/ Outreach

B w/ Learning

7

Researchers

Government Employees

Program

2

Investors Private Bedroom with a Studio

3

2

4

Nodes of Interaction

C w/ R&D

Designers

Hotel Components

Area (m2)

# Total Volume Area (m2) (m3)

Rab’ Morphology

Private Bedroom with a Studio / Research Desk

Riwaq

User Groups • Youth Students

Riwaq Gallery Street Extension

Street Flexible Shading of Transitional Path

Private Bedroom with a Meeting Area Temporal mutability of the transitional path through allowing continuous reshaping of shading mechanism.

6 Bed Dorm

4 Bed Dorm

General Workshops

Palm Tree Bark as Structure

Palm Wood Panels

Workshop Extensions

Kilim Shading

Mullion & Railing

Brass

v

v

The Core: Skill School (Madrasa) The regenerative development process of Fuwwah is divided into a sequence of 5 main steps, inspired by the model of Dandara NGO.The social laboratory will facilitate the first 3 steps, leaving the last 2 to be conducted in the workshops and stores of Fuwwah, so as not to compete with them.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

R&D Learning Outreach Production Sales

Program

49%

Main Zone Secondary

of Total

Zone

Social Laboratory

Area

#

Total

Volume User Groups (m3)

1

Area (m2) 50.0

(m2)

Skill

Research and

Computer

School

Development

Lab

50.0

200.0

670.0

Learning

• NGOs

Materials Lab

50.0

2

100.0

400.0

Outreach

• Artistans • Designers • Youth Students • Researchers

City Workshops and Stores

Meeting

20.0

8

160.0

640.0

Riwaq

20.0

8

160.0

640.0

Library

200.0

1

200.0

1800.0

• Artistans • Designers • Youth Students • Researchers Everyone

Lecture Rooms

50.0

3

150.0

750.0

Everyone

Classrooms

42.0

3

126.0

504.0

Everyone

General

70.0

6

420.0

2100.0

Everyone

Metal Workshop

42.0

1

42.0

210.0

• Brass Artistans • Designers

Kilim Workshop

70.0

1

70.0

350.0

• KIilim Artistans • Designers

Riwaq

40.0

8

320.0

1280.0

Everyone

Conference Hall

100.0

2

200.0

1200.0

Regional Market

500.0

1

500.0

4500.0

Meeting Rooms

35.0

3

105.0

420.0

Riwaq

20.0

8

160.0

640.0

Director's

20.0

1

20.0

80.0

Quality Control Office

40.4

1

40.4

161.6

Accountant's Office

10.1

1

10.1

40.4

Administrato

40.4

1

40.4

161.6

9.9

2

19.7

78.9

Riwaq

20.0

2

40.0

160.0

Gallery

40.0

1

40.0

160.0

25.0

9

225.0

900.0

0.0

0.0

3198.6

17376.5

Rooms

Circulation Logic

• Youth Students

(R&D)

Madrasa Morphology

1128.0

Spatial Hierarchy

Learning

Bent Entrance

Workshop

Brass Workshops

Transitional Riwaq Corridor Riwaq

Space

General Workshop

Kilim Workshops Central Gathering

R&D

Madrasa Morphology 675.6

Riwaq

General Workshop

Lecture Halls

Outreach

Classrooms Riwaq Court

Riwaq

Admin.

Everyone

Office

Bent Entrance Transitional Path

• Local Admin.

rs' Office Meeting Rooms Node of Interaction W.C. Circulation & Services TOTAL

Everyone

Secondary Structure

Mangour Structure Bent Entrance with Mangour & the Geometry of Fuwwah

Bent Entrance with Mangour & the Geometry of Fuwwah

v

The Transitional Path: Recreation (Street) Generating Event Nodes External Attractors Pier

34%

Internal Social Binding Cafe

of Total

Program Main

Secondary Space

Area

Zone

Zone

(m2)

#

Indoor

Area

(m3)

User Groups

Café and

200.0

1

200.0

1000.0

Everyone

Kitchen

50.0

1

50.0

200.0

• Local Cooks

Visitors' Center

50.0

1

50.0

200.0

Everyone

500.0

1

500.0

2000.0

Everyone

25.0

8

200.0

800.0

0.0

0.0

1000.0

4200.0

Restaurant

Visitors’ Center

Visitors’ Center

Outdoor

Reaching out to Fuwwah, in order to initiate walking tours that raise awareness about the physical heritage and historical significance of the city,

Pier

W.C. Circulation & Services TOTAL

A Continuous Experience

Main Zone

Marketplace (Transitional Path) Pier

Secondary Space Zone Auxilary Spaces TOTAL

Cafe’ / Restaurant

Hotel Terrace View Fuwwah Landmark of Intimacy A clear attraction symbol inspired by the domes of Fuwwah, create a skeleton of a dome as a structural element that facilitated recreational activity below it.

Hotel - Skill School Axis

Transitional Path

Stucco

Volume

(m2)

Possibility for extension to nearby Gather all people within the building cities, and regaining ownership of the together in a central space. Hotel Nile residents must go there for food, and acts as an attractor for the local community

The transitional path act as a temporally mutable space that can be transformed from being a marketplace to a seasonal event space.

It also acts as the formal circulation path around the building, going from one part of the skill school to the next. It also has the eleWment of surprise with play with light and entrances to the hotel labyrinth, as well as abrupt nodes to change direction of the user.

Total

Playground Mini Football Field

Area (m2)

#

Total Area (m2)

Volume (m3)

User Groups

200.0

1

200.0

1200.0

• Families

1003.8

1

1003.8

6022.5

• Children

1203.8

7222.5

v

References "Anti-building" for the future: the world of Cedric Price. (2014). Retrieved from https://www.joh.cam.ac.uk/anti-building-future-world-cedric-price Behrens-Abouseif, D. (2007). Cairo of the Mamluks: a history of the architecture and its culture. I. B. Tauris.

Caniglia, E. (2018). The Path to a Regenerative Future: The Importance of Local Networks and Bioregional Contexts. Retrieved from https://www.resilience.org/stories/2018-05-14/the-path-to-a-regenerative-future-the-importance-of-local-networks-and-bioregional-c\ontexts/ CAPMAS. (2017). 2017 ‫النتائج النهائية للتعداد العام السكان واإلسكان والمنشآت لعام‬.

Caravanserai. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.consideratcaravanserai.net/Caravanserai/Caravanserai.html Cushman, G., & Laidler, A. (1990). Recreation, leisure and social policy. New Zealand: Lincoln university,Victoria university.

Dandara NGO Community Development Model. (2019). Paper presented at BOP (Base of the Pyramid), The American University in Cairo.

Drishtee NGO Community Development Mode. (2019). Poster session presented at BOP (Base of the Pyramid), The American University in Cairo.

Fabrizi, M. (2015). “The Set and the Script” in Architecture: The Manhattan... Retrieved from http://socks-studio.com/2015/10/13/the-set-and-the-script-in-architecture-the-manhattan-transcripts-1976-1981-by-bernardtschumi/ Hillenbrand, R. (2004). Islamic Architecture: Form, Function, and Meaning. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

HMOOD, K. F. (2017). TRADITIONAL MARKETS IN ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE: SUCCESSFUL PAST EXPERIENCES. Structural Studies, Repairs and Maintenance of Heritage Architecture XV. doi:10.2495/str170231 ʻAzab, K. M. (1989). ‫ دراسة عن المدينة وعمائرها الدينية والمدنية‬:‫ مدينة المساجد‬،‫فوة‬.

Ibn El Fadl. (1891). ‫لسان العرب‬ InterAction Centre. (2017). Hidden Architecture. Retrieved from http://hiddenarchitecture.net/interaction-centre/ Inter-Action – unfinished histories. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.unfinishedhistories.com/history/companies/inter-action/ Jayawardhana, K. (2013). Facilitating spaces for social interaction through architecture : an examination with special reference to middle income class housing schemes in Colombo and suburbs. Retrieved from http://dl.lib. mrt.ac.lk/handle/123/1596 Kelly, K. (2012, December). 'New Socialism' and Cedric Price and the non planners. Wired Magazine.

Lewicka, P. (2011). Food and Foodways of Medieval Cairenes: Aspects of Life in an Islamic Metropolis of the Eastern Mediterranean. Leiden, Netherlands: BRILL. Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Communities. (n.d.). 2023 ‫عرض مشروع المخطط االستراتيجي لمحافظة كفر الشيخ حتى عام‬. Özkoç, O. (2009). Social potentials of pattern: Cedric Price’s fun palace (Master's thesis, Middle East Technical University, Turkey). Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.633.1999&rep=rep 1&type=pdf Popov, L. S., & David, G. (2015). The Architect as a Social Designer: The Fun Palace Case. Enquiry: A Journal for Architectural Research, 12(1). doi:10.17831/enq:arcc.v12i1.388 Reclaiming public space. (2011). In Cedric Price – Think the Unthinkable. Retrieved from https://www.ads.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/4446_final-newspaper-cp.pdf Regenesis, G. (2016). Regenerative development and design : A framework for evolving sustainability. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com Saviz, S. (2012). Event and Movement in Architecture « Emperor's New Architecture. Retrieved from http://emperors.kucjica.org/event-and-movement-in-architecture/ Sayed, H. (1987). The Rab’ in Cairo: A Window on Mamluk Architecture and Urbanism. M.I.T. Department of Architecture.

Spatial Agency: Cedric Price. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.spatialagency.net/database/how/empowerment/price Sprinivsan,V. (2017). Cedric Price's pragmatic approach to design his pedagogy and influence in architecture. Retrieved from https://issuu.com/vigneshsrinivasan2293/docs/thesis-_vignesh_srinivasan ST John's College, University of Cambridge. (2014). "Anti-building" for the future: the world of Cedric Price. Retrieved from https://www.joh.cam.ac.uk/anti-building-future-world-cedric-price Supreme Council of Antiquities. (1997). ‫ترميم آثار فوه‬. Fuwwah.

The information in this section is mainly based on primary research conducted on site. This was done through interviews with employees of the Future Business Women’s Association NGO and the Ministry of Antiquities, and well as local artisans, farmers and fishermen.

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