My World #21

2018

21

ekonomika Tavisufali ekonomikuri zona da saqarTvelo

mecniereba

saqarTvelo da Crdilo kavkasia

grafeni da nanoteqnologia

sergo (mixeil) tarasaSvili

musika

qarTvelebi ucxoeTSi

istoria romis udidesi marcxi da arminiusis triumfi

Teodor ruzvelti

samezoblo

literatura vaJa meore dabadeba

didi adamianebi

politika buferuli saxelmwifoebi

opera

21 2018

da azerbaijans Soris. 68. mdinare amierkavkasiaSi, saTaves iRebs TurqeTSi, mtkvris marjvena Senakadi.

70. masebis Segnebasa da ganwyobaze politikuri zemoqmedebis saSualeba. 71. somxeTis dedaqalaqi. 73. saxviTi xelovnebis dargi. 76. saqarTvelos fulis erTeuli.

TinaTin evdoSvili

Tornike TurmaniZe vasil kaWarava lado papava levan berZeniSvili aleqsandre kvaxaZe giorgi jafariZe arCil CaCxiani nino tarasaSvili ekaterine buCukuri

2. politikuri da socialuri moZraoba, romlis Sedegadac XIX s. Seiqmna erTiani saxelmwifo – italia. 6. monRoluri da Turquli warmomavlobis xalxebis warCinebulTa da tomebis beladTa sayovelTao yriloba. 8. kunZuli italiaSi, sadac juzepe garibaldim sicocxlis bolo wlebi gaatara da gardaicvala.

10. fulis erTeuli germaniaSi 2002 wlamde. 15. winsvla, aRmavloba. 18. inglisis safexburTo klubi. 19.

SeTavazeba, romelsac ar gaaCnia iuridiulad savaldebulo Zala. 21. italiis saxalxo gmiri, generali.

22. TurqeTis aziuri nawili. 23. germaneli politikosi da saxelmwifo moRvawe, vaimaris respublikis raixskancleri da sagareo saqmeTa ministri. 25. raime movlenis, procesis ganviTarebis calkeuli stadia, momenti. 27. politikuri partia – „somexTa revoluciuri federacia“. 28. qedis an mTis masivis gadasasvlelad yvelaze moxerxebuli dabali adgili. 30. Rrma da viwro xeoba. 32. mtkicebulebis safuZvlad vargisi logikuri mosazreba; damamtkicebeli sabuTi. 37. germanuli faSizmi. 38. warmoqmna, warmoSoba, warmomavloba. 39. istoriuli samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos zogadi saxelwodeba. 40. juzepe garibaldis mSobliuri qalaqi. 43. italieli mxatvari. 47. sesxis pirobebis cvlileba, romelic mimarTulia iseTi saxiT gardaqmnisken, rom momxmarebelma valis momsaxureba martivad SeZlos. 48. igivea, rac advokati. 51. sofeli xevsureTSi, CeCneTis sazRvarTan. 52. (ekonomikaSi) qveynis sameurneo cxovrebis moduneba, Seferxeba. 53. moqmedi vulkani neapolis maxloblad. 54. ferdobze kibe-kibe gaCenili an gakeTebuli horizontaluri an odnav daqanebuli baqani. 56. ideologiur-politikuri mimdinareoba, romlis mizanic iyo evraziis Turquli modgmis xalxebis yovelmxrivi integracia da erTiani Turquli saxelmwifos Seqmna. 59. ideologia osmalTa imperiaSi, romelic gulisxmobda yvela moqalaqis Tanasworobas erovnebis, rasisa da aRmsareblobis miuxedavad. 60. hunebis beladi. 63. liTonze Sesrulebuli graviura, sadac gamosaxulebis CaRrmavebuli elementebi mJavebiT liTonis amoWmis gziT aris miRebuli. 65. masobrivi SeiaraRebuli gamosvla. 67. sesxad aRebuli fuli, nisiad waRebuli saqonlis safasuri, romelic unda iqnes dabrunebuli. 69. erTi da imave gvaris mefeebi, romlebic TanamimdevrobiT cvlian erTmaneTs taxtze naTesaobis da memkvidreobis uflebis safuZvelze. 72. iranis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mdebare momTabare Turquli tomebiT dasaxlebuli vrceli qveyanis aRmniSvneli Zv. iranuli termini. mogvianebiT igi Turquli da ugro-fineli xalxebis ganzogadebul saxelad miiRes. 74. valdebuleba, vali, movaleoba. 75. Turqi sulTnebis sasaxle stambolSi, bosforis evropul mxares. 77. administraciul-teritoriuli erTeuli saxelmwifoSi. 78. holandieli mxatvari, barokos epoqos erT-erTi udidesi warmomadgeneli. 79. yvela drois erT-erTi saukeTeso qarTveli fexburTeli. 80. mosaxleobis mospoba rasobrivi, erovnuli Tu religiuri motivebiT. 81. Tanamonawile, amxanagi raime saqmianobaSi. 82. umcrosi matrosi.

wina nomerSi gamoqveynebuli krosvordis pasuxebi

garekanze: giorgi axuaSvilis ilustracia statiisTvis `vaJa - meore dabadeba~

1. fanatizmi 2. mola 4. eko 5. fundamentalizmi 6. inkvizicia 7. Citbadoba 8. morodioroba 9. antikvari 10. koronacia 11. dominanti 13. antipodi 15. hidroeleqtrosadguri 16. sakurcxili 20. triuki 21. Sturmi 23. katastrofa 24. konfiskacia 26. ideologia 28. dinamiti 31. uzurpatori 33. panika 34. kreiseri 35. ekvatori 37. qronika 41. turbina 43. avangardi 46. agresia 48. eTnosi 50. utopia 51. akvatoria 53. hercogi 55. anarqia 57. telegrafi 58. kelaptari 61. hemofilia 65. Sardeni 66. bizoni 68. kodori 69. meTani

4. banqo 5. freska 8. migracia 10. komuna 11. deni 12. ekonomika 14. difuzia 15. homogenizacia 17. konglomerati 18. transformacia 19. identoba 22. akutagava 24. karikatura 25. mejinibeTuxucesi 27. funduki 29. stolipini 30. poligoni 32. samurzayano 36. fluqtuacia 38. deteqtivi 39. vetceli 40. patrioti 42. porti 44. avaria 45. tragedia 47. rodeo 49. produqcia 52. dargi 54. aguna 56. valuta 59. sabado 60. sabraloni 62. lemi 63. imperatori 64. epoqa 67. epigrafika 70. surogati 71. eskadra 72. revkomi 73. jihadi 74. demonstracia 75. sinodi

21 / 2018

politika

Tornike TurmaniZe buferuli saxelmwifoebi

4

didi adamianebi

vasil kaWarava Teodor ruzvelti ekonomika lado papava Tavisufali ekonomikuri zona da saqarTvelo

14

28

literatura

levan berZeniSvili vaJa – meore dabadeba samezoblo aleqsandre kvaxaZe saqarTvelo da CrdiloeTi kavkasia mecniereba giorgi jafariZe grafeni da nanoteqnologia istoria arCil CaCxiani romis udidesi marcxi da arminiusis triumfi

36

44

50

62

qarTvelebi ucxoeTSi nino tarasaSvili sergo (mixeil) tarasaSvili

70

musika

ekaterine buCukuri opera

78

90

3

politika

Tornike TurmaniZe saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis samecniero disciplinaSi farTod gavrcelebulia saxelmwifoTa dayofa saerTaSoriso asparezze maTi Zalis/Zlierebis mixedviT Semdeg kategoriebad: supersaxelmwifoebi, igive zesaxelmwifoebi (Superpowers), didi saxelmwifoebi (Great Powers), saSualo saxelmwifoebi (Middle Powers) da patara saxelmwifoebi (Small Powers/Small States). supersaxelmwifoebi arian yvelaze Zlieri saxelmwifoebi, romlebic saerTaSoriso politikaze ganmsazRvrel gavlenas axdenen. magaliTad, civi omis (1947-1991) periodSi aseT Zalebad amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da sabWoTa kavSiri moiazrebodnen. dReisaTvis ki am statusis matareblad mxolod amerikis SeerTebul Statebs asaxeleben xolme. didi saxelmwifoebi, marTalia, supersaxelmwifoebs ZaliT Camouvardebian, magram aseve Zlierebi arian da saerTaSoriso politikaze mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdenen. magaliTad, aseT saxelmwifoebad dRes miiCneven did britaneTs, germanias, safrangeTs, ruseTs, CineTsa da iaponias. saSualo saxelmwifoebi ufro regionuli masStabis Zalebs warmoadgenen, romlebsac saerTaSoriso politikaze garkveuli gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT. am kategorias miakuTvneben iseT gansxvavebul qveynebs, rogorebic arian, magaliTad, kanada da indoeTi, italia da TurqeTi, espaneTi da irani, brazilia da saudis arabeTi, indonezia da yazaxeTi, argentina da pakistani, avstralia da samxreT afrikis respublika da a.S. patara saxelmwifoebi ki am ierarqiis yvelaze dabal safexurze myofi qveynebia, romlebsac saerTaSoriso politikaze gavlenis moxdena TiTqmis ar SeuZliaT, iSviaTi gamonaklisebis garda. am kategoriaSi SeiZleba gavaerTianoT, magaliTad: niderlandebi da samxreTi korea, poloneTi da iemeni, norvegia da laosi, estoneTi da urugvai, Sveicaria da maroko, kuba

4

buferuli saxelmwifoebi

da uganda, samxreT kavkasiis samive saxelmwifo – somxeTi, azerbaijani da saqarTvelo, aseve israeli, romelic zemoxsenebul iSviaT gamonaklisebs Sorisaa da sxva. ra Tqma unda, is, Tu romel kategorias ganekuTvneba romelime konkretuli saxelmwifo, sadavoa da zusti raodenobrivi kriteriumebi, rac aseTi davebis obieqturad gadawyvetis saSualebas mogvcemda, ar arsebobs (rogorc es, zogadad, socialur mecnierebebs axasiaTebs). miuxedavad amisa, mainc SeiZleba im faqtorebis dasaxeleba, romelTa erTobliobaze dayrdnobiTac adamianebi aRiqvamen saxelmwifos Zalas/Zlierebas. es faqtorebia:

qveynis teritoriis farTobi, mosaxleobis raodenoba, mTliani Sida produqtis moculoba, SeiaraRebuli Zalebis ricxovnoba da omebSi maTi gamarjvebebi, birTvuli iaraRis floba, erovnuli interesebis geografiuli diapazoni, aqtiuri sagareo politika msofliosa Tu regionis masStabiT da a.S.

qveynebis zemoCamoTvlili kategoriebidan buferul saxelmwifoebad (Buffer States) umravles SemTxvevaSi gvevlineba patara qveynebi, Tumca zogjer buferuli saxelmwifo SeiZleba iyos saSualo qveyanac.

termini „buferi“ politikuri erTeulisTvis pirvelad gamoiyenes 1876 wels, xolo termini „buferuli saxelmwifo“ – 1883 wels. orive SemTxvevaSi ingliselebma ase moixsenies avRaneTi, romelic imJamad eqspansiis procesSi myofi ruseTisa da britaneTis imperiebis interesTa sferoebis gammijvnel teritorias warmoadgenda centralur aziaSi.

zogadi ganmartebiT, buferuli saxelmwifo aris patara, susti, neitraluri qveyana, romelic masze ufro did da Zlier, erTmaneTis mowinaaRmdege saxelmwifoebs an samxedro aliansebs Soris mdebareobs da maT Soris omis gaCaRebas uSlis xels, xolo buferuli zona aris teritoria an ramdenime buferuli saxelmwifosgan Semdgari areali, romelic, analogiurad, or an met metoqe Zalas erTmaneTisgan mijnavs da maT Soris konfliqtis Sekavebas emsaxureba. xSirad bufers mowinaaRmdege did/Zlier saxelmwifoebs Soris ganlagebul iseT pa-

tara/sust saxelmwifosac uwodeben xolme, romelic erT-erT Zlier mezobelTan aliansSi, anu samxedro kavSirSia Sesuli, magram amgvari midgoma arasworia, radgan Zlier saxelmwifoTa dapirispirebaSi neitraluri poziciis dakaveba buferuli politikuri erTeulis aucilebeli Tvisebaa. erT-erTi Zlieri saxelmwifos mokavSire an sateliti (gavlenis qveS myofi) susti qveyana ki buferisTvis aucilebel am kriteriums ver akmayofilebs. amitom aseT saxelmwifos pirobiTad kvazibuferi, anu naxevrad buferi SeiZleba vuwodoT.

5

politika ufro zusti ganmartebiT, esa Tu is qveyana aris buferuli saxelmwifo, Tu is: metoqe saxelmwifoebs an aliansebs Soris geografiul sivrceSi mdebareobs; samxedro TvalsazrisiT ufro sustia, vidre is Zalebi, romelTa daSoriSorebasac axdens; ar aris arc erT dapirispirebul mxaresTan samxedro aliansSi da neitraluria maTi konfliqtis mimarT; mis teritoriaze arc erTi mxaris SeiaraRebuli Zalebi ar arian ganlagebuli; mis teritoriaze erTi metoqe Zalis samxedro SeWras meore Zala sakuTari erovnuli usafrTxoebis muqarad aRiqvams da xSirad sapasuxo samxedro Carevas iwvevs.

ama Tu im qveyanas ki SeiZleba vuwodoT kvazibuferuli saxelmwifo, Tu is: metoqe saxelmwifoebs an aliansebs Soris geografiul sivrceSia, magram, SesaZloa, erT romelime ZalasTan ufro axlos mdebareobs; samxedro TvalsazrisiT ufro sustia, vidre is Zalebi, romelTa daSoriSorebasac axdens; aris samxedro aliansSi erT romelime ZalasTan misi metoqe Zalis sawinaaRmdegod; mis teritoriaze SeiZleba dislocirebuli iyos mokavSire Zalis samxedro nawilebi, rasac metoqe Zala sakuTari erovnuli usafrTxoebis muqarad aRiqvams, magram yovelTvis ar iwvevs mis sapasuxo samxedro intervencias.

sainteresoa, rom geografiuli mdebareobis mxriv buferuli an kvazibuferuli saxelmwifo SeiZleba: 1) xmeleTiT esazRvrebodes or an met mowinaaRmdege Zalas; 2) xmeleTiT esazRvrebodes erT-erT Zalas, xolo meorisgan (mesamisgan...) wylis sistemiT (srutiT, yuriT, zRviT...) iyos gamoyofili da 3) warmoadgendes kunZuls or an met mowinaaRmdege Zalas Soris, maTTvis strategiulad mniSvnelovan wylis sistemaSi.

amis sailustraciod SeiZleba moviyvanoT buferuli saxelmwifoebis istoriuli da Tanamedrove magaliTebi. qvemoT warmodgenil CamonaTvalSi buferul da kvazibuferul saxelmwifoebs Soris zRvari gavlebuli ar aris, radgan miTiTebul periodebSi icvleboda am qveynebis roli: niderlandebi 1815-1945 wlebSi da belgia 1831-1945 wlebSi – prusias (1871 wlidan germanias), safrangeTsa da britaneTs Soris. luqsemburgi 1867-1945 wlebSi – prusiasa (1871 wlidan germanias) da safrangeTs Soris.

Sveicaria 1815-1945 wlebSi – prusias (1871 wlidan germanias), safrangeTs, italiasa da avstrias (1867-1918 wlebSi avstria-ungreTs) Soris. poloneTi, Cexoslovakia, litva, latvia da estoneTi 1918-1939 wlebSi – germaniasa da ruseTs (1922 wlidan sabWoTa kavSirs) Soris.

6

buferuli saxelmwifoebi

albaneTi 1912-1943 wlebSi – serbeTs, Cernogorias (1918 wlidan iugoslavias), saberZneTsa da italias Soris. avstria, fineTi, SvedeTi da iugoslavia 1949/1955-1991 wlebSi – natosa da varSavis paqts Soris.

fineTi 1991 wlidan – ruseTsa da natos Soris.

litva, latvia da estoneTi 1991-2004 wlebSi (natoSi maT gawevrianebamde) – ruseTsa da natos Soris.

belarusi da ukraina 1999 wlidan (poloneTisa da ungreTis natoSi gawevrianebis Semdgom) – ruseTsa da natos Soris.

yazaxeTi 1991 wlidan – ruseTsa da CineTs Soris.

monRoleTi 1921 wlidan – CineTsa da ruseTs (1922-1991 wlebSi sabWoTa kavSirs) Soris.

evropis ruka 1922

botniis yure

fineTi

norvegia

e ur sy Ti ne fi

SvedeTi

estoneTi

CrdiloeTis zRva

dania

irlandia

latvia

va zR is i t l ba

litva

holandia

didi britaneTi

prusia

inglisis arxi

be lg ia

atlantis okeane

germania poloneTi

sabWoTa kavSiri

Cexoslovakia

luqsemburgi

biskais yure safrangeTi

Sveicaria

avstria

ungreTi rumineTi iugoslavia

espaneTi korsika

Savi zRva

is ik t ia r ad

bulgareTi

va R z

po rt ug al ia

italia

sardinia

xmelTaSua zRva

albaneTi

TurqeTi

saberZneTi

7

politika avRaneTi 1870-iani wlebidan (rogorc suverenuli saxelmwifo 1919 wlidan) 1947 wlamde – ruseTsa (1922 wlidan sabWoTa kavSirs) da britaneTs Soris; 1947-1991 wlebSi – sabWoTa kavSirsa da aSS-is gavlenis sferos (pakistans) Soris. nepali 1947 wlidan da butani 1949 wlidan – CineTsa da indoeTs Soris.

korea adreuli Sua saukuneebidan 1910 wlamde – CineTs, XIX saukunis meore naxevridan, damatebiT, – ruseTsa da iaponias Soris; 1945 wlidan ki gayofili CrdiloeT da samxreT koread, erTi mxriv – CineTis saxalxo respublikasa da sabWoTa kavSirs (1991 wlidan ruseTis federacias), xolo, meore mxriv – aSS-is gavlenis sferos (meore msoflio omis Semdgom aSS-is strategiul mokavSired qceul iaponias) Soris. libani 1948 wlidan – israelsa da sirias Soris. brazilia

peru

quveiTi 1961 wlidan – eraysa da saudis arabeTs, 1979 wlidan ki, damatebiT – iranis islamur respublikas Soris.

bolivia

par agv ai

bahreini, katari da arabTa gaerTianebuli saamiroebi 1979 wlidan – saudis arabeTsa da iranis islamur respublikas Soris.

Cile

argentina

urugvai

atlantis okeane

paragvai 1811 wlidan da urugvai 1828 wlidan – braziliasa da argentinas Soris. kuba 1959-1991 wlebSi – aSS-sa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris da a.S.

istoria gviCvenebs, rom or an met did/Zlier saxelmwifos an alianss Soris geopolitikur sivrceSi Zalis vakuumis – potenciuri buferuli zonis – gaCenas Sedegad SeiZleba mohyves: 1. erT-erTi Zlieri saxelmwifos an aliansis mier aRniSnuli sivrcis calmxrivad dakaveba an orive maTganis mier misi gavlenis sferoebad dayofa.

2. Zlieri moTamaSeebis mier maT Soris arsebuli geopolitikuri arealis buferul zonad aRiareba da iq ganlagebuli qveynebisTvis – am ukanasknelTa surviliT an, ufro xSirad, maTi survilis sawinaaRmdegod – neitraluri statusis miniWeba. istoriuli faqtebiT mtkicdeba, rom msgavs situaciebSi Zlieri saxelmwifoebi ufro xSirad pirvel Sedegs irCeven, vidre meores, anu amjobineben sakuTari sazRvrebi an gavlenis sferoebi gaafarToon, vidre maT Soris buferuli zona SeinarCunon. magaliTad, 843 wlis verdenis SeTanxmebiT samad gayofili karlos didis imperiis Sua teritoria (mdinare rainis SesarTavidan mdinare ronis SesarTavamde gadaWimuli miwebi) Semdgom saukuneebSi frangul da germanul saxelmwifoebs Soris bunebriv bariers warmoadgenda, magram rogorc frangebi, ise germanelebi mudmivad cdilobdnen am sivrcis dapyrobas, romelic dRevandel belgias, niderlandebs, luqsemburgs, elzas-lorenis (loTaringiis) regionsa da Sveicarias moicavs; meore msoflio omis Semdeg aSS-m da sabWoTa kavSirma uari Tqves koreis buferad gamoyenebaze da koreis naxe-

8

buferuli saxelmwifoebi

varkunZulze TavianTi Tavdacvis perimetrebi maqsimalurad gaafarToves, rasac 38-e paralelis gaswvriv am qveynis orad gaxleCa da CrdiloeT da samxreT koreis respublikebis daarseba mohyva; evropis wamyvani Zalebi aRmosavleT evropis qveynebs iseT damoukideblobas ar aZlevdnen, rom maT buferis roli SeesrulebinaT. poloneTi yovelTvis slavuri da germanuli civilizaciebis bunebrivi gamyofi iyo, magram XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi prusiam, ruseTma da avstriam is samjer dainawiles, 1939 wels molotov-ribentropis paqtiT nacisturma germaniam da sabWoTa kavSirma orad gaiyves, xolo meore msoflio omis Semdeg sabWoTa kavSirma Tavis gavlenis sferoSi moaqcia da a.S. or an met did/Zlier saxelmwifos an alianss Soris geopolitikur sivrceSi neitraluri buferuli saxelmwifoebi mxolod maSin Cndeba da arsebobs, rodesac es Zalis centrebi maT Soris arsebuli susti arealis danawilebaze an erTmaneTisTvis daTmobaze ver Tanxmdebian. sainteresoa, rom am dros didi saxelmwifoebi patara saxelmwifoebis beds am ukanasknelTa nebasurvilis gauTvaliswineblad wyveten xolme. magaliTad, 1815 wlis venis kongresze evropis wamyvanma saxelmwifoebma Sveicaria neitralur saxelmwifod ise gamoacxades, rom SveicarielTaTvis azri arc ukiTxavT; 1831 da 1839 wlebSi londonSi gamarTul konferenciebze britaneTma, prusiam, avstriam, ruseTma da safrangeTma gadawyvites, rom axalwarmoqmukraina nili belgiis samefo neitraluri saxelmwiruseTi fo iqneboda, xolo belgiis erovnul kongress, romelic am gadawyvetilebas protessaqarTvelo tiT Sexvda, omiT daemuqrnen. Sedegad, belyazaxeTi gielebi iZulebuli gaxdnen sakuTari qveymonRoleTi uzbekeTi Tu nis „neitralizacias“ Seguebodnen; rq somxeTi azerbaijani

yirgizeTi iaponia

tajikeTi

avRaneTi

samx. korea

irani

CineTi

pakistani

bhutani nepali

indoeTi

birma filipinebi vietnami

bangladeSi arabeTis zRva bengalis yure andamanis zRva

Sri-lanka

azia

tailandi

is d an l re ai u t y

marTalia, meore msoflio omis Semdeg dasavleT evropis bevri saxelmwifo natos wevri gaxda, xolo aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis umravlesoba – varSavis xelSekrulebis organizaciis, centraluri evropisa da balkaneTis qveynebi – neitraluri Sveicaria, avstria, SvedeTi, fineTi da miumxrobeli iugoslavia – am or bloks Soris, maT mier dadebuli formaluri Tu araformaluri SeTanxmebebiT, buferebis rols asrulebdnen.

Cr. korea

me ne Ti

kamboja

malaizia

indoeTis okeane indonezia

verdenis xelSekruleba – 843 wlis agvistoSi q. verdenSi xelmowerili xelSekruleba, romliTac karlos didis imperia misma SviliSvilebma – imperatorma loTar I-ma da misma Zmebma ludvig germanelma da Sarl melotma gainawiles. loTars, romelmac SeinarCuna imperatoris tituli, ergo italia da rainisa da ronis gaswvriv mdebare miwebis zoli. ludvig germanels – rainis aRmosavleTiT mdebare miwebi (aRmosavleT frankTa samefo), xolo Sarl melots – rainis dasavleTiT mdebare miwebi (dasavleT frankTa samefo). frankTa saxelmwifos gayofa verdenis xelSekrulebiT Seesabameboda Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi frangi, germaneli da italieli xalxebis gansaxlebis sazRvrebs da man arsebiTad dasabami misca sami didi saxelmwifos – safrangeTis, germaniis da italiis – Seqmnas. verdenis xelSekruleba, XV saukunis miniatura

9

politika CineTi

buferuli saxelmwifoebis bedi SesaSuri namdvilad ar aris. saerTaSoriso asparesabWoTa kavSiri zis periferiaze mdebare patara/susti saxelmwifoebi gacilebiT usafrTxod grZnoben Tavs, vidre didi/Zlieri saxelmwifoebis politikuri TamaSebis SuagulSi moxvedrilebi. buferuli saxelmwifoebisTvis suverenitetis dacvis sakiTxi mudmivad aqtualuria. buferi nebismier dros Tavis Zlier mezoblebs Soris atexili omis pirveavRaneTi li msxverpli SeiZleba gaxdes da, aqedan gamomdinare, is, pirvel rigSi, ufro keTilmezoblur garemoze ocnebobs. buferuli saxelmwifo SesaZloa neitralitetis SenarCunebas an romelime did/Zlier saxelmwifosTan aliansSi Sesvlas cdilobdes. pirpakistani veli tipis sagareo politika mimarTulia misi buferuli statusis SesanarCuneblad, xolo meore – misi kvazibuferad (mokavSired an satelitad) gadasaqcevad. buferul saxelmwifoebs zogjer, maTi SeiaraRebuli indoeTi irani Zalebisa da mosaxleobis mier gamoCenili Tavdadebis wyalobiT, sakuTari suverenitetisa da buferuli statusis dacva SeuZavRaneTi sabWoTa kavSirsa da liaT. magaliTad, 1839-1842 wlebis pirvel aSS-is mokavSire pakistans Soris avRanur omSi ingliselebma verafriT CaaxSes avRanelebis winaaRmdegoba, Torem ruseTis centralur aziaSi gaaqtiurebamde es teritoria britaneTis imperiis Semadgeneli nawili gaxdeboda; fineli xalxis gaafTrebulma brZolam sabWoTa armiis winaaRmdeg 1939-1940 wlebis „zamTris omSi“ am qveynis damoukidebel saxelmwifod da civi omis periodSi buferad SenarCuneba ganapiroba. Tumca mxolod sakuTari samxedro Zala patara/susti saxelmwifos buferuli statusis damcveli ver iqneba. rogorc pirvel da meore msoflio omebSi Sveicariisa da SvedeTis uvneblad gadarCenis, ise civ omSi „finlandizaciis“ (fineTis mxridan sabWoTa kavSiris sasargeblod garkveuli sagareo-politikuri daTmobebis sanacvlod sakuTari damoukideblobis SenarCuneba) mizezTa Soris, upirveles yovlisa, mocemuli istoriuli momentisTvis am qveynebis geostrategiuli mdebareobis meorexarisxovnobas asaxeleben xolme. miCneulia, rom SvedeTic da Sveicariac pirveli da meore msoflio omebis dros konfrontaciis periferiaze yofnam gadaarCina: rogorc antantisa da centraluri saxelmwifoebis Zalebi pirvel msoflio omSi, ise mokavSireebi da RerZuli saxelmwifoebi meore msoflio omSi am ori qveynis terito-

“Hey, don't feel bad - e world need buffer states, too!” (nu wuxxar, msoflios buferuli saxelmwifoebic sWirdeba)

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“You think it’s easy being a buffer State?” (rogor fiqrob, advilia iyo buferuli saxelmwifo?)

buferuli saxelmwifoebi

riebis gamouyenebladac axerxebdnen erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg samxedro moqmedebebis warmoebas maSin, rodesac neitralurma belgiam da poloneTma, romlebsac miaxloebiT aseTive siZlieris SeiaraRebuli Zalebi hyavdaT, agresiis Sekaveba da omisgan ganze dgoma ver SeZles. unda aRiniSnos, rom didi saxelmwifoebis SeTanxmebebi maT Soris ganlagebuli patara saxelmwifoebis buferul statusTan dakavSirebiT umeteswilad moklevadiania, radgan buferuli qveynebis neitraliteti an, sulac, suvereniteti safrTxis winaSe dgeba, rogorc ki ZalTa regionuli an globaluri wonasworoba irRveva da erT-erTi Zlieri saxelmwifo sakuTari gavlenis sferos gafarToebas gadawyvets. magaliTad, belgiam 1936 wels msofliosTvis micemuli dapireba, rom ar dauSvebda misi teritoria ucxo qveyanas mezobelze TavdasxmisTvis koridorad gamoeyenebina, 1940 wels, nacisturi germaniis winaSe umweobis gamo, ver Seasrula; ruseTis imperiis gauqmebis Semdgom, 1918 wels, saqarTvelom, somxeTma da azerbaijanma damoukidebloba gamoacxades, magram 1920-1921 wlebSi bolSevikur ruseTsa da qemalistur TurqeTs Soris buferebad ver darCnen. saboloo jamSi, samive maTganma, wiTeli armiis intervenciis Sedegad, damoukidebloba dakarga; msgavsad amisa, meore msoflio omis wina periodSi litva, latvia, estoneTi, poloneTi da Cexoslovakia sabWoTa kavSirisa da nacisturi germaniis agresiul zraxvebs win ver aRudgnen, radganac damoukideblobis SesanarCuneblad arc sakmarisi samxedro Zala da arc didi saxelmwifoebis Tanxmoba gaaCndaT.

ruseTi yazaxeTi

Savi zRva

kaspiis zRva

saqarTvelo

somxeTi

azerbaijani

TurqmeneTi

TurqeTi

irani

siria

erayi

saqarTvelo da azerbaijani – ruseTsa da natos (aSS-is mokavSire TurqeTs) Soris

buferuli saxelmwifos gamocdileba saqarTvelosTvis ucxo namdvilad ar aris, radgan istoriis manZilze saqarTvelos teritoria Zlier saxelmwifoebs Soris metoqeobis sagani xSirad iyo. qarTuli politikuri erTeulebi xSirad eqceodnen ufro Zlier saxelmwifoebs an aliansebs Soris geografiul sivrceSi, erTdroulad samxreT-dasavleTidan, samxreT-aRmosavleTidan da bolo saukuneebSi – CrdiloeTidanac, kerZod:

iberiis (qarTlis) da kolxeTis (egrisis) samefoebi Zv. w. 65 wlidan ax. w. 224 wlamde – romis respublikas/romis imperiasa da (I saukunidan) parTiis imperias Soris; III saukunis 40-iani wlebidan VII saukunis 40-ian wlebamde – romis imperias (IV saukunis bolodan bizantiis imperias) da iranis sasanidur imperias Soris; VII saukunis 50-iani wlebidan VIII saukuneSi arabTa mier maT srul dapyrobamde – bizantiis imperiasa da arabTa (oTxi wminda xalifisa da omaiadebis) saxalifos Soris. kaxeTis, hereTis, afxazeTis, tao-klarjeTis samefo-samTavroebi da Tbilisis saamiro VIII saukunis bolodan X saukunis Sua xanebamde – bizantiis imperiasa da arabTa (abasidebis) saxalifos Soris. saqarTvelos samefo 1064 wlidan XI saukunis bolomde – Turq-selCukebisa da bizantiis imperiebs Soris. saqarTvelos samefo 1256-1335 wlebSi – ilxanTa saxelmwifosa da oqros urdos Soris. saqarTvelos samefo 1386-1405 wlebSi – Temur-lengis imperiasa da oqros urdos Soris. qarTuli samefo-samTavroebi (qarTli, kaxeTi, samcxe, imereTi, guria, samegrelo, svaneTi, afxazeTi) XV saukunis Sua xanebidan XIX saukunis dasawyisSi damoukideblobis dakargvamde – osmaleTisa da iranis (sparseTis) imperiebs, 1768 wlidan ki, damatebiT, ruseTis imperias Soris. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika 1918-1921 wlebSi – bolSevikur ruseTsa da osmaleTis imperias/qemalistur TurqeTs Soris. saqarTvelo 1991 wlidan – ruseTsa da natos (aSS-is mokavSire TurqeTs) Soris.

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politika saqarTvelo Zalis centrs albaT mxolod ramdenimejer warmoadgenda: 1010-1064 wlebSi – saqarTvelos erTiani saxelmwifos Camoyalibebidan saqarTveloSi Turq-selCukTa pirvel laSqrobamde; 1097-1220 wlebSi – daviT IV aRmaSeneblis mier Turq-selCukebisaTvis xarkis Sewyvetidan saqarTveloSi monRolTa pirvel laSqrobamde da 1335-1386 wlebSi – giorgi V brwyinvalis mier saqarTvelos monRolTagan gaTavisuflebidan saqarTveloSi Temur-lengis pirvel laSqrobamde. danarCen dros saqarTvelos teritoria umetesad ama Tu im imperiis SemadgenlobaSi an gavlenis sferoSi Sedioda – magaliTad, asureTis, urartus, aqemenidebis, selevkidebis, pontos, romis, sasanidebis, bizantiis, arabuli saxalifoebis, Turq-selCukebis, monRoluri saxanoebis, osmaleTis, iranis (sparseTis), ruseTisa da sabWoTa kavSiris da, Sesabamisad, am imperiebis sasazRvro provincias an kvazibufers warmoadgenda. qarTuli saxelmwifoebi iSviaTad asrulebdnen WeSmariti buferis rols. buferebad SesaZlebelia miviCnioT, albaT, mxolod: iberiis (qarTlis) samefo II saukunis 30-iani wlebidan 224 wlamde – romisa da parTiis imperiebs Soris. kaxeTis samefo 1466-1614 wlebSi – iranis (sparseTis) da osmaleTis imperiebs Soris. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika 1918-1921 wlebSi – ruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris. aris Tu ara dRes saqarTvelo buferuli saxelmwifo? 1991 wlidan, civi omis dasrulebisa da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, ruseTsa da Crdiloatlantikur alianss Soris potenciuri buferuli zona gaCnda, romelic varSavis paqtis, iugoslaviisa da sabWoTa kavSiris yofil wevr qveynebs moicavda. Semdgomi wlebis ganmavlobaSi varSavis paqtis yofili wevrebidan poloneTi, ungreTi, CexeTi, slovakeTi, bulgareTi, rumineTi da albaneTi, iugoslaviis yofili respublikebidan slovenia da xorvatia, sabWoTa kavSiris yofili respublikebidan litva, latvia da estoneTi natos wevrebi gaxdnen da aSS-is gavlenis sferoSi Sevidnen, xoqarTuli samefo-samTavroebi osmaleTilo ruseTis mier dafuZnebul koleqtiuri sa da iranis (sparseTis) imperiebs Soris, usafrTxoebis xelSekrulebis organizaci1555-1639 aSi dRes gawevrianebuli arian somxeTi, belarusi, yazaxeTi, yirgizeTi da tajikeTi. igive qveynebi arian ruseTis liderobiT Seqmnili kidev erTi regionuli organizaciis – evraziis ekonomikuri kavSiris – wevrebic (tajikeTis gamoklebiT). amrigad, postsabWoTa qveynebidan, romlebic ruseTsa da natos Soris geografiul sivrceSi mdebareoben (belarusi, ukraina, moldova, saqarTvelo, somxeTi da azerbaijani), ruseTma Tavis gavlenis sferoSi jerjerobiT mxolod belarusisa da somxeTis moqceva SeZlo, saqarTvelos, azerbaijanis, ukrainisa da moldovis geopolitikuri statusi ki 1991 wlidan dRemde garkveuli ar aris. am qveynebis dasavleTTan daaxloebis Sesaferxeblad ruseTi mTel rig ekonomikur, politikur da samxedro berketebs iyenebs, maT Soris, arc samxedro intervenciebs

rusuli samxedro kolona cxinvalis regionSi, `samxreT oseTSi~, saqarTvelo, 2008

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doneckis dabombva, ukraina, 2014

buferuli saxelmwifoebi

moridebia: 2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseTma saqarTvelos teritoriis nawilis – afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis/„samxreT oseTis“ – okupacia moaxdina, 2014 wels ki SeiWra, yirimis naxevarkunZulis aneqsia ganaxorciela da doneckisa da luganskis regionebi daikava. amJamad ruseTi, erTi mxriv, saqarTvelos sakuTar satelitad (kvazibuferad) gadaqcevas cdilobs (belarusisa da yazaxeTis msgavsad), „uares SemTxvevaSi“ ki rogorc saqarTvelos, ise ukrainis, azerbaijanisa da moldovis neitralitetze, anu buferul statusze Tanaxmaa droebiT, oRond saqarTvelosa da ukrainis okupirebuli teritoriebidan, aseve dnestrispireTidan Tavisi jarebis gayvanis gareSe, raTa uaxloes xelsayrel viTarebas daelodos, rodesac am qveynebis Tavis gavlenis sferoSi moqcevas SeZlebs. saqarTvelos ki arc ruseTis satelitad (kvazibuferad) da arc ruseTsa da natos Soris buferad yofna ar surs. saqarTvelos gancxadebuli sagareopolitikuri mizani ruseTis safrTxisgan Tavis daRweva da evroatlantikuri usafrTxoebis sivrceSi Sesvla anu aSS/natos mokavSired (kvazibuferad) gaxdomaa, rasac baltiispireTis saxelmwifoebma 2004 wels miaRwies. 2008 wlis agvistos ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Semdeg ruseTis mier saqarTvelos teritoriebis samxedro okupacia rogorc Cveni qveynis Crdiloatlantikur aliansSi integracias arTulebs, ise saqarTvelos buferad Camoyalibebas gamoricxavs, radgan qveyana, romlis teritoriis nawilic ucxo saxelmwifos aqvs okupirebuli, geopolitikur metoqeobaSi neitralur mxared ver CaiTvleba. natos wevri qveynebi albaneTi belgia bulgareTi kanada xorvatia CexeTi dania estoneTi safrangeTi germania saberZneTi ungreTi islandia italia latvia

litva luqsemburgi montenegro holandia norvegia poloneTi portugalia rumineTi slovakeTi slovenia espaneTi TurqeTi didi britaneTi aSS

koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis xelSekrulebis organizaciis wevri qveynebi ruseTi somxeTi belarusi yazaxeTi yirgizeTi tajikeTi

aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelo dRes arc buferuli saxelmwifoa da arc kvazibuferuli – is arc Crdiloatlantikuri aliansis wevria, romelSic gawevrianebas cdilobs, da arc ruseTis gavlenis qveS myofi romelime regionuli gaerTianebis, romelSic Sesvla ar surs. saqarTvelos natoSi integraciis survilis aRsrulebas ruseTsa da dasavleTs Soris postsabWoTa sivrcis bedTan dakavSirebiT SeuTanxmebloba uSlis xels. ra Tqma unda, idealuri iqneba, Tuki ruseTsa da aSS/natos Soris metoqeoba odesme TanamSromlobiTa da megobrobiT Seicvleba (magaliTad, rodesac meore msoflio omis Semdeg safrangeTs, germaniasa da britaneTs Soris mravalsaukunovani dapirispireba dasrulda, belgiam, niderlandebma da luqsemburgma buferul saxelmwifoebad yofnis problema samudamod ukan moitoves da amJamad erTian evropul ojaxSi usafrTxod grZnoben Tavs), magram, samwuxarod, postsabWoTa sivrcis SemTxvevaSi es scenari dReisaTvis utopias warmoadgens, radgan naklebad savaraudoa, rom ruseTis imperialisturi zraxvebi Tavisi mezobeli patara qveynebis mimarT uaxloes momavalSi Seicvalos. amitomac saqarTvelosTvis suverenitetis SenarCunebis saukeTeso strategiaa ara buferuli saxelmwifos statusze daTanxmeba, romelic ruseTs saqarTvelos srulad dapyrobas gauadvilebs, aramed aSS/natos mokavSired (kvazibuferad) gadaqcevis Zalisxmevis mtkiced gagrZeleba. ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi ruseTi ramdenjerme dasustda, ra drosac aRmosavleT evropisa da baltiispireTis saxelmwifoebi misi gavlenis sferodan gamovidnen da etapobrivad Crdiloatlantikur aliansSi gawevriandnen. prodasavluri sagareo-politikuri kursis SenarCuneba da gaZliereba erTaderTi alternativaa saqarTvelosTvis, raTa man ruseTis morig jerze dasustebisas natoSi integraciis Sansis gamoyeneba SeZlos.

13

didi adamianebi

vasil kaWarava

Teodor ruzvelti amerikelTa umravlesobisTvis XX saukunis da, rac mTavaria, amerikis axali epoqis dasawyisi Teodor ruzveltis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli. swored ruzveltis meTaurobiT gaxda amerika saerTaSoriso politikis pirvelxarisxovani moTamaSe, swored misi prezidentobis dros gatarda mravali umniSvnelovanesi, novatoruli reforma. amitomac, sruliad samarTlianad, ruzvelti amerikis erT-erT yvelaze gamoCenil prezidentad miiCneva. ruzvelti Zalze farTo interesebis adamiani iyo: man dawera 35 wigni, iyo ranCos mflobeli da kovboic ki, garkveul dros – niu-iorkis policiis ufrosi, samxedro-sazRvao ministris moadgile, omis gmiri oficeri, iuristi, naturalisti da bunebis qomagi mogzauri, Tavgamodebuli monadire da vin mosTvlis kidev vin!

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SeerTebuli Statebis 26-e prezidenti Teodor ruzvelti daibada 1858 wels mdidari niuiorkeli komersantis ojaxSi. bavSvobidan susti janmrTeloba hqonda da asTma awuxebda, ris gamoc bevr dros saxlSi atarebda da bevrsac kiTxulobda, maT Soris, sabunebismetyvelo wignebs. Zlierma nebisyofam da mamis rCeviT 12 wlis asakidan gamudmebulma varjiSma SeaZlebina Teodors warmatebiT daeZlia bunebis es usamarTloba da harvardis universitetSi ukve jan-RoniT savse, gamobrZmedilma da TviTdajerebulma axalgazrda jentlmenma Seabija. patriarqalur ojaxSi gazrdili ruzvelti SemdgomSi ixsenebda, rom mamamisi erTaderTi adamiani iyo, visic eSinoda. es sulac ar iyo trabaxi – ruzveltis cxovrebam naTelyo, rom mas marTlac meti aravis da arafris SeSinebia. harvardis universiteti 3 wlis magivrad eqsternad

Teodor ruzvelti

daamTavra 2 weliwadSi. mas fotografiuli mexsiereba hqonda da mTeli wignebi zepirad axsovda. ruzvelti imdenad aqtiuri studenti iyo, rom erT-erT leqciaze leqtorma, romelsac ar aclida laparaks, SeniSvnac misca, momxede, ruzvelt, damacade laparaki, bolos da bolos me mimyavs es saleqcio kursio. ruzvelti jer biologiiT, mere ki istoriiT dainteresebula. universitetis gamoSvebis 158 kacidan igi akademiuri moswrebiT 21-e yofila.

1883 wels 22 wlis ruzvelti niu-iorkis Statis sakanonmdeblo krebis wevri gaxda.

1882 wels dawerili ruzveltis pirveli istoriuli naSromi `1812 wlis sazRvao omi~ imdenad kargi kvleva iyo, rom dResac ki, 120 wlis Semdeg, sakmaod popularulia. ruzvelti Zalian Tavmoyvare iyo da yvelaze maRla Rirsebas ayenebda. erTxel duelSi gamouwvevia nacnobi, romlisganac Tavisi sacolis mimarT zedmeti yuradReba ugrZvnia. mas krivic hyvarebia da krivis adgilobriv CempionatebSic ki monawileobda.

1884 wlis 17 Tebervals axalgazrda Teodors didi gansacdeli daatyda Tavs. erTsa da imave dRes gardaecvala ori uaxloesi adamiani: deda – tifiT, xolo meuRle mSobiarobas gadahyva. ruzveltma patara qaliSvili Tavis das dautova, TviTon 2 wliT Soreuli dasavleTis bedlendSi, ranCoze gadasaxlda, sadac kovboebTan erTad muSaobda da Tavisi vaJkacobiTa da amtanobiT maTi pativiscemac daimsaxura. manamde Turme skeptikurad uyurebdnen qalaqel `oTxTvalas~ (saTvaleebis gamo ase eZaxdnen). sxvaTa Soris, boqsSi kargad gawvrTnilma Teodorma erTi-ori kovboi rom mibeTqa, kidev ufro daafases. ruzvelti kargi monadirec yofila. rogorc dRes ityodnen – nam-

15

didi adamianebi dvili `maCo~, Tumca ufro ki – namdvili vaJkaci da jentlmeni.

1886 wels Teodor ruzvelti niu-iorkis merobis kandidati gaxda respublikuri partiidan, magram damarcxda. 1889 wlidan 6 wlis manZilze iyo aSS-is samoqalaqo samsaxurebis komisiis wevri vaSingtonSi. 1895 wels gaxda niu-iorkis policiis xelmZRvaneli da maleve gaiTqva saxeli korufciasTan brZoliT. gansakuTrebiT ebrZoda salunebs – barebis amerikul nairsaxeobas, romlebic im dros iyo loTobis, korufciis, Zaladobis da deboSis simbolo. man imdenad aqtiurad Seutia meqrTameobas policielTa rigebSi, rom Zalian Seawuxa niu-iorkis marTlac sakmaod korumpirebuli policiis maRalCinosnebi da maTTan daaxloebuli qalaqis xelmZRvanelobac. ruzvelti xSirad imeorebda, rom `kanonisadmi pativiscema es movaleobaa da ara vinmes mimarT xaTrianoba~. ruzveltis mocileba Zneli aRmoCnda – misi mosyidva SeuZlebeli iyo da samuSaosac brwyinvaled asrulebda, aki Tavadac aRniSnavda, rom `yvelaze praqtikuli politika es patiosani politikaa~. niuiorkelma biurokratebma nacad xerxs mimarTes da mousvenari Teodori da-

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awinaures – 1887 wels igi samxedro-sazRvao flotis ministris moadgiled dainiSna. ruzveltma aqac Tavi gamoiCina da daudgromeli energiiTa da niWiT sakuTari ufrosi aSkarad daCrdila. bevrs akeTebda amerikuli flotis mSeneblobisa da gaZlierebisTvis. rodesac amerika-espaneTis omi daiwyo, igi moxalised Caewera armiaSi; ufro metic, sakuTari TanxiT polkis Seqmnac ki moaxerxa. es polki ruzveltis mier Sekrebili moxaliseebisgan Sedgeboda da masSi rogorc misi Zveli megobari kovboebi, ise didi qalaqis klerkebi da oqros axalgazrdobis warmomadgenlebic mravlad iyvnen. polkis wevrebis udisciplinobisa da xmauriani, zogjer ki, ubralod xulignuri qcevis gamo maT `veluri mxedrebi~ Searqves. kubaze ruzvelti saocari energiiTa da gmirobiT gamoirCeoda: san-xuanTan brZolaSi mtris cecxlis qveS ruzvelti cxenze amxedrebuli win miuZRoda Tavis polks, pirveli SeiWra mtris sangrebSi da espaneli jariskacic ki mokla – anu man namdvili mxedruli gmiroba gamoiCina. igi amiT usazRvrod amayobda, arc trabaxs erideboda da ordeniT dajildoebasac eloda, magram ase ar moxda. ruzveltma da ramdenime generalma amerikul presaSi gamoaqveynes Ria werili armi-

Teodor ruzvelti

is momarageba-organizebaSi arsebuli aRmaSfoTebeli darRvevebis Sesaxeb. Tavdacvis saministroSi ganrisxdnen, magram ra eqnaT? – samoqalaqo pirs ver dasjidnen. samagierod, gulRrZo ministrma kategoriulad ganacxada uari ruzveltis dajildoebaze. Teodor ruzveltma es jildo – Rirsebis medali – 103 wlis dagvianebiT miiRo – 2001 wels amerikis 43-e prezidentma jorj buSma medali ruzveltis SvilTaSvils piradad gadasca. omis dReebSive daiwyo laparaki ruzveltis politikur karieraze – an niu-iorkis gubernatorad, an amerikis kongresSi. Tanac omis gmiris dafnis gvirgvinze ukeTesi reklama ra iqneboda?! eqspansiurma ruzveltma omis Semdeg dawera mogonebebi `veluri mxedrebi~, razec satirikosma piter danma recenziaSi dawera, rom wigni ZiriTadad mis avtorzea da Tavisuflad SeiZleboda darqmeoda `kubaze marto~. sxva RirsebebTan erTad, ruzvelts arc iumori aklda da sakmaod Tbili werili miswera piter dans, sadac aRniSna: `samwuxarod, unda vaRiaro, rom Cemi ojaxi da Cemi megobrebi aRtacebuli arian Tqveni recenziiT Cems wignze~.

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didi adamianebi guberantoris TanamdebobisTvis Tavis pirvel winasaarCevno sityvaSi ruzveltma imdenad zogad da masStabur Temebze isaubra da Tanac ise kargad, rom es gubernatorobis ki ara, prezidentobis kandidatis gamosvlas ufro hgavda. ruzvelti iyo didebuli oratori, gulaxdili da keTilganwyobili adamianis STabeWdilebas tovebda da rigiT amerikelebs igi Zalian moswondaT. 1898 wlis 8 noembers ruzveltma gaimarjva da niu-iorkis gubernatori gaxda. maleve gamoikveTa misi survili, rom aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba sakanonmdebloze maRla mdgariyo da garkveuli maregulireblis funqciebic aeRo. ruzveltma paralelurad ganaaxla brZola niuiorkis StatSi gamefebuli korufciis winaaRmdegac. bolos respublikuri partiis lider mark hanas da niu-iorkis Statis senator Tomas plats mobezrdaT ruzveltis es Tavneboba da misi gubernatorobidan mocileba scades – mas amerikis viceprezidentoba SesTavazes. ruzvelts es ar moswonda, radgan viceprezidentoba, misi uiliam mak-kinlis mkvleloba wminda warmomadgenlobiTi funqciebis gamo, politikur sikvdils niSnavda, Tumca, meore mxriv, es iyo amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis viceprezidentoba, anu zogaderovnuli masStabi. Teodor ruzvelti, rogorc mas sCveoda, aqtiurad CaerTo saarCevno kampaniaSi da imdenad Seupovrad da STambeWdavad daupirispirda demokratTa kandidats – cnobil uiliam braians, rom maTi diskusiebi ufro sayuradRebo gaxda, vidre Tavad prezidentobis respublikel kandidat uiliam mak-kinlis gamosvlebi. sabolood, 1901 wels Teodor ruzvelti amerikis vice-prezidenti gaxda. respublikuri partiis liders – mark hanas, romelsac Zalian ar moswonda ruzvelti da `wyeul kovbois~ eZaxda, gulwrfelad aRmoxda: `guli miwuxs, roca warmovidgen, rom am gadareuls prezidentis savarZlidan mxolod erTi nabiji aSorebs~. sul male hanas es SiSi gamarTlda. 1901 wlis 14 seqtembers prezidenti uiliam mak-kinli panamerikul gamofenaze vinme leon CalgoSma mokla (es ukve mesame mokluli prezidenti iyo bolo 40 wlis manZilze) da, Sesabamisad, 42 wlis ruzvelti amerikis yvelaze axalgazrda prezidenti

18

Teodor ruzvelti

gaxda. Tumca yvelaze axalgazrda arCeuli prezidenti, 43 wlis asakSi, jon kenedi iyo. marTalia, axalma prezidentma tradiciisamebr piroba dado, rom gardacvlili prezidentis politikas gaagrZelebda, magram es ase ar moxda. Tu mak-kinli didi biznesis yurmoWrili mona iyo, ruzvelti sul sxva masStabis da gaqanebis adamiani aRmoCnda, romelsac, marTalia, mSvenivrad esmoda didi biznesis mniSvneloba da roli amerikis ayvavebis saqmeSi, magram imasac kargad xedavda, rom qveynis da, maT Soris, Tavad didi biznesis interesebSi iyo didi biznesis upirobo da TavaSvebuli mbrZaneblobis moTokva. ruzvelts, rogorc progresivists, romelic qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri cxovrebis mowesrigebis saqmeSi aRmasrulebli xelisuflebis gacilebiT ufro aqtiur qmedebas moiTxovda, miaCnda, rom monopolisturi gaerTianebebi metismetad momZlavrdnen, TavianTi usazRvro finanasuri SesaZleblobebis meSveobiT metismetad did gavlenas axdendnen qveynis ekonomikur da socialur politikaze da Zirs uTxridnen amerikis wmidaTawmida monapovars – Tavisufal konkurencias da Tanaswor SesaZleblobaTa ideas, aseve – mcire da saSualo bizness, riTac socialuri afeTqebis niadagsac ki qmnidnen. amitomac ruzveltma pirveli dReebidanve Seutia monopoliebs. es gamoixata jer kidev 1890 wels, monopolisturi gaerTianebebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli e.w. Sermanis antitrestuli kanonmdeblobis amuSavebis mcdelobiT. kerZod, 1902 wels mTavro-

aqve unda gavixsenoT e.w. `makreikerebi~ – amerikel JurnalistTa mTeli pleada, romlebic ZiriTadad sazogadoebaSi arsebuli xarvezebis gamovleniT iyvnen dakavebuli. Tavis droze maT gamoiZies korufciis yovlad aRmaSfoTebeli faqtebi da mTeli amerikis yuradRebac miipyres. saxeli maT ruzveltma Searqva – `makreikerebi~, anu nagavSi mqeqavebi, vinc zeviT ar ixedeba da kargs verafers amCnevs. mogvianebiT bevrma maTganma ruzveltis keTilganwyobac daimsaxura, Tumca es metsaxeli samudamod SerCaT da bolos dadebiTi konteqstic ki SeiZina. es iyo pirveli Jurnalisturi gamoZiebis SesaniSnavi nimuSebi, rasac xSirad konkretuli Sedegebic mosdevda. magaliTad, cnobili amerikeli mwerlisa da makreikeris apton sinkleris wign `junglebs~ didi rezonansi mohyva: romanSi mweralma uaRresad naturalisturad aRwera viTareba Cikagos cxovelTa sasaklaoSi, sadac mza xorcproduqtebs amzadebdnen – iq arsebuli antisanitaria, uxarisxo produqtebi da korufcia. es ise damajereblad gadmosca, rom mTeli amerika aRaSfoTa. Tavad ruzveltic ambobda, am wignis wakiTxvis Semdeg ramdenime kvira sosisi veRar vWameo. Tavad mweralma ki, romelmac romanSi muSaTa mZime mdgomareobis aRwera scada, imedgacruebulma aRniSna: `am romanSi me amerikelTa guls mivmarTavdi, magram sinamdvileSi es mimarTva maTma kuWma ufro gaigo~. am udidesi skandalis Sedegad, 1906 wels kongresma `xorcis inspeqciis kanoni~ da `sufTa sakvebisa da wamlebis kanoni~ miiRo, romelTa mixedviTac, federaluri mTavroba kontrols awesebda am sferoSi momzadebuli produqciis xarisxze. es uaRresad mniSvnelovani kanoni, rasakvirvelia, ar akontrolebda faswarmoebas da biznesis marTvis sxvadasxva mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs, magram xazgasmiT icavda momxmarebelTa interesebs arakeTilsindisieri biznesmenebis sixarbisa da TviTnebobisgan. aseve imoqmeda apton sinkleris wignebma `mefe qvanaxSiri~ da `dedaqalaqi~, sadac, erTi mxriv, maRaroelTa gaWirvebuli cxovreba iyo aRwerili da, meore mxriv, niuiorkel milionerTa zRvargadasuli fufuneba. sinkleris romanSi gadmocemuli sinamdvile maRaroelTa 1902 wlis gaficviTac dadasturda – maT samuSao saaTebis Semcireba da xelfasis 20 procentiT gazrda moiTxoves. gaficva ramdenime Tve gagrZelda, arada zamTari axlovdeboda da mosaxlobis gasaTbobad qvanaxSiri iyo saWiro. ruzvelti energiulad Caeba profkavSirebisa da maRaros mflobelTa kamaTSi da obieqturi momrigeblis roli Seasrula. man morganic ki CarTo am saqmeSi da sabolood muSaTa anazRaurebis 10 procentiT gazrdaze SeTanxmdnen. prezidentis esoden qmediTi da nayofieri CarTva SromiT diskusiaSi Zalian iSviaTi da, SeiZleba iTqvas, unikaluric ki iyo, magram ruzvelts Rrmad swamda, rom `wesrigi Tavisuflebis gareSe da Tavisufleba wesrigis gareSe erTnairad damangrevelia~.

19

didi adamianebi

bam wamoiwyo sasamarTlo procesi uaRresad gavleniani kapitalistis – jorj pirpont morganis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli kompania Northern Security-is

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winaaRmdeg. morgans imdeni fuli da qoneba hqonda, rom roca uTqvams, rom Zalian moswons amerika, erT-erT politikoss uxumria kidec – `roca mobezrdeba, iqneb dagvibrunos [amerika]~. es iyo didi holdingi 400 milioni dolaris kapitaliT, romlis Semqmnelebic iyvnen morgani da j.j. hili. erTwliani gamoZiebis Semdeg sasamarTlom am kompaniis or nawilad daSlis ganaCeni gamoitana. marTalia, sinamdvileSi mflobelebad kvlav igive xalxi darCa, magram Sermanis kanoni amoqmedda da monopolisturi gaerTianebac daiSala. kidev ramdenime amgvari procesis wyalobiT ruzveltis avtoriteti mosaxleobis farTo fenebSi Zalze gaizarda da Sedegad ruzvelts `trestebis amfeTqebeli~ Searqves. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom ruzvelti bunebis didi siyvaruliT gamoirCe-

Teodor ruzvelti

1908 wels ruzveltma bunebis dacvis sakiTxebze gubernatorTa erovnuli konferencia moiwvia. am Sexvedraze prezidentma Camoayaliba bunebis dacvis erovnuli komisia, romelsac unda Seeswavla saxelmwifos wylis, tyeebis, niadagis da mineraluri resursebi. misi moRvaweoba bunebis dacvis sferoSi erT-erTi udidesi miRweva iyo, miT umetes, rom amas didi samecniero da racionaluri gaanalizeba mosdevda – buneba ubralod ki ar unda daecvaT, aramed adamianis aqtiur samsaxurSi CaeyenebinaT. swored Teodor ruzveltis xelSi iqca es procesebi realur saqmed.

HE

T

oda da am sferoSi udidesi iniciativebiTac gamodioda. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom swored man aiyvana bunebis dacvis sakiTxebi saxelmwifo politikis rangSi, gansakuTrebiT ki, bunebis konservaciis mimarTulebiT. 1902 wels misi wamowyeba iyo e.w. axali miwebis kanonis miReba, romlis saSualebiTac dasavleTis miwebis gayidvidan miRebuli Tanxa sairigacio proeqtebisTvis daixarjeboda. saerTod, misi prezidentobis dros grandiozuli sairigacio proeqtebi ganxorcielda da uzarmazari kaSxlebis mSenebloba daiwyo. ruzveltma SeaCera 80 milioni akri mineraluri resursebiT mdidari sazogadoebrivi miwis gayidva. misi mmarTvelobis wlebSi 150 milioni akri sazogadoebrivi miwa erovnuli tyis rezervad gamoiyo. sazogadoebisTvis bunebis dacvis konkretuli magaliTis misacemad prezidentma TeTr saxlSi 1902 wels saSobao naZvis xec ki ar dadga.

BIG

S T IC K IN T H E C

N ARIBBEA

SE

A

da sazRvao qveiTebi xSirad da advilad akontrolebdnen karibis zRvis qveynebs, magram ruzvelti kidev ufro Sors wavida.

1907 wlidan 1909 wlamde misi gankargulebiT amerikis uzarmazarma samxedrosazRvao armadam, romelic TeTrad SeRebili 16 uzarmazari saxazo gemis da damxmare xomaldebisgan Sedgeboda da `didi TeTri flotis~ saxeliT iyo cnobili, msoflios Semouara da sxvadasxva qveynis 20 ports, maT Soris avstraliis, iaponiis, xmelTaSuazRvispireTisas, megobruli vizitiT ewvia. unda iTqvas, rom, tradiciulad, samxedro flotis Tundac e.w. megobruli vizitebi ufro Zalis demonstraciaa. aseTi uzarmazari flotis gaSveba msoflios

kidev ufro dinamikuri da Semtevi aRmoCnda Teodor ruzvelti sagareo politikis sferoSi. misi vaJkacuri imiji misi mmarTvelobis Taviseburi brendi iyo. ruzvelts miaCnda, rom simamacis nakleboba cudia ara marto politikuri reformebisTvis, aramed amerikis sagareo interesebisTvisac. `rbilad ilaparake da zurgsukan didi keti geWiros~ – es samxreTafrikuli gamoTqma prezidents Zalian moswonda da amerikis sagareo politikasac garkveulwilad am principiT atarebda. igi Tavs sagareo politikis gamorCeul mcodned miiCnevda da sagareo sakiTxebze sakmaod iSviaTad atarebda konsultaciebs Tavis kabinetTan. ruzvelti fiqrobda, rom am politikis warmatebiT gatarebis mTavari winapiroba amerikis Zlevamosileba iyo, rac gamoxata kidec amerikis udidesi samxedro-sazRvao flotis SeqmniT. es floti

21

didi adamianebi garSemo ara marto teqnikurad iyo Zalian rTuli, aramed udides xarjebsac moiTxovda, magram ruzveltma araferi daiSura amerikis Zlierebisa da ayvavebis saCveneblad. amerikis didi patrioti ruzvelti imasac xSirad imeorebda, rom `kaci, romelsac sxva qveynebi iseve uyvars, rogorc sakuTari samSoblo, im kacs hgavs, romelsac sxva qalebi iseve uyvars, rogorc sakuTari coli~. bunebrivia, ruzvelts arc monros doqtrina daviwyebia, romelic evropul qveynebs dasavleTis naxevarsferoSi samxedro-politikur eqspansias ukrZalavda. roca germaniam, britaneTma da italiam venesuelas Tavisi floti miayenes valebis gadauxdelobis gamo da 1903 wels erT-erT saporto qalaqs cecxlic ki gauxsnes, ruzveltma es mkacrad gaaprotesta. xolo roca germaniam teritoriis mitacebac ki ganizraxa, swored ruzveltma aiZula germanelebi ukan gabrunebuliyvnen. 1904 wels igive moxda dominikelTa respublikaSi. 1905 wels ruzveltma dominikelTa mTavrobasTan SeTanxmebiT amerikel moxeleebs gadaabara dominikelTa gadasaxadebis Segroveba, rom am Segrovebuli TanxiT dominikelTa respublikas evropelTa vali gadaexada. paralelurad ki monros doqtri-

22

nis safuZvelze daemuqra evropul qveynebs SeSvebodnen dominikelebs. es qmedeba monros doqtrinis `ruzveltis Sesworebis~ saxeliTaa cnobili, romlis mixedviTac amerika ara marto yovelnairad daupirispirdeboda evropuli qveynebis Carevas karibis qveynebis saqmeebSi, aramed TviTon itovebda warmoqmnili problemebis mogvarebis uflebas, maT Soris, e.w. `prevenciuli intervenciis~ saxiTac ki, rom Tavad aeRo sabaJoebis kontroli da evropelebisTvis laTinur amerikaSi gamoCenis mizezi moespo, rogorc es venesuelasa da dominikis respublikaSi moxda. gansakuTrebuli da sakmaod winaaRmdegobrivi adgili ukavia ruzveltis biografiaSi panamis arxis istorias. es arxi panamis teritoriaze gadis, wynar da atlantis okeaneebs aerTebs da, suecis arxis msgavsad, msoflios erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi satransporto gasasvlelia. magaliTad, sazRvao gzas niu-iorkidan san-franciskomde igi 8 000 miliT amoklebs.

1882 wels arxis mSenebloba daiwyo frangulma kompaniam cnobili frangi in-

Teodor ruzvelti

karibis zRva kosta-rika

Jinris, ferdinand de lesepis xelmZRvanelobiT, romelmac suecis arxis gayvaniT gaiTqva saxeli. magram 7 wlis Semdeg am frangul kompanias fuli aRar eyo samuSaoebis gasagrZeleblad, Tanac tropikuli hava mZimed moqmedebda momuSaveebze da arxis mSenebloba damuxruWda. SeerTebuli Statebis axalma prezidentma misTvis Cveuli dinamikiT daaCqara arxis mSenebloba: amerikam 1902 wels 40 milion dolarad iyida am franguli kompaniisgan arxis mSeneblobis ufleba da yvelaferi, rac ukve gakeTebuli iyo im teritoriaze. bunebrivia, mTavari iyo kolumbiis mTavrobis nebarTva, romlis teritoriazec es arxi unda aSenebuliyo. amerikelebma 1903 wels, xangrZlivi da rTuli vaWrobis Semdeg, daiTanxmes kolumbielebi, rom arxsa da mis mimdebare 6-milian zonaSi 10 milion dolars gadauxdidnen erTbaSad da Semdeg, wliurad – 250 aTas dolars. magram uecrad kolumbiis senatis, rogorc Cans, sakmaod xarbma wevrebma ifiqres, rom am garigebaSi metis moTxovna SeiZleboda da senatma uari Tqva dokumentis ratifikaciaze. saerTod, amerikelebi Zalian mtkivneulad ganicdian ukve xelmowerili kontraqtis pirobebis arSesrulebas da es did uzneobad miaCniaT. aman Zalian gaabraza Rirsebis grZnobiT aRsavse ruzvelti, romelic darwmunebuli iyo, rom msoflio mniSvnelobis kontraqts moawera xeli. man kolumbielebis samagaliTo dasja da arsebuli SeTanxmebis nebismieri gziT aRsruleba gadawyvita. ruzveltma daafinansa kolumbiis panamis regionSi arsebuli separatistebi, romlebmac panamis teritoriis kolumbiisgan gamoyofa gamoacxades. panamis teritoriaze myof kolumbiel jariskacebs 50-50 dolari gadauxades, rom ar ebrZolaT, Tanac iqve iyvnen amerikeli sazRvao qveiTebic. rogorc Tavad amerikeli mkvlevrebi acxadeben, amerikam `samarcxvinod~ swrafad, sul raRac 2-3 dReSi, cno

panamis arxi

panama panamis yure

kolumbia

wynari okeane

panamis damoukidebloba, xolo rodesac kolumbiam floti gaagzavna amboxebis CasaxSobad, mas amerikuli samxedro gemebi gadaeRobnen. imave dReebSi SeerTebulma Statebma axladSeqmnili saxelmwifos – panamis – xelmZRvanelobasTan axal xelSekrulebas moawera xeli, romelic TiTqmis imave pirobebs imeorebda, magram madlierma panamelebma arxis 6-miliani zona 10 milamde gazardes. imave dReebSi ruzvelti mgznebare sityviT gamovida, sadac asabuTebda Tavis moqmedebas, romelsac, rea-

panamis arxis mSenebloba, gaxsna da amoqmedeba

23

didi adamianebi lurad, cota ram hqonda saerTo saerTaSoriso samarTalTan da SeuniRbavi imperializmis magaliTs warmoadgenda. Tavad ruzvelti ki xazs usvamda, rom moralisa da saerTaSoriso standartebis sruli dacviT moiqca da, rac mTavaria, panamis arxis mSeneblobiT udidesi samsaxuri gauwia mTel msoflios. am arxis mSeneblobaze 40 aTasi kaci dasaqmda da 335 milioni dolari daixarja. 1914 wels panamis arxi sazeimod gaixsna da, marTalia, ruzvelti ukve aRar iyo prezidenti, magram es arxi misi qmnileba iyo da msoflios mexsierebaSic mis saxelTanaa gaigivebuli. SemdgomSi, 1921 wels, amerikam am warTmeuli provinciisTvis kolumbias 25 milioni dolari gadauxada. aseve ruzveltis saxels ukavSirdeba amerikis prezidentisTvis nobelis mSvidobis premiis miniWebis pirveli SemTxve-

vac. 1904-1905 ww.-is ruseT-iaponiis omis Semdeg, rodesac iaponelebma moulodnelad daamarcxes ruseTis uzarmazari, qedmaRali imperia, samSvidobo molaparakebebi amerikis qalaq portsmuTSi gaimarTa da gamarjvebulma iaponelebma, romelTac am omSi TiTqmis mTeli samxedro da finansuri resursi amowures, saidumlod swored ruzvelts SesTavazes ruseTTan molaparakebebSi Suamavloba. Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad swori arCevani gaakeTes iaponelebma, vinaidan ruzvelts sulac ar surda axali da Zlieri konkurenti wynar okeaneSi da mis dasabalanseblad met-naklebad Zlieri ruseTi sWirdeboda. amitomac ruzveltma bevri gaakeTa, raTa ruseTi metismetad ar damcirebuliyo da ar dasustebuliyo. sabolood man warmatebiT daasrula es molaparakebebi da amerikis interesebic daicva. am sazavo molaparakebebis warmatebas maleve mohyva 1906 wels ruzveltis CarTva marokos krizisis mogvarebasTan dakavSirebul algesirasSi gamarTul samSvidobo konferenciaSi, sadac erTmaneTs safrangeTi da germania daupirispirdnen da romelic sabolood samxedro konfliqtis gareSe dasrulda. ase rom, esec daemata ruzveltis mTavar diplomatiur miRwevas portsmuTSi da igi pirveli politikosi gaxda, romelmac nobelis mSvidobis premia miiRo. Tumca bevri, imave skandinaviis qveynebSi, mas mSvidobis mtredad sulac ar miiCnevda da es, albaT, arc iyo gasakviri. am Tavbrudamxvevi warmatebebis fonze ruzvelts TiTqmis garantirebuli hqonda gamarjveba 1908 wlis saprezidento arCevnebSi, magram mas iseve, rogorc mis opo-

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Teodor ruzvelti

Teodor ruzvelti da uiliam tefti

nentebs, axsovda 1904 wlis warmatebuli arCevnebisas naTqvami sityvebi, rom igi ar daarRvevda amerikis dauwerel politikur tradicias da zedized mesame vadiT kenWs ar iyrida. Sesabamisad, Tavisi politikuri karieris pikze man uari Tqva arCevnebSi monawileobaze da iaponuri gamoTqmac gaixsena, rom `kacis sityva faratina qaRaldi ar aris“. samagierod, Tavis axlo megobars, omis ministr uiliam tefts gauwia rekomendacia. respublikelTa mmarTveloba imdenad warmatebuli iyo da ruzveltis rekomendacia imdenad faseuli, rom teftma sakmaod advilad daamarcxa demokrati kandidati uiliam braiani, romelic ukve mesamed iyrida kenWs. Tavad ruzvelti am dros afrikaSi gaemgzavra lomebze sanadirod. misgan gamwarebulma jon pirpont morganma amasTan da-

kavSirebiT gaixsena, rogor mimarTa admiralma nelsonma britanel mezRvaurebs trafalgaris brZolis win 1805 wels – `ingliss sjera, rom yvela Tavis vals moixdis“, da ganacxada, rom mas sjeroda, rom afrikeli lomebic moixdidnen TavianT vals, anu ruzvelts SeWamdnen. magram imedi gaucruvda, ruzveltma ki marTlac bevri lomi, spilo da martorqa moinadira, Semdeg triumfiT Semoiara evropa, sadac mas didi ambiT xvdebodnen rogorc ubralo xalxi, ise mefeebi da imperatorebi. evropeli monarqebi uaRresad did pativs scemdnen da miRebebsac umarTavdnen. sanam

25

didi adamianebi

Teodor ruzvelti miluokiSi saarCevno sityviT gamosvlisas, 1912 wlis 14 oqtomberi

afrikasa da evropaSi ruzveltis triumfaluri turne mimdinareobda, amerika Cveuli ritmiT ganagrZobda cxovrebas. samSobloSi dabrunebul Teodor ruzvelts maincdamainc ar moewona is, rac daxvda. ruzvelti fiqrobda, rom tefts liderobis unari da iniciativa aklda da eloda, rom respublikuri partia mas (ruzvelts) wamoayenebda prezidentobis kandidatad, magram respublikuri partiis konservatiulma frTam, miiCnia ra Teodori metismetad progresistad da memarcxened, partiis konventze tefts dauWira mxari. am umadurobas aRSfoTebulma ruzveltma sakuTari `progresuli partiis“ SeqmniT upasuxa, romelsac `mamri cxen-irmis partia~ Searqves – ruzvelts erTxel uTqvams, arCevnebisTvis iseT janze var, rogorc mamri cxen-iremio, da xalxmac aitaca es Sedareba. da marTlac, ruzvelti Cveuli energiiTa da SemarTebiT Seudga saarCevno kampanias, romliTac aSkarad jabnida Tavis yofil megobarsa da Tanapartiels. arCevnebis dros, 1912 wlis 14 oq-

26

tombers, qalaq miluokiSi sityviT gamosvlisas ruzvelts vinme jon Srenkma esrola. tyviam gaxvrita saTvalis kolofi, 50gverdiani teqsti da mxolod mere miaRwia ruzveltis sxeuls da daWra. magram ruzvelti, rogorc gamocdili monadire da anatomiis kargi mcodne, mixvda, rom radgan piridan sisxli ar waskdomia, tyvias filtvi ar unda daezianebina, gamosvla ar Sewyvita da dasisxlianebulma kidev 90 wuTi ilaparaka, Tan isic daamata, rom cxenirmis mosaklavad erT tyviaze meti iyo saWiro. mxolod sityvis dasrulebis Semdeg waayvanina Tavi saavadmyofoSi da garkveuli droiT gamoeTiSa kidec saarCevno kampanias. aRsaniSnavia, rom solidarobisa Tu jentlmenuri grZnobebis gamo orive kandidatma erTi kviriT SeaCera Tav-Tavisi saarCevno kampania. niWiT, vaJkacobiTa da, rac mTavaria, progresivistuli platformiT ruzveltma erovnul arCevnebSi ajoba kidec tefts, magram cal-calke, orad gayofili respublikuri partiis wevrebs naklebi xmebi

Teodor ruzvelti

hqondaT, vidre demokrat kandidat vudro uilsons. isic unda iTqvas, rom ruzvelti mesame partiis erTaderTi lideri iyo amerikis istoriaSi, romelmac arCevnebSi meore adgili daikava. arCevnebis Semdeg ruzvelti, Cveulebisamebr, samogzaurod wavida, amjerad – samxreT amerikaSi. mdinares, romelzec man imogzaura, ruzveltis saxeli daarqves.

I msoflio omis periodSi Teodor ruzvelti kvlav CaerTo arCevnebSi, magram ukve respublikuri partiis kandidats uWerda mxars. 1918 wels misi mfrinavi vaJi germaniis frontze daiRupa. am ambavma gaanadgura ruzvelti. miuxedavad amisa, bevri respublikeli mas 1920 wlis arCevnebSi prezidentobis savaraudo kandidatad miiCnevda, magram 1919 wlis 5 ianvars 60 wlis Teodor ruzvelti ZilSi gardaicvala Tromboemboliisgan. amaze amerikis viceprezidentma Tqva, sikvdili ZilSi rom ar swveoda, namdvilad didi Cxubi moxdebodao. ruzveltis Svilma ki ufro mokle gancxadeba gaakeTa: `beberi lomi mkvdaria~ da, albaT, didad arc erTi ar azviadebda.

mravali amerikelisTvis ruzvelti iyo gamorCeuli prezidenti, romelsac ki uyvarda gazviadeba, magram rogorc patiosanma, niWierma da ganaTlebulma adamianma, prezidentis Tanamdebobas manamde ararsebuli prestiJi da gavlena SesZina. man iseTi didi Zalaufleba moipova, rom naxevrad xumrobiT `arCeul mefesac~ ki uwodebdnen. es Zalaufleba ruzveltma sakuTari samSoblos ayvavebas da demokratiuli institutebis ganviTarebas Sealia. uzarmazari iyo misi saerTaSoriso avtoritetic da swored misi wyalobiT evropasa da aziaSi bevri darwmunda, rom amerika msoflio rangis saxelmwifod iqca. marTalia, mowinaaRmdegeni xazs usvamdnen, rom ruzvelts omi uyvarda, magram is ki aviwydebodaT, rom mis dros amerikas arc erTi seriozuli samxedro konfliqti ar hqonia. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Teodor ruzvelti amerikis udides prezidentTa panTeonis Rirseuli wevria, amis dasturia 1941 wels dasrulebuli raSmoris mTis grandiozuli memoriali, sadac jorj vaSingtonis, Tomas jefersonisa da abraam linkolnis monumenturi saxeebis gverdiT swored Teodor ruzveltia gamosaxuli.

27

ekonomika

a n o z i r u k i m sufali ekono

o l e v T r da saqa

Tavi

lado papava Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonis nairsaxeobebi

Tavisufali ekonomikuri zona aris ekonomikuri sivrcis calke nawili (teritoria an ekonomikis segmenti), sadac SemoRebulia SeRavaTebisa da stimulirebis gansakuTrebuli sistema, romelic qveynis danarCen teritoriaze (an ekonomikis sxva segmentebSi) ar gamoiyeneba. arsebobs Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonis ori saxeoba: erTi eyrdnoba teritoriul midgomas – es aris mkafiod gansazRvruli teritoria, sadac dadgenilia ekonomikuri saqmianobis SeRavaTiani reJimi, romelic iq (zonaSi) moqmed yvela firmaze vrceldeba. meore funqciuri xasiaTisaa da warmoadgens SeRavaTian reJims, romelic garkveuli saxeobis samewarmeo saqmianobis mimarT gamoiyeneba, miuxedavad am saxeobis saqmianobiT dakavebuli ekonomikuri agentis adgilsamyofelisa. amgvari zonis sayovelTaod cnobilo magaliTia e.w. silikonis veli (Silicon Valley), aSS-Si, kaliforniis StatSi mdebare maRalteqnologiuri (maT Soris kompiuteruli) kompaniebis didi Tavmoyris adgili. ekonomikuri SeRavaTebi iq mxolod am kompaniebis saqmianobaze vrceldeba.

Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebis klasifikacia maTi ZiriTadi profilis mixedviT ganisazRvreba, anu arsebobs sabaJo, savaWro, samrewvelo-sawarmoo, samecniero-teqnikuri da servisuli zonebi. Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonis erT-erT umartives formas Tavisufali sabaJo zona warmoadgens. mas aqvs Tavisufali sawyobebi, sadac Tavsdeba saqoneli, romelzec qveynis Ziri-

28

Tavisufali ekonomikuri zona

Tadi kanonmdeblobis SeRavaTiani reJimi moqmedebs. unda aRiniSnos, rom Tavisufali sabaJo zonebis funqcionirebas XX saukunis 90-iani wlebidan saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobac iTvaliswinebs.

silikonis veli

msoflioSi Tavisufali vaWrobis zonebis sxvadasxva saxeobaa gavrcelebuli. es, rogorc wesi, aris SezRuduli teritoriuli ubnebi (romelTa farTic SeiZleba ramdenime aTeul kvadratul metrs arcki aRematebodes), sadac sruldeba savaWro operaciebi, saqonlis SefuTva, daxarisxeba da dadamRva (maTze SeRavaTiani ekonomikuri reJimis gavrcelebis pirobebSi). magaliTad, aseTi zonaa e.w. “Duty Free”-is (`gadasaxadebis gareSe vaWrobis~) tipis maRaziebi, aseve savaWro SeRavaTebis damdgeni saxelmwifoTaSoriso SeTanxmebebi.

“Duty Free”-is tipis maRaziebi ganTavsebulia saerTaSoriso aeroportebSi, sazRvao portebSi, zogadad, sasazRvro-gamSveb punqtebSi, sadac sazRvris gadakveTisas adamianebs SeuZliaT iyidon daubegravi saqoneli, anu saqoneli, romlis fasSic ar Sedis saxelmwifosTvis kanoniT dadgenili gadasaxadi. iseve, rogorc Tavisufali sabaJo zonebi, Tavisufali savaWro zonebic, kerZod ki, “Duty Free”-is tipis maRaziebi, saqarTveloSi gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebidan moqmedebs. amasTan, saqarTvelos Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba gaformebuli aqvs evrokavSirTan da calkeul saxelmwifoebTan (magaliTad, azerbaijanTan, TurqeTTan, somxeTTan, ukrainasTan, CineTTan da sxv.), rac imas niSnavs, rom evrokavSirTan da am qveynebTan vaWroba ar ibegreba. samrewvelo-sawarmoo zona iqmneba produqciis warmoebis stimulirebis mizniT. aseT zonebSi registrirebuli ekonomikuri agentebi mniSvnelovani sagadasaxado da sxva SeRavaTebiT sargebloben. garda amisa, aseT zonebSi sawarmoebis registraciis, investirebis, mogebis repatriaciis (anu ucxouri kompaniis mier miRebuli mogebis samSobloSi Tavisuflad gatanis), ucxoel fizikur pirTa zonis teritoriaze gadaadgilebis gamartivebuli administraciuli wesebi moqmedebs. am tipis zonebTan SeiZleba gavaigivoT 2003 wlis vardebis revoluciis Semdeg foTsa da quTaisSi Seqmnili specialuri industriuli zonebi.

Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebis kidev erTi saxeobaa samecniero-teqnikuri zonebi, romelTa yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli formaa teqnoparkebi. am zonebis Camoyalibebis yvelaze

29

ekonomika

dubais saerTaSoriso aeroporti “Duty Free” zona

stambolis axali aeroportis “Duty Free” zona

aqtiuri periodi iyo gasuli saukunis 70-80-iani wlebi. teqnoparkebs esaWiroeba saxelmwifos gansakuTrebuli mxardaWera da iqmneba msxvili samecniero centrebis irgvliv, kvleviTi, saproeqto da samecniero saqmianobis stimulirebis mizniT. servisuli zonebi specializaciis mixedviT sxvadasxva saxeobis momsaxurebisaTvis (magaliTad, sabanko, sadazRvevo, turistuli, satransporto da sxva saqmianobisaTvis) SeRavaTiani reJimis dawesebas gulisxmobs. servisuli zonebis metad popularuli saxeobaa e.w. ofSoruli zonebi, romlebic ZiriTadad kunZulebze an zRvispira teritoriebze iqmneba. ofSorul zonebSi ekonomikur saqmianobaze SeRavaTiani reJimi, rogorc wesi, mxolod ucxour firmebze vrceldeba. aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, rom ofSoruli zonebi arcTu iSviaTad `WuWyiani fulis~ (`fulis gaTeTrebis~ mizniT) dabandebis da sxvadasxva saxeobis safinanso TaRliTobis centrebad iqceva xolme. zemoT warmodgenili zonebis garda, msoflio praqtikaSi aseve miRebulia kompleqsuri Tavisufali zonebis – ori an ramdenime saxeobis zonis Serwymuli modelebis – Seqmna. risTvis iqmneba Tavisufali ekonomikuri zona

ganviTarebuli da, amasTan, didi teritoriis mqone qveynebi, rogorc wesi, Tavisufal ekonomikur zonebs regionuli politikis realizebis mizniT qmnian. amis naTeli magaliTia Tundac didi britaneTis mier Seqmnili zonebi, romlebic am qveynis ZiriTadi teritoriidan moSorebiTaa (magaliTad, virjiniis kunZulebze) ganlagebuli.

sofia-antipolisis teqnoparki, safrangeTi

30

Tavisufali ekonomikuri zona

imave mizniT Seiqmna zonebi ruseTis federaciis periferiul regionebSic, sadac centralur mTavrobas maregulirebeli da makoordinirebeli funqciebis Sesruleba uWirs. rac Seexeba ganviTarebad da postkomunisturi ekonomikis mqone qveynebs, maTTvis Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi Ria ekonomikis principebis danergvis poligonebia. aseT qveynebs xSirad ar surT an ar SeuZliaT ucxouri kapitalis nakadebisaTvis Tavisi ekonomikis sruli gaxsna da gansakuTrebuli savaWro Tu sainvesticio politikis erovnuli ekonomikis masStabiT gatareba. amitom isini zonebis CamoyalibebiT cdiloben ekonomikis mxolod da mxolod lokalur `gaxsnas~. amis yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTia CineTi, sadac zonebis Seqmnis procesi jer kidev XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi daiwyo da praqtikulad sabazro urTierTobebis gamoyenebis eqsperiments warmoadgens.

Tavisufali zonebis Seqmnis yvelaze aqtiuri procesi II msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi mimdinareobda (Tumca maTi martivi analogebi XVII–XVIII saukuneebSic ki iyo cnobili), rac msoflios mravali qveynis ekonomikuri sisustiT, maTi mTavrobebis politikuri uunarobiTa da finansuri SesaZleblobebis simciriT iyo ganpirobebuli. yovelive es ekonomikaSi radikalur winsvlas arTulebda. swored am dros xdeba evropaSi iseTi saerTaSoriso tipis zonebis daarseba, romelTa saukeTeso magaliTs warmoadgens beniluqsi, agreTve evrogaerTianebis Sesaqmnelad gadadgmuli pirveli nabijebi (evropis qvanaxSirisa da foladis gaerTianeba).

XX saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebis Seqmna msxvili koloniuri imperiebis ngrevis procesma ganapiroba. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom imave periodSi aziis, afrikisa da laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi Seqmnili zonebi gacilebiT naklebad warmatebuli iyo, vidre evropaSi daarsebuli. amis umTavresi mizezi albaT is iyo, rom am qveynebSi ar arsebobda sawyisi sawarmoo da teqnologiuri baza, Sesabamisi gamocdileba da saTanado infrastruqtura. im periodisaTvis, rodesac meore msoflio omis Semdgomi krizisi ukve daZleuli iyo da msoflios integraciulma procesebma sakmaod maRal dones miaRwia, zemoaRniSnuli faqtorebi ganviTarebad samyaroSi Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebis warmatebuli funqcionirebisTvis mniSvnelovan bariers warmoadgenda. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom kargi magaliTebic arsebobs, kerZod, braziliis zona `manausi~, argentinis `cecxlovani miwa~, filipinebisa da samxreT koreis ramdenime zona da sxva.

evropis qvanaxSirisa da foladis gaerTianebis droSa

31

ekonomika zonebis daarsebis idea XX saukunis 80ian wlebSi socialisturma qveynebmac aitaces. im periodSi administraciul-mbrZanebluri, uaRresad Caketili ekonomikuri sistemis krizisis sawyisi gamovlinebebi ukve aSkara iyo, amitom zogierT qveyanaSi (CineTi, sabWoTa kavSiri) Tavisufali zonebi erTiani komunisturi tipis ekonomikur sivrceSi erTgvar Tavisuflebis `kunZulebad~ aRiqmeboda. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, CineTSi es procesi sakmaod kargad warimarTa: ZiriTadi aqcenti sawarmoo da samecnieroteqnikur zonebze gakeTda da 90-iani wlebis Sua periodisaTvis iq mravali zona (maT Soris, 20-ze meti samecniero-teqnikuri) funqcionirebda. zogi ram saerTaSoriso gamocdilebidan

Tavisufali zonebis ekonomikuri efeqtianoba uSualod ukavSirdeba qveynis ekonomikis SesaZleblobebs. amas adasturebs msoflios 26 qveyanaSi Catarebuli kvleva, romlis Tanaxmadac, Tavisufal ekonomikur zonaSi ucxouri investiciebis mozidvisaTvis saWiro xelisuflebis danaxarjebi ucxouri investiciis yovel 1 dolarze saSualod 4 dolars Seadgens. magaliTad, CineTis oTx zonaSi Cadebuli ucxouri investiciebis moculobam 4 mlrd. aSS dolari Seadgina maSin, roca sakuTriv CineTis mier ganxorcielebulma investiciebma da xarjebma 22 mlrd. aSS dolars gadaaWarba. dReisaTvis seriozuli ucxoeli investorebisaTvis sagadasaxado da administraciuli SeRavaTebi sulac ar warmoadgens in-

vesticiebis Cadebis mimzidvelobis erTaderT faqtors. investorebisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania Tavisufal ekonomikur zonaSi arsebobdes ganviTarebuli infrastruqtura (transporti, warmoebrivi, sasawyobo da saofise Senoba-nagebobebi, wyalmomarageba, energomomarageba da sxv.), romlis garSemoc iqneba SedarebiT msxvili masStabis gasaRebis bazari. ucxo saxelmwifos teritoriaze ekonomikuri saqmianobis warmarTva yovelTvis damatebiT xarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli, amdenad, SeRavaTebisa da muSaxelis siiafis miuxedavad, zonebis formirebis sawyis etapze iq warmoebuli produqcia sakmaod maRali danaxarjebiT gamoirCeva da ucxoeli investorebis dasaintereseblad aucilebelia arsebobdes erTdrouli da urTierTdakavSirebuli sxvadasxva faqtori. rac ar unda paradoqsulad mogveCvenos, amis miRweva ekonomikuri politikis swori mimarTulebebisa da prioritetebis gansazRvrisa da Tanmimdevruli realizaciis gziT gacilebiT ufro advilia qveynis mTel teritoriaze, vidre adgilobrivad.

Warbi investiciebi da investiciuri SimSili

Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebis funqcionirebis saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis ganxilvisas ar SeiZleba ar gamaxvildes yuradReba iseT sakiTxze, rogoricaa zonebis gavlena qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebaze. am TvalsazrisiT ganarCeven or jgufs: Warbi investiciebis qveynebisa da investiciuri SimSilis mqone qveynebis jgufebs.

Warbi investiciebis mqone qveynebis jgufs iseTi qveynebi ganekuTvneba, romlebsac aqvT didi sainvesticio SesaZleblobebi

egviptis Tavisufali ekonomikuri zona, suecis konteinerebis terminali

32

Tavisufali ekonomikuri zona

da am qveynebis ekonomika ZiriTadad gajerebulia investiciebiT. am qveynebSi Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebis Seqmnisa da ganviTarebis politika gamoiyeneba imisaTvis, rom rac SeiZleba naklebi investicia gavides qveynidan. am mizniT qveynis ekonomikurad SedarebiT naklebad ganviTarebul regionebSi qmnian Tavisufal ekonomikur zonebs, sadac Warbi investiciebis garkveuli nawili mainc iyris Tavs. amgvari politika, saboloo jamSi, xels uwyobs am tipis qveynis ekonomikis kidev ufro ganviTarebas.

manausi, brazilia

inCeonis Tavisufali ekonomikuri zona, samxreTi korea

Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebis Seqmnisa da ganviTarebis politikas sruliad sawinaaRmdego Sedegi aqvs investiciuri SimSilis mqone qveynebSi, anu qveynebSi, romelTa ekonomikac xasiaTdeba investiciebis ganxorcielebis sakuTari mcire SesaZleblobebiT da, imavdroulad, am ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia mzardi odenobis investiciebi. am qveynebSi sagadasaxado da sxva SeRavaTebis gamo investiciebi, rogorc ucxouri, ise mwiri adgilobrivic, mxolod da mxolod Tavisufal ekonomikur zonebSi xorcieldeba, ris gamoc qveynis darCenil teritoriaze investiciuri SimSili kidev ufro Rrmavdeba. Sedegad, am zonebsa da mimdebare teritoriebze mosaxleobis socialuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareoba umjobesdeba sxva regionebSi misi gauaresebis xarjze, radgan is mwiri adgilobrivi investiciac ki, romelic SeiZleboda ganxorcielebuliyo mocemul regionSi, romelime Tavisufal ekonomikur zonaSi gadainacvlebs. saboloo jamSi, Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebis Seqmna-ganviTarebaze orientirebuli politika xels uwyobs am tipis qveynis ekonomikaSi investiciuri SimSilis kidev ufro gaRrmavebas da ekonomikis mxolod e.w. `oazisur~ regionebSi ganviTarebas. saqarTvelos gamocdileba

saqarTveloSi saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis pirvelsave wlebSi Zalze aqtualuri gaxda Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonis Seqmnis idea. es sulac ar aris gasakviri, radgan im dros sagareo vaWrobaSi mniSvnelovani barierebi arsebobda; magaliTad, gadasaxadiT ibegreboda ara marto importi, aramed eqsportic, xolo produqciis calkeul saxeobebze sxvadasxva arasatarifo SezRudva (magaliTad, akrZalva, licenzireba da sxv.) gamoiyeneboda. bunebrivia, aseT viTarebaSi dRis wesrigSi dadga Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebis, rogorc biznesis warmarTvis oazisebis Seqmna da amis iniciatorad aWaris imdroindeli xelmZRvaneloba mogvevlina. es iniciativa arc sxva regionebs darCaT SeumCneveli da amgvari moTxovna foTis, Tbilisis (aeroportis maxlobeli teritoriis gamoyenebis ideiT), yazbegis, lagodexisa da sxva raionebis xelmZRvanelobebmac gaimeores. swored aman Seuwyo xeli, rom gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi Zalze gaaqtiurda mTavrobis muSaoba zonisaTvis sakanonmdeblo bazis Sesaqmnelad. sayuradReboa, rom imavdroulad mTavrobam daiwyo mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri reformebi, maT Soris, sagareo vaWrobis etapobrivi liberalizaciac, ris Sedegadac saerTod gauqmda arasatarifo

33

ekonomika SezRudvebi, eqsporti srulad gaTavisuflda dabegvrisagan, xolo is importirebuli nedleuli, romelic gamoiyeneba saeqsporto produqciis sawarmoeblad, aseve gaTavisuflda dabegvrisagan. 1996 wlidan ucxoeli investoris mier miRebuli mogebis repatriacia yovelgvari SezRudvis gareSea nebadarTuli, xolo 1997 wlidan gauqmebulia SezRudvebi savaluto operaciebzec. iseT viTarebaSi, rodesac qveyanam aiRo Ria ekonomikis Seqmnis kursi, aSkarad gafermkrTalda Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonis Seqmnis idea, radgan arsebiTad SeizRuda zonisaTvis SesaZlo SeRavaTebis miniWebis sfero. amasobaSi, aWaris xelmZRvaneloba, TbilisTan urTierTobis xelovnuri daZabvis mizniT, kvlav moiTxovda Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonisaTvis sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmnas da jiutad ar aqcevda yuradRebas imas, rom zonisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli SesaZlo ZiriTadi SeRavaTebi ukve hqonda mTlianad qveyanas. Tavisi moTxovnisaTvis meti damajereblobis misacemad, aWaris xelmZRvanelobam raRac drois Semdeg daiqirava Cineli eqspertebi da maT moamzadebina Sesabamisi kanonproeqti specialuri ekonomikuri

zonis Sesaxeb. sainteresoa, rom masSi sityva `specialurs~ igive Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva mieca, rac sityva `Tavisufals~ aqvs. erTaderTi ekonomikuri SeRavaTi, rac Cinelma eqspertebma kanonproeqtSi gaiTvaliswines, iyo mogebis gadasaxadis ganaxevreba. zonisaTvis sxva SeRavaTebis miniWeba ki principulad SeuZlebeli iyo, radgan, rogorc aRiniSna, Tavad qveyana ukve iyo SeRavaTian sagareo ekonomikur reJimSi moqceuli. Cinelebis momzadebuli kanonproeqtis yvelaze susti mxare swored am sagadasaxado SeRavaTSi iyo: Tu, avtorTa azriT, mogebis gadasaxadis ganaxevreba sakmarisi iyo zonaSi ekonomikuri saqmianobis xelSewyobisaTvis, maSin umjobesi iqneboda mogebis dabegvris es reJimi gavrcelebuliyo mTel qveyanaze da ara mxolod mis romelime zonaze.

Tuki vardebis revoluciamde Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonis Seqmnis idea `Ria karis mtvrevas~ daemsgavsa, maSin logikurad ibadeba kiTxva – ra Seicvala revoluciis Semdeg iseTi, ramac am ideas axali sicocxle STabera? zonis Seqmnis ideis ganaxleba mxolod sagareo-ekonomikur urTierTobaTa reJimebis gauaresebas SeiZleboda mohyoloda. sinamdvileSi araferi msgavsi ar momxdara. ufro metic, kidev ufro liberaluri gaxda importis dabegvra: sasoflo-sameurneo produqciisa da samSeneblo masalebis zogierTi saxeobis garda, sabaJo gadasaxadi saerTod ganulda.

foTis Tavisufali industriuli zona

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Tavisufali ekonomikuri zona

vardebis revoluciis Semdeg mTel qveyanaSi arsebiTad gamartivda biznesis dawyebis biurokratiuli procedurebi. rac Seexeba saqarTveloSi ucxoelTa uvizo Semosvlas, Tu am reJimiT adre mxolod damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis zogierTi wevri qveynis moqalaqe sargeblobda, vardebis revoluciis Semdeg miiRes gadawyvetileba, romlis Tanaxmadac, es reJimi aSS-is, evrokavSiris qveynebis, Sveicariis, TurqeTis, iaponiis, israelis, iranis da sxva saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebzec gavrcelda. maSasadame, Sesaqmnel zonas veRarc es SeRavaTi mieniWeba. amrigad, vardebis revoluciis Semdeg miRebulma sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebma kidev ufro uazrod aqcia saqarTveloSi Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonis Seqmnis idea. miuxedavad amisa, miiRes kanoni `specialuri industriuli zonis Sesaxeb~, romelic gadasaxadebisagan srul ganTavisuflebasa da nebismieri valutis SeuzRudavi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas iTvaliswinebs. sayuradReboa, rom termin `industriuls~ raime gansakuTrebuli datvirTva ar gaaCnia, radganac zonaSi kanoniT gansazRvrul ekonomikur saqmianobaTa speqtri gascda am terminis sayovelTaod aRiarebul Sinaarss da is ufro termin `ekonomikuris~ sinonimad gamoiyeneba.

Tavidanve aSkara iyo, rom gadawyvetileba saqarTveloSi Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonis Seqmnis Taobaze mxolod foTiT ver Semoifargleboda (Tumca Tavidan mTavroba swored amas acxadebda): kanoni zogadia, ris gamoc araerTi, maT Soris ucxoeli, lobisti, rom araferi vTqvaT maJoritar deputatebze, Seecada aseTi zonebis Seqmnas qveynis sxvadasxva regionSi. sayuradReboa, rom foTs quTaisi da Tbilisi mohyva. Tu es rigi gagrZelda, maSin saqarTvelos `sagadasaxado saceris~ safrTxe emuqreba – qveynis masStabiT Seiqmneba iseTi sagadasaxado oazisebis qseli, sadac ganxorcielebuli ekonomikuri saqmianoba ar daibegreba. es ki, saboloo jamSi, saxelmwifo biujets seriozulad daazaralebs. dasasrul, saqarTvelo, samwuxarod, investiciuri SimSilis mqone qveynebis jgufs ganekuTvneba, ris gamoc misi ekonomikuri ganviTareba qveynis masStabiT investiciuri SimSilis kidev ufro gaRrmavebis safrTxis winaSe dgas.

hualingis Tavisufali industriuli zona quTaisSi

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literatura

vaJa

meore dabadeba levan berZeniSvili

„adamianis cxovrebaSi ori didi dRea — erTi, rodesac davibadeT da meore, rodesac aRmovaGineT, Tu risTvis [davibadeT]“. uiliam barkli, Sotlandieli Teologi da bibliis mkvlevari

vaJa-fSavela Tanamedrove saqarTvelos udidesi geniosia. misi poeturi Semoqmedebis mwvervalia tragikuli Txrobisa da humanisturi paTosis poemebi („aluda qeTelauri“, 1888; „stumar-maspinZeli“, 1893 da „gvelis mWameli“, 1901), romlebSic erTmaneTs erwymis vaJas individualuri filosofia, saerTo-kavkasiuri miTi da zogadsakacobrio adamianuri tragedia. am poemebSi e.w. zekacebi, protagonistebi – aluda, joyola, aRaza da mindia – xelaxla daibadebian da mTel sazogadoebasTan erTad „Zvel“ sakuTar Tavsac – winare gmirebsac – Seejaxebian. yvela adamianma icis, rom igi erTxel ibadeba. yvelam icis Tavisi dabadebis dRe, Tumca aravin icis danamdvilebiT, rom kidev erTxel SeiZleba daibados; arada, samive poemaSi xdeba es

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vaJa – meore dabadeba

xelaxali dabadeba, samive poemaSi dgeba fausturi WeSmaritebis wami, romelic Cerdeba, radgan mSvenieria. dro orad iyofa: erTi – „yvelas dro“, tradiciuli dro – mimdinareobs, rogorc mimdinareobda da meore – „gmiris dro“ – Cerdeba da udrooba – „uJamo Jami“ dgeba. aTvlis wertilia swored is mTavari dRe gmiris cxovrebaSi, rodesac is TavisTvisac moulodnelad aRmoaCens, Tu risTvis daibada; gmiri Tavis cxovrebaSi am yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovan rames aRmoaCens, Tavzari daecema da mas Seipyrobs warsuli, araswori cxovrebis gamo sindisis qenjna.

pirveli versia: „aluda qeTelauri“

esaa nawarmoebi, romelic qarTul da, saerTod, msoflio literaturaSi gansakuTrebul adgils ikavebs, vinaidan igi gacilebiT metia, vidre vaJas poema; esaa garkveuli manifesti imisa, Tu ra aris adamiani da ra simaRleze SeiZleba avides adamiani sakuTar TavSi garkvevis mizniT. gaerkvie sakuTar TavSi, `Seican Tavi Seni~ („gnoTi seauton“) – ewera apolonis taZars delfoSi. aluda qeTelauri – es umaRlesi simaRle, romelic miRweulia isedac Zalian maRali poziciidan. es ar aris konkia, aluda aRiarebuli lideria, romelic gaxdeba, marTalia, araRiarebuli, magram meti, vidre lideri, igi gaxdeba ze-lideri, zekaci, TiTqmis RmerTi. aludas zneobrivi cvlilebebis gza ar aris gza A punqtidan B punqtamde. esaa gza A punqtidan zemoT, esaa gza cisken, RmerTisken, RmerTobisken. poemis dasawyisSive naTqvamia, rom aluda iyo davlaTiani, anu iRbliani, svebediani, RvTisgan dalocvili. sxvagan vaJa ambobs: „fSavels zogi kaci zogs xatze iRbliani hgonia... winwasuls kacs is eZaxis davlaTians“. Sesabamisad, aluda iyo primus inter pares – pirveli TanasworTa Soris, anu TemSi gamorCeuli vaJkaci, romelic sxvebze ukeT akmayofilebs Temis wevrisTvis dadgenil kriteriumTa wyebas. rodesac mteri mtrobas Cadis, aluda ar elodeba aravis, ar eTaTbireba aravis, ar Txovs aravis rCevas – igi pirdapir daedevneba mters, radgan is aris gadawyvetilebis erTpirovnulad mimRebi, saukeTeso Satilioneli mebrZoli, gudanis jvris kai ymobis umaRles wertilze mdgomi, aRiarebuli avtoritetis mqone pirovneba; igi TemSi pativcemuli da yvelasaTvis sayvareli gmiria. amasobaSi orma RilRvelma xevsurebis cxenebi moitaca, maT Soris aludas cxenicaa. aludam icis, rogor unda miagnos mters da rogor unda gauswordes. iolad miagno da pirveli mteri swrafad mokla.

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literatura amis Semdeg iwyeba epikuri sidiadis epizodi: mucalisa da aludas brZola. am brZolis aRwerisas aluda ityvis: `sam me vesrole, sam – iman, mesamiT davasruliao~, magram ar aris sami nasroli: aludam mucals orjer esrola, mucalma – samjer. sul sam-sami gasrola iyo, magram pirveli mucals ar ekuTvnoda, pirveli gasroliT aludam mucalis „lamazi Zma“ gamoasalma sicocxles. rogorc Cans, „ukana ricxviT“ aludam mucalis ZmisTvis nasroli tyviac mucals miawera da amiT aRmofxvra is gansxvaveba, rac manamde jer kidev arsebobda mis gonebaSi mucalsa da mis Zmas Soris – Zmas aludam marjvena moaWra, rogorc mucalisgan gansxvavebul, „Cveulebriv“ mters, xolo mucals xeli ver moaWra – `codva ario~. Tavidan am brZolaSi yvelaferi ise mimdinareobda, rogorc manamde mravalgzis momxdara aludas cxovrebaSi: brZola, mtris sikvdili, marjvenis mokveTa, gmirobis dadastureba da misi, ase vTqvaT, ganvrcoba. aqac Cveuli scenariT midioda yvelaferi, sanam mterma sikvdilis win damdgar gansakuTrebul „WeSmaritebis wamSi“ ucnauri, moulodneli nabiji ar gadadga: `Tofic aludas gaugdo, erTs kidev etyvis sityvasa: exla Sen iyos, rjul-ZaRlo, xels ar Cavardes sxvisasa~. rva sityva, sul rva sityva Tqva sikvdilis win mucalma, Tan am sityvebidan erTi tradiciuli, religiuri mtrobis sityva iyo – „rjul-ZaRlo“. imqveynad mimavali mucalis saqcielma da sityvebma jer Searyia aludas rwmena, sabolood ki fundamenturad Secvala aluda qeTelauri, amoayirava Zvalsa da rbilSi gamjdari, uyoymano da ueWveli msoflmxedveloba da Zirfesvianad Secvala RirebulebaTa sistema, romelsac xevsurTa Temi saukuneebis manZilze ayalibebda da saTuTad inaxavda. am wuTamde samyaro aludasTvis Sav-TeTri iyo. xevsurebi TeTri, keTili Zalis „monaTluli“, „rjuliani“ warmomadgenlebi iyvnen, xolo qistebi – Savi, boroti Zalis, „mounaTlavi“, „urjulo“, devTan, eSmakTan da alTan wilnayari Svilebi, „ZaRlebi“ da „ZaRlis jiSisani“. momakvdavi mucalis moqmedebam manamde Tavis simarTleSi absoluturad darwmunebul gmirs pirvelad gauCina arsebiTi xasiaTis SekiTxva – sworad cxovrobs Tu ara?

38

vaJa – meore dabadeba

marTla aRemateba zneobrivad „mounaTlav“ mucals, romelsac sikvdilis win Tavisive mkvlelisTvis Tofi – mTieli kacisTvis uZvirfasesi saCuqari – emeteba? mokluli mucalis cxedarTan muxlCaxrili, cremlmomdgari aludasgan ibadeba axali sicocxle, axali aluda qeTelauri, romelsac samyaro aRar eCveneba Zveleburad Cvenad da sxvisad, keTilad da borotad, TeTrad da Savad. mokluli mtris mimarT igi imsWvaleba TavisTvis moulodneli mowiwebiTa da Zmobis suliskveTebiT. aluda ivseba axali enTuziazmiT, sicocxlis axali sixaruliT. axali aludas azriT, gmiroba mtris damarcxeba da misTvis marjvenis moWra ki ar aris, namdvili gmiroba mterSi mtrobis aRmofxvra, ucxoSi Zmis danaxvaa. namdvili gmiri ar klavs, namdvil gmirs uyvars. mtroba ar arsebobs. am axali ideiT isea moculi aluda qeTelauri, rom daufiqreblad eubneba xevsurebs: `im cxonebulsa mucalsa rkina sdebiyo gulada~. mucalma aluda vaJkacad aRiara, magram aluda misTvis mainc mteri, urjulo darCa. keTilSobili mucali Tavis Tavze amaRlda, rodesac Tofi mters aCuqa, magram aluda mucalze win wavida: misTvis mokluli mteri aRar aris mteri, „urjulo“ da „rjul-ZaRli“, misTvis mucali ukve „cxonebulia“. cxoneba, qristianuli rwmeniT, adamianis sulis xsnaa, rac qristesTan SeerTebas niSnavs, es ki mahmadianisTvis SeuZlebelia; magram axali aluda muslim mucals am Sanss TviTneburad aniWebs. mas maSinve cxared ekamaTebian: „ras ambob, qistis cxoneba ar dawerila rjulada“, magram aluda am naTqvams pasuxis Rirsadac ar Tvlis, is „cxonebuli“ mucalis qebas agrZelebs: „miT vaqeb vaJkacobasa, ar iyideba fulada.“ is, rasac aluda ambobs, imdenad gaugebaria, rom xevsurebs urCevniaT, mas ubralod ar daujeron da CaTvalon, rom igi diacurad gamoeqca mters. aludas TiTqosda Seuryeveli avtoriteti, misi Seudarebeli vaJkacoba, Temis winaSe misi Zveli damsaxureba erT wamSi daimsxvra. iolad gaimetes sayvareli gmiri xevsurebma, radgan yofili gmiris gameteba ufro advilia, vidre misi gaugebari „axali“ azrovnebis gageba. axali azrovneba mtrobaze uaris Tqmaa, xolo mtroba ra aris, amas vaJa saocari xilviT warmoadgens: „visac mteroba maswyurdes...“ mtroba SurisZiebaTa dausrulebeli jaWvia. mtroba dausrulebeli da maradiulia. mkvleloba mkvlelobas moiTxovs. am jaWvis garRveva mxolod SurisZiebaze uaris TqmiT SeiZleba. uaris Tqma ki mxolod maSin SeiZleba, Tu mteri aRar arsebobs. aludam SeZlo am jaWvis garRveva, radgan misTvis mucali mteri ar aris, Sesabamisad, mteri aravin aris. `Cven vityviT, kacni Cvena varT, marto Cven gvzdian dedani, Cvena vscxondebiT, urjuloT kuprSi mieliT qSenani. amis TqmiT vwara-maraobT...

RvTisSvilT ukeTes ician. yvelani marTals amboben gana, vinaca hfician?~

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literatura „amis TqmiT vwara-maraobT“ – vis gulisxmobs aluda? yvelas – Tems, xevisbers, yvelas, vinc „hficavs“. aludas ukve eWvi epareba, rom xevisbers da Tems esmodes simarTle. aluda martoa, mxolod man icis simarTle, mxolod man icis, rom mteri ar arsebobs. aludam yvela wesi daarRvia, mounaTlavis monaTvla moindoma, rjuli aigdo, saklavi Tavisi xeliT Seswira maSin, roca, Temis adaT-wesis Tanaxmad, mxolod xevisbers SeeZlo xatobisas xatSi miyvanili saklavis dakvla. sasjeli daundobelia: aludas saxlis direni umtvries, col-Svili autires, mokveTes, anu soflidan gaaZeves, rogorc umZimesi danaSaulis Camdeni, cixe-saxlis karebi daulewes, saZovari cecxls misces, saqoneli Temis sasargeblod gamorekes, arc misi naTesavebi daindes...

meore versia: „stumar-maspinZeli“ „stumar-maspinZelSi“ qistma joyolam Sin miipatiJa WiuxebSi gacnobili xevsuri monadire, romelic swrafad daimegobra, radgan masTan axlo sulieri naTesaoba igrZno. Temma joyolas stumarSi mravali qisti vaJkacis mkvleli, qisteTis daundobeli mteri – zviadauri Seicno; aRelvebulma qistebma stumarmaspinZlobis wesi daarRvies; stumari Seipyres da Tavis axal mkvdars Sesawirad daakles; zviadauri egzistencialur situaciaSi ar Sedrka da, qistebis saerTo aRiarebiT, maTs mkvdars „ar Seewira“; rogorc ki mis stumars Tavs daesxnen, joyolasTvis dadga is gadamwyveti wami. „stumar-maspinZelSi“ mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT viTareba garTulebulia, radgan is wami joyolas meuRlisTvis, aRazasTvisac, dgeba (aSkara paralelia „aluda qeTelaurTan“: mucali sikvdilis winaSe ar Sedrka da ucxotomeli aluda „atirda, rogorc qali“; zviadauri sikvdilis win ar Sedrka da igi aseve ucxotomelma qalma, aRazam, daitira).

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vaJa – meore dabadeba

mesame versia: „gvelis mWameli“ „gvelis mWamelSi“ mindia 12 weli qajebs hyavT Sepyrobili. igi, gausaZlisi tyveobis dasrulebisa da TviTmkvlelobis mizniT, qajebis tradiciul menius – gvelis xorcs – eziareba; mixvdeba, rom qajebma sibrZne gvelad moaCvenes, rom „hzizReboda saWmelad“ da isev ise, mxatvruli pauzis gareSe, daudgeba is wami („axalad suli Caedga, axali xorci aisxa; gulis xedva da Tvalebis, rogorc brmas da yruvs, gaexsna“). aludas, joyolasa da aRazas xelaxal dabadebas win uZRoda mtris, sxva gmiris, sikvdili da misi uCveulo, araprognozirebadi moqmedeba egzistencialur situaciaSi. „aluda qeTelaurSi“ esaa mucali, „stumarmaspinZelSi“ – zviadauri. rogorc saxarebaSia naTqvami, „ukueTu ara marcuali ifqlisaჲ davardes queyanasa da mokudes, igi martoჲ egos; xolo ukueTu mokudes, mravaln nayofni gamoiRos“ (ioane, 12, 24). Tu marcvali-mucali ar mokvda, aluda ar daibadeba; Tu zviadauri ar mokvda, ar daibadebian joyola da aRaza. ase dadginda mizezSedegobrivi xazi: mucalis sikvdili ➔ aludas dabadeba, zviadaurze Tavdasxma ➔ joyolas dabadeba, zviadauris sikvdili ➔ aRazas dabadeba. „gvelis mWamelSi“ mizezSedegobrivi xazi „Seikra“: mindias ardamdgari sikvdili (gvelis xorcis Wama) ➔ mindias dabadeba. adamiani cxovrobs sazogadoebaSi, icavs mis RirebulebaTa sistemas da aRwevs Tavis maRal adgils sazogadoebaSi. igi naTlad xedavs samyaros da mas cxadad esmis samyarosi. mas ase hgonia. ase hgonia Tavad am samyarosac. swored am dros raRac moxdeba, viRac mokvdeba da sikvdilis win iseT rames Caidens, rasac momakvdavi adamianisgan ar elodebian. Sesabamisad, igulisxmeba, rom arsebobs sikvdilisa da mis winaSe moqmedebis modeli, romelSic ganmsazRvreli da fuZemdebluria usityvo pativiscema da garkveuli mokrZaleba sikvdilis fenomenis winaSe. uiSviaTes SemTxvevaSi adamiani ugulebelyofs am models da swored sikvdilis win avlens zeadamianur siTamames, romelic scdeba moTxovnili krZalvis imperativs. swored am adamianis meSveobiT dgeba is wami da damkvirvebeli adamiani aRmoaCens, rom sinamdvileSi brma da yru yofila, ver xedavda da ar esmoda. kvdeba Zveli da ibadeba axali aluda, gvyavs Zveli da axali joyola, Zveli da axali aRaza da Zveli da axali mindia. Zveli aluda brma da yrua – is ver xedavs, rom mucali mteri ar aris. Zveli joyola brma da yrua – is ver xedavs, rom zviadauri mteri ar aris (poeturi bedis ironiiT, is imasac ver xedavs, rom zviadauri zviadauria da sityvaze endoba, „WieliT gadmoxvewili“ vinme nunua hgonia, rad-

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literatura gan „icrua zviadaurma, Tvisi saxeli damala“). Zveli mindia brmaa da yrua – mas ar esmis mcenareTa, frinvelTa da cxovelTa ena. yvelaze tragikuli ki isaa, rom swored Zvel, winare-gmirebs hgoniaT, rom yvelaze ukeT xedaven da esmiT. axaldabadebuli zegmirisTvis Tvalis axela dinamikuri procesia: Tvalis axela nel-nela xdeba. aluda xelaxla daibada da mucals xeli ar mosWra, magram, miuxedavad xelaxla dabadebisa, aludam xeli mosWra mucalis Zmas; miuxedavad imisa, rom aludam mucals xeli ar mosWra, mtrad mainc miiCnia; mxolod Semdeg mixvdeba aluda, rom mtroba saerTod ar arsebobs. miuxedavad xelaxla dabadebisa, joyola aRiarebs, rom xevsurebi mtrebi arian; ebrZvis kidec am mtrebs, magram erTi mteri – zviadauri – uyvars, igi misi megobaria (moqmedebs religiuri principi „giyvardes mteri Seni“). xevsurebi mtrebad rCebian aRazasTvisac, Tumca zviadauri misTvisac gamonaklisia. „gvelis mWamelis“ mindia yvelaze ufro ubeduri personaJia, radgan misi axali codna humanizmis sazRvrebsac gascda da mTeli cocxali samyaro „gaayalba“ (aristoteleseul Sefasebas Tu gavixsenebT „poetikidan“, mindia yvelaze ufro tragikulia vaJafSavelas gmirebs Soris iseve, rogorc evripide yvelaze ufro tragikulia Zvel berZen tragikosTa Soris, radgan mis tragediebSi gmirTa sikvdilis Semdeg samyaroSi samarTlianobis balansi aRar aRdgeba, esqilesa da sofokles tragediebisgan gansxvavebiT). vaJas gmirebidan aluda yvelaze ufro Sors wavida: jer Seiyvara mteri da mere daadgina, rom igi mteric ar yofila, daadgina, rom Cveni warmodgena imis Taobaze, rom viciT, Tu vin cxondeba da vis moelis „kuprSi qSenani“, ubralod, yalbia. aluda am codniT ar kmayofildeba, moqmedebs rusTveliseuli principiT „ara viqm, codna ras margebs filosofosTa brZnobisa“ da Setevaze gadadis: xatobaze

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vaJa – meore dabadeba

upirispirdeba xevisber berdias, mucalis saxelze Sav kurats Tavad swiravs da mas „Tavis lamazis ZmisTvina“ „undomlad mokluls“ uwodebs. swored am moqmedebis Sedegad gadawydeba aludas bedic: mas moikveTen da poema aludasa da misi ojaxis Temidan gansvliT sruldeba. gardaqmnis wamis Semdeg vaJas gmirebis bedi sxvadasxvagvarad ganviTarda: joyola mters marto SeebrZola („martokam unda viomo, mTelma jaregam mnaxosa“) da uTanasworo brZolaSi mokvda, Tumca amis Semdegac ver moigo Temis guli, Tavad es umagaliTo gmirobac Tavxedobad CauTvales („exlac masxarad agvigdo“) da saerTo sasaflaoze dakrZalvac ar aRirses; aRazam ver gauZlo joyolasa da zviadauris sikvdils, aseve, zviadauris mimarT gaCenili gaugebari grZnobiT movlenil eldas (Tavadac aRiarebs: „guls miklavs, gonebas mirevs fiqrebi gaugebari“) da Tavi moikla („waiRo wyalma aRaza, lamsa da qviSas Sahria“). mindiam ver gauZlo yofierebis cdunebas, col-Svilisadmi pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas da dakarga is RvTaebrivi niWi, romelic manamde eboZa da romelic mas yvela adamianisgan gamoarCevda. vaJas didi gmirebidan aluda qeTelauri mainc gamorCeulia. man SeZlo mtrobaze amaRleba da Tavis TavSi RvTaebrivi mSvidobis povna. amitom uSlis poemis bolos colsa da dedas Temis wyevlas: `javrobiT etyvis aluda: diacno, nu xarT ybedada, modiT, momyeviT, vidinoT, RmerTm es gvarguna bedada. jvars ar awyinoT, Tems nu swyevT, nu gadiqceviT cetada!~ Temma moiZula is, magram Tavad aludas ar SeuZlia sZuldes Temi, radgan rogorc Cvens macxovars, masac esmis, rom mtrobaSi Caflul, sisxlSi mcxovreb mis Tems, Tanasoflelebs, Tanamemamuleebsa da mTlianad Tanamedroveebs unda miutevos, radgan maT ar ician, ras sCadian. ase iqca mtrobisTvis dabadebuli, aRzrdili da momzadebuli vaJkaci yvelas Semwynarebel da mtrobis gauqmebis gmirad. swored esaa meored dabadeba – imis gageba, Tu risTvis vCndebiT amqveynad.

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samezoblo

saqarTvelo da CrdiloeTi kavkasia

aleqsandre kvaxaZe

Sesavali CrdiloeTi kavkasia saqarTvelos samezobloSi erT-erTi sakvanZo regionia. iq mimdinare procesebi pirdapir Tu iribad saqarTvelosac exeba. qarTvelTa da CrdilokavkasielTa urTierTobebi mraval aTaswleuls iTvlis. Crdilokavkasieli erebis araerTi warmomadgeneli saxlobs saqarTveloSi, magram, miuxedavad amisa, dReisaTvis CvenSi cota ram Tu viciT am Crdiloeli mezoblebis Sesaxeb. samwuxarod, qarTul mediaSi sxva kontinentebze mimdinare movlenebs gacilebiT meti dro eTmoba, vidre mezobel CeCneTs an daRestans. isic cxadia, rom qarTulCrdilokavkasiuri urTierTobebi dRes ar aris iseTi mWidro, rogoric unda iyos... ormxrivi urTierTobebis mimoxilva ratom aris mniSvnelovani saqarTvelosaTvis CrdiloeT kavkasiis regioni? pirvel rigSi, saqarTvelo aris erTaderTi saxelmwifo, romelic esazRvreba CrdiloeT kavkasiis eqvs respublikas, kerZod, daRestans, CeCneTs, inguSeTs, CrdiloeT oseTs, yabardo-balyareTsa da yaraCai-CerqezeTs. Tavisi unikaluri geografiuli mdebareobiT saqarTvelo warmoadgens kavkasiis centrs. meore mizezi, ris gamoc gvWirdeba CrdiloeT kavkasiasTan urTierToba, aris is uxilavi Zafebi, romlebic mTel kavkasias erTmaneTTan akavSirebs. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ganviTarebuli nebismieri konfliqti aucileblad aisaxeba saqarTveloze. magaliTad, ruseT-CeCneTis omis dros saqarTvelom miiRo ltolvilTa didi nakadi, Seiqmna krizisuli viTareba, romlis gamoc axalgazrda qarTuli saxelmwifo Zlier dazaralda. isic Tamamad unda iTqvas, rom kulturulad, genetikurad da istoriulad Crdilokavkasielebi da qarTvelebi sakmaod axlobeli xalxebia.

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saqarTvelo da Crdilo kavkasia

ruseT-CeCneTis omi daiwyo 1994 wels, rodesac ruseTis armiam CeCneTis respulikaze kontrolis damyareba scada. pirveli omi 1996 wels CeCeni xalxis gamarjvebiT dasrulda, ris Sedegadac rusulma sajariso danayofebma datoves respublika. CeCneTis meore omi daiwyo 1999 wels. miuxedavad didi winaaRmdegobisa, vladimer putinma SeZlo CeCneTze kontrolis damyareba. ruseTis qmedebis Sedegad ramdenime aTeuli aTasi mSvidobiani mosaxle daiRupa, xolo CeCneTis dedaqalaqi grozno ki miwasTan gasworda.

CeCeni mebrZolebi aRniSnaven gamarjvebas

rusi samxedro dangreuli groznos fonze, 1999

qarTvelTa da CrdilokavkasielTa naTesaoba sxvadasxva niSniT dasturdeba. enobrivi TvalsazrisiT, qarTveluri da Crdilokavkasiuri enebi (garda osurisa) erTian iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxs qmnian. am naTesaobis dasasabuTeblad enaTmecnierebs, garda saerTo fonetikuri da gramatikuli maxasiaTeblebisa, mohyavT iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ZiriTad leqsikaSi dadasturebuli iseTi saerTo kuTvnilebis sityvebi, romelTa saerTo Zirebi sakuTriv iberiulkavkasiuri fuZe-enidn momdinare Cans, mag.: qarTuli `guli~ da Cerqezuli `gu~, CeCnuri `duog~; qarTuli `aTi~ da CeCnuri `iTT~; qarTuli `suli~ da CeCnuri `sa~, Cerqezuli `fse~ da ase Semdeg.

kavkasiis mTebze mijaWvuli gmiris – amiranis (romelic, Tavis mxriv, berZnuli promeTes analogia) msgavsi gvxvdeba yvela kavkasiuri xalxis folklorSi: CeCnuri da inguSuri `fharmaTi~, Cerqezuli `sasriyva~ da afxazuri `abrskili~. didia msgavseba yofiT kulturasa da tradiciebSic. kavkasielTa samosi – Coxa, romelic saziaroa kavkasionis qedis orive mxarisTvis, Tamamad SeiZleba miviCnioT kavkasiis `savizito baraTad~.

CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxTa adaT-wesebis erTobliobisa da Rirsebis kodeqsebs, magaliTad, CeCnur `noxCalas~, Cerqezul `adiRe xabzes~, yaraCai-balyarul `Tau adaTs~, Zalian bevri saerTo aqvs qarTvel mTielTa adaT-wesebTan. aRsaniSnavia paralelebi arqiteqturaSic. araspecialistisTvis TuSur-xevsuruli da CeCnur-inguSuri koSkebis erTmaneTisgan garCeva praqtikulad SeuZlebelia, xolo yaraCaiSi svanuris msgavsi araerTi koSki gvxvdeba.

CrdilokavkasielTa da qarTvelTa mezoblobas mravali sikeTe axlavs. istoriuli wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom farnavaz mefis meuRle durZukeTidan (Tanamedrove inguSeTidan) iyo. mas Semdeg saqarTvelos araerTi mefe Tu Tavadi qorwindeboda Crdilokavkasiel didgvarovnebze. qarTulCrdilokavkasiuri urTierTobebis yvelaze naTeli periodi, albaT, daviT aRmaSeneblisa da Tamar mefis epoqa iyo. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom imdroindeli saqarTvelo iyo gaerTianebuli kavkasiuri saxelmwifo, sadac Crdilokavkasielebs saqarTvelosTan vasaluri urTierToba hqondaT. am periodis dasturia CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi arsebuli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis iseTi Zeglebi, rogoric aris tyoba-erdisa da albi-erdis qristianuli taZrebi inguSeTSi da daTunas eklesia daRestanSi. metic, daRestanSi im periodis arqeologi-

Cerqezi bavSvebi

qarTvelTa da CrdilokavkasielTa uZvelesi saerTo rwmena-warmodgenebi kargad aris asaxuli musikalur da zepirsityvier folklorSi. magaliTad amiranis miTic gamodgeba. cecxlis mompovebeli da Semdgom

45

samezoblo

daTunas eklesia daRestanSi

tyoba-erdis taZari inguSeTSi

ur masalaSi napovnia qarTuli anbanis gamoyenebiT Sesrulebuli xunZuri warwerebi. saqarTvelos urTierToba CrdilokavkasielebTan arc Semdgom periodSi ganelebula. saqarTvelom 1918 wels, damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg, CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebTan megobruli urTierToba daamyara. saarqivo dokumentebidan cnobilia, rom im dros daRestnis mTiani nawili saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlasac ki iTxovda, Tumca saqarTvelos xelisuflebam es winadadeba ar miiRo. cnobilia, rom axalgazrda qarTuli saxelmwifo imJamad mxars uWerda CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTielTa respublikis TavisuflebisaTvis brZolas.

1921 wels, sabWoTa okupaciis Semdeg, evropaSi gadasaxlebuli qarTveli da Crdilokavkasieli disidentebi erTad moRvaweobdnen evropis qveynebSi. sabWoTa okupaciis pirobebSic ki intensiuri kulturuli kavSiri arsebobda qarTvelTa da CrdilokavkasielTa Soris. qarTul umaRles saswavleblebSi ganaTlebas iRebdnen CrdiloeT kavkasiis samecniero elita da kulturis moRvaweebi. akademikosma arnold Ciqobavam Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi kavkasiuri enebis kaTedra Camoayaliba, sadac am enaTa Seswavla mimdinareobda. unda aRiniSnos, rom dReisaTvis CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebis umravlesoba (osebisa da CerqezTa nawilis garda) sarwmunoebiT aris muslimi. miuxedavad amisa, qarTvelebsa da Crdilokavkasielebs Soris istoriulad ar fiqsirdeba religiis niadagze momxdari konfliqti. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Cveni xalxebis urTierTobaSi religia meore planze iyo da upiratesoba saerTo-kavkasiur identobas eniWeboda. amas mowmobs yonaRobis instituti, rodesac qarTvelebi da Crdilokavkasielebi ramdenime wliT erT-

46

albi-erdis taZari inguSeTSi

maneTs ucvlidnen bavSvebs, raTa ojaxebs Soris daaxloeba da danaTesaveba momxdariyo. yonaRoba gavrcelebuli iyo raWvelebsa da balyarelebs, svanebsa da yaraCaelebs, kaxelebsa da daRestnelebs, megrelebs, afxazebsa da Cerqezebs Soris da xels uwyobda xalxebis erTmaneTTan daaxloebas.

imami Samili (1797-1871) – kavkasiis mTis xalxebis damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis meTauri ruseT-kavkasiis omis dros. misi TaosnobiT kavkasielma xalxebma medgari winaaRmdegoba gauwies ruseTis imperiis Zalebs, romlebic bevrad aRematebodnen kavkasielebs. sabolood, 1859 wels, imami Samili Runibis cixis alyisas tyved Cauvarda ruseTis imperias. tyveobisas is cxovrobda ruseTis sxvadasxva qalaqSi. 1870 w. Samils neba darTes meqaSi gamgzavrebuliyo. gardaicvala q. medinaSi.

saqarTvelo da Crdilo kavkasia

CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTielTa respublika – saxelmwifo CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, romelic Seiqmna 1917 wels ruseTis oqtombris revoluciis Semdeg. mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda dRevandeli CrdiloeT kavkasiis udidesi nawili. am saxelmwifos damoukidebloba aRiara TurqeTma, germaniam, saqarTvelom, azerbaijanma, bulgareTma, didma britaneTma, avstria-ungreTma da yubanis respublikam. CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTielTa respublikam arseboba 1920 wels, sabWoTa okupaciis Semdeg, Sewyvita.

CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTielTa respublikis droSa

safrTxeebi da gamowvevebi

miuxedavad didi siaxlovisa, qarTul-Crdilokavkasiur urTierTobebSi rTuli periodebic iyo. XVI saukuneSi saqarTvelos daSlas mohyva lekianoba da osianoba, rac niSnavs Crdilokavkasiel mTielTa Semosevas saqarTvelos barSi, mosaxleobis Zarcvasa da adamianebis tyved wayvanas. am procesma udidesi ziani miayena saqarTvelos. es yvelaferi gare Zalebis – iranisa da osmaleTis imperiis inspirirebuli iyo da miznad isaxavda imdroindeli qarTuli samefoebis kidev ufro dasustebas. viTareba garTulda XVIII saukuneSi, kavkasiaSi ruseTis imperiis Semosvlis Semdeg. ruseTis imperialisturi politika qarTvelTa da Crdilokavkasiel xalxTa Soris SuRlis Cagdebaze iyo orientirebuli. magaliTad, XIX saukuneSi, ruseT-kavkasiis omis dros, ruseTi aqtiurad iyenebda mis mimarT loalurad ganwyobil qarTvel samxedroebs. kavkasiel meamboxeTa lideri, imami Samili, sulac qarTveli generlis (igulisxmeba grigol orbeliani) daxmarebiT daatyveves. amgvari politika XX saukunis 40-ian wlebSic grZeldeboda, rodesac stalinisa da berias xelmZRvanelobiT moxda kavkasiel xalxTa deportacia. Tumca es ar asaxula qarTvelTa da CrdilokavkasielTa urTierTobebze. magaliTad, rodesac deportirebuli CeCnebi, inguSebi da yaraCai-balyarelebi ukan dabrundnen, maT adgilebSi Casaxlebulma qarTvelebma saxlebi xeluxleblad daaxvedres da ulaparakod dauTmes. kavkasiis xalxTa Soris SuRlis kidev ufro gasaRrmaveblad ruseTma afxazeTis omSi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg aqtiurad gamoiyena Crdilokavkasiuri faqtori. kerZod, xelovnurad Seiqmna `kavkasiis xalxTa konfederacia~, romelSic sxvadasxva Crdilokavkasieli xalxi gawevrianda. ruseTidan iaraRiT momaragebuli `kavkasiis xalxTa konfederaciis~ wevrebi afxazeTis omSi aqtiurad ibrZodnen saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg da monawileobdnen afxazeTidan qarTvelebis gandevnaSi. ruseTis xelisuflebam msgavs politikas mimarTa 2008 wels cxinvalis regionSi ruseT-saqarTvelos omSi, rodesac saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg CeCnebiT dakompleqtebuli SeiaraRebuli jgufebi – `vostoki~ da `zapadi~ gamouSva. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es ar aris arc qarTveli da arc Crdilokavkasieli xalxebis neba da gareSe Zalebisganaa Tavs moxveuli.

arnold Ciqobava (1898-1985) – gamoCenili qarTveli enaTmecnieri, iberiul-kavkasiuri Teoriis avtori. es Teoria efuZneba mosazrebas qarTvelur da Crdilokavkasiur enaTa naTesaobis Sesaxeb. a. Ciqobavam srulyofilad Seiswavla erTerTi daRestnuri – xunZuri – ena da dawera am enis gramatikis saxelmZRvanelo. garda amisa, arnold Ciqobavam Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi Seqmna kavkasiur enaTa kaTedra, sadac Crdilokavkasiur enebs aswavlidnen.

47

samezoblo dRes CrdiloeT kavkasias kidev erTi problema ukavSirdeba – es aris terorizmi. istoriulad kavkasiaSi gavrcelebuli ar yofila msgavsi formis politikuri Zaladoba, magram viTareba ruseT-CeCneTis omis dros Seicvala. ruseTTan omis Sedegad gamofitulma CeCenma mebrZolebma didi daxmareba miiRes axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebSi arsebuli sxvadasxva dajgufebisgan da am daxmarebaSi axali ideologiisa da axali taqtikis gavrcelebac Sedioda. nel-nela Seicvala CeCen mebrZolTa msoflmxedveloba. Tuki manamde maTi mTavari mizani iyo CeCneTis ganTavisufleba ruseTisagan, aRniSnuli cvlilebebis Semdeg maTi brZola globaluri jihadis nawili gaxda. ruseTma imavdroulad ostaturad daukavSira CeCneTi saerTaSoriso terorizms, ramac mas rogorc saerTaSoriso, ise Sida asparezze gauxsna xel-fexi. ra safrTxes uqmnis yovelive es saqarTvelos? qveynisaTvis safrTxes warmoadgens sxvadasxva teroristul organizaciasTan dakavSirebul Crdilokavkasiel mebrZolTa mier saqarTvelos derefnad gamoyenebis mcdeloba. saqarTvelos sakmaod xelsayreli geografiuli pirobebi aqvs, masze gadis axlo aRmosavleTidan CrdiloeT kavkasiisken mimavali umoklesi marSruti, rac Cvens qveyanas mimzidvels xdis sxvadasxva teroristuli organizaciisTvis. SesaZloa, am organizaciebs da maT wevrebs sulac ar hqondeT cudi ganzraxva saqarTvelos mimarT, magram aq aseTi pirebis yofna safrTxes uqmnis Cveni qveynis saerTaSoriso saxels da sababs aZlevs ruseTs, rom ufro aqtiurad CaerTos Cvens Sidapolitikur procesebSi. momavlis perspeqtivebi saqarTvelos regionul politikaSi CrdiloeT kavkasiasTan urTierTobas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs. imisaTvis, rom Cvens qveyanas gauZlierdes CrdiloeT kavkasiis mimarT interesi, aucilebelia nabijebis gadadgma ramdenime sakvanZo mimarTulebiT. udavoa, rom erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani kulqarTuli anbaniT turul-saganmanaTleblo mimarTulebaa. qarTulma umaRSesrulebuli xunZuri warwera lesma saswavleblebma rac SeiZleba meti Crdilokavkasieli studenti unda moizidon, raTa samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg isini saqarTvelos megobrebad da mSvidobis elCebad iqcnen. sistematurad unda Catardes erToblivi samecniero konferenciebi, gamofenebi, kvleviTi proeqtebi, folkloruli festivalebi da sxva kulturuli RonisZiebebi.

Crdilokavkasieli xalxebisTvis umniSvnelovanesia istoriuli simarTlis dadgena.

Tbilisis arqivSi inaxeba uamravi istoriuli dokumenti, romelSic asaxulia ruseTis imperiisa Tu sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier Crdilokavkasieli xalxebis mimarT Cadenili samxedro Tu humanitaruli danaSauli. magaliTad, rodesac saqarTvelos parlamentma 2011 wlis 20 marts oficialurad cno Cerqezi xalxis genocidi, aRiarebis dokumenti didwilad Tbilisis arqivSi aRmoCenil masalebs eyrdnoboda. Cerqezebis msgavsad, qarTulma sazogadoebam xeli unda Seuwyos sxva kavkasieli xalxebis tragikuli istoriis Seswavlasa da warmoCenas. es kidev ufro daaaxlovebs Cvens xalxebs. jihadi – islamSi miRebuli omis warmoebis wesebi. dRes am sityviT aRiniSneba islamur-revoluciuri SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi zogierT islamur da araislamur saxelmwifoSi. konfliqti avRaneTSi, eraySi, somaliSi, siriaSi, iemenSi, libiaSi da msoflios sxva wertilebSi globalur jihadad aris miCneuli.

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saqarTvelo da Crdilo kavkasia

Zalian didi mniSvneloba eniWeba ekonomikur proeqtebs. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saqarTvelom saTanadod ganaviTara CrdiloeT kavkasiasTan mosazRvre regionebi, rogoricaa xevi, xevsureTi, TuSeTi, raWa da svaneTi, Cveni qveyana kidev ufro mimzidveli gaxdeba Crdilokavkasieli turistebisTvis. saqarTvelos aseve SeuZlia moizidos Crdilokavkasieli biznesmenebi. imis gamo, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ar aris daculi biznesi, gamefebulia totaluri korufcia da ganukiTxaoba, am regionSi mcxovrebi mewarmeebisTvis saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi investireba SesaZloa ufro momgebiani gaxdes. garda investiciebisa, saWiroa satransporto derefnebis ganviTarebac. Crdilokavkasielebs SeuZliaT saqarTvelos gavliT umoklesi gziT daukavSirdnen rogorc Sav zRvas, ise TurqeTsa da irans. calke unda aRiniSnos saxalxo diplomatia da misi roli okupirebul teritoriaze mcxovreb afxazebTan da osebTan dialogSi. Crdilokavkasiel xalxebs, gansakuTrebiT Cerqezebs, afxazebTan mWidro urTierToba aqvT da SeuZliaT Suamavlis roli ikisron. amgvari TanamSromlobis magaliTi ukve gvaqvs 2012 da 2013 wlebis zafxulSi, rodesac saqarTvelos Cerqezi megobrebis daxmarebiT qalaq baTumsa da anakliaSi gaimarTa qarTul-afxazur-Cerqezuli sazafxulo skola, sadac aTamde afxazi bavSvi monawileobda. vfiqrobT, saxalxo diplomatiiT gaxdeba SesaZlebeli TurqeTSi mcxovreb afxazebTan dialogic. magaliTad, 2012 wels qalaq stambolSi gamoifina Tbilisis arqividan gamotanili CerqezTa genocidis amsaxveli dokumentebi da amis organizebaSic TurqeTSi mcxovreb qarTvelebTan da CerqezebTan erTad afxazebic monawileobdnen. udavod sasicocxlod aucilebelia, rom saqarTvelos mWidro urTierToba hqondes CrdiloeT kavkasiasTan. kavkasiis qedis CrdiloeTi da samxreTi mxare erTmaneTTan istoriul-kulturuli kavSirebiTaa gadajaWvuli da maT aucileblad unda hqondeT mSvidobiani keTilmezobloba. imisaTvis ki, rom qarTul-Crdilokavkasiuri urTierTobebi ganviTardes, pirvel rigSi saWiroa ukeT vicnobdeT Cvens regionsa da Cvens uSualo samezoblos.

kavkasiel xalxTa deportacia – meore msoflio omis dros ioseb stalini da sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba zog Crdilokavkasiel xalxs arasandod miiCnevda. maTi azriT arsebobda riski, rom isini faSisturi germaniis mxareze gadavidodnen. riskis Tavidan acilebis gzad am xalxebis cimbirsa da Sua aziaSi deportacia miiCnies. sabWoTa xelisuflebam gaasaxla yaraCaelebi (1943), CeCnebi, inguSebi da balyarelebi (1944). stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg am xalxebis didi nawili samSobloSi dabrunda.

inguSebis ojaxi yazaxeTSi, qaliSvilis cxedarTan ruseTis imperiis Semosvlamde Cerqezebi raodenobrivad kavkasiis yvelaze did ers warmoadgendnen. Tumca, ruseTis imperiuli politika iTvaliswinebda Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis misi mkvidrebisgan gawmendasa da maT adgilze morCili xalxebis dasaxlebas. am mizniT, XIX saukuneSi daiwyo Cerqezi eris mizanmimarTuli ganadgureba an gasaxleba osmaleTis imperiaSi. am movlenebis piki iyo 1864 wlis 21 maisi, rodesac soWis maxloblad sofel qbaadeSi (amJamindeli krasnaia poliana) gaimarTa ukanaskneli brZola Cerqezebsa da rusebs Soris. brZolis Semdeg mTeli CerqezeTis masStabiT moewyo sasaklao. genocidis Sedegad CerqezTa 90 procenti an fizikurad ganadgurda, an gaasaxles osmaleTis imperiaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom TiTqmis 150 wlis Semdeg ruseTma swored krasnaia polianaSi, CerqezTa Jletis adgilas, Caatara soWis zamTris olimpiuri TamaSebi.

Cerqezebis aqcia soWis olimpiadis winaaRmdeg

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mecniereba

NA NA NO NO

NA

NO

NA

N NA

NA

ANN O NA O NO NA

NO

Te

NO

ch

no grafeni da NO l og nanoteqnologia y

NA

NO

NA

NO

giorgi jafariZe

rodesac 2010 wlis 5 oqtombers SvedeTis samefo mecnierebaTa akademiam fizikis dargSi nobelis premiis axal laureatebad andrei geimi da konstantine novosiolovi daasaxela, msoflios samecniero sazogadoeba erTsulovani iyo am gadawyvetilebis mxardaWeraSi.

erTsulovneba orma garemoebam ganapiroba: erTi mxriv, es aris laureatebis mier aRmoCenili axali masalis – grafenis – unikaluri Tvisebebi, xolo, meore mxriv, is garemoeba, rom Tavad grafenis aRmoCena TvalnaTeli da utyuari dasturi iyo im teqnologiuri warmatebebisa, rac ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi nanoteqnologiis ganviTarebam moitana. masalis Tvisebebis damokidebuleba ara marto mis qimiur Semadgenlobaze, aramed, rac bevrad ufro uCveulo da sainteresoa, damzadebuli nimuSis sivrcul zomebze Tanamedrove mecnierebis intensiurad ganviTarebadi mimarTulebis – nanofizikis – mimdinare kvlevebis mTavari amocanaa. ra aris nanoteqnologia? sityva `nano~ berZnulad jujas niSnavs, nanometri ki metris erT memiliarded nawils Seadgens. wyalbadis atomis zoma 0.1 nanometria, xolo yvelaze wvrili Tmis sisqe – 50000 nm. amrigad, nanoteqnologia materiis im Tvisebebis Seswavlasa da gamoyenebas gulisxmobs, romlebic nanozomis nimuSebSi vlindeba. gvxvdeba sxvadasxva tipis nanozomis nimuSebi. es SeiZleba iyos erTi an ramdenime atomuri fenisagan Sedgenili firebi (organzomilebiani nanosistemebi), Zalian viwro, nanozomis dia-

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grafeni da nanoteqnologia

andrei geimi da konstantine novosiolovi nobelis premiiT dajildoebaze, 2010

metris mqone mavTulebi an atomuri jaWvebi (erTganzomilebiani nanosistemebi), an e.w. nanoklasterebi, atomebisgan Sedgenili grovebi, romelTa zomebi nanometruli masStabisaa. msgavs obieqtebs, rasakvirvelia, nanoteqnologiuri epoqis dadgomamdec ikvlevdnen rogorc fizikosebi, aseve qimikosebi da biologebi. magaliTisTvis sakmarisia masalaTa zedapiris sxva nivTierebis monoatomuri feniT dafarvis qimiuri da fizikuri teqnologiebis an kvazierTganzomilebiani organuli metalebis fizikuri Tvisebebis kvleva. Tumca, Cemi azriT, nanomecnieruli kvlevebis yvelaze ufro efeqturi da saintereso magaliTebi molekulur biologiaSi unda veZeboT, sadac genetikuri kodis gadamtani molekula dnm-i tipuri nanoobieqtia, misi diametri 2 nanometria, xolo sigrZe ki – miliardjer meti. ukve 60 welze metia igi mecnierTa kvlevis erT-erTi mTavari sagania. maS, ra aris is mecnieruli da teqnologiuri siaxle, romelic tradiciuli nanomecnieruli kvlevebis wiaRidan warmoiqmna da principulad axali nanoteqnologiuri epoqis dawyebaze migviTiTebs? sizustisTvis aq davesesxebi prinstonis universitetis leqsikons, romlis Tanaxmad, nanoteqnologia aris materiis Tvisebebis kontrolirebadi marTvis teqnologia atomur da molekulur doneze iseT struqturebSi, romelTa erTi sivrciTi ganzomileba mainc 100 nanometrze naklebia. amrigad, aq mTavari sityvaa teqnologia, anu unari atomur da molekulur doneze mizanmimarTulad vmarToT nivTierebebis Tvisebebi. amasTan, Tvisebebis amgvari

grafenis fenebi, gadaRebuli atomur-Zalovani mikroskopis saSualebiT

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mecniereba marTva xom imave dros rTuli molekuluri sistemebis organizaciis da Tvisebebis Seswavlis unikalur SesaZleblobebs iZleva! amitom Tanamedrove nanoteqnologia aris rogorc fundamenturi mecnierebebis (fizika, qimia, molekuluri biologia, biofizika, medicina, farmakologia), ise Tanamedrove sainJinro-teqnologiuri mecnierebebis (sainformacio teqnologiebi, gamoyenebiTi masalaTmcodneoba, nanoeleqtronika) ganviTarebis erTiani safuZveli. rogorc mecnierebisa da teqnologiebis damoukidebeli dargi, nanoteqnologia Camoyalibda bolo ori aTwleulis manZilze, xolo misi warmoSoba uSualod ukavSirdeba gasuli saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi mikroeleqtronikis da sainformacio teqnologiebis ganviTarebas. amrigad, nanoteqnologiaze saubris dawyeba albaT sakmaod Soridan mogviwevs. jer iyo sityva – riCard feinmani nanoteqnologiis pirvel nabijebs xSirad udidesi amerikeli Teoretikos-fizikos riCard feinmanis saxels ukavSireben. feinmani bolo warmomadgenelia genialuri fizikosebis im jgufisa, ainStainiT dawyebuli da lev landauTi dasrulebuli, romelTac Seqmnes XX saukunis fizika da Tanamedrove fizikis TiTqmis yvela dargs Tavisi gansakuTrebuli kvali daamCnies. feinmani 25 wlis asakSi ukve los-alamosSi `atomuri bombis~ proeqtSi muSaobda, aris kvanturi eleqtrodinamikis erT-erTi Semqmneli, raSic mas 1965 wels nobelis premia mieniWa. masve ekuTvnis fundamenturi Sedegebi kon-

densirebul garemoTa fizikaSic, kerZod ki, zedenadobis TeoriaSi. gansakuTrebuli popularoba feinmans 1962-1963 wlebSi kaliforniis teqnologiuri universitetis pirveli da meore kursebis studentebisTvis wakiTxuli zogadi fizikis leqciaTa kursma moutana. am leqciebis rusuli Targmani sabWoTa kavSirSi 1967 wels gamoica da cota xanSi masStabur kulturul movlenad iqca. es imitom moxda, rom masalis gadmocemiT da sakiTxebis unikaluri xedviT feinmanis leqciebi uaRresad zusti da amave dros sruliad Tavisufali mecnieruli azrovnebis saukeTeso magaliTs warmoadgens. imis magaliTs, Tu rogor SeiZleba, sruliad standartuli da rutinuli xasiaTis mecnieruli Sedegebic ki studentebs ise gaacno da daanaxo, rom maT axlis Ziebis da mecnieruli codnis Seqmnisas inteleqtualuri Tavisuflebis aucileblobis SegrZneba gauRrmavdeT. amgvari sruliad Tavisufali da amavdroulad Seuvali simkacris mecnieruli azrovnebis saukeTeso magaliTia feinmanis mier 1959 wels amerikis fizikis sazogadoebis sxdomaze wakiTxuli moxseneba nanoteqnologiis perspeqtivebis Sesaxeb. Tavad termini `nanoteqnologia~ mxolod 80-iani wlebis bolos gaCnda. atomur masStabSi materiis Tvisebebze mizanmimarTuli zemoqmedebis Sedegad miRebuli axali SesaZleblobebis unikaluri teqnologiuri perspeqtivebi pirvelma feinmanma dainaxa.

Tavis leqcias feinmani iwyebs Semdegi sityvebiT: `dRes msurs visaubro mecniere-

grafenSi eleqtronebis speqtri, gamoyofili speqtris `relativisturi~ nawili

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grafeni da nanoteqnologia

riCard feinmani

bis im dargze, romelSic sadReisod jerjerobiT cota ram aris gakeTebuli, magram, principSi, uamravi axlis gakeTeba unda iyos SesaZlebeli. es dargi ar hgavs Cveulebriv fundamentur fizikas im azriT, rom is ar cdilobs ipovos axali, uCveulo elementaruli nawilakebi. is ufro myari tanis fizikas hgavs, dargs, romelic albaT kidev bevr sainteresos mogviTxrobs nivTierebis, rogorc cnobili elementebisgan (atomebisgan) agebuli rTuli struqturis, Tvisebebze. rac mTavaria, aq uzarmazari perspeqtivebia, gansakuTrebiT, teqnikuri gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT. problema, romelzec minda vilaparako, gaxlavT mcire (atomur, nano)… masStabebze nivTierebis Tvisebebis marTva da am TvisebebiT manipulireba… ar mgonia, rom amis SesaZleblobas fizikis romelime kanoni gvikrZalavdes, ubralod, Cven Zalian didebi varT, atomebi ki – Zalian patara. amitomac es advilad ar gamogvdis~. mogvianebiT feinmani dasZens: `vcadoT gaviazroT, Tu risi gakeTeba mogviwevs, Tuki SevecdebiT britanul enciklopediaSi arsebuli mTeli informacia ai, am fanqris wveris zomis mexsierebis elementSi movaTavsoT.… maSinve gairkveva, rom informaciis Cawera am SemTxvevaSi atomuri masStabis obieqtebze unda moxdes (yovel asos da sasven niSans Tavisi atomi an atomebis jgufi unda mivusadagoT!), xolo aseTi teqstis wakiTxvas ki uCveulo – atomuri mikroskopi dasWirdeba~. Cemi azriT, nanoteqnologias sa-

fuZveli swored maSin Caeyara, roca feinmanma es sityvebi warmoTqva. unikaluri mecnieruli intuicia da SorsmWvreteloba gamoavlina feinmanma Tavis leqciaSi: man iwinaswarmetyvela biomolekuluri roboti, ultraTanamedrove eleqtronuli mikroskopi, genuri inJineria, wertilovani medikamenturi mkurnalobis SesaZleblobani, kvanturi kompiuteri da mravali sxva. feinmanis am leqciaSi gamoTqmulma ideebma imdenad gauswro Tavis dros, rom amerikis fizikis sazogadoebis sxdomaze wakiTxuli misi moxseneba sruliad SeumCneveli darCa samecniero sazogadoebisTvis da mxolod 33 wlis Semdeg, 1992 wels, ukve nanoteqnologiis aqtiuri ganviTarebis etapze, moiZies da dabeWdes samecniero JurnalSi. feinmanis ideebis mecnieruli masStabisa da siTamamis srulfasovnad aRsaqmelad SegaxsenebT, rom maSin, rodesac feinmani leqciiT gamodioda, anu gasuli saukunis 50-iani wlebis bolos, Tanamedrove naxevargamtaruli teqnologiebis umniSvnelovanesi epoqa mxolod pirvel nabijebs dgamda.

Tuki stiven spilbergis cnobili filmis `ukan momavlisken~ xerxs gamoviyenebT da gasuli saukunis 50-ian wlebSi gadavinacvlebT, aRmovaCenT, rom msoflioSi mxolod ramdenime (uzarmazari zomis da usaSvelod Zviri) moqmedi kompiuteria, televizorebi

53

mecniereba naTurebze muSaobs, tranzistorul televizors SONY-s korporacia mxolod erTi wlis Semdeg – 1960 wels Seqmnis, mikroCipebis warmoeba 1965 wels daiwyeba, xolo mikroprocesorebis Seqmnamde TiTqmis ori aTwleulia darCenili. personaluri kompiuterebi, videoekranebi da mobiluri telefonebi mxolod jeims bondis Sesaxeb gadaRebul kinofilmebSi mzaddeba. bil geitsi da stiven jobsi 4 wlisani arian, mark cukerbergi ki mxold 25 wlis Semdeg – 1984 wels daibadeba... didi amerikeli fizikosi riCard feinmani 1988 wels 70 wlis asakSi gardaicvala. mas ergo bedniereba Tavisi yvelaze ufro Tamami mecnieruli winaswarmetyvelebebis – nanoteqnologiuri epoqis dasawyiss moswreboda.

1982 weli – nanoteqnologiuri epoqis dasawyisi

nanoteqnologiis epoqis dasawyisad unda miviCnioT 1982 weli, rodesac SveicariaSi, kompania IBM-is ciurixis kvleviTi laboratoriis TanamSromlebma gerd biningma da hainrix roerma Seqmnes pirveli maskanirebeli gvirabuli mikroskopi. es unikaluri mowyobiloba saSualebas iZleva davinaxoT (am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT) atomebi, davadginoT maTi ganlageba sivrceSi. metic, mikroskopis Tanamedrove gaumjobese-

buli nimuSebiT ukve atomis eleqtronuli garsebis garCevac SeiZleba. odnav mogvianebiT imave laboratoriaSi biningma da misma TanamSromlebma daamzades maskanirebeli atomur-Zalovani mikroskopic, rac nanozomis obieqtebis sruli samganzomilebiani suraTebis miRebis saSualebas iZleva. mniSvnelovania, rom am mikroskopebiT SeiZleba ara marto atomebis danaxva, aramed maTi aReba, erTi adgilidan meoreze gadatana, Semdeg mis gverdiT sxva atomis moTavseba da sasurveli geometriuli formis mqone struqturad dalageba!.. martivad rom vTqvaT, feinmanis ocnebis asruleba – atomebiT manipulireba! survilis Sesabamisad nivTierebis ageba da misi Tvisebebis marTva! maskanirebeli gvirabuli mikroskopis Seqmna SesaZlebeli gaxda fizikis, sainJinro da sainformacio-teqnologiur sferoSi miRweuli warmatebebis erTi amocanis garSemo Sejerebisa da Serwymis Sedegad. es aris atomuri da kvanturi fizikis, zusti meqanikis, programuli da kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofis (rac fizikuri gazomvebis monacemebis vizualizaciis saSualebas iZleva) im droisTvis miRebuli uaxlesi monacemebis warmatebuli sinTezis Sedegi. biningisa da roeris aRmoCenis mniSvneloba Tavidanve saTanadod Seafasa samecniero sazogadoebam da 1986 wels, pirveli Sedegebis gamoqveynebidan ori wlis Semdeg, maT fizikis dargSi nobelis premia mieniWaT.

bil geitsi stiven jobsi mark cukerbergi

mark cukerbergi (dabad. 14.05.1984) socialur qsel Facebook-is damfuZnebeli.

uiliam bil geitsi (dabad. 28.10.1955) amerikeli biznesmeni, filantropi, investori da kompiuteruli programisti, kompania Microsoftis damfuZnebeli.

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stiven jobsi (24.02.1955–5.10.2011) kompiuteruli industriis wamyvani figura da gamomgonebeli, Apple-is TanadamfuZnebeli, Tavmjdomare da mTavari aRmasrulebeli direqtori.

grafeni da nanoteqnologia

grafeni XX saukunis dasawyisSi ambobdnen, rom kvanturma meqanikam saSualeba mogvca gavigoT da gaviazroT is, risi danaxvac SeuZlebelia. maskanirebeli gvirabuli mikroskopis Seqmnam ki SesaZlebeli gaxada TvalnaTliv davinaxoT da vmarToT is, rac aqamde mxolod maTematikuri formulebis saSualebiT Tu gvesmoda. ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi nanoteqnologiis ganviTarebam SesaZlebeli gaxada dabali sivrciTi ganzomilebis mqone masalebis miReba da maTi uCveulo Tvisebebis gamoyeneba axali teqnologiebis gansaviTareblad. aseTi uCveulo Tvisebebis mqone masalis saukeTeso magaliTia grafeni – naxSirbadis atomebiT agebuli organzomilebiani („brtyeli“) kristali. grafeni pirvelad miiRes 2004 wels manCesteris universitetis mezoskopiuri fizikis laboratoriaSi laboratoriis xelmZRvanelma, profesorma andrei geimma da imJamad postdoqtorantma mkvlevarma konstantine novosiolovma. grafeni naxSirbadis axali alotropiuli mdgomareobaa. is aris erTi atomis zomis siganis mqone kristaluri firi, fiWis tipis kristaluri struqturiT, romlis kvanZebSi naxSirbadis atomebia moTavsebuli. manCesteris jgufma SeimuSava grafenis firebis miRebis axali efeqturi teqnologia. maTve eqsperimentulad daadastures miRebuli masalis organzomilebiani buneba da pirvelsave eqsperimentebSi daadgines bevri unikaluri Tviseba, romelic organzomilebianobiT aris ganpirobebuli. aRmoCenam imTaviTve miipyro mkvlevarTa yuradReba da grafenis Seswavlis saqmeSi erTdroulad CaerTo bevri sxva kvleviTi jgufic. gaCnda uamravi publikacia, romelic grafenis unikaluri Tvisebebis damadasturebel axal Sedegebs aCvenebda. daiwyo `grafenis bumi~ – teqnologiurma korporaciebma TavianTi finansuri da kvleviTi resursebi grafenis kvlevebze mimarTes. samecniero Jurnalistebma ki co-

gerd biningi (marcxniv) da hainrix roeri maT mier konstruirebul atomur-Zalovan mikroskopTan erTad

wyalbadis atomSi eleqtronuli orbitalebis suraTi, gadaRebuli gvirabuli mikroskopis saSualebiT

pirveli Canaweri, ganxorcielebuli qsenonis atomebis mowesrigebuli ganlagebiT nikelis zedapirze

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mecniereba ta naCqarevad, magram arcTu usafuZvlod, sazogadoebas `grafenis eleqtronikis~ axali epoqis dadgoma auwyes.

Tavad sityva „grafeni“ axali ar aris. es termini pirvelad gamoiyena germanelma qimikosma hans-peter boemma 1962 wels grafitis Semadgeneli ZiriTadi struqturuli elementis – organzomilebiani naxSirbadis fenis aRsaniSnad. grafiti yvelasaTvis kargad cnobili masalaa. misgan aris damzadebuli im fanqris gulic, romelsac xatvis an weris dros viyenebT. grafiti samganzomilebiani fenovani struqturaa, romelic Sedgeba erTmaneTTan sustad dakavSirebuli grafenis Sreebisagan. fanqriT werisas es fenebi wydeba grafitis ZiriTad masas da qaRaldze rCeba fanqris wveris traeqtoriis aRmweri kvali. es kvali, garda grafitis sqeli natexebiT moniSnuli da advilad dasanaxi ubnebisa, aseve Seicavs mcire zomis erTi an ramdenime atomuri fenisagan Semdgar, TvaliT da Cveulebrivi mikroskopiTac uxilav natexebs. am areebis dasanaxad saWiroa uaxlesi eleqtronul-sxivuri an maskanirebeli gvirabuli mikroskopi. grafenis teqnologia amgvari `uxilavi~ nakveTebis Seswavlas da teqnologiaSi maT gamoyenebasac gulisxmobs. uaRresad rTuli amocanaa, jer erTi, moamzado iseTi fena, rogoric saWiroa, mere am (erTi atomis sis-

qis!) fenis meqanikuri, eleqtruli, siTburi Tu sxva fizikuri Tvisebebi daadgino! mxolod dRes, nanoteqnologiis epoqaSi, rodesac nanoskopiis uaxlesi miRwevebis safuZvelze ukve SegviZlia davinaxoT atomebi, SesaZlebeli gaxda aseTi sruliad fantastikuri fizikuri eqsperimentebis Catareba. vidre grafenis, rogorc masalis unikaluri Tvisebebis ganxilvas SevudgebodeT, sasurvelia dabalganzomilebiani sistemebis miRebasTan dakavSirebuli erTi zogadi da fundamenturi xasiaTis sirTule aRvniSnoT. saqme isaa, rom bunebas ar uyvars (am sityvis pirdapiri gagebiT) dabalganzomilebiani sistemebi! samyaro, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT, samganzomilebiania da bunebac, romelic am samganzomilebian samyaroSi moqmedebs, mxolod samganzomilebian mdgrad sistemebs qmnis. organzomilebiani kristaluri sistemebi TavisTavad ar Cndeba, xolo xelovnurad Seqmnilebi aramdgradia da Cveulebriv an male iSleba mcire zomis klasterebad, an gardaiqmneba Cveulebriv samganzomilebian kristalur struqturebad. miuxedavad amisa, organzomilebiani atomuri fenebi, rogorc kristalis zedapirze xelovnurad dafenili monoatomuri struqturebi, ukve naxevar saukuneze meti xania fizikosebis intensiuri kvlevis sagans warmoadgens. aseTi sistemebis mdgradobas, Cveulebriv, safeni ganapirobebs.

maskanirebeli gvirabuli mikroskopis moqmedebis suraTebi

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grafeni da nanoteqnologia

grafenis aRmoCenamde idealuri organzomilebiani sistemebis mimarT interess mxolod Teoretikosi fizikosebi iCendnen. organzomilebiani samyaro maT Tavisi uCveulo Tvisebebis simdidriT izidavda. am TvalsazrisiT arc grafeni, rogorc organzomilebiani struqturis kerZo magaliTi, warmoadgenda gamonakliss da misi, axla ukve eqsperimentulad dadgenili, ramdenime gansakuTrebuli Tviseba nawinaswarmetyvelebic ki aRmoCnda adreul Teoriul gamokvlevebSi. am Teoriulma gamokvlevebma uaRresad mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa, vinaidan eqsperimentuli Sedegebis da Teoriuli gaTvlebis SesaniSnavi Tanxvedra aRmoCnda is mTavari argumenti, romelic adasturebs grafenis, rogorc axali masalis, unikalur organzomilebian bunebas. davZen, rom yovelive Tqmuli kidev erTi SesaniSnavi dadasturebaa zogadi debulebisa – lamazi maTematikuri konstruqciebi da modelebi, raoden formaluradac ar unda gamoiyurebodes Tavidan, sabolood mainc povebs realizacias bunebaSi. grafenis, rogorc masalis, gansakuTrebuloba naxSirbadis atomebis unikalur qimiur TvisebebSi imaleba. sxva atomebisgan agebuli analogiuri firebis miReba jer ver xerxdeba. naxSirbadis atomis gamorCeuloba ukve grafitis TvisebebSic Cans. grafitSi naxSirbadis atomebi Zalian mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli imave fenaSi mdebare mezoblebTan da bevrad ufro sustad aris SeWiduli mezobel fenaSi mdebare naxSirbadis atomebTan. amis Sedegia is, rom fenebi advilad srialebs erTmaneTis mimarT, rasac fanqriT weris dros Cvenc viyenebT. Sesabamisad, sakmaod advilia grafenidan fenebis gamocalkevebac. es ukiduresad martivi meTodi gamoiyenes geimma da novosiolovma grafenis misaRebad. grafitis didi zedapiridan nawilis asatkecad maT aiRes yvelasTvis `skoCis~ saxeliT cnobili webovani firi. Semdeg atkecili nawili imave proceduriT isev gayves SuaSi da aseTi TanmimdevrobiT ganagrZes moqmedeba manam, sanam (hoi, sakvirvelebav!) `skoCiT~ gancalkevebis arcTu ise bevri proceduris Semdeg zedapirze miRebuli narCenebis Sesabamisi mikroskopis saSualebiT SeswavliT grafenis erTi, ori an ramdenime fenisagan Sedgenili sakmaod farTo areebi ar dainaxes. erT-erT adreul interviuSi konstantine novosiolovi grafenis aRmoCenis

atomur-Zalovani mikroskopis saSualebiT spilenZze rkinis atomebis dalagebiT, iaponuri ieroglifebiT dawerili sityva `atomi~

istoriis kidev ufro saintereso da iumoriT savse detalebsac ixsenebda. manCesteris universitetSi, inglisis universitetebis umravlesobis msgavsad, miRebulia paraskevs saRamos, 5 saaTze, mTeli jgufis Sekreba, Cais sma, samuSao kviris Sedegebis Sejameba da momavali kviris gegmebis ganxilva. vinaidan geimis laboratoriis TanamSromelTa umravlesoba ruseTis, CineTisa da indoeTis moqalaqeebi iyvnen, romlebic Cveulebriv SabaT-kvirasac muSaobdnen, laboratoriaSi es `rituali~ formalur xasiaTs atarebda. paraskeobiT savaldebulo Cais smisTvis minimaluri SemoqmedebiTi datvirTva mainc rom mieca, geimma am Sexvedrebs `Cais smis procesSi fantastikuri ideebis gansaxilvelad mowveuli seminari~ daarqva. is Tavis axalgazrda TanamSromlebs mouwodebda yofiliyvnen maqsimalurad Tavisufali, SemoqmedebiTi, gza miecaT fantaziisaTvis da seminarebze gansaxilvelad SemoetanaT uCveulo da, rac mTavaria, ordRiani (momaval SabaT-kviraze gaTvlili) kvleviTi proeqtebi. 2004 wlis zamTris erT-erT

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mecniereba wvimian paraskevs seminarze dagvianebiT Semosul erT-erT kolegas, romelic laboratoriaSi grafits ikvlevda da misi zedapiris mtvrisgan gasawmendad xSirad `skoCs~ iyenebda, xelSi eWira gadasagdebad gamzadebuli ukve gamoyenebuli `skoCis~ firi. paraskevis amocanac novosiolovma iqve dasva: `SeviswavloT gadasagdebad gamzadebuli `skoCis~ zedapirze moxvedrili atkecili naxSirbadis struqturebi~. amboben, pirvelive gamokvlevebis Sedegebi imdenad saintereso iyo, rom orSabaTidan mTeli laboratoria ukve grafenis Tematikaze iyo gadarTuli. ase daiwyo XXI saukunis teqnologiaSi axali – grafenis epoqa. rom davasruloT saubari grafenis miRebis wesze, unda aRvniSnoT, rom `skoCis~ zedapirze damagrebuli grafeni jer kidev ar warmoadgens organzomilebian sistemas.

msgavsi, atkeciT miRebuli an/da xelovnurad sxva kristalebis zedapirebze dafenili, organzomilebiani struqturis mdgradobas dafenili atomebis safenis atomebTan urTierTqmedeba uzrunvelyofs. Tu es kavSiri Zlieria, maSin SegviZlia miviRoT maRali xarisxis monofena, magram aq sxva winaaRmdegoba Cndeba – safenis zemoqmedeba Zlierad cvlis Tavad dafenili atomuri fenis Tvisebebsac, ris Sedegadac sistemis organzomilebiani Tvisebebi ikargeba. am dilemidan gamosavalia momzadebuli monofenis safenidan `frTxilad~ acla, Cvens SemTxvevaSi –`skoCis~ zedapiridan. `frTxilad~ niSnavs qimiuri gziT, risTvisac grafenis dafenil fenas Tavis safenTan erTad iseT qimiur naerTSi aTavseben, romelSic safeni (`skoCis~ firi) gaixsneba, xolo dafenili naxSirbadis atomebi – ara. amis Sedegad safeni qreba da siTxeSi rCeba Sewonili grafenis fenebi, rac Semdgom ukve SeiZleba sxva zedapirze davafinoT. grafenis gansakuTrebuloba swored misi Zalian mdgradi struqturaa. siTxeSi Sewonil mdgomareobaSi is didxans ar iSleba klasterebad, rac sxva sasurvel masalaze misi dafenis saSualebas iZleva. am gziT pirvelad miRebuli grafenis firis zomebi milimetris measedsac ki ar aRemateboda. amis Semdeg, ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, grafenis miRebis teqnologia imdenad daixvewa, rom dRes faqtobrivad nebismieri zomis firebis warmoebaa SesZlebeli.

ra aris grafenis unikaluri Tvisebebi?

pirvel rigSi, es aris zomebi: grafeni naxSirbadis monoatomuri fenaa da is CvenTvis cnobil masalaTa Soris yvelaze Txelia – misi sisqe Tmis Reris sisqeze milionjer ufro mcirea.

grafenis fenebi grafitSi

58

miuxedavad amisa, grafeni uaRresad mtkice masalaa: gaWimvis deformaciis mimarT is imave zomis foladze 200-jer ufro mtkicea. amave dros grafeni elastikuricaa da advilad iRuneba. rac kidev ufro sakvirvelia, is myifec aRmoCnda! Tuki grafenis fenas Tanabrad davawvebiT, is minasaviT mcire namsxvrevebad daiSleba. aseTi mravalnairi da urTierTgamomricxavi meqanikuri Tvisebebis gamo grafeni mimzidveli komponenti xdeba axali kompozituri masalebis misaRebad.

grafeni da nanoteqnologia

grafeni SesaniSnavi gamtaria, masSi gamavali denis maqsimaluri simkvrive aTi aTasjer ufro maRalia, vidre spilenZSi. garda amisa, gansxvavebiT Cveulebrivi metalebisagan, grafenSi denis gadamtan efeqtur nawilakebs (myari tanis fizikaSi maT kvazinawilakebs uwodeben) uCveulo, relativisturi tipis speqtri axasiaTebT, rac grafenis sruliad uCveulo eleqtrul Tvisebebs ganapirobebs. upirveles yovlisa, grafenSi denis gadamtani kvazinawilakebi TiTqmis ar ganibnevian minarevebze, rac arsebiTad aumjobesebs sistemis gamtarobas. garda amisa, kvazinawilakebs ar gaaCniaT inertuloba, rac mniSvnelovnad zrdis grafenis, rogorc gadamrTvelis, moqmedebis sixSires. meore mniSvnelovani gansakuTrebuloba is aris, rom grafenze gare eleqtruli potencialis zemoqmedebiT, romelic grafenis fenaSi eleqtronebis ricxvs cvlis, SesaZlebelia denis gadamtani kvazinawilakebis bunebis Secvlac. Tu eleqtronebis ricxvs gavzrdiT, maSin denis gadamtani uaryofiTad damuxtuli nawilakebi iqneba, xolo Tu SevamcirebT – dadebiTad damuxtuli nawilakebi. es grafenze dafuZnebuli eleqtronikis ganviTarebis axal, unikalur SesaZleblobebs iZleva. grafenis eleqtruli Tvisebebi ukve gaxda eleqtronikisa da sainformacio teqnologiebis mimarTulebiT momuSave jgufebis intensiuri kvlevis sagani. 2009 wels milanis politeqnikuri universitetis jgufma Seqmna elementaruli kompiuteruli sqema, romlis Semadgeneli nawilia

kobaltis atomebi, moTavsebuli platinis zedapirze

grafenis transformatori

59

mecniereba grafenis tranzistori. ukve 2010 wels ki korporacia IBM-is q. iorkTaunSi (aSS) ganlagebuli kvleviTi centris TanamSromlebma 100 gigaherci sixSiris da 240 nanometris zomis grafenis tranzistoris (erT milimetrSi 4000 aseTi tranzistori moTavsdeba!) Seqmnis Sesaxeb ganacxades. grafenis gamoyenebis kidev erTi perspeqtiuli mimarTulebaa displeebi da elastikuri ekranebi. rogorc vTqviT, grafeni kargi gamtaria, magram is amave dros gamWvirvalecaa. es ki ukve sruliad axal perspeqtivebs iZleva grafenis gamWvirvale eleqtrodis gamoyenebisTvis iseT displeebSi, romelTa moqmedeba kontaqturi wesiT (magaliTad, xelis dakarebiT) xdeba. mokled rom vTqvaT, 2004 wlis erTi wvimiani paraskevis saRamos manCesterSi dawyebuli saqme, romelic 6 wlis Semdeg nobelis premiiT aRiniSna, masalaTmcodneobasa da

`skoCis~ firis daxmarebiT grafenis miReba

IBM-is ofisi iorkTaunSi

60

nanoteqnologiebSi didi – grafenis epoqis dasawyisad unda ganvixiloT. socialuri ganviTarebis istorias Tu davakvirdebiT, aRmovaCenT, rom axali epoqis dasawyisisa da sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi umniSvnelovanesi ekonomikuri da socialuri winsvlis faqtors xSirad samecnieroteqnologiuri xasiaTis aRmoCenebi warmoadgens. erT-erTi arsebiTi teqnologiuri maxasiaTebeli, romelic kargad mijnavs erTmaneTisgan ganviTarebis sxvadasxva doneze arsebul epoqebs, aris materiis Tvisebebze zemoqmedebisa da kontrolis unari. amis saukeTeso magaliTs uZvelesi xanis istoriis periodizacia gvaZlevs – qvis xanidan brinjaos xanaSi, xolo Semdeg – brinjaos xanidan rkinis xanaSi. aseTi magaliTebiT gansakuTrebiT mdidaria ganviTarebuli bunebismetyvelebis epoqa – XV saukunidan moyolebuli periodi. XIX saukuneSi teqnolo-

grafeni da nanoteqnologia

giuri winsvla, upirveles yovlisa, dakavSirebuli iyo qimiis ganviTarebasTan, axali elementebis aRmoCenasTan, cota mogvianebiT ki – radiaciulobis movlenis damzerasTan. XX saukuneSi teqnologiebSi garRvevebi ganapiroba kvanturi meqanikis Camoyalibebam, atomuri fizikis da kvanturi qimiis warmatebebma, kondensirebul garemoTa kvanturi fizikis ganviTarebam, rasac mohyva Tanamedrove kvanturi masalaTmcodneobis Seqmna. ueWvelia, rom XX saukunis bolo aTwleuli da XXI saukunis dasawyisi axali sainformacio teqnologiebis epoqis dasawyisia, nanoteqnologiebi ki – am axali epoqis Camoyalibebis Tanamdevi procesi. Cveni moTxrobili ambavi atomuri mikroskopebis Seqmnis da misi saSualebiT grafenis aRmoCenis Sesaxeb magaliTia imisa, rom gamoyenebiT kvlevebze orientirebul laboratoriaSi miiReba fundamenturi mniSvnelobis iseTi

Sedegebi, romelTac gansazRvres mTeli Tanamedrove sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis ganviTarebis Semdgomi aTwleulebi.

Tanamedrove fundamenturi da gamoyenebiTi mecnierebis erTianobis dasturs iZleva ukanaskneli sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi fizikaSi gacemuli nobelis premiebis CamonaTvalic. miniWebuli 30 premiidan 15 aris kondensirebul garemoTa fizikaSi, xolo aqedan 12 – uSualod nanoteqnologiasTan dakavSirebuli kvlevebisTvis, romlebic bolo 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi Catarda. didi bednierebaa, rom Cveni axalgazrda mkiTxveli am saintereso da Sinagani dramatizmiT savse procesebiT datvirTuli epoqis Tanamedrovea da aqvs SesaZlebloba Tavad gaxdes axali teqnologiuri epoqis Seqmnis ara marto damkvirvebeli, aramed monawilec ki.

andrei geimi grafenis modeliT

61

istoria

romis udidesi marcxi da

arminiusis triumfi

arCil CaCxiani

ax. w. 9 wels tevtoburgis tyesTan istoriaSi erT-erTi cnobili brZola gaimarTa, romlis Sesaxebac TiTqmis yvelas smenia. kargadaa cnobili am brZolis dasasrulic – germanulma tomebma, xeruskebma, romelTac arminiusi meTaurobda, gaimarjves publius kvintilius varusis romaul legionebze da amiT daamsxvries miTi romaelTa uZlevelobis Sesaxeb. es brZola rogorc romaelebis, ise germanelebis istoriis kuTvnilebaa. xeruskebi germanuli tomebi iyvnen. im droisaTvis xom jer ar arsebobda centralizebuli germanuli saxelmwifo, arsebobdnen mxolod calkeuli, erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli Temebi da tomebi.

adgili, sadac es ambavi moxda, vezeris mTiani mxaris tyiani borcvebi, uZveles germanul raionSi mdebareobs. tevtoburgis tyesTan gamarTuli brZola gadamwyveti aRmoCnda. romaul legionebze arminiusis damajerebelma gamarjvebam xeli SeuSala roms daepyro germania. saerTo jamSi, germanulma miwebma damoukidebloba SeinarCunes, mdinare raini ki romis imperiis aRmosavleT sazRvrad iqca. es ambebi kargad ician istoriiT dainteresebulebma, magram farTo sazogadoebisaTvis ucnobia, Tu ra ZiriTadi Secdomebi gaxda romis katastrofuli marcxis mizezi.

62

arminiusis triumfi

ax. w. I saukunidan romis imperiis CrdiloeT sazRvars mdinareebi dunai da raini qmnidnen. es sazRvari gadaWimuli iyo rainis SesarTavidan saharamde da atlantis okeanidan mdinare evfratamde. magram arc erTi sazRvari ar iyo ise arasaimedo, rogorc CrdiloeTis. germanuli tomebi xSirad utevdnen romis imperias im koncxidan, romelsac dunai da raini qmnida. koncxi xanjaliviT iyo SeWrili imperiis gulisaken. galiaSi gamarjvebis Semdeg damezoblebuli germanelebi roms mosvenebas ar aZlevdnen. amitom romis imperatorma oqtaviane avgustusma gadawyvita am koncxis xelSi Cagdeba da CrdiloeTis sazRvris gadaweva oTxasi kilometriT aRmosavleTisaken, mdinare elbamde. TviT mdinaris sazRvari, elbas SesarTavidan vindobonamde, anu dRevandel venamde, strategiuli TvalsazrisiTac advili dasacavi iyo. am Canafiqris mixedviT, mTeli germania unda Sesuliyo romis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi da momxdariyo rogorc galebis, ise germanelebis romanizacia. es iyo imperiis Sorsmimavali gegmebis arsi. am didi laSqrobis meTauroba oqtaviane avgustusma galiis prokonsuls, Tavis ger neron klavdius druzuss daavala. wesiT, kargad momzadebuli laSqroba didi warmatebiT unda dasrulebuliyo, magram romaelTa molodini ar gamarTlda. laSqrobis dawyebidan maleve druzusi gardaicvala – cxenidan gadmovarda. brZola misma ufrosma Zmam, romis momavalma imperatorma tiberiusma gaagrZela. germanelebi did winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen romaelebs, magram tiberiusis sardlobiT gamarTulma brZolebma

oqtaviane avgustusi oqtaviane (laT. Octavianus), dabadebiT gaius oqtaviane Turinusi (Zv.w. 63-ax.w. 14) – romis cnobili mdidari ojaxis Svili, iulius keisris Svilobili, Zveli romis saxelovani politikuri moRvawe, romis meore triumviratis wevri, romis imperiis damaarsebeli da misi pirveli imperatori, umaRlesi pontifikosi.

13-jer ekava konsulis Tanamdeboba, xolo Zv.w. 23 wlidan flobda tribunis uflebamosilebebs (Tribunicia potestas). miniWebuli hqonda `samSoblos mamis~ (Pater patriae) sapatio wodeba. Tavisi mmarTvelobis wlebSi oqtaviane avgustusma mniSvnelovnad gaafarTova romis samflobeloebi. imperiis sazRvrebSi Sevida rainisa da dunaispira miwebi, espaneTis didi nawili, agreTve, egvipte, iudea da galaTea. mis mier daarsebuli iulius-klavdiusebis dinastia romis imperias ax.w. 68 wlamde marTavda. avgustusi (laT. Augustus) sityvasityviT niSnavs RvTiurs, didebuls. imperator oqtavianes zedsaxeli. aseve grigorianuli kalendris merve Tve. Tavisi Tavis ukvdavsayofad agvistos Tves, rogorc misTvis yvelaze bedniers, sakuTari saxeli oqtavianem Zv.w. 8 wels daarqva. swored am TveSi moipova oqtavianem yvelaze didi samxedro gamarjvebebi, pirvel rigSi ki – daipyro egvipte.

63

istoria xeruskebi da sxva germanuli tomebi mainc daaCoqes. tiberiusma Zv.w. 7 wels daipyro germaniis miwebi rainidan elbamde. ax.w. 5 wels ki Camoyalibda saimperio provincia – germania. sxvadasxva wyaros monacemebiT, 5-6 romauli legioni ganlagebuli iyo rainispira banakebsa da germaniis Sida gamagrebul raionebSi. zafxulobiT romaelebi germanuli tomebiT dasaxlebul Sida raionebSi gadiodnen sasamarTlo saqmeebis gasarCevad, romlebic imperiis kanonebiT romael moxeleebs mihyavdaT. igegmeboda/mimdinareobda mosaxleobis aRwera, maTTvis xarkis dadeba, aseve germaneli mosaxleobis samxedro gawveva – ise, rogorc es imperiis sxva kuTxeebSi xdeboda. mas Semdeg, rac xeruskebis ajanyebebi CaaxSo, ax. w. 6 wels tiberiusma germania datova. romaelTa rainis armiis sardali afrikis prokonsuli publius kvintilius varusi gaxda, romelmac cota xniT adre ebraelTa didi ajanyeba alagma. am Tanamdebobaze daniSvnas igi ara samxedro damsaxurebebs, aramed imperator oqtaviane avgustusis keTilganwyobas umadloda. igi kvintiliusebis gaRaribebuli Zveli patriciusebis gvars ekuTvnoda. babuamisi, seqst kvintilius varusi, senatori iyo. mama, aseve seqst kvintilius varusic – senatori. es ukanaskneli samoqalaqo omis dros respublikelebs TanaugrZnobda da iulius keisris winaaRmdeg gamodioda. ar aris cnobili monawileobda Tu ara igi keisris mkvlelobaSi, magram is ki cnobilia, rom SemdgomSi igi mxars uWerda brutussa da kasiuss, xolo Zv.w. 43 wels, filipasTan brZolis Semdeg, Tavi moikla. miuxadavad mamis politikuri warsulisa, varusi emxroboda iulius keisris memkvidres, oqtavianes, romelic male avgustusi – romis pirveli imperatori gaxda. varusma iqorwina marcelinaze, oqtavianes dis SviliSvilsa da Tavis TanamebrZol markus agripas qaliSvilze, da imperatoris uaxloesi garemocvis wevric gaxda. ar iyo gadawyvetili, Tu rogor unda ekontrolebinaT romaelebs germanul tomebTan arsebuli buferuli zona. aqauri terito-

neron klavdius druzusi

64

tiberiusi

prokonsuli (laT. Proconsul – konsulis magieri) – samxedro da saxelmwifo Tanamdeboba Zvel romSi, respublikisa da imperiis periodebSi, misi Zalaufleba utoldeboda konsulisas – umaRles samxedro da samoqalaqo xelisuflebas saxelmwifoSi. konsulisgan gansxvavebiT, prokonsulis Tanamdeboba arCeviTi ar iyo. pirvelad es Tanamdeboba SemoiRes meore punikuri omis dros. SemdgomSi prokonsulebis ZiriTad funqcias romis provinciebis marTva warmoadgenda.

arminiusis triumfi

riebi Waobiani da mTagoriani iyo, uRran tyeebSi ki Tavawyvetili, germanelTa naxevrad veluri tomebi cxovrobdnen `mxecuri gamometyvelebiT, wiTeli TmebiTa da farTo saxeebiT~, rogorc amas romaeli istorikosi tacitusi aRwers am ambebidan 30 wlis Semdeg Tavis cnobil naSromSi `germania~. romaelebis mmarTvelobaSi moqceuli germanuli teritoriebi SemosazRvruli ar iyo. romaelebi flobdnen calkeul adgilebs, sadac maTi jarebi izamTrebdnen. iqmneboda qalaquri tipis dasaxlebebi, sadac germanelebi ecnobodnen romauli cxovrebis wess, misdevdnen meurneobas, awarmoebdnen aReb-micemobas da iwyebdnen romaelebTan megobrulad Tanacxovrebas, aseve frTxilad da nabij-nabij eCveodnen siaxleebs. Tumca germanelebi mainc inarCunebdnen Tandayolil xasiaTs, memkvidreobiT miRebul cxovrebis wessa da Tavisuflebis daucxromel survils.

Tanamedrovis aRweriT, varusi, `rbili da mSvidi xasiaTis kaci, zanti gonebiTa da sxeuliT, romaelTa banakSi ufro metad Tavisi usaqmurobiT iyo cnobili, vidre samxedro saqmianobiT~. es ugergilo mxedarTmTavari saTanadod ver afasebda germanelebs. igi ver acnobierebda, rom germanuli tomebi sruliad gansxvavdebodnen aleqsandre didis droidan qveSevrdomis statusiT mcxovrebi sirielebisgan da rom aq, germanul miwebze, gansxvavebuli viTareba iyo, vidre siriaSi, sadac varusi Raribi Cavida da

markus iunius brutusi (laT. Marcus Junius Brutus) (Zv.w. 85-42 w.w.) – plebeuri warmomavlobis iuniusebis gvaris Zveli romis politikuri da samxedro moRvawe. zogierTi monacemiT, is iulius keisris ukanono Svili iyo. pirvel rigSi cnobilia, rogorc gaius iulius keisris mkvleli.

publius kornelius tacitusi (laT. Publius Cornelius Tacitus) (ax.w. 50-120 w.w.) – antikuri xanis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro cnobili da gamoCenili romaeli istorikosi, sami mcire (`agrikola~, `germania~ da `dialogi oratorTa Sesaxeb~) da ori didi (`istoria” da `analebi”) istoriuli naSromis avtori.

65

istoria uzomod gamdidrebuli wamovida. man germanul miwebzec mmarTvelobis imave meTodebis danergva daiwyo. varusi germanelebisagan, rogorc qveSevrdomebisagan, iTxovda oqros da maT ise eqceoda, rogorc romis monebs. man am tomebis damorCileba da kidev ufro gamdidreba kanonis ZaliT moisurva. sasamarTlos ganaCenis SemoRebam da oqroTi an vercxliT xarkis gadaxdis moTxovnam ganarisxa germanuli tomebis mmarTvelebi. aseTi urTierTobebi ewinaaRmdegeboda maTi cxovrebis wess. am mxareSi iSviaTi iyo fufunebis sagnebi da oqro-vercxls ZiriTadad statusis Sesabamisi samSvenisebis gasakeTeblad iyenebdnen. germanelebs surdaT Zveli cxovrebis wess dabrunebodnen. maT aRar undodaT romaelTa Tavgasulobis atana da faruli SeTqmuleba ganizraxes. xeruskebma kargad icodnen romauli jaris siZliere da Riad ar ewinaaRmdegebodnen mas. piriqiT, isini varuss guliTadad xvdebodnen, ise iqceodnen, TiTqos dampyrobelTan mSvidobianad Tanacxovrobdnen da jars xmaamouReblad emorCilebodnen. sinamdvileSi, isini SeTqmulebis gegmas amuSavebdnen.

SeTqmulebis meTauri arminiusi daaxloebuli iyo varusTan da xSiradac stumrobda mas. igi iyo didgvarovani axalgazrda, niWieri da mamaci kaci, xeruskebis tomis beladis – segimeris vaJi, Tavidanve gamorCeuli gonierebiTa da sazrianobiT. arminiusi, rogorc mxedari da romis moqalaqe, 6 wlis manZilze monawileobda romaelTa laSqrobebSi. erTxans varusis samxedro StabSic ki imyofeboda da romauli kavaleriis erT-erT qvedanayofsac meTaurobda. man kargad Seiswavla romaelTa brZolis wesebi, maTi zne da xasiaTi, gansakuTrebiT – maTi samxedro meTaurebisa. arminiusi im daskvnamde mivida, rom jarebis mowyobis wesisa da sabrZolo taqtikis Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, romauli legionebis efeqturi moqmedebebi SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod Ria teritoriaze. garda amisa, igi imasac mixvda, rom SeZlebda sakuTar ZalaSi darwmunebuli romauli legionebis damarcxebas, Tuki moxerxebulad gamoiyenebda moulodnelobis faqtors. mTavari iyo romaelebs dagegmili SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb ar eeWvaT da saidumlo ar gamJRavnebuliyo. Tavisi eSmakuri gegmis gansaxorcieleblad arminiusi ufro da ufro met momxreebs iZenda. man moaxerxa germanuli tomebis mobili-

66

varusi

zacia da romauli nimuSis mixedviT kargad momzadebuli da disciplinirebuli mudmivi laSqris Camoayalibeba. ax. w. 9 wlis zafxulma germanul miwebze Zalian mSvidad Caiara. varusi fiqrobda, rom germanelebi sabolood Seeguen romaelTa batonobas, xolo arminiusi misi erTguli momxre iyo, magram cdeboda. sinamdvileSi yvelaferi piriqiT iyo. arminiuss sul sxva ganwyoba hqonda. mas sZulda romaelebi da zurgsukan maT winaaRmdeg ajanyebas amzadebda. arminiusi SeTqmulebas awyobda da germanuli tomebis beladebs ajerebda monawileoba mieRoT. varuss warmodgena ar hqonda am sabrZolo samzadisis Sesaxeb. maSinac ki, roca segestma, romaelebis erTgulma da pativsacemma xeruskma, arminiusi gaTqva, varusma ar daijera da arc SeTqmulebaze auRia eWvi. segestis rCeva, arminiusisTvis borkilebi daedo, varusma maT ojaxebs Soris dawyebul mtrobas miawera – arminiusma segests qaliSvilis – Tusneldas xeli sTxova, magram segestma uari uTxra da Seyvarebuli wyvili iZulebuli gaxda gaparuliyo. romis mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg SemuSavebuli saerTo gegmis mixedviT, germanulma tomebma moCvenebiTi ajanyeba wamo-

arminiusis triumfi

varusis TviTmkvleloba tevtoburgis brZolaSi

iwyes. ax. w. 9 wlis seqtembers, roca xeruskebis ajanyebis ambavma varusamde miaRwia, is vezerze mdebare mindenSi mdgari sami legionis gadasayvanad emzadeboda sazamTro banak alisoSi, zemo lipesTan. igi verc ki xvdeboda, rom es moCvenebiTi ajanyeba SeTqmulTa daxvewili gegmis nawili iyo da romaelebis tyeSi Rrmad Sesatyueblad moewyo. varusma ajanyebis CasaxSobad Sori gziT movla gadawyvita. oqtombris dasawyisSi man datova mindeni da Tavis sam legionTan erTad, daaxloebiT oci aTasi kaciT, gzas gaudga. es gza emsiasa da vezers Soris ido da pirdapir Waobisa da ugzo, gauvali tyisken midioda. ajanyebulebTan brZolis sababiT arminiusmac Sekriba germanelTa laSqari da varusis legionebTan erTad viTomda ajanyebis CasaxSobad daiZra. magram Semdeg CamorCa romaelTa kolonas da gzadagza daiwyo axali Zalebis Semokreba. romaelebis mimndob mTavarsardals xeruskebma gzis marto gagrZelebis saSualeba misces da daarwmunes, rom mis dasaxmareblad saswrafod unda SeegrovebinaT da gamoegzavnaT damatebiTi Zalebi. varusma isev Secdoma dauSva. arminiusma da misma SeTqmulebma Cumad mouxmes sxva, axlos ganlagebul SeiaraRebul germanel meomrebs winaswar Cafiqrebuli TavdasxmisTvis.

arminiusis monumenti germaniaSi

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istoria romaelebis legioni uwesrigod, daSlili mwyobriT gadaadgildeboda. maT mihyavdaT qalebi, bavSvebi, Sinauri pirutyvi, urmebi. varusma Tavisi jariskacebis ojaxebis wevrebs neba darTo xangrZlivi laSqrobis dros SeerTebodnen kolonas da Tan gahyolodnen jars. romaelebs uamravi TanmxlebiT unda gaekvalaT gza mTebSi, xeobebsa da xramebSi. gzadagza unda moeWraT xeebi da gaedoT xidebi, Zlieri wvima da uceb amovardnili qariSxali ki kolonis nawilebs ufro da ufro aSorebda erTmaneTs. jariskacebs fexi ucurdebodaT svel miwaze, Camomtvreul xis varjebze cviodnen, gzas ketavdnen da viTarebas kidev ufro arTulebdnen. romaelebis kolonaze TavdasxmisTvis amaze xelsayrel dros verc inatrebda arminiusi, romelic dRevandeli detmoldis maxloblad idga. Tumca dRemde daudgenelia zustad sad Causafrdnen romaelebs...

SemuSavebuli gegmis mixedviT, arminiusis meomrebi moulodnelad buCqebidan Tavs daesxnen romaelebis oc kilometrze gaWimul laSqars da gaocebul legionerebs yvela mxridan Seuties, setyvasaviT daayares Subebi. germanelTa patar-patara razmebi Seusveneblad utevdnen romaelebs da nel-nela Jletdnen. romaelebma sagrZnoblad izarales. maT ver SeZles TavianTi iaraRis saTanadod gamoyeneba, radgan meoTxe dRes Zlieri wvima wamovida da tyavis farebi wyliT gaiJRinTa. aseT amindSi da aseT teritoriaze mSvild-isris efeqturad gamoyenebac SeuZlebeli gaxda. amasTan, SezRuduli sivrcis gamo legionerebi ver poulobdnen adgils sabrZolo mwyobris gaSlisa da ZalTa Semdgomi gadajgufebisaTvis. rac Seexeba germanelebs, maTi umetesoba msubuqad iyo SeiaraRebuli. isini swrafad da moxerxebulad moZraobdnen, romauli jaris calkeul nawilebs alyaSi aqcevdnen da musrs avlebdnen. am daundobel brZolaSi romael legionerTa mravali meTauri da TviT kvintilius varusic daiWra. daWrilma varusma da misma oficrebma tyved Cavardnasa da Sercxvenas sikvdili amjobines. maT TviTmkvlelobiT daasrules sicocxle, rom germanelebs cocxlad ar Cavardnodnen xelSi. mxolod ramdenime romaelma SeZlo xocva-Jletas gaqceoda. isini ki, vinc Cabarda, maT Soris, qalebi da bavSvebi, germanelebma awames, jvarze gaakres, cocxlad damarxes an RmerTebs Seswires. yvelaferi dasrulda. varusis legionebi ganadgurda.

gaius svetonius trankvilusi (laT. Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus) (ax.w. 70-122) – romaeli mwerali, istorikosi da enciklopedisti. imperator adrianes piradi mdivani. dRemde gansakuTrebuli popularobiT sargeblobs laTinur enaze dawerili misi biografiuli naSromebis krebuli `Tormeti keisris cxovreba~. svetoniusis sxva nawarmoebebma Cvenamde mxolod fragmentuli saxiT moaRwia.

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arminiusis triumfi

arminiusma da misi xelmZRvanelobiT gaerTianebulma germanulma tomebma msoflio imperiis uZlieresi samxedro Zala daamarcxa. romis imperiis istoriaSi gardatexis periodi daiwyo. arminiusi germanuli tomebis beladi da germaniis erovnuli gmiri (Semdgom) gaxda, miuxedavad imisa, rom man es gamarjveba muxanaTobiTa da RalatiT moipova. varusis legionebis katastrofuli marcxis Sesaxeb SetyobisTanave mTeli romi panikam moicva. es didi da mZime dartyma iyo imperiisaTvis. hanibalis winaaRmdeg kanes brZolaSi damarcxebidan moyolebuli, aseTi didi danakargi romaelebs arasodes enaxaT. Seutevdnen Tu ara gamarjvebuli germanuli tomebi mTel galias? es kiTxva damokles maxviliviT daekida romaelebis Tavze. imperator oqtaviane avgustusisTvis mZime iyo misi jarebis katastrofuli marcxi da sanaqebo legionebis dakargva. man Secvala Tavisi strategiuli midgoma da uari ganacxada imperiis elbaze gavlebul sazRvarTan dakavSirebul yvela gegmaze, radgan rainis marjvena sanapiros dapyrobili teritoriebi mas aRar daemorCileboda. tevtoburgis brZolis Semdeg, rains gadaRma germanul teritoriebze warmatebuli laSqrobebis miuxedavad, romaelebs aRarasodes ufiqriaT am miwebis dapyroba da iq sakuTari garnizonebis Cayeneba. faqtia, rom tevtoburgis brZolas da mis Sedegebs udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda rogorc germanuli tomebis, ise romis imperiisaTvis. Tanamedrove istorikosebi arminiusis gamarjvebas romaul legionebze afaseben, rogorc `romis udides marcxs~, `samxedro istoriaSi aRweril erT-erT gadamwyvet brZolas~ da, aseve, `msoflio istoriis Semobrunebis wertils~. cnobili romaeli istorikosi gaius svetoniusi ki sasowarkveTili oqtavianes Sesaxeb gvamcnobs: `man tansacmeli Semoixia glovis niSnad. ramdenime Tve izrdida Tmas da wvers da aravis enaxveboda. gamwarebuli Tavs urtyamda kars da xmamaRla yviroda: varus, varus, sada xar?! damibrune Cemi legionebi!~

tevtoburgis brZola

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qarTvelebi ucxoeTSi

gasuli saukunis 20-iani wlebis qariSxlebma uamravi qarTveli samudamod mowyvita samSoblos. Znelad Tu vinme warmoidgenda, rom qveyana, sadac isini droebiTi TavSesafris saZieblad mividnen, maTi Semdgomi cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis mTavari asparezi gaxdeboda. ucxo qveyanaSi mcxovrebi Cveni Tanamemamuleebis istoria yovelTvis saintereso iyo qarTuli sazogadoebisTvis. miT umetes, didia interesi im adamianTa mimarT, romelTa cxovrebis wesi, profesionalizmi da pirovnuli Tvisebebi moqalaqeobrivi TviTSegnebis da mamuliSvilobis magaliTs warmoadgens. sergo tarasaSvili im Rirseul qarTvelTa Sorisaa, vinc cxovreba samSoblodan Sors gaatara da Tavisi moRvaweobiT mniSvnelovani kvali datova. sergo tarasaSvilis Sesaxeb werilis momzadeba vTxoveT mis qaliSvils, qalbaton nino tarasaSvils, da axla swored qalbatoni ninos mogonebebs vTavazobT Cvens mkiTxvels.

sergo (mixeil) tarasaSvili

nino tarasaSvili

sergo (mixeil) tarasaSvili daibada 1902 wlis 10 noembers TbilisSi, mixeil tarasaSvilisa da nino SalaSvilis ojaxSi. sergo mixeilisa da ninos meore vaJi iyo, sul ki tarasaSvilebis ojaxSi xuTi vaJi da erTi qali aRizarda. maTi mamuli kaxeTis gulSi, sofel veliscixeSi, mdebareobda. swored aq atarebda ojaxi zafxuls, xolo swavlis periodSi kvlav TbilisSi brundeboda.

mixeil tarasaSvili, im drois warmatebuli mewarme, vaWarTa pirveli gildiis warmomadgeneli iyo. Tavis ZmebTan erTad igi awarmoebda koniaksa da Rvinos, savaWro niSniT „tarasoff“ (Tarasoff), romelic eqsportze gahqondaT ruseTSi, ukrainasa da centralur aziaSi. Zmebi flobdnen miwebs rogorc saqarTveloSi, aseve ukrainasa da azerbaijanSi. mixeili, rogorc im epoqis

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sergo tarasaSvili

gildia erqva vaWarTa kavSirs, romelic warmoiSva adre Sua saukuneebSi da profesiuli interesebisa da wodebrivi privilegiebis dacvis mizniT mraval qveyanaSi gavrcelda. saqarTveloSi, TbilisSi, gildiis analogiuri gaerTianeba orTaRis saxelwodebiT arsebobda XIII s-Si. misi wevrebi monawileobdnen saerTaSoriso savaWro da sakredito operaciebSi. 1875 wlidan saqarTveloSi ruseTis analogiiT dawesda qalaqel vaWarTa gildiebi. ruseTSi XVIII s-dan qalaqeli vaWrebi sam gildiad iyofodnen. upiratesi privilegiebiT sargeblobdnen pirveli gildiis vaWrebi. 1880 w.

TbilisSi iricxeboda I gildiis 49 vaWar-mrewveli da II gildiis 1003 vaWari.

mixeil tarasaSvili – sergos mama

ili, asaSv li, r a t go Svi – ser gi tarasa deda) i S a u S gior i (sergos xniv – marc SalaSvil ino in – n maT w

Zmebi g biZa g iorgi, serg o erasim e tara , nikoloz t saSvil a Tan er rasaSvileb i, Tad

progresuli adamiani, romelic srulad acnobierebda qveyanaSi arsebul politikurekonomikur mdgomareobas, ilia WavWavaZis Tanamoazre iyo qarTuli saxelmwifos Seqmnisa da damoukideblobis sakiTxSi, miiCnevda, rom qarTvelebi unda yofiliyvnen sakuTari qveynis baton-patronebi da isic kargad esmoda, rom am miznis misaRwevad umTavresi iyo kargi ganaTleba. mixeilma araferi daiSura, rom Tavisi SvilebisaTvis saTanado ganaTleba mieca – maTi warmatebisa da pirovnebad Camoyalibebis umTavres pirobad swavlas miiCnevda. swavlisa da Sromis siyvaruli sergom, rogorc Cans, swored mamisgan miiRo, rac misi Semdgomi warmatebis sawindaric gaxda. sergo Tavis ufros ZmasTan, giorgisTan, da momdevno Zma nikolozTan erTad Tbilisis pirvel gimnaziaSi swavlobda. pirveli gimnazia im drois elituri saswavlebeli iyo, cnobili Tavisi mkacri, TiTqmis samxedro discipliniTa da uaRresad mowinave pedagogebiT. sergos maswavlebelTa Soris yofila eqvTime TayaiSvilic, romelsac bedi sergos mogvianebiT ukve safrangeTSi Seaxvedrebs. sergo eqvsi wlisa iyo, rodesac mamam pirvelad waiyvana Tavis samsaxurebriv mogzaurobaSi baqoSi. patara bavSvze waruSleli STabeWdileba mouxdenia navTobmopovebis saqmes da mamisTvis ganucxadebia, rom undoda am dargis specialisti gamosuliyo. mamas maSinve uTqvams, rom amisaTvis ganaTlebis miReba sazRvargareT mouxdeboda da asec moxda.

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qarTvelebi ucxoeTSi 1924 wlis ajanyebisas sergo iyo Tbilisis universitetis studenti, nacional-demokratiuli partiis wevri (mas Tanapartiel studentebze pasuxismgebloba evaleboda) da qaquca ColoyaSvilis mekavSire. igi erT-erTi Setakebisas fexSi daWrila da TbilisSi imaleboda Tavis megobar levan goTuasTan erTad. saqarTveloSi Seqmnili umZimesi politikuri viTarebis gamo, mamis daJinebuli moTxovniTa da daxmarebiT, sergom moaxerxa sazRvargareT gaqceva. saqarTveloSi darCenili levan goTua ki daapatimres da 10 wliT gadaasaxles. rom ara mamis swori gadawyvetileba Tu, ubralod, bednieri SemTxveva, sergoc, albaT, imave beds gaiziarebda. sergo tarasaSvilma 1924 wlis ajanyebis mere saqarTvelodan ltolvilTa tipuri gza gaiara – konstantinopolis gavliT marselSi Cavida, marselidan ki – parizSi. parizSi mas daxvda tarasaSvilebis ojaxis axlobeli – lado gudiaSvili, romelic iq sxva qarTvel mxatvrebTan (daviT kakabaZe, elene axvlediani, qeTevan maRalaSvili) erTad imyofeboda da ukve ramdenime personaluri gamofenac ki hqonda gamarTuli. sergom da ladom erTad gadaiRes foto, romelic sergom mamas gaugzavna imis dasturad, rom yvelaferi kargad iyo. es istoriuli foto ojaxis relikviad darCa.

lado gudiaSvili da sergo tarasaSvili, parizi, 1924

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levan goTua (1905-1973) – qarTveli mwerali da sazogado moRvawe, 1920-iani wlebis erovnulganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aqtiuri warmomadgeneli, saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiuli partiis wevri. monawileobda 1924 wlis ajanyebis momzadebaSi. misi yvelaze cnobili wignia istoriuli romani, tetrologia `gmirTa varami~ (gamoica 1960 w.). daumTavrebeli darCa romani `miTridate~. avtoria istoriul Temebze Seqmnili moTxrobebisa da dramebisa. levan goTuam Tavisi cxovrebis saukeTeso wlebi – 22 weli – sabWoTa reJimis patimrobaSi gaatara, samjer iyo daWerili. 1924 wels – 7 Tve dahyo metexis cixeSi, 1925 wlis agvistoSi xelaxla daapatimres, erTxans Tbilisis da moskovis cixeebSi imyofeboda, Semdeg ki soloveckis sakoncentracio banakSi gadaiyvanes. patimroba vladikavkazSi Tavisufali gadasaxlebiT Seucvales. gaqcevis mcdelobisaTvis sasjeli 1936 wlamde gauxangrZlives. mesamed levan goTua 1946 wels daapatimres da vorkutis banakSi gadaasaxles, saidanac sabolood 1955 wels, 50 wlis asakSi dabrunda.

sergom evropaSi, strasburgSi daiwyo swavla, eleqtrobis inJinris specialobiT. misi saboloo mizani iyo swavlis gagrZeleba strasburgSive, safrangeTis navTobis institutSi (Institut Francais du Petrol). es instituti dargis erTaderTi umaRlesi saswavlebeli iyo imdroindel evropaSi. sergos swavlisa da cxovrebisaTvis saWiro TanxebiT Tavidan ojaxi sxvadasxva gziT exmareboda. igi ixsenebda, rogor ugzavnida deda amanaTs CurCxelebiT da Tan werils ayolebda: wiTeli CurCxelebi SenTvisaa, sxvebi ki – Seni megobrebisTviso, riTac mianiSnebda, rom wiTeli feris CurCxelebSi nikolozis oqros fuli iyo damaluli. male sabWoeTSi

sergo tarasaSvili

kontroli gamkacrda da es daxmarebac Sewyda. sergom muSaoba daiwyo optikur firmaSi, strasburgSi, da ase SeZlo Tavisi swavlisaTvis Tanxis Segroveba – navTobis institutSi swavla sakmaod Zviri Rirda. mizandasaxuli da Sromismoyvare sergo SeumCneveli ar darCenia firmis personalis xelmZRvanels – asiriuli warmoSobis kacs saqarTvelodan (samwuxarod, misi saxeli CvenTvis ucnobia). man bejiT students navTobis institutSi saswavleblad specialuri stipendia dauniSna. im dros navTobis specialisti evropaSi uiSviaTesi iyo – navTobmompovebeli inJinris specialobiT sul eqvsi studenti swavlobda da maT Soris erT-erTi sergo tarasaSvili iyo. swavlis damTavrebis Semdeg sergom muSaoba daiwyo cnobil amerikul firmaSi, rokfelerebis kuTvnil `standard oil kompaniSi~ (Standard Oil Company). sergos xelmZRvanelobiT 1934 wels normandiaSi (CrdiloeT safrangeTi), qalaq havrTan, port JeromSi (Port-Jerome), evropaSi pirveli navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxnis mSenebloba daiwyo, romelic 1936 wels dasrulda da am qarxnis teqnikur direqtorad sergo tarasaSvili daniSnes. meore msoflio omis Semdgom kompania `Dutch Shell~-is mflobelebma, deterdingebis ojaxma, survili gamoTqva, rom piradad sergos SeemuSavebina roterdamSi (qalaqi samxreT holandiaSi) `Shell~-is axali navTobgadamamuSavebeli navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxana qarxnis proeqti. deterdingebi sergos dauport JeromSi, normandia, 1936 kavSirdnen safrangeTis maSindeli premierministris, leon blumis meuRlis meSveobiT, romelic wulaZeebis ojaxis axlobeli iyo. sergo tarasaSvilma es proeqtic warmatebiT ganaxorciela – aaSena da gamarTa navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxana, romelic dResac funqcionirebs. sicocxlis ukanasknel wlebSi sergo tarasaSvilma daaarsa metalurgiis eqsportimportis firma, romelsac gardacvalebamde Tavad xelmZRvanelobda.

1942 wels sergo tarasaSvilma iqorwina Tamar wulaZeze – saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis damfuZnebeli krebis wevris, social-demokratiuli partiis xazinadaris – vaso wulaZisa da margalita gordelaZis qaliSvilze. Tamaris ufrosi Zma, sergo wulaZe, iyo eqimi-fsiqiatri, romelic saqarTveloSi dabrunda da warmatebul samedicino praqtikasTan erTad literaturul moRvaweobasac eweoda. man frangulad Targmna `vefxistyaosani~ da es Targmani safrangeTis akademiis priziT dajildovda. misi da, ninuka wulaZe, safrangeTis premier-ministr leon blumis piradi mdivani iyo. saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Semdeg qalbatonma ninukam, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesorma, franguli enis qarTveli specialistebis mravali Taoba aRzarda.

1944 wels sergos da Tamars SeeZinaT tyupi qaliSvilebi irina da nino (am werilis avtori), xolo 1946 wels – qaliSvili eliso. sergo gamorCeulad mzrunveli mama iyo. sulswrafobasac ki iCenda Svilebis aRzrdisas, undoda, rom isini droulad dauflebodnen saWiro unar-Cvevebs. ase, magaliTad, jer kidev patarebs aswavlida manqanis marTvas. bavSvobidan unergavda Svilebs, rom cxovrebaSi warmatebis misaRwevad, dawyebuli saqmis bolomde misayvanad, aucilebelia gulmodgine swavla, muyaiTi Sroma da xasiaTis simtkice, aswavlida samSoblos siyvaruls, rac sasikeTo, sasargeblo saqmeebis keTebaSi unda gamoixatebodes, samSoblo ki misTvis erTi iyo – saqarTvelo. rogorc patrioti da rogorc eqvTime TayaiSvilis yofili mowafe, romelic udides pativs scemda Tavis maswavlebels, sergo tarasaSvili safrangeTSi yofnisas gverdiT edga eqvTimes

73

qarTvelebi ucxoeTSi did qarTul saqmeSi; kerZod, sergo sxva sam qarTvelTan erTad (maT Soris iyo kote jayeli, xoStaria (samwuxarod, saxels ver vixseneb) da evgeni gegeWkori) ixdida qarTuli saganZuris `bank de fransis~ seifSi Senaxvis xarjebs, mogvianebiT ki exmareboda eqvTimes saganZuris saqarTveloSi transportirebis organizebaSi. sergo tarasaSvilis portretis srulyofisaTvis sakmarisi ar iqneboda masze saubari, rogorc mxolod muyaiT da warmatebul inJinersa Tu xelmZRvanelze. es iyo mravalmxrivi interesebis mqone progresuli adamiani, romelic daZabuli samuSao grafikis miuxedavad, axerxebda gamoeZebna dro sportisTvis; TamaSobda CogburTs, ga-

tacebuli iyo samTo-saTxilamuro sportiT da xSirad stumrobda amJamadac cnobil samTo kurortebs – val dizerisa Tu tinis (Val d'Isere, Tignes). uyvarda garToba megobrebis wreSi da, ra Tqma unda, kargi gastronomiisa da xarisxiani Rvinis dagemovneba, rac rogorc qarTuli, ise franguli yofis aucilebeli nawilia. minda aRvniSno, rom sergosaTvis Rvino sagvareulo niSani da erovnuli siamaye iyo. sergos megobrebis wre Zalian saintereso xalxs aerTianebda, maT Soris iyvnen sxvadasxva profesiis adamianebi, rogorc qarTvelebi, ise ucxoelebi. misi axlo megobrebi iyvnen: SoTa nikolaZe, romlis xelismomkidec Tavad iyo, miSa makaraSvili, miSa nasyi-

nino taras monmorans aSvili da sergo tar i, 1946 asaSvili,

ar wulaZis sergo tarasaSvilisa da Tam qorwili, parizi, 1942

sergo tarasaSvili qaliSvilebTan erTad, Juan les Pins Cote d Azur, 1945

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sergo tarasaSvili

daSvili, Zmebi musxeliSvilebi, stanko da nikoloz mamulaSvilebi (isini sergos mezoblebi iyvnen TbilisSi), miSa bagrationi. megobrebi erTmaneTs xSirad xvdebodnen parizSi, mamulaSvilebis saxlSi, sadac qarTveli axalgazrdoba ikribeboda (sergom Tamari swored iq gaicno). sergo urTierTobisas TavdaWerili, zogjer, SesaZloa, sakmaod mSrali kacis STabeWdilebasac ki tovebda, rogorc es Zveli drois adamianebs axasiaTebdaT, Tumca axlo megobrebTan Zalian Tbili da xelgaSlili iyo. sergos didi megobroba akavSirebda cnobil advokat ilamaz dadeSqelianTan. ilamazi safrangeTis

Tamar wulaZe qaliSvilebTan nino, irusa da eliso tarasaSvilebTan erTad, parizi, 1947

maRal wreebSi iyo miRebuli, misi axlo megobari iyo Jan koqto. ilamazma sergos gaacno cnobili musikosi antuan Jofrua deSomi (Antoine Geoffroy Dechaume), romelic Semdgom sergos erT-erTi saukeTeso da erTguli megobari gaxda. sergos didi megobari iyo British Petroleum-is 5%-iani wilis mflobeli galust gulbeqiani, romelsac metsaxelad Mister 5%-s eZaxdnen. ojaxis axlo megobari da naTel-mironi iyo fransua Saslu-loba (Francois de Chassellou Laubat), uZvelesi franguli aristokratiuli gvaris warmomadgeneli. am adamianebis ukan idga maTi naTesavebisa da megobrebis farTo wre, romelic imJamindeli franguli sazogadoebis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebisgan Sedgeboda da am wreSi sergo tarasaSvili saTanado pativiT iyo miRebuli.

ninuka wulaZe, sergo tarasaSvili, Tamar wulaZe, beti da fransua de Saslu-loba, normandia, 1942

sergo tarasaSvili port Jeromis inJinrebTan erTad

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qarTvelebi ucxoeTSi sainteresoa, Tu rogor warimarTa sergos urTierToba Tavis ojaxTan, da-ZmasTan. sergosTvis didi avtoriteti iyo misi ufrosi Zma – giorgi. cxovrebam isini sicocxlis bolomde moswyvita erTmaneTs. maT 1930-ian wlebamde jer kidev hqondaT mimowera, mere ki Sewyda. kontaqti mxolod 1958 wels aRdga, rodesac briuselSi, msoflio gamofenaze, gaixsna sabWoTa kavSiris pavilioni, sadac saqarTvelos ganyofilebaSi aRmoCnda giorgis karis mezobeli da didi megobari levan yanCaveli (biologiur mecnierebaTa doqtori, akademikosi). sergo mTeli gamofenis ganmavlobaSi, yovel SabaT-kviras dadioda briuselSi (erTxel Svilebic waiyvana), raTa moenaxulebina Tavisi Tanamemamuleebi da didi xnis unaxavi Zmisa da samSoblos monatreba odnav mainc gaenelebina. sergo tarasaSvili, val dizeri, 1932

sergos sazRvargareT wasvlis Semdeg mSoblebs undodaT umcrosi vaJi, gamorCeulad niWieri da bejiTi nikolozic gaegzavnaT saswavleblad safrangeTSi, magram ise moxda, rom 1928 wels sergosTan nikolozis nacvlad meore Zma, saSa, Cavida, romelsac samSobloSi TavSeukavebeli antibolSevikuri gamosvlebis gamo aSkara safrTxe eloda. saSa sicocxlis bolomde darCa parizSi, daojaxda da SeeZina ori qaliSvili – qeTo da miSeli. sergo, rogorc ufrosi Zma, sicocxlis bolomde zrunavda da patronobda saSas. meore msoflio omis dros saSam, rogorc mgznebare antikomunistma, germanelTa jarSi daiwyo samsaxuri im imediT, rom germaniis gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelo ganTavisufldeboda sabWoeTis reJimisgan da isic Tavisuflad dabrundeboda samSobloSi. magram movlenebi sxvagvarad warimarTa da omis dasrulebis Semdeg germanul jarSi myofi e.w. `qarTul legionSi~ momsaxure qarTvelebs safrangeTidan

sergo tarasaSvili da Tamar wulaZe, montekarlo, 1943

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sergo tarasaSvili

deportaciis safrTxe daemuqraT. SesaZlo iyo, rom deportacia sabWoTa kavSirSi momxdariyo, rac deportirebulebis sikvdils niSnavda. sergo Seecada Tavisi Zma am saSineli mdgomareobidan exsna, Tumca saSasTan erTad sxva qarTvelebic iyvnen da sergom maTi qomagobac ikisra. evgeni gegeWkorma piradad sTxova sergos daxmareboda dapatimrebul qarTvelTa gadarCenaSi. sergom Tavisi Zmis da danarCen qarTvelTa gamosaxsnelad im droisaTvis cnobili advokati metr budani iqirava da misi wyalobiT SeZlo TiTqmis sasikvdilod ganwirul qarTvelTa gadarCena.

1960-iani wlebis bolos sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo politikaSi sasikeTo cvlilebebi daiwyo. SesaZlebeli gaxda sabWoeTidan uaxloesi naTesavebis kapitalistur qveynebSi miwveva. swored maSin, 1969 wels, pirvelad gaemgzavrnen tarasaSvilebis ojaxis wevrebi Tbilisidan parizSi, im droisaTvis ukve gardacvlili sergo tarasaSvilis meuRlis, Tamar wulaZis, miwveviT. parizSi Cavidnen sergos erTaderTi da qeTevani da ZmisSvili lali. qeTo da saSa tarasaSvilebi 40-wliani ganSorebis Semdeg Sexvdnen erTmaneTs, samwuxarod, am Sexvedras sergo veRar moeswro. is gardaicvala 1961 wlis 21 marts sakuTar saxlSi, monmoransiSi, parizTan axlos. sergo tarasaSvili dakrZalulia levilis sasaflaoze.

SoTa nikolaZis qorwili, parizi, 1928

evgeni gegeWkori (1881-1954) – saqarTvelos damoukideblobis wlebSi (1918-1921) ekava jer sagareo saqmeTa ministris, Semdeg ki iusticiis ministris Tanamdeboba. 1921 wels, saqarTvelos okupaciis Semdeg, evgeni gegeWkorma menSevikur mTavrobasTan erTad datova saqarTvelo da parizSi wavida emigraciaSi.

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xelovneba

opera mokle eqskursi

ekaterine buCukuri opera oTxi saukunis win daibada da mas Semdeg milionobiT adamianis sayvarel Janrad iqca.

opera (Opera – ital. naSromi, Txzuleba) aris musikalur-dramatuli xelovnebis Janri, romelSic Sinaarsi gadmoicema musikaluri dramaturgiis saSualebebiT, ZiriTadad, vokaluri musikiT. masSi gaerTianebulia poezia da dramatuli xelovneba, vokaluri da instrumentuli musika, cekva da mimika, dekoraciebis da kostiumebis mxatvroba. musikisa da dramis Serwyma, didi saSemsruleblo koleqtivis monawileoba (solistebi, gundi, orkestri), scenuri sanaxaoba waruSlel mxatvrul STabeWdilebas axdens, romelsac dRemde sinTezurobiT verc erTi sxva dramatuli xelovnebis saxeoba Seedreba.

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opera

juzepe fortunino franCesko oTxasi wlis manverdi (1813-1901) Zilze saopero Sedevrebis istoria, roitalieli kompozitori, XIX s-is gorc wesi, iwyeboda italiuri operis yvelaze didi warmatebuli premiewarmomadgeneli. riT. premiera zogjer misi qmnilebebis umetesoba triumfad iqceoda (roaRiarebulia saopero Sedevregorc es verdis opera bad da gvxvdeba msoflios yvela „nabuqos“ SemTxvevaSi didi saopero Teatris moxda – operis dadgma narepertuarSi. cionaluri movlena gaxda, an vagneris „nibelungebis beWdis“ premiera, romelic msoflio movlenad aRiares), zogjer ki – fiaskod da, rogorc wesi, warumatebeli premiera operis samudamod dasamarebas niSnavda. Tumca arsebobs gamonaklisebic, rodesac genialuri nawarmoebis „biografia“ kraxiT daiwyo: dRes Zneli dasajerebelia, rom Tavis droze Cavarda iseTi operebis premierebi, rogoricaa rosinis „sevilieli dalaqi“ (1816), verdis „traviata“ (1853), bizes „karmeni“ (1875), beThovenis „fidelio“ (1805), vagneris

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xelovneba „tanhoizeri“ (1861), puCinis „madam baterflai“ (1904), k. vailis „qalaq maxagonis aRzeveba da dacema“ (1930).

Tanamedrove xelovneba ara mxolod sulierebis, aramed garkveulwilad komerciis nawilic gaxda. opera da saopero Teatri am mxriv naklebad `momgebiani~ sferoa, es aris fufuneba, romelsac yovelTvis hyavda mecenatebi (dRes – sponsorebi) da is qveynis prestiJis da misi ganviTarebis donis erT-erTi indikatoria.

vilhelm rihard vagneri (1813-1883) germaneli saopero kompozitori, diriJori, dramaturgi, filosofosi, revolucioneri. sakuTari operebis libretos avtori. saukuneTa gasaYyarze vagneris saopero Semoqmedebam udidesi gavlena iqonia evropul kulturaze.

NABUCCO `nabuqo~ _ juzepe verdis opera, Seiqmna 1841 wels, misi premiera gaimarTa 1842 wlis 9 marts milanSi, la skalas TeatrSi. `nabuqos~ libreto ekuTvnis Temistokle soleras (1815-1878). opera mogviTxrobs babiloneli mefe nabuqos mier ebraelTa datyvevebis Sesaxeb. ebraelebi mZime mdgomareobaSi arian, magram maT rwmena aZlierebT. nabuqo Tavs RmerTad acxadebs da ebraelTa daxocvas brZanebs. ufali mas sasjelad sigiJes mouvlens. nabuqo xedavs, rogor mihyavT babilonelebs misi iudevelTa sarwmunoebaze moqceuli qaliSvili fenena sikvdiliT dasasjelad. nabuqoSi sulieri gardatexa xdeba, is gons moegeba, ebraelTa RmerTs patiebas sTxovs, dangreuli taZris aRdgenas hpirdeba, kerps amsxvrevs da tyve ebraelebs aTavisuflebs.

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SesaZlebelia Tu ara niWis da nawarmoebis maRalmxatvrulobis cifrebiT, statistikiT an kulturul-istoriuli procesebiT gadamowmeba? am mxriv saintereso informacias iZleva saiti operabase.com, sadac SeiZleba moZieba, Tu romeli operebi da saopero kompozitorebi arian dResdReobiT yvelaze popularuli msoflioSi. 2011/12-2015/16 wlebis saopero Teatrebis xuTi Teatraluri sezonis mixedviT, romelTa ganmavlobaSi 1281 kompozitoris 2662 sxvadasxva saopero nawarmoebi iyo warmodgenili, msoflioSi yvelaze didi moTxovna Semdeg 10 operazea: 1. „traviata“ – juzepe verdi 2. „jadosnuri fleita“ – volfgang amadeus mocarti 3. „karmeni“ – JorJ bize 4. „bohema“ –jakomo puCini 5. „toska“ – jakomo puCini 6. `madam baterflai“ – jakomo puCini 7. „sevilieli dalaqi“ – joakino rosini 8. „figaros qorwineba“ – volfgang amadeus mocarti 9. `don jovani“ – volfgang amadeus mocarti 10. „rigoleto“ – juzepe verdi

meore oceulSi Sedis: verdis kidev sami opera („aida“, `nabuqo“, trubaduri“), donicetis „siyvarulis neqtari“, mocartis „ase iqceva yvela“, puCinis „turandoti“, leonkavalos „jambazebi“, Caikovskis „evgeni onegini“. rac Seexeba vagneris genialur operebs, isini saerTod ar aris oceulSi, `mfrinavi holandieli“ mxolod 24-e adgilzea. da mainc, saidan modis operis Janri da ram gansazRvra misi aseTi sicocxlisunarianoba? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad mogviwevs operis saTaveebTan dabruneba.

operis dabadeba

XVI-XVII saukuneebis mijna xelovnebaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebiT, maT Soris, stilebis monacvleobiT xasiaTdeba – aRorZinebis epoqas cvlis baroko. ibadeba Tanamedrove musikaluri Janrebi: opera, oratoria, kantata, koncerti, suita, sonata, simfoniac ki, rogorc musikaluri termini, swored am periodSi gaCnda.

XVI saukunis bolos polifoniis (mravalxmianobis) monodiiT (erTxmianobiT) Canacvlebam operas ganviTarebis farTo gza gauxsna da XVII saukuneSi saeklesio musikidan yuradRebam saero musikaze gadainacvla. barokos epoqis yvelaze prioritetul Janrad iqca opera. vinCenco galileim traqtatSi `dialogi Zvel da axal musikaze~ gamoTqva azri, rom Tanamedrove musika daSorda antikur tragedias da

TANNHAUSER

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La BOHEMA

THE MAGIC FLUTE

CARMEN

opera

xelovneba

IACOPO PERI

CREATORE DEL MELODRAMMA

florenciuli kamerata (kamerata niSnavs patara kamerul gundsa Tu orkestrs) iyo gviani renesansis epoqis florenciaSi humanist-filosofosebis, musikosebis, poetebisa da inteleqtualebis gaerTianeba, Seqmnili 1573 wels. jgufis Sekrebebs mfarvelobda grafi jovani bardi da amitom gaerTianebas misi saxeliTac moixsenieben (Camerata de' Bardi). jgufi ikribeboda da msjelobda, Tu rogor SeiZleboda Zveli berZnuli musikis gardasaxva imdroindel italiur musikaSi.

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aucilebelia axali deklamaciuri stilis Seqmna, romlis mTavari mizani iqneba gamoavlinos poeturi teqstis yoveli niuansi da wina planze wamowios mTavari musikaluri azris gamomxatveli elementi – „melodia“. ZvelberZnuli tragediis aRorZinebis cdam safuZveli Cauyara axal sinTezur Janrs – dramma per musica-s (musikaluri drama), antikuri miTologiis siuJetze, anu opera scenico-s, romelic SemdgomSi (1639) SemoklebiT opera-s saxelwodebiT gaxda cnobili. mogvianebiT, XIX saukuneSi, rihard vagneri daubrunda operis am pirvelad dasaxelebas da mas kvlav „musikaluri drama“ uwoda. florenciuli `kameratas” wevrebTan – poet otavio rinuCinis, kompozitor-momRerlebTan – jakopo perisa da julio kaCinis saxelebTanaa dakavSirebuli pirveli operebis Seqmna, romelTa idea ZvelberZnuli tragediis aRorZineba iyo. pirvel operas – `dafnes~ (1597) Cvenamde ar mouRwevia. misi avtorebi arian kompozitori jakopo peri da poeti otavio rinuCini (libretos avtori). dRemde SemorCenili pirveli saopero partitura, 1600 wels imave avtorebis opera `evridikea~, romelic henrix IV-sa da maria mediCis qorwinebisTvis Seiqmna. miTi orfevsisa da evridikes siyvarulis da musikis yovlisSemZle Zalis Sesaxeb Semdgomac mravali

opera

operis siuJets daedo safuZvlad (kaCini, monteverdi, rosi, gluki da sxv.).

TandaTan italiaSi gaCnda saopero skolebi – florenciaSi, romSi, veneciaSi, neapolSi. TiToeulma maTganma ganumeorebeli kvali datova Janris istoriaSi, Camoyalibda operis ZiriTadi saxeobebi: operaseria (seriozuli opera) da opera-bufa (komikuri opera). pirveli sajaro saopero Teatri, „san kasiano“, 1637 wels veneciaSi gaixsna. manamde opera mxolod karis gasarTobi sanaxaoba iyo. Janris mzard popularobaze metyvelebs is, rom XVII saukunis II naxevarSi veneciaSi ukve Svidi saopero Teatri funqcionirebda, romelTa repertuarSi 40-ze meti opera iyo.

XVII saukunis damlevs veneciur saopero skolas pirveloba CamoarTva neapolma. swored neapolis mdidarma folklorma ganapiroba iq saopero melodikis gansakuTrebuli ayvaveba. amasTanave, XVI saukunis damlevs, neapolis musikalur cxovrebaSi udidesi roli iTamaSa profesiuli musikis keram – konservatoriam. ase uwodebdnen imxanad upatrono bavSvTa saxls, sadac mozardebs xelobasTan erTad musikas aswavlidnen da virtuoz-momRerlebsa da instrumentalistebs zrdidnen. barokos epoqis saopero xelovnebaSi udidesi mniSvneloba kastratebs eniWebo-

san kasiano

daT, romlebic belkantos ubadlo Semsruleblebi iyvnen. Bel canto (mSvenieri mRera) aris melodiuri, teqnikurad srulyofili, virtuozuli sasimRero stili, romelSic daixvewa koloraturis teqnika, improvizaciuli Tavisufleba, ornamentika. kastratebis gamoCena imiT aixsneba, rom Sua saukuneebis evropa qalebs ar aZlevda eklesiaSi galobis uflebas da maRali xmebis partiebs biWunebi asrulebdnen. zrdasTan erTad momRerlebs xma rom ar daboxebodaT, maT kastracias ukeTebdnen da am gziT unarCunebdnen qalis msgavs xmas. miuxedavad imisa, rom kastracia ar mougoniaT evropaSi, swored aq daiwyes misi gamoyeneba profesiokoloratura _ simReris dros melodiis Semkoba teqnikurad brwyinvale, virtuozuli pasaJebiT.

barokos epoqis Teatri

kastratebi

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xelovneba

karlo broski

Jan-batist liuli

nali momRerlebis momzadebis procesSi. pirveli oficialurad aRiarebuli momRerali-kastratebi iyvnen pietro paolo foliniato da jirolamo rosini, romlebic XVI saukunis bolos romis taZrebSi mRerodnen.

miuTiTebdnen mxolod vokalur Temas, xolo niuansebsa da damuSavebas Semsrulebels andobdnen. klasikuri italiuri operis ayvavebis xanaSi swored Semsrulebeli, da ara kompozitori, iyo nomeri pirveli musikaSi.

kaTolikuri eklesiis pozicia momReral-kastratebis mimarT orgvari iyo. erTi mxriv, is krZalavda qalTa mReras sazogadoebriv adgilebSi da amiT zrunavda sazogadoebriv moralze, meore mxriv ki, gamosvlis nebas aZlevda iseT momRerlebs, romelTa bunebac qirurgiuli gziT iyo Secvlili. 1780 wels romSi oficialurad 200 kastrati iyo. ukanasknel kastratad iTvleba romis papis kapelis diriJori alesandro moreski (1858-1922).

dRes Tanamedrove `farinelebs~ amzadeben ara saoperacio magidaze, aramed konservatoriebSi da maT sxvagvarad – kontrtenorebs – uwodeben. es aris mamakacis xma, romlis simaRlec msgavsia qalis xmisa – kontraltos, mecosopranos an sopranosi, magram JReradobiT gansxvavdeba qalis xmisgan saxmo aparatis gamo.

film `kastrati farinelis~ fonogramis avtorebma gamoCenili kastrat-sopranos – farinelis (karlo broski) xmis konstruireba kompiuteris daxmarebiT SeZles, maT erT tembrSi SeaerTes ori momRerlis – kontrtenoris da koloraturuli sopranos xmebi; amasTanave zogierTi bgera, romelsac ver mRerian Tanamedrove momRerlebi, sinTezirebulia specialuri aparaturiT. kastratebis xmis farTo diapazoni, JReradobis siZliere da improvizaciuli xerxebis floba aucilebeli iyo barokos operaSi, rodesac kompozitorebi

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italiidan opera mTel evropaSi gavrcelda. pirveli qveyana, romelmac italiuri operisaTvis konkurenciis gaweva SeZlo da sakuTar enaze dawerili, sabaleto

franguli opera baletis scenebiT

opera

nomrebiT datvirTuli erovnuli operis nimuSebi daupirispira, safrangeTi iyo. safrangeTis absoluturi monarqiis fufunebisken swrafva uSualod ukavSirdeba barokos stils, romelmac srulyofilebas „mefe mzis“ – lui XIV-is xanaSi miaRwia. safrangeTSi erovnuli opera organulad Seerwya franguli Teatraluri xelovnebis mdidar tradiciebs – dramatul Teatrs (korneli, rasini, molieri), sabaleto xelovnebas da agreTve frang instrumentalistTa Semoqmedebas. 1671 wels parizSi „musikisa da cekvis samefo akademia“ gaixsna musikaluri tragediiT „pomona“, romlis avtorebi iyvnen kamberi da pereni. Tumca, franguli klasikuri saopero xelovnebis fuZemdeblad Jan batist liuli gvevlineba.

XVII saukunidan dRemde istoriulad Camoyalibda saopero musikis gansazRvruli Janrebi, romlebsac upiratesoba eniWeboda sxvadasxva epoqasa da sxvadasxva qveyanaSi: operaseria (didi, seriozuli opera), semiseria (naxevradseriozuli opera), opera-bufa (komikuri opera) – italiaSi, opéra-comique – safrangeTSi, Singspiel – germaniaSi, baladuri opera – inglisSi, XIX saukunidan – grand opera, lirikuli opera, kameruli opera, monoopera, opera-oratoria, opera-baleti; operidan iSva iseTi Janrebic, rogoricaa opereta, rokopera da miuzikli. operis pionerebi iyvnen: safrangeTSi – rober kamberi (`pastorale~, 1647), germaniaSi – hainrix Siutci („dafne“, 1627); inglisSi – henri perseli („dido da eneasi“, 1680), ruseTSi – aleqsei verstovski (`pan tvardovski~, 1828) da a.S. XIX saukuneSi italiuri operis rezonansma saqarTvelomdec moaRwia. mTavarmarTeblis, graf voroncovis ZalisxmeviT, Tbilisis centralur moedanze (dRevandeli Tavisuflebis moedani) saZirkveli Caeyara Teatris mSeneblobas (arqiteqtori jovani skudieri), romelic 1851 wels gaixsna grandiozuli balmaskaradiT. Teatri Tavisi arqiteqturuli gaformebiT da Sinagani morTulobiT umSvenieresi iyo imxanad arsebul Teatrebs Soris.

operaSi dramatuli monologis datvirTva aqvs arias – dasrulebul vokalur solo nomers, romelic akompanimentis TanxlebiT sruldeba. operis sityvier teqsts ewodeba libreto, xolo mis saorkestro Sesavals, romelsac Sehyavs msmeneli operis musikalur samyaroSi – uvertiura.

`uyoymanod SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tbilisis saTeatro darbazisTana Tvalwarmtaci darbazi Cems sicocxleSi arsad menaxa…~, – werda aleqsandr diuma `kavkasiaSi~. amave wlis 9 noembers TbilisSi mowveulma italiurma saopero dasma, diriJor barbieris xelmZRvanelobiT, pirveli saopero sezoni gaxsna da gaetano donicetis `luCia di lamer-

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xelovneba muri~ warmoadgina. amas mohyva verdis `ernani~, belinis `norma~, rosinis `sevilieli dalaqi~ da sxva operebi. italiuri musika, gansakuTrebiT izidavda emociuri damokidebulebiT gamorCeul temperamentul qarTvel msmenels. Tbilisi XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi faqtobrivad `operamaniiT~ iyo Sepyrobili. italiuri opera qarTvelebis cxovrebis ganuyofel nawilad iqca, mravali saopero melodia TbilisSi gaxalxurda, xolo saopero Teatri qalaqis kulturuli cxovrebis erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan kerad iqca. qarTuli sazogadoeba kargad icnobda italiur, frangul, avstriul, germanul da rusul saopero klasikas, ucxouri operebis zogierTi popularuli nawyveti ki xSirad qalaqis musikalur yofaSi vrceldeboda da qarTul yaidaze imRereboda. operisa da klasikuri musikis moTxovnileba marTlac uzarmazari iyo tfilisSi, qalaqSi, romlis `meidanzec ki mRerodnen `kasta divas~ da yovels fexis nabijze gaigonebdiT gamebsa da triolebs, fioriturebsa da bemolebsa...~ yvela Tbilisels gasaocari mondomebiT surda swored sce-

Tbilisis pirveli saopero Teatri

nidan moesmina “La donna e mobile”. swored scenidan, radgan tfilisis quCebSi, yovel fexis nabijze, isedac ismoda aria. rogorc wesi, evropuli premierebi Cvens dedaqalaqSi daujerebeli siswrafiT meordeboda; magaliTad, `rigoletos~ italiuri premieridan sul raRac or weliwadSi, 1853 wels, TbilisSic daidga `rigoleto~, xolo 1857 wels – `trubaduri~. amave 1857 wels swored Tbilisis operis scenaze gaimarTa momavalSi saxelganTqmuli sopranos, verdis rCeuli mom-

TRAVIATA

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opera

Rerlis – tereza Stolcis sasceno debiuti.

1874 wlis 11 oqtombers Tbilisis saopero Teatri daiwva – xanZrisgan mTlianad ganadgurda Senoba, ver moxerxda verc erTi dekoraciis, kostiumis, rekvizitisa Tu mdidari sanoto biblioTekis gadarCena. miuxedavad amisa, dasi ar daSlila da droebiT e. w. `sazafxulo Teatris~ scenaze gadainacvla, romelic mxolod mcire musikalur da dramatul warmodgenebze iyo gaTvlili. Teatris es `droebiTi~ periodi 22 weli gagrZelda. qalaqis sakoncerto cxovreba XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan kvlav gamococxlda. TbilisSi gamodiodnen iseTi saxelovani ostatebi, rogorebic iyvnen: gali, pati, barbi, mazini, kubeliki, Caikovski, rubinSteini, raxmaninovi da sxv. TbilisSi miiRo sasceno naTloba fiodor Saliapinma.

saopero Janris xangrZlivi istoria adasturebs im gansakuTrebul rols, romelsac ama Tu im eris kulturul cxovrebaSi asrulebda opera. erovnul enaze operis ametyveleba qveynis musikalur istoriaSi xSirad gardamtex movlenad fasdeboda da erovnuli operis Seqmnis winapirobac ki xdeboda. ase iyo saqarTveloSic.

AIDA

1896 wels golovinis prospeqtze damTavrda arqiteqtor viqtor Sreteris daproeqtebuli axali saopero Teatris mSenebloba, romelic 1200 kacze iyo gaTv-

lili (dRevandeli operis Teatris Senoba). e. w. `saxazino Teatri~ 1896 wlis 3 noembers gaixsna glinkas opera `ivan susaniniT~. es dadga rusulma saopero dasma, romelmac rusuli repertuariT Caanacvla italiuri opera da amiT qarTuli sazogadoebis guliswyromac gamoiwvia. am scenaze sxvadasxva dros cnobili saopero da sabaleto dasebi gamodiodnen: italiuri opera (1897-1898, 1910), venis saimperatoro opereta (1903), moskovisa da peterburgis komikuri operebi (1907), peterburgis saimperatoro baleti (1907-1908, 1913), varSavis baleti; aq mRerodnen SesaniSnavi momRerlebi, maT Soris, saxelganTqmuli qarTveli momRerlebis araerTi Taoba.

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xelovneba saopero Semsruleblobis istoriaSi enobrivi problemis realizaciis sami tendencia SeiniSneba: pirveli – rodesac yvela opera, maT Soris ucxouri, imRereba mSobliur enaze. es tendencia ZiriTadad gavrcelebuli iyo XVIII-XIX ss.-Si da XX s.is pirvel meoTxedSi, ufro mogvianebiT ki – evropis qveynebSi, baltiispireTis da ukrainis sabWoTa respublikebSi; meore – rodesac erovnuli operebi sruldeba mSobliur enaze, xolo ucxouri da rusuli – rusul enaze. es meore tendencia ufro sabWoTa kavSiris sxva qveynebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli; da mesame, albaT yvelaze gavrcelebuli, rodesac yvela opera sruldeba originalis enaze. es midgoma dRes prioritetulia mTel msoflioSi. Tbilisis saopero TeatrSi sxvadasxva dros samive tendencia arsebobda. jer kidev 1905 wlidan iyo repertuaris qarTul enaze gadatanis mcdelobebi. `qarTul enaze operebis gammarTvelma amxanagobam~, romlis aqtiuri wevrebi iyvnen ia kargareTeli da zaqaria faliaSvili, daiwyo qarTul enaze operebis Targmna da maTi dadgma. 1905 wlis 9 maiss rosinis `sevilieli dalaqis~ qarTul enaze dadgmis Semdeg gazeTi `iveria~ werda: `vusurvebT pirveli warmodgenis Taosnebs TavianTi moRvaweoba ganagrZon da gvanaxon rogorc ucxo

scenebi operidan `abesalom da eTeri~

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`sevilieli dalaqi@~

operebi, ise Cveni sakuTari operac Cvens scenaze~; `seviliel dalaqs~ qarTul enaze mohyva gunos `fausti~, bizes `karmeni~. am midgomam udavod pozitiuri roli Seasrula erovnuli saopero tradiciis damkvidrebis TvalsazrisiT. XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi qarTulad sruldeboda spendiarovis `almasti~ da ipolitov-ivanovis `Ralati~, verdis `aida~ da bizes `karmeni~. sabWoTa periodSi, aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi, upiratesoba eniWeboda meore tendencias, anu erovnuli repertuaris qarTulad Sesrulebas, xolo dasavleT-evropuli da rusuli operebi ZiriTadad rusul enaze sruldeboda. yovelive aman da qarTulma sasimRero da poeturma tradiciam ganapiroba qarTuli erovnuli operis Seqmna, romelsac ukavSirdeba axali qarTuli profesiuli musikis istoriis pirveli etapi. pirveli qarTuli opera Seqmna meliton balanCivaZem. fragmentebi misi operidan `Tamar cbieri~ Sesrulda 1897 wlis 20 dekembers peterburgSi, Tumca sruli saxiT Tbilisis operis scenaze mxolod 1925-1926 wlebis sezonze daidga.

Tbilisis operis scenaze warmodgenili pirveli qarTuli opera iyo revaz gogniaSvilis `qristine~ (1918 wlis 17 ivnisi).

Janris pirvel klasikur nimuSebad aris

opera

ris srulyofili nimuSebi. mas Semdeg TiTqmis mTeli saukune gavida da qarTul operas kidev araerTi TvalsaCino nimuSi Seemata oTar TaqTaqiSvilis, Salva mSveliZis, revaz laRiZis, biZina kvernaZis, gia yanCelis operebis saxiT.

scena operidan `qeTo da kote”

aRiarebuli saqarTvelos damoukideblobis periodSi, 1919 wels, dadgmuli operebi: 5 Tebervals – dimitri arayiSvilis lirikuli opera `Tqmuleba SoTa rusTavelze,~ 21 Tebervals – zaqaria faliaSvilis epikuri opera-tragedia `abesalom da eTeri~, 11 dekembers – viqtor doliZis komikuri opera `qeTo da kote~. am operebma pirveli warmodgenebidanve gansazRvra qarTuli saopero Teatris erovnuli saxe. zaqaria faliaSvilma mdidari qarTuli xalxuri musikis SemoqmedebiTi ganzogadebisa da evropul tradiciebTan sinTeziT Seqmna erovnuli saopero stili, rac misi udidesi damsaxurebaa qarTuli kulturis winaSe. man pirvelma aiyvana qarTuli profesiuli musika klasikuri xelovnebis simaRleze da Seqmna erovnuli ope-

ase gagrZelda barokos epoqaSi dawyebuli italiuri operis triumfaluri svla sxvadasxva qveyanaSi da ara mxolod evropaSi. CvenTvis ki gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rom am procesSi qarTvelma xelovanebma Tavisi wvlili Seitanes. operam sxvadasxva stilic `moirgo~ da erovnul kulturebSic daimkvidra Tavi. yvela qveyana cdilobda Tavisi sityva eTqva am JanrSi da sakuTar prestiJad aRiqvamda operis erovnuli nimuSebis Seqmnas. mas hqonda krizisuli periodebic, romlidan gamoyvanis sapatio misia itvirTes iseTma saopero reformatorebma, rogorebic iyvnen gluki da vagneri. Tumca, TiToeulma geniosma, romelic am JanrSi moRvaweobda, iqneboda es monteverdi, vivaldi, skarlati, liuli, perseli, hendeli, mocarti, rosini, verdi, bize, musorgski, Caikovski, puCini, bergi, mesiani, Stokhauzeni, waruSleli kvali datova mis ganviTarebaSi.

Tbilisis operisa da baletis Teatri

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1. namdvili ambavi, movlena. 2. italiis dedaqalaqi. 3. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisa da msoflio bankis wevri-qveynebi, romelTac ar sWirdebaT (an ukve aRar sWirdebaT) daxmareba da SesaZleblobaTa simwirisa Tu sxva mizezTa gamo arc Tavad monawileoben am organizaciebis safinanso wyaroebis SeqmnaSi. 4. rembrandtis erT-erTi cnobili namuSevari. 5. uwesrigoba. 7. Semosuli dampyrobeli jari. 9. saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis forma, romlis drosac umaRlesi Zalaufleba ekuTvnis gansazRvruli vadiT arCeul organoebs, pirebs. 11. piri, adamianTa jgufi, korporacia, sawarmoebi, romlebic identuri miznis miRwevaSi metoqeobas uweven erTmaneTs. 12. cnobili argentineli fexburTeli da mwvrTneli. 13. muslimTa feodaluri mmarTveli – umaRlesi sasuliero da saero xelisufali. 14. regioni italiis CrdiloeTSi. 16. qveynebi, romlebic saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisa da msoflio bankisgan reformebis Casatareblad finansur daxmarebas iReben. 17. madridis safexburTo klubi. 20. mowinaaRmdege, moqiSpe. 24. ieso qristes dabadebis adgili. 25. iSviaTi, uCveulo, gansakuTrebuli movlena. 26. ilia vekuas moRvaweobis sfero. 29. mxatvruli nawarmoebis an misi romelime nawilis Canaxati, winaswari monaxazi. 31. tradicia, Cveuleba. 33. vaJa-fSavelas namdvili gvari. 34. piris iZulebiTi gasaxleba, gaZeveba sxva saxelmwifoSi. 35. regioni ruseTSi, sadac masobrivad xdeboda patimrebis gadasaxleba. 36. koncefcia, romlis mixedviTac saxelmwifo Tavisufali unda iyos nebismieri tipis religiis gavlenisagan. 41. sazogadoebrivi da materialuri kulturis ganviTarebis done, romelsac miaRwia ama Tu im sazogadoebriv-ekonomikurma formaciam. 42. avtokefaliis mqone marTlmadidebeli eklesiis umaRlesi sasuliero piri. 44. muslimTa sazogadoebriv-politikuri da inteleqtualuri moZraoba, romelic ruseTis imperiis volgispireTisa da yirimel TaTarTa Soris gaCnda XIX saukunis bolodan. 45. sxvisi Sromis nayofis miTviseba. 46. msxvili sakredito dawesebuleba. 49. piri, romelic kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT uSvebs fasian qaRaldebs. 50. somxeTis TviTsaxeli. 55. ama Tu im sadazvervo organos saidumlo TanamSromeli. 57. safexburTo asociaciaTa evropis kavSiri. 58. saxelmwifos erTpirovnuli meTauri monarqiuli wyobilebis dros, xelmwife. 61. gaerTianeba, Tanamegobroba. 62. raimes aucilebeli da mudmivi niSanTviseba, kuTvnileba. 64. ganuxorcielebeli imedi, ocneba. 66. istoriuli regioni amierkavkasiaSi, romelic dRemde davis sagania somxeTsa

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