My World 28 by Rondeli Foundation

2020 28

28 2020

mecniereba qalebi

napoleon bonapartis egvipturi laSqroba

ra aris filosofia?

kato miqelaZe

musika

televizia

aRmoCenebi jeims kuki

istoria

saqarTvelos megobrebi marjori da oliver uordropebi

jon ficjerald kenedi

didi adamianebi

geopolitika axlo aRmosavleTi (I nawili)

13 ambavi rihard vagnerze

televiziis oqros xana

y r o j r a M d n a r e v i l O

p o r d r a W

70. ama Tu im moqmedebis xelSemwyobi, biZgis mimcemi faqtori, gamomwvevi mizezi. 75. leqsis striqoni. 76. STamomavlobis TiToeuli safexuri; daaxloebiT erTi wlovanebis adamianebis/sagnebis erToblioba. 77. muslimTa wminda taZari meqaSi. 78. SeTanxmeba, aRTqma. 80. swavlis Sefasebis erTeuli. 81. sxvadasxva xasiaTis oficialuri dokumenti. 86. dedamiwis yvelaze vrceli nawili, rogorc teritoriisa da mosaxleobis raodenobis, ise mosaxleobis simWidrovis mixedviT.

TinaTin evdoSvili

revaz gaCeCilaZe vasil kaWarava zaza firaliSvili nikoloz aleqsiZe arCil CaCxiani TamTa melaSvili arCil qiqoZe maia sigua beqa maisuraZe

3. gadat. raime cinikuri, cru da pirferuli. 5. sagnis asaxva gansazRvruli xedvis wertilidan, xedvis kuTxe. 8. ramdenime polkisagan an brigadisagan Semdgari sajariso SenaerTi. 11. saxelmwifos meTauri respublikuri mmarTvelobis qveynebSi. 13. siTxis gaTbobis Sedegad warmoqmnili umciresi nawilakebiT gajerebuli airi. 14. egviptis dedaqalaqi. 15. swrafi cvlileba, moulodneli garTuleba. 17. erTgvarovani obieqtebis calkeuli nimuSi, cali. 20. damcveli, mfarveli, gulSematkivari. 22. poezia, romelic avtoris grZnobebsa da gancdebs gadmoscems. 24. qalaqgareT jgufurad gaseirneba da iq waxemseba. 25. organizmis Tviseba â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ar daavaddes ama Tu im gadamdebi sneulebiT; samarT. calkeuli pirovnebis xelSeuxebloba, masze zogierTi kanonis gauvrcelebloba. 28. uecari ryeva, impulsi. 29. kanadis dedaqalaqi. 30. saxelmwifoTa gaerTianebis procesi politikuri Tanamegobrobis Seqmnis mizniT. 31. upiratesoba. 34. wyena sxvisi sikeTis, sixarulis, warmatebis gamo. 35. mmarTvelobis forma, romlis dros Zalaufleba aqvs adamianebis viwro, elitur wres, romlebic mas iyeneben sakuTari interesebis Sesabamisad. 38. risame ganxorcielebis, mimdinareobis siswrafe. 40. cxovelis, frinvelis devna dasaWerad an mosaklavad. 41. ambis momtani, risame mauwyebeli, Sikriki. 43. zebunebrivi, RvTiuri Zalebis rwmena. 45. saidumlo werilisaTvis saWiro pirobiTi niSnebis sistema. 48. igive karlos didi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; frankTa mefe 768-814 wlebSi. 49. raime azris, mosazrebis axsna-ganmarteba. raime mxatvruli an musikaluri nawarmoebis Taviseburi, SemoqmedebiTi Sesruleba. 51. qvelmoqmedi, kacTmoyvare. 52. garegnuli maxasiaTebeli, Sesaxedaoba. 53. didi zomis bunebrivi an xelovnuri SeRrmaveba kldeSi. 55. Tavisi saqmis kargi mcodne. 57. safrangeTis Crdilo-dasavleTis provincia. 59. muSaoba, romelic tardeba garkveul periodSi raime mniSvnelovani amocanis Sesasruleblad. 61. umaRlesi samxedro wodeba an Cini zogierTi qveynis armiasa da aviaciaSi. 62. qmedebis, movlenis mimdinareoba, ganviTarebis gza. 66. adamianis an adamianTa jgufis mxatvruli an fotografiuli gamosaxuleba. 67. risame mogroveba, erTad dajgufeba. 69. TviTmfrinavidan gadmosaxtomi an tvirTis gadmosagdebi mowyobiloba, romelic haerSi qolgiseburad ixsneba. 70. azri, Canafiqri; 71. Zveli xalxuri Tqmuleba qveynis warmoSobaze, RmerTebsa da gmirebze. 72. piris, jgufis, klasis SeuzRudavi Zalaufleba. 73. moqmedebis, gavrcelebis, saqmianobis are. 74. samgzavro an samxedro transportis mosamsaxure personali. 79. monaxazi, gegma, zogadi aRwera. 82. brZola, saomari moqmedeba. 83. gamosaxulebis gadasaRebi xelsawyo an xelsawyos nawili. 84. ZiriTadi midgoma an meTodi gansazRvruli miznebis misaRwevad. 85. Tqmuleba, romelSic gadmocemulia muhamedis qceva da gamonaTqvamebi. 87. gadaWarbebuli Tavmoyvareoba, pativmoyvareoba. 88. ambavi, cnoba, Setyobineba viRacis an raRacis Sesaxeb. 89. raime zedapirze datovebuli anabeWdi, navali. 90. mtruli qveynebis mier romelime saxelmwifos politikuri an ekonomikuri izolacia masze politikuri zemoqmedebis mizniT.

wina nomerSi gamoqveynebuli krosvordis pasuxebi

garekanze: fotokolaJi statiisTvis `marjori da oliver uordropebi~

1. misuri 3. lomi 4. arSia 5. dinastia 6. Srifti 8. neba 9. arena 10. romani 12. qoreografia 13. memkvidre 14. aTeisti 16. populacia 17. anZa 18. pretenzia 23. samTavro 24. medea 25. heraldika 26. antipodi 27. koSki 30. korespondenti 34. asamblea 35. antisemiti 36. gza 37. ena 38. biografia 41. anafora 42. seminari 44. volieri 46. jeronimo 48. iumori 49. kunZi 50. procenti 52. recepti 56. qiSpoba 58. asaki 60. interesi 61. kasta 62. evolucia 63. sindikati 64. epiTeti 65. profesia 66. deportacia 67. simbolika 69. maqsimumi 71. safrTxe 73.SariaTi 76. statia 81. kera 82. Cini 83. raWa

2. kulinaria 5. depeSa 7. konsolidacia 11. komiqsi 13. metamorfoza 15. ampartavani 19. nikea 20. ukraina 21. literatura 22. arsi 26. antarqtida 27. koncefcia 28. emocia 29. baTumi 31. kirilica 32. holokosti 33. laSqroba 36. gemi 39. doni 40. paraklisi 43. konservacia 45. moskovi 47. oini 49. konferencia 50. pioneri 51. proletari 53. ZiZa 54. internacionalizmi 55. eqsperti 57. kremli 59. cirki 62. episkoposi 64. eqspedicia 65. panda 68. indeqsi 70. publicisti 72. droSa 74. fantazia 75. polusi 77. statusi 78. kariera 79. imitacia 80. Sansi 84. poeti 85. panTeoni 86. piramida 87. daba 88. skalpi

28 / 2020

geopolitika revaz gaCeCilaZe axlo aRmosavleTis cvalebadi geopolitika (I nawili)

didi adamianebi

vasil kaWarava jon ficjerald kenedi

mecniereba zaza firaliSvili ra aris filosofia?

saqarTvelos megobrebi

nikoloz aleqsiZe marjori da oliver uordropebi

istoria

arCil CaCxiani napoleon bonapartis egvipturi laSqroba qalebi TamTa melaSvili kato miqelaZe da qalTa politikuri uflebebisTvis brZola aRmoCenebi arCil qiqoZe jeims kuki â&#x20AC;&#x201C; zRvebis mbrZanebeli

musika maia sigua 13 ambavi rihard vagnerze

televizia

beqa maisuraZe televiziis oqros xana

geopolitika

axlo aRmosavleTis I nawili

cvalebadi geopolitika

axlo aRmosavleTis Tanamedrove politikuri geografiis Camoyalibebis sakiTxisaTvis revaz gaCeCilaZe axlo aRmosavleTi msoflio civilizaciis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi centria. 14-15 aTasi wlis win aq daiwyo „neoliTuri revolucia“ – monadireobidan da Semgroveblobidan binadar cxovrebasa da soflis meurneobaze gadasvla. aq moiSinaures gareuli cxovelebi da daiwyes mcenareTa kulturuli jiSebis gamoyvana. aq gaCnda pirveli qalaqebi, Camoyalibda pirveli saxelmwifoebi, Seiqmna damwerlobis ramdenime tipi. es regioni aris sami monoTeisturi religiis samSoblo. marTalia, saqarTvelo am regions uSualod ar ekuTvnis, magram misi istoria mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva epoqaSi axlo aRmosavleTSi arsebul saxelmwifoebTan. XX saukuneSi sparseTis yuris irgvliv mdebare qveynebSi aRmoCnda navTobis didi budobebi, ris gamoc regionis mniSvneloba msoflio ekonomikisa da politikisaTvis ganuzomlad gaizarda. moulodnelad Tavsdatexilma simdidrem imave saukunis meore naxevarSi msoflio asparezze gamoiyvana iqamde uimedo autsaiderebi, udabnoSi mdebare qveynebi – saudis arabeTi, quveiTi, gaerTianebuli arabuli saamiroebi (gasi), katari, omani, bahreini. navTobisa da bunebrivi airis didi maragi aqvT iransa da erays. bolo periodSi bunebrivi airis didi budobebi aRmoCnda egviptis, israelis, libanis kontinentur Selfze, xmelTaSua zRvis fskerqveS. es resursebi ze-

axlo aRmosavleTi

s ii sp ka

Savi zRva

va zR

israeli 2 farTobi – 22,145 km mosaxleoba – 9 mln xmelTaSua zRva

kviprosi 2 farTobi – 9,251 km dedaqalaqi – niqozia mosaxleoba – 1,2 mln katari Rva iz el wiT

gaerTianebuli arabuli saamiroebi

arabeTis zRva

libani 2 farTobi – 10,452 km dedaqalaqi – beiruTi mosaxleoba – 6,8 mln omani 2 farTobi – 309,501 km dedaqalaqi – maskati mosaxleoba – 4,8 mln

farTobi – 83,600 km2 dedaqalaqi – abu-dabi mosaxleoba – 9,6 mln

TurqeTi farTobi – 783,562 km2 dedaqalaqi – ankara mosaxleoba – 82 mln

saudis arabeTi 2 farTobi – 2.15 mln km dedaqalaqi – ar-riadi mosaxleoba – 33,7 mln

bahreini farTobi – 741 km2 dedaqalaqi – manama mosaxleoba – 1,6 mln

iemeni farTobi – 527,968 km2 dedaqalaqi – sanaa mosaxleoba – 28,5 mln

siria 2 farTobi – 185,180 km dedaqalaqi – damasko mosaxleoba – 17 mln

egvipte 2 farTobi – 1,01 mln km dedaqalaqi – kairo mosaxleoba – 98,4 mln

iordania farTobi – 89,342 km2 dedaqalaqi – amani mosaxleoba – 10 mln

quveiTi 2 farTobi – 17,818 km dedaqalaqi – el-quveiTi mosaxleoba – 4,1 mln

erayi farTobi – 437,072 km2 dedaqalaqi – baRdadi mosaxleoba – 38,4 mln

irani farTobi – 1.648 mln km2 dedaqalaqi – Teirani mosaxleoba – 81,8 mln

katari 2 farTobi – 11,571 km dedaqalaqi – doha mosaxleoba – 2,8

gaerTianebuli arabuli saamiroebi

moqmedebas axdens regionis qveynebisa da regionsgare saxelmwifoebis geopolitikaze. axlo aRmosavleTs didi ekonomikuri mniSvneloba aqvs msofliosaTvis, rogorc energetikuli resursebis mimwodebels da sxvagan warmoebuli samrewvelo (ZiriTadad samxedro) da sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis momxmarebels da, agreTve, rogorc potenciur investors, maT Soris, maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi. axlo aRmosavleTi konfliqtogenurobis TvalsazrisiTac msoflios erT-erTi gamorCeuli regioni gaxda. iq TiTqmis ganuwyvetliv mimdinareobs omebi. siriaSi dResac samoqalaqo omia, romelSic CarTuli arian mezobeli da Sors mdebare saxelmwifoebi. iemenSi meeqvse welia mZvinvarebs samoqalaqo omi, romelSic regionis sxva qveynebic monawileoben.

dausrulebeli teritoriuli konfliqtia israelsa da palestinel arabebs Soris. cota xnis win, 2013-2018 wlebSi, erayisa da siriis teritoriaze avTvisebiani simsivnesaviT gavrcelda giganturi teroristuli warmonaqmni, e. w. „islamuri saxelmwifo“, romelsac SeebrZola saerTaSoriso koalicia islamuri qveynebis umravlesobis monawileobiT. magram terorizmis bolomde amoZirkva, rogorc Cans, jerac ver moxerxda. axlo aRmosavleTis strategiuli mdebareoba amZafrebs globalur konkurencias, romelSic aqtiurad arian Cabmuli adgilobrivi tradiciuli didi geopolitikuri moTamaSeebi – TurqeTi, irani da, agreTve, egvipte. maT SeuerTdnen bolo naxevar saukuneSi gamdidrebuli da samxedro TvalsazrisiT gaZlierebuli saSualo an patara zomis qveynebi – israeli, saudis arabeTi, gasi, katari. globaluri geopolitikuri meto-

geopolitika

siriis samoqalaqo omis dros dangreuli qalaqi ain al-arabi

protesti Razas seqtorSi

qeebis – aSS-isa da ruseTis (1992 wlamde – sabWoTa kavSiris) interesebi axlo aRmosavleTSic ejaxeba erTmaneTs. CineTi amJamad ufro „ekonomikur intervencias“ axdens am regionSi, ise, rogorc msoflios sxva regionebSi – yidis Tavis produqcias, abandebs did kapitals infrastruqturaSi. magram ekonomika politikasTan mWidrodaa gadajaWvuli da CineTis politikuri roli am regionSi gaizrdeba. evropis yofili zesaxelmwifoebis, „Zveli imperialistebis“ – didi britaneTis, safrangeTis, germaniis – politikuri roli ki regionSi TandaTan fermkrTaldeba. adre da dResac msoflios yvela zesaxelmwifo axlo aRmosavleTSi atarebda mxolod saTaviso politikas, romelic xSirad ugulebelyofda saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebs. amave normebs, adamianis uflebebs an „maRal zneobas“ arc adgilobrivi geopolitikuri moTamaSeebi dagideven. ra aris „axlo aRmosavleTi“? antikuri xanisa da Sua saukuneebis evropelebisaTvis mTeli azia „aRmosavleTi“ iyo. xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleT napirs dRemde „levantis“ saxeliT icnoben, rac italiuri Levante-dan modis: es sityva „mzis amosvlis mxares“ niSnavs. XIX saukunis SuaxanSi dasavleT evropaSi daiwyes terminis – „axlo aRmosavleTi“ – gamoyeneba imisaTvis, rom ganesxvavebinaT osmaleTis imperiis mflobelobaSi myofi dasavleTi azia da egvipte „Soreuli aRmosavleTisagan“, romelSic igulisxmeboda CineTi, korea, iaponia, indoCineTi. „islamuri saxelwifos“ mebrZolebi

axlo aRmosavleTi

erayeli jariskacebi zeimoben q. abu-saifas ganTavisuflebas teroristebisagan

„axlo“ da „Soreul“ aRmosavleTs Soris, savsebiT bunebrivia, SeiZleboda yofiliyo „Sua aRmosavleTi“. aseT termins xandaxan iyenebdnen kidec, magram subieqturma Secdomam mas geografiuli logika daukarga. saqme isaa, rom II msoflio omis dawyebisTanave, 1939 wlis seqtemberSi, didi britaneTis armiis sardlobam „axlo aRmosavleTis“ nacvlad imave regionis saxelad, yovelgvari dasabuTebis gareSe, daiwyo „Sua aRmosavleTis“ (The Middle East) gamoyeneba. II msoflio omis eqvsive wlis ganmavlobaSi imdroindeli presa da radio imdenad xSirad iyenebda am termins, rom is dasavleTSi farTod gavrcelda, Tumca amerikaSi mis sinonimad xandaxan isev iyeneben „axlo aRmosavleTs“. sakuTriv „Sua aRmosavleTis“ regionSi ki Seeguen axal saxels: arabulad is JRers, rogorc aS-Sark al-ausaT, sparsulad – xavar-e miane, Turqulad – orTa doRu, ebraulad – a-mizrax a-tixon. marTalia, qarTul geografiul terminologiaSi damkvidrebuli „axlo aRmosavleTi“, saqarTvelos mdebareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, mTlad zusti araa (CvenTvis es regioni samxreTiT mdebareobs da ara aRmosavleTiT), mainc gaumarTlebelad mimaCnia misi Secvla kidev ufro arazusti terminiT „Sua aRmosavleTi“. axlo aRmosavleTi moicavs teritorias TurqeTidan iemenamde, egviptidan iranamde. es aris 16 damoukidebeli saxelmwifo (am ricxvSi ar Sedis palestina), 7,3 milioni km2 saerTo farTobiT da TiTqmis 450 milioni mcxovrebiT, romelTa ricxovnoba swrafad matulobs.

rac Seexeba termin „geopolitikas“, arsebobs misi mravali ganmarteba. rogorc samecniero disciplina, is swavlobs geografiul faqtorTa kompleqsis (fizikuri da politikur-geografiuli mdebareoba, bunebrivi da adamianuri resursebi, mosaxleobis simravle, ekonomikis sidide da a.S.) zemoqmedebas qveynebis sagareo politikasa da msoflio politikaze. „geopolitikuri aqtori/moTamaSe“ aRniSnavs saxelmwifos, romelic Tavis sagareo politikas warmarTavs zemoxsenebuli geografiuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT. saxelmwifos, Cveulebriv, aqvs sakuTari dauwereli „geopolitikuri kodi“, romelic asaxavs xelisuflebisa da mosaxleobis met-naklebad saerTo azrs sagareo-politikuri interesebisa da am interesebisaTvis Seqmnili safrTxeebisa da am safrTxeebisaTvis gasacemi pasuxebis Sesaxeb. „geopolitikuri kodi“, bunebrivia, maradiuli araa: is SeiZleba Seicvalos da maSin xdeba xolme „geopolitikuri Zvra“, anu sagareopolitikuri orientaciis Secvla. sakmaod xSirad geopolitikas miiCneven saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis geografiis sinonimad. magaliTad, aseTi saxeli misca Tavis wigns cnobilma amerikelma mecnierma sol bernard koenma.

geopolitika aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi axlo aRmosavleTis regionis ZiriTadi geopolitikuri aqtorebi – imperiebi – ebrZodnen erTmaneTs politikuri pirvelobisaTvis iqamde, sanam TviTon gaqrebodnen saerTaSoriso asparezidan. ZiriTadi metoqe wyvilebi iyvnen romi da parTia, bizantia da sasanianTa irani, arabuli saxalifo da bizantia, selCukiani Turqebi da bizantia, monRolebi da mTeli regioni, sefianTa sparseTi da osmaleTi. Zvelad, rasakvirvelia, iyvnen ufro mcire zomis lokaluri geopolitikuri moTamaSeebic, romlebic, maTda samwuxarod, imperiebis „saSen masalad“ iqcnen. imperiebis „geopolitikur kodSi“ Sedioda savaWro gzebisa da stabiluri Semosavlis momtani nayofieri miwebis daufleba. „WeSmariti sarwmunoebis“ gavrceleba xSirad iyo kargi gamarTleba axali miwebis dasapyrobad, maSin, roca mowinaaRmdege yovelTvis iyo „urwmuno“, „urjulo“, „gzas acdenili“. brZolis vels metoqe imperiebisaTvis, Cveulebriv, warmoadgenda sxvadasxva civiliziciaTa mijnaze mdebare mesopotamia, siria, dRevandeli TurqeTis aRmosavleTi nawili, xandaxan – samxreTi kavkasia. am geopolitikurad mniSvnelovani sivrcis kontroli mravaljer iyo samxedro konfliqtis mizezi dasavleTiT da aRmosavleTiT mdebare imperiebisaTvis.

imdroindelma evropelebma bevrad meti isesxes axlo aRmosavleTisagan, TviTon ki ver moaxdines raime kulturuli gavlena regionze. politikuri TvalsazrisiT ki dasavleTevropelebma gvarianad moaryies qristianobis mTavari burji dasavleT aziaSi, bizantia, rodesac 1204 wels aiRes da gaZarcves konstantinopoli, iqamde cxraasi wlis ganmavlobaSi auRebeli cixesimagre. evropis samxedro-politikuri upiratesoba uSualod axlo aRmosavleTis regionSi naTlad gamoCnda mxolod XVIII saukunis miwurulSi, rodesac napoleon bonapartma ilaSqra im dros osmaleTis imperiaSi Semaval egviptesa da palestinaSi. ufro Soreul miznad mas hqonda indoeTamde misvla, rac ver ganxorcielda. XIX saukunidan regionSi gamoCndnen axali geopolitikuri moTamaSeebi, evropuli zesaxelmwifoebi, romelTac erTmaneTTan mZafri metoqeobac hqondaT. XIX saukunis damdegs qarTl-kaxeTis aneqsirebis Semdeg axlo aRmosavleTis CrdiloeT periferias miaxloebulma ruseTis imperiam orjer, 1806-1813 da 1826-1828 wlebSi, warmatebiT ioma sparseTTan (orive omi sparseTma wamoiwyo) da Sedegad, mas samxreT kavkasiis didi nawili waarTva: 1918 wels swored am teritoriebze Seiqmneba azerbaijanisa da somxeTis respublikebi. ruseTis imperiam ukve XVIII saukuneSi mouRo

XI-XIII saukuneebSi dasavleTidan mosulma jvarosanma raindebma ar datoves didi kvali axlo aRmosavleTis regionSi. Tu kulturul urTierTgavlenazea saubari,

konstantinopolis aReba, 1204, eklesiis kedlis moxatuloba, rumineTi

monRolebis mier baRdadis aReba, 1258, xelnaweris miniatura

axlo aRmosavleTi

britaneTis imperia gafarToebis zenitSi, 1921

bolo osmaleTis gavlenas yirimsa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis nawilSi, XIX saukuneSi ki dasavleT da samxreT saqarTvelodanac gandevna osmaleTi. XIX saukuneSive naTeli gaxda, rom axlo aRmosavleTis regionSi iqamde dominanti geopolitikuri moTamaSeebi, sparseTisa da osmaleTis imperiebi, ekonomikuri, politikuri da samxedro TvalsazrisiT mkveTrad CamorCnen evropas. imdroindelma globalurma hegemonma – didma britaneTma – daiwyo gavlenis gavrceleba am regionSic: misi mizani iyo aq Seeqmna erTgvari fari indostanis naxevarkunZulze sakuTari interesebisaTvis. indoeTs udidesi Semosavali mohqonda didi britaneTisaTvis da misi samrewvelo produqciis gasaRebis ZiriTadi bazaric iyo.

yirimis omi – 1853 wels ruseTma omi wamoiwyo osmaleTis imperiasTan. am ukanasknelis mxares ki gamovidnen didi britaneTis samefo da im dros arsebuli safrangeTis imperia. nominalurad, maTi mokavSire iyo sardiniis samefoc, Tumca mas omSi realuri monawileoba ar miuRia. sabrZolo moqmedeba, ZiriTadad, yirimis naxevarkunZulze mimdinareobda da is „yirimis omis“ saxeliT Sevida istoriaSi. 1856 wels mokavSireebma aiZules ruseTis imperia damarcxeba eRiarebina.

geopolitika hormuzis srute akavSirebs navTobiT mdidar sparseTis yures (marcxniv) omanis yuresTan da Semdeg – indoeTis okeanesTan. erayi

avRaneTi irani

quveiTi

hormuzis srute

sparseTis yure bahreini katari

pakistani omani

omanis yure saudis arabeTi gaerTianebuli arabuli saamiroebi

omani

arabeTis zRva

XIX saukuneSi naTlad gamoikveTa didi britaneTis geopolitikuri gegma axlo aRmosavleTSi: londons esaWiroeboda sazRvao gzebis kontroli da strategiulad ganlagebuli navsadgurebi. indoeTis okeanis, bab-al-mandabisa da hormuzis sruteebis gasakontroleblad ukve 1839 wlidan adenSi daarsda britanuli samxedro-sazRvao baza. 1869 wels gaxsnili xmelTaSua zRvisa da wiTeli zRvis SemaerTebeli suecis arxi, romelic umoklesi sazRvao gziT akavSirebda erTmaneTTan evropasa da samxreT azias, 1875 wlidan britaneTis kontrolqveS moeqca. 1882 wlidan britaneTis faqtobriv proteqtoratad iqca egvipte (im dros nominalurad osmaleTis imperiis nawili), romlis teritoriazec gadis suecis arxi. 1878 wlidan didi britaneTi akontrolebda kunZul kvipross, romlis formaluri aneqsireba moaxdina 1914 wlis 5 noembers, mas Semdeg, rac osmaleTTan omis mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. ukve XX saukuneSi xaifas navsadgurSi (amJamad israelis SemadgenlobaSia) aseve daarsda britanuli samxedro-sazRvao baza. XX saukunis dasawyisidanve londons am regionis mimarT geoekonomikuri interesic gauCnda – navTobi! 1908 wels samxreT iranSi, masjed-e soleimanTan, britanelma geologma jorj bernard reinoldsma aRmoaCina navTobis didi sabado. 1909 wels daarsda „anglo-sparsuli navTobis kompaxmelTaSua zRva

egvipte

suecis arxi

egvipte

suecis arxi (sigrZiT 193,5 km.) akavSirebs xmelTaSua zRvas wiTel zRvasTan da Semdeg – indoeTis okeanesTan

7 10

axlo aRmosavleTi

navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxana qalaq abadanSi

XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi londonis geopolitikuri mizani iyo ar daeSva momZlavrebuli metoqis, ruseTis imperiis, gasvla „Tbil zRvebze“ – xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi, osmaleTis xarjze, da indoeTis okeaneSi, sparseTis xarjze. aseT SemTxvevaSi britaneTis samxedro-sazRvao da savaWro flotebs orive am wyalsatevSi Zlieri konkurenti gauCndeboda. amitomac londoni diplomatiuri gziT cdilobda SeezRuda ruseTis imperiis eqspansia samxreTisaken, rodesac am ukanasknelTan omebSi damarcxebul (1829 da 1878 ww.) osmaleTs exmareboda teritoriuli danakargis minimizaciaSi. erTxel britaneTi samxedro gziTac ki daexmara osmaleTs, rodesac safrangeTTan erTad Caeba mis omSi ruseTTan („yirimis omi“).

nia“, romelmac 1913 wels sparseTis qalaq abadanSi aaSena navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxana – momdevno naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi is am tipis qarxnebs Soris msoflioSi udidesi iyo!

arabeTis naxevarkunZulis samxreT napirisa da sparseTis yuris dasavleT napiris arab Seixebs, amirebsa da sxva memkvidreobiT mmarTvelebs londoni sTavazobda mfarvelobas (proteqtorats), razec isini xalisiT Tanxmdebodnen, radgan mezobeli Seixis an sparseTis pretenziebi ufro aSinebdaT, Tanac londoni maT yovelwliur subsidiasac uxdida – oqroTi! es proteqtoratebi SemdgomSi suverenuli saxelmwifoebi gaxdebian da iq aRmoCenili navTobi da gazi maT msoflios umdidres qveynebad aqcevs.

I msoflio omis win, didi britaneTis samxedro-sazRvao ministris uinston CerCilis iniciativiT, britanuli samxedro floti sawvavad qvanaxSiris gamoyenebidan navTobze gadavida, rac mis manevrulobas da miRwevadobas mkveTrad zrdida. amitomac am nedleuls strategiuli mniSvneloba mieniWa da 1913 wels britaneTis mTavrobam SeiZina „anglo-sparsuli navTobis kompaniis“ sakontrolo paketi, anu, faqtobrivad, moaxdina misi nacionalizacia. 1954 wels kompanias ewoda „britiS petroliumi“ (BP) – is dRemde arsebobs, amJamad isev privatizebuli saxiT.

XIX saukunis SuaSi Tavisi interesebi levantSi, kerZod, libansa da siriaSi, daafiqsira safrangeTma. imave saukunis bolos regionSi Zalian gaaqtiurda germania, romelic ekonomikur eqspansias axdenda osmaleTSi da gamalebiT aSenebda „berlin-baRdadis rkinigzas“ (osmaleTSi mas „baRdadis rkinigzas“ uwodebdnen). es satransporto arteria sabolood SeiZleba misuliyo basras navsadguramde, samxreT eraySi, da iqidan jer sparseTis yureSi da Semdeg indoe-

geopolitika

konia adana

alepo

baRdadi masjed-e soleiman navTobis sabado

basra

berlin-baRdadis rkinigzis mSenebloba

Tis okeaneSi gasvlis saSualebas miscemda rkinigzis mflobels. am infrastruqturul proeqts I msoflio omis dawyebis erTerT faqtoradac ki miiCneven. germanuli eqspansiis perspeqtivam SeaSfoTa londoni, romelmac saswrafod miiRo winmswrebi zomebi da 1899 wels sparseTis yuris CrdiloeT nawilSi, quveiTis Rrmawylovan yuresTan, adgilobrivi arabuli tomis Seixs – mubaraq al-sabahs mfarveloba SesTavaza. britanulma kreiserebma daicves Seixis samflobelo osmaleTis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali basris valis (gubernatoris) sadamsjelo operaciisagan: am teritorias osmaleTi Tavisad miiCnevda. swored am britanuli aqciis Sedegad Seiqmna da dRemde arsebobs quveiTis saxelmwifo, romelsac isev al-sabahis dinastia marTavs: mmarTvels axla amiras tituli aqvs. „berlin-baRdadis rkinigzis“ mSeneblobis damTavrebas I msoflio omis dawyebam SeuSala xeli. I msoflio omis win axlo aRmosavleTSi arsebobda ori aRiarebuli saxelmwifo – sparseTi da osmaleTi. es ukanaskneli realurad ganagebda dRevandel sirias, erays, iordanias, palestinas, iemens, arabeTis naxevarkunZulis dasavleT nawilSi hijazs, sadac mdebareobs islamis wminda qalaqebi meqa da medina. danarCeni arabeTis naxevarkunZulic da egviptec nominalurad stam-

`baRdadis rkinigzis~ dagegmili marSruti osmaleTis teritoriaze

bols eqvemdebareboda, magram, realurad, egvipte da arabuli saSeixoebi londonis daqvemdebarebaSi iyvnen. XX saukunis dasawyisidanve arabeTis naxevarkunZulis Sua da aRmosavleT nawilis faqtobrivi baton-patroni gaxda anaizas tomis beladi saudianTa dinastiidan – mamaci da Zalian agresiuli abdalaziz ibn abdal-rahman as-saudi. maSin, roca iranis (1935 wlamde mas sparseTis saxeliT icnobdnen) teritoria XIX saukunis Sua wlebidan moyolebuli dRemde ucvleli rCeba, osmaleTis imperia I msoflio omis Semdeg daiSala. am imperiis yofil teritoriaze warmoiSva TurqeTis respublika da sxva axali saxelmwifoebi. xuTi maTgani – erayi, palestina, transiordania (1946 wlidan mas vicnobT, rogorc iordanias), siria da libani – Tavidan imarTeboda I msoflio omSi gamarjvebuli saxelmwifoebisaTvis (didi britaneTi da safrangeTi) erTa ligis mier miniWebuli mandatiT. axlo aRmosavleTis saxelmwifoTa sazRvrebi, ZiriTadad, dadginda londonisa da parizis samTavrobo kabinetebSi da xSir SemTxvevaSi gaavles saxazavis meSveobiT. cnobilia erTi ambavi britanel konsulTan dakavSirebiT: rodesac is gamWvirvale qaRaldis gamoyenebiT xazavda sazRvars eraysa da transiordanias Soris, viRacas salaparakod miubrunda da am dros qaRaldi da saxazavi SemTxveviT Seabruna. amitomac miemata transiordanias sagrZnobi teritoria!

axlo aRmosavleTi

meqa

medina

siriasa da TurqeTs Soris sazRvari dadginda safrangeTisa da TurqeTis 1921 wlis ankaris xelSekrulebiT. es sazRvari didwilad (390 km-is manZilze) miyveba „berlin-baRdadis“ rkinigzis xazs da ar iTvaliswinebs mosaxleobis eTnikur Semadgenlobas. amitomac sazRvris orive mxares mcxovrebi qurTebi da arabebi sxvadasxva saxelmwifoSi moxvdnen. I msoflio omis Semdeg axlo aRmosavleTis axali sazRvrebi Camoyalibebis procesSi iyo da SeiZleba Secvliliyo erTa ligis (faqtobrivad, londonisa da parizis) TanxmobiT. ase, magaliTad, 1916-1924 wlebSi hijazi, sadac mdebareobs islamis wminda qalaqebi meqa da medina, iyo damoukidebeli samefo da erTa ligis wevri. 1924 wels arabeTis naxevarkunZulze najdisa da hasas mpyrobelma abdalaziz as-saudma daipyro hijazi da es mas SerCa, radgan londonsa da parizs politikuri rukidan damoukidebeli saxelmwifos gaqrobis gamo didi protesti ar gamouTqvamT! abdalaziz as-saudma asiric daipyro da 1932 wels Tavis absolutur monarqias uwoda arabeTis saudianTa samefo (is ufro cnobilia, rogorc saudis arabeTi). sxva magaliTia siriisaTvis mikuTvnebuli aleqsandretas sanjayis (1938 wels gayalbebuli arCevnebis Semdeg – „damoukidebeli“ haTais saxelmwifo) TurqeTis respublikasTan SeerTeba, razec 1939 wels daTanxmda mandatori saxelmwifo – safrangeTis respublika.

Seixi mubaraq al-sabahi (1840-1915)

abdalaziz ibn abdalrahman as-saudi (1875-1953)

13 10

geopolitika erTa liga â&#x20AC;&#x201C; saerTaSoriso organizacia, romelic daarsda 1919 wels aSS-is prezidentis vudro uilsonis iniciativiT. misi gamocxadebuli mizani iyo msoflioSi mSvidobis SenarCuneba. magram aSS-is senatma uari Tqva erTa ligaSi amerikis Sesvlaze. Tavidan mTavar rols am organizaciaSi TamaSobdnen didi britaneTi da safrangeTi. 1930-ian wlebSi erTa ligam faqtobrivad dakarga avtoriteti da funqcia.

erTa ligis pirveli Sekreba

safrangeTis mandatis qveS myofi siriisa da libanis administraciuli dayofa `saxelmwifoebad~ 1921-1922 wlebSi

TurqeTi aleqsandreta

1948 wels palestinis teritoriaze Seiqmna israelis saxelmwifo, romlis boboqari istoria da politikur-geografiuli problemebi calke ganxilvis sagania.

alepo `alepos saxelmwifo~ laTakia

`alavitebis saxelmwifo~

didi libani

`damaskos saxelmwifo~

beiruTi damasko

`jebel druzis saxelmwifo~ el-suvaida

samandato palestina

1936 wels londonma aRiara egviptis damoukidebloba. arabeTis naxevarkunZulis samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi damoukidebeli gaxda iemeni, romelic 1990 wels gaerTianda yofil britanul proteqtoratTan, ufro samxreTiT mdebare iemenis saxalxo-demokratiul respublikasTan, centriT adenSi.

samandato transiordania

samandato erayi

arabebi abraleben did britaneTs, rom man ar dauSva erTiani arabuli saxelmwifos Seqmna. es nawilobriv simarTlea. londonma marTlac ar daaneba abdalaziz as-sauds daepyro britanuli proteqtoratebi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; sparseTis yuris arabuli saSeixoebi ise, rogorc daipyro hijazi. magram TviT arabebs Sorisac ar arsebobda saerTo azri mSvidobian gaerTianebaze.1958 wels egviptem da siriam Seqmnes gaerTianebuli arabuli respublika, romelSic Sesvlas TiTqos apirebdnen erayi da iemeni (am ganzraxvidan darCa mxolod droSebi!). sirieli oficrebis ajanyebis Semdeg es gaerTianeba 1961 wels daiSala. erovnul politikur elitebs Zalian gansxvavebuli da saTaviso interesebi aRmoaCndaT.

axlo aRmosavleTi

golanis maRlobi saqarTvelo

azerbaijani somxeTi

TurqeTi dasavleTi napiri

Raza

irani

siria

erayi

saxazaviT gavlebuli iordaniis geometriuli sazRvrebi siriasTan, eraysa da saudis arabeTTan

ZiriTadad qurTebiT dasaxlebuli teritoriebi

Tanamedrove pirobebSi mZafri dapirispireba arsebobs saudis arabeTisa da kataris mmarTvel dinastiebs Soris. patara katars SeuZlia ar Seepuos bevrad ufro did da Zlier saudis arabeTs, radgan kataris teritoriaze mdebareobs didi amerikuli samxedro baza da kataris amiras erTdroulad SeuZlia hqondes saudis arabeTTan gansxvavebuli mizezebiT dapirispirebuli iranisa da TurqeTis imedi. saboloo jamSi, yvela arabulenovan saxelmwifoSi Seiqmna sakuTari politikuri da kulturuli elita, gaCnda sakuTari ekonomikuri interesebi da Camoyalibda erovnuli identoba. „panarabizmi“ – arabTa erToba – TiTqmis usagno cnebad iqca. arsebobs „arabul saxelmwifoTa liga“ da erTgvari zogadarabuli solidarobac, magram arabuli nacionalizmi mainc Caketilia TiToeuli qveynis politikur sazRvrebSi. asiode wlis win axlo aRmosavleTSi Camoyalibebuli politikuri geografia didwilad „evropuli memkvidreobaa“, Tumca amJamad arsebul saxelmwifo sazRvrebs yvela qveyanaSi „maradiulad arsebulad da wmidaTawmidad“ miiCneven!

arabul saxelmwifoTa ligis gerbi

didi adamianebi

jon ficjerald kenedi vasil kaWarava 1960 wlis saprezidento arCevnebSi respublikur partiaSi Tavidanve mTavar kandidatad amerikis vice-prezidenti riCard niqsoni miiCneoda, demokratiulma partiam ki Tavis winasaarCevno yrilobaze prezidentobis kandidatad airCia umcrosi senatori masaCusetsidan – jon ficjerald kenedi. jon kenedi iyo irlandiuri warmoSobis mdidari bostoneli biznesmenisa da politikosis – Jozef kenedis Svili, harvardis universitetis kursdamTavrebuli, wynari okeanis brZolebSi daWrili meore msoflio omis gmiri. omis dros mas xerxemlis travmis gamo jarSi ar iRebdnen, magram mSoblebis didi gavlenis wyalobiT joni samxedro-sazRvao flotSi Caricxes. 1943 wlis 2 agvistos iaponurma naRmosanma, RamiT, Suaze gaapo kenedis satorpedo katarRa, ori kaci daiRupa, danarCenebis gadarCenisas TavganwirvisaTvis kenedi medliTac daajildoves. am SemTxvevis gamo mas kvlav gaurTulda xerxemlis travma. avadmyofobis dros jon kenedim dawera wigni `vaJkacobis saxe~, romelSic gamoCenili amerikeli politikosebisa Tu sazogado moRvaweebis samoqalaqo gmirobis epizodebi iyo ganxiluli. wignma `puliceris premia~ daimsaxura – joni am premiis mflobeli erTaderTi prezidentia. samSobloSi dabrunebuli gmiri 1947 wels warmomadgenelTa palatis wevri gaxda, 1953-1960 wlebSi ki erT-erTi yvelaze axalgazrda senatori iyo.

jon ficjerald kenedi

jozef kenedi SvilebTan erTad marcxnidan: jozef kenedi umcrosi (1915-1944), jozef kenedi (1888-1969), robert kenedi (1925-1968) da jon kenedi (1917-1963)

moCnda kenedisaTvis. kenedi momxiblavi da dinji iyo. misi gamosvla uSualo iumoriTa da TviTironiiT iyo savse. niqsoni, misgan gansxvavebiT, ar aRmoCnda telegenuri. Tanac kenedi dasvenebuli da garujuli iyo, niqsoni ki – naavadmyofari da gadaRlili. vinc radioSi moismina debatebi, CaTvala, rom niqsonma gaimarjva, magram 70 milioni telemayureblis azriT, igi avadmyofurad gamoiyureboda da kenedis qarizmam dajabna – pirvel debatebSi kenedim didi sxvaobiT ajoba niqsons. kenedis gaumarTla da swored am wels daiwyo mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri daqveiTeba, romelic, rasakvirvelia, respublikelebs dabralda.

viceprezidentobis kandidatoba kenedim senatis umravlesobis uaRresad gavlenian liders – lindon jonsons SesTavaza. teqsasel jonsons, sxva yvelaferTan erTad, samxreTis Statebis mxardaWerac unda moepovebina. konventze kenedim e.w. `axal sazRvrebze~ isaubra da ganacxada: `jer kidev yvela problema ar aris gadawyvetili da jer kidev yvela brZola ar aris mogebuli. Cven dRes axali sazRvrebis winaSe vdgavarT~.

mzardi antirasistuli gamosvlebis fonze, patimrobaSi myofi martin luTer kingis meuRlis mosakiTxad darekviTa da kingis gasaTavisuflebeli moqmedebiT, kenedim Savkaniani mosaxleobis didi mxardaWerac moipova. ar gamarTlda SiSi, rom protestantul amerikaSi kenedis kaTolikoba problemas Seuqmnida.

jon kenedi samxedro-sazRvao flotSi

jon kenedis wigni `vaJkacobis saxe~

prezidentobis orive kandidati Zalian axalgazrda iyo da esec siaxle iyo amerikisTvis. 47 wlis niqsons 43 wlis kenedi epaeqreboda. arCevnebSi kenedi warmatebiT iyenebda mSobliuri harvardis universitetis profesuris daxmarebas, rogorc es Tavis droze franklin ruzveltma gaakeTa, romelmac Tavisi `alma materis~ – kolumbiis universitetis profesura CarTo politikaSi. mas Semdeg aseT inteleqtual mrCevelTa jgufs `gonebriv trests~ uwodeben. 1960 wlis 26 seqtembers daaxloebiT 70 milioni adamiani uyurebda kenedisa da niqsonis teledebatebs, miT umetes, rom es prezidentobis kandidatebis pirveli teledebati iyo amerikis istoriaSi. televiziam pirvelad iTamaSa Zalze mniSvnelovani roli saarCevno procesSi da es sasargeblo aR-

didi adamianebi kapitani franklin kolinsi ajildoebs jon kenedis sazRvao qveiTTa korpusis medliT

jon kenedi da lindon jonsoni

lindon beins jonsoni (1908-1973) – aSS-is 36-e prezidenti demokratiuli partiidan. jon kenedis prezidentobis dros – vice-prezidenti. 1963 wels prezidenti kenedis mkvlelobis Semdgom, konstituciis Tanaxmad, jonsoni prezidenti gaxda. kenedis vadis dasrulebis Semdgom 1964 wels man didi upiratesobiT gaimarjva arCevnebSi. jonsonis prezidentobis mTavari sagareo-politikuri movlena, ramac misi, rogorc prezidentis reputacia daazarala, vietnamis omi iyo, romlis eskalaciac misi vadis dros moxda.

sabolood, 8 noembris arCevnebis Sedegebis mixedviT, kenedim 34, 227 096 xma miiRo, niqsonma ki, sul raRac 118 550 xmiT naklebi – 34,108 546 xma. saarCevno kolegiis xmebic, Sesabamisad, iyo 303 da 219. maSinve gaCnda eWvi, rom es mcire upiratesoba kenedim arcTu kanonierad moipova. `niu-iork heraldis~ Jurnalisti erl mazo amtkicebda, rom hqonda arCevnebSi TaRliTobis damadasturebeli faqtebi da ganacxada, rom ilinoisis Stati kenedisTvis moipares. zogierTi respublikeli ki amtkicebda, rom jonsonis demokratiuli partiis manqanam meqsikis sazRvarTan arsebuli sagrafoebis xmebi miiTvisa da iq kenedis gaamarjvebina. niqsoni ixsenebda, rom bevri, eizenhaueris CaTvliT, mouwodebda mas arCevnebis Sedegebis gaprotestebas, magram man uari Tqva im mizeziT, rom ar surda qveyanaSi konstituciuri krizisis gamowveva. axalgazrda inteleqtualebiT garSemortymul prezidents gansakuTrebul xibls matebda misi araCveulebrivad eleganturi meuRle – bostonis elitis warmomad-

riCard niqsoni da jon kenedi

jon ficjerald kenedi

sainauguracio sityvaSi kenedi amerikelebs Zireuli cvlilebisken mouwodebda da Tanac, ara marto amerikelebs, aramed mTel msoflios: `amitom, Cemo amerikelo Tanamemamuleno! nu ikiTxavT, ris gakeTebas SeZlebs TqvenTvis Tqveni qveyana. ikiTxeT, Tavad risi gakeTeba SegiZliaT Tqveni qveynisTvis. msoflios Tanamoqalaqeno! nu ikiTxavT, ras gaakeTebs amerika TqvenTvis. ikiTxeT, risi gakeTeba SegviZlia yvelas erTad adamianebis TavisuflebisaTvis~.

Jaklin da jon kenedebi

geneli Jaklin kenedi. lamazi, qarizmatuli, ganaTlebuli, mdidari, uaRresad warmatebuli, mSvenieri bavSvebis patroni kenedebis wyvili namdvilad saocnebo ojaxad gamoiyureboda. magram realoba arc aseTi mimzidveli iyo. prezidents axalgazrduli travmebis Sedegad dazianebuli xerxemali tanjavda da man araerTi umZimesi operacia gadaitana. Tan, miuxedavad aseTi problemebisa, prezidenti, SeiZleba iTqvas, yovelgvar zRvars gadacilebuli meqalTane iyo. es Jurnalistebis nawilmac kargad icoda, magram maSin ar iyo miRebuli dRevandeliviT Tamamad Careva prezidentis pirad cxovrebaSi.

marTlac, kenedis Zalze farTomasStabiani gegma hqonda â&#x20AC;&#x201C; samedicino daxmarebis programis gafarToeba; xelfasis minimumisa da droebiT umuSevarTaTvis daxmarebis vadis gazrda; sacxovreblebis mSeneblobis gafarToeba; mZime ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi myofi raionebis daxmareba; ganaTlebisa da jandacvis sistemis gaumjobeseba; muSaTa kvalifikaciis amaRlebis sistemis gaumjobeseba. yovelive es, bunebrivia, did federalur xarjebs saWiroebda, rasac kongresis konservatiuli umravlesoba sakmaod uaryofiTad uyurebda. maT arc Tavad kenedis pirovneba exatebodaT gulze da misi es iniciativebi daamuxruWes kidec. Tumca mainc moxerxda garkveuli iniciativebis ganxorcieleba.

martin luTer kingi (1929-1968) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; rasizmis araZalismieri winaaRmdegobis lideri, oratori. mouwodebda Tanasworobis miRwevas mSvidobiani gziT. misi gamosvlebi oratoruli xelovnebis klasikad miiCneva.

didi adamianebi seriozuli dapirispireba warmoiSva kenedis administraciasa da foladis mwarmoebel kompaniebs Soris. am kompaniebma daarRvies mTavrobasTan dadebuli SeTanxmeba sakuTar produqciaze fasebis stabilizaciis Sesaxeb da 1962 wlis aprilSi foladze fasebis aweva gamoacxades. maTi mibaZva male sxvebmac moindomes, rac qveynaSi inflaciur tendenciebs gazrdida. kenedi Zalian gabrazda da axlobelTa wreSi aseTi ramec ki Tqva: `mamaCemi yovelTvis meubneboda, rom biznesmenebi Zuknis Svilebi arian, magram amisi dRemde ar mjeroda~. ganrisxebulma prezidentma foladis trests Zalze seriozulad Seutia da biznesis winaaRmdeg saxelmwifos xelT arsebuli zewolis TiTqmis yvela legaluri meqanizmi gamoiyena. da, marTalia, kenedim sabolood samarTlianad gaimarjva kidec, magram didma biznesma mas es ar dauviwya da siZulviliTve upasuxa. ekonomikis gamosacocxleblad da ganawyenebuli didi biznesis dasaSoSmineblad kenedi, demokratiisTvis sakmaod uCveulod, gadasaxadebis Semcirebas gegmavda, Tumca es mxolod 1964 wels, kenedis sikvdilis Semdeg, moxerxda.

iuri gagarini (1934-1968)

mas Semdeg, rac 1961 wlis 12 aprils sabWoTa kosmonavtma iuri gagarinma pirvelad Semoufrina dedamiwas da kosmosur paeqrobaSi kvlav ukan Camoitova amerika, SeSfoTebulma kenedim gamoacxada, rom amerikelebi 1969 wels mTavreze unda gadamsxdariyvnen da marTlac, 24-miliardiani proeqtis Sedegad, 1969 wels amerikeli astronavti nil armstrongi pirveli adamiani gaxda, vinc mTavreze dadga fexi. 1963 wels kenedim gansaxilvelad gamoitana kanonproeqti, romelic qalTa da feradkanian amerikelTa samoqalaqo uflebebis gafarToebas gulisxmobda, magram iyo sakmaod zomieri da, bevris azriT, namdvilad ar akmayofilebda SavkanianTa da axalagazrdobis mniSvnelovani nawi-

pensilvaniis foladis mwarmoebeli muSebi

jon ficjerald kenedi

nil armstrongi (1930-2012)

lis did mouTmenlobas am sakiTxSi. es kanoni (Civil Rights Act of 1964) mxolod kenedis sikvdilis Semdeg miiRes, 1964 wels, da igi gacilebiT ufro radikalauri iyo, vidre Tavad kenedis iniciativebi. SavkanianTa moZraoba TanasworuflebianobisTvis sul ufro did masStabebs iRebda da 1963 wlis 28 agvistos vaSingtonSi 200 aTasi adamiani Seikriba feradkanianTa uflebebis dasacavad. swored am dRes da am mitingze warmoTqva Savakanian amerikelTa uflebebisTvis mebrZolma yvelaze gamorCeulma liderma â&#x20AC;&#x201C; martin luTer kingma Tavisi ukvdavi sityva `me vocnebob~ (I have a dream) : `me vocnebob, rom dadgeba dRe, rodesac Cemi oTxi Svili iseT qveyanaSi icxovrebs, sadac maT maTi kanis feris mixedviT ki ara, piradi TvisebebiT Seafaseben~. sainaugaracio sityvaSi kenedim aseTi gamosvlebisTvis uCveulod didi adgili dauTmo saerTaSoriso sakiTxebs da ganacxada: `yvela erma, movwonvarT Tu ara, icodes, rom Cven nebismier fass gadavixdiT, yvela tvirTs avikidebT, yvela gansacdels davupirispirdebiT, yvela megobars davuWerT mxars da yvela borotebas win aRvudgebiT, raTa gadavarCinoT da davicvaT Ta-

jon kenedi Civil Rights Act-is wardgenisas, 1963

lindon jonsoni xels awers Civil Rights Act-s

didi adamianebi visufleba~. igi yvela gaWirvebul qveyanas hpirdeboda daxmarebas da ara imitom, rom `komunistebs vebrZviT an maTi xmebi gvWirdeba, aramed imitom, rom es sworia.â&#x20AC;Ś sanam Tavisufali samyaro mraval Raribs ar daexmareba, igi mcirericxovan mdidrebs ver gadaarCens~. garkveulwilad, am sityvebis suliskveTebis gansaxiereba iyo 1961 wels kenedis mier aSS-is mTavrobis damoukidebeli federaluri saagentos `mSvidobis korpusis~ Camoyalibeba. misi meSveobiT amerikel moxaliseebs, ZiriTadad axalgazrdobas, saSualeba eZleoda wasuliyo sxva qveynebSi da iq ufasod daxmareboda adgilobriv mosaxleobas sakuTari codniTa da gamocdilebiT, Tavad Seeswvala ama Tu im qveynis kultura da yofa, adgilobrivi mosaxleobisTvis ki gaecno amerikuli faseulobebi da demokratiuli msoflmxedveloba. bunebrivia, udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda axali prezidentis urTierTobas sabWoTa kavSirTan, vinaidan eizenhaueris Semdeg situacia kvlav Zalze daZabuli iyo. 1961 wlis ivnisSi sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis pirvel mdivansa da amave dros sabWoTa kavSiris ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomare nikita xruSCovTan sakmaod daZabuli Sevxedris Semdeg, rodesac xruSCovi cdilobda mTeli berlini germaniis demokratiuli respublikis gavlenisaTvis daeqvemdebarebina, kenedim samxedro biujetis gazrda da rezervistebis gawveva

`mSvidobis korpusis~ Zveli da axali logoebi `mSvidobis korpusis~ wesdebis mixedviT, amerikeli moxalise 3-Tviani wvrTnis Semdeg, romelic adgilobrivi enis Seswvalasac gulisxmobs, ori wlis ganmavlobaSi asrulebs Tavis movaleobas ama Tu im qveyanaSi. 1961 wlidan 2019 wlamde 235 aTasi amerikeli muSaobda 141 qveyanaSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic.

ganizraxa, raTa, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, amerikis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi berlinis dasacavad gamoeyenebina. marTalia, komunistebi dasavleT berlinSi ar SeWrilan, magram, samagierod, 1961 wlis agvistoSi e.w. berlinis kedeli aRmarTes aRmosavleT da dasvleT berlins Soris da milionobiT germanels erTmaneTTan urTierTobis saSualeba mouspes.

jon ficjerald kenedi

berlinis kedeli

fidel kastro (1926-2016)

kenedis sagareo politikis yvelaze dramatuli movlenebi ukavSirdeba kunZul kubas, romelsac im droisTvis ukve fidel kastros socialisturi mTavroba marTavda. kenedisa da uamravi amerikelis azriT, kuba Zalze saxifaTo diqtators Cauvarda xelSi da saWiro iyo misi saswrafo ganTavisufleba. 1961 wlis 17 aprils centraluri sadazvervo sammarTvelos mier kubel emigrantTa kargad gawvrTnili da SeiaraRebuli 1400-kaciani desanti kubaze gadasves, e.w. Rorebis yureSi. amerikelebs egonaT, rom kubis mosaxleoba mxars dauWerda maT da male gadaagdebdnen kastros reJims. magram ase ar moxda da kubis armiam ramdenime dReSi gaanadgura desanti, misi gadarCenili wevrebi ki daatyveva (114 daiRupa, 1200-mde tyved Cavarda). bevr amerikels, gansakuTrebiT ki kenedis mtrebs, moeCvenaT, rom kritikul momentSi kenedi daibna da jerovnad ar daexmara medesanteebs. nikita xruSCovi (1894-1971) da jon kenedi

didi adamianebi aSS

bahamis kunZulebi

domenikis respublika Rorebis yure

meqsika

kuba

iamaika

belizi

haiti puerto-riko

hondurasi

amerikuli bazebi

nikaragua

sabWoTa bazebi

amerikuli blokada

gamwarebuli kenedi ixsenebda cnobil gamoTqmas, rom `gamarjvebas uamravi mSobeli hyavs, mxolod damarcxebaa oboli~. aRsaniSnavia, rom bevrma isic daufasa prezidents, rom mas eyo vaJkacoba da sakuTar Tavze aiRo am operaciis CaSlis pasuxismgebloba da raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, misma popularobam imata. amasTan dakavSirebiT kenedim ixumra: `rac ufro cudad iqcevi, miT ufro moswonT~. amerikelTa warumatebelma Setevam fidel kastro sabolood daaaxlova mis mimarT keTilganwobil sabWoTa kavSirTan. 1962 wels amerikelTagan kubis dacvis sababiT da fidelis sruli TanxmobiT, xruSCovma iq Zlieri samxedro dajgufeba da saSualo radiusis atomur-qobiniani raketebi gagzavna. 14 oqtombers amerikulma mzveravma TviTmfrinavma SeamCnia sabWoTa saraketo danadgarebi. amjerad ukve SeuZlebeli iyo amis ugulebelyofa da meore marcxis atana, miT umetes, rom kubidan gamoSvebuli raketebi vaSingtonsac da niu-iorksac miswvdeboda. magram kubaze farTomasStabian amerikul intervencias SeeZlo sabWoTa kavSiris sapasuxo nabijebi gamoewvia, magaliTad, xruSCovs SeeZlo dasavleT berlinSi Seeyvana jari an amerikuli bazebi daebomba TurqeTSi. erTi sityviT, amas srulmasStabiani wyalbadis omis dawyebis mZafri suni asdioda.

amerikeli samxedro tyveebi kubaSi

jon ficjerald kenedi

bodnen da SeiZleba sabediswero cecxlic gaxsniliyo, molaparakeba, romelic nervebis oms ufro hgavda, dasrulda. xruSCovma Tavisi eskadra moatriala. sabolood, 28 oqtombrisTvis mxareebi SeTanxmdnen, rom sabWoTa kavSiri gaitanda raketebs da gaiyvanda jaris mniSvnelovan nawils, samagierod, amerikam piroba dado, rom ar SeiWreboda kubaSi da arc momavalSi dagegmavda agresias am kunZulis winaaRmdeg. rasakvirvelia, krizisis dasruleba didi warmateba iyo da rogorc orive zesaxelmwifom, aseve msofliomac SvebiT amoisunTqa, magram Tavad aseTi masStabis krizisis warmoqmna da misi aseT sarisko wertilamde miyvana orive qveynis liders, saboloo jamSi, did naklad CaeTvala.

23 oqtombers kenedim e.w. karantinis zolis Seqmna gamoacxada. am brZanebis mixedviT, amerikul samxedro gemebs unda SeemowmebinaT kubaSi mimavali yvela xomaldi da Tu iq saraketo iaraRis komponentebs ipovidnen, ukan unda gaebrunebinaT. magram miscemdnen ki sabWoelebi amis uflebas? savaraudod, isini an ubralod ar gaCerdebodnen, an winaaRmdegobas gauwevdnen. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, amas amerikelTa cecxli mohyveboda da, Sesabamisad, konfliqtic daiwyeboda. mTeli msoflio sulganabuli adevnebda Tvalyurs movlenebis ganviTerebas. sabWoTa gemebi svlas ar anelebdnen da uaxlovdebodnen blokadis xazs, sadac amerikelebs unda Sejaxebodnen. am dros vaSingtonsa da moskovs Soris uaRresad daZabuli molaparakebebi mimdinareobda. da maSin, rodesac sabWoTa gemebi amerikuli samxedro xomaldebis rkals uaxlovde-

amasobaSi, vietnamSi sul ufro izrdeboda samxedro dapirispireba komunistur CrdiloeT vietnamsa da prodasavlur samxreT vientams Soris, romelsac amerika aqtiurad exmareboda. Sesabamisad, 1963 wlis noembrisTvis samxreT vietnamSi ukve 17 aTasi amerikeli e.w. samxedro mrCeveli iyo, romelic brZolaSic monawileobda da iRupeboda kidec. Tavis ukanasknel preskonferenciaze kenedim ganacxada, rom vietnamidan amerikis wamosvla ara marto vietnamis, aramed mTeli samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis dakargvas niSnavda da rom iq darCenas apirebdnen. vietnamSi omis namdvili eskalacia ukve kenedis momdevno prezidetis â&#x20AC;&#x201C; lindon jonsonis â&#x20AC;&#x201C; saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli.

nikita xruSCovi da fidel kastro

didi adamianebi

jon kenedi ojaxTan erTad

kenedis metad STambeWdav politikur biografiaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia mis vizits dasavleT germaniasa da dasavleT berlinSi, romelic 1963 wlis ivnisSi gaimarTa. berlinis kedlis agebidan 22 Tvis Semdeg igi sagangebod Cavida dasavleT berlinSi da berlinelTa winaSe uaRresad emociuri sityviT gamovida: `2 aTasi wlis win ganaskuTrebiT saamayo iyo sityvebi: `Civis Romanus sum~ – `me var romis moqalaqe~. dRes Tavisufal samyaroSi yvelaze saamayo sityvebia – `me var berlineli~. yvela Tavisufali adamiani, sadac ar unda cxovrobdes dRes, berlinis moqalaqea da amitomac, rogorc Tavisufali adamiani, me vamayob sityvebiT, rom me berlineli var~ (Ich bin ein Berliner).

jon kenedis gamosvla berlinSi

jon kenedi berlinis kedelTan

1963 wlis 22 noembers kenedis dinamikuri da uaRresad STambeWdavi politikuri moRvaweoba misi mkvlelobiT dasrulda. am axalgazrda da kaSkaSa adamianis mkvlelobam araTu amerika, aramed mTeli msoflio gaaogna. dRisiT, mzisiT, sazeimo korteJis saTavo manqanaSi (kenedis gadaxuruli manqana SesTavazes, magram man uari Tqva – Cems xalxs rogor davemaloo) prezidenti da misi meuRle dalasis quCebSi gadaadgildebodnen, rodesac dalasis wignebis sawyobis zeda sarTulidan nasrolma snaiperis tyviam prezidenti sicocxles gamoasalma. imave dRes daapatimres kenedis mkvlelobaSi eWvmitanli yofili sazRvao qveiTi, sabWoTa kavSirSi nacxovrebi li harli osvaldi. sanam amerika Sokidan gamodioda, mkvlelobidan mesame dRes, aseve dRisiT-mzisiT, policiis SenobaSi, telekamerebis win, Ramis klubis mflobelma `SurismaZiebelma~, vinme jek rubim mokla policielebiT garSemortymuli osvaldi da, Sesabamisad, samudamod gamoiricxa misgan danaSaulis Sesaxeb raimes gageba.

jon ficjerald kenedi

li harvi osvaldi

kenedis mkvlelobis gamosaZieblad Seqmnilma komisiam, romelsac amerikis umaRlesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare erl uoreni xelmZRvanelobda daadgina, rom osvaldi marto, sxvebTan SeuTanxmeblad, moqmedebda. Tumca e.w. uorenis komisiis am versias uamravi nakli aqvs da misi bevrs ar sjera, magram sawinaaRmdego sarwmuno versia oficialurad jerac aravis dausabuTebia. bevri miiCnevs, rom kenedis sakmarisze meti mteri hyavda da es mkvleloba arcTu moulodneli iyo. ase tragikulad dasrulda amerikis erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli da gamorCeuli prezidentis â&#x20AC;&#x201C; jon ficjerlad kenedis cxovreba da moRvaweoba. igi, rogorc aSS-is prezidenti da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardali, romelic Tavisi samsaxurebri-

li harvi osvaldze Tavdasxma

vi movaleobis Sesrulebisas daiRupa, udidesi pativiTa da Sesabamisi ceremonialiT dakrZales vaSingtonis SemogarenSi arsebul arlingtonis erovnul sasaflaoze. bevris TvalSi kenedi dResac Tanamedrove amerikis simboloa, rasac am axalzrda da udavod qarizmatuli adamianis tragikulma sikvdilmac Seuwyo xeli. aRsaniSnavia, rom misi mmarTveloba ar yofila uRrublo da brwyinvale miRwevebTan erTad mravali Secdoma da warumateblobac axlda. bevri mkvlevari fiqrobs, rom igi kidev ufro met Secdomas dauSvebda, cocxali rom darCeniliyo, magram es ukve hipoTezaa. istoria ki adamianebs maTi namoqmedariT afasebs da kenedis namoqmedari ki udavod uaRresad STambeWdavi iyo.

jon kenedis ukanaskneli foto

mecniereba

ra aris

filosofia

zaza firaliSvili

albaT, yovel Tqvengans gasCenia iseTi ucnauri kiTxvebi, mosvenebas rom ar aZlevs. vTqvaT, ra aris silamaze? TiTqos sruliad sakmarisia, erTmaneTisagan vasxvavebdeT lamaz da ulamazo sagnebs, magram raRac mainc ar gvaZlevs mosvenebas da Cagvciebia: ratom aris esa Tu is sagani lamazi, ra ganapirobebs mis silamazes? ra aris mSveniereba? zustad aseve viciT, rom sikeTea, rodesac vinmes vexmarebiT, an rodesac janmrTelad varT da a.S. magram ar viciT, Tu ra aris is, rasac sikeTes vuwodebT, ra aris sikeTe TavisTavad? am kiTxvebze pasuxebis mosaZieblad unda gavcdeT kerZo msjelobebs da zogadi kanonzomierebebis povna vcadoT â&#x20AC;&#x201C; rogorc filosofosebi ityvian, metafizikis sferoSi unda gadavinacvloT. magaliTad, Cven xSirad vnaxulobT sam sagans, magram verasodes vnaxavT ricxv sams, rogorc aseTs, sagnebis gareSe. ar vgulisxmobT furcelze daweril cifrs. ricxvebi, rogorc aseTi, Cvens gonebaSia da swored Cveni goneba usadagebs maT im sagnebs, romlebsac vxedavT.

ra aris filosofia

metafizika (berZn. Μεταφυσικά – metafizika – is, rac xiluli da grZnobis organoebiT aRqmadi samyaros miRmaa) – filosofiis nawili, romelic swavlobs, Tu ra aris is, rac safuZvlad udevs arsebobas, rogorc aseTs. es SeiZleba iyos RmerTi, materia da sxva. ontologia (Zv. berZnuli ὄντος (ontos) – is, rac arsebobs + λόγος (logos) – sityva, moZRvreba) – filosofiis nawili, romelic swavlobs arsebobis safuZvlebs, kanonzomierebebs, struqturas.

albaT, imasac davkvirvebivarT, rom arsebobs kiTxvebi, romlebic dausruleblad SeiZleba dausva adamians. vTqvaT, kiTxva – „ratom?“ me vzivar. – ratom? – imitom, rom daviRale. – ratom daiRale? – imitom, rom virbine. – ratom irbine? da ase Semdeg. rogor jiutadac ar unda gavyveT am kiTxvas, verasodes mivagnebT im pasuxs, romlis Semdegac kiTxvis dasmas azri aRar eqneboda. male aRmovaCenT, rom usasrulo gzas davdgomivarT. modi, kidev erTi iseTi kiTxva davsvaT, romelic, albaT, xangamoSvebiT mainc, nebismier adamians uCndeba: ras niSnavs Semecneba? ra SeiZleba me vicode? ra aris imis garantia, rom Cemi codna sagnebs Seesabameba? gamocdileba mkarnaxobs, rom grZnobis organoebi SeiZleba matyuebdnen. aseve SeiZleba matyuebdes Cemi goneba. magram mainc darwmunebuli var, rom zogi ram, rac vici, WeSmaritia. rogor aris es SesaZlebeli? es kiTxvebic filosofosTa Ziebis sagans warmoadgens da maT eZRvneba filosofiis mniSvnelovani nawili, saxelad – gnoseologia. Zneli warmosadgenia adamiani, romelsac erTxel mainc ar dausvams kiTxva imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom cxovrobs amqveynad? ra aris yvelaze Rirebuli mis arsebobaSi? ra aris is Rirebuleba, romelsac adamiani unda emsaxuros? ra ufro mniSvnelovania – materialuri warmateba Tu adamianis Sinagani ganviTareba da a.S. amgvar kiTxvebze pasuxis moZiebas cdilobs filosofiuri disciplina, romelsac aqsiologia ewodeba.

Talesi (Zv.w. 624-≈546)

hoda, arseboben adamianebi, romlebic sakuTar Tavs gamudmebiT usvamen amgvar „ucnaur“ kiTxvebs da maT filosofosebs uwodeben. rogori bednieri da uzrunveli cxovrebac ar unda gvqondes, adre Tu gvian gviCndeba kiTxvebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris bedniereba? ratom movediT amqveynad? aqvs Tu ara Cvens cxovrebas raime umaRlesi azri? ra ganapirobebs, rom samyaro swored aseTia da ara sxvagvari? swored es kiTxvebi ganasxvavebs adamians sxva arsebebisagan. adamiani mudmivad, farulad Tu aSkarad, am umniSvnelovanes kiTxvebze eZebs pasuxebs. amitomac, zogjer amboben, rom filosofia aris ara codnis dargi, aramed adamianis cnobierebis mdgomareoba. ubralod, arseboben adamianebi, romlebic am kiTxvebs

gnoseologia (berZn. γνῶσις – gnosis – Semecneba, codna da λόγος – logos – sityva, moZRvreba) – filosofiuri disciplina, romelic Semecnebisa da codnis sakiTxebs swavlobs. aqsiologia (Zv. berZn. ἀξία – Rirebuleba da λόγος - sityva, moZRvreba) – RirebulebaTa Teoria. filosofiuri disciplina, romelic swavlobs RirebulebebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs.

mecniereba sxvebze xSirad svamen, sxvebze xSirad fiqroben am sakiTxebze, winamorbedebis Sexedulebebsac mudmivad ecnobian da Tavis gamocdilebas sxvebsac acnoben. swored aseTebs uwodeben filosofosebs. pirveli adamiani, visac filosofosad moixseneben, iyo Zveli berZeni Talesi. igi Zv.w-is VII-VI saukuneebSi cxovrobda. Talesi pirveli iyo, vinc erTi aseTi „ucnauri“, magram ukiduresad mniSvnelovani kiTxva dasva. Cveni gadasaxedidan misi pasuxic ucnaurad da cota ar iyos gulubryvilodac gamoiyureba: ra aris arsebuli? ra aris is, risganac yvelaferi warmosdgeba? Talesi miiCnevda, rom aseTi ram iyo wyali. misi SesqelebiT miiReba miwa, xolo gaTxelebiT – jer haeri da Semdeg – cecxli.

anaqsimandre (Zv.w. 610-546)

cxadia, mas Semdeg mecniereba Zalze win wavida da Talesis gacemuli pasuxi gulubryvilo Cans, magram swored misma kiTxvam mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba kacobriobis ganviTarebis mTeli gza. gadmocemebis Tanaxmad, Talesi iyo pirveli, vinc dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxis dasabuTebas cdilobda. amiT man mravali saukunis win daudo saTave Tanamedrove mecnierebis umTavres princips – mecniereba SeiZleba iyos mxolod dasabuTebuli codnis sistema.

filosofia swored amiT gansxvavdeba miTologiisagan. miTologiaSi mocemuli pasuxebi ar saWiroebs damtkicebas. isini ubralod unda miiRo. romelime miTSi SeiZleba ubralod iyos naTqvami, rom adamiani RmerTma Tixisgan Seqmna da suli Cahbera. filosofosi aucileblad ikiTxavs: rogor aris es SesaZlebeli? rogor SeiZleba Tixa gacocxldes da sulier arsebad iqces? sakmarisi iyo, Taless es kiTxva daesva, rom maSinve gamoCndnen sxvebic da amave an msgavs kiTxvebze eZiebdnen pasuxebs. magaliTad, anaqsimandre (Zv.w. VII-VI ss.) yvelafris sawyisad miiCnevda uTvisebo da ganusazRvrel apeirons, anaqsimene (Zv.w. VI s.) – haers, empedokle (Zv.w. V s.) – oTx sawyiss: miwas, wyals, haersa da cecxls da a.S. mokled, Talesma adamianur ZiebaTa sruliad axali horizonti gaxsna. piTagora samoselma (Zv.w. VI-V ss.) aRmoaCina, rom samyaro maTematikuri proporciebiT aRiwereboda da maTematikur kanonzomierebebs eqvemdebareboda. is pirveli iyo, vinc musikaluri harmoniis

anaqsimene (Zv.w. 585-526)

ra aris filosofia

maTematikuri safuZvlebi aRmoaCina. rac mTavaria, piTagoram da misma mimdevrebma Seqmnes maTematika, rogorc dasabuTebuli codnis sistema. termini „filosofiac“ piTagoras miewereba. arsebobs gadmocema, rom mas erTi aRmosavleli brZeni CaekiTxa, Tu vin iyo igi. piTagoram upasuxa: me filosofosi, anu sibrZnis moyvaruli varo. adamianebs Soris sibrZne aravis miewereba. ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, adamiani mxolod sibrZnis moyvaruli, anu filosofosi SeiZleba iyoso. es azri SemdegSi gaimeora sxva didma berZenmac – aTenelma sokratem. sokrate mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi cdilobda gaego, Tu ras niSnavs codna, rogor SeiZleba, adamianma raimeze Tqvas, me es vicio. misi azriT, adamianma unda SeZlos aRiareba, rom man sinamdvileSi araferi icis da amis Semdeg daadges Ziebis gzas. sayovelTaod cnobilia misi gamonaTqvami: me vici, rom araferi ar vici. Cvenamde moaRwia kidev erTma didma sokrateseulma principma: Seican Tavi Seni. Tu ginda, rom raime gaigo, gaiazro samyaros raoba da Seni adgili masSi, TviTSemecnebis gzas unda daadge. sokrates filosofiuri meTodidan kidev cnobilia e.w. sokrates ironia. igi Tanamosaubres dasmuli kiTxvebiT aiZulebda eRiarebina, rom sinamdvileSi cru warmodgenebis tyveobaSi iyo da WeSmariti azriT araferi icoda. vTqvaT, saubrobda siqveleze sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli warmodgenebis mixedviT ise, rom ar esmoda, Tu ra aris siqvele TavisTavad.

sokrate (Zv.w. 470-399)

filosofia (Zv. berZn. Φιλοσοφία - sityvasityviT: sibrZnis siyvaruli) warmoadgens adamianis mcdelobas, gaigos yovelive arsebulis safuZvlebi da kanonzomierebebi. swored filosofiurma Ziebebma daudo saTave kerZo mecnierebebis ganviTarebas. Teologia, igive RvTismetyveleba (Zv. berZnuli θεός - RmerTi da λόγος - sityva, moZRvreba) – romelime religiuri moZRvrebis sistematuri gadmocema, misi principebis ganmarteba.

piTagora (Zv.w. 580-500)

aq bevrs arafers vityviT sokrates mowafe platonsa da am ukanasknelis mowafe aristoteleze. am oris gavlena kacobriobis istoriaze imdenad didia, rom dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas: dRevandeli kacobriobis kultura didwilad am adamianebis damsaxurebaa. SemdgomSi qristianebi, muslimebi da iudevelebi erTnairad aRiarebdnen am ori didi filosofosis avtoritets da am samive didi religiis Teologebi maT mier Seqmnil filosofiur principebs eyrdnobodnen. mokled, filosofia Cndeba, rogorc dasabuTebuli codnis sistemis Seqmnis mcdeloba. vTqvaT, egvipteSi maTematikuri codna – farTobis gamoTvlis wesebi, mSeneblobisaTvis saWiro geometriuli codna – Tao-

mecniereba bidan Taobaze gadadioda, rogorc erTgvari tradicia. es codna ufro gamocdilebas eyrdnoboda, vidre mtkicebas. Zveli berZeni filosofosebi, amisgan gansxvavebiT, nebismieri maTematikuri debulebis dasabuTebas cdilobdnen. im xanebSi jerac ar arsebobda mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargi. yvela SesaZlo zogadi codna filosofiad iwodeboda. SemdgomSi filosofias gamoeyo biologia, fizika, astronomia da sxva dargebi, Tumca ki yoveli maTgani inarCunebda da inarCunebs filosofiasTan kavSirs. dgeba momenti, rode-

platoni (Zv.w. 427-347) da aristotele (Zv.w. 385-323) rafaelis naxati

sac maT Tavisi problemebi swored im uzogadesi wesiT da meTodebiT unda ganixilon, filosofiisaTvis rom aris damaxasiaTebeli. vTqvaT, biologia da medicina, rogorc mecnierebebi, filosofiis wiaRSi Caisaxa maSin, rodesac adamianebma kiTxva dasves imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris sicocxle, rogorc aseTi, da ra ganasxvavebs cocxals aracocxalisagan. amiT cocxali organizmebi gamoacalkeves aracocxali samyarosagan da calke kvlevis sagnad aqcies. marTalia, dRemde ar arsebobs pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu ra aris sicocxle TavisTavad, magram am kiTxvis dasmis Sedegad gaCnda biologia da medicina. orive mudmivad ubrundeba im Tavdapirvel kiTxvas, romlis wyalobiTac gaCndnen – ra aris sicocxle? fsiqologia sakmaod didxans warmoadgenda filosofiis nawils. Zveli berZnebic cdilobdnen adamianis sulis Seswavlas. pirvelad termini „fsiqologia“ gamoiyena rudolf gokleniusma (1547-1628) 1590 wels. am mecnierebis saboloo formireba miewereba germanel mecnier vilhelm vundts (1832-1920), romelmac 1879 wels adamianis cnobierebis Semswavleli pirveli laboratoria daaarsa. da mainc, fsiqologebi drodadro ubrundebian kiTxvas imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris adamianis cnobiereba da kvlav filosofiur msjelobebSi „inacvleben“. aq saintereso isicaa, rom dasabuTebuli codnis gaCena mniSvnelovnad gansazRvra berZnuli qalaqisaxelmwifoebis cxovrebis demokratiulma wesma. demokratia xom imasac niSnavs, rom moqalaqeebi raime azrs WeSma-

sofisti (Zv. berZn. σοφιστής (sofistes)) – mcodne, brZeni.

ra aris filosofia

ritad miiCneven ara imis gamo, rom am azris matarebeli avtoritetuli pirovnebaa, winaprebis gadmocemiT viciT es da a.S., aramed imitom, rom maT am azris WeSmariteba dausabuTes. aRmoCnda, rom dRes swored am „ucnauri“ kiTxvebis wyalobiT arsebobs is, rasac adamianuri samyaro, anu kultura hqvia. adamiani xom ori samyaros moqalaqea. erTia bunebrivi samyaro, romelic adamianisagan damoukideblad arsebobs. meorea kultura, romelic mxolod imitom arsebobs, rom adamiani mudmivad zrunavs mis Seqmnasa da SenarCunebaze. dasabuTebuli codnis sistemis Seqmna Tavad dasabuTebis gzis gamarTulobas gulisxmobs. Zv. w-is V-IV saukuneebSi saberZneTSi gamoCndnen e.w. sofistebi. Tavdapirvelad sofistad miiCneoda yvela, visac raime codna hqonda. swored isini iyvnen pirveli gan-

manaTleblebi da profesionali pedagogebi. magram male maT Soris gaCndnen iseTebic, vinc, erTi SexedviT, Tanamimdevruli msjelobiT aSkarad mcdar daskvnebs iRebdnen da miiCnevdnen, rom lamis nebismieri ramis damtkiceba SeeZloT, magaliTad: yvela kata ZuZumwovaria. me ZuZumwovari var. e.i. me kata var. am msjelobaSi gvaqvs ori wanamZRvari: a) yvela kata ZuZumwovaria da b) me ZuZumwovari var da – me kata var. aSkaraa, rom am msjelobaSi raRac ar aris wesrigSi. TiTqos orive wanamZRvari sworia, magram daskvna aSkarad ar aris swori. raSia saqme? saqme is gaxlavT, rom msjelobisas Cven gamogvrCa garemoeba, rom, marTalia, yvela kata ZuZumwovaria, magram yvela ZuZumwovari ar aris kata, rom ZuZumwovarTa simravle kataTa simravleze farToa da masSi katebis garda sxvebic igulisxmebian: Tagvebi, ZaRlebi adamianebi da a.S. ase gaCnda e.w. sofizmebi.

deduqcia (laT. deductio – gamoyvana) – azrovnebis meTodi, romlis drosac swor daskvnebs swori wanamZRvrebi ganapirobebs. deduqcia ewodeba azrovnebis imgvar processac, romlis drosac zogadi debulebidan kerZo daskvnaze gadavdivarT. induqcia (laT. inductio – dadgena, dayvana) – kerZo msjelobebidan zogadi daskvnis gakeTeba. deduqciis sapirispiro procesia. vTqvaT, Citebi, romelic me vnaxe, galoben. maSasadame yvela Citi galobs. am meTods simkacre aklia, radgan SeiZleba aRmoCndes erTi Citi mainc, romelic ar galobs.

rudolf gokleniusi (1547-1628)

vilhelm vundti (1832-1920)

mecniereba sofizmi – am termins iyeneben imgvari msjelobis mniSvnelobiT, romelsac „SeumCnevlad“ mivyavarT mcdari daskvnebisaken. an, vTqvaT, Semdegi msjeloba: yvela adamians aqvs kudi. me adamiani var. e.i. me maqvs kudi. aq ukve aSkaraa, rom am sofizmis avtorma Tavidanve mcdari wanamZRvari Semogvapara – adamians ara aqvs kudi. swored sofistebis wyalobiT dafiqrdnen berZeni moazrovneebi imaze, Tu ras niSnavs swori msjeloba da azrovnebis ra kanonebi unda iqnes daculi, raTa mcdari daskvnebi ar gavakeToT. ase gaCnda filosofiuri disciplina, saxelad „logika“. misi Semqmnelia udidesi berZeni moazrovne aristotele. logika aris filosofiuri disciplina, romelic swavlobs im kanonebs, romlebic swori msjelobisa da swori daskvnisaTvis unda davicvaT.

ganvixiloT swori msjelobis magaliTi: yvela adamiani mokvdavia. sokrate adamiania, maSasadame, sokrate mokvdavia. amgvar daskvnas deduqciuri daskvna ewodeba. zogadi WeSmaritebidan gamomdinareobs kerZo viTarebebis Sesaxeb daskvna. Tu raime simravles (am SemTxvevaSi – yvela adamians) raRac Tviseba miewereba, maSin es Tviseba miewereba am simravlis yvela elements (sokrates). gvaqvs ori swori wanamZRvari da swori daskvna. Tavis Sesaqcevad gTavazobT oriode sofizms. SeecadeT, gaarkvioT, Tu ra Secdomebia daSvebuli. amas specialuri codnis gareSec iolad mixvdebiT. avadmyofisaTvis wamlis miReba sikeTea. rac met sikeTes gavakeTebT, miT ukeTesia. maSasadame, rac met wamals davlevT, miT ukeTesia. sokrate adamiania. adamiani ar aris igive, rac sokrate. maSasadame, sokrate ar aris igive, rac sokrate.

ბიოლოგია

ფიზიკა

ფილოსოფია ფსიქოლოგია

ასტრონომია

esTetika – filosofiuri swavleba mSvenierebis arsis, misi formebis Sesaxeb.

vaJa-fSavela

ra aris filosofia

logika, rogorc mecniereba, udides rols asrulebs kacobriobis cxovrebaSi. ori gansxvavebuli rwmenis adamianma SeiZleba erTmaneTs ver gaugos, Tu saqme religias Seexeba. magram Tu isini Tavis dialogs logikis kanonebis dacviT warmarTaven, aRmoCndeba, rom bevri saerTo hqoniaT, rom erTmaneTs gaugon. miTologiuri azrovneba xSirad adamianebs Soris gadaulaxav sazRvrebs qmnis. zogi miTologiuri warmodgena gansxvavebuli mrwamsis adamianebs â&#x20AC;&#x17E;namdvilâ&#x20AC;&#x153; adamianebadac ki ar aRiqvams. zogi religiuri mrwamsisaTvis gansxvavebulis winaaRmdeg mudmivi brZola ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre erTad cxovrebaze zrunva. am dros swored filosofia da mecnierebaa is, rac adamianebs TanacxovrebaSi da erTmaneTis gagebaSi exmareba. amis saukeTeso magaliTia vaJa-fSavelas nawarmoebebi. vaJa gansxvavebuli rwmenis adamianebis urTierTobas agebs ara religiur mrwamsze, aramed adamianebisaTvis saerTo zneobriv filosofiaze. eTika aris filosofiuri swavleba, romelsac safuZvlad udevs adamianis mcdeloba, gaerkves, Tu ras niSnavs zneobrivi saqcieli? ras niSnavs sikeTe? zogjer miiCneven, rom mas Semdeg, rac filosofiam saTave daudo sxvadasxva mecnierebis arsebobas da ganviTarebas, Tavad usagnod darCa. es azri ramdenime mizeziT ar aris swori. jer erTi, rogorc vTqviT, yoveli calkeuli mecnierebis ganviTarebis gzaze dgeba momenti, rodesac mis warmomadgenlebs uwevT am mecnierebis filosofiur safuZvlebs miubrundnen. meore mizezia is, rom aSkara gaxda, rom Tanamedrove mecnierebam kargad unda gaiazros Tavisi kvlevis zneobrivi da sasicocxlo Sedegebi. es problema gansakuTrebiT mwvave aRmoCnda atomuri iaraRis Seqmnis, ekologiuri problemebis gamwvavebisa da sxva movlenaTa Semdeg. garda amisa, arsebobs kiTxvebi zneobis, mSvenierebis, WeSmaritebis raobis, cxovrebis azris, WeSmaritebisa da sikeTis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb da es yvelaferi filosofiur ZiebaTa sferoa.

saqarTvelos megobrebi

y r o j r a M d n a r e v i l O

p o r d r a W

marjori da oliver uordropebi nikoloz aleqsiZe XIX saukunis bolosTvis albaT ar moiZebneboda saqarTveloSi met-naklebad ganaTlebuli an Tundac cnobismoyvare adamiani, rom ar hqonoda gagebuli erTi arcTu warCinebuli Sotlandiuri gvaris, uordropebis, Sesaxeb. saqarTveloSi yvelam, baTumidan Telavamde, icoda, rom axalgazrda diplomati jon oliver uordropi da misi da, marjori (an, rogorc CvenTan uwodebdnen xolme, marJori), saqarTvelos xSirad stumrobdnen da roca ar stumrobdnen, didi mimowera hqondaT gaCaRebuli qarTvelebis yvelaze did avtoritetebTan â&#x20AC;&#x201C; WavWavaZeebTan, nikolaZeebTan, yifianebTan, guramiSvilebTan, jorjaZeebTan, maCablebTan, baqraZeebTan da sxvebTan. uordropebis stumrobis Sesaxeb xma bevrad adre gavardeboda xolme da Tbiliseli, baTumeli da quTaiseli elitebic saguldagulod emzadebodnen xolme Zvirfasi stumrebis dasaxvedrad, sufrebis gasaSlelad da adgilobrivi RirsSesaniSnaobebis saCveneblad. sabolood ki ise moxda, rom, erTi mxriv, marjorisa da oliveris, xolo, meore mxriv, saqarTvelos bedi mWidrod gadaixlarTa erTmaneTSi da didwilad gansazRvra erTmaneTi. da-Zmis Sromam gastana imperiuli xana, revoluciebi, damoukideblobis wlebi, sabWoTa okupacia da xelmeore damoukideblobis aTwleulebic. marjori da oliver uordropebi Sotlandiuri warmoSobis fermerTa Camomavlebi iyvnen. ojaxSi ufrosi oliveri iyo, mas Tomasi mosdevda, xolo marjori yvelaze umcrosi iyo. mSoblebi, Tomasi da marjori, edinburgidan londonSi gadavidnen sacxovreblad, sadac SeeZinaT kidec Svilebi, Tumca SotlandiasTan kavSiri ar gauwyvetiaT. uordropebis ojaxis wevrebi ga-

uordropebi

morCeulad axlos iyvnen erTmaneTTan. arsad uerTmaneTod fexs ar dgamdnen. gansakuTrebiT ki oliversa da marjoris uyvardaT erTmaneTi da marjoris naadrev gardacvalebamde TiTqmis arc dacilebulan erTmaneTs. manamde ki, 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, marjorisa da oliveris gzebi pirvelad gaiyara. oliverma skolis dasrulebisTanave diplomatiur karieras mihyo xeli da mogzaurobas Seudga. cota xans iswavla parizis sorbonaSi da germaniaSi, disenSi. Svidi wlis manZilze mTeli evropa, axlo aRmosavleTi da egvipte moiara, xolo 1887 wlis gazafxulze saqarTveloSi Camovida, riTac sakuTari, marjorisa da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos cxovrebac Secvala. swored am mogzaurobidan erTi wlis Tavze oliverma saqarTvelos samefos istoriis Sesaxeb wignic gamosca saTauriT `saqarTvelos samefo: Canawerebi mogzaurobidan qalebis, Rvinisa da simRerebis qveynidan~. oliveri axalgazrda britanelisTvis damaxasiaTebeli romantizmiTa da aRfrTovanebiT yveba saqarTvelos istoriisa da Tanamedroveobis Sesaxeb. bevr rames zustadac aRwers, Tumca bevrs â&#x20AC;&#x201C; gadaWarbebiTa da xSirad sakuTari mometebuli gancdebisa da faqtebis aRreviT. roca oliverma pirvelad imogzaura saqarTveloSi, marjoris, rogorc misi asakisa da statusis viqtorianel axalgazrda qals Seefereboda, jer sakuTari saxlidanac ki ar gaedga Sors fexi. mSvid da yovlad uTavgadasavlo cxovrebas eweoda inglisSi, qal-

oliver uordropois wigni `saqarTvelos samefo: Canawerebi mogzaurobidan qalebis, Rvinisa da simRerebis qveynidan~

Ta saswavleblebSi swavlobda da sxva xelobebTan erTad, rac misi drois ganaTlebul qaliSvils unda scodnoda, germanuls, frangulsa da laTinurs daeufla. aSkara iyo, rom marjori araordinaluri lingvisturi niWis patroni iyo, rac cota xanSi mis qarTulTan SeWidebaSi gamovlinda. samogzaurod wasul Zmas SuriTa da dardiT sasve werilebs ugzavnis da ganicdis, rom ro-

uordropebis samamulo saxli sevenouqsSi, kentis sagrafo

saqarTvelos megobrebi gorc qals, ar ekuTvnis ZmasaviT mogzauroba da axali samyaroebis aRmoCena. miuxedavad amisa, rogorc ki marjorim oliveris saqarTveloSi Casvlis da am qveyniT Sepyrobis Sesaxeb Seityo, TviTonac maSinve Seudga qarTulis swavlas, Seqmna sakuTari leqsikoni, romelSic didi rudunebiT Sehqonda xolme axlad naswavli sityvebi. qarTulis swavlaSi, rogorc Cans, im dros inglisSi mcxovrebi varlam CerqeziSvili exmareboda, romelic uordropebis megobrad darCa sicocxlis bolomde da oliverTan erTad didi roli Seasrula saqarTvelos respublikis aRiarebis saqmeSi. swored CerqeziSvilma amcno pirvelad qarTul sazogadoebas am ingliseli gogos Sesaxeb, romelic londonis maxloblad, erT sofelSi, qarTuls swavlobda da Turme `vefxistyaosnis~ inglisurad Targmnac ganuzraxavs. ase rom, sanam Tavgadasavlebis maZiebeli oliveri mogzaurobiT ecnoboda saqarTvelos, marjori patara sofel CizlherstSi iqmnida sakuTar samyaros da sakuTari warmosaxvis saqarTvelos.

marjori uordropi, oliver uordropi da sonia wereTeli megobrebTan erTad saCxereSi

mogzaurobidan samSobloSi droebiT dabrunebuli oliveri oqsfordis universitetis beiliolis kolejSi qarTulisa da rusulis Seswavlas Seudga. ZmiT mudmivad aRfrTovanebulma marjorimac mibaZa da damoukideblad, Tumca oliveris daxmarebiT, Seudga am rTuli enis swavlas. swavlis dawyebidan ramdenime TveSi, 1890 da 1891 wlebSi, marjori nel-nela `vefxistyaosnis~ Targmnasac ki SeeWida da Semdegi ori-sami wlis ganmavlobaSi rusTavelis Targmna misi mTavari saqmec da garTobac gaxda. magram marjorisTvis qarTulis swavla ar yofila mxolod wminda interesis dakmayofilebis an drois mokvlis saSualeba. qarTuli ena, saqarTvelo da yvelaferi qarTuli misTvis sakuTari piradi emansipaciis saSualebac iyo, erTgvari kari, riTac Tavs daaRwevda sakuTari sqesisa da statusis SezRudulobas da, rogorc misive werilebidan irkveva, Seqmnida samyaros, romelic mxolod da mxolod misi iqneboda. Tavis am gatacebas didi romantizmiTac uyurebda, radgan erT-erT werilSi olivers sTxovs, rom qarTuli leqsikoni gaugzavnos, oRond dedisgan malulad, radgan dedas sulac ar moswonda marjoris es gataceba.

varlam CerqeziSvili (1846-1925)

oliver uordropi

uordropebi

iliaoba, ilias stumrebs Soris arian marjori uordropi dedmamasa da Zma TomasTan erTad

uordropebis mier inglisur enaze gamocemuli `vefxistyaosani~ da `sibrZne sicruisa~

1893 wlisTvis oliveri isev inglisSi dabrunda da ganagrZo qarTvelologiuri kvlevebi. imave wels sulxan-saba orbelianis `sibrZne sicruisa~ Targmna da Semdeg wels isev gaemarTa aRmosavleTSi stabiluri diplomatiuri samsaxuris saSovnad. Tan cdilobda, sadme saqarTvelosTan axlos dasaxlebuliyo. am mogzaurobisas, 1894 wels, oliveri xelmeored Camovida saqarTveloSi, rogorc Cans, ukve samudamod dasaxlebis imediT. amasobaSi, arc marjori CamorCa Tavis Zmas, miuxedavad imisa, rom sruliad sasowarkveTili iyo imis gamo, rom oliveri meoredac umisod estumra saqarTvelos, 1894 wels marjorim Targmna da gamosca qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi. imave wels igi TiTqmis srulyofili qarTuliT swers werils ilia WavWavaZes da ukve naTargmni `gandegilis~ inglisurad gamocemis nebarTvas sTxovs. iliam marjoris werili maSinve aitaca da gamoaqveyna Tavis `iveriaSi~ da es ambavi mTel qarTul sazogadoebas mosdo. XIX saukuneSi ucxoelis mier qarTuli enis codna did ambad iTvleboda. miT umetes, Tu es ena icoda evropis meore boloSi dabadebulma da gazrdilma adamianma da metic, axalgazrda qalma. rogorc im dros xdeboda xolme, werilis gamoqveynebis Sedegad, gaCaRda didi polemika qarTveli qalebis, maT mier qarTulis codnis da, zogadad, ganaTlebis Sesaxeb. amrigad, marjori, ise, rom jer fexic ar daedga saqarTveloSi, didi feministuri debatebis SuagulSi aRmoCnda da qarTveli qalebis saganmanaTleblo emansipaciis erTgvar simbolodac iqca. imave wlis seqtemberSi iliam pasuxi miswera marjoris, sadac

marjori uordropi qarTul tansacmelSi Tomas uordropi qarTul tansacmelSi

saqarTvelos megobrebi uordropebis mier inglisur enaze gamocemuli qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi

olRa guramiSvili da ilia WavWavaZe

aRelvebuli msjelobs qarTuli literaturis inglisurad Targmnis mniSvnelobaze da im imedze, rasac marjorize, rogorc evropasa da saqarTvelos Soris xidis gamdebze, amyarebs. am werilis Semdeg ilia da olRa marjoris ganuyreli megobrebi xdebian, rac asobiT weriliT dasturdeba, jer – iliasTan da olRasTan da Semdeg – daqvrivebul olRasTan. marjori saqarTveloSi namdvili sensacia gaxda da am dros TbilisSi myof oliversac, marjoris damsaxurebiT, marTlac xelis gulze daatarebdnen. oliveri gaognebuli swers marjoris sadRegrZeloebisa da mokiTxvebis Sesaxeb, rasac mis das Tbiliselebi da quTaiselebi uTvlidnen. am mokiTxvebis koleqcia sworedac oliver uordropis mier oqsfordis universitetSi Seqmnil qarTvelologiur arqivSi inaxeba. bolos ukve aSkara gaxda, rom marjoris saqarTveloSi Camousvleloba ar iqneboda da, rogorc iqna, oliveric marjoris dedasTan erTad saqarTveloSi epatiJeba. Tu gsurT gaecnoT marjoris grZnobebs, fiqrebs, gancdebs saqarTveloSi mogzaurobis win da mTeli aq yofnis manZilze, unda waikiTxoT misi Canawerebi saqarTveloSi mogzaurobis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelo misTvis miTiuri qveyana iyo – argonavtebis, oqros sawmisis, medeasi, promeTesi. marjoris gemi baTums rom moadga, is ukve xedavda legenda-

rul faziss, kavkasions, kolxeTis dablobs. yvelaferi aRafrTovanebda am qveyanaSi, stumarmaspinZlobiT dawyebuli, literaturiT gagrZelebuli, qalebis sruliad moulodneli sazogado saqmianobiT dasrulebuli. bevri marTalia, rasac aRwers, bevric ki – marjoris warmosaxvis gulubryvilo, Tumca gulwrfeli xatebi. amave dros oliverma Seityo, rom yirimSi, qerCSi, dainiSna diplomatiur poziciaze, rac saqarTvelosTan ukve stabilur siaxloves niSnavda. oliveri da marjori qerCSi erTad cxovrobdnen da erTi wlis Semdeg, 1896 wels, isev imogzaures saqarTveloSi – isev yuradRebiT, banketebiT, miRebebiT, wveulebebiT, sadRegrZeloebiT da didi pativiT gabruebulebma. marjori sayovelTaod cnobilia, rogorc mTargmneli da misi `vefxistyaosanic~ dRemde iTvleba erT-erT saukeTeso Targmanad. rogorc misi dRiurebidan, Canawerebidan da mimoweridan irkveva, marjori did dros uTmobda TiToeuli sityvis gamokvlevasa da Seswavlas. adgenda da adarebda am sityvebis Zvelsa da axal mniSvnelobas, cdilobda epova Sesabamisi inglisuri analogi. garda `vefxistyaosnisa~ da 1900 wels gamosuli `wminda ninos cxovrebisa~, oqsfordSi dacul arqivSi inaxeba uamravi sxva qarTuli nawarmoebis marjoriseuli Targmani, zogi – Sua saukuneebisa da umetesoba – misi Tanamedrove avtorebisa: WavWavaZis, wereT-

uordropebi

lis, yazbegisa da sxvebis, zogi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; fragmentuli da zogic â&#x20AC;&#x201C; dasrulebuli, romlebic jer kidev elian gamocemas. swored am Zalian detaluri lingvisturi gamokvlevisa da marjoris filologiuri unarebis gamo iTvleba marjoriseuli `vefxistyaosani~ dRemde Seudareblad. rogorc SemdgomSi oliveri ambobda, marjoris xSirad uTqvams, rom mxolod ramdenime weliwadiRa dasWirdeboda, rom daesrulebina Targmani. dasrulebaSi ki, savaraudod, galeqsva igulisxmeboda. `vefxistyaosnis~ dasruleba ise, rogorc mas warmoedgina, marjorim ver moaswro da 1909 wels, ormoci wlis asakSi, xanmokle avadmyofobis Semdeg, buqarestSi gardaicvala. rogorc oliveri ixsenebs, bolo dReebSic ki qarTuli wignebis daxarisxebiT iyo dakavebuli. mis gardacvalebas didi zariT Sexvdnen saqarTveloSi. bodlis biblioTekaSi daculi oliveris arqivi savsea msoflios yvela kuTxeSi mimofantuli qarTvelebisgan gamogzavnili gulwrfeli samZimris werilebiTa da Ria baraTebiT. dis pativsacemad 1910 wels oliverma oqsfordis universitetSi daaarsa marjori uordropis fondi, sadac Tavi mouyara wlebis manZilze maT mier Segrovebul qarTul xelnawerebs, Zvel nabeWd wignebs, saarqivo masalas, dokumentebs, pirad mimoweras da yvelafers, rac masa da marjoris saqarTvelosTan akavSirebdaT. am fondSi axla SevxvdebiT V saukunis palimfsestis furcels, XI saukunis proxore qarTvelis mier gadaweril ierusalimur xelnawers, XVII saukunis or ilustrirebul `fexistyaosans~ da uamrav sxva masalas, rac saqarTvelos istoriis calkeuli furclebisa da am istoriaSi uordropebis rolis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs. miuxedavad imisa, rom dResac marjorisTan `vefxistyaosnis~ Targmna asocirdeba, is bevrad meti iyo saqarTvelosTvis, vidre mxolod mTargmneli. Znelia moiZebnos im droisTvis met-naklebad cnobili adamiani sazogado asparezze, visTanac marjoris ar hqonia aqtiuri mimowera da urTierToba. aseve Znelia moiZebnos iseTi sazogado sakiTxi, sadac marjoris monawileoba ar mieRos da wvlilis Setana ar ecados. marjori cdilobda daxmareboda sasowarkveTil tasos Tavisi ugzoukvlod gauCinarebuli qmris, ivane maCablis povnaSi. marjoric da oliveric CarTulebi iyvnen did vnebaTaRelvaSi, roca 1905 wels saqarTveloSic da mTel imperiaSic didi areuloba daiwyo. gansakuTrebiT ki marjoris da oliveris

taso maCabeli

avis ika erisT ps. s - domin o i r l d r r e o w u m r i qarTvel li werili olive be samadlo

marjori uordropi dedasTan erTad

saqarTvelos megobrebi Tanadgoma gaxda saWiro, roca revoluciebis Sedegad dadga saqarTvelos damoukideblobis sakiTxi da qarTvelebi peticiebs agzavnidnen haagaSi saqarTvelos kanonieri uflebebis aRdgenis moTxovniT. 1909 wels, gardacvalebamde ramdenime TviT adre, marjori amjerad ukve qarTul avtokefalistur moZraobas exmareba da datusaRebuli episkoposis da momavali kaTolikos-patriarqis, kirionis, gaTavisuflebis saSuamdgomlod, gibraltaris episkoposs swers werils saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliisTvis brZolaSi daxmarebis TxovniT. marjoric da oliveric XX saukunis dasawyisidan, SeiZleba gacilebiT ufro adrec, vidre bevri qarTveli, fiqrobdnen da ocnebobdnen damoukidebel saqarTveloze da, rac mTavaria, sjerodaT am damoukideblobis SesaZleblobisa. dis gardacvalebiT damwuxrebulma oliverma erT weliwadSi daaneba Tavi diplomatiur samsaxurs da coli SeirTo. TiTqos pensiaze naadrevad gasvla ewera, magram ramdenime weliwadSi didi omi daiwyo da omis dawyebisTanave oliverma diplomatiuri samsaxuri ganaaxla. Sedegad, 1917 wels, oqtombris revoluciisas, moskovSi gamwesda mTavar konsulad da amgvarad, isev mouaxlovda saqarTvelos.

marjori uordropi

1918 wels daiSala amierkavkasiis demokratiuli federaciuli respublika, romelmac mxolod erT Tves gastana da saqarTvelomac 26 maiss damoukidebloba gamoacxada. pirvelma saqarTvelos damoukidebloba germaniam cno, Tumca Zalian male omSi damarcxebulma germaniam kapitulacia gamoacxada. Sedegad, 1918 wlis dekemberSi saqarTveloSi britaneTis saokupacio jarebi Semovidnen. saqarTvelos xelisuflebasa da britanelebs Soris urTierToba daZabuli iyo. qarTvelebi britanelebs, rogorc dampyroblebs, ise aRiqvamdnen, saqarTvelos memarcxene mTavroba xom isedac eWvis TvaliT uyurebda `burJuaziul~ imperias. britanelebisTvis ki qarTvelebi mtrebis mokavSireebi iyvnen. britanelebi mxars saqarTvelosTan moaxloebul denikinis armias britaneTis saokupacio Zalebi baTumSi

kaTalikos-patriarqi kirioni

uordropebi

oliver uordropis Svilebi

uWerdnen da rogorc mravalricxovani dokumentebidan irkveva, didi eWviT uyurebdnen saqarTvelos damoukideblobis ideas. damoukideblobis gamocxadebidan zustad erTi wlis Tavze, 1919 wlis maisSi, varlam CerqeziSvili, uordropebis yvelaze Zveli qarTveli megobari, swers olivers, rom inglissa da saqarTvelos Soris didi daZabulobaa da am daZabulobis ganmuxtva mxolod mas, olivers, SeuZlia, romelic icnobs saqarTvelos da romelsac yvela qarTveli endoba. imave wlis agvistoSi didi britaneTis sagareo ministrma lordma kerzonma, bevri sxva maRalCinosani britanelisgan gansxvavebiT, saqarTvelos didma gulSematkivarma da damoukideblobis mxardamWerma, oliveri amierkavkasiaSi umaRles politikur komisrad daniSna da uordropma isev daido bina Tavis sayvarel TbilisSi. saqarTveloSi dabrunebul olivers, rogorc mxsnels, ise daxvdnen, uwyobdnen gauTavebel banketebsa da miRebebs, rasac oliveri detalurad aRwers colisaTvis miweril werilebSi.

oliver uordropis karikatura „Cveni orfeosi“ Jurnal „eSmakis maTraxSi“

lordi jorj naTaniel kerzoni (1859-1925)

oliveri maSinve da, SeiZleba iTqvas, oficialurad daniSvnamdec CaerTo saqarTvelos saqmeebSi. didwilad misi damsaxurebacaa, rom aWaris muslimTa mejlisis gadawyvetileba, riTac regioni saqarTveloSi rCeboda, lord kerzons gadaugzavna da Sedegad, baTumis olqi sabolood saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi darCa. saqarTvelos erTianobaze is, rogorc politikosic da rogorc qarTvelologi, diplomatiurad

saqarTvelos megobrebi da poeturad saubrobs. oliveris didi mecadineobis, asobiT werilis, saidumlo Tu Ria cnobebisa da molaparakebebis Sedegia, rom 1919 wlis 24 dekembers lordma kerzonma gamosca memorandumi saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiis sxva qveynebis damoukideblobis oficialurad cnobis Sesaxeb. 1920 wlis 13 ianvars aRelvebuli oliveri cols swers werils, sadac ambobs, rom misi 30 wlis ocneba axda, ramdenime dRiT adre, 10 ianvars, lordma kerzonma antantis sagareo saqmeTa ministrTa sabWoze saqarTvelos damoukideblobis sakiTxi dasva da daamtkica kidec. 14 ianvars, ninooba dRes, Tavissave aivanze oliverma saqarTvelos droSa aRmarTa, riTac saqarTvelos damoukidebloba oficialurad iqna aRiarebuli. colisaTvis gagzavnili werilebiT irkveva, rom ianvris eiforias dRegrZeloba ar ewera. denikinis armia damarcxda da bolSevikebi Crdilo kavkasias uaxlovdebodnen. oliveric Sida winaaRmdegobas waawyda saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi. zogad imedgacruebas Tan avadmyofobac daerTo da 1920 wlis aprilSi oliveri iZulebuli gaxda isev da amjerad sabolood daetovebina saqarTvelo. ramdenime TveSi, 1921 wlis TebervalSi ki saqarTveloSi bolSevikebi SemoiWrnen da Tbilisi aiRes.

oliver uordropis meuRle margret koleti

inglisSi dabrunebuli oliveri gaaTmagebulad Seudga okupirebul saqarTveloze zrunvas. 1921-1927 wlebSi strasburgSi muSaobda generalur konsulad da axlo kavSiri hqonda qarTvel emigrantebTan da devnilobaSi myof mTavrobis wevrebTan. inglisSi iwvevda qarTvel inteleqtualebs, saSualebas aZlevda oqsfordis universitetSi waekiTxaT leqciebi da saqarTvelo gaecnoT ingliselebisTvis. londonSi daaarsa britanul-qarTuli sazogadoeba, romelic

olive r jeimsT uordropi v aJ an da e ndriu iSvilebTan sTan e rTad. â&#x20AC;&#x201C;

o i nin Svil i l a sq ropi uord

uordropebi

oliver uordropi TbilisSi, maCablis q. #13-Si, britaneTis warmomadgenlobaSi (dRevandeli mweralTa saxli)

oliver uordropis, margret koletis da marjori uordropis saflavi

dResac funqcionirebs. 1930 wels, istorikos alenTan erTad, daaarsa qarTuli saistorio sazogadoeba da gamosca pirveli qarTvelologiuri Jurnali `georgika~. oliveri gardaicvala 1948 wels, 84 wlis asakSi. dakrZalulia sevenouqsis sasaflaoze, colisa da dis, marjoris, gverdiT. 2018 wels oqsfordis universitetma aRniSna saqarTvelos respublikis 100 wlisTavi da marjorisa da oliveris xsovnas publikacia Georgia: A Cultural Journey Through the Wardrop Collection miuZRvna. uordropebis fondi ganagrZobs qarTvelologiuri kvlevebis da mkvlevrebis dafinansebas. swored am fondis wyalobiT moxda ramdenime mniSvnelovani qarTuli xelnaweris gacifruleba da momzadda uordropebis koleqciis eleqtronuli katalogi. 2019 weli ki, oqsfordis universitetis SuamdgomlobiT, iuneskom marjori uordropis wlad gamoacxada. am yovelives wyalobiT, inglisSi isev cnobili xdeba marjorisa da oliveris saxeli, yovelwliurad maT, maT xsovnas da memkvidreobas eZRvneba seminarebi, leqciebi, gamocemebi, rogorc oqfordis universitetSi, aseve kembrijSi, londonis samefo aziur sazogadoebaSi da sxva institutebsa Tu universitetebSi. rogorc asze meti wlis win, axlac marjori da oliveri da maTi xsovna agrZeleben saqarTvelos kulturisa da istoriis popularizebas da evropis wiaRSi damkvidrebas, sadac, da-Zmis azriT, saqarTvelos Tavisi adgili ekuTvnoda.

oliver da marjori uordropebis Zegli TbilisSi, saqarTvelos parlamentis Senobis ukan mdebare skverSi

istoria

napoleon bonapartis egvipturi laSqroba strategiuli naxtomi, samxedro avantiura Tu samecniero eqspedicia?

arCil CaCxiani 1795 wlidan safrangeTs erovnuli konventis xuTwevriani komiteti marTavda, romelic sakuTar Tavs direqtorias uwodebda. im dros axalgazrda da pativmoyvare generali, napoleon bonaparti, italiaSi brwyinvale gamarjvebisa da parizSi didebiT dabrunebis Semdeg, amaod cdilobda am direqtoriis wevri gamxdariyo. mas surda legalurad mieRo monawileoba qveynis politikuri cxovrebis marTvaSi, magram didi politikisken mimaval gzas direqtoria uketevda, Tumca, sanacvlod, `inglisis armiis~ sardloba SesTavaza. `inglisis armiis~ daniSnuleba Zalian gabeduli da ambiciuri iyo, gulisxmobda kunZulebze intervenciasa da maT okupacias. britaneTis kunZulebze SeWris gegmis gaTvaliswinebiT, napoleonis am Tanamdebobaze daniSvna mniSvnelovani da sapasuxismgeblo nabiji iyo. italiaSi kampo-formios zavis dadebis Semdeg I koaliciidan didi britaneTi safrangeTis respublikis erTaderTi, jer kidev daumarcxebeli, mowinaaRmdege iyo da amitom am Zlevamosil saxelmwifoze gamarjveba napoleons kidev ufro met didebas moutanda.

napoleonis egvipturi laSqroba

1797 wlis 23 oqtombers napoleonma direqtorias gadasca moxsenebiTi baraTi, sadac asabuTebda, Tu ratom miaCnda SeuZleblad did britaneTSi desantis gadasxma. didi britaneTis zRvaze batonobis pirobebSi, igi am wamowyebaSi did risks xedavda. `am CanafiqrSi yvelaferi damokidebulia bednier SemTxvevasa da gamarTlebaze, – ganumartavda igi direqtoriis gaocebul wevrebs, – aseT pirobebSi ar maqvs ganzraxuli Cveni mSvenieri safrangeTis bedis safrTxeSi Cagdeba~. napoleoni, ra Tqma unda, emxroboda didi britaneTis winaaRmdeg brZolis gagrZelebas, magram – ara inglisSi da – ara mdinare temzis napirebze, aramed sul sxvagan – nilosis sanapiroebze. saubari iyo egviptis dalaSqvraze, raTa inglisis poziciebi SeesustebinaT xmelTaSua zRvasa da suecze, xeli SeeSalaT aRmosavleTTan savaWro urTierTobebisTvis, damuqrebodnen indoeTs da moepovebinaT kidev erTi SesaZlo mokavSire. egvipturi laSqrobis gasamarTleblad im argumentis moyvanac SeiZleba, rom misi warmatebiT dasrulebis SemTxvevaSi, safrangeTi SeiZenda axal mniSvnelovan kolonias wiTel zRvaze, saidanac umoklesi saxmeleTo gza gaixsneboda indoeTisken. am gzis blokireba ki umZimes mdgomareobaSi Caayenebda did britaneTs. direqtoriis mTavrobam didi enTuziazmiT miiRo napoleonis SeTavazebuli egvipturi laSqrobis es proeqti – saSualeba eZleodaT parizidan moeSorebinaT napoleoni, romlis popularobac dRiTidRe izrdeboda. napoleon bonaparts gankargulebaSi italiuri armia da sazRvao floti gadaeca.

kampo-formios zavi

erovnuli konventi (frang. Convention nationale) – pirveli franguli respublikis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli organo, romelic moqmedebda safrangeTis didi revoluciis dros, 1792 wlis 21 seqtembridan 1795 wlis 26 oqtombramde. 1792 wlis 10 agvistos ajanyebis Semdeg, romelmac monarqia daamxo, sakanonmdeblo krebam daadgina mefe ludoviko XVI-isTvis CamoerTmia uflebebi da axali konstituciis SesamuSaveblad Seeqmna erovnuli konventi. konventis arCevnebSi monawileobas iRebda 21 wels miRweuli yvela mamakaci. amrigad, erovnuli konventi iyo pirveli franguli sakanonmdeblo asamblea, romelic sayovelTao arCevnebis gziT airCies. direqtoria (frang. Directoire) – safrangeTis pirveli respublikis umaRlesi aRmasrulebeli organo, mTavroba 1795 wlis 26 oqtombridan 1799 wlis 9 noembramde. kampo-formios zavi – safrangeTsa da avstrias Soris xelmowerili samSvidobo xelSekruleba, romelmac revoluciuri omebis pirveli etapi daasrula, gaformda 1797 wlis 18 oqtombers italiis sofel kampo-formioSi. safrangeTis mxridan xeli moawera napoleon bonapartma, xolo avstriis mxridan – grafma ludvig fon kobenclem. sazavo pirobebi safrangeTis respublikisaTvis xelsayreli iyo. am zaviT cnes safrangeTis respublikis `bunebrivi sazRvrebi~: raini, alpebi, xmelTaSua zRva, pirenei, atlantis okeane. safrangeTis vasalebad aRiares italiis mniSvnelovani teritoriebi, neapolsa da romSi ki franguli garnizonebi dadgnen. garda amisa, zavis Tanaxmad, avstriam daTmo avstriis niderlandebi da teritoriebi md. rainis marcxena napirze, kompensaciis saxiT ki miiRo qalaqi venecia da veneciis respublikis samflobeloebi istriasa da dalmaciaSi. am zavis pirobebis Tanaxmad, avstria gamoeTiSa pirvel antifrangul koalicias, safrangeTma ki italiaze hegemonoba moipova da albaneTsa da ioniis kunZulebze franguli placdarmebi Seqmna.

istoria gegma, romelic napoleonma waradgina, metad gabeduli iyo. es TavzexelaRebuli eqspedicia inglisis intervenciis gegmaze naklebad sarisko ar Canda. ufro metic, igi aSkara samxedro avantiuras hgavda. safrangeTis sust flots unda gadaecura Zalian didi sivrce – mTeli xmelTaSua zRva, Sesuliyo nilosis deltaSi, gadaesxa xmeleTze desanti da SezRuduli ZalebiT moexdina egviptis faqtobrivi okupacia. im dros egvipte formalurad osmalTa imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda, magram realurad mas qarTveli mamluqebi marTavdnen, romlebic osmaleTisgan damoukidebel politikas atarebdnen. osmaleTma diplomatiuri arxebiT xma miawvdina safrangeTs, rom igi miesalmeboda egviptis winaaRmdeg safrangeTis moqmedebebs. amgvarad, egviptis dalaSqvris napoleoniseul gegmas kidev erTi dadebiTi Strixi daemata. mcire gansjis Semdeg direqtoria daeTanxma SemoTavazebul gegmas da 1798 wlis martSi napoleoni jer kidev ararsebuli `aRmosavleTis armiis~ sardlad dainiSna. napoleonma egvipteSi laSqrobisTvis mzadeba daiwyo. Tavdapirvelad, 1798 wlis dasawyisSi, man safrangeTis CrdiloeTi da dasavleTi sanapiroebis demonstraciuli dazverva Caatara. amiT man britanelebi SecdomaSi Seiyvana da daajera, rom frangebi irlandiaSi sazRvao desantis gadasxmas gegmavdnen. amis Sedegad, britanulma flotma gibraltarisa da safrangeTis CrdiloeTis

napoleoni italiaSi, eduard detais naxati

Jan Juno (1771-1813)

lui nikola davu (1770-1823)

portebis blokada moawyo, riTac frangebs xmelTaSua zRviT gza gaexsnaT egviptisaken. italiisa da safrangeTis xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiros portebSi samasamde gemi safrangeTis jarisa da teqnikis egvipteSi gadasayvanad mzad iyo. napoleon bonapartis egviptis saeqspedicio korpusis sameTauro SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen: Stabis ufrosi – lui aleqsander bertie, diviziis meTaurebi da generlebi – Jan lani, ioahim miurati da lui nikola davu, mTavarsardlis Stabis ufrosi oficrebi – Jan Juno da eJen boharne. maT

napoleonis egvipturi laSqroba

Jan lani (1769-1809)

lui aleqsander bertie (1753-1815)

axldaT 13 Zveli saxazo gemi, 7 fregati da qvemexebiT aRWurvili gemebi. samxedro gemebi iseT cud mdgomareobaSi iyo, rom ramdenime qvemexi saerTod unda aeRoT bortidan, imis SiSiT, rom dampali gembani maT simZimes ver gauZlebda. napoleonis daJinebiT eskadris meTaurad dainiSna 45 wlis admirali fransua-pol brue, romelsac flotis marTvis aranairi gamocdileba ar hqonda, Tumca napoleons sjeroda, rom igi Tavis movaleobas kargad Seasrulebda. samwuxarod, cdeboda, rac Zalian male gamoaSkaravda. 1798 wlis 19 maiss napoleoni, Tavis saukeTeso generlebTan da uaxloes TanamebrZolebTan erTad, tulonSi, saflagmano gem `orienTze~ avida da kursi aleqsandriisken aiRo. garda samxedroebisa, egvipturi eqspediciis SemadgenlobaSi napoleonma CarTo safrangeTis mecnierebisa da xelovnebis institutebis TanamSromlebi – inJinrebi, fizikosebi, maTematikosebi, botanikosebi, qimikosebi, istorikosebi, lingvistebi, orientalistebi da sxvebi. eqspediciaSi monawileobdnen im drois cnobili mecnierebi – qimikosi klod-lui berTole, maTematikosebi Jan-batist furie da gaspar monJi, geologi deodaT dolomiti, mxatvari nikola konte da a.S., sul 167 kaci. amgvarad, napoleon bonapartis egvipturi samxedro eqspedicia aseve warmoadgenda im drois yvelaze did samecniero-kvleviT eqspedicias, romelmac safuZveli Cauyara orientalistikis axali dargis – egviptologiis gaCe-

ioahim miurati (1767-1815)

eJen boharne (1781-1824)

eskadra (frang. Escadre) – samxedro-sazRvao flotSi sazRvao da saokeano brZolis velze operatiuli sabrZolo amocanebis Sesasruleblad formirebuli sxvadasxva klasis xomaldebis operatiuli gaerTianeba. fregati – XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi afriani sazRvao xomaldebis klasi. es iyo samanZiani, erTi an ori saartilerio gembanis mqone xomaldi. fregati, saxazo gemTan SedarebiT, ufro mcire zomisa iyo da saartilerio SeiaraRebiTac CamorCeboda mas. gamoiyeneboda rogorc kreiseruli samsaxurisaTvis (sazRvao da saokeano komunikaciebze sakuTari savaWro gemebis dacvisa Tu mowinaaRmdegis savaWro gemebis ganadgurebisTvis), ise Soreuli dazvervisaTvis, e.i. saxazo flotis interesebisaTvis. garkveuli azriT, fregatebi kreiserebis winamorbedebs warmoadgendnen. mTavari gansxvaveba fregatsa da saxazo gems Soris maT daniSnulebaSi iyo – saxazo gemisgan gansxvavebiT, fregatebi ar gamoiyeneboda saxazo taqtikiT brZolis sawarmoeblad zRvaze. fregati gamoiyeneboda, rogorc damoukidebeli sabrZolo erTeuli da mcire eskadris flagamani. fregatebs xSirad iyenebdnen ZiriTadi bazebidan didi manZilebiT daSorebuli operaciebis sawarmoeblad, radgan saxazo gemebze ukeTesi sazRvaosno maxasiaTeblebi hqondaT.

istoria nas. Semdegi sami wlis ganmavlobaSi mecnierTa es jgufi dargobrivad da kompleqsurad swavlobda egviptes. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom napoleon bonapartis avantiuristuli egvipturi eqspedicia, romelic Tavdapirvelad aSkarad samxedro-politikuri daniSnulebisa iyo, nel-nela samecnieroSi gadaizarda.

rozeta

xmelTaSua zRva brues floti

nilosis brZola 1-2 agvisto nikopolisis brZola

aleqsandria

aRsaniSnavia, rom aseTi masStabis operaciis malulad momzadeba SeuZlebeli iyo da britanelebmac male Seityves saSiSroebis Sesaxeb. 2 maiss britanelma kontr-admiralma horacio nelsonma miiRo gankarguleba gaecura safrangeTis samxreT sanapirosken, magram 20 maiss igi saSinel StormSi moxvda da misi flotis saflagmano gemi `vengardi~ mZimed dazianda. curvis gagrZeleba SeuZlebeli gaxda da dazaralebuli SenaerTi ukan, gibraltarisken, dabrunda. male nelsoni isev gavida zRvaSi da 17 ivniss neapols miaRwia, sadac gaigo kidec frangebis mier maltis aRebis ambavi. nelsonisTvis naTeli gaxda, Tu saiTken miemarTeboda franguli flotilia. britaneli kontr-admirali pirdapir aleqsandriisken gaemarTa, magram 26 ivniss, iq Casuls, arc erTi franguli gemi ar daxvda. nelsoni iseTi tempiT micuravda zRvaze, rom 22 ivniss frangul SenaerTs gadauswro da dapirispirebuli mxareebi

napoleon bonapartis egvipturi kampania

erTmaneTs ise ascdnen, rom verc ki SeniSnes. nelsonma imedgacruebulma datova egviptis saporto qalaqi, im varaudiT, rom napoleoni konstantinopolisken miemarTeboda. 19 ivliss britanelTa floti saberZneTis sanapiroebisaken daiZra im imediT, rom swored aq gadaawydeboda frangebis flotilias, magram kvlav uSedegod. napoleonma Tavisi gegmis pirveli nawili Seasrula â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ormocdRiani curvis Semdeg, 1798 wlis 2 ivliss, frangebi xmeleTze gadavidnen da qalaqi aleqsandria daikaves.

napoleoni egvipturi eqspediciis SemadgenlobaSi myofi mecnierebisa da xelovnebis institutebis TanamSromlebTan `orienTze~

fransua-pol brue (1753-1798)

napoleonis egvipturi laSqroba

flotilia â&#x20AC;&#x201C; samxedro xomaldebis formireba, operatiuli gaerTianeba, romelic warmoadgens didi samxedro-sazRvao flotis nawils. flotilia gamoiyeneba gansazRvrul raionSi (mdinare, tba, zRva, okeane) sabrZolo amocanis Sesasruleblad.

napoleons imedi hqonda, rom egvipteSi mis jariskacebs, rogorc ganmaTavisufleblebs, ise Sexvdebodnen da Zalian male aRmoCndeboda mudmivad cvalebadi, meamboxe da TavisuflebisTvis mebrZoli arabebis, berZnebis, sparselebisa da indoelebisgan Semdgari ganmaTavisuflebeli armiis saTaveSi. es iqneboda uzarmazari mravalerovnuli armia, zvavi, romelic did britaneTs walekavda. magram napoleoni Secda. man mosaxleobisgan verc daxmareba da verc mxardaWera ver miiRo. Zalian male ki sruliad izolirebulic aRmoCnda. molodinis sawinaRmdegod, egviptis `ganmaTavisufleblebi~ dampyroblebad gadaiqcnen. egviptis mamluqTa armia napoleons aumxedrda da Zalian male isic gacxadda, rom maTTan SebrZoleba gardauvali iyo. mamluqTa armias warmoSobiT qarTvelebi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; murad bei da ibrahim bei SinjikaSvili sardlobdnen. murad bei, TbilisSi dabadebuli egviptis osmalo gubernatori 17841785 wlebSi, egviptel mamluqTa beladi iyo, cxenosani jarebis sardali. murad beisTan

napoleonis jari aleqsandriaSi

erTad napoleon bonapartis armiis winaaRmdeg gizis piramidebTan brZolaSi egviptelTa jars sardlobda aseve qarTuli warmoSobis, martyofSi dabadebuli ibrahim bei SinjikaSvili (1735-1817), aseve egviptis osmalo gubernatori 1780-1781, 1784-1785, 1803-1804 wlebSi, mamluqTa beladi, gaerTianebuli egviptis mmarTveli da jarebis mTavarsardali. murad beisa da ibrahim beis duumvirati egviptes 1775 wlidan marTavda.

admiral nelsonis saflagmano gemi `vengardi~

horacio nelsoni (1758-1805)

istoria `jariskacebo, am piramidebidan Cven ormoci saukune gadmogvyurebs!~ – mouwoda brZolis dawyebis win napoleonma jariskacebs. 1798 wlis 21 ivliss, gizis piramidebTan gamarTul brZolaSi, daxvewili samxedro taqtikis gamoyenebiT, napoleon bonapartma sastikad daamarcxa murad beisa da ibrahim bei SinjikaSvilis sardlobiT mebrZoli mamluqTa ormocaTasiani armia. aq napoleonma TiToeuli divizia kares wyobiT daayena, romlis kuTxeebSic artileria iyo ganlagebuli, xolo kavaleria da sazidrebi – SuaSi. ibrahim bei SinjikaSvilisa da murad beis jarebi marjvena flangiT mdinare niloss ebjinebodnen, xolo marcxenaTi – piramidebs. marjvena flangi 20 aTasi ianiCarisa da 40 zarbaznisagan Sedgeboda, centri da marcxena flangi – mamluqebisa da Seixebis 12-aTasiani kavaleriisgan, xolo ukidures marcxena mxares arabi beduinebis 9-aTasiani laSqari idga. 7-saaTiani brZolis Semdeg daWrili murad bei gadarCenil 3000 mamluqTan erTad zemo egvipteSi gaiqca, xolo mTavarsardalma ibrahim bei SinjikaSvilma 1200 mamluqTan erTad, kairos gavliT, sirias Seafara Tavi. arabi beduinebi udabnoSi mimoifantnen. frangebma am brZolaSi mxolod 300 kaci dakarges. napoleon bonaparti kairoSi, rogorc gamarjvebuli, ise Sevida. swored am dros ki aleqsandriaSi, xmeleTze, misi flotis mezRvaurebis naxevari gadavida sakvebisa da wylis maragebis Sesavsebad. admiral brues ganzraxuli hqonda korfusken gacurva, raTa gemebi usafrTxo adgilas gaeyvana, mag-

murad bei (1750-1801) ibrahim bei 1801 wlis 20 marts heliopolisTan meoredac SeebrZola napoleonis armias, romelsac generali Jan-batist kleberi sardlobda, da meoredac damarcxda. am damarcxebam mas sabolood daakargina egvipteze xelisufleba. gardaicvala yvelasgan daviwyebuli, 1817 wels.

kare (frang. Carré) – kvadratis an marTkuTxedis formiT ganlagebuli qveiTi jaris sabrZolo wyoba. kares wyobaSi piradi Semadgenloba ewyoba frontiT, anu pirisaxiT oTxive mxares, kvadratis Sida nawili ki carielia. es sabrZolo wyoba farTod gamoiyeneboda XVII-XIX saukuneebSi da metad efeqturi iyo mowinaaRmdegis kavaleriis Setevebis mosagerieblad.

piramidebTan brZolis sqema, 1798 wlis 21 ivlisi

ibrahim bei SinjikaSvili (1735-1817)

napoleonis egvipturi laSqroba

safrangeTi italia

TurqeTi

espaneTi mcire azia

afrika

franguli da britanuli flotebis curvis marSrutebi xmelTaSua zRvaSi franguli flotis curvis marSruti britanuli flotis curvis marSruti

egvipte

ram napoleonma arCia gemebi sanapirosTan axlos gaeCerebina da nebismier dros mzad hyoloda, risTvisac aleqsandriaSi darCena ubrZana. brues es gegma ar moswonda. rogorc yvela mezRvaurs, masac eSinoda, rom misi gemebi qariSxals ar CaeZira, Tu xmeleTTan axlos CauSvebdnen Ruzas. misi SiSi dausabuTebeli iyo, radgan navsadgurTan wylis siRrme 8-20 metri iyo da yvelaze did frangul gems 6-10 metrze meti wyalSigi (anu CaRrmaveba, romelic izomeba horizontaluri kilis qveda nawiburidan zeviT, wyalxazamde) ar hqonda. miuxedavad amisa, bruem gemebi navsadguris gareT, aleqsandriidan Crdilo-dasavleTiT, abu-qiris namglis formis yuresTan ganalaga sigrZeze, xmeleTis paralelurad, daaxloebiT ori gemis sigrZis daSorebiT. xazis ukiduresi bolo zed kldeebTan iyo, abu-qiris koncxis wyalmarCx adgilas, ase rom, mowinaaRmdegis gemebi iq ver gaivlidnen. abu-qiris kldovan koncxze patara zomis forti mdebareobda, romelic frangebma daikaves. 1798 wlis 1 agvistos, naSuadRevs, admiral nelsonis floti abu-qiris yures miadga da 17 franguli samxedro gemi dainaxa. admirali brue darwmunebuli iyo, rom britanelebi ar gariskavdnen da sibneleSi ar gadavidodnen Setevaze. brue fiqrobda, rom britanelebi, im droisaTvis arsebuli brZolis wesebis dacviT, mxolod diliT Seutevdnen zRvidan frangul flotilias da es iqneboda klasikuri sazRvao brZola, sadac gemebi xazovani taqtikis gamoyenebiT â&#x20AC;&#x201C; zal-

brZola piramidebTan, 1798 wlis 21 ivlisi, luis-fransua leJanis naxati, 1808 marjvniv kargad Cans kared dawyobili franguli jari

istoria pebiT gauxsnidnen erTmaneTs cecxls. aq ki frangebi aSkara upiratesobas flobdnen. frangebs ufro meti qvemexi hqondaT, vidre britanelebs. magram frangma admiralma sworad ver ganWvrita britanelTa Semdgomi moqmedebebis logika. admiralma nelsonma swrafad amoicno is Sansi, rasac mas RuzaCaSvebuli, uZravad mdgari franguli gemebi aZlevda da dauyovnebliv gadawyvita Setevis dawyeba. ra Tqma unda, RuzaCaSvebuli da erTmaneTze bagirebiT gadabmuli, uZravad myofi franguli flotis gemebi manevrirebis yovelgvar saSualebas iyvnen moklebuli. da rac mTavaria, isini mSvenier samiznes warmoadgendnen britanelTa sagembane artileriisTvis. saRamoxans, Sebindebisas dawyebuli brZola frangebis ganadgurebiT meore dRis naSuadRevis sami saaTisaTvis dasrulda. frangebma dakarges 2000-dan 5000-mde mebrZoli, aseve admirali brue. dazaralda franguli flotic. saerTo jamSi, franguli flotidan mxolod sami gemis aRdgena moxerxda. brZolidan oTxi kviris ganmavlobaSi egviptis sanapiro zolSi zRvis talRebi brZolaSi daRupulTa gvamebs riyavda. britanelTa gemebze RvTismsaxureba Catarda orive mxaris gardacvlilebis sulebis mosaxseneblad. britanelebma gaimarjves da xmelTaSua zRvis akvatoriaze kontroli isev samefo samxedro-sazRvao flotis xelSi gadavida.

napoleoni amnistias ucxadebs kairoSi ajanyebulebs

abu-qiris brZolis gamartivebuli sqema, 1798 wlis 1-2 agvisto, britanuli xomaldebi wiTeli ferisaa, franguli â&#x20AC;&#x201C; lurji. franguli da britanuli eskadrebis xomaldebis Sualeduri mdebareobebi mocemulia SedarebiT Ria fereiT.

`orienTis~ afeTqeba nilosis brZolaSi, robert dodis naxati

napoleonis egvipturi laSqroba

nilosis brZolisadmi miZRvnili britanuli oqros medali. gamoiyeneboda lurj-TeTri lentiT. arsebobda 4 xarisxis medali. o O qros medlebiT dajildovdnen admirali nelsoni da misi kapitnebi, vercxliT – kapitan-leitenantebi, mooqrovili spilenZiT – umcrosi oficrebi, brinjaoTi – matrosebi da umcrosi Cinebi. nilosis brZolis gamarjvebulebis sigeli – horacio nelsonisa da misi flotis 14 kapitnis gamosaxulebiT, miZRvnili nilosis brZolis 5 wlisTavisadmi

napoleonis floti ganadgurda, misi `aRmosavleTis armia~ ki kvlav egvipteSi iyo izolirebuli, yvelanairi saxis momaragebis gareSe. yvelaferi naTeli iyo, frangebs uari unda eTqvaT indoeTis dalaSqvris gegmaze. es namdvili samxedro katastrofa da napoleonis mier gancdili pirveli didi marcxi iyo, rac imas niSnavda, rom mas xeli unda aeRo ocnebaze, gaegrZelebina aleqsandre didis gza. abu-qirTan gancdilma marcxma mZimed imoqmeda armiaze. franguli armiis siriaSi marSmac ver moitana sasurveli Sedegebi. SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda iqauri cixesimagreebis aReba. saerTo jamSi, laSqroba warumateblad dasrulda. oTxTviani tanjvisa da msxverplSewirvis Semdeg frangebma udabnos gavliT daiwyes saSineli 25-dRiani ukandaxeva kairosken. napoleonma ki, romelmac kargad gaiazra Tavisi mdgomareobis uperspeqtivoba, uaxloes pirebTan erTad datova Tavisi armia da malulad, saswrafod gaemgzavra fregatiT safrangeTisaken. im droisTvis safrangeTi marcxs marcxze ganicdida italiasa da rainze da Sida politikuri mdgomareobac arasaxarbielo hqonda. qveyanaSi uimedoba sufevda. napoleoni Tavis Tavs safrangeTSi xedavda, grZnobda, rom axla dgeboda misi dro, ebrZola umaRlesi xelisuflebis mosapoveblad.

mogvianebiT, 1801 wlisaTvis, napoleonis `aRmosavleTis armiam~, romelic Savi Wiris epidemiisgan erTi mesamediT Semcirda, kapitulacia gamoacxada. saerTo jamSi, napoleonis egvipturi eqspedicia didi samxedro avantiura aRmoCnda, Tumca am laSqrobas Tavisi dadebiTi Sedegebic hqonda – evropa egviptis Zveli istoriiT dainteresda da am qveynis mecnieruli Seswavla daiw-

generali napoleoni kairoSi, prinstonis universitetis xelovnebis muzeumi

istoria yo. eqspediciis msvlelobisas egviptidan evropaSi uzRvavi raodenobis istoriuli artefaqti gazides, kairoSi ki, napoleonma samecniero sazogadoeba – egviptis instituti daafuZna. institutis saqmianobis mizans ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis propaganda da egviptis istoriasTan, teqnikasTan da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebTan dakavSirebuli naSromebis gamoqveyneba warmoadgenda. napoleonma kairoSi ramdenime mdidruli sasaxle egviptis institutis klasebis, samecniero centrebisa da laboratoriebis mosawyobad moamzada. institutis SemadgenlobaSi iyo oTxi fakulteti – maTematikis, fizikis, politekonomiis da literaturisa da xelovnebis. institutis pirveli prezidenti iyo maTematikosi gaspar monJi, viceprezidenti ki – Tavad napoleoni, radgan isic mecnierad miiCnevda sakuTar Tavs. erTi ram cxadi iyo – egviptis mecnieruli Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT, napoleon bonaparts grandiozuli gegmebi hqonda, igi astronomiuli observatoriis, fizikis, qimiis, mineralogiisa da arqeologiis laboratoriebis mowyobas apirebda. yvelaferi mzaddeboda imisTvis, rom napoleons Tavisi grandiozuli Canafiqri – xmelTaSua da wiTeli zRvebis damakavSirebeli arxi gaeyvana. igi napoleonis mier 1798 wlis 22 agvistos daarsebuli egviptis institutis gamocemuli samecniero-literaturuli krebulis `egvipturi dekada~ erT-erTi nomeri

napoleonis egviptur eqspediciaSi daRupuli frangi jariskacebis sasaflao kairoSi

darwmunebuli iyo, rom am grandiozuli proeqtis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi, sabolood daaCoqebda ingliss... magram abu-qiris yureSi franguli flotiliis marcxma yvelaferi Tavdayira daayena. ufro metic, 1798 wlis 1-2 agvistos gamarTulma abu-qiris sazRvao brZolam udidesi samxedro-politikuri mniSvneloba SeiZina. frangebs es brZola rom moegoT, maSin evropisa da msoflios istoria, eWvgareSea, sul sxvanairad gadaiwereboda – napoleon bonapartis mier egviptis dalaSqvris operacia gamarjvebiT dasruldeboda. sakomunikacio da momaragebis gzebi franguli armiisaTvis Ria iqneboda da frangi jariskacebic sul sxvagvari suliskveTebiT ibrZolebdnen.

kairo, qalaqis citadeli, 1800

napoleonis egvipturi laSqroba

napoleonis jariskacebis monumenti marias monasterSi, haifa, israeli

napoleonis arabuli cxeni ,,marengosâ&#x20AC;? ConCxi, armiis muzeumi, londoni

movlenebis amgvarad ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi, flotis dakargva britanelTaTvis imas niSnavda, rom isini ganwiruli iqnebodnen, veRar SeZlebdnen saxlSi dabrunebas, siriac da egviptec frangebis xelSi gadavidoda da isini britanelebs sabolood gaaZevebdnen xmelTaSua zRvidan. napoleoni miaRwevda imas, ris miRwevasac amaod Seecadnen am ambebidan 145 wlis Semdeg hitleri da generali ervin romeli. frangebs sakuTar mflobelobaSi eqnebodaT kontinenturi xidi aziisken da maTTvis Ria iqneboda sparseTis, avRaneTisa da indoeTisken mimavali gza. didi britaneTi indoeTs dakargavda. am umniSvnelovanesi dominionis gareSe ki, igi aucileblad waagebda oms napoleonTan. napoleoni kontinentur blokadas, anu sxva qveynebTan erTad Tavisi mTavari mowinaaRmdegis, didi britaneTis, winaaRmdeg ekonomikuri da politikuri sanqciebis sistemas aRar Seqmnida, xolo xmelTaSua zRvaze da axlo aRmosavleTSi gamarjvebis Semdeg igi aucileblad gabedavda britanuli kunZulebis intervencias da moskovsac aRar dalaSqravda 1812 wels. eWvgareSea, rom Semdgomi istoriuli procesebi da globaluri movlenebic sul sxvagvarad warimarTeboda. ase rom, egviptis eqspediciis periodSi abu-qiris sazRvao brZolis dros daSvebulma Secdomebma gadamwyveti gavlena iqonia kacobriobis istoriis Semdgom msvlelobaze.

qalebi

kato miqelaZe da qalTa politikuri uflebebisTvis brZola

TamTa melaSvili

qarTuli sufraJizmis saTaveebTan saqarTveloSi, rogorc bevr evropul qveyanaSi, qalTa emansipaciisTvis brZola ganaTlebis uflebis moTxovniT daiwyo, rac mogvianebiT politikuri da samoqalaqo uflebebisTvis brZolaSi gadaizarda. 1910-iani wlebidan CvenTanac gaZlierda sufraJistuli moZraoba â&#x20AC;&#x201C; qalebma amjerad politikuri uflebebis moTxovna daiwyes. saqarTveloSi am brZolas saTaveSi edga feministi da publicisti kato miqelaZe, romelic, ganaTlebasTan erTad, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda sufraJistul brZolas da qalTa politikuri gaaqtiurebis Tavdadebuli momxre iyo. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis samma welma sufraJistuli brZola kidev ufro gaaZliera. miqelaZes miaCnda, rom saqarTvelos gaTavisuflebasTan erTad qarTveli qalis gaTavisuflebac unda momxdariyo, qalebs politikur da samoqalaqo asparzze gamosvlis meti saSualeba unda miscemodaT, magram aRmoCnda, rom struqturuli da kulturuli barierebi jer kidev Zlieri iyo da qalebs pirveli respublikis pirobebSic didi Zalisxmeva da brZola sWirdebodaT sakuTari mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad.

kato miqelaZe

kato miqelaZis Sexedulebebi qalTa politikur da sxva uflebebze mWidrod ukavSirdeboda da naTlad asaxavda maSindeli saerTaSoriso feministuri moZraobis ideebs, Tumca qarTveli feministi imavdroulad iTvaliswinebda adgilobriv politikur da ekonomikur konteqsts da am poziciidan akritikebda patriarqalur sistemas, Zalauflebis araTanabar gadanawilebas, mamakacTa privilegiebs da qalTa daqvemdebarebul mdgomareobas. is aqtiurad mouwodebda qalebs gaerTianebisken:

qal o! sTqviT sity moqal aqisa da visufali adamianisa! rZoleT adamianis pirovn is gamT av mo enas da yv aze metad Tqven saku r gaWirv as, SeerTdiT! SeerTd iT vmosager lad, SeerTdiT visuďŹ&#x201A; is dasacv ad, Seer TdiT orgzanizaci ad! daaar seT saku ri vSir i, emzad eT damfuZn i kr isaTvis.. ecadeT d iyoT arCe i, TviT iyoT WeSmariti megob r i visuďŹ&#x201A; isa da damc v i samarTlianobisa! moiT xoveT gamos a sazogado asparezz e, Ca iT sazogado organiza ci is saqmeSi!.. kmara Zili! kmara umoqmedoba!

termini sufraJizmi modis inglisuri sityvidan su rage da arCevnebSi monawileobis miRebas niSnavs. sufraJizmi ewodeba qalTa moZraobas, romlis mizania qalebisaTvis arCevnebSi monawileobis uflebis miniWeba da Tanabari samoqalaqo uflebebi. qalTa sufraJistuli moZraoba safrangeTSi Camoyalibda XVIII s-is 80-90-ian wlebSi, safrangeTis revoluciis periodSi. im dros frangi mwerali olemp de guJi moiTxovda qalTaTvis nacionalur arCevnebSi saarCevno xmis uflebis miniWebas, Tumca misma moTxovnam maSin Sedegi ar gamoiRo. aSS-Si sufraJistuli moZraoba XVII s-is 40-ian wlebSi daiwyo da misi fuZemdeblebi iyvnen elizabet kedi stentoni da lukrecia moti. miuxedavad imisa, rom aSS-is ramdenime StatSi qalebs hqondaT xmis micemis ufleba, sufraJistulma moZraobam pirvel mniSvnelovan gamarjvebas 1893 wels miaRwia, rodesac axal zelandiaSi zrdasrul qalebs arCevnebSi xmis micemis ufleba konstituciurad mieniWaT. pirveli evropuli qveyana, romelmac qalebs xmis micemis ufleba misca, iyo fineTi 1906 wels. saqarTveloSi qalebma es ufleba 1918 wels miiRes. 1948 wels gaeros mier miRebul `adamianis uflebebis sayovelTao deklaraciaSi~ Sevida muxli, romelic amtkicebs, rom yvelas, ganurCevlad sqesisa, ufleba aqvs monawileoba miiRos arCevnebSi.

qalebi kato miqelaZis cxovrebis gza kato miqelaZe daibada 1877 wels quTaisis mazraSi, sofel kulaSSi. gogonas deda adre gardaecvala da masze zrunva naTliam – barbare gabuniam ikisra. naTliis iniciativiT daiwyo swavla katom quTaisis qalTa gimnaziaSi, Tumca 4 klasis damTavrebis Semdeg iZulebuli gaxda swavla mietovebina. gogonas Zalian undoda srulyofili ganaTlebis miReba da damoukideblad cxovreba, magram saamisod xels araferi uwyobda. radgan swavlis gagrZelebis sxva saSualeba ar hqonda, kato TbilisSi sameano kursebze Sevida da male muSaobac daiwyo. miqelaZe 1900 wlidan ukve beWdavda leqsebs, ZiriTadad, aralegalur presaSi, male revoluciur saqmianobaSic Caeba, Tumca swavlis wyurvili masSi ar gamqrala. mogvianebiT, kato pedagogiur kursebze Caewera da 1905 wels jer moskovSi, Semdeg ki evropaSi gaemgzavra. mogonebebSi is parizSi gatarebul wlebs saukeTeso periodad ixsenebs. aq gaicno akaki wereTelic. poeti parizSi mcxovreb qarTvel studentebs Sexvda. Sexvedraze studentebis saxeliT sityviT kato gamovida. akakim gansakuTrebulad Seaqo miqelaZe misi oratoruli niWis gamo. kato miqelaZis araCveulebriv oratorul unars bevri misi Tanamedrovec aRniSnavda. 1910 wlidan kato Cairicxa briuselSi, socialur mecnierebaTa fakultetze, sadac xelmokled, mecenatebis gaRebuli stipendiiT cxovrobda. katom iq gaicno safuZvlianad maSindeli aqtualuri Teoriuli mimdinareobebi da gansakuTrebiT marqsiz-

kato miqelaZe (1878-1942)

miTa da feminizmiT dainteresda. swavlis dasrulebis Semdeg quTaisSi dabrunda, sadac maSinve wamoiwyo feministuri moqmedeba da Tanamoazreebis Semokreba. 1916 wlidan kato ukve kiTxulobda sajaro leqciebs qalTa politikur da samoqalaqo uflebebze, daaarsa qalTa politikuri klubi, momdevno wels ki misi redaqtorobiT saqarTveloSi pirveli feministuri gazeTi – `xma qarTveli qalisa~ – gamoica.

kato miqelaZe

teqstebi, romelic SinaarsiT aseve feministuri iyo da qalTa mdgomareobas asaxavda. gazeTTan TanamSromlobdnen qali mwerlebi: safo mgelaZe, mariam gariyuli, dominika erisTavi, ekaterine gabaSvili. `xma qarTveli qalisa~ asaxavda mniSvnelovan saerTaSoriso movlenebsac – evropul da amerikul sufraJistul moZraobas, qalTa revoluciur aqtivizms ruseTSi da a.S. aq naxavdiT sxvadasxvanair rubrikas, axali ambebis ganyofilebas, saavtoro svetebs, Targmanebs. gazeTi popularuli iyo da bevr qalaqSi vrceldeboda. mkiTxvelic aqtiurad TanamSromlobda redaqciasTan, romelic werilebs iRebda samtrediidan, baTumidan, goridan, WiaTuridan.

akaki wereTeli (1840-1915)

`xma qarTveli qalisa~ – feminizmis xma saqarTveloSi yovelkvireuli sapolitiko da saliteraturo gazeTi `xma qarTveli qalisa~ gamodioda1917-1918 wlebSi. gazeTi iyo Riad feministuri da arc erT maSindel partias ar emxroboda. miqelaZe miiCnevda, rom im pirobebSi SeuZlebeli iyo qalTa sakiTxebi erTi romelime konkretuli partiiT an misi programiT Semofargluliyo, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme mTlianad kacebisgan Semdgar partiebs exeboda. miqelaZis gancxadebiT, arsebobda `specialuri dedakacuri interesi~, romlis realur cxovrebaSi gatareba qalebis socialuri da politikuri gaZlierebis saSualebiT moxdeboda. gazeTi qalebs mouwodebda Zalisxmeva miemarTaT `sworuflianobis~ misaRwevad, amisTvis ki qalTa gaerTianeba iyo saWiro. `xma qarTveli qalisa~ mravlferovani iyo Tavisi SinaarsiT da aqtiurad exmaureboda mimdinare movlenebs – gvTavazobda maSindeli, istoriulad Zalian mniSvnelovani, procesebis feministur xedvas, maT Soris, pirvel rigSi, im movlenebisas, romlebic pirveli demokratiuli respublikis pirobebSi mimdinareobda. publicistikasTan erTad gazeTSi aseve ibeWdeboda mxatvruli

`xma qarTveli qalisa~ ZiriTadad SemowirulobebiT arsebobda. redaqcia yovelTvis gamoxatavda madlierebas SemomwirvelTa mimarT da maT siebs aqveynebda. Semomwirvelebi, ZiriTadad, qalebi iyvnen, romlebic maSindel mZime ekonomikur pirobebSi mcirediT, magram TavdadebiT exmarebodnen gazeTs, gulSematkivrobdnen da mxars uWerdnen. `xma qarTveli qalisas~ Tavisi arsebobis manZilze bevri winaaRmdegoba hqonda. miuxedavad imisa, rom kato miqelaZe bolomde ibrZoda mis SesanarCuneblad, bevri ideologiuri Tu teqnikuri barieris gamo gazeTi 1918 wels daixura. mTlianobaSi gamovida misi 50 nomeri. 1917 wels – 32, 1918 wels ki – 18.

safo mgelaZe (1894-1936)

qalebi

mariam gariyuli (1883-1960)

ekaterine gabaSvili (1851-1938)

quTaisis qalTa politikuri klubi

kato miqelaZes safuZvlianad hqonda gaazrebuli is ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, risi saSualebiTac saqarTveloSi qalTa emansipacia da, rogorc Tavad ambobda, `sworuflianobis~ miRweva gaxdeboda SesaZlebeli. pirvel rigSi, igi moiTxovda kanoniT dacul da ganmtkicebul Tanasworobas, aqtiurad lobirebda qalTa politikaSi CarTvas maTi politikuri uflebis xazgasmiT â&#x20AC;&#x201C; aerCiaT da yofiliyvnen arCeuli. miiCnevda, rom qalTa politikuri monawileoba, romelsac win bevri barieri eRobeboda, saxelmwifos unda waexalisebina. qalTa politikuri gaaqtiurebisTvis man konkretuli nabijebi gadadga â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1916 wels quTaisis qalTa saerTo politikuri klubi daaarsa, romelic mogvianebiT qalTa interpartiul ligad gadakeTda. klubi erTgvar `saamqrod~ unda qceuliyo, romelic qalebs politikaSi mosasvlelad gzas gauxsnida da karierisTvis moamzadebda. politikur klubs da interpartiul ligas hqondaT programebi, romelic sxva araferia, Tu ara saukunis win dawerili genderuli Tanasworobis kanoni.

kato miqelaZe

`xma qarTveli qalisas~ pirvelive nomeri mkiTxvels quTaisis qalTa klubis wesdebas sTavazobda, sadac naTlad iyo gansazRvruli klubis politikuri misia da xedva:

biT gamowve s damobT ra mxedv obaSi, dedrobiTi sq is uufl o mdgomareo da modgmisTvis, qu isis saerTo Rupv ga enas, rogorc ojaxisTvis, ise sazogado isTvis pirovn aT sr s ga naswor as qal politikuri ubi vis miznaT isaxavs or ve sq is ufl is aRsadgenaT da am uflenonisa da samarTlis winaSe. qal politikuri da moqalaquri ubi ukeT saS l aT racxavs nabis praqtik cxovr aSi gasatar laT qu isis qal vR

moazre organizaci

SeerT as

gasabWoebis Semdeg klubic da, mogvianebiT, ligac mniSvnelovnad miiCnevda im sakiTxebs, romelTa umetesoba dResac aqtualuria, maT Soris: Tanabar politikur monawileobas mmarTvelobis yvela doneze, Tanabar anazRaurebas Tanabari SromisaTvis, mamakacis sasargeblod arsebuli `samemkvidreo privilegiebis~ gauqmebas, arsebuli kanonmdeblobis gadasinjvas qalTa interesebis da saWiroebis gaTvaliswinebiT da a.S.

dominika erisTavi (1864-1929)

1921 wels sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebasTan erTad, romelmac mospo yvela saxis samoqalaqo iniciativa da aqtivizmi, miqelaZe met wnexsa da CarCoebSi moeqca. miT umetes, maSin, rodesac sabWoTa xelisuflebam qalTa sakiTxis mogvareba sakuTar Tavze aiRo da am kuTxiT mimarTuli yvela saqmianoba erTpirovnul saxelmwifo mmarTvelobas dauqvemdebara. `1921 wlidan me xelovnurad damamunjes~, – werda kato miqelaZe. qarTveli feministis es sityvebi kargad gadmoscems im mdgomareobas, romelsac sabWoTa xelisufleba maSindel sazogadoebrivad da politikurad aqtiur adamianebs mizanmimarTulad uqmnida.

kato miqelaZe

qalebi sabWoTa xelisuflebam miqelaZe, rogorc feministi da aqtivisti, sruliad uaryo, `xma qarTveli qalisa~ ki katos sicocxleSive mieca daviwyebas. 1920-iani wlebidan katom literaturul saqmianobas mihyo xeli, Tumca sabWoTa totalitaruli saxelmwifos ideologiuri wnexis piroebebSi mas, rogorc mweralsac, aranairi gasaqani ar hqonia. janmrTelobaSeryeuli miqelaZe 1943 wels gardaicvala. miuxedavad cxovrebis mZime pirobebisa, kato cxovrebis bolomde feministuri Rirebulebebis erTgul da Tavdadebul damcvelad darCa. 1930-ian wlebSi, ukiduresi represiebis xanaSic ki, is ar wyvetda Tanamoazreebis Ziebas, mxars uWerda mweralTa kavSirSi axalgazrda qalebis gaaqtiurebas da maT win wamowevas cdilobda. kato miqelaZe Tavisi mebrZoli suliskveTebiT dResac bevri qalisTvisaa inspiraciis wyaro, vinc samarTlianobisTvis, Rirseulad cxovrebisa da ukeTesi momavlisTvis ibrZvis. misi ideebi ki myari niadagia qalTa politikuri uflebebisTvis brZolis gasaZliereblad, rac dRes aranakleb mniSvnelovania, vidre 100 wlis win iyo.

â&#x20AC;&#x17E;arsebul usamarTlobasTan sabrZolvelad saWiroa qalebisaTvis ara mamakacebis kudSi devna, aramed TavianTi individualurobis ganviTareba, rom poulobdnen sulier kmayofilebas TavianTi pirovnuli simaRliT, raTa orTave sqesis azrovnebisa da aqtiurobis ganviTarebiT SesaZlo iyos im sicarieles aRmovseba, romelic erTi sqesis gonebrivma da sulierma moqmedobam warmoSva. da rodesac Cven uflebebisaTvis mebrZoli qalebi moviTxovT erovnulsa da moqalaqeobriv yovel uflebas da vebrZviT qalTa adamianuri uflebis mtrebs, Cven vebrZviT ara adamians mamakacis saxiT, aramed im tradiciul usamarTlobas, romelic mamakacTa umravlesobas SeuTvisebia da romelsac miyavs eris naxevari nawili gonebriv da sulier gamofitulobamde. Cven ar gvsurs am duxWir mdgomareobaSi kvlav darCena da rac ar unda moxdes, Tavi unda ganviTavisufloT misgan.

bolSevikebi TbilisSi, 1921 wlis 25 Tebervali

kato miqelaZe

Cven moviTxovT samarTals da ara SurisZiebas. am SemTxvevaSi Cven gvWiria TiTeuli patiosani da samarTliani mamakacis gageba da TanagrZnoba da ara imis yiJini, viTom sufraJist qalebs mamakacebi gvZuldes da maTgan gaTiSvas moviTxovdeT, rogorc amas gaiZaxian antisufraJistebis amyoli brbo. sufraJist qalebSi arseboben mravali dedebi, colebi, Svilebi da debi mamakacebisa, romelT gulSiac budobs ukeTesi grZnobasurvilebi ukanasknelTadmi, magram romelTac amave dros ar aviwydebaT TavianTi adamianuri pirovnebac da moiTxoven misTvis Sesafer uflebasac. Cven viciT, risTvis vibrZviT da viciT agreTve fasi da miswrafeba Cveni uflebis mterTa, rom maTma cilis wamebam SegvakrTos, rasTvisac daJinebiT moviTxovT qalTa kavSiris siZlieresa da simtkices qalTa TviT moqmedebisa da aqtiurobis aRsadgenaT“. gazeTi „xma qarTveli qalisa“, 1918, # 3 N# 2

aRmoCenebi

jeims kuki zRvebis mbrZanebeli

arCil qiqoZe

didi britaneTi mravali saxelovani mogzauris samSobloa da maT Soris jeims kuks sruliad gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs. es iyo kaci, romelmac msoflios Sesaxeb arsebuli codna erTiorad gazarda, xolo misi sisxlsavse cxovreba, misi dramatuli bedi da tragikuli aRsasruli namdvilad Zneli dasatevi iqneba erT statiaSi, magram me Zalian Sevecdebi, radgan kukis pirovneba imsaxurebs, rom gvaxsovdes. is 1728 wels CrdiloeT inglisSi, iorkSiris sagrafoSi daibada, Rataki Sotlandieli fermeris ojaxSi. adgili, sadac kuki izrdeboda, WaobebiT iyo garSemortymuli. amboben, rom patara jeimsi xSirad Zvreboda garSemo yvelaze maRal borcvze da iqidan aTvalierebda SoreTs, Tumca zRva, romlisTvisac kuks sicocxle unda mieZRvna, iqidanac ki ar Canda. sazriani da codnas mowyurebuli bavSvi SeamCnia memamulem, romelTanac kukis mama muSaobda, biWi adgilobriv skolaSi miabara da swavlis safasuric gadauxada. 18 wlis kuki iorkSiris savaWro port uiTbiSi gaemgzavra da naxSiriT movaWre xomaldze iungad daiwyo muSaoba. iunga niSnavda axalgzrda kacs, umcros mezRvaurs, romelic anazRaurebis gareSe Sromobda gemze da yvelaze Sav samuSaos asrulebda. damqiraveblebisgan iungebi mxolod saWmel-sasmels iRebdnen, samagierod, ufasod euflebodnen mezRvauris profesias, romelic agrerigad fasobda kunZulovan britaneTSi.

jeims kuki

iorkSiris sagrafo

niufaundlendi kanada

kvebeki

iungad kuks didxans ar umuSavia, is male dawinaurda da 1755 wels mas gemis kapitnobac SesTavazes. siRaribeSi gazrdili kukisTvis kargi Sansi iyo, darCenili cxovreba inglisis erTi qalaqidan meoreSi naxSiri ezida da uzrunvelad ecxovra. man ki gemis mflobelebs uari ganucxada da samxedrosazRvao flotSi rigiT mezRvaurad Caewera. es marTla ucnauri gadawyvetileba iyo, romelic veravin gaigo, magram kukma icoda, rasac akeTebda. axali dawyebuli iyo `Svidwliani omi~ inglissa da mis maradiul metoqes – safrangeTs Soris, omi ki mamaci da iniciativiani mezRvaurisTvis Tavis gamoCenisa da swrafi karieruli zrdis saSualeba iyo. kukma marTla male isaxela Tavi evropul wylebSi gamarTul sazRvao brZolebSi, maleve moipova oficris wodeba, xolo ro-

jeims kukis mier Sedgenili niufaundlendis ruka

desac or zesaxelmwifos Soris brZolam dasavleT naxevarsferoSi gadainacvla, kukze pirvelad alaparakdnen, rogorc gamorCeuli niWisa da unarebis mqone adamianze. ingliselebi frangebs ecilebodnen kvebeks – frangul kolonias, romelic dRevandeli kanadis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis. qalaq monrealis dasapyrobad wminda lavrentis mdinareSi Sesul ingliselTa flots swored kukma gaukvala gza mdinaris kalapotSi, romelic araerTgvarovani iyo da gemebi sul advilad SeiZleboda meCeCze Semjdariyvnen. ramdenime kviris ganmavlobaSi mowinaaRmdegis cecxlis qveS kuki RamRamobiT zomavda wylis siRrmes da flotisTvis yvelaze uxifaTo gzas eZebda. misma SerCeulma marSrutma gaamarTla – ingliselTa gemebma monreals miaRwies da daipyres igi. jer kidev naxSirmzid gemebze samsaxurisas jeims kuki mTel Tavisufal dros astronomiis, kartografiis, fizikisa da algebris Seswavlas axmarda. kanadaSi yofnisas mas britaneTis mier axlad dapyrobili miwebis rukebis Sedgena daevala. am saqmes axalgazrda oficerma arnaxuli ostatobiT gaarTva Tavi. magaliTisTvis vityi, rom mis mier Sedgenili kunZul niufaundlendis ruka imdenad zusti gamodga, rom mas XX saukunis bolomde iyenebdnen.

aRmoCenebi 1762 wels samSobloSi dabrunebuli jeims kuki londonis gareubanSi dasaxlda da colad moiyvna elizabet bati, romelTan qorwinebaSic 16 weli icxovra, eqvsi Svili eyola, oRond am 16 wlidan kuki saxlSi mxolod 4 weli iyo, danarCeni zRvaSi gaatara, Tavis sam saxelovan mogzaurobaSi, romlebmac mas dideba, sikvdili da ukvdaveba moutana. kukis epoqa ganmanaTleblobis epoqaa – rodesac kacobriobam uzarmazari naxtomebiT waiwia win, drois patara monakveTSi SeiZina uzarmazari codna garemomcvel samyaroze, roca ayvavda filosofia da mecniereba, romelic lamis axal religiad iqca, xolo am religiis qurumebi londonis gareubanSi saqveynod cnobil grinviCis observatoriaSi moRvaweobdnen, im adgilas, romelzec gaivlo TvalisTvis uxilavi grinviCis nulovani meridiani, saidanac iwyeba saaTebis sartylebis aTvla. is, rom britaneTma sakuTar Tavs ufleba misca, nulovani meridiani sakuTar dedaqalaqze gaevlo, kidev erTxel mowmobs, rom am imperias msoflio batonobis ambiciac hqonda da gamosdioda kidec. britaneTi yvelaferSi pirveli unda yofiliyo – zRvaze, xmeleTze Tu samecniero miRwevebSi.

1769 wels veneraze dakvirvebisas jeims kukis da Carlz grinis mier gakeTebuli eskizi

swored grinviCis observatoriis astronomebma gamoiTvales, rom 1769 wels planeta venera mzis diskos gaivlida (rac imas niSnavs, rom mzis fonze aRmoCndeboda). gadawyda, rom am movlenas britanelebi iseTi adgilidan unda dakvirvebodnen, saidanac veneras moZraoba yvelaze ukeT gamoCndeboda. aseTi adgili ki wynar okeaneSi, mis uTvalav kunZulTagan erT-erTze iyo. gadawyvites, polineziis kunZulebisken eqspediciis gagzavna, romlis xelmZRvanelad jeims kuki dainiSna. mas meore davalebac hqonda – saidumlo, dabeWdili konverti kuks mxolod taitize unda gaexsna da iq unda Seetyo misi Semdgomi gezis Sesaxeb. grinviCis observatoria, 1785 wlis graviura

elizabet bati (1742-1835)

jeims kuki

5 2

jeims kukis pirveli eqspedicia, 1768-1771 1. plimuTi, britaneTi. 1768

4. pitkernis kunZulebi.1769

6. botanis yure. 1770

5. taiti. 1770

7. keiptauni, samxreTi afrika.1771

2. rio-de-Janeiro, brazilia. 1768 3. hornis koncxi, Cile. 1769

taitize britanelebi ukve iyvnen namyofi. sul cota xnis win iqidan dabrunda xomaldi `delfini~, romlis ekipaJis wevrebi idumal kunZulze saocrebebs yvebodnen: iqaurobas samoTxes adarebdnen, xolo taiteli qalebi Turme ulamazesebi iyvnen da evropelebs sakuTar siyvaruls rkinis lursmnis sanacvlod sTavazobdnen. ekipaJma `delfins~ Turme imdeni lursmani daaZro, rom gemi Zlivs gadaurCa daSlas. kukis eqspediciaSi wasvla Zalian bevrs undoda, ubralo mezRvaurebidan dawyebuli didgvarovnebiT damTavrebuli. erTma maTganma, jozef bengsma, eqspediciaSi mona-

xomaldi `indevori~

wileobisTvis 10 000 funtic ki gadaixada, rac im droisTvis imxela Tanxa iyo, rom misi saqcieli SegviZlia im miliarderTa saqciels SevadaroT, dRes mTvareze Tu marsze rom yiduloben mamulebs. xomaldi kukma Tavad aarCia â&#x20AC;&#x201C; es iyo erTerTi im naxSirmzid gemTagani, romelzec mogzaurma odesRac iungad daiwyo muSaoba. gemi didi ar iyo, amitom ekipaJis wevrebs viwrod uwevdaT yofna, magram kuki xomalds icnobda da mis Sekrul konstruqcias endoboda. 1768 wlis 26 agvistos kukis gemma, romelsac `indevori~ uwodes, starti londonidan aiRo, gakveTa atlantis okeane, magelanis srutiT Semouara samxreT amerikas, Sevida wynari okeanis wylebSi da Semdegi wlis 10 aprils miaRwia kunZul taitis, sadac mogzaurebs kunZulelebma sapatio miReba mouwyes, ingliselebma ki xangrZlivi droiT dasces banaki, romelsac `venera~ uwodes. unda iTqvas, rom jeims kuki xelqveiTebs uyvardaT da pativs scemdnen. maTi kapitani samarTliani iyo da Tuki dasja mkacri icoda, es sasjeli arasodes yofila daumsaxurebeli. kuki Zalian ufrTxildeboda Tavisi ekipaJis wevrebs. im drois zRvaosanTa namdvili wyevla iyo daavadeba suravandi, romelsac C vitaminis nakleboba iwvevda, Sedegi ki fataluri hqonda. Soreuli mogzaurobebis dros mezRvaurebs xeli ar miuwvdebo-

aRmoCenebi las evropelebis gamoCena adgilobrivTaTvis sikeTis momtani ar iqneboda. amaSi kuki Tavisi xangrZlivi mogzaurobebis dros araerTxel darwmunebula, kulturaTa jaxi yovelTvis adgilobrivTa ubedurebiT mTavrdeboda. romel napirzec ar unda daedgaT fexi evropelebs, iqneboda es polineziis kunZulebi, havai, axali zelandia, avstralia Tu CrdiloeTi amerika, yvelgan Tan mihqondaT alkoholi, romelic miuCvevel aborigenebSi umal iwvevda saSinel damokidebulebas da ramdenime daleviT alkoholikebad aqcevda, mihqondaT daavadebebi, romelTa imuniteti `velurebs~ ar gaaCndaT, xSirad mihqondaT sikvdilic, radgan kulturaTa dajaxeba iwvevda SeiaraRebul konfliqtebsac, romelSic gamarjvebulebi mudam cecxlsasroli iaraRis mqone evropelebi rCebodnen.

jozef bengsi (1743-1820)

daT xilsa da bostneulze, maTi dRiuri saWmlis ulufa ki saWiro vitamins ar Seicavda. kuki mxolod misTvis gasagebi intuiciiT mixvda, rom saSveli mJave kombosto unda yofiliyo, romlis kasrebiTac sakuTari gemi gaavso da yoveldRe lamis ZaliT aWmevda mezRvaurebs. misma mcdelobam Sedegi gamoiRo da arc pirvel da arc momdevno eqspediciebSi suravandiT aravin daRupula. Tuki xomaldze kuki bolomde akontrolebda situacias, sacdurebiT savse taitize amis gakeTeba gaWirda. adgilobriv lamazmanebTan siyvarulSi Cabmuli iyo uklebliv yvela, mdabioc da aristokratic, Tavad kapitnis garda. ekipaJis aRviraxsniloba kuks guls stkenda da TanamoZmeebisgan aucxoebda. amaze bevri weria mis dRiurSi, romelsac kapitani skrupulozurad awarmoebda. erTaderTi, rac kukma moaxerxa, is iyo, rom ingliselebi aiZula ar daeCagraT kunZulelebi, misi kategoriuli moTxovniT, britanelebs da taitelebs Soris aReb-micemoba da vaWroba unda yofiliyo Tanaswori. qurdobisTvis an sxva danaSaulisTvis kuki xelqveiTebs Zalian mkacrad sjida, magram amis miuxedavad, imasac kargad xvdeboda, rom am absoluturad xelSeuxebel adgi-

taitidan veneraze dakvirveba moxerxda, magram Sedegebi ar iyo saxarbielo, radgan astronomiuli xelsawyoebi, romelic kuks Tan hqonda, srulyofili ar gamodga. imave dRes veneras mzis diskoze gavlas britanelebi kidev msoflios sami sxva wertilidan akvirdebodnen da rodesac oTxive Sedegi Sejerda, ingliselebma msoflioSi pirvejeims kuki taitize msxverplSewirvaze

jeims kuki

lad moaxerxes dedamiwidan mzemde savaraudo manZilis gamoTvla. ase rom, kukis es misia mainc warmatebulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. am davalebis Sesrulebis Semdeg kukma gaxsna saidumlo konverti, romelsac manamde daluquls inaxavda da waikiTxa, rom britaneTis mTavroba mas dedamiwis samxreTiT mdebare idumali kontinentis aRmoCenas da mis briteTis imperiis koloniad gamocxadebas avalebda. XVIII saukunis SuaSi msoflio rukaze jer kidev mravali TeTri wertili iyo da yvela am ucnob teritorias Cveni samyaros samxreTiT moeyara Tavi. evropelebi varaudobdnen, rom ukidures samxreTSi unda yofiliyo uzarmazari kontinenti, romelic Tavisi simdidriT arafriT Camouvardeboda oqroTi da vercxliT mdidar orive amerikas.

magaliTs kidev orma mezRvaurma mibaZa. swored es samni iyvnen pirveli evropelebi, romelTac kani `tatuTi~ daimSvenes. imave bengsma Tan wamoiyvana taiteli, saxelad tupia, romelTan erTadac kukma polineziis kunZulebis da momijnave teritoriis 2000-kilometriani ruka daxaza. ingliseli mogzauri gaocebuli iyo tupias codniT. TavianTi patara xis navebiT polineziis mkvidrebi aTasobiT kilometrs curavdnen, tupia ki kargi zRvaosnis garda, Samani, jadoqari, aRmoCnda da misi codna da avtoriteti araerTxel gamoadgaT mogzaurebs. eziis nili polin ge d Se er mi u s diis r kebi jeims kuki ali zelan ax a d is eb kunZul

dRes ukve viciT, rom dedamiwis samxreTi kontinenti adamianis sacxovreblad uvargisi yinulovani antarqtidaa. maSin ki amis Sesaxeb araferi iyo cnobili. brZanebis wakiTxvisTanave kukma gamgzavrebis samzadisi daiwyo. didgvarovanma jozef bengsma imisTvis, rom londonSi dabrunebisas Tavi moewonebina, adgilobrivebs sTxova misTvis sviringi gaekeTebinaT. mis

aRmoCenebi

jeims kukis Sexvedra maorisTan, tupias naxati

kukis srute, axali zelandia

samwuxarod, erT statiaSi ver aRvwerT kukis yvela Tavgadasavals, magram vityvi, rom misi Semdegi sakvlevi teritoria axali zelandia aRmoCnda. pirvelive Sexvedra adgilobriv maorebTan mkvlelobiT dasrulda. axali zelandiis ragbis nakrebis Sesrulebuli maorebis sabrZolo cekva `haka~ dResac SiSis zars scems mowinaaRmdeges. maSin ki napirze gadasul evropelebze imgvarad imoqmeda, rom erT-erTs nervebma umtyuna da maorebis belads dambaCa daaxala. kukma Zalian ganicada es ambavi, maSinve afrebis aSveba brZana da mxolod asi kilometris gavlis Semdeg miadga xelaxla zelandiis napirebs, iseT adgilas, sadac maT da maT mier Cadenili mkvlelobis Sesaxeb aravin icoda. ingliselebma maorebTan mosalaparakeblad amjerad jadoqari tupia gauSves, romelic mSvenieri elCi gamodga. zelandielebma mogzaurebi moamarages sasmeli wyliT, sanovagiT da yvelafriT, rac evropelebs sWirdebodaT. kukma pirvelma daamtkica, rom axali zelandia ori kunZulisgan Sedgeboda, Semdeg ramdenjerme dabrunda iq da Ruzas mudam am ori kunZulis gasayarze uSvebda, sruteSi, romelsac dRes misi saxeli hqvia. kukis Semdegi gaCereba avstraliis aRmosavleTi sanapiro iyo, adgili, sadac jer arc erT evropels ar daedga fexi. kontinentis dasavleTi sanapiro asi wliT adre moinaxula da aRwera holandielma abel tasmanma, magram teritoria, romelsac axla ingliselebi ikvlevdnen, sruliad ucnobi iyo. aq yvelaferi axali iyo â&#x20AC;&#x201C; mcenareebi, cxovelebi, adamianebi... ai, nawyveti kukis Canawe-

rebidan: `Cven davinaxeT mwevari ZaRlis zomis Tagvisferi cxoveli, sakmaod grZeli kudiT. Tavidan es arseba ZaRls mivamsgavse, magram is moulodnelad kurdRlis Tu irmis msgavsi naxtomebiT gaiqca. is verc erT CemTvis cnobil evropul cxovels ver mivamsgavse...~ albaT mixvdiT, rom jeims kuki kengurus aRwerda. mogvianebiT ingliselebma erTi kenguru mokles da is xomaldis mxatvarma, sruliad axalgazrda sidnei parkinsonma Caxata.

sidnei parkinsonis naxatebi

jeims kuki

ekipaJs dRiTidRe uaxlovdeboda sasikvdilo safrTxe. marjnis didi barieruli rifi is xafangia, romelSic maT merec mravali xomaldi gaeba da mravalic diRupa, kukma da misma ekipaJma ki saocari simtkice, simamace da gadarCenis unari gamoiCina, rodesac rifTan dajaxebis Semdeg xomaldSi gaCenili uzarmazari naxvretis amoqolva SeZlo da mere ki Tavi daaRwia saxifaTo wylebs. oRond gems saswrafod sWirdeboda remonti da kukma iqiT aiRo gezi, sadac evropuli porti batavia (indoneziis dRevandeli dedaqalaqi jakarta) eguleboda.

safosto baraTi `@kapitani kuki â&#x20AC;&#x201C; avstraliis aRmomCeni~

aqve vcadoT warmovidginoT, rogori sapasuxismgeblo profesia unda yofiliyo xomaldis mxatvroba epoqaSi, roca arc fotografia arsebobda da arc kinematografi. adamiani samyaros kideze miemgzavreboda, xifaTiT savse TavgadasavalSi, da misi movaleoba sruliad axali adgilebis, maTi mkvidrebisa da bunebis Caxatva iyo. parkinsonis naxatebma Cvenamde moaRwia. isini araCveulebrivia da gasaocrad zusti. aseTi iyo im drois samecniero eqspediciebi. xomaldze iyvnen mecnierebi, romelTa Segrovebuli masala, iqneboda es mcenareebi Tu cxovelebi, fasdaudebeli iyo da es yvelas Zalian kargad esmoda. Tumca samecniero aRmoCenebis garda, kukis eqspedicias politikuri miznebic hqonda. rogorc axali zelandia, ise avstraliac gemis kapitanma didi britaneTis koloniebad gamoacxada ise, rom adgilobrivTa azri arc ki ukiTxavs.

saukuniT adre holandielebis mier aSenebul bataviaSi gemis SekeTeba moxerxda, magram es adgili daavadebebis namdvili bude aRmoCnda. ekipaJis wevrebi, romelTa janmrTelobas kapitani mTeli mogzaurobis manZilze Zalian ufrTxildeboda, erTimeoris miyolebiT ixocebodnen. pirveli taiteli tupia daiRupa, gardaicvala 23 wlis mxatvari parkinsonic, kidev mravali oficeri da mezRvauri. indoneziidan kukma kursi samSoblosken aiRo, magram sanam londons miaRwevda, misi ekipaJis erTi mesamedi avadmyofobam Seiwira. mogzauroba, romelic ramdenime gverdze aRvwereT, 2 weli da 10 Tve grZeldeboda, magram samSobloSi, ojaxis gverdiT, kuks erTi welic ar gautarebia. misi Semdegi eqspediciis mizani isev idumalebiT moculi samxreTi kontinenti iyo da kukic gaemarTa iqiT, sadac adamians fexi arasodes daedga. oRond Tavad kuks am kontinentis arseboba ar sjeroda, magram is brZanebis da moqmedebis kaci iyo â&#x20AC;&#x201C; mousvenari kaci. 1773 wlis 3 Te-

kukis xomaldi avstraliis aRmosavleT sanapiros CrdiloeTisken auyva, kapitanma mTeli am teritoriis gasaocari sizustis rukebi Seqmna, magram man ar icoda, rom mis

abel tasmani (1603-1659)

aRmoCenebi bervals gemebma `rezoluSenma~ da `edvenCerma~ istoriaSi pirvelad gadakveTes samxreT polaruli wre da kidev ufro samxreTiT â&#x20AC;&#x201C; samyaros kidisken gacures. maTi ekipaJebis gamobrZmedili wevrebi ZrwoliT Sescqerodnen am yinuleTs. samefo xomaldis axali mxatvari uiliam hodjesi ki gaToSili xelebiT xatavda did da patara aisbergebs da maT Soris moqceul ingliselTa gemebs. im zafxuls (samxreT naxevarsferoSi zafxulia maSin, roca CvenTan zamTaria) kukma metad win waweva ver SeZlo, CrdiloeTisken gamotrialda, kvlav moinaxula taiti da axali zelandia, aRmoaCina da gamoikvlia wynari okeanis mravali axali kunZuli, Seadgina maTi rukebi, aRwera iqauri mosaxleoba da buneba. Semdeg wels man xelaxla gadakveTa samxreTis polaruli wre da kvlav aRmoCnda yinuleTis samefoSi, sadac samxreT ganedis 71 graduss miaRwia. gems gza yinulis velebma gadauRoba, amaze samxreTiT curva SeuZlebeli iyo. axalgazrda ambiciuri oficeri da momavalSi cnobili mogzauri vankuveri (visi saxelic kanadis erT-erT mTavar qalaqs hqvia) gemis qimidan win gaSveril anZaze gaZvra da sazeimod gamoacxada, rom masze samxreTiT arc erTi adamiani ar iyo namyofi. es sruli simarTle gaxldaT.

uiliam hodjesi (1744 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1797)

ukan gamobrunebulma kukma moinaxula aRdgomisa da markizis kunZulebi, kvlavac Seiara taitize, iqidan kunZul fijize, sadac adgilobriv aborigenebTan ramdenime Setakebac mouxda, mere ki magelanis srutis gavliT atlantis okeaneSi dabrunda, gezi afrikisken aiRo, sadac keiptaunSi xomaldi SeakeTa da inglisSi dabrunda.

xomaldebi `rezoluSeni~ da `edvenCeri~, mxatvari uiliam hodjesi

jeims kuki

jeims kukis meore da mesame eqspedicia

meore eqspedicia, 1772-1775

mesame eqspedicia, 1776-1779

am meore eqspediciis dros jeims kukis janmrTeloba Seirya. dRes SeiZleba mxolod vivaraudoT, ra daavadeba tanjavda mogzaurs, magram misi seni namdvilad seriozuli iyo. antarqtidis napirebTan is kinaRam mokvda. inglisSi dabrunebuls, wesiT, janmrTelobaze unda ezruna da pensiaze efiqra, magram rodesac im drois oTxma gavlenianma politikosma sadilad miipatiJa da axal TavgadasavalSi gamgzavreba SesTavaza, jeims kuki dauyovneblad daTanxmda. saqme exeboda egreT wodebuli `Crdilo-dasavleTis~ gasasvlelis povnas. britaneTi dainteresebuli iyo CineTTan vaWrobiT. iq mosaxvedrad inglisur gemebs unda gaecuraT sami okeanis wylebi da afrikisTvis da mTeli evraziisTvis SemoevloT gars. ra iqneboda, Tuki atlantis okeanidan wynari okeanisken gasasvlels evropelebi kanadis da aliaskis SemovliT ipovnidnen? am wylebze TiTqmis araferi iyo cnobili, SeiZleboda ki iq gavla? es kuksa da mis axal eqspedicias unda daedgina. mogvianebiT, am eqspediciis wevrebi igonebdnen, rom axal mogzaurobaSi maT TiTqos sxva kapitani xelmZRvanelobdaT. kuki Seicvala. gamgzavrebis win piradad ar Cautarebia xomaldebis teqnikuri Semowmeba (ramac Semdgom araerTi problema gaaCina), adre yovelTvis mezRvaurebze mzrunveli, axla uxeSi da ukacuri gaxda, aravis uziarebda sakuTar gegmebs, gadawyvetilebebis miRebas agvianebda. rac mTavaria, adamiani, romelic adgilobriv aborigenebTan jorj vankuveri (1757-1798)

aRmoCenebi

jeims kukis mier Sedgenili havais kunZulebis ruka

Sexvedrisas mudmivad iCenda taqts da yovelTvis maqsimalurad cdilobda konfliqtis Tavidan acilebas, axla namdvili RvTis risxva gamxdariyo sxvadasxva kunZulelebisTvis da patara danaSaulis gamoc ki sastikad sjida maT. jeims kuki kvlav aRmoCnda wynar okeaneSi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; wylebSi, romlebsac yvelaze kargad icnobda da albaT uyvarda kidec. 1777 wlis agvistoSi man ukanasknelad moinaxula taiti, iqidan ki CrdiloeTisken aiRo gezi, ekvatori gadakveTa da Secura wylebSi, sadac arasodes iyo namyofi. swored kukis am ukanasknelma eqspediciam aRmoaCina havais kunZulebi, romelsac mogzaurma lordi sendviCis pativsacemad sendviCis kunZulebi uwoda. kuki gaaoca iman, rom havaelebis ena gaigo, aRmoCnda, rom isinic polinezielebis monaTesave enaze laparakobdnen, rac imas niSnavda, rom odesRac polinezielma zRvaosnebma aqamdec moaRwies. kukma CrdiloeTiT gaagrZela gza da miadga dRevandeli kanadis dasavleT napirebs, im provincias, romelsac dRes britanuli kolumbia ewodeba. aq mas didxans mouwia saremontod Seyovneba, gaicno adgilobrivi indielebi, daumegobrda maT beladebs da rodesac iqauroba datova da kidev ufro CrdiloeTiT gacura, warmodgenac ar hqonda, rom britanelebma indielebs gadasdes yvavilis daavadeba, riTic momavalSi tomis naxevarze meti unda gawyvetiliyo. kuki CrdiloeTiT miuyveboda jer kanadis da Semedeg aliaskis napirebs da Sedioda

nebismier yureSi, raTa epova is naxevradmiTiuri gasasvleli, romelic momavalSi mas da mis qveyanas uzamazar mogebas moutanda. bolos marTla gaZvra or kontinents Soris arsebul sruteSi, romelsac beringis srute ewodeba, magram srutis CrdiloeTiT gauvali yinuleTi daxvda. yinulma ukve meored gadauRoba gza inglisels. britanelebma Zlivs moaxerxes ukan gamobruneba da samxreTisken aiRes gezi, raTa Tbil wylebSi gamoezamTraT da Semdeg zafxulSi isev ecadaT bedi. kukis eqspedicia isev havais kunZulebs miadga â&#x20AC;&#x201C; swored aq eloda saxelovan kapitans sikvdili. yvelaferi ase moxda: 1779 wlis ianvarSi kukma havais napirebTan CauSva Ruza. Tavidan, adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan ingliselebs problema ar hqoniaT, magram urTierToba nel-nela daiZaba. kuki yoveldRe xedavda napirze Sekrebil aTasobiT SeiaraRebul meomars. iqauroba mogzaurebs kargs arafers uqadda. aman aiZula havai mietovebina da gamosazamTreblad sxva, ufro uxifaTo adgili eZebna, magram zRvaSi gasuli misi ori gemidan erT-erTi maleve seriozulad dazianda da kuki iZulebuli gaxda imave yureSi dabrunebuliyo, saidanac is-is iyo aiyara. amjerad havaelebi daufaravi siZulviliT daxvdnen, Tanac maT erTxel ukve misces ingliselebs sarCo-sanovage da axla evropelebis swrafi mobruneba gaZarcvis mcdelobad aRiqves. gaxSirda havaelTa mxridan qurdoba, rasac mudmivad axlda evropelTa da aborigenTa Cxubi, romelic yovel jerze sul ufro saxifaTo formebs iRebda. rodesac 14 Tebervals xomaldi `rezoluSenidan~ saukeTeso navi gaqra, kuki

jeims kuki

iaraRis gamoyeneba misTvis yovelTvis saSveli iyo. axlac pirvelma gaisrola, magram gasrolam mxolod gaamxeca havaelebi. kuki kefaSi Subis dartymiT adgilze mokles, masTan erTad daiRupa oTxi jariskaci, eqvsma ki brZoliT moaxerxa navebisken gzis gakvleva da mxolod mowmeebi gaxdnen imisa, rogor umowyalod Cexavdnen kunZulelebi maTi kapitnis sxeuls. meore dRes ingliselebma napirze desanti gadmosxes, havaelTa sofeli gadawves da brZoliT moaxerxes kapitnis sxeulis narCenebis dabruneba. rogorc mezRvaurTa wesi iyo, kukis neSti okeanes miabares.

doqtori daniel solanderi, ser jozef banki, kapitani jeims kuki, doqtori jon hokesvorTi da lordi sendviCi

aTi jariskacis TanxlebiT Tavad gadavida napirze, mivida havaelebis dasaxlebaSi da tyved aiyvana maTi beladi kapaniopa, romelic moparul navSi unda gaecvala. rodesac ingliselebma napirs miaRwies, iq aTasobiT SeiaraRebuli havaeli daxvdaT, kapaniopa ki gajiutda da britanelTa xomaldze wasvlaze uari ganacxada. kunZulelebma evropelebs qvebi dauSines, ingliselebi navebisken ixevdnen, maT ki fexdafex misdevdnen havaeli mebrZolebi. jeims kuki bevrjer iyo namyofi msgavs situaciaSi da cecxlsasroli

aseTi iyo am niWieri da dauRalavi kacis aRsasruli. misi mesame eqspedicia samSobloSi kapitnis gareSe dabrunda. 56 wlisa daqvrivda misi meuRle da erTaderTi siyvaruli elizabet kuki, romelic eqvsive Svilis sikvdils moeswro da sanam 93 wlis asakSi gardaicvleboda, Zalian ucnauri saqcieli Caidina. moxucma qalma RumelSi dawva misTvis jeimsis mier miwerili yvela werili. saqme isaa, rom mogzaurobebSi wasuli kuki regularulad swerda meuRles da radgan okeaneebis SoreTebidan inglisSi werili ver Cavidoda, saxlSi dabrunebuli pirdapir werilebis dastas abarebda betis. swored es werilebi gaanadgura elizabet kukma, romelmac albaT CaTvala, rom isini mxolod mas ekuTvnoda da ara â&#x20AC;&#x201C; kacobriobas...

jeims kukis mkvleloba havaize

musika

rixard vagnerze 13 ambavi maia sigua preludi imis warmosadgenad, Tu ramdenad SesaZlebelia erT adamianSi Tavi moiyaros brwyinvale literatorma da mweralma, maxvilgonierma publicistma da polemikosma, Tavgamodebulma anarqistma da mogvianebiT – monarqistma, saSinelma antisemitma, msoflioSi erT-erTma pirvelma da Tan Zalian warmatebulma prodiuserma, moRalate megobarma, mosiyvarule qmarma, TvalTmaqcma qveSevrdomma da yvela drois erT-erTma udidesma kompozitorma, diriJorma da reformatorma, ubralod unda gaixsenoT rihard vagneri. xolo Tu ggoniaT, rom arasodes araferi gagigiaT an gsmeniaT masze, magram, samagierod, ginaxavT: „beWdebis mbrZanebeli“, an marvelis „Toris“ filmebi, an „samefo karis TamaSebi“, an „hari poteri“, an odesme TavSi azrad mogsvliaT, rom musika, romelic axla, filmis yurebisas, gesmiT, aSkarad am filmis romeliRac personaJs ukavSirdeba, an odesme mZime metals an ramStainis musikas gautacixarT, an disneilendSi mZinare mzeTunaxavis sasaxlisTvis mogikravT Tvali, maSin icodeT, rom am yvelaferSi da sxva bevr moulodnel movlenaSic is kvalia, romelmac, Tu gayvebiT, SesaZloa swored vagneramde migiyvanoT. aseve pirvelive notebiT icnobT mis „valkiriebis gafrenas“, saqorwino marSs, romelic mendelsonisas Tanabar konkurencias uwevs da Tan – imRereba kidec. da es yvelaferi vagneris SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobis erTi pawawina nawilia da danarCen, uzarmazar nawilTan erTad iqmneboda CaxlarTuli, burusiT moculi ambebiT, faTerakebiT da yvelaze moulodneli SemobrunebebiT savse 69 wlis manZilze. 69-wliani cxovreba ki daiwyo, gagrZelda da damTavrda yvelaze uiRblo an, SesaZloa, yvelaze iRbliani cifriT – 13-iT. am cxovrebasac 13 ambad mogiTxrobT, romelTac, vagneris operebiviT, sam moqmedebad davyof.

rihard vagneri

brulis quCa, saxli #3 N , laifcigi, saxli, sadac daibada rihard vagneri

laifcigis wminda Tomas eklesia

pirveli moqmedeba I ambavi: laifcigi, 1813 saerTod, am wels iRblians ver daarqmevdiT. evropa mTeli ZaliT ebrZoda napoleons da vera da ver amarcxebda. magram msoflios musikis moyvarulebisTvis es erT-erTi yvelaze bednieri weli gamodga. man XIX saukunis romantikuli operis ori geniosi Sva. maisSi laifcigSi dabadebul rihard vagners da oqtomberSi parmis patara sofel le ronkoleSi dabadebul juzepe verdis erTmaneTis maradiuli konkurentoba ergoT wilad. brulis quCa laifcigSi ebrauli kvartalis nawilad iTvleboda. swored aq, # 3 # saxlSi, daibada rihard vagneri. Cvili wminda Tomas eklesiaSi monaTles. taZarSi, romelSic ukanaskneli wlebi gaatara da gansasvenebeli hpova barokos musikis gigantma, iohan sebastian baxma, daiwyo romantikuli operis gigantis cxovrebis gza. vagneris mama misi dabadebidan naxevari wlis Semdeg gardaicvala da deda msaxiob da dramaturg ludvig gaierze gaTxovda. rihardi 14 wlamde gaieris gvars atarebda da namdvil mamadac swored mas miiCnevda. mogvianebiT imasac varaudobda, rom gaieri ebraeli iyo. es varaudi mis cxovrebaSi arsebul uTvalav winaaRmdegobriobaTa Soris erT-erTi yvelaze gamorCeuli unda yofiliyo, radgan antisemitizmi dRemde rCeba vagneris araerTgvarovani reputaciis yvelaze bnel nawilad. xSirad swored is uSlis xels musikis mraval moyvaruls, misi SemoqmedebiT bolomde da gulwrfelad aRfrTovanebaSi. II ambavi: Teatri gaierma ojaxi drezdenSi waiyvana. rihardma pirveli gakveTilebi, maT Soris musikaSic, am qalaqSi miiRo. Tavi didad ar gamouCenia, wesierad gamis dakvrac ki ar SeeZlo da arc gakveTilebi exaliseboda. Teatri erCivna da dramaturgobas apirebda. skolaSi naswavli goeTes da Seqspiris nawarmoebebidan miRebuli STabeWdilebebi saswrafod Tavis Teatralur namuSevarSi ganaxorciela ambiciuri saxelwodebiT – „leibaldi“, tragedia. marTalia, 13 wlis biWis es nawarmoebi mogvianebiT masve sasacilod ar eyofoda, magram, kompozitori vagneri Tavis kolegebs Soris is iSviaTi gamonaklisia, vinc mudam TviTon werda sakuTari operebisTvis libretoebs. siuJetur safuZvlad miTologias irCevda, masSi Semonaxul Tqmulebebs erTmaneTs ostaturad ukavSirebda da ambavs Tavisi Sexedulebebisamebr amuSavebda. pirveli sami operis garda juzepe fortunino verdi (1813-1901) italieli kompozitori, XIX saukunis italiuri operis yvelaze gamorCeuli xelovani. misi nawarmoebebi idgmeba msoflios yvela saopero TeatrSi.

musika (romelic didad TviTonac ar uyvarda), romelime mwerlis nawarmoebi uSualo pirvelwyarod arasodes gamouyenebia. amasTanave, teqstisa da musikis avtoroba vagners exmareboda, gamoenaxa iseTi sityvebi, romelic maqsimalurad Sesaferisi iqneboda musikaluri frazebisTvis da, meore mxriv, daewera iseTi musikaluri frazebi, romlebic SeZlebisdagvarad daemsgavseboda sametyvelo frazebis bunebriv JReradobas. aseT Serwymas yvela kompozitori ver aRwevs da zogi arc cdilobs. magram vagnerisTvis opera erTiani xelovnebis nawarmoebi iyo, romlis Semadgeneli yvela elementi – ambavi, poeturi teqsti, xma, orkestri, Teatraluri TamaSi – erTmaneTs bunebrivad unda Serwymoda. am gziT ki, siuJetSi asaxuli movlenebi sinamdvilesTan rac SeiZleba miaxloebuli unda gamxdariyo. amitomac vagneris personaJebis musikaluri metyveleba ar hgavs Cveulebriv saopero ariebs, duetebs an ansamblebs. isini ufro musikaluri monologebi an dialogebia. reformis ganxorcielebisas vagnerma araerT saintereso musikalur xerxs miagno da arsebuli ganaviTara. laitmotivuri sistema, usasrulo melodia, gamWoli, anu uwyveti ganviTareba – es xerxebi ganuyoflad daukavSirda mis saxels da msoflio musikalur industriaze dRemde uzarmazar gavlenas axdens.

rihard vagneris maminacvali ludvig gaieri (1779-1821) da deda joana (1774-1848)

Tumca, sanam tragedia „leibaldis“ 13 wlis avtoridan operis gavlenian reformatorad iqceoda, vagners jer musika cota ukeT unda eswavla. sabednierod, drezdenSi swored im periodSi cxovrobda da moRvaweobda karl maria veberi – pirveli erovnuli germanuli romantikuli operebis avtori. misma „jadosnurma msrolelma“ gamebis uxeiro damkvrels musikis gakveTilebisken kvlav moubruna guli. III ambavi: beThovenis efeqti 1827 wels ojaxi laifcigSi dabrunda. axalgazrda vagneri harmoniis swavlas Seudga. dramaturgobis survils saboloo dartyma laifcigis sakoncerto darbazSi, gevandhauzSi, mosmenilma beThovenis me-9 simfoniam miayena. efeqti imdenad didi iyo, rom 15 wlis asakSi sabolood gadawyvita kompozitori gamxdariyo. im RirsSesaniSnavi dRis Semdeg mTeli cxovreba aRmerTebda beThovens da mis mecxres. mas miuZRvna aRtacebiTa da mowiwebiT aRsavse moTxroba „momlocveloba beThovenTan“. mogvianebiT, roca drezdenSi meore kapelmaisteris mokrZalebuli Tanamdeboba daikava, SeuZ-

erTiani (an mTliani) xelovnebis nawarmoebi (Gesamtkunstwerk) iyo vagneris novatoruli ideebisa da saopero reformis mTavari mizani da amosavali, saidanac misi sakuTari „momavlis musikaluri nawarmoebi“ unda amozrdiliyo. aseTi nawarmoebis idealuri nimuSebi mas evripidemde Seqmnil antikur tragediebSi eguleboda, sadac sityva, musika da moZraoba erTmaneTisgan ganuyofeli iyo. amgvari idealis Ziebis da Camoyalibebis gzaze vagneri iqca operis iseT reformatorad, romelic evropul musikas qristof vilibald glukis Semdeg ar movlenia. gluki da vagneri, gansxvavebiT mocartisa da, nawilobriv, verdisgan, operis mTavar Semadgenel nawilad dramas miiCnevdnen, Semdeg – musikas, romelsac dramis emociuri Zala da gamomsaxveloba unda gaeZlierebina da gaesrulyofilebina. sxva kompozitorebs operis umTavres elementad miaCndaT jer musika, xolo Semdeg sityva da misiT gadmocemuli drama. mocarti operebs swored am rwmeniT werda da arasodes damarcxebula.

rihard vagneri

lebeli SeZlo, rom nebarTva mieRo, Seesrulebina misTvis saTayvano me-9 simfonia da damsaxurebuli aRiareba moetana drezdenelebis mier usamarTlod aTvalwunebuli am SedevrisTvis. metic, sakuTari nawarmoebebis Sesasruleblad sagangebod agebul TeatrSi sakuTarive saxelobis festivalic beThovenis mecxreTi gaxsna. es erTaderTi nawarmoebia, romelic vagners ar dauweria, magram bairoiTis vagneris festivalze sruldeba. beThovenisadmi siyvarulis nawilobriv Sedegad SeiZleba CavTvaloT isic, rom vagneris operebi am Janris sxva nimuSebs Soris yvelaze „simfoniuria“. TiTqmis yvela maTganis instrumentuli Sesavlebi, interludiebi da orkestrisTvis gadatanili calkeuli vokaluri epizodebi Zalian xSirad damoukidebel sakoncerto simfoniur nawarmoebebad sruldeba. aseTebia: „mfrinavi holandielis“ da „tanhoizeris“ uvertiurebi, „loengrinis“, „tristan da izoldas“ Sesavlebi, izoldas sikvdilis scena, „rainis oqros“ Sesavali, „valkiriebis gafrena“, „zigfridis idilia“ da „samgloviaro marSi“ tetralogiidan „nibelungis beWedi“, „parsifalis“ Sesavali da „wiTeli paraskevis musika“... IV ambavi: mogzaurobis dasawyisi 18 wlis asakSi vagneri laifcigis universitetis studenti gaxda. paralelurad, kompozicias baxis Soreul kolegasTan, wminda Tomas eklesiis kantor Teodor vailingTan swavlobda, romelic mowafis niWiT ise aRfrTovanda, rom gakveTilebis safasurze uari Tqva. amave wlebSi dawera vag-

bairoiTis safestivalo Teatris mSenebloba

nerma Tavisi pirveli, ZiriTadad instrumentuli, nawarmoebebi, romlebic beThovenis Zlier gavlenas ganicdida. rac Seexeba pirvel operebs – 20 da 23 wlis asakSi daweril „feriebs“ da „siyvarulis akrZalvas“ – warumatebeli sapremiero warmodgenebis Semdeg kompozitoris sicocxleSi arc erTi maTgani aRar dadgmula da dResac ukiduresad iSviaTad, TiTqmis ar idgmeba. am wlebSi dauaxlovda vagneri moZraoba „axalgazrda germaniis“ wevrebs da amave periodSi gamoCnda misi pirveli statiebic, sadac TandaTan isaxeboda misi nacionalizmi. axalgazrda musikosi germaniis sxvadasxva qalaqis TeatrebSi muSaobda da samuSao adgilebs xSirad icvlida. magdeburgSi is Tavis momaval cols, msaxiob mina planers Sexvda. es mSvenieri, magram rTuli xasiaTis qali male autaneli gaxda vagnerisTvis da momavali aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi misi gauTavebeli xetialic, yvela sxva mizezTan erTad, minasgan gaqcevis surviliTac iyo gamowveuli. Tumca, xetialis mTavari mizezi mainc finansebi iyo. ufuloba vagners cxovrebis daaxloebiT bolo meoTxedamde Tan sdevda. swored amitom Tanxmdeboda kompoziciisTvis gankuTvnili dro diriJoris poziciaze, sxvebis operebis momzadebasa da SesrulebaSi gaetarebina.

ludvig van beThoveni (1770-1827)

seriozuli problemebi rigaSi daiwyo. vagneri imedovnebda, rigis Teatris musikaluri direqtoris Tanamdeboba cotaTi mainc uSvelida mas ekonomikuri problemebisgan Tavis daRwevaSi da SeaZlebinebda, daemTavrebina misi axali, grandiozuli opera – „rienci, ukanaskneli romaeli tribuni“. magram Teatrma kontraqti ar gaugrZela da mevaleebma saxlis zRurbli autalaxes. vagnerebi iZulebuli gaxdnen rigidan RamiT, Cu-

musika mad gaparuliyvnen. Tan mxolod ubadruki bargi da „riencis“ daumTavrebeli xelnaweri waiRes. Zveli, danjRreuli gemiT, „TetisiT“, da warmatebis imediT kompozitori parizSi gaemgzavra. meore moqmedeba V ambavi: Serisxulebi da moxetialeebi parizi maSin msoflios kulturuli dedaqalaqi iyo. iq miiswrafodnen yvelani, visac xelovnebaSi warmatebis miRweva da varskvlavebs Soris adgilis damkvidreba surda. axalgazrda da ambiciuri germanelisaTvis es qalaqi arcTu mowyale gamodga. parizis saopero wreebSi im dros ebrauli warmomavlobis germaneli jakomo maierberi batonobda, romelic vagners keTilganwyobiT Sexvda da daxmarebasac dahpirda. erTi wlis Semdeg vagnerma parizis „grand operis“ impresarios „riencis“ dasrulebuli partitura gaugzavna. es opera, Tavisi revoluciuri SinaarsiTac da grandoperis JanrisTvis damaxasiaTebeli pompezurobiTac, TiTqos sruliad misaRebi unda yofiliyo, miT ufro, rom maierberis rekomendaciac axlda, magram impresariom nawarmoebi mainc ar miiRo. parizSi, adamianebiT dasaxlebul am udabnoSi (ase moixseniebs parizs erT-erT ariaSi verdis opera `traviatas~ mTavari gmiri – violeta) vagneri sruliad unugeSod darCa da mogvianebiT es mdgomareoba brwyinvaled aRwera Tavis erT-erT moTxrobaSi „aRsasruli parizSi“. sinamdvileSi, aRsasruli ar damdgara. vagneri jiutad ganagrZobda muSaobas da Tavis sarCenad dawerili simRerebis, „galopebisa da popurebis“ gverdiT, Tavis axal operaze, „mfrinav holandielze“, muSaobda. esaa opera, sadac pirvelad gaisma vagneris,

momlocveloba beThovenTan

rogorc damoukidebeli, gavlenebisgan Tavisufali da mravali siaxlis damnergavi kompozitoris xma, gamoCnda misTvis ase damaxasiaTebeli laitmotivuri sistema da uwyveti, gamWoli ganviTareba. ase daiwyo saopero Janris reforma. esaa pirveli opera, romlisTvisac libreto, „Tetisze“ Stormisas miRebuli sazareli STabeWdilebebis Semdeg, vagnerma TviTon dawera. dawyevlili, imedgadawuruli, sasowarkveTili, maradiuli xetialisTvis ganwiruli mfrinavi holandielis saxe maSin ise miesadageboda kompozitors, rogorc arasodes. mfrinavi holandieli maradiuli wyevlisgan qalis siyvarulma ixsna. Serisxuli da daRupvisTvis ganwiruli mTavari gmiris Secdomebis gamosyidva masze Seyvarebuli, erTguli qalis sicocxlis fasad – mogvianebiT vagneris kidev erT adreul SedevrSi, „tanhoizerSi“, gameordeba. Secdomis, codvis gamosyidva ucodveli sicocxlis nebayoflobiTi gawirviT – vagneris saopero siuJetebis erT-erTi mTavari laitmotivi gaxdeba.

laifcigis universiteti

rihard vagneri

mina planeri (1809-1866)

Teodor vailingi (1780-1842)

Tavad vagneri ki parizSi aRsasrulisgan drezdenma ixsna. iq operis Teatrma „riencis“ dadgmaze Tanxmoba ganacxada. sami wlis Tavze kompozitori kvlav gzas daadga.

lis“ premieraSi. magram am premieram mayurebeli saxtad datova. es nawarmoebi srulebiT ar hgavda „riencis“ avtoris dawerils. maTTvis is metismetad pirquSi, usixarulo da, rac mTavaria, metismetad axleburi gamodga. arada, swored „holandielia“ pirveli namdvilad vagneriseuli opera da ukve didi xania dadgmebis raodenobiT da popularobiT Zalian Sors gaaswro „riencis“.

VI ambavi: kvlav drezdeni „riencis“ premieram triumfiT Caiara. sixaruls isic aZlierebda, rom sopranos partia imRera imdroindeli operis varskvlavma vilhelmine Sreder-devrientma, romlis brwyinvale xelovnebis Tayvanismcemlad vagneri jer kidev drezdenSi gatarebuli bavSvobis dros iqca. momdevno wels Sreder-devrientma sentas (senta – „mfrinavi holandielis“ mTavari personaJi qali. imisTvis, rom holandiels erTguleba daumtkicos da wyevlisgan ixsnas, is kldidan zRvaSi gadaeSveba da iRupeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom saxeli senta am operamde ar arsebobda da is vagnerma gamoigona) partia Seasrula „mfrinavi holandie-

scena operidan „rienci, ukanaskneli romaeli tribuni“

drezdenSi vagnerma simSvide moipova. operis kapelmaisterad daniSvnam saSualeba misca, daewera axali opera „tanhoizeri“, romelic 1845 wels daidga. am operis premieridan ramdenime dReSi miunxenSi daibada bavariis momavali mefe ludvig II, romelmac mogvianebiT udidesi roli iTamaSa vagneris cxovrebaSi. drezdenSive daasrula vagnerma „loengrini“ – umSvenieresi musikiT gadmocemuli romantikuli legenda sxivmosil raindze, romelic dedamiwas Cagrul adamianTa dasaxsnelad moevlina da siyvaruli ipova, magram swored sayvareli adamianis undoblobam aiZula zecaSi dabrunebuliyo. am nawarmoebSi axal safexurze gadadis vagneris sakompozitoro ostatoba, teqnikis srulyofileba, musikis daxvewiloba, matulobs laitmotivebis raodenoba, romelic dakvirvebul msmenels saSualebas aZlevs operaSi moTxrobili ambis ara mxolod scenaze mimdinare ganviTarebas adevnos Tvali, aramed musikaSi daSifruli qveteqstebi, personaJTa uTqmeli fiqrebi da qcevis motivebi amoikiTxos. xolo operis didebul SesavalSi vagneri, TiTqos filmis reJisoriao, aCvenebs, rogor iqceva maRla, zecaSi gamomkrTali sinaTlis sxivi dedamiwaze TandaTan Camomaval brwyinvale raindad.

musika am periodSi vagneri erTdroulad ramdenime proeqtze muSaobda. maT srulad ganxorcielebas misi momavali cxovrebis ramdenime aTwleuli dasWirda. VII ambavi: amboxebuli da braldebuli rihard vagneri mousvenari kaci iyo. operebis – libretoebis da musikis – weris da Sesrulebis garda, misi goneba sxva uamravi sakiTxiTac iyo dakavebuli. misi werilebi musikasTan erTad sul ufro da ufro xSirad exeboda filosofias, esTetikas da... politikas. misi politikuri Sexedulebebi ki sul ufro radikaluri xdeboda. drezdenis quCebs revolucia uaxlovdeboda. vagneris saxli radikalurad ganwyobil adamianebs maspinZlobda, maT Soris – rus nihilists da anarqists mixail bakunins. male aristokratebis winaaRmdeg ajanyebam ifeTqa, romlis erT-erTi meTauri swored bakunini iyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom sakuTari musikaluri kariera uzarmazari safrTxis winaSe daayena, vagneri revoluciis Ria da aqtiur mxardamWerad iqca. werda da aqveynebda manifestebs, Cndeboda barikadebze, safrTxeSi agdebda sakuTar sicocxles da ajanyebulebis sasargeblod jaSuSobda kidec. es SeumCneveli ar darCenila. 1849 wlis maisSi gamoica misi dapatimrebis brZaneba, ukanono revoluciur moqmedebebSi monawileobis gamo. magram vagneri maSin jer kidev ar iyo verdiviT saxelganTqmuli, rom quCaSi ecnoT, brZanebaSi ki misi garegnoba Zali-

jakomo maierberi (1791-1864)

an daudevrad iyo aRwerili. manac amiT isargebla da parizSi gacnobili maSindeli supervarskvlavis, franc listis daxmarebiT, saqsoniidan SveicariaSi gaiqca. amieridan, Tormeti wlis ganmavlobaSi, germaniis miwaze fexis dadgmisTanave cixe eloda. VIII ambavi: „SeSlili“ mefis gamoCena am dros vagneri Tavs metwilad mwerlobiT irCenda. dawera Tavisi umTavresi naSromebi: „xelovneba da revolucia“, „momavlis musikaluri nawarmoebi“, „opera da drama“, romlebic ara marto mis Sexedulebebs asaxavs, aramed im periodis germanuli saliteraturo enis srulyofil magaliTebsac warmoadgens. amave periodiTaa daTariRebuli misi yvelaze sazareli publikaciac – „iudeveloba musikaSi“. masSi areklili saSineli antisemitizmis efeqti dRemde daRavs vagneris – geniosi kompozitoris saxels. amasobaSi, vaimarSi mis gareSe didi warmatebiT gaimarTa „loengrinis“ premiera, romelsac listi diriJorobda. am premieris Semdeg vagneris saxeli, samSobloSic da mis farglebs gareTac, yvelas pirze ekera. „loengrini“ iRbliani opera aRmoCnda. swored misi mosmenis Semdeg iqca bavariis 15 wlis kronprinci ludvigi vagneris udides Tayvanismcemlad, xolo Tavad opera – princisTvis ganridebisa da sulieri TavSesafris simbolod. swored „loengriniT“ STagonebulma ludvigma aaSena msoflios erT-erTi umSvenieresi sasaxle „noiSvanStaini“ – gedis sasaxle (sityvasityviT niSnavs „axali gedis kldes“, radgan sasaxle kldezea agebuli), gedi umniSvnelovanesi saxea „loengrinSi“ (gedi bavariis samefos simboloc

vagneris xelnaweri, `mfrinavi holandielis~ pirveli gverdi

parizis „grand opera“

rihard vagneri

rihard vagneris savizito baraTi 1850-iani wlebi

sikis Tayvanismcemeli iyo, Tavad kompozitori ar gaacno. oto afinansebda ciurixSi vagneris cxovrebis xarjebs, risi wyalobiTac kompozitors saSualeba mieca Tavisi grandiozuli ideis – tetralogia „nibelungis beWdis“ – weras Sesdgomoda. xuTi wlis Semdeg vagneri dasaxlda vezendonkebis mamulis patara kotejSi, romelsac „savane“ uwoda da akrZaluli siyvarulic ewvia. mas matilde vezendonki Seuyvarda. tetralogiis wera Sewyvita da matildes leqsebze xuTi umSvenieresi simRera dawera. es cikli cnobilia saxelwodebiT Wesendonck Lieder (vezendonkis simRerebi).

iyo) – operaSi swored is miiyvans gmirs brabantis samefoSi da Semdeg, gulgatexils, ukan waiyvans. „loengrinis“ premieris periodSi vagners samSobloSi ar Caesvleboda. mudmivad TavSesafris ZiebaSi iyo, sadac axal operebTan dakavSirebul uTvalav ideas mSvidad Seasxamda xorcs. aseT TavSesafrad misTvis Sveicarieli mdidari biznesmenis oto vezendonkis mamulSi mdebare patara koteji iqca. aq, keTili maspinZlis wyalobiT, mas SeeZlo prozauli sazrunavebi daeviwyebina da mTeli yuradReba mxolod SemoqmedebisTvis daeTmo. mesame moqmedeba IX ambavi: opera rihardisa da matildesi matilde vezendonki, oto vezendonkis saTno da mSvenieri meuRle, mSvidad atarebda Tavis dReebs ciurixis mdidrul vilaSi, sanam erT dRes qmarma, romelic vagneris mu-

vilhelmine Sreder-devrienti (1804-1860) opera `riencSi~

am siyvarulis STagonebiT daibada vagneris erT-erTi yvelaze rTuli da „giJuri“ opera „tristani da izolde“, romelic mis da matildes urTierTobas ireklavda: keTili mecenati oto vezendonki daaxloebiT iseTsave mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda, rogorc mark mefe, romlisganac tristani yvelafriT iyo davalebuli, romlisTvisac sicocxles daufiqreblad gaswiravda da maincdamainc misi coli Seuyvarda. rogorc yovelTvis, operis libreto vagnerma Tavad dawera da Tavisi grZnobebis ukidegano siRrme erTnairad gadmoafrqvia rogorc sityvebis, ise musikis saSualebiT. Tumca, mas hqonda pirvelwyaro – kelti mgosnebisa da frangi poeti raindebis, truverebis, mier Seqmnili romantikuli poema „wigni tristanisa da izoldasi“. misgan gansxvavebiT, vagneris operaSi siyvarulis da sikvdilis Temebi ganuyofelia erTmaneTisgan, aseve emateba iseTi Temebi, rogoricaa Rame – Seyvarebulebis mfarveli da tkbili tanjva da uimedoba – amqveynad siyvarulis SeuZleblobis gamo. matildes da vagneris siyvaruli ki namdvilad SeuZlebeli iyo da am ambavs wertili minam dausva. col-qmris morigi dapirispireba imiT dasrulda, rom vagnerma datova ciurixi da veneciaSi marto gaemgzavra. Tumca, vezendonkebTan urTierToba ar gauwyvetia. otoc agrZelebda mis finansur mxardaWeras. „tristaniT“ dasrulda vagneris saopero reformis momzadeba da ganviTareba. es pirveli srulad reformatoruli nawarmoebia. mTel operaSi mTeli yuradReba grZnobebis dabadebaze, ganviTarebaze, siRrmezea gadatanili da amitom Zalian cotaa moqme-

musika brZaneba vagneris dapatimrebis Sesaxeb

revolucia drezdenSi

deba scenaze. aq grZnobebi moqmedebs da maTi ganviTareba iseTi rTuli da CaxlarTulia, rom erTi dueti SeiZleba oc wuTze metxans gagrZeldes, rac imdroindeli operisTvis sruliad warmoudgeneli ram iyo. amave nawarmoebSi, preludSi, anu SesavalSive gamoCnda vagneris musikaluri xelweris erT-erTi yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli harmonia – „tristanis akordi“, romlis raobaze, musikologebSi dRemde ar arsebobs saerTo azri. ar ifiqroT, rom kompozitori vagneri Teoretikosi vagneris ideebis mona-morCili gaxldaT. Tu musikas sWirdeboda, mSvenivrad arRvevda Tavisive mofiqrebul-damkvidrebuli reformis wesebs. ase, yvela am wesis uaryofaa misi „niurnbergeli maisterzingerebi“: esaa komikuri opera, aqvs uvertiura („tanhoizeris“ Semdeg vagnerma uvertiurebi SesavlebiT, anu preludebiT Secvala), monawileoben realuri istoriuli personaJebi da safuZvladac realurad momxdari ambavi udevs da ara – miTologia. musikaSi ki gamWoli ganviTareba, saWiroebisamebr, dasrulebuli nomruli sistemiT icvleba. erT-erTi aseTi nomeri, erT-erTi mniSvnelovani personaJis – volfram fon eSenbaxis romansi „o, Zvirfaso mwuxris varskvlavo“ (Oh du mein holder Abendstern) am operis namdvili margalitia da damoukideblad, sakoncerto scenebzec xSirad sruldeba. magram davubrundeT „tristans“. am operis sirTule Tavad avtorsac aSinebda. amaze matildes parizidan miswera, sadac kvlav imedovnebda Tavisi operebis dadgmas. parizma, adrindeliviT, dabejiTebiT uaryo „tristani“, xolo „tanhoizerisTvis“ mxolod sami dadgma gaimeta. amis Semdeg vagnerma drezdenis operasTan daiwyo molaparakebebi da daiTanxma kidec, magram, 77 repeticiis Semdeg „tristani“ „SesrulebisTvis SeuZlebeli sirTulis“ nawarmoebad cnes. amasobaSi, vagnerma samSobloSi dabrunebis sruli amnistia miiRo. 1864 wels bavariis taxtze 18 wlis ludvig II avida. erT-erTi pirveli, rac gaakeTa, vagneri moaZebnina da miunxenSi Sesaxvedrad miiwvia. am Sexvedris Semdeg mefe, musikis garda, kompozitoris pirovnebis Tayva-

ferenc listi (1811-1886)

mixail bakunini (1814-1876)

rihard vagneri

oto vezendonki (1815-1896)

nismcemladac iqca, ramac aTasgvar faTeraksa da intrigaSi gamowrTobil vagners saSualeba misca ymawvili monarqi Tavis Wkuaze etarebina da pirveli, rac iTxova, „tristanis“ scenaze xorcSesxmis mxardaWera iyo. momdevno wels miunxenis erovnuli Teatris scenaze premiera gaimarTa. mas cnobili diriJori, vagneris musikis erTguli propagandisti, franc listis siZe hans fon biulovi xelmZRvanelobda. erTi TviT adre mas da mis cols, kozima lists, gogona – izolde fon biulovi SeeZinaT. bavSvis namdvili mama rihard vagneri iyo. biulovis Tavdadebul da uangaro megobrobas xeli ar SeuSlia vagnerisTvis mis colTan romani gaeCaRebina, rac, sabolood, qorwinebiT dasrulda.

X ambavi: tetralogia „nibelungis beWedi“ `nibelungebis beWedi~ Tavdapirvelad trilogiad iyo Cafiqrebuli: sami dRis ganmavlobaSi Sesasrulebel sam operas, „valkirias“, „zigfrids“ da „RmerTebis daRupvas“, win Sesavlad kidev erTi opera – „rainis oqro“ unda hqonoda wamZRvarebuli. magram, muSaobis procesSi, es ukanaskneli did da srulfasovan nawarmoebad Camoyalibda da Sesavalze bevrad meti masStabi da mniSvneloba SeiZina. Zalian rTulia yvela im Taviseburebis an movlenis CamoTvla, riTac tetralogia Cvens dRevandelobas ukavSirdeba. maTi nawili SesavalSi ukve CamovTvale. yvelaze aSkara analogia, albaT, „beWdebis mbrZanebelTan“ SeiZleba gaCndes. es ukanasknelic xom trilogiaa, ise, rogorc vagneris nawarmoebi Tavdapirveli Canafiqrisas. juja alberixs rainis feriebi dascineben, is ki, gamwarebuli, maT mohparavs oqros, romelic rainis fskerze unda iyos davanebuli. oqros jadosnuri Zala aqvs, vinc misgan beWeds gamoWeds, samyaros mbrZanebeli gaxdeba, oRond amisTvis siyvaruli unda uaryos. beWeds sxva saSineli ZanoiSvanStainis sasaxle warmoadgens floridis disneilendSi mdebare mZinare mzeTunaxavis sasaxlis models, romelic amavdroulad kompania disneis logoc aris da misi naxva disneis yvela animaciis dawyebisas SeiZleba. „noiSvanStainis“ oTaxebi morTulia freskebiT, romlebic vagneris sxvadasxva operidan scenebs asaxavs. Tumca, es ar iyo ludvigis erTaderTi sasaxle. vagneris musikis da mSvenierebis Tayvanismcemelma axalgazrda mefem uamravi fuli daxarja da mTeli bavaria ulamazesi sasaxleebiT mofina, iseve, rogorc udidesi saxsrebi gamoyo vagneris TiTqmis yvela survilis asasruleblad maSin, roca sxva saxelmwifo saqmeebze didad ar uzrunia. swored amis gamo uwodes mas „SeSlili mefe“ – magram es ludvigis gamefebis Semdeg moxda.

noiSvanStainis sasaxle

ludvig II (1845-1886)

musika lac aqvs: mis yvela mflobels aRsasruli elis. alberixs ar eSinia am pirobebis... Tumca zecaSi binadroben RmerTebi, romelTa winamZRols, voTans (odins), ar surs jujas gauyos Zalaufleba da gadawyvets Seqmnas idealuri rasa, romelic dedamiwaze wesrigs aRadgens... ai, aqedan ki iwyeba Tavbrudamxvevi, CaxlarTuli, saSineli, sasacilo, mSvenieri, tragikuli ambebis wyeba, romelic oTx operaSia moTxrobili nair-nairi RmerTis, adamianis, naxevradRmerTis, urCxulebis, jujebis monawileobiT. oqro alegoriaa. is ganasaxierebs fuls, kapitals, romlisadmi arajansaRi damokidebuleba (operaSi alegoriulad – siyvarulis uaryofa samyaroze gabatonebis survilis gamo) nebismierisTvis damRupvelia. vagneri Tavad werda, rainis oqro Cvens dRevandelobaSi, birJis portfeli ariso. esaa Tema, romelic arc erT droSi, samyaros arc erT wertilSi ar kargavs simwvaves. xolo yvela droSi aqtualuri da gasagebi isaa, rasac vagneri Tavis musikalur dramebSi eswrafoda. Tu kargad gaixsenebT musikas, riTac iwyeba „beWdebis mbrZanebeli“, isic gagaxsendebaT, rom es musika yvelgan Cndeba, sadac beWdis sabediswero Zala ama Tu im saxiT iCens Tavs. es beWdis laitmotivia da es teqnika swored vagnerma srulyo. tetralogiaSi nibelungis, anu jujis, gamoWedil beWeds erTi ki ara, ramdenime laitmotivi aqvs – beWdis Zalis, beWdis gamoWedvis, beWdis brwyinvis, beWdis sabedisweroobis... laitmotivebis sistema am nawarmoebSi rukas hgavs da masaviT daqselilia mTel tetralogiaSi. am sistemis srulyofilad codna xangrZlivi kvlevis gareSe SeuZlebelia, magram es sruliad ar uSlis xels nawarmoebiT tkbobas. musika ki vagners sruliad gansakuTrebuli aqvs, is magnitiviTaa: an pirveli SexebisTanave gizidavs da eTayvanebi, an maSinve gangizidavs da verasodes aiZuleb Tavs mogewonos. dResdReobiT yvela Teatri, romelsac pretenzia aqvs iyos msoflio masStabiT mniSvnelovani da prestiJuli, dgams tetralogias. Tu mTlianad vera, romelime operas mainc. vagners ki ocdaxuTze meti weli dasWirda, Tavisi qmnileba scenaze rom enaxa. magram ra scenaze naxa? – sakuTari saxelobis festivalze, sakuTari nawarmoebebisTvis specialurad aSenebuli Teatris scenaze, zustad ise, rogorc ocnebobda da gegmavda. XI ambavi: sakuTari Teatri, sakuTari festivali

matilde vezendonki (1828-1902) „nibelungis beWdis“ kostiumebis eskizebi

bavariis mefe ludvigi vagneris mimarT usazRvrod mwyalobeli iyo, magram misi sasaxlis kari sul sxvanairad fiqrobda. da ai, vagnerma gadawyvita, mefisgan sakuTari festivalisTvis Teatris asaSeneblad Tanxa moepovebina. miwis nakveTi „mwvane goraki“, patara qalaq bairoiTSi, da sawyisi Tanxa miiRo kidec da Tavis 59-e dabadebis dReze saZirkvelSi pirveli qvac Cado. amave wels daiwyo bairoiTSi vagneris sacxovrebeli saxlis, vila „vanfridis“ mSeneblobac, romlis winac dRes swored ludvig meoris biusti dgas. magram ministrebi da warCinebulebi gadaWriT aRudgnen win mefis aseT mflangvelobas. amao gamodga germaniis kancler oto fon bismarkTan vizitic. vagnerma gadawyvita Teatris asaSenebeli Tanxa Tavad Seegrovebina. procesi mZimed wavida, sanam sxvadasxva did qalaqSi „vagneris sazogadoebebi“ ar daarsda. sxvaTa Soris, aseTi sazogadoebebi dRemde arsebobs da saqarTveloSicaa.

rihard vagneri

sabolood, saqmes verc „sazogadoebebma“ uSvela. mxsneli isev ludvig II aRmoCnda. misi daxmarebiT, Teatri oTx weliwadSi aSenda. dRes mas bairoiTis safestivalo Teatri hqvia da vagneris moyvarulebisTvis namdvili meqaa. bairoiTis pirveli festivali 1876 wlis 13 agvistos beThovenis me-9 simfoniiT gaixsna da mas Semdeg dRemde es ucvleli tradiciaa. Semdeg tetralogiis premierac gaimarTa. am RirsSesaniSnav movlenas, sxvaTa Soris, germaniis kaizeri vilhelmi, braziliis mefe pedro II, filosofosi fridrix nicSe, mwerali lev tolstoi, kompozitorebi edvard grigi, ferenc listi, kamil sen-sansi, anton brukneri da Tavad ludvig II daeswrnen. specialuri korespondentis rangSi eswreboda mas piotr Caikovski. festivalma didi warmatebiT Caiara. mas mere, dRemde, nebismieri reJisorisTvis, diriJorisa Tu momRerlisTvis biografiaSi bairoiTis festivalze gamosvla Semoqmedebis erT-erT umaRles miRwevaTagania. sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi vagneri Tavad iwvevda niWier musikosebs Tavisi qmnilebebis sadiriJorod. erT-erTi aseTi iyo, magaliTad, ebraeli rabinis Svili herman levi, romelic man Tavisi me-13 da ukanaskneli operis, „parsifalis“, premieraze sadiriJorod ise miiwvia, TiTqos ebrauli warmomav-

hans fon biulovi (1830-1894)

lobis musikosebis misamarTiT ukiduresad damamcirebeli frazebi arasodes daewera. Tumca isic cnobilia, rom repeticiebis paralelurad levis ukiduresi daJinebiT aZalebda premieramde qristianoba mieRo. „parsifalis“ premiera 1882 wels gaimarTa da bairoiTis meore festivalze 16-jer warmoadgines. `parsifali~ vagneris yvela operisgan sruliad gansxvavebuli nawarmoebia. pirvel rigSi, am gamorCeulobas Tavad kompozitorma gausva xazi, roca mas operis an musikaluri dramis nacvlad uwoda „safestivalo nawarmoebi scenis gansawmendad“. am da sxva mizezebis gamo vagnerma misi Sesruleba bairoiTis gareT akrZala. akrZalva mxolod 21 wlis Semdeg, kozima vagneris gardacvaidealuri rasis Seqmnis idea „nibelungebSi“ da germanelobis, rogorc sxvebze aRmatebulobis idea, publicistur naSromebSi – esaa is, ramac kidev erT avadsaxsenebel faqts daudo safuZveli – adolf hitleris vagnerisadmi ukuRmarT `siyvaruls“. „visac unda germanuli nacional-socializmi kargad gaigos, vagneris musikas unda mousminos“, – gamoacxada erTxel hitlerma. miuxedavad imisa, rom vagneri arasodes yofila hitleris mxardamWeri, radgan mis dabadebamde eqvsi wliT adre gardaicvala, am „siyvarulis“ „damsaxurebiT“, misi saxeli mainc samudamod daukavSirda germanul nacizmsa da faSizms. aqve unda aRvniSnoT SedarebiT naklebad cnobili faqti, rom benito musolinis, italieli faSistebis belads, zustad analogiuri damokidebuleba hqonda juzepe verdis mimarT, Tumca verdi „faSistebis kompozitorad“, sabednierod, aravis mounaTlavs.

rihard vagneri da kozima listi (1837-1930)

musika

bairoiTis safestivalo Teatri es unikaluri Teatri mravali TvisebiTaa gamorCeuli, magram mTavari mainc misi darbazia: scena, saorkestro ormo da auditoria. msoflios TiTqmis yvela saopero darbazisgan gansxvavebiT, aq scena isea daproeqtebuli, rom mayurebeli diriJors da orkestrantebs saerTod ver xedavs. saorkestro ormodan amomavali xma ki, jer scenaze, momRerlebTan midis da mxolod Semdeg miemarTeba mayurebelTa amfiTeatris principiT mowyobili darbazisken, rac idealur akustikur garemos qmnis. am darbazSi yvelaferi isea gaTvlili, rom mayureblis yuradReba mxolod scenisken unda iyos mimarTuli. amitom irgvliv yvelaferi uaRresad sadaa. skamebi xisaa, dabali sazurgiT, romelsac bolomde veravin mieyrdnoba da verc waTvlems. aq TiTqmis ar aris gansakuTrebuli adgilebi, romlebic sagangebod maRali Tanamdebobis pirebisTvis aris gaTvlili. loJebic ki minimaluria. rihard vagneri ojaxTan erTad

palaco vendramin kalergi veneciaSi, sadac gardaicvala rihard vagneri

lebis Semdeg dairRva. gansxvavebulia misi siuJetic. aq arsadaa sasiyvarulo, romantikuli urTierTobebi. „parsifalis“ personaJebi, erTaderTi gamonaklisis garda, sul mamakacebi – graalis raindebi arian. misi Temac, vagnerisTvis tradiciulad, ucodvelis mier codvis gamosyidvaa, Tumca ucodveli gamomsyidveli aRaraa qali, aramed arsaidan mosuli yrma, parsifali, romelic daibrunebs mefe amfortasis codvis gamo dakargul siwmindes, Subs, romliTac qristes ferdi ganugmires, ris Sedegadac mefes autaneli tanjvisgan ixsnis, sanatrel sikvdils moapovebinebs da graalis samefoSi Tavad gamefdeba. arsebobs mosazrebebi, rom parsifalis erT-erTi prototipi Tavad qristea, xolo erTaderTi personaJi qalis, kundris, mravalTagan erT-erTi mTavari prototipi – mariam magdaleli. Tavad opera, tradiciulad, miTologiazea agebuli, magram amjerad – dasavleTevropul qristianul miTologiaze graalis Tasis Sesaxeb, romelSic jvarcmisas Segrovili qristes sisxli inaxeba. Sesabamisad, is Seicavs qristianuli misticizmis elementebs, Tumca budizmis niSnebzec saubroben. siuJeti legendaruli mefe arturis da graalis raindebis legendebis mixedviT, volfram fon eSenbaxis epikuri poemis mixedviTaa agebuli. diax, es swored is volfram fon eSenbaxia, umSvenieres romanss rom mReris „niurnbergel maisterzingerebSi“, xolo parsifalis saxels da graalis raindebis samefos vagneris SemoqmedebaSi pirvelad „loengrinSi“ axseneben – parsifali am operis mTavari personaJis, raind loengrinis mamaa. nawarmoebi TiTqmis 35 weli iwereboda. Tavis avtobiografiaSi vagneri werda, rom misi Seqmnis idea SveicariaSi, vezendonkebTan cxovrebisas, wiTel paraskevs mouvida azrad. wiTeli paraskevi umniSvnelovanesi movlenaa Tavad operaSi – mesame, daskvniTi moqmedeba swored wiTel paraskevs xdeba. esaa ukiduresad mZime, neli, filosofiuri, idumalebiT da sakraluri simboloebiT datvirTuli misteria, romelic garkveuli periodiT akrZaluli iyo sabWoTa kavSirSi. mas tradiciul operasTan Zalian cota aqvs saerTo. am misteriulobas da seriozulobas is faqtic amZafrebs, rom vagnerisave damkvidrebuli tradiciiT, bairoiTis festivalze „parsifalis“ pirveli moqmedebis dasrulebis Semdeg mayurebeli taSs ar ukravs.

rihard vagneri

gadmocemis mixedviT, bolo speqtaklis bolo moqmedebaSi vagneri saorkestro ormoSi Cavida, herman levis sadiriJoro joxi gamoarTva da finaluri scena Tavad idiriJora. aravin icis, es simboluri Jesti iyo Tu SemTxveviTi, radgan ukve xmebi dadioda imaze, rom „parsifali“ xandazmuli geniosis ukanaskneli namuSevari unda yofiliyo. XII ambavi: elegia „parsifalis“ premieridan maleve vagnerebis ojaxi veneciaSi dasasveneblad da bairoiTis sastiki zamTrisgan Tavis dasaRwevad gaemgzavra. iq, vendramin-kalergis sasaxleSi, kompozitorma kvlav wamoiwyo im Temaze muSaoba, romelic 1858 wels, amave qalaqSi cxovrebisas, „tristanis“ Seqmnisas CainiSna, magram aRar gamouyenebia. erTi wliT adre, palermoSi, poracis sasaxleSi, „parsifalze“ muSaobisas Temas ramdenime taqti Semata da mere isev Sewyvita masze muSaoba. da ai, 12 Tebervlis saRamos, kozimas dRiuris mixedviT, kvlav daubrunda am ucnaur da Zalian lamaz musikas. momdevno dRes, 13 Tebervals, rihard vagneri gulis SeteviT gardaicvala. dausrulebeli Tema ki, romelsac kompozitori ukanasknelad ukravda, mecamete taqtze Sewyda da amgvarad iqca mis me-13 safortepiano, xolo mTel SemoqmedebaSi – ukanasknel nawarmoebad. dRes mas „poracis Temas“, an ufro xSirad „elegias“ uwodeben. XIII ambavi: epilogi ramdenime dReSi samgloviaro gondolam veneciis saxelganTqmuli „gran kanali“, gadasera, raTa rihard vagneri sabolood daebrunebina bairoiTSi da es qalaqi mis memorialad, misi musikiT mojadoebuli uricxvi adamianisTvis ki, momlocvelobis adgilad eqcia.

vagneris karikatura Jurnal L’eclipse Si

vila vanfridi

vagneris saflavi vila vanfridis ezoSi

televizia

televiziis oqros xana rogor Seicvala serialebi da masTan erTad mTeli msoflio

beqa maisuraZe 1946 wlis 2 oqtomberi, oTxSabaTi, Cikago, ilinoisis Stati. misis pegi frensisma saxlis saqmeebi daasrula da saRamos 20:00 saaTze televizori erT-erT arxze gadarTo. sainformacio gamoSvebas gulgrilad uyura – didi xnis win daanonsebul satelevizio programas eloda – verc ki warmoidgenda, rom sul male misi da milionobiT diasaxlisis cxovreba radikalurad Seicvleboda. nanatri droc dadga – 21:00 saaTze ekrans Faraway Hill daewera da pirveli satelevizio Souc daibada. amboben, rom serialis dasrulebis Semdeg satelefono xazebi gadaitvirTa – amerikeli qalebi erTmaneTs raRac gansxvavebulis dawyebas auwyebdnen da aqamde sruliad ucnobi programis Sesaxeb erTmaneTs uyvebodnen. serialis siuJeti niu-iorkTan axlos, erT-erT patara qalaqSi viTardeba da naTesavebTan Casuli gogos, karenis, Sesaxeb gviyveba, romelic colian kacTan gaabams romans. am axalgazrda wyvils ki siyvarulis gamo uamravi dabrkolebis gadalaxva uwevs.

televiziis oqros xana

axal programas maleve gamouCndnen sponsorebi da gamomdinare iqidan, rom mayureblebi ZiriTadad amerikeli diasaxlisebi iyvnen, reklamaze monopolia sarecxi saSualebebis mwarmoebelma kompaniebma Caigdes xelSi. amave mizeziT, Faraway Hill-sa da sxva momdevno aTobiT serials axali Janris saxelic mianiWes – ase daerqvaT maT „sapnis operebi“. erT sapnis operas meore cvlida, reitingi serialidan serialamde izrdeboda da televiziebic ukve erTmaneTs ejibrebodnen, vin rogor serials da ra dros Casvamda saeTero badeSi. gaCnda axali mimarTulebebic – Tu Tavidan sapnis operebs mxolod praimtaimSi uCvenebdnen, maRali yurebadobis gamo TiTqmis yvela arxma maleve daiwyo dRis sapnis operebis gadaReba da maT yvela televizia erTsa da imave dros – 17:00 saaTze uCvenebda; fiqrobdnen, rom es iyo zustad is dro, rodesac diasaxlisebs SeeZloT saxlis saqmeebi cota xniT gverdze gadaedoT, divanze mokalaTebuliyvnen da ekranze nanax istoriebSi TavdaviwyebiT gadaSvebuliyvnen. miuxedavad mzardi popularobisa da mayureblis didi siyvarulisa, kinoindustriaSi mainc fiqrobdnen, rom serialebi ufro dabali xarisxis produqcia iyo da maTSi monawileoba mxolod iseT msaxiobebs unda mieRoT, romlebmac holivudSi did warmatebas ver miaRwies da erTaderT gamosavlad mxolod patara ekranze TamaSiRa rCebodaT. Tumca, ra Tqma unda, televiziasac hyavda Tavisi varskvlavebi da Tanac imaze aranakleb didi, vidre holivuds. magaliTisTvis, lusil bolic kmara, romelmac jer kidev 1951 wels CBS-ze sakuTari serialiT „me miyvars lusi“ gaiTqva saxeli da imdenad popularuli gaxda, rom Tavis sitkomSi (situaciuri komedia) TamaSze umaRlesi klasis varskvlavebi daiTanxma, magaliTad, joan kroufordi. kroufordi, romelic msoflio kinematografiis erT-erT yvelaze did varskvlavad miiCneoda da axlac miiCneva, aseve gaxda im varskvlavTagani, romelmac pirvelma gadawyvita, rom serialebSi TamaSi sulac ar iyo saTakilo da lusil bolis SouSi monawileobis Semdeg erTmaneTis miyolebiT ramdenime serialSi iTamaSa epizoduri roli.

televizia serialebis mimarT damokidebuleba kidev ufro Seicvala mas Semdeg, rac 1963 wels ekranze axali sapnis opera „centraluri saavadmyofo“ gamovida. TiTqmis 60 wlis win gamosuli teleserialis finaluri epizodi ekranze jer kidev ar gasula – diax, Sou jerac grZeldeba. dro gadioda, serialebi erTmaneTs enacvleboda, Tumca mTavari gardatexa amerikuli sapnis operebis JanrSi mxolod erTma serialma, qarTveli mayureblisTvis kargad nacnobma „dinastiam“ moaxerxa. 1981 wlis 12 ianvars saRamos eTerSi, joan kolinzis, jon forsaitisa da linda evansis monawileobiT, axali serialis premiera Sedga. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom swored „dinastia“ iyo pirveli Sou, sadac mTavari rolis Sesruleba kinovarskvlavma gadawyvita da ase daibada joan kolinzis sakulto personaJi – eleqsisi.

Santa Barbara seriali ekranze 8 weli gadioda da am drois ganmavlobaSi moaxerxa yvelaferi, rac SeiZleboda im dros sapnis operas gaekeTebina. Tumca yvelaze mTavari mainc is iyo, rom samudamod darCa adamianebis gulsa da gonebaSi. mTeli amerika (mogvianebiT ki mTeli msoflio) saubrobda ise, rogorc serialis gmirebi, icvamda ise, rogorc serialis gmirebi, da akeTebda imas, rasac serialis gmirebi. rodesac „dinastia“ dasrulda, yvelas egona, rom misi Canacvleba sxva serialiT SeuZlebeli iqneboda, Tumca im droisTvis industria ukve Zlieri iyo saimisod, rom ekranze axali, kidev ufro masStaburi da „saxalxo“ Sou gaeSva. asec moxda da maleve gaC-

televiziis oqros xana

nda 60-ze met qveyanaSi reitingebis lideri sapnis opera „santa barbara“, romelmac saboloo jamSi 2 aTasze meti dRe gaulamaza serialebis moyvarulebs, romelTa Sorisac, sxvaTa Soris, mxolod amerikeli diasaxlisebi aRar iyvnen – serialebs ukve yvela uyurebda da metic, sponsorobis eqskluziuri ufleba mxolod sarecxi saSualebebis mwarmoebel kompaniebs aRar hqondaT. amasobaSi 1990-iani wlebi iwureboda, teleekrans ki erTmaneTze ukeTesi serialebi (da ara sapnis operebi) enacvleboda, maT Soris iyo: „megobrebi“, „saidumlo masalebi“, „tvin-piqsi“, „seqsi did qalaqSi“ da a.S. TiToeulma maTganma Secvala rogorc sazogadoebis, aseve am industriaSi momuSave adamianebis midgoma serialebis mimarT, Tumca, iyo erTi seriali, romelmac satelevizio samyaroSi sruli gadatrialeba moaxdina.

televizia

nikol kidmani da meril stripi serialSi Big Little Lies

qevin speisi serialSi House Of Cards

1999 wels ekranebze axali satelevizio drama – „sopranos klani“ gamoCnda, romelmac mayureblebisa da kritikosebis umaRlesi Sefaseba daimsaxura. manam, sanam „sopranos klani“ erTerT yvelaze warmatebul Soud iqceoda, masze uari ramdenime arxma Tqva – zogs martivi istoria surda, zogi miiCnevda, rom scenarSi bevri gineba iyo, saboloo uaris mizezi ki mainc is xdeboda, rom aravis esmoda, ratom unda yofiliyo mayurebeli uaryofiTi personaJis, Tanac – mafiozis, gulSematkivari. devid Ceizis gangsterulma dramam premierisTanave miipyro didi yuradReba da sakabelo arx HBO-s serialebis „TamaSSi“ wamyvan poziciaze moeqca. „sopranos klanma“ mTlianad Secvala warmodgena imaze, Tu ra iyo Semosavliani produqti da rogori SeiZleba yofiliyo serialis mTavari gmiri, romelmac satelevizio industriaSi axal tendencias – antigmirs daudo saTave.

jud lou serialSi The Young Pope

„sopranos klanis“ Semdeg sul ufro da ufro meti kinomsaxiobi dainteresda serialebiT, sadac damaintrigebeli siuJetebi da kompleqsuri rolebi axal normad iqca. sabolood, serialebSi varskvlavebis gamoCena aqtiurad iwyeba 2000-iani wlebidan – am dros televizia sul ufro da ufro mimzidveli xdeba Tavisi mravalferovani kontentiT da sakulto msaxiobebiT mTavar rolebSi. diax, dro Seicvala da Tu adre televiziis ekranze mxolod meorexarisxovani msaxiobebi an miviwyebuli kinolegendebi Cndebodnen, dRes holivudis udidesi varskvlavebi aqtiurad Tanxmdebian SemoTavazebebs, metic, Tavad iTxoven ama Tu im serialSi TamaSs. serialebiT ufro farTo auditoriis dainteresebam ki holivudis msaxiobebs prestiJTan dakavSirebuli barieri mouxsna. Tanac, seriali, rogorc wesi, wlebis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba, es ki garantirebul Semosavals da mudmivad yuradRebis centrSi yofnas niSnavs.

televiziis oqros xana

julia robertsi serialSi Homecoming

penelope krusi donatela versaCes rolSi serialSi American Crime Story

Tu wlebis win serialebsa da sapnis operebs mxolod ramdenime arxze vxvdebodiT, dRes esec Seicvala da sakabelo arxebTan erTad SouebisTvis specialurad iqmneba striming-servisebi, iseTebi, rogoricaa netfliqsi, efl +, hulu, disnei +, amazoni da sxva. serialebis industria dRes yvelaze mzardia, sul cota xnis win netfliqsma 17-miliardiani biujeti gamoyo axali serialebisTvis da rogorc kompaniaSi amboben, momdevno wlebSi es ricxvi 20 miliardze meti iqneba. miuxedavad imisa, rom kinomanebi satelevizio Souebs xSirad adanaSauleben â&#x20AC;&#x17E;kinos mkvlelobaSiâ&#x20AC;&#x153;, dRes ukve cxadia, rom serialebis oqros xanaSi varT da win kidev ufro met da kidev ufro xarisxian produqts unda velodoT, iseTs, rogorsac 1946 wlis 2 oqtombers pegi frensisi, didi albaTobiT, verc ki warmoidgenda.

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Sveulad 1. nebismier saqmianobaSi viwro praqtikuli interesebis, sargeblis, gamorCenis mimdevroba. 2. umaRles meTaurTa Semadgenlobis samxedro wodebuleba samxedro-sazRvao flotSi. 3. mecniereba, ideebisa da Sexedulebebis sistema samyarosa da masSi adamianis adgilis Sesaxeb. 4. damangreveli Zalis mqone bunebis movlena. 6. istoriuli mxare da avtonomiuri respublika saqarTveloSi. 7. sxvadasxva transportis moZraobis samarTavi meqanizmi. 8. garkveuli movlenis, procesisa da misT. ganviTarebis, xarisxis maCvenebeli. 9. sabrZolo saSualebebis saerTo saxelwodeba. 10. azris arapirdapiri xerxebiT, igavurad gamoxatva literaturasa da saxviT xelovnebaSi. 12. dedamiwis zemoT arsebuli sivrce. 16. saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoebisadmi mimarTva koleqtiuri werilobiTi moTxovniT. 18. TiTqmis yvela kulturaSi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; qalis da mamakacis kavSiri ojaxis Seqmnis mizniT. 19. miwis didi nakveTi, romelzec gaSenebulia erTi saxeobis sasoflo-sameurneo kultura. 21. mimarTuleba, kursi. 23. qveyana CrdiloeT afrikaSi. 26. eleqtrokavSirgabmulobis saxe, mowyobiloba laparakis Sor manZilze gadasacemad. 27. msjeloba vinmes an raimes Sesaxeb naklovanebaTa gamovlenis mizniT. 32. damsjelobiTi zomebi, romelsac iyeneben saxelmwifo organoebi. 33. TviTmfrinavis moZvelebuli saxeli. 35. kontinentebs Soris moqceuli wylis didi sivrce. 36. ciskari, ganTiadi. 37. gadat. ganuxorcielebeli ocneba; fantazia. 39. lietuvis respublikis dedaqalaqi. 42. xuroTmoZRvreba. 44. legendaruli qalaqi, aRwerili homerosis eposSi. 46. moZRvris mier eklesiaSi warmoTqmuli sityva, romelic Seicavs religiur ganmartebebs da damrigebluri xasiaTi aqvs. 47. garemo pirobebSi, situaciaSi garkvevis unari. 48. safrTxis molodiniT gamowveuli mZime grZnoba. 50. agdebuli, Tavxeduri damokidebuleba sayovelTaod miRebuli faseulobebisadmi. 51. sajaro warmateba, romelic sazogadoebaSi did aRtacebas iwvevs. 54. wignsacavi. 56. usityvo Teatraluri warmodgena. 57. sabWoTa kavSirsa da sxva socialistur qveynebSi maRali Tanamdebobebis pirebi. 58. igivea, rac werili. 60. maxvili sityvaSi; xazgasma. 63. calke gamoyofa, gamijvna. 64. dedamiwis dausaxlebeli, cxeli, uwylo, mcenarebiT Raribi adgili. 65. raime sakiTxis auditoriis winaSe sajaro wardgenis procesi. 68. damnaSaveTa mTliani an nawilobrivi gaTavisufleba sasjelisagan. 69. satiruli xasiaTis Txzuleba, romelic mimarTulia raime movlenis, sazogadoebis garkveuli nawilisa Tu calkeuli piris winaaRmdeg.