My World #1

s a r C e v i

Zveli saberZneTi da Cven

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vaJas zogadkacobriuli proeqti

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interviu

regioni

istoria

erTa liga

68

ra aris politika gamoCenili qarTveli

nacionalizmi da patriotizmi

biblia

62

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nacionalizmi

religia

30

napoleon bonaparti

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politika

ra aris ekonomika

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gamoCenili adamianebi

ekonomika

2

aSS-is elCi riCard norlandi

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ekonomika

ra aris ekonomika lado papava

Cven, yvela, uSualod Tu iribad vmonawileobT ekonomikaSi, amaze xSirad gvesmis televizoridan Tu ufrosebis saubridan, yoveldRiurad gviwevs iseTi amocanebis gadawyveta, rogoricaa: ra unda viyidoT da ramdeni, sad viSovoT fuli da rogor, gadavcvaloT Tu ara erTi valuta meoreSi, davagrovoT Tu ara fuli da Tu davagrovoT – ramdeni da sad? amrigad, ekonomika Cveni cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawilia.

da mainc sainteresoa

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ra aris ekonomika?

termini `ekonomika~ berZnuli warmoSobisaa (oikos – saxli, meurneoba da nomos – kanoni, wesi). is saSinao meurneobis warmoebis xelovneba, codna, wesebis krebulia. „ekonomikis“ pirvelad gamoyeneba Zv. w. VIII-VII saukuneebis berZen poets hesiodes miewereba. `ekonomika~ aris Sina meurneobis warmarTvis xelovneba, codna, wesebis krebuli. mecnierebaSi ki termini `ekonomika~ SemoiRo Zveli berZnuli istoriografiisa da filosofiis erT-erTma TvalsaCino warmomadgenelma qsenofontma (Zv. w. 427-355). es termini Sinaarsobrivad gaamdidra aristotelem (Zv. w. 384-322), romelmac dawera naSromi saxelwodebiT `ekonomikosi~. aristotelem mecniereba simdidris Sesaxeb dayo or nawilad: erTs daarqva `ekonomia~ (sasargeblo nivTebis erToblioba), xolo meores ki – `qrematistika~ (fulis keTebis xelovneba). droTa ganmavlobaSi, yvelaferTan erTad, sityvebis mniSvnelobac icvleba da gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom termini `ekonomia~ dRes sul sxva Sinaarsis matarebelia. kerZod, qsenofonti (Zv.w.427-355) – Zveli berZeni, aTeneli, istorikosi.

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termini `ekonomia~ niSnavs momWirneobas, xarjebis Semcirebas, ama Tu im resursis dazogvas.

ra aris ekonomika

adamianis arseboba dovlaTis moxmarebis gareSe warmoudgenelia. yovelive is, rac moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofilebladaa saWiro, uSualo saxiT bunebaSi iSviaTad moipoveba. swored amitom aris aucilebeli adamianis moxmarebisaTvis saWiro produqtebis Sesaqmnelad resursebis (romlebic, raodenobiTa da xelmisawvdomobiT SezRudulia) warmoebaSi gamoyeneba. Tavis mxriv ki, Tuki resursebisa da warmoebuli produqtebis ganawileba ar moxdeba, dovlaTis moxmareba SeuZlebeli iqneba. yovelive es sxva araferia, Tu ara ekonomika, misi Tanamedrove gagebiT.

termini `ekonomika~ dRes ori mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba:

ekonomika aris qveynis erTiani meurneoba, romelSic ATavs iyris sxvadasxva dargebi (magaliTad, mrewveloba, soflis meurneoba, mSenebloba, transporti, ganaTleba, jandacva da sxv.).

aristotele (Zv.w. 384-322) – Zveli berZeni filosofosi da mecnieri.

ekonomika aris mecniereba, romelic swavlobs imas, Tu rogor ikmayofileben adamianebi mudmivad mzard moTxovnilebebs SezRuduli resursebis pirobebSi.

ekonomika aris rogorc samecniero, ise saswavlo disciplina imisaTvis, rom erTmaneTisagan gamijnuliyo `ekonomika~, rogorc qveynis meurneoba, `ekonomikisagan~, rogorc samecniero da saswavlo disciplinisagan, cnobilma ingliselma ekonomistma alfred marSalma Seqmna termini `ekonomiksi~ (Economics), riTac XIX saukunis bolos ekonomikuri mecnierebis safuZvlebis aRmniSvneli da sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli termini `politikuri ekonomia~ Caanacvla. termini ekonomiksi nel-nela saqarTveloSic mkvidrdeba.

termini `ekonomiksi~ gamoiyeneba ekonomikis Semswavleli mecnierebisa da saswavlo disciplinis aRsaniSnavad. adamianis arsebobisa da ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia iseTi dovlaTi, rogoricaa kvebis produqtebi, tansacmeli, bina (saxli), aveji, WurWeli da sxv. adamianisaTvis aseve aucilebelia, magaliTad, ganaTleba da janmrTelobis dacva. am da sxva dovlaTis Sesaqmnelad adamianma sxvadasxva saxeobis resursi unda gamoiyenos da CarTos moxmarebisaTvis saWiro dovlaTis sawarmoeblad. am resursebs ekonomikuri resursebi ewodeba da maT ganekuTvneba bunebrivi, adamianiseuli da adamianis SromiT Seqmnili resursebi.

alfred marSali (1842-1924) – ingliseli ekonomisti, Tavisi drois gavleniani mecnieri, ekonomikis saxelmZRvanelos – `ekonomiksis principebis~ Semqmneli.

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ekonomika ekonomikuri resursebia: bunebrivi, adamianiseuli da adamianis SromiT Seqmnili resursebi. bunebrivi resursebia: niadagi, wylebi, haeri, sasargeblo wiaRiseuli, tye, cxovelebi da sxv. adamianiseuli resursi aris mosaxleobis zrdasruli, magram jer kidev araxandazmuli nawili, romelic dasaqmebulia an eZebs samuSaos. adamianis SromiT Seqmnili resursebia: manqana-iaraRebi, instrumentebi, teqnologiuri mowyobiloba da sxv. adamianis mier Seqmnili resursis gansakuTrebuli nairsaxeobaa informacia (anu cnobebi raimes Sesaxeb, misi warmodgenis formis miuxedavad), romlis gareSec ekonomikuri procesi, rogorc aseTi, ver warimarTeba. kerZod, adamians unda hqondes informacia imis Sesaxeb, rogor gamoiyenos esa Tu is ekonomikuri resursi Tavisi moxmarebisaTvis saWiro dovlaTis Sesaqmnelad. bunebrivia, rom informacias uSualod adamiani qmnis. informaciis mopovebis SesaZleblobebi arsebiTad gaizarda Tanamedrove kompiuterisa da internetis gamoyenebiT, Tumca informacia amiT SeuzRudavi mainc ar gamxdara. jer erTi, kompiuterisa da internetis gareSe informaciuli masivebis mopoveba SeuZlebelia, xolo kompiuterisa da internetis qona ar aris sakmarisi iseTi informaciis mosapoveblad, romelic fasiania, rom araferi vTqvaT gasaidumloebul informaciaze. yvelasaTvis kargadaa cnobili, rom bunebrivi resursebi SezRudulia. magaliTad, SezRudulia sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebi an sasargeblo wiaRiseuli da sxv. SezRudulia is resursic, romelic erTi SexedviT aseTad ar gveCveneba, magaliTad, haeri. mTiani kurorti, sadac gansakuTrebiT gaiSviaTebuli haeria, kargia bronqebisa Tu filtvebis daavadebebiT dasneulebuli adamianebis janmrTelobisaTvis, rom araferi vTqvaT bavSvebisaTvis mis sargeblobaze. magram aSkaraa, rom aseTi kurortebi nebismieri raodenobis damsvenebels ver daitevs da, maSasadame, gamodis, rom haeric SezRuduli resursia. aucileblad unda gvaxsovdes, rom SezRudulia droc. kerZod, SezRudulia adamianis sicocxlis, weliwadis droebis, dRe-Ramis xangrZlivoba da a.S. amitom arcTu iSviaTad gamoiyeneba gamoTqma `dro fulia~. es sityvebi ekuTvnis benjamin franklins, cnobil amerikel politikur moRvawes. aseve SezRudulia Sromisunariani mosaxleobis raodenoba. aqedan gamomdinare, ar unda gagvikvirdes, rom SezRudulia adamianis SromiT Seqmnili resursebic.

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ra aris ekonomika

bunebrivi resursebisa da Sromisunariani mosaxleobis raodenobis SezRudulobis gamo SezRudulia adamianis SromiT Seqmnili resursebic.

Sroma adamianis Segnebuli, mizanSewonili saqmianobaa, romlis mizanicaa adamianisa Tu mTeli sazogadoebis moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofileba.

SromiTi saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad adamians esaWiroeba Sromis sagnebi, anu is, razec mimarTulia adamianis Sroma, rac momavali mza produqtis materialur safuZvels qmnis. Sromis saganze zemoqmedebas adamiani Sromis saSualebebiT axorcielebs. Sromis saSualebebia, magaliTad, manqana-mowyobilobebi, meqanizmebi da sxva. epoqebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian Sromis saSualebebis srulyofilebiTa da ganviTarebiT. Sromis sagnebisa da Sromis saSualebebis erToblioba ki aris warmoebis saSualebebi.

Sroma _ adamianis Segnebuli, mizanSewonili saqmianoba, romlis mizanicaa adamianisa Tu mTeli sazogadoebis moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofileba.

adamiani Sromis saganze zemoqmedebas Sromis saSualebebiT axdens.

Sromis sagnebia is, razec mimarTulia adamianis Sroma, rac momavali mza produqtis materialur safuZvels qmnis.

benjamin franklini (1706-1790) – cnobili politikuri moRvawe, diplomati, mecnieri, gamomgonebeli, Jurnalisti da gamomcemeli. amerikis erT-erTi `damfuZnebeli mama~. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis damfuZneblad miiCneva, radgan xeli moawera im sam umniSvnelovanes istoriul dokuments – aSS-is damoukideblobis deklaracias (1776 wlis 4 ivlisi), aSS-is konstitucias (1789) da 1783 wlis versalis samSvidobo xelSekrulebas – romlebic safuZvlad daedo aSS-is, rogorc damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Seqmnas.

warmoebis saSualebebi _ Sromis sagnebisa da Sromis saSualebebis erToblioba.

ekonomikuri resursebis SezRuduloba winaaRmdegobaSi modis adamianis moTxovnilebis ganuxrel zrdasTan. adamiani yoveldRiurad cdilobs daikmayofilos Tavisi mravalferovani moTxovnileba, magaliTad, Wamos esa Tu is kerZi, iyidos esa Tu is nivTi, waikiTxos esa Tu is wigni, naxos es Tu is filmi da a.S. periodulad asarCevi nivTebis Tu momsaxurebis areali farTovdeba axal-axali nimuSebiT, magram es mainc ar cvlis maTi SezRudulobis problemas. magaliTad, ori aTeuli wlis win mobiluri telefoni, rogorc aseTi, ar arsebobda, dRes ki misi sxvadasxva modelis arCevanis Zalze farTo SesaZleblobaa Seqmnili, Tumca es SesaZlebloba sulac ar aris SeuzRudavi.

moTxovnilebis ganuxreli zrda winaaRmdegobaSi modis ekonomikuri resursebis SezRudulobasTan.

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ekonomika

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom moTxovnilebis ganuxreli zrdis pirobebSi adamianebs ufarTovdebaT arCevanis saSualeba, xolo ekonomikuri resursebi ki SezRudulia, arCevanis gasakeTeblad TiToeuli Cvengani xelmZRvanelobs alternatiuli RirebulebiT. alternatiuli Rirebuleba (romelsac xandaxan alternatiul danaxarjebs an ekonomikur Rirebulebasac uwodeben) aris arCevanis gakeTebisas uaryofil variantebTan SedarebiT saukeTeso Rirebuleba (anu sxvadasxva saxeobis saqonlis ekvivalenturi gacvlis raodenobrivi safuZveli). kerZod, ama Tu im saqonlis (dovlaTis) warmoebisas Cven SeiZleba davTvaloT, es saqoneli rom ar gvewarmoebina, mis sanacvlod ras da ramdens vawarmoebdiT. maSasadame, warmoebuli saqonlis alternatiuli Rirebuleba aris im raodenobis is sxvadasxva saqoneli, romlis warmoebaze uari vTqviT imis gamo, rom SezRuduli resursebi warvmarTeT romeliRac sxva saqonlis sawarmoeblad. alternatiuli danaxarji SeiZleba gamoixatebodes naturaluri erTeulebiT (magaliTad, im saqonlis CamonaTvalSi, razec uari vTqviT) an fuladi ekvivalentiT (im saqonlis fasebis jamSi, razec uari vTqviT). alternatiuli Rirebuleba SeiZleba droiTi erTeulebiTac gamovxatoT (is dro, romelic `davkargeT~ im arCevanis gamo, romelic gavakeTeT). ganvixiloT pirobiTi magaliTi. davuSvaT, adamians SeuZlia iyidos ori sxvadasxva saqoneli А da B, Tanac mas orive erTnairad unda rom hqondes, radganac isini erTnairad akmayofileben mis moTxovnilebas. aseve davuSvaT, rom mas А saqonlis SesaZenad gadasaxdeli aqvs N raodenobis fuli, xolo B saqonlis SesaZenad – M raodenobis fuli, Tanac N<M. aSkaraa, rom M aris А saqonlis alternatiuli Rirebuleba, xolo B saqonlis alternatiuli Rirebulebaa N. radganac А saqonlis alternatiuli Rirebuleba M metia B saqonlis alternatiuli Rirebuleba N-ze, amitom ukeTesia adamianma airCios А saqoneli, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad mas dasWirdeba ufro meti fulis gadaxda.

alternatiuli Rirebuleba aris arCevanis gakeTebisas uaryofil variantebTan SedarebiT saukeTeso Rirebuleba.

Rirebuleba ki aris sxvadasxva saxeobis saqonlis ekvivalenturi gacvlis raodenobrivi safuZveli. ekonomikuri resursebis SezRuduloba adamians ayenebs arCevanis problemis winaSe, anu sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, ekonomikuri resursebis SezRudulobis gamo TiToeuli adamiani iZulebulia pasuxi gasces Semdeg sam kiTxvas:

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ra vawarmooT da ra moculobiT? ra formis momsaxureba avirCioT da ra masStabis? rogor vawarmooT esa Tu is dovlaTi an rogor movawyoT momsaxureba? visTvis unda vawarmooT esa Tu is dovlaTi an vis gavuwioT momsaxureba? magaliTad, mSobelma SeiZleba kiTxvaze – `ra?~, upasuxos – `fexsacmeli~, kiTxvaze – `rogor?~ – `viyidoT~, `visTvis?~ – `SvilisTvis~. ekonomikis am sam mTavar kiTxvaze pasuxi aqvT gasacemi ara marto ubralo adamianebs, aramed qveynis prezidents, ministrs, parlamentis wevrsa Tu nebismier biznesmens. amas ki xSirad Cven arc vaqcevT yuradRebas, ise vakeTebT.

ekonomikis mTavari kiTxvebia: ra? rogor? visTvis? ekonomikis Seswavla SeiZleba sxvadasxva doneze moxdes. kerZod, ganasxvaveben ekonomikis or umniSvnelovanes dones – mikroekonomikasa da makroekonomikas. mikroekonomika swavlobs calkeuli ekonomikuri subieqtebis (magaliTad, mwarmoeblebis, firmebis, momxmareblebis, daqiravebuli muSebis, Sinameurneobebis, vaWrebisa da sxvaTa) saqmianobas.

makroekonomika swavlobs qveynis ekonomikis, rogorc erTi mTelis, funqcionirebas.

am ori donis garda, ekonomistebi swavloben mikroekonomikisa da makroekonomikis `SuaSi~ arsebul e.w. mezoekonomikas. misi Seswavlis obieqti aris ekonomikis Sua, dargobrivi, done. dargobrivi done, Tavis mxriv, moicavs rogorc calkeul dargebs (magaliTad, mrewveloba, soflis meurneoba, mSenebloba da sxv.), aseve msxvil dargobriv gaerTianebebs (magaliTad, agrosamrewvelo kompleqsi, samxedro-samrewvelo komleqsi da sxv.). mezoekonomikis Seswavlis obieqti aris dargobrivi done, romelic calkeul dargebs da msxvil dargobriv gaerTianebebs moicavs.

megaekonomika swavlobs msoflio ekonomikas da misi Semadgeneli nawilebis urTierTqmedebas.

ekonomikaSi aseve gamoiyeneba megaekonomikis cnebac. es termini aRniSnavs ekonomikuri mecnierebis im nawils, romelic swavlobs msoflio ekonomikas, misi Semadgeneli nawilebis urTierTqmedebas.

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gamoCenili adamianebi

napoleon bonaparti Tornike SaraSeniZe

bavSvoba da pirveli warmatebebi napoleon bonaparti daibada 1769 wlis 15 agvistos kunZul korsikaze. es kunZuli italielebs ekuTvnodaT da safrangeTs napoleonis dabadebamde sul ramdenime kviriT adre gadaeca. patara bonapartis mSobliuri ena swored italiuri iyo da mozardobaSi igi korsikis frangebisgan gaTavisuflebazec ki ocnebobda. magram roca dro gavida, am romantizmma ambiciebs dauTmo gza â&#x20AC;&#x201C; napoleoni male mixvda, rom misi niWisa da gaqanebis adamianisaTvis korsika metad mcire sarbieli iyo da kariera safrangeTSi unda gaekeTebina. napoleoni Raribi aznauris mravalSvilian ojaxSi izrdeboda. ojaxs uWirda, magram mamam moaxerxa 10 wlis napoleoni saxelmwifo xarjze samxedro akademiaSi gaemwesebina. patara bonapartma ukve maSin gamoavlina Tavisi xasiaTi. akademiaSi Tavidan mas dascinodnen korsikuli aqcentisa da

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ď&#x192;&#x;

napoleoni arkoles xidTan (fragmenti), 1801, avtori: antuan Jan gro, luvris muzeumi

ď&#x192;Ą

napoleonis aRmasvla da dacema, 1814, avtori: iohan mixael volci, berlinis germaniis istoriis muzeumi.

Raribi Cacmulobis gamo, magram napoleonma muStebis wyalobiT male aswavla yvelas Wkua da sayovelTao pativiscemac daimsaxura. 15 wlis napoleoni parizSi gadabargda, sadac Tavisi niWis wyalobiT safrangeTis mTavar samxedro saswavlebelSi Cairicxa. igi kargad swavlobda maTematikas da istorias, hqonda fenomenaluri mexsiereba da kidev ufro metad fenomenaluri Sromismoyvareoba. dRe-RameSi mxolod 5 saaTs eZina da danarCen dros ganaTlebasa da Sromas uTmobda. male napoleonis

mama gardaicvala da ojaxis rCena ZiriTadad mas daawva kiserze. safrangeTis momaval imperators xSirad SimSilic uxdeboda. napoleonma samxedro saswavlebeli warmatebiT daasrula, magram igi albaT saSualo oficrad darCeboda, rom ara safrangeTis revolucia, romelmac `Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobisa da Zmobis~ lozungiT qveyanaSi arsebuli Zirmompali monarqia daangria da niWier adamianebs gza gauxsna.

safrangeTis revoluciis (1789-1799) periodSi safrangeTi moicva radikalurma socialurma da politikurma movlenebma, romelTac didi gavlena iqonies ara mxolod safrangeTis, aramed mTeli evropis istoriaze.

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gamoCenili adamianebi

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gansakuTrebiT gaumarTlaT samxedroebs, radgan safrangeTis revoluciam evropuli monarqiebi daaSina da qveyana male mTel kontinentTan omSi aRmoCnda CaBbmuli. prusiis, avstriisa Tu ruseTis monarqebs eSinodaT, rom Tanasworobis ideebi safrangeTidan maT qveynebsac gadaedeboda (da es maT reJimebsac daamxobda), ingliss ki safrangeTis gaZlierebis perspeqtiva afrTxobda. magram frangebi momxvdurebs warmatebiT igeriebdnen da amaSi napoleonmac Seitana Tavisi wvlili.

1793 wels man saporto qalaq tulonis Sturmi moawyo da iq gamagrebuli ingliselebi gandevna. operacia imdenad mniSvnelovani da warmatebuli iyo, rom 24 wlis bonapartma generloba miiRo. sul male napoleonma parizSi mefis xelisuflebis momxreTa ajanyeba CaaxSo da amis wyalobiT mas ukve mTeli armia andes. am armias italiaSi, iq gabatonebul avstrielTa winaaRmdeg unda eoma.

ZalauflebaSi mosvla swored aq daiwyo napoleonis didi kariera. 28 wlis generali cudad SeiaraRebuli, cudad Cacmul-daxuruli da sakmaod mcirericxovani armiiT italiaSi SeiWra da ramdenime TveSi daamarcxa avstrielTa gacilebiT mravalricxovani da ukeT SeiaraRebuli jarebi. safrangeTis mTavroba gaognebuli iyo, radgan bonapartis armias ZiriTadad mowinaaRmdegeTa yuradRebis gafantva evaleboda da masze did imedebs aravin amyarebda. avstrieli generlebi ki gaocebuli iyvnen, radgan maT ver warmoedginaT, rom vinmes SeeZlo ase eoma. napoleonis meTaurobiT frangebis armia saocari siswrafiT moZraobda, mters Suaze wyvetda da sust adgilebSi momakvdinebel dartymas ayenebda. italiis damorCilebis Semdeg bonaparti pirdapir venisken gaemarTa. SeSinebul avstrielebs isRa darCenodaT masTan zavi gaeformebinaT da praqtikulad mTeli italia daeTmoT.  napoleoni riis muzeumi

– italiis

napoleoni Tavis kabinetSi (1812), avtori: Jak lui davidi, vaSingtonis xelovnebis erovnuli galerea.

Jak lui davidi (frangi mxatvari, 1748-1825, franguli neoklasicizmis damaarsebeli) aRfrTovanebiT Sexvda safrangeTis revolucias da misi Semoqmedebis didi nawili swored am movleniT iyo STagonebuli. mas Semdeg, rac napoleoni xelisuflebaSi modis, davidi misi daaxloebuli piri da priviligirebuli mxatvari xdeba. igi iziarebda ganmanaTleblobis Sexedulebebs, rom xelovneba adamianSi maRal moqalaqeobriv grZnobebs unda ayalibebdes. misi Semoqmedebac amiTia gaJRenTili, asaxavs ra safrangeTis istoriis umniSvnelovanes etaps.

italiuri kampaniis Semdeg napoleonis popularoba da Zliereba imdenad didi iyo, rom safrangeTis mTavroba SiSis kankaliT eloda parizSi mis dabrunebas. warmatebul generals SeeZlo Zalaufleba iolad aeRo xelSi, radgan mas armia uWerda mxars, korumpirebuli mTavroba ki mosaxleobas sZulda. magram napoleonma gadawyvita axali warmatebuli kampania wamoewyo, amjerad ukve inglisis winaaRmdeg. es ukanaskneli Tavisi flotis wyalobiT saimedod iyo daculi da amitom napoleonma gadawyvita daertya inglisis umdidresi koloniisaTvis – indoeTisaTvis. saamisod man floti aRWurva da Tavis rCeul armiasTan erTad egviptisaken daiZra. iqidan

mefe 1805, avtori: andrea apiani, venis xelovnebis isto-

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gamoCenili adamianebi wyalobiT aRzevebuli generali araerTi xelovanisa da inteleqtualis muzad iqca. magaliTad, udidesma germanelma kompozitorma, ludvig van beThovenma mas heroikuli simfoniac ki miuZRvna.

ludvig van beThoveni germaneli kompozitori, 1820, mxatvari: ioseb karl Stileri, beThovenis saxl-muzeumi, boni.

egvipteSi laSqroba Tavidan warmatebiT daiwyo. napoleonma mamluqTa uZleveli jari daamarcxa, egvipte daimorCila da indoeTiskenac daiZra. magram misi armia Zalian daasusta autanelma sicxem da Savma Wirma da male ukan dabruneba mouxda. amasobaSi napoleonis aryofniT avstrielebma da rusebma isargebles, maT evropaSi frangebs sZlies,

e.w. heroikuli, anu gmiruli, me-3 simfonia beThovenma Tavdapirvelad miuZRvna napoleons, radganac moxibluli iyo safrangeTis revoluciis ideebiT da miiCnevda, rom napoleoni swored am ideebis gamtarebeli iyo. mogvianebiT, rodesac napoleonma Tavi safrangeTis imperatorad gamoacxada (1804 w.), ganrisxebulma (Tu imedgacruebulma) beThovenma wamoiZaxa: `igi iseTive mokvdavi yofila, rogorc yvela sxva!~ da warwera `eZRvneba bonaparts~ moaxia nawarmoebis Tavfurcels. napoleoni xmeleTis gavliT indoeTSi unda SeWriliyo. jariskacebis garda napoleonma Tan waiyvana araerTi frangi mecnieri, romelTac egvipte unda gamoekvliaT. sainteresoa, rom napoleonma egvipteSi laSqrobis win Tavad gamoigona da jarisaTvis daamzadebina mzis saTvaleebi (romlebic iqamde ar arsebobda). ukve mTeli evropa da msoflio xedavda, rom bonapartis saxiT saqme hqondaT ara mxolod samxedro geniasTan, aramed, aseve, udides organizatorsa da moazrovnesTan, romelic mfarvelobda mecnierebasa da xelovnebas da romelic Tavis garSemo ikrebda uniWieres adamianebsa da profesionalebs. swored amis wyalobiT unda Seeqmna napoleons axlo momavalSi ara mxolod uZleveli armia, aramed udidesi imperiac. revoluciis

12

italia waarTves da uSualod safrangeTs daemuqrnen. rogorc ki es Seityo napoleonma, egvipte miatova, mcire amalis TanxlebiT ingliselTa flots saswaulebrivad dausxlta xelidan da safrangeTSi Cavida. iq gaakeTa is, rasac misgan elodnen â&#x20AC;&#x201C; moaxdina saxelmwifo gadatrialeba da Zalaufleba xelSi aiRo, rogorc safrangeTis pirvelma konsulma.

napoleonis omebi 1799 wels napaleoni, sakmaod ubralo da Raribi warmoSobis, Soreuli provinciidan Camosuli 30 wlis generali, evropisa da msoflios uZlieresi saxelmwifos mmarTvelad iqca. aseTi ram istorias ar axsovda.

napoleon bonaparti

napoleonma male daamyara qveyanaSi wesrigi, Semdeg ki isev italiaSi ilaSqra da iqidan avstrielebi kidev erTxel gandevna. ingliselebi xedavdnen ra napoleonSi erTob saSiS metoqes, mis moSorebas cdi-

lobdnen xan teraqtebis, xanac SeTqmulebebis saxiT, magram araferi gamosdiodaT. napoleonma male brwyinvale diplomatiuri niWic gamoavlina da ruseTi daimegobra, magram aq ingliselebma imarjves da ruseTis imperatori moakvlevines, ramac frangebisa

ď&#x192;˘ napoleoni sen-bernaris uReltexilze 1800, avtori: Jak lui davidi, arsebobs am naxatis 5 versia, romlebic daculia parizSi, berlinSi, versalSi, riuei-malmezonsa da venaSi.

13

gamoCenili adamianebi da rusebis daaxloebas bolo mouRo. napoleonma gadawyvita, mTeli Zalebi inglisis damorCilebisaken miemarTa da axali didi flotis mSenebloba wamoiwyo. ingliselebma ver moaxerxes ra napoleonis likvidacia, kontinentis saxelmwifoebTan molaparakebebi wamoiwyes da isini safrangeTis winaaRmdeg omSi Cabmaze daiyolies. rusebi da avstrielebi iolad daTanxmdnen, radgan safrangeTi metismetad Zlieri iyo, napoleoni ki evropel monarqebs ukanonod miaCndaT â&#x20AC;&#x201C; miT umetes, rom man Tavi safrangeTis imperatoradac gamoacxada. garda amisa, safrangeTis winaaRmdeg samxedro kampanias inglisi afinansebda.

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1805 wlis zafxulSi, roca napoleoni inglisze laSqrobisaTvis emzadeboda, safrangeTis winaaRmdeg axali samxedro koalicia amoqmedda. safrangeTisaTvis unda daertya ara mxolod ruseTsa da avstrias, aramed igegmeboda omSi SvedeTis Cabma da Tavad ingliselTa jaris gadasmac kontinentze. aseve dRe-dReze iyo mosalodneli omSi prusiis Cabmac. napoleons ara mxolod inglisis dapyrobis gegma CaefuSa, aramed Tavad aRmoCnda katastrofis winaSe. magram man swrafad Seadgina axali gegma, inglisze laSqrobisaTvis Sekrebili armia ayara da avstrielebisken daZra. isini manamde gaanadgura, sanam saSvelad rusebi movidodnen, Semdeg ki rusebisken gaemarTa. miuxedavad imisa, rom dro rusebi-

napoleonis imperatorad kurTxeva (1807), avtori: Jak lui davidi. luvris muzeumi.

napoleon bonaparti

saTvis muSaobda (maT damxmare Zalebi mosdiodaT da prusiac male unda Cabmuliyo omSi), napoleonma maTi provocireba moaxdina, brZola moaxvia Tavs da isinic sastikad daamarcxa. prusiam omSi Cabma verc moaswro. omi amiT dasrulda, inglisi ki gadarCa, radgan amasobaSi misma flotma legendaruli admiral nelsonis meTaurobiT frangebis floti daamarcxa da napoleoni inglisze laSqrobis ocnebebs kidev didi xniT daemSvidoba.

1806 wels prusiis jeri dadga. am qveyanam Tavad gamoucxada omi safrangeTs. napoleoni amas momzadebuli daxvda, prusiis teritoriaze SeiWra da daaxloebiT or kviraSi mTeli qveyana daipyro. prusiis damarcxebis Semdeg napoleonma ingliss kontinenturi blokada gamoucxada – mis mier damorCilebul evropas inglisTan vaWroba aukrZala. radgan inglisis samxedro ZaliT damorCilebas ver axerxebda, napoleons surda es qveyana ekonomikurad mainc daesustebina. magram inglisi ar nebdeboda. aseve agrZelebda ingliselebis fuliT frangebis winaaRmdeg oms ruseTi. 1807 wels napoleonma sabolood rusebis winaaRmdegobac gatexa da maTTan SeTanxmebac gaaforma. ruseTi safrangeTis mokavSired iqca da kontinentur blokadasac SeuerTda. napoleonma Tavisi Zveli Canafiqri aisrula. aqedan moyolebuli napoleoni Secdomas Secdomaze uSvebda. imisaTvis, rom kontinentur blokadas efeqturad emuSava, man jer inglisis mokavSire portugaliaSi Seiyvana jarebi, Semdeg espaneTis taxtze Tavisi Zma dasva. misda moulodnelad amas espaneTSi frangebis winaaRmdeg saxalxo omis dawyeba mohyva, romelsac bolo ar uCanda da napoleoni iZulebuli gaxda am qveyanaSi didZali jari Caeyenebina. espaneTis movlenebma avstrielebi Seaguliana, romlebic ver eguebodnen didZali teritoriebis dakargvas da gadawyvites, rom xelsayreli dro dadga,

rom napoleonze Suri eZiaT. 1809 wels daiwyo axali omi, romelic sabolood isev avstriis damarcxebiT dasrulda, Tumca napoleons amjerad warmatebis miRweva sakmaod gauWirda. omis damTavrebidan male igi avstriasac daumegobrda – Tavis pirvel meuRles gaSorda da avstriis princesaze iqorwina. es ukve imas niSnavda, rom napoleoni legitimur imperatorad aRiares – misi Svili, patara napoleoni, romelic 1811 wels daibada, ara mxolod bonapartebis, aramed avstriis imperatorTa dinastiis Camomavali iyo da mis warmoSobas eWvis qveS veravin daayenebda. napoleonma Zlierebis zenits miaRwia. safrangeTi praqtikulad mTel kontinentze iyo gabatonebuli da mis satelit qveynebs bonapartTa ojaxis wevrebi marTavdnen. inglisi marto iyo da mxolod Zlieri flotis wyalobiT idga fexze. magram amave dros frangebis mier dapyrobil evropaSi sul ufro da ufro izrdeboda ukmayofileba. napoleoni ukve didi xania gmirad ki ara, tiranad aRiqmeboda. aSkara iyo, rom erTi kacis mier Seqmnili uzarmazari imperia did xans ver gastanda. prusiaSi okupantebis gandevnaze xmamaRla saubrobdnen, kvlavac grZeldeboda gaafTrebuli winaaRmdegoba espanelTa mxridan. ruseTi ki kontinenturi blokadiT zaraldeboda da safrangeTis umcros partniorad yofnas ver egueboda.

napoleonis dacema safrangeTsa da ruseTs Soris ufro da ufro izrdeboda daZabuloba da napoleonma gadawyvita am qveyanasTanac sabolood gaerkvia urTierTobebi. man naxevarmilioniani armia Sekriba da ruseTisaken daiZra. armiaSi man jariskacebi praqtikulad mTeli evropidan waiyvana da 1812 wlis zafxulSi Setevaze gadavida. ruseTi, erTi SexedviT,

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gamoCenili adamianebi ganwiruli Canda. magram sinamdvileSi ganwiruli napoleoni iyo. marTalia, rusebi mas ukve orjer hyavda damarcxebuli, magram Tavad ruseTis teritoriaze omisaTvis igi mzad ar aRmoCnda. gansxvavebiT italiis, avstriisa Tu prusiisagan, ruseTi Raribi da ganuviTarebeli iyo. ugzoobisa da ukacrielobis pirobebSi frangebis jars Tavis gamokveba da gadaadgileba gauWirda. garda amisa, ruseTis armia brZolas gaurboda da mters ukidegano qveynis siRrmeSi ityuebda, gzad ki yvelafers anadgurebda. frangebis uzarmazari armia gzad nel-nela mcirdeboda. rusebi mxolod moskovTan SeCerdnen da iq mters sastiki brZola gaumarTes, Semdeg isev ukan daixies da moskovic cecxls misces. napo-

leonis armiam didi zarali naxa da, rac mTavaria, moskovTan brZolam omi ver daasrula â&#x20AC;&#x201C; rusebi samSvidobo molaparakebaze uars ambobdnen. bolos da bolos napoleoni mixvda, rom ruseTSi gaCerebas azri aRar hqonda da ukan daxeva brZana. magram es arc ise ioli aRmoCnda, radgan male Zalian acivda. ugzoobasa da sakvebis naklebobas ukve rusuli yinvac daemata, risTvisac franguli armia sruliad moumzadebeli aRmoCnda. sicive da SimSili jariskacebs bolos uRebda da rusebic maT sul ufro da ufro Tamamad esxmodnen Tavs. roca ruseTidan gaaRwies, frangebis naxevarmilioniani jaridan 30 aTasamdeRa iyo cocxali. imperatorma armiis narCenebi miatova da saswrafod parizisaken gaeSura, raTa axali

napoleonis moskovidan ukandaxeva, adolf norTerni (1828-1876), kerZo koleqciidan.

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napoleon bonaparti

armia Seekriba. igi kargad xvdeboda, rom male mas mTeli evropa aujanydeboda. napoleons kidev hqonda Sansi evropasTan omi Tavidan aecilebina. avstrielebs ar surdaT safrangeTis imperiis zedmetad dasusteba, radgan ruseTis gaZlierebis eSinodaT da neitralitets inarCunebdnen. napoleonsac Tavidan ruseTsa da prusiasTan uwevda brZola da maT sakmaod iolad umklavdeboda. avstrielebma mowinaaRmdege mxareebi dazavebaze daiyolies da samSvidobo molaparakebebi gaaCaRes. isini napoleons sTxovdnen dapyrobili miwebis garkveuli nawili daeTmo da sanacvlod mTeli danarCeni imperia SeenarCunebina. moulodnelad napoleonma am SemoTavazebaze uari Tqva. imperators kvlavac sjeroda Tavisi uZlevelobis, mas miaCnda, rom ruseTSi omi SemTxveviT waago da rom evropaSi ar arsebobda Zala, romelic mas brZolis velze daamarcxebda. 10 wliT adre napoleoni albaT ar dauSvebda msgavs Secdomas – igi adre yovelTvis xvdeboda, rom misi samxedro geniac ki ar iyo sakmarisi yvela mterTan erTdroulad gasamklaveblad da saWiro iyo maTi daqsaqsva. avstrielebisaTvis uaris TqmiT man mtrebis danawevrebis Sansi xelidan gauSva. avstria male ruseTsa da prusias miemxro, romelTa ukan inglisic idga. napoleoni TiTqosda warmatebiT umklavdeboda axal, uzarmazar koalicias da ramdenime brwyinvale gamarjvebac moipova, magram sabolood mtris simravlem Tavisi gaitana. koaliciis jarebi parizSi Sevidnen da napoleoni iZulebuli gaxda gadamdgariyo rogorc Tavisi, aseve Tavisi Svilis saxeliT. napoleoni kunZul elbaze gadaasaxles, imperatoris tituli SeunarCunes da kunZulic Caabares. safrangeTSi revoluciis Sedegad gandevnili samefo dinastia dabrunda. magram es dinastia sruliad iyo mowyvetili realobas da frangebs male xelaxla Seaziz-

Ra Tavi. am ambebiT Segulianebuli napoleoni elbidan gaiqca da safrangeTSi gadavida. mosaxleoba mas taSiT xvdeboda, mis Sesapyrobad gagzavnili jarebi mis mxareze gadavidnen. SeSinebuli mefe parizidan gaiqca, napoleoni isev safrangeTis gamgeblad iqca. magram am yvelaferma cota xans gastana. evropa isev fexze dadga, rom mousvenari imperatori sabolood moeSorebina Tavidan. 1815 wlis 18 ivniss vaterloosTan (belgia) napoleoni inglisisa da prusiis jarebTan brZolaSi damarcxda da male igi isev gaasaxles, amjerad – kunZul elenaze, gacilebiT ufro uaresi pirobebiT. napoleoni iq gardaicvala kidec 1821 wlis 5 maiss. oficialurad gardacvalebis mizezad kuWis kibo iqca. arsebobs aseve jer daudasturebeli versia, rom igi mowamles.

`safrangeTi, armia, avangardi~ – es iyo napoleonis ukanaskneli sityvebi.

boroti Tu keTili genia da mainc, vin iyo napoleoni? udidesi gmiri da geniosi Tu tirani, romelic adamianebs mxolod Tavisi usazRvro ambiciebis dasakmayofileblad iyenebda? daviwyoT iqidan, rom genia SeiZleba iyos rogorc keTili, ise boroti. yvelaze sastiki diqtatoric ki SeiZleba iyos geniosi. napoleoni, sul mcire, samxedro saqmis genia iyo, romelmac daCrdila iseTi sardlebi, rogorebic iyvnen aleqsandre makedoneli da iulius keisari. samxedro niWis garda, udidesi imperiis SeqmnaSi napoleons aseve daexmara saxelmwifo marTvis principebis Rrma codna, diplomatiuri niWi da adamianebis marTvis unari. anu ganurCevlad imisa, uaryofiTad SevafasebT mas Tu dadebiTad, SeuZlebelia

17

gamoCenili adamianebi meore mxriv, ki napoleoni Tavadac uSiSrad midioda sikvdilze. amas akeTebda ara mxolod maSin, roca generali iyo, aramed (saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi) maSinac, roca imperatori iyo. gardacvalebis Semdeg mas tanze araerTi Wriloba upoves, romelTa arsebobas igi Tavis meomrebs arc umxelda da malulad mkurnalobda. egvipteSi igi uSiSrad stumrobda hospitalSi Savi WiriT daavadebul jariskacebs. swored amis wyalobiT iyvnen frangebi mzad, rom mas yvelgan gahyolodnen.

 fontenbloSi ganmartoebuli napoleoni, avtori: pol delaroSi, laifcigis xelovnebis muzeumi.

imis uaryofa, rom napoleoni yvela drois erT-erTi uniWieresi adamiani iyo. gacilebiT ufro rTulia vupasuxoT kiTxvas napoleoni gmiri ufro iyo Tu tirani, keTili genia iyo Tu boroti. albaT – orive erTad. man udidesi imperia Seqmna, romliTac frangebi dRemde amayoben. magram am imperiam arc ise didxans gastana, maSindel omebs ki uamravi adamiani Seewira. napoleoni adamianTa sicocxles metad civad da pragmatulad uyurebda. igi Zalian ganicdida misi erTguli marSlebisa da generlebis daRupvas, magram amave dros ar erideboda aTasobiT rigiTi adamianis sikvdilze gaSvebas. egvipteSi laSqrobis dros man tyved Cavardnili 4 aTasi Turqi meomris daxocva brZana da es imiT gaamarTla, rom mis jars amdeni tyvis Senaxvis saSualeba ar hqonda.

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napoleonma safrangeTsa da mis kontrols daqvemdebarebul evropaSi diqtatura daamyara. `Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, Zmoba~ praqtikulad daviwyebas mieca. evropis dapyrobili erebi frangebs emsaxurebodnen. izRudeboda sityvis Tavisufleba, idevneboda napoleonis reJimis yvela mowinaaRmdege. evropis muzeumebsa da sacavebSi Senaxuli xelovnebis Sedevrebi da simdidreebi iZarcveboda da safrangeTSi idebda binas. napoleonis bolo gamoxdomam – kunZul elbidan gaqcevam – cudis meti araferi moitana, radgan mas mohyva axali brZolebi da msxverpli. evropis liderebma ki frangebs napoleonis gverdiT dadgoma aRar apaties: qveyanas teritoriebi waarTves, fuladi gadasaxadi dauweses da mis teritoriaze saokupacio jari Caayenes. napoleonis mmarTvelobam saboloo jamSi rogorc safrangeTs, ise evropas bevri sikeTec moutana. magaliTad, man daaarsa safrangeTis erovnuli banki da Seqmna samoqalaqo kodeqsi, romelic moqmedebda evropis did nawilSi da romlis safuZvlebic dRemde gamoiyeneba dasavleTSi.

napoleoni iyo pirveli, vinc fiqrobda gaerTianebul evropaze, erTiani kanonmdeblobiTa da erTiani valutiT.

napoleon bonaparti

napoleonis drondel safrangeTSi gasaqani miecaT niWier adamianebs, es maSin, roca praqtikulad mTel evropaSi adamianis bedi damokidebuli iyo mis warmoSobaze. napoleoni iyo dampyrobeli, magram amave dros igi ebrZoda feodalur CamorCenilobas, sibnelesa da provincializms. ase, magaliTad, espaneTSi man inkvizicia gaauqma, italiaSi ki mospo xelovnurad Seqmnili sazRvrebi da cicqna saxelmwifoebi da amiT italiel xalxs gaerTianebis idea STaagona. napoleonis damarcxebis Semdeg evropaSi Zveli feodaluri wesrigi aRdga, magram es ukve dromoWmuli da ganwiruli iyo. sul

male kontinents axali revoluciebi moedo, romlebic dasrulda saberZneTis mier damoukideblobis mopovebiT, italiidan avstriis gandevniTa da italiis gaerTianebiT, germaniis gaerTianebiT. evropaSi TandaTanobiT gaCnda axali damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebi da respublikebi, damkvidrda demokratiuli mmarTvelobis principebi. napoleonis mmarTvelobidan ori saukunec ar iyo gasuli, roca evropa gaerTianda da sabolood daiviwya omebi da konfliqtebi. paradoqsia, magram kacobriobis am udides miRwevaSi Tavisi wvlili napoleonsac miuZRvis, romelic istoriaSi swored omebiT Sevida.

napoleonis mmamrTvelobis Sedegebi: • daarsda safrangeTis erovnuli banki • Seiqmna samoqalaqo kodeqsi • biZgi misca axali tipis, Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis Seqmnas evropis kontinentze

napoleonis saflavi invalidTa samxedro panTeonSi, invalidebis saxlSi, avtori: frangi arqiteqtori lui tulius ioaxim viskonti (1791-1853)

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politika

s i r

ili

Sv ela

gi x

r gio

a a k i a t i r l po Sesavali

politika arsebiTad sakamaTo cnebaa, radgan mas bevri mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes da aqvs kidec. politikas uwodeben: - ZalauflebisaTvis brZolas - mTavrobis gadawyvetilebebsa da am gadawyvetilebebis Sesrulebas - resursebis gadanawilebis process - partiebs Soris urTierTobas - zogadad, adamianTa imgvar yoveldRiur saqmianobas, romelic sazogadoebis mowyobas ukavSirdeba

politika adamianTa sazogadoebis gaCenisTanave warmoiSva.

„politika“ berZnuli sityvaa („politikos“) da „samoqalaqos“ niSnavs. am sityvis Ziri „moqalaqesa“ da „qalaqs“ ukavSirdeba, sadac klasikuri berZnuli sazogadoeba viTardeboda.

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politika saSualebaa, romliTac xalxi gansazRvravs, vin iqneba mTavrobaSi. politikas xSirad „binZurs“ uwodeben, magram politika ara marto intrigebisa da egoisturi interesebis asparezi, aramed maRali idealebis miRwevis saSualebacaa. es maRali idealebi SeiZleba iyos samarTlianobis damyareba, politikuri Tavisuflebis gavrceleba, mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis miRweva. adamianebis qcevis didi nawili politikuria, radgan adamianTa Soris urTierTobebi xSirad Zalauflebrivia. amitomac, politikisgan ganze gadgoma, misTvis Tavis arideba, Zalian Znelia.

Zveli berZeni filosofosi aristotele (Zv. w. 384-322): „adamiani, bunebiT, politikuri cxovelia“.

politikis miznebi da am miznebis miRwevis saSualebebi xSirad erTmaneTs ar emTxveva.

- rogor unda SevafasoT politikis moraluri mxare?

- romelia ufro mniSvnelovani – maRalzneobrivi miznebiT moqmedeba Tu sasurveli Sedegis nebismier fasad miRweva? zogi moazrovne miiCnevs, rom maRali miznebis ganxorcieleba mdabali gzebiT miuRebelia. sxvebi ki fiqroben, rom Tu miRweuli Sedegi sazogadoebisTvis sasargebloa, mis misaRwevad yvelanairi saSualeba gamodgeba.

Cexoslovakiis ukanaskneli da CexeTis pirveli prezidenti vaclav haveli (1936-2011): „CemTvis namdvili politika... ubralod, sxva adamianebisTvis samsaxuris gawevaa“.

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politika politika konfliqtisa da TanamSromlobis monacvleobazea agebuli. urTierTsawinaaRmdego mosazrebebis, interesebisa da saWiroebebis arseboba niSnavs, rom adamianebsa da adamianTa jgufebs Soris uTanxmoeba gardauvalia. magram politikis monawileebs isic kargad unda esmodeT, rom interesebis miRweva da sakuTari mosazrebebis gatana mxolod konfliqtis saSualebiT SeuZlebelia da sxva adamianebTan TanamSromlobas saWiroebs. amitomac, politika uTanxmoebebis gadawyvetis Ziebis process warmoadgens. amerikeli politologi robert dali (daibada 1915 wels): „politika adamianur urTierTobaTa iseTi wyobaa, romelic didwilad moicavs kontrols, Zalauflebas, gavlenasa da avtoritets“.

xdeba isec, rom uTanxmoebis gadawyveta mSvidobianad ver xerxdeba. am SemTxvevaSi saqme midis revoluciamde da omamde. omi da Zaladoba politikur miznebs emsaxureba, magram problema isaa, rom xSirad omisa da Zaladobis Sedegad nadgurdeba yvelaferi, ris xelSi Casagdebadac adamianebi Zalas mimarTaven. prusieli samxedro Teoretikosi karl fon klauzevici (1780-1831): „omi aris politikis gagrZeleba sxva saSualebebiT“.

politikuri ideebi saukuneebs uZlebs da axali formiT brundeba sazogadoebaSi. am ideebs xSirad ufro didi Zala aqvs, vidre yvelaze Zlevamosil SeiaraRebul Zalebs da msoflio religiebs. politika ar arsebobs ideebis gareSe, radgan adamianebi swored ideebis garSemo irazmebian TavianTi miznebis misaRwevad. yvelaze moklevadiani politikuri amocanac ki ideebis met-naklebad mowesrigebul nakrebs saWiroebs.

ra gansazRvravs politikis bunebas? politikas gansazRvravs adamianis buneba, saxelmwifos xasiaTi da saerTaSoriso sistema. mkvlevarebi ver SeTanxmebulan, Tu romelia am samTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovani politikisaTvis. zogs miaCnia, rom adamianis bunebaa yvelafris saTave. es Sexeduleba sawyiss religiaSi iRebs. bevri RvTismetyvelis SexedulebiT, adamiani pirvelyofili, Tandayolili codviT ibadeba, rac mTeli sazogadoebis xasiaTs da adamianTa da saxelmwifoTa urTierTobebSi Zaladobis problemas ganapirobebs. sxva filosofosebi ki miiCneven, rom adamianis buneba cvale-

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badia. adamiani SeiZleba iyos keTilic da borotic, SeiZleba Seicvalos cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi. amitom sazogadoebis xasiaTs adamianis Tandayolili Tvisebebi ki ar gansazRvravs, aramed saxelmwifos, mTavrobis, sazogadoebis buneba. rac ar unda keTili iyos adamiani dabadebiT, saxelmwifo mas SezRudvebs uwesebs da xSirad Zaladobiskenac ubiZgebs. amitomac, swored saxelmwifos bunebaa damnaSave imaSi, rom adamianTa Soris harmoniis miRweva dRemde SeuZlebeli Seiqna. moazrovneTa kidev erTi jgufi arc adamianur bunebas miiCnevs problemebis wyarod da arc saxelmwifos Zaladobriv bunebas. es moazrovneebi yvelafers saerTaSoriso sistemas abraleben. saerTaSoriso sistema saxelmwifoTa erTobliobaa, romlebic erTmaneTTan politikuri, usafrTxoebis, ekonomikuri da sxva aspeqtebiTaa dakavSirebuli.

maTi azriT, saxelmwifoebs Soris mSvidobis miRweva SeuZlebelia, radgan saxelmwifoebis erovnuli interesebi erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebelia da qveynebs Soris konfliqti saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis bunebrivi mdgomareobaa. Tu msoflio mSvidoba ver miiRweva, maSin verc saxelmwifoebi iqnebian mSvidobiani da verc adamianis buneba gaumjobesdeba.

CineTis mmarTveli mao Zeduni (1893-1971): â&#x20AC;&#x17E;politika aris omi usisxlod, xolo omi aris politika sisxlisRvris TanxlebiTâ&#x20AC;&#x153;.

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politika

Zalaufleba politikis erT-erTi mTavari kategoria Zalauflebaa.

Zalaufleba aris unari aiZulo sxva, gaakeTos is, rasac sxvagvarad ar gaakeTebda. politika adamianTa urTierTqmedebis iseTi sistemaa, romelic am Zalauflebis mopovebas, SenarCunebas, gazrdasa da gavrcelebas isaxavs miznad. politikaSi Cabmulebi arian ara marto calkeuli adamianebi, aramed adamianTa organizebuli jgufebi da mTeli saxelmwifoebic ki.

Zalaufleba adamianTa urTierTobebSi vlindeba. avtoriteti da iZulebis muqara Zalauflebis mTavari atributebia. ingliseli istorikosi lordi aqtoni (1834-1902): „Zalaufleba ryvnis, absoluturi Zalaufleba ki absoluturad ryvnis“. rogorc italieli saxelmwifo moRvawe da filosofosi makiaveli ambobda, „jobs mmarTvelis eSinodeT, vidre igi uyvardeT“. iZuleba SeiZleba Zalauflebis myari safuZveli iyos. Tumca, rogorc amerikis prezidenti ronald reigani ambobda, „xiStebze damyarebuli mTavrobebi fesvebs ver idgamen“. mas amiT undoda eTqva, rom mxolod Zaladobaze dafuZnebuli Zalaufleba xanmokle da aramyari SeiZleba aRmoCndes. italieli istorikosi nikolo makiaveli (1469-1527): „mizani amarTlebs saSualebas“. avtoritetiT miRweuli Zalaufleba xSirad Zaladobas gamoricxavs. avtoritetis safuZveli SeiZleba iyos adamianisTvis miwerili RvTiuri buneba – magaliTad, Zvelad monarqebi (faraonebi, mefeebi, keisrebi, imperatorebi, xalifebi, sulTnebi, Sahebi) RmerTisgan xeldasxmulad iTvlebodnen da RvTisgan boZebuli avtoritetiT imyarebdnen Zalauflebas. xSirad avtoritetis safuZveli lideris qarizmaa – anu is gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebi, romlebsac liders misi momxreebi da mimdevrebi miaweren. qarizma – niWi aRafrTovano da gaiyolo xalxi.

Cvens droSi avtoriteti kvlavac warmoadgens Zalauflebis safuZvels. demokratiul qveynebSi am avtoritetis safuZveli le-

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gitimuri da samarTliani arCevnebia, romelic Zalauflebis ganmaxorcielebels marTvis racionalur-samarTlebriv uflebas aniWebs.

saxelmwifo da sazogadoeba politikis buneba yvelaze kargad saxelmwifos mowyobasa da mis qmedebebSi vlindeba. saxelmwifo – adamianTa organizebuli erToba saerTo mTavrobis xelmZRvanelobiT. saxelmwifos marTva mTavrobas akisria, romelic sazogadoebaze kontrols axorcielebs, raTa koleqtiuri gadawyvetilebebi sisruleSi moiyvanos. amitomac xSirad politikas mTavrobasTan, saxelmwifosTan aigiveben, politikis Seswavlas ki – mTavrobis SeswavlasTan. germaniis kancleri oto fon bismarki (1815-1898): „politika SesaZleblis xelovnebaa“. politikis gageba SeiZleba rogorc instituciuri, aseve individualuri TvalsazrisiT. - instituciuri midgoma politikaSi gulisxmobs sajaro sakiTxebis kvlevas, mTavrobis qmedebebis Seswavlas da saxelmwifos funqciebis gansazRvras.

- pirovnuli midgomis Seswavlis obieqtia kerZo pirebis moRvaweoba, mTavrobis gavlenis miRma myofi sakiTxebi da sazogadoebrivi procesebi.

instituciuri politika: - sajaro sakiTxebi - mTavroba - saxelmwifo

kerZo politika: individebis moRvaweoba arasamTavrobo sakiTxebi samoqalaqo sazogadoeba

am ori modelidan Cveni arCevani ganapirobebs imas, Tu ramdenad yovlismomcvelia politika. SeiZleba miviCnioT, rom politika mxolod mTavrobis SigniT, ufro metic, politikur partiebs Soris Zalauflebrivi urTierTobebia. an kidev piriqiT, politikis sfero gavafarTovoT da davaskvnaT, rom politikuria yvela urTierToba, romelic mocemuli sazogadoebis SigniT warimarTeba.

25

politika safrangeTis prezidenti Sarl de goli (1890-1970): „mivedi daskvnamde, rom politika metismetad seriozuli ramaa imisTvis, rom politikosebs SevatovoT“.

rogorc vxedavT, sakmaod Znelia gaivlos zRvari „sajarosa“ da „kerZos“, „politikursa“ da „pirovnuls“ Soris. demokratia mTavrobis mowyobis erT-erTi formaa, romelSic mTavrobas xalxi irCevs da mTavroba xalxs emsaxureba. demokratiul sistemaSi yvelaze ukeTaa warmodgenili adamianTa umravlesobis interesebi da daculia umciresobis uflebebi. demokratiul sistemaSi, rogorc wesi, kanonis uzenaesoba cxovrebis wesia, adamianis Tavisuflebebi da uflebebi ki xelSeuxebeli Rirebuleba. amerikeli Teologi rainhold niburi (1892-1971): „adamianis unari, iyos samarTliani, demokratias SesaZlebels xdis; magram adamianis Tviseba, iyos usamarTlo, demokratias aucileblobad aqcevs ~.

Tanamedrove samyaroSi politikis erT-erTi aspeqti saxelmwifosa da religiis urTierTobaa. Tanamedrove epoqaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki demokratiul qveynebSi, saxelmwifo religiisgan gamijnuli unda iyos, magram xSirad es ase ar xdeba. religiisa da saxelmwifos erTmaneTSi Serevam SeiZleba seriozulad daazaralos adamianis uflebebi: religia, Tavisi xasiaTiT, uzenaesi WeSmaritebis mqadagebelia, politika ki, arsebiTad, dapirispirebuli azrebis, kamaTisa da uTanxmoebis asparezia.

politika, rogorc mecniereba politikuri Teoria ikvlevs adamianTa mier Seqmnili mTavrobis xasiaTs da misi gardaqmnis SesaZleblobas. amerikeli politologi harold lasueli (1902-1978): „politika Seiswavlis, Tu vin ras rodis ratom da rogor miiTvisebs“. politikis Seswavla ioli araa, radgan, bunebisagan gansxvavebiT, politikas obieqturi kanonebi ar marTavs. politika warimarTeba ara marto racionaluri da gaazrebuli, aramed iracionaluri da impulsuri miznebiTa da saSualebebiTac. adamianis bunebis, adamianTa sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifoTa sistemis mravalferovneba TiTqmis gamoricxavs ara marto politikis prognozirebas, aramed

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ra aris politika

xSirad politikuri procesebis axsnas da gagebasac ki SeuZlebels xdis. germaneli fizikosi albert ainStaini (1879-1955): „politika fizikaze rTulia“. politika, rogorc mecniereba, politikur urTierTobebs ramdenime kuTxiT Seiswavlis: -

politikuri qceva politikuri struqturebi da funqciebi politikuri fenomenebi politikuri ideebi politikuri dokumentebi politikuri momavali

politikis Seswavla SeiZleba iyos „normatiuli“ an „empiriuli“. normatiuli politikuri mecniereba cdilobs gasces pasuxi kiTxvas, Tu rogori iqneboda idealurad mowyobili sazogadoeba an am sazogadoebis romelime aspeqti.

politikisadmi amgvari midgoma „Rirebulebebis“ analizs eyrdnoba. am Rirebulebebis magaliTad gamodgeba iseTi cnebebi, rogorebicaa „Tavisufleba“, „Tanasworoba“, „progresi“, „ganviTareba“, „samarTlianoba“ da sxv. empiriuli politikuri mecnierebis mizani ki viTarebis uemocio, miumxrobeli, faqtebiT gamyarebuli analizia. empiriuli politikuri mecniereba pasuxs scems kiTxvaze: „ratom?“ empiriuli politikuri mecnierebis gamoyenebis sferoebia arCevnebi, politikis dagegmva da Sesruleba, movlenebis prognozireba da a.S. politikis Seswavla sxvadasxva meTodiT SeiZleba. tradiciulad, politikis gagebis meTodi istoriuli analizi iyo, romelic momxdari movlenebis dawvrilebiT analizs efuZneboda. ramdenime aTeuli wlis win mecnierebma gadawyvites ufro zusti samecniero meTodebi gamoeyenebinaT da politikuri faqtebis da maTi gamomwvevi mizezebis ricxvebis saSualebiT Seswavlas mohkides xeli. raodenobrivi meTodis gamoyenebis kargi magaliTi demokratiul qveynebSi Catarebuli arCevnebis Sedegebis analizia – „ramdenma vin vis da sad misca xma arCevnebSi? da romelma faqtorebma ganairoba

27

politika

politikis Seswavlis raodenobrivi meTodis mizani politikuri procesebis da maTi Sedegebis maTematikuri da statistikuri saSualebebiT axsna, gageba da prognozirebaa. saarCevno xmebis amgvari ganawileba?“ istoriuli da raodenobrivi meTodebi dRemde farTod gamoiyeneba politikis SeswavlaSi.

saerTaSoriso politika saxelmwifoebs Soris ZalauflebisaTvis brZolis asparezi mTeli msoflioa. saxelmwifoebi ibrZvian TavianTi Zlierebis da usafrTxoebis gazrdisTvis, xSirad sxva saxelmwifoebis xarjze. msoflio politikaSi erTi saxelmwifos warmateba sxva qveynebis mxridan uaryofiT reaqcias iwvevs, radgan saxelmwifoebi erTmaneTs Znelad endobian. yvela saxelmwifos qceva, anu maTi sagareo politika, erovnul interesebs emyareba. saxelmwifoTa sagareo politikaTa erToblioba saerTaSoriso politikas qmnis. saxelmwifoTa mier Seqmnili politikuri urTierTobebis sistema Tavad iwyebs saxlmwifoebis qcevaze gavlenis moxdenas. Tu saxelmwifo sworad ver Seafasebs Zalauflebis ganawilebis da wonasworobis viTarebas, igi SeiZleba dasustdes da msoflio rukidan gaqres kidec.

germanel-amerikeli politologi hans morgenTau (1904-1980): „yvela saxelmwifo moRvawe erovnuli interesebiT unda xelmZRvanelobdes, rac niSnavs, rom iazrovno, rogorc saxelmwifom sxva saxelmwifoTa Soris“.

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ra aris politika

saerTaSoriso politikaSi mTavari moqmedi pirebi saxelmwifoebia, Tumca saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, reJimebi, regionebi da, xSirad, individebic seriozul gavlenas axdenen msoflioSi mimdinare procesebze. saerTaSoriso politikis mizani mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis miRwevaa, magram, jerjerobiT, kacobriobam am miznis miRweva ver moaxerxa.

daskvna Tavisi arsiT politika gansxvavebuli mosazrebebisa da interesebis safuZvelze Zalauflebis gadanawilebis asparezia. gansxvavebuli azrebi SeiZleba Seexebodes imas, Tu ramdenadaa dasaSvebi saxelmwifos Careva pirovnebis cxovrebaSi an ramdenad Tanaswori unda iyos sazogadoeba. es kiTxvebi uTanxmoebas badebs. uTanxmoebas badebs isic, Tu rogor da ra mizniT unda SeviswavloT politika. politikis Seswavlis mizani mravalgvari SeiZleba iyos – sazogadoebis gakeTilSobilebidan dawyebuli piradi gamdidrebiT damTavrebuli. politika imiTaa saintereso, rom pasuxi ubralo kiTxvaze, Tu „ra aris politika?“ TavisTavad politikuri aqtia. sazogadoebis politikuri cxovreba swored uamravi amgvari kiTxvis dasma da maTze pasuxis Ziebaa.

29

religia

30

oTxTavi (S â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 962), lukas saxarebis dasawyisi,1054 w.

biblia laura grigolaSvili

biblia wignTa wignia. kacobrioba am wignSi eZebda pasuxs globalur kiTxvebze: rogor warmoiSva samyaro? rogor gaCnda sicocxle? vin varT Cven? saidan movdivarT? ra zneobriv-moraluri kategoriebiT unda icxovros adamianma? bibliaSi bevr kiTxvaze SeiZleba pasuxis povna, oRond TiToeuli imdens iTvisebs, ramdenis misaRebadac TviTon aris mzad. biblia berZnuli sityvaa da wigns niSnavs. ufro zustad, berZnebi bibloss (βίβlos) uwodebdnen papiruss, egviptur mcenares, romlisganac sawer masalas amzadebdnen. masze daweril wigns ewodeboda biblion (βίβlίoν). Semdeg βίβlos ewoda yvela wigns, maTgan gamosarCevad ki bibliur wigns daurTes ganmsazRvreli epiTeti – wmida. esaa wigni, romelmac daikanona wodeba wmida wignisa, wmida werilisa. rodis Seiqmna biblia, ra enaze daiwera, ra Sedgenilobisaa – ai kiTxvebi, romelTac pirvel rigSi unda vupasuxoT. biblia Sedgeba sxvadasxva avtoris sxvadasxva dros dawerili wignebisgan. is moicavs or mTavar nawils: Zvel aRTqmasa da axal aRTqmas. Zveli aRTqma Seqmnilia XII (qristemde) – II (qristes aqeT)

moqvis saxareba, XIII s.

saukuneebSi, ZiriTadad ebraul enaze, axali aRTqma ki qristianul epoqaSia dawerili berZnul enaze.

Zveli aRTqma gulisxmobs SeTanxmebas, kavSirs RmerTsa da rCeul ebrael xalxs Soris, axali aRTqma ki axali kavSiria RmerTsa da kacobriobas, RmerTsa da TiToeul adamians Soris. vin iyvnen ebraelebi da ratom gamoarCia isini RmerTma? Zvelad ebraelebi ewodebodaT dasavleT-semituri modgmis erebs, romlebic XVI-XIV saukuneebSi (qristemde) SuamdinareTis sanaxebidan Crdilo-arabul naxevarudabnoSi Camosaxldnen. ibrim – rogorc uwodebdnen Tavis Tavs ebraelebi, niSnavs mdinaris gadaRmidan mosuls.

XIII s-Si (qristemde) ebraelebi damkvidrebulan mkvdari zRvis maxloblad, palestinaSi, sadac isini Serevian iqaur mosaxleobas da

lailaSis biblia, X-XI s.

31

religia SeuqmniaT TavianTi saxelmwifo. ebraelebma erTgvarad daagvirgvines Zveli aRmosavleTis civilizacia, rogorc am didi kulturis erT-erTma uZvelesma warmomadgenlebma. aRsaniSni isic aris, rom mTeli maTi kultura moqceulia erT did wignSi – bibliaSi da moicavs Zveli qveynebis istorias, msoflaRqmasa da esTetikur mimarTebas samyarosadmi. uZvelesi droidan mokidebuli biblia kacobriobasTan erTad dResac cocxlobs. is SemaerTebeli xidia Zvel civilizaciebsa da axal civilizacias Soris. bibliuri gadmocemiT, ebraelebi egviptelTa monobidan RvTis mowodebiT daixsna mose winaswarmetyvelma, romelic Seiqna maTi religiuri moZRvari, politikuri beladi, damfuZnebeli Zveli aRTqmis monoTeisturi religiisa*. rogorc Zveli aRTqma mogviTxrobs, RmerTma ixmo mose da amcno mas: `da aw ukueTu smeniT isminoT QNmisa Cemisa da daicvaT aRTqumaL Cemi, iyvneT Cemda eri sazepuroL yovelTagan naTesavTa, rameTu Cemi ars yoveli queyanaL” (gamoslv. 19,5). xalxma ufals aRuTqva yovelives Sesruleba da RmerTma moses sinas mTaze ori fiqali (dafa) uboZa, romelzedac aTi mcneba (`dekalogi~), zneobrivi cxovrebis 10 wesi iyo gansazRvruli. Amis Semdeg winaswarmemose, 1515, avtori: meqelanjelo buonaroti, san pietro in vinkoli, romi.

tyvelma samsxverploze Sewiruli xarebis sisxli apkura xalxs da uTxra: `aha sisxli aRTqumisa, romeli aRTquma-yo RmerTman Tquenda mimarT yovelTa amaT sityuaTaTMs~ (gamoslv. 24,8).

dausvamT kiTxva: ra enaze esaubreba RmerTi mose winaswarmetyvels? religiuri istoriografia gvpasuxobs: RmerTis ena is zeadamianuri idiomaa, romliTac RmerTi angelozebs esaubreba.

winaswarmetyvelTa wignebs didi da mcire ewodaT imis gamo, rom maTi winaswarmetyvelebani moculobiT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan, zogi didia, zogi ki – mcire.

ufali rCeul ebrael xalxs hpirdeboda aRTqmul qveyanas, romelic dakarguli samoTxis msgavsi iqneba. ase Camoyalibda ebraeli xalxis RvTisagan gamorCeulobis idea. gamorCeulobis statusi ebraelebs mieniWaT imis gamo, rom RmerTma gamoarCia da gamoixsna isini gansacdelisgan.

Zveli aRTqma Seicavs 51 wigns da iyofa sam nawilad: kanoni, winaswarmetyvelebi da dawerilebi. pirvel nawilSi, romelsac xuTwigneuli (xumaSi), kanoni (Tora) ewodeba da miewereba mose winaswarmetyvels, moTxrobilia qveynisa da adamianis gaCenis Sesaxeb, adamisa da evas codvaze, samoTxidan maT gandevnaze, ebraeli xalxis cxovrebaze palestinaSi. meore nawilSi gaerTianebulia 4 didi da 12 mcire winaswarmetyvelis wignebi. am wignebSi mxilebulia kacTa modgmis codvebi. es mxileba erTgvar gafrTxilebadac gaismis mosalodneli sasjelis Sesaxeb, Tu ebraelebi ar daicavdnen RvTis mcnebebs.

* mose winaswarmetyvelis pirovnebiT STagonebulma araerTma xelovanma asaxa igi Tavis SemoqmedebaSi. gavixsenoT miqelanjelos mose, v. rosinis opera `mose egvipteSi~, a.

Sonbergis `mose da aaroni~ da sxv.

32

biblia

mesame nawili aerTianebs sxvadasxva Janris wigns sxvadasxva avtorisa. am wignebs gansakuTrebuli mizidulobis Zala hqondaT Zveladac da dResac. es wignebia: daviT winaswarmetyvelis `fsalmunebi~, solomon brZenis `igavni~, `eklesiaste~ da `qeba qebaTaL~, iobis wigni, esTeris wigni, ivdiTis wigni da sxv. yuradReba gavamaxviloT zogierT maTganze: fsalmunni (qarTulad – daviTni) bibliis, Zveli aRTqmis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani wignia. ebrauli tradicia am wigns qebis, didebis wigns uwodebs, radgan fsalmunTa umetesoba RvTis sadideblad warmoTqmuli sagaloblebia. berZnul enaze Targmnil bibliaSi ki am wigns ψάλτεριον (fsalterion) ewodeba. am terminiT aRiniSneboda simebiani sakravi, aT- an Tormetsimiani qnari, romlis TanxlebiTac sruldeboda ebraul sagalobelTa umravlesoba. fsalmunTa wignSi gaerTianebulia asormocdaaTi (`asergasisi~) fsalmuni. azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa sagalobelTa avtoris vinaobaze. zogi saeklesio moRvawe 150-save sagalobels daviT winaswarmetyvels miakuTvnebs, zogierTi ki fiqrobs, rom fsalmunebi sxvadasxva avtoris mieraa Seqmnili. mTavari mainc is aris, rom daviT winaswarmetyveli centraluri figuraa am sagaloblebisa. sxvebi mas hbaZaven, mis kvals mihyvebian, mis suliskveTebas gamoxataven.

fslmunni, samuel winaswarmetyveli mirons acxebs daviTs.

fsalmunebi Tavisi zogadi SinaarsiT exmianeba daviT winaswarmetyvelis cxovrebis gzas, dawyebuls samuel winaswarmetyvelis

mefe daviT mefsalmune

fsalmunis mkiTxveli godebis kedelTan, ierusalimi, 2007 w.

33

religia mier daviTis mironcxebiT, damTavrebuls misi mefobis ukanaskneli wlebiT. Tumca didi saeklesio moRvawis, grigol noselis (ax.w. 335394) TqmiT, `fsalmunTa~ kompozicia ar aris dafuZnebuli istoriul movlenaTa qronologiur Tanmimdevrobaze, aramed saTnoebaTa asaxviT warmoaCens adamianis amaRlebas RmerTamde. amitom iqca daviTi renesansis epoqis SemoqmedTaTvis (miqelanjelo, donatelo, verokio da sxv.) STagonebis wyarod. eklesiis udidesi mama aTanase aleqsandrieli (ax.w. 297-373), `fsalmunTa~ brwyinvale komentatori, miiCnevs, rom fsalmunTa umTavresi ganmasxvavebeli niSani wm. werilis sxva wignebisgan isaa, rom masSi sasimRero intonaciiTa da poeturi formiT gamoxatulia TiTqmis yvela sxva bibliuri wignis Sinaarsi. fsalmunTa meSveobiT adamiani Seimecnebs Tavisi sulis moZraobas. is RmerTs esaubreba, guls gadauSlis mas, Sendobas SesTxovs, aqebs, ganadidebs `sityvier msxverpls~ gaiRebs misTvis. solomon brZens, daviT winaswarmetyvelis Svils, miiCneven sami sofiologiuri (sibrZnismetyvelebiTi) wignis avtorad. es wignebia: `igavni solomonisni~, `eklesiaste~, `qebaL qebaTaL~. es sami wignic meFfe solomonisa da sabas dedoflis Sexvedra, 1452-1466, avtori: piero dela franCeska, san franCeskos bazilika, areco.

grigol nosels esaxeba erTgvar kibed, romlis meSveobiT adamiani srulyofas aRwevs. solomonis wignebs did mniSvnelobas aniWebda kabadokieli mama basili didi (ax.w. 330-379). misi gagebiT, igavTa wigni emsaxureba adamianis zneobriv aRzrdas, eklesiaste mogviwodebs fuWad, amaod ar davxarjoT sasicocxlo Zalebi warmavali cxovrebis warmavali faseulobebisTvis. `qeba qebaTa~ ki warmoaCens sulieri srulyofis gzas, radgan gamoxatavs siZisa da sZlis Sewyvilebas, e. i. adamianisa da logosis SekavSirebas. `qebaLs~ Sinaarss Seyvarebuli wyvilis dialogi warmarTavs. vaJi warmodgeba siZed, is xan mwyemsia, xan – mevenaxe, xan – mefe-gvirgvinosani (TviT solomon mefe); qali, Seyvarebuli, sZali ki xan mwyemsi gogonaa, xan – venaxis mcveli, xan – mefis asuli, xan – dedofali. urTierTobaSi isini xan da-Zmad miiCneven erTmaneTs, xan – siZe-patarZlad, xan – col-qmrad. maT garda poemaSi Canan patarZlis megobari qalwulebi da siZis megobari vaJebi. avtori arsad Cans. qristianulma msoflaRqmam `qebaLSi, rogorc SevniSneT, dainaxa `siZisa~ da `sZlis~ siyvaruli, romelic mimaniSnebelia qristesa da kacobriobis/eklesiis kavSiris saidumloze. miiCneven, rom am wignSi yvela winaswarmetyvelebaze ufro naTladaa warmodgenili mesiis –

berZnuli oTxTavi, ioanes saxarebis dasawyisi, XII s.

qristes gacxadebis Sesaxeb. saRvTismetyvelo moZRvrebiT, `qebaL~ ki ar winaswarmetyvelebs mesiis gankacebaze, aramed warmogvidgens mas, rogorc ukve gankacebuls. `qebaL~ zeimis, netarebis, sixarulis ga-

34

biblia

momxatveli wignia. am netarebam aTqmevina solomon brZens frTian gamoTqmad qceuli sityvebi: `mtkice ars, viTarca sikudili, siyvaruli~ (qebai 8,6). qristianobis apologetebma Zveli aRTqma dasaxes axali aRTqmis moswavebad, axal aRTqmaSi ki Zveli aRTqmis komentarebs xedavdnen. iudaizmi, romelic Zvel aRTqmas efuZneba, aRiarebs mxolod Zvel aRTqmas, qristianoba ki â&#x20AC;&#x201C; rogorc Zvel, ise axal aRTqmas. axali aRTqma ieso qristes mowafeTa da mociqulTa mier Seiqmna. masSi gadmocemulia macxovris moZRvreba SemorCenili mis TviTmxilvelTa mexsierebaSi da ganaxlebuli suliwmidis mier (ioane 14, 26). axali aRTqma 27 wignisagan Sedgeba. es wignebia: saxareba (misi Sesatyvisi berZnuli terminia evangele, romelic qarTul literaturul tradiciaSic gvxvdeba), igive oTxTavi (radgan saxareba oTxia da dawerilia oTxi maxareblis â&#x20AC;&#x201C; maTe, markoz, luka da ioanes mier), saqme mociqulTa, mociqulTa epistoleebi da gamocxadeba, anu apokalifsisi ioanesi. am wignebSi moTxrobilia ieso qristes amqveyniuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb, qristes mowafeTa samociqulo Rvawlze, samyaros ukanasknel dReze. oTxi maxareblis wignebs adarebdnen samoTxidan momdinare oTx mdinares, romlebic rwyaven edemis baRs. wyarosTAvis saxareba, X-XI ss. maTe, markozi, luka da ioane maxareblebi.

35

religia

palestinaSi aRmocenebul religias qristes mowafeebi uqadagebdnen ara mxolod ebraelobas, aramed warmarTebsac. amitom es religia gavrcelda romis mTel imperiaSi. qristes mociqulebi saxarebas avrcelebdnen ara maxviliTa da SubiT, aramed sityviTa da siyvaruliT. sagulisxmoa, rom mociqulebs uwodebdnen meTevzurebs, mebadurebs, mesaTxevlebs. marTalia, qristes mowafeTagan zogi marTlac mebaduri iyo, magram maT es saxeli SeerqvaT imis gamo, rom RvTis sityvis meSveobiT adamianTa gulebs aqcevdnen badeSi. aki TviT macxovarma mouwoda maT: `da hrqua maT: movediT da SemomidegiT me, da gyvne Tquen mesaTxevle kacTa~ (maTe 4,19). eTiopiuri biblia, 1350-1450, napovnia gizis udabnos platoze.

petre mociquli, laTinuri biblia, 1407, malmsberis saabato, uiltSiri, inglisi.

36

axalma aRTqmam safuZveli daudo axal welTaRricxvas, romelsac efuZneba mTeli evro-amerikuli civilizacia (sxva welTaRricxva aqvT magaliTad, Cinelebs, arabebs). axalma aRTqmam daamkvidra axali gageba axali cxovrebisa, axali adamianisa, axali gzisa, axali galobisa. es is faseulobebia, romelTa meSveobiTac myardeba kavSiri uzarmazari evropuli sivrcis kulturul xalxTa Soris.

biblia

mainc ra aris am kulturis safuZvelTa safuZveli? axali aRTqma axali kavSiria RvTisa da adamianisa. saRvTismetyvelo swavlebiT, Tu Zveli aRTqma, sinas mTaze rom daido RmerTsa da israels Soris, saqorwino kontraqtia samsxverploze mitanili Sesawiris sisxlis SxefebiT beWeddasmuli, axali aRTqma saqorwino kavSiria, dabeWdili ieso qristes sisxliT, romliTac jvarcmulma macxovarma gamoisyida codviTdacemuli kacobrioba. cnobilia, rom jer kidev Zveli aRTqma mianiSnebda morwmuneebs saqorwino urTierTobaze RmerTsa da mis rCeul xalxs Soris: `da mogiTxoo Sen Tavisa Cemisa saukunnod, da mogiTxoo Sen Tavisa Cemisa sarwmunoebiT, da icna Sen ufali~ (osia 2, 19-20). miiCneven, rom esaa gulmxurvale mowodeba, moxmoba eklesiisa Seemecnos ufals, gaxdes sZali qristesi. `qebaTa-qebaTaLs~ komentatorebmac, rogorc aRvniSneT, Zveli aRTqmis am yvelaze idumal wignSi dainaxes RmrTisa da misi rCeuli xalxis saqorwino urTierTobis alegoria, sityvisa da sxeulis SekavSirebis igavi, ieso qristesa da eklesiis, anu qristesa da yoveli adamianis SeerTebis (erTqmnis) ganmadidebeli himni. bibliaSi SeiniSneba am ideis TandaTanobiT ganviTareba. axali aRTqmis igavebiT (maTe 25, 1-13; maTe 22, 1-13) gacxadebulia, rom RmerTi swored qristeSi xorcieldeba siZed. bibliam adamianis srulqmnis aRmniSvnel universalur simbolod qorwineba miiCnia. axalma aRTqmam daamkvidra sruliad axali gageba siyvarulisa. qristianoba RmerTis arsad acxadebs siyvaruls: `RmerTi siyuaruli ars~ (1 ioane 4, 8). RmerTi, antikuri religiis RmerTebisgan gansxvavebiT, mxolod ki ar uyvarT, aramed TviTonaa ganmsWvaluli yvelas siyvaruliT. siyvaruli daisaxa adamianis mowodebad, misi Rirsebis ganmsazRvrelad: `Tqmul ars: Seiyuaro moyvasi Seni da moiZulo mteri Seni. xolo me getyv Tquen: giyuarded mterni Tquenni~ (maTe 5, 43-44). siyvaruli zneobiTi ierarqiis saTaveSi moeqca da umTavres idealad gamoikveTa. pavle mociqulma, romelmac sulisSemZvreli himni uZRvna siyvaruls (1 kor. 13, 4-13), Semdegi sityvebiT daagvirgvina is: `xolo aw esera hgies: sarwmunoebaL, sasoebaL da siyuaruli, sami ese; xolo ufroLs amaTsa siyvaruli ars~. axali aRTqmis (da saerTod bibliis) damamTavrebeli wigni â&#x20AC;&#x201C; gamocxadebaL ioanesi (apokalifsisi), romelic samyaros ukanasknel dRes aRwers, mTavrdeba axali galobiT, romelSic monawileobs uricxvi raodenoba angelozebisa, maT galobas uerTdeba galoba yovelTa dabadebulTa, `romelni arian caTa Sina da queyanasa zeda da ufskrulTa Sina da zRuaTa~ (gamocx. 5, 13). codviT dacemis Sedegad darRveuli harmonia samyarosi unda aRdges, am harmoniis safuZvlad ki siyvarulia miCneuli.

ioanes gamocxadeba, rusuli xati, XVI s.

37

religia axali aRTqma daedo safuZvlad axal religias – qristianobas, romelmac Tavis mxriv Camoayaliba Tvisebrivad axali sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba, axali sakulto da kulturuli arqetipebi. maT axali kulturis safuZvlebi gansazRvres. qristianobis RmerTi – pirovnuli samsaxovani erTarseba RmerTi – aris absoluturi WeSmariteba, sikeTe, mSveniereba, siyvaruli, arafrisgan yovelives Semoqmedi. adamiani umTavres faseulobad gamocxadda; is Seqmnilia RvTis saxed da xatad, angelozTa darad miniWebuli aqvs Tavisufali neba. adamiani pirvelcodvis Sedegad dascilda RvTis xats. adamiani movalea aRidginos RvTaebrivi xati. magram daibada kiTxva: rogor eziareba adamiani RmerTs, Tu TviTon RmerTi ar Seva adamianSi? amitom moxda RmerTis kacqmna, `amisTMs RmerT-majruWis II saxareba, XII s.

makacebr moqmed iqmna zeSTa RmerTTaL, raLTa kacebr uwyodnis vnebani Cuenni da RmrTeebr iNsnides bralTagan, romelTa qalwulad qadagon qalwuli dedaL,~ – ityvis daviT aRmaSenebeli Tavis ganTqmul sinanulis sagalobelSi. gavixsenoT isic, rogor esaubreboda Tavis xalxs ilia WavWavaZe, eris mamad miCneuli didi mwerali da moazrovne: `viT mama zecisa iyav Senc srulio~, umoZRvra kacs da amiT gvamcno, rom kaci SemZlebel ars aRsvlad RvTaebis sisrulemde. raodeni didebaa da pativi kacis bunebisa am eqvs sityvaSi, RvTis bageTagan warmoTqmulSi!.. iRvawe da RvTis sisrulemde Senc SegiZlian axvide da miaRwioo. esodeni gandideba da aRmateba adamianis Rirsebisa jer manamde ara adamians ar gaegona~.

qristianulma religiam gansazRvra samyaros modeli, adamianis roli, evoluciis arsi. yovelive es ki safuZvlad daedo am kulturis eTikur da esTetikur principebs. moZRvreba mSveniersa da amaRlebulze erTnairad gansazRvravda arqiteqturis, mxatvrobis, musikis, sityvieri da gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis ragvarobas. bibliur mxatvrul-saazrovno sivrceSi Camoyalibda motivebi, Temebi, saxe-simboloebi, romlebic evropuli literaturisa da xelovnebis niSansvetebad iqcnen. somxuri biblia, 1256 w.

38

axali aRTqmis samyaro saukuneTa manZilze STagonebis wyaro iyo mxatvrebisTvis, moqandakeebisTvis, mwerlebisTvis, poetebisTvis, musikosebisaTvis, arqiteqtorebisaTvis, renesansis epoqam axali sicocxle mianiWa bibliur Temebs. miqelanjelo, rafaeli, ticiani, el greko, rembrandti Sedevrebs qmnidnen Zveli da axali aRTqmis siuJetebze.

biblia

bibliis kulturologiuri mniSvneloba ganuzomelia. nu dagvaviwydeba, rom es wigni mxolod `saRmrTo~ daniSnulebisa ar aris. is iyo da aris `TviTmyofadi poeturi qmnileba, vrceli tilo, sadac warmodgenilia sityvieri Semoqmedebis, dResdReobiT arsebulis, TiTqmis yvela Janri. igi, SeiZleba iTqvas, Tanamedrove msoflio mwerlobis uZvelesi qrestomaTiaa. aq SevxvdebiT folkloruli warmoSobis sawesCveulebo simRerebs, igav-arakebs, Segonebebs, filosofiur nakvesebs, miTosis fragmentebs, saistorio da sayofacxovrebo-dokumentur prozas, novelistur ambebs, godebebs, saRvTo sagaloblebs, sagmiro leqsebs, satrfialo lirikas, diplomatiur mimoweras, oratorul sityvas, publicistikasac ki~ (z. kiknaZe). ... qarTveli xalxi qristian erTa Soris dgas. is qristianobis moRebisTanave daewafa biblias, adridanve gadmoTargmna misi calkeuli wignebi (saxareba, fsalmunni, winaswarmetyvelebi...). Cvenamde moRweuli mTliani biblia (oSkis, igive aTonisa) ki 978 wliTaa daTariRebuli.

martvilis saxareba, 1050

martvilis saxareba, 1050w.

39

nacionalizmi

patriotizmi da nacionalizmi

levan berZeniSvili

qarTveli var da Cemi samSoblo, saqarTvelo, miyvars. amave dros, rogorc qarTvels, Cemi xalxi, Cemi qarTvelebi miyvars. siyvaruls ra sjobs, magram mainc, ra ufro sworia – samSoblos siyvaruli Tu mSobeli xalxis siyvaruli? ra ufro zusti samiznea Cemi gulwrfeli siyvarulisTvis – samSoblo Tu xalxi? samSoblos, mamuls berZnulad `patris~ hqvia, es sityva momdinareobs sxva – `pater~ sityvisagan, rac `mamas~ niSnavs; ese igi, ber-

40

Znuli samSoblo, upirveles yovlisa, `mamulia~. `patris~ sityvidan iwarmoeba `patriotes~, romelic sityvasityviT `samSobloels~, `mamulels~, `mamulis kacs~, `Tanamemamules~ niSnavs; Sesabamisad, termini `patriotizmi~ sityvasityviT niSnavs `Tanamemamuleobas~. amJamad qarTul enaSi termini `patriotizmi~ aRniSnavs samSoblos siyvaruls. Sesabamisad, patriotizmi aris erT-erTi mTavari adamianuri grZnobis, siyvarulis gansazRvruli saxesxvaoba. amrigad, patriotizmi samSoblosadmi siyvarulis amaRlebuli grZnobaa. patriotizmisgan gansxvavebiT, nacionalizmi grZnoba ar aris, nacionalizmi aris ideologia, anu ideebis,

Sexedulebebis erToblioba, romelic adamianTa garkveul jgufSi (magaliTad, saxelmwifoSi) miRebul normad, saxelmZRvanelo ideebad aris aRiarebuli. am ideologiis mixedviT, eri, anu â&#x20AC;&#x17E;naciaâ&#x20AC;?, aris sazogadoebis fundamenturi nawili da qvakuTxedi. laTinuri warmoSobis sityva `nacia~ aRniSnavs eniT, kulturiT, eTnosiT, warmomavlobiTa da istoriiT gaerTianebul xalxs, romelsac, rogorc wesi, aqvs saerTo teritoria da xelisufleba. rom gavamartivoT, nacionalizmi aRniSnavs ideologias, romlis mixedviTac nacias, anu ers, aqvs prioriteti sxva erTeulebTan (magaliTad, eTnikur umciresobebTan, imigrantebTan an moqalaqeobis armqone pirebTan) SedarebiT.

41

nacionalizmi patriotizmi Tu nacionalizmi? saqarTvelo ufro mniSvnelovania Tu qarTvelebi? Tu orive? iqneb â&#x20AC;&#x201C; arc erTi? ai, am sakiTxis gasarkvevad aris dawerili es patara werili. daviwyoT `samSoblos~ cnebiT. bavSvobidan vicnobT am sityvas da gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba gvaqvs mis mimarT. modi, vcadoT, ubralo sityvebiT vTqvaT, ra aris samSoblo. upirveles yovlisa, samSoblo aris qveyana; magram es nebismieri qveyana ki ar aris, esaa mxolod Cveni qveyana, anu es aris is kulturuli da geografiuli garemo, romelSic Camoyalibda mSobeli xalxis erovnuli TviTmyofadoba. es imas niSnavs, rom saqarTvelo aris kulturuli

sivrce da geografiuli teritoria, romelzec xangrZlivi istoriis manZilze Camoyalibda qarTveli xalxi, rogorc eri, rogorc TviTmyofadi, sxvebisgan gansxvavebuli da Taviseburi nacia. raki samSoblo Cveni qveyanaa, romelSic Cven CamovyalibdiT, rogorc sxvebisgan gansxvavebuli xalxi, da raki Cven Camogviyalibda Cveni ena, kultura, istoria da fsiqikuri wyoba da raki swored am qveynis siyvarulia patriotizmi, es siyvaruli exeba rogorc teritorias, ise kulturul sivrces da am sivrceSi Camoyalibebul xalxsac, mis enasac, aseve Taviseburebas, nacionalur Tavgadasavals, anu eris istoriasac.

Zalian martivad rom vTqvaT, patriotizmi aris sakuTari

qveynis siyvaruli, rac niSnavs sakuTari miwa-wylis, sakuTari xalxis, sakuTari enis, sakuTari Taviseburebebis, sakuTari istoriis siyvaruls. nacionalizmis SemTxveva gansxvavebulia. nacionalizmis SemTxvevaSi sakuTari naciisadmi kuTvnileba xdeba ara siyvarulis an siZulvilis safuZveli, aramed politikuri principi an politikuri programa. politikur programas uwodeben ama Tu im politikuri partiisa Tu partiaTa koaliciis miznebisa da principebis gaazrebul CamonaTvals. amgvarad, nacionalizms sxva ganzomileba aqvs, vidre patriotizms, romelic gulisxmobs Tavisi samSoblosadmi da naciisadmi kuTvnilebis grZnobas, rac ar aris dakavSirebuli politikuri moqmedebis romelime programasTan. Zalian xSirad `nacionalistebis~ umetesoba ayalibebs programas, romelic gankuTvnilia sakuTari naciisTvis, magram xSirad ar Seesabameba sxva naciebis an imave naciaSi eTnikuri umciresobebis sasicocxlo interesebs (magaliTad, ar iTvaliswinebs maTi enis, kulturis ganviTarebas, saTanado pativs ar scems maT religias da a.S.). swored amis

42

eJen delakrua (frangi mxatvari, 1798-1863, franguli romantizmis fuZemdebeli), Tavisufleba barikadebze (1830) Tavisuflebis alegoriul figuras xelSi uWiravs axali safrangeTis simbolo, samferovani droSa Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba da Zmoba.

gamo zogierTebi nacionalizms cariel boTls adareben: forma aris, Sinaarsi ar aris. SeiZleba iTqvas, umravlesobisTvis nacionalizms, rogorc formas aqvs mniSvneloba, xolo umciresobebisTvis mniSvneloba eqneboda im Sinaarss, romelic am formaSi ver moeqca. magaliTad, indoeTSi damoukideblobis miRebamde indoeTis nacionaluri kongresis partiam nacionalizmis ideebis wyalobiT SeZlo formalurad da ara Sinaarsobrivad gaeerTianebina iseTi gansxvavebuli pirovnebebi, rogorebic iyvnen javaharlar neru (reformatori, romelsac gonivruli dagegmarebisa swamda), kriSna menoni (orTodoqsi marqsisti) da mahaTma gandi (induisti asketi, romelic industrializaciis winaaRmdeg gamodioda). zustad ase, 1918 wlis 26 maissac da 1991 wlis 9 aprilsac saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqts qarTuli nacionalizmis saxeliT xeli moawera parlamentSi warmodgenilma yvela politikurma Zalam â&#x20AC;&#x201C; maT Soris memarjveneebmac, memarcxeneebmac, konservatorebmac, liberalebmac da im adamianebmac, romelTac sakuTari politikuri platforma im momentisTvis arc hqondaT garkveuli. nacionalizmis sxvadasxva saxeobas erTi saerTo niSani aqvs: am niSnis mixedviT, nacionalur kuTvnilebas upiratesoba aqvs ama Tu im klasis, religiisa Tu rasisadmi kuTvnilebasTan SedarebiT. Sesabamisad, mTavaria, frangi iyo da mniSvneloba ar aqvs, muSa xar,

mahaTma gandi (1869-1948)

javaharlar neru (1889-1964)

43

nacionalizmi kapitalisti xar, qristiani xar, mahmadiani xar, aTeisti xar, TeTrkaniani xar, Savkaniani Tu yviTelkaniani. nacionalizmis TvalsazrisiT, sayovelTaod cnobili tieri anri, upirveles yovlisa, frangi fexburTelia da mxolod amis Semdeg milioneri, Savkaniani, qristiani Tu mahmadiani. nacionalizmis erT-erTi mimarTuleba SeiZleba zogadad davaxasiaToT, rogorc „romantikuli~ nacionalizmi. rogorc cnobilia, XVIII saukunis evropaSi damkvidrebul ganmanaTleblobis epoqas universalizmi da racionalizmi axasiaTebda. universalizmi aris moZRvreba, romlis mixedviTac individualuri bedniereba umniSvneloa, Tuki adamians ar gaaCnia samyarosTan, anu `universTan~ (esaa `samyaros~ laTinuri saxeli) solidarobis SegrZneba, rac SesaZlebelia mxolod kanonebis gaazrebiT da dacviT.

iohan gotfrid herderi (1744-1803)

seneka (Zv.w.54-ax.w. 39)

44

racionalizmi ki filosofiuri mimdinareobaa, romelic gonebas (laTinurad, – `racios~) miiCnevs adamianis azrovnebisa da moqmedebis safuZvlad da misi yvela sasicocxlo miswrafebis kriteriumad.

swored am universalizmsa da racionalizmze reaqcias warmoadgenda germanuli romantikuli nacionalizmi. romantikuli nacionalizmi aris nacionaluri warsulisa da kulturis gaidealebisken swrafva, rac axasiaTebda romantizmis gviandel fazas. evropis istoriaSi romantikuli nacionalizmis xana grZeldeboda napoleonis omebis dasasrulidan (1814) pirveli msoflio omis dasawyisamde (1914). erovnuli grZnobis mozRvavebam waruSleli kvali datova evropul istoriaSi, xolo germaniaSi, italiaSi, saberZneTsa da zogierT sxva qveyanaSi gamoiwvia erovnuli saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibeba. `romantikosebis~ azriT, adamianebis gageba ufro iolia im enobrivi, kulturuli da istoriuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac maT akavSirebT garkveul teritoriasTan, vidre saerTo sakacobrio Tvisebebis konteqstSi. amrigad, fuZemdebluri Rirebulebebi, romlebic ayalibeben sazogadoebas da misi yofis garemos aris lokaluri da ara saerTo-sakacobrio. romantikuli nacionalizmis mniSvnelovani Teoretikosi iyo iohan gotfrid herderi, romelic laparakobda TiToeuli xalxisTvis mniSvnelovan „saxalxo sulze~. ekonomikuri mxare amgvari nacionalizmisa im rwmenaSia, rom umniSvnelovanes nacionalur resursebs mxolod erovnuli struqturebi unda flobdnen. romantikuli nacionalizmis politikuri gamoxatuleba TviTgamorkvevis principia. TviTgamorkvevis principi mimarTulia politikuri cxovrebis iseT mowyobaze, romelic ayalibebs erovnul saxelmwifos.

patriotizmi da nacionalizmi

am principis mixedviT, xalxi ayalibebs sakuTar erovnul saxelmwifos. erovnuli saxelmwifo ki esaa suverenuli erToba, romelSic Warbobs erTi nacia. erovnuli saxelmwifos erT-erTi upiratesoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom misi Zalaufleba, rogorc moqalaqeTa erTianobisa da nebis bunebrivi ganxorcieleba, SemZlea Seqmnas myari safuZveli kanonieri mTavrobisTvis. meore upiratesoba, didi amerikeli poetis, robert frostis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom `kargi Robe karg mezoblebs qmnis~.

marTlac, rodesac xalxi sakuTar sazRvrebSi Tavs ekonomikurad da kulturulad usafrTxod grZnobs, igi Tavis TavSi ufro darwmunebulia da saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan da sxva xalxebTan molaparakebasac ufro keTilganwyobilad da megobrulad atarebs, ufro metadaa ganwyobili gonivruli kompromisebisa da urTierTsasargeblo daTmobebisadmi. amave dros, unda iTqvas, rom nacionaluri saxelmwifo yvela rTul kiTxvas ver scems pasuxs. amgvari saxelmwifos didi nakli is gaxlavT, rom igi zustad arasodes ar Seesabameba arsebul realobas.

xalxebi msoflioSi ar arian gadanawilebuli mkveTrad gamijnuli nacionaluri teritoriebis mixedviT da nacionalur saxelmwifoebSi yovelTvis arian umciresobebi, romlebic problemebs qmnian da Tavis TavSi SeiZleba farul damangrevel Zalebsac ki moicavdnen. anu ise ar aris msoflio mowyobili, rom ungrelebi mxolod ungreTSi cxovrobdnen, somxebi mxolod somxeTSi an qarTvelebi mxolod saqarTveloSi. magaliTad, rumineTSi cxovrobs ungruli umciresoba (mosaxleobis 6,6%), bulgareTSi cxovrobs Turqi umciresoba (mosaxleobis 8,2%), sabWoTa kavSiris yofil respublikebSi cxovrobs rusuli umciresoba, maT Soris, sakmaod mniSvnelovanic, magaliTad, estoneTSi rusuli diaspora mosaxleobis 25,6%-s Seadgens, latviaSi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 27,8%-s.

1914-1918 wlebis omis Semdeg moxda masobrivi demografiuli migracia, mosaxleobis â&#x20AC;&#x17E;gacvla~ saberZneTsa da TurqeTs Soris (pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg saberZneTidan TurqeTSi gaiqcnen Turqebi da, piriqiT, manamde TurqeTis mcxovrebi berZnebi saberZneTSi gadasaxldnen); 1939-1945 wlebis omis Semdeg moxda germanelebis

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nacionalizmi gadasaxleba poloneTidan; aseve mosaxleobis mtkivneuli `gacvla~ moxda somxeTsa da azerbaijans Soris yarabaRis konfliqtis dros. verc erTma am iZulebiTma migraciam problema sabolood ver gadawyvita da igi naklebad mtkivneuli ver gaxada. zogierT SemTxvevaSi saqme kidev ufro rTuladaa. mTel evropaSi mcxovreb boSebs iseve, rogorc axlo aRmosavleTsa da samxreT kavkasiaSi mcxovreb qurTebs saerTod ar gaaCniaT sakuTari saxelmwifo, romelsac isini erTaderT samSoblod aRiqvamdnen. amave dros, es xalxebi sxvadasxvagvar strategias mimarTaven. qurTebi sakuTari saxelmwifos Camosayalibeblad TavgamodebiT ibrZvian, xolo boSebi saerTo samSoblos sakiTxs arc ki ganixilaven. jer kidev senekam (romaeli filosofosi da saxelmwifo moRvawe) Tqva, â&#x20AC;&#x17E;samSoblo imitom ki ar gviyvars, rom didia, aramed imitom, rom Cvenia~. miuxedavad amisa, Zalian xSirad bevrs unda, rom misi samSoblo ufro didi iyos. ras niSnavs es sidide? xSirad es, ubralod, met teritorias niSnavs. saqarTvelos saxmeleTo sazRvriT oTxi qveyana esazRvreba da oTxives ukavia teritoria, romelic odesRac, istoriis romeliRac periodSi, Cveni sakuTreba iyo (tao-klarjeTi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Tanamedrove TurqeTSi, saingilo, anu kaxi

46

patriotizmi da nacionalizmi

da zaqaTala – dRevandel azerbaijanSi, lore – somxeTSi, soWi – ruseTSi). aq, yvelgan, darCenilia Cveni yofnis kvali, toponimikis (adgilTa dasaxelebis), hidronimikis (mdinareTa saxelebis), eklesiebis, cixe-simagreebisa Tu sxva materialuri da aramaterialuri kulturis Zeglebis saxiT. Sesabamisad, Cveni samSoblo dedamiwaze or gansxvavebul adgils ikavebs: erTia is, romelic mas axla uWiravs, romelic aRiarebulia msoflios mier, xolo meore is, romelic moicavs yvela teritorias, rac mas odesme daukavebia (Tanac ar aris aucilebeli, rom es erT droSi momxdariyo).

Sesabamisad, Cvens gonebaSi saqarTvelos ori rukaa. erTia is ruka, romelzec asaxulia saqarTvelo saerTaSorisod aRiarebul sazRvrebSi (aq igulisxmeba is teritoriebic, romelsac saqarTvelos xelisufleba amJamad ver akontrolebs); meore ki gaxlavT is ruka, romelic SesaZloa drosa da sivrceSi arasodes ar yofila swored aseTi, magram mas ukavia is sivrce, romelic odesme, Tundac mcire xniT, Cveni samSoblos Semadgeneli nawili yofila. am `rukaze~ Cveni kulturuli nakvalevi sruliad mkafioa. patriotizmi gulisxmobs, rom es saxelebic da es Zeglebic Cven iseve gviyvars, rogorc is saxelebi da Zeglebi, romlebic Cvens amJamindel teritoriazea. samSoblos siyvarulis grZnoba gvkarnaxobs, rom am materialuri da aramaterialuri kulturis Cveneul Zeglebs aucileblad unda mivxedoT da vupatronoT. swored aq saqmeSi erTveba nacionalizmi. swored saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobis principebis gaTvaliswinebiT, nacionalizmis, anu, am SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifoebrivi midgomis gaTvaliswinebiT, am ZeglTa dacva SesaZlebelia mxolod mezobel qveynebTan politikuri dialogiT. magaliTad, saqarTvelos xelisuflebasa da TurqeTis xelisuflebas Soris mimdinareobs xangrZlivi politikuri dialogi TurqeTis teritoriaze arsebuli qarTuli kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebis movla-patronobasTan dakavSirebiT (igulisxmeba Cveni qveynisTvis uzarmazari kulturuli mniSvnelobis istoriuli Zeglebi oSki, xanZTa, bana, iSxani, parxali da sxv.). rogorc zemoT moyvanili magaliTidan Cans, moqalaqisTvis sasargebloa rogorc patriotizmi, ise nacionalizmi, Tuki orive zomierad iqneba warmodgenili. patriotizmi, rogorc samSoblos siyvarulis grZnoba, ar SeiZleba usazRvro iyos. patriotizms aqvs Tavisi sazRvari da am sazRvars hqvia adamiani, individuumi. samSoblos siyvaruli esazRvreba adamianis pativiscemas, mis uflebebs, mis Tavisuflebebs. ar SeiZleba patriotizmis saxeliT SeizRudos adamiani da misi uflebebi. aseve zRvari aqvs nacionalizmsac. igi,

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nacionalizmi rogorc ideologia, aseve SezRuduli unda iyos da misi ukiduresi gamovlinebebi ar unda iqnes daSvebuli. nacionalizmsac iseve, rogorc patriotizms Tavisi `aRviri~ aqvs, magaliTad, aseTi aRviri SeiZleba iyos eTnikuri umciresobebis interesebi.

Sesabamisad, daskvnis saxiT SegviZlia vTqvaT: patriotizmi da nacionalizmi ori urTiergansxvavebuli cnebaa, romlebic adamianisa da misi samSoblos urTierTobebs gansazRvraven. patriotizmi grZnobaa, xolo nacionalizmi – ideologia. orive maTgani sasargeblo da kargia, Tuki gamoyenebulia zomierad da ar azianebs erT SemTxvevaSi kerZo adamians da adamianis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi – eTnikuri umciresobebis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs.

Cvens Tavdapirvel msjelobas rom davubrundeT, daskvna aseTia: samSoblo, ra Tqma unda, unda gviyvardes, magram am siyvarulis saxeliT adamianis sicocxles, Tavisuflebas, sakuTrebas da bednierebisken swrafvas ziani ar unda miadges. SeiZleba ufro martivadac vTqvaT: `samSoblo~ didi cnebaa, magram `adamianze~ didi cneba ar aris. meore mxriv, zomieri da gaazrebuli nacionalizmi sasargeblo da kargia, magram igi ar niSnavs, rom romelime erTi nacia (magaliTad, qarTvelebi saqarTveloSi) sxva naciaze ukeTesi, aRmatebuli an Rirseulia. nacionalizmis yvelaze swori gaazrebisas nacia sxvadasxva eTnosisgan Sedgeba da saxelmwifos amocanaa, es eTnosebi am debulebas nebayoflobiT aRiarebdnen. Sesabamisad, qarTuli nacia Sedgeba eTnikuri qarTvelebis, somxebis, azerbai-

Sesabamisad, daskvnis saxiT SegviZlia vTqvaT: patriotizmi da nacionalizmi ori urTiergansxvavebuli cnebaa, romlebic adamianisa da misi samSoblos urTierTobebs gansazRvraven. patriotizmi grZnobaa, xolo nacionalizmi – ideologia. orive maTgani sasargeblo da kargia, Tuki gamoyenebulia zomierad da ar azianebs erT SemTxvevaSi kerZo adamians da adamianis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi – eTnikuri umciresobebis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs.

48

patriotizmi da nacionalizmi

janelebis, afxazebis, osebis da sxvebisagan, romlebic arian saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi da Tavis erTaderT samSoblod swored saqarTvelos ganixilaven. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac patriotizmi yalbadaa gagebuli da gamoiyeneba, rogorc instrumenti adamianis Tavisuflebis, misi arCevanis uflebis winaaRmdeg, rodesac esa Tu is moRvawe Tavis binZur politikur ganzraxvebs momxibvleli patriotizmis sasaCuqre SesafuT qaRaldSi axvevs, rodesac samSoblos siyvarulis saxeliT surT gaamarTlon Zaladoba, uzneoba da a.S., gaixseneben xolme XVIII saukunis cnobili ingliseli poetis, eseistisa da moralistis, semuel jonsonis cnobil formulas, rom patriotizmi `aramzadebis ukanaskneli TavSesafaria~. daskvnis saxiT SegviZlia vTqvaT: patriotizmic kargia da nacionalizmic, oRond – zomierad. mxolod zomieri patriotizmi da zomieri nacionalizmia kargi da samagaliTo. uzomo da wresgadasuli patriotizmi adamianis, rogorc individuumis uflebebs da Tavisuflebebs emuqreba, xolo ukiduresi nacionalizmi – umciresobebis sasicocxlo uflebebs da Tavisuflebebs uqmnis safrTxes.

patriotizmic kargia da nacionalizmic, oRond – zomierad. mxolod zomieri patriotizmi da zomieri nacionalizmia kargi da samagaliTo. uzomo da wresgadasuli patriotizmi adamianis, rogorc individuumis uflebebs da Tavisuflebebs emuqreba, xolo ukiduresi nacionalizmi – umciresobebis sasicocxlo uflebebs da Tavisuflebebs uqmnis safrTxes.

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gamoCenili qarTvelebi

vaJas zogadkacobriuli proeqti levan gigineiSvili

vaJa-fSavela Tergdaleulebis, ilia WavWavaZis, akaki wereTlis, iakob gogebaSvilis da sxvaTa umcrosi Tanamedrove da maTi saqmis gamgrZelebelia. es iyo axali erovnuli proeqti saqarTvelosTvis, saqarTvelos dayeneba `erad sxva erTa Soris~, amaTSi ki igulisxmeboda evropis TviTgamorkvevis gzaze damdgari erebi. saqarTvelos evropuli proeqti ar iyo mxolod politikuri proeqti, aramed, pirvel rigSi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; msoflmxedvelobrivi. Tergdaleulebi da, maT kvaldakval, vaJac, xedavdnen, rom is procesebi, rac evropaSi xdeba, aris ara SemTxveviTi, aramed gangebismieri, rom evropis gamocdilebaa Tavis safuZvelSi qristianuli gamocdileba, qristianuli faseulobebis mtkivneuli da Seuqcevadi Semosvla istoriaSi: Sromis gaTavisufleba, pirovnebis gaTavisufleba sxva pirovnebis sakuTrebis statusidan, qalebis emansipacia da a.S., am gamocdilebis argageba da armiReba, maTi azriT, ukve niSnavda istoriis logikidan amovardvaJa-fSavela (daax. 1880-1898). foto aleqsandre roiniSvilisa

nas mTeli Tavisi tragikuli SedegebiT. anu

evropuli proeqti iTvaliswinebda qarTvelebSi axali suliskveTebis, axali sulier-gonebrivi agebulebis dabadebas, rac iliam gamoxata lelT-Runias sityvebSi: `Cven Cveni Tavi Cvenadve gveyudneso~, anu gabedvas imisa, rom sakuTar xelSi aiRo rogorc piradi cxovrebis, ise qveynis cxovrebis sadaveebi, pasuxismgeblobis sruliad axali ganzomilebiT. vaJas mTeli Semoqmedebis laitmotivi swored esaa: Tavis fiqrebs, naazrevs, piradi sindisis Zaxils mindobili pirovnebebis dabadeba, Tundac es dabadeba xdebodes yvelaze arasaxarbielo viTarebaSi, Tundac am dabadebas mTeli gareSe samyaro uSlides xels.

50

vaJas zogadkacobriuli proeqti

vaJam Tavis droisTvis Sesaferisi, xarisxiani ganaTleba miiRo. rva wlis asakSi Telavis sasuliero saswavlebelSi swavlobda. aq miRebuli ganaTlebiT maincdamainc kmayofili ar iyo. es is periodia, rodesac mSobliuri ena idevneba dawyebiTi ganaTlebidan. amis winaaRmdeg gamodioda iakob gogebaSvili da ara marto is, aramed rusi pedagogikis iseTi Teoretikosebi, rogorc, magaliTad, k.d. uSinski. vaJa ixsenebs, rom uazrod gvazuTxinebdnen berZnul da laTinur citatebs, magaliTad aseTs: `xaris xarin tiktikin~-so. es cnobili berZnuli andazis pirveli nawilia: `xaris men xarin tiktei, eris de erin~ – anu wyaloba wyalobas Sobs, mtroba ki – mtrobas. aq cxadad Cans vaJas ironia da is, Tu ra sasacilod JRerda es gazepirebuli fraza saswavleblis bavSvebisTvis. magram me vfiqrob, es berZnuli andaza sxva bevr andazas Soris SemTxveviT ar damaxsovrebia vaJas, aramed is mis bediswerad, misi msoflmxedvelobis qvakuTxedad unda qceuliyo, razec SemdgomSi vilaparakeb. mowifulobisas vaJa goris saostato seminariaSi swavlobda. aq iyo nayofieri, mduRare inteleqtualuri cxovreba. axalgazrdebi ecnobodnen yvelaze mowinave socialur-politikur ideebs, kiTxulobdnen caristuli reJimis mankierebebis mamxilebel avtorebs, qmnidnen literaturul da politikur gaerTianebebs. erTi aseTi gaerTianebis, kerZod ki, rusi narodnikebis magaliTze

georg vilhelm fridrix hegeli (1770 -1831) – germaneli filosofosi, germanuli idealizmis warmomadgeneli. hegelis azriT, istoriis epoqebi da socialur-politikuri struqturebis cvlileba absoluturi, RvTiuri gonis TviTgamoxatvis stadiebia, amitom istoria ar aris SemTxveviTi, aramed aqvs Sinagani aucilebloba, RvTiuri logika.

Seqmnil gaerTianebaSi cota xniT vaJac Sedioda, magram maleve miatova es wre. rodesac sayvedurobdnen, Cvens krebebze ratom aRar dadixaro, pasuxobda, `me Cems RerZze miyvars trialio~. es dasamaxsovrebelia: `Cems RerZze miyvars triali~, anu, rogorc Cans, vaJas ar moewona, ase vTqvaT, `partiuli~ erTianobis suliskveTeba, rodesac piradi xma raRac ideologiur kliSeebs, stereotipebs unda daemorCilos da maTSi gaiTqvifos. am Tavisi RerZis garSemo trialSi vaJa uamravs kiTxulobda da goris axalgazrda inteleqtualur wreebSi erT-erTi yvelaze ganaTlebuli, Zlieri argumentaciis unaris mqone studentad iTvleboda.

Tanamedroveebis mogonebebidan cxadad Cans, rom vaJa siRrmiseulad icnobda evropel da rus moazrovneebs: filosofosebsa da literatorebs; SeeZlo Rrmad da dasabuTebulad ekamaTa, magaliTad, iseT rTul sakiTxebze, rogoric iyo hegelis filosofiuri tradiciis konservatoruli da progresistuli gagebebi, kerZod, vaJa hegeliseuri principis `realoba - racionaluria~-s progresul gagebas uWerda mxars. man poeturi niWi adreve gamoavlina da sayvarelma maswavlebelma, goris saostato seminariis direqtorma, dimitri semionovma didi momavali uwinaswarmetyvela; gamoSvebis dRes man vaJa sxvebSi gamoarCia da uTxra: `Sen, Cemo luka! getyvi imas, rac SenTvis xSirad miTqvams! bunebiT poeto, talanti ar damarxo, ganaviTare goneba, daakvirdi da Seiswavle cxovreba, ikiTxe sxva-

51

gamoCenili qarTvelebi dasxva mimarTulebis wignebi da maSin SeiZleba, rom yovelmxriv Cveni sinamdvile daasuraTo~. vaJasTvis mniSvnelovani iyo peterburgSi wasvlac, sadac peterburgis universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis Tavisufali msmeneli iyo erTi wliT. samwuxarod, usaxsrobis gamo swavla veRar gaagrZela, magram `evropaSi gaWril sarkmelad~ wodebul qalaqSi misi erTwliani yofna, vfiqrob, misTvisac bedis ganmsazRvreli sarkmeli unda yofiliyo, radgan erTia wignebi, magram sxvaa uSualo Sexeba da cxovreba civilizaciasTan ruseTis imperiis mowinave evropul yvelaze daaxloebul qalaqSi. Tavisi sazogado moRvaweoba vaJam skolis maswavleblobiT daiwyo. es adgili mas mas mere daatovebines, rac konfliqti mouvida soflis mRvdelTan, romelmac daukiTxavad da uceremoniod waarTva skolas teritoria da eklesiis ezos miuerTa, riTac bavSvebi saTamaSo sivrcis gareSe datova. vaJa ise gaamwara am usamarTlobam, rom Semoelaxa kidec es moZalade mRvdeli. ase angariSmiucemlad aRSfoTeba usamarTlobis gamo damaxasiaTebelia vaJasTvis; Tavad gulwrfeli qristiani werda erT leqsSi: `am moZRvrebisTvis jvarze gaekra: Tavis swavlasa did xeda hrgavda, rogor ewvala, rogor ecada, rom ar hyoliyo kaci kacs mglada~. cxadia, ver aitana amis damwerma, rom adamiani, visac yvelaze metad evaleba saxarebis mcnebebiT cxovreba, TviTon eqca mglad skolis bavSvebs da RvTismsaxuris statusic gamoiyena Tavisi uzneobis imunitetad.

Tavisi cxovrebis ZiriTadi nawili vaJam fSavis ulamazes sofel CargalSi gaatara. aq dawera Tavisi genialuri nawarmoebebis umetesobac. cxovrobda ukidures siduxWireSi da mwerlobasTan erTad fizikuri Sromac uwevda. aris mogoneba imaze, Tu rogor Seudga vaJa poema `baxtrionis~ weras: yanas Tibavda ferdobze da ucbad STagoneba ewvia, miagdo celi da sirbiliT miaSura saxls, raTa saswrafod wera daewyo. ocnebobda materialuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebaze da erTxans – TbilisSi sacxovreblad gadasvlaze. erTxel biznesproeqtic scada amis gamo: Carglis bunebriv samkurnalo wyaroebSi abano moawyo turistebisTvis, daiqirava mojamagireebi, romlebic uvlidnen am abanos da turistebs xvdebodnen. Tumca vaJas es erTaderTi biznesproeqti xanmokle da warumatebeli gamodga. ar aRmoCnda biznesi misi saqme. vaJas hyavda erTi mdidari naTesavi, romelmac dascinasaviT: `Sen raRaceebs wer da me naxe amasobaSi ramdeni cxvari myavso~. vaJam uborotod upasuxa: `Sen rom ar iqnebi, me viqnebio~. vaJa marTlac iqneba yovelTvis, sanam saqarTvelo da, metic, sanam kacobrioba iarsebebs, radgan pirovnebis dabadebis is imperativi, razec Tavis SemoqmedebaSi saubrobs, gansakuTrebuli ZaliT ki poemebSi `aluda qeTelauri~ da `stumar-maspinZeli~, zogadkacobriuli imperativia da adamianis Rirsebis qvakuTxeds Seadgens.

52

vaJas zogadkacobriuli proeqti

mokled am or poemas Sevexebi da maT ramdenime pasaJze SevaCereb mkiTxvelis yuradRebas. aluda qeTelauri Tavisi Temis, sazogadoebis yvelaze Rirseuli wevria: `safixvnos TavSi dajdebis~, anu TviT rCeulebSic, vinc safixvnos Seadgenen, gamorCeulia. es iqidanac Cans, rom cxenebis gamtacebeli qistebis gamosadevneblad wasvlas mxolod aluda gabedavs. erT qists moklavs, meoresTan ki dramatul orTabrZolaSi Caebmeba da sasikvdilod daWris mas; `Zmac xom mamikal, mec mamkal, ra vuTxra madlsa RvTisasa~, â&#x20AC;&#x201C; amoigminebs qisti RmerTis sayvedurs. ramxela tkivilia aq gamoxatuli sayvareli ZmisTvis SurisZiebis keTilSobili miswrafebis gawbilebis gamo. magram miuxedavad am tkivilisa, qisti inarCunebs imis Segnebas, rom aluda marTalia da hqonda ufleba iaraRiT daebrunebina warTmeuli qone-

ba; Tan misi vaJkacobac daafasa â&#x20AC;&#x201C; martom gabeda am sarisko saqmeze wamosvla. es Cans mis mimarTvaSi: `Tofic Sen dagrCes, rjul-ZaRlo, xels ar Cavardes sxvisa-

vaJa-fSavela ojaxTan erTad, daaxl. 1895.

sa~. anu vaJkacma vaJkaci dainaxa da daafasa. naxeT, aludas Sinagani gardatexis pirveli impulsi qisti mucalisgan modis: pirvelad swored qistma mucalma dain-

53

gamoCenili qarTvelebi axa Rirseba misi kulturisa da religiisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli kulturisa da religiis adamianSi. im dramatuli orTabrZolis dros raRac saerTo da zogadkacobriuli gamoikveTa am or pirovnebas Soris, rac pirvelad mucalma gamoxata da aludamac gaiziara. amaSic vaJas azrovnebis sifarTove Cans, radgan am yvelafriT is ambobs, rom adamianis Rirsebis safuZveli zogadkacobriulia da yvela religiisa da kulturis adamianSi aRmosaCeni. aluda ar Wris mklavs mucals, rogorc amas tradicia moiTxovs, da metic, ara marto pativs scems mas da dakrZalavs, aramed gulwrfeli da spontanuri sibraluliT dastiris kidec. am pirveli biZgis mere iwyeba aludaSi axali dabadebis procesi, romlis safexurebi da logikac vaJas didi sizustiT aqvs gadmocemuli. jer, ukan dabrunebisas, aluda Rrmad Cafiqrdeba sisxlis aRebis saukunovan tradiciaze da am CafiqrebiT, dakvirvebiT garkveulwilad emijneba mas, radgan, Tu ginda rames yuradRebiT da obieqturad daakvirde, unda gamijno droebiT mainc Seni Tavi misgan. amis mere xdeba misi pirveli Sexla TemTan, sadac aluda pirdapir ityvis, rom is, rac misi azriT yvelaze mniSvnelovania adamianSi, kerZod ki, Rirseba da vaJkacoba, is, rac Seadgens adamianis `kacobas~, ar daiyvaneba winaprebisgan memkvidreobiT

miRebul adaT-wesebze da am adaT-wesebis CarCoebSi gagebul religiaze, aramed arsebobs ufro maRali gadasaxedi, ase vTqvaT, ze-kulturuli perspeqtiva, romelsac aluda `RvTisSvilebis~ perspeqtivas uwodebs; am `RvTisSviluri~ perspeqtividan nebismieri kulturis da religiis adamianis Rirseba awonili da dafasebulia:

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vaJas zogadkacobriuli proeqti

`Cven vityviT, ‘kacni Cvena varT, marto Cven gvzrdian dedani, Cvena vcxondebiT, urjuloT kuprSi mielisT qSenani’. am sityviT vwara-maraobT, RvTisSvilT ukeTes ician! yvelani marTals amboben, gana, vinaca hfician”. aq daufaravi ironiaa da ironia Zalian mniSvnelovani fenomenia: ironiiT Sen scildebi, emijnebi imas, rac ironiis sagania, rasac dascini, amitom aRar monawileob masSi, ase vTqvaT, ritualuri seriozulobiT. aludasi ar sjeraT. ufro sworad rom vTqvaT, ar surT rom daujeron, radgan, Tu aluda ar styuis da Tu man, TemSi yvelaze Rirseulma, `urjulo~ mterSi sruli adamianuri Rirseba dainaxa, maSin aluda yvelas ayenebs zneobrivi dilemis, arCevnis winaSe: dafiqrdnen mis am ucnaur qcevaze, awon-dawonon, Seafason is da sakuTari TavisTvis miiRon gadawyvetileba, Zveleburi cxovreba gaagrZelon Tu Tavadac Secvalon damokidebuleba. amisTvis ki Temi mzad ar aris da aludas ucnaurobas mis silaCres miawers. amitom maSinac ki, roca mindia moitans mucalis moWril xels aludas vaJkacobis dasamtkiceblad, Temi gulcivad miiRebs amas da aludas qmedebaze arc amis Semdeg daiwyebs `saxifaTo~ fiqrs. amis Semdeg vaJa aRwers aludas sizmars, rodesac glovis rigSi Camdgari xevsurebi moklul moZmes stirodnen da Tan Suris saZieblad emzadebodnen. aludas salafavi daudges saWmelad, romelic adamianis xorcis aRmoCnda. aludas SezizRda da aRar Wama. aq mas xma esmis: `ratom ara sWam aludav, ratom xar gaSterebuli~. esec mniSvnelovani detalia: `gaStereba~ aq niSnavs Cafiqrebas, Rrma xedvaSi wasvlas. xma ki, romelic mas ritorikulad ekiTxeba, ratom xar gaSterebulio. aris Temis zogadi xma, msoflmxedveloba Tu ideologia, romelic uSlis adamians Tavisi azrebi da xedvebi Tavad dabados; urCevs Tavi daizRvios am rTuli saqmisgan da umravlesobis inercias gahyves. poemis kulminaciaa scena, roca aludas mTeli mozveri ahyavs mucalis xsovnisTvis Sesawirad, rasac berdia provokaciad da Tavxedobad miiCnevs. `feri edeba berdias, feri sxva rigis SiSisa~. arc erTi sxva zedsarTavi ar mouxdeboda berdias SiSs, rogorc sityva `sxva rigis~. anu es iyo raRac uCveulo SiSi, romelTanac sxva arc erTi SiSi ar movidoda, TviT sikvdilis SiSic, radgan `sxva rigi~ gamoxatavs aq mTeli msoflmxedvelobiTi struqturis darRvevis SiSs, SiSs, rom daamsxvrio is ideologiur-kulturuli kristali, romelSic aqamde uyurebdi realobas da scado sxvanairadac gaixedo, Tundac am sxvanairad gaxedvam cxovrebis wesis Secvla gaiZulos.

sainteresoa, ras ambobs aluda mucalze da mis Zmaze am bolo scenaSi: `rogorc undomlad moklulis, Tavis lamazis ZmisTvina~. daakvirdiT, `lamazs~ uwodebs mas, vinc poemis dasawyisSi mokla rogorc erTi vinme `qurd-kantala

55

gamoCenili qarTvelebi RliRveli~. anu aludaSi moxda Zirfesviani gardatexa, xedvis kuTxis Zirfesviani Secvla, faqtobrivad mucalis TvalebiT uyurebs mucalisve Zmas. aludam TviTon Sewira mozveri da rodesac xmali amoiRo, vaJa ambobs: `Suqi amoxda mzisao~. es mZlavri metaforaa. manamde, poemis dasawyisSi xom iTqva: `Satils jer ar Caswvdomia Suqi SuadRis mzisao, ar CauSveben Camsvlelsa, ca axuria kldisao~; anu `kldis ca~, ese igi, myari stereotipebi, ar uSvebs axali xedvebis Suqs sazogadoebaSi, mze ki mxolod maSin amobrwyindeba, rodesac Tavis pirad sindiss mindobili adamianebi gaexsnebian da aRmoaCenen WeSmaritebis imperativebs da Semdeg zneobrivi Zalac eyofaT Riad gamoxaton isini. gambedaoba da zneobrivi Zala aucilebelia, miT umetes, rom ar aris garantia, rom sazogadoeba gagigebs. piriqiT, ufro didi SesaZleblobiT drois koniunqtura, arsebuli myari Sexedulebebi advilad ar daTmoben Tavis Zalauflebas adamianebis gonebebze da siaxlis Semomtani gaiTeleba, rogorc es aludas SemTxvevaSic moxda.

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vaJa-fSavela, daaxl. 1895.

vaJas zogadkacobriuli proeqti

magram WeSmaritebis msaxureba da gamoTqma, vaJas mowodebiT, ar aris damokidebuli im SemTxveviT garemoebaze, warmatebuli iqneba es Tu warumatebeli, radgan es sindisis absoluturi moTxovna da imperativia. ase rom, aludasnairi gmirebi ar dagideven Sedegebs: saTqmeli unda gamoiTqvas, gamosaxatavi, unda gamoixatos da rac mTavaria – samoqalaqo sivrceSi. msgavsi problematika, aranaklebi ZaliT da dramatizmiT, aris asaxuli vaJas `stumar-maspinZelSic~. aqac, pirvel scenaSi, xevsur zviadaursa da qist joyolas Soris ibadeba raRac urTierToba, romelic ar aris damokidebuli kulturul gansazRvrulobaze an religiaze: isini xvdebian rogorc ori monadire: erTi, joyola – warmatebuli, meore, zviadauri – xelmocaruli. maT erTmaneTSi uCndebaT, ase rom vTqvaT, profesiuli solidaroba: ramxela riski, simarjve, gamarTleba sWirdeba jixvebze nadirobas da ra didi gawbilebaa, rodesac mTel dRes uSedegod dakargav! qisti joyola amas xvdeba Tavisi keTili guliT da mzad aris Tavisi nanadirevis naxevari gaunawilos zviadaurs (romelic saxels daumalavs da nunuad gausaRebs Tavs). amisTvis religiur Teoriasac mimarTavs daaxloebiT am logikiT, alahma gansazRvra yvelaferi: jixvis mokvla Cemi damsaxureba ki ara, alahis wyalobaa, da radgan imave alahma Seni Tavi axla da am dros Semaxvedra, ese igi, is wyaloba imitom gaiRo CemTvis, rom mere Senc gaexade misi mowile, amitom mec ver movklavdi jixvs, alahs rom Seni Svela ar ndomebodao da aqedan daskvna: `wili gdebia Senaca Cemgan moklulsa jixvSia~. es daskvna akvirvebs zviadaurs, cxadia, da arc iRebs mas, `sad ar miTesavs, Zmobilo, iq movmka, sadauria?~, magram zviadauri moixibla Tavidanve joyolas sikeTiT da gulisxmierebiT. mTavari mizezi, albaT, ris gamoc gahyva TavisTvis ase sarisko adgilas swored am pirovnebis ukeT gacnoba, misiT daintereseba iyo. zviadaurs icnobs joyolas stumari da mTel sofels mosdebs am ambavs. Temi zviadauris mokvlas gadawyvets da aRar miaqcevs yuradRebas joyolas piradi sivrcis, misi ojaxis, saxlis xelSeuxeblobas: Seuvardebian da stumars gaukoWaven. joyola TavgamodebiT icavs rogorc stumars, ise Tavis pirad, Temis mier Selaxul Rirsebas. Temis logika aseTia: Cven Tu am SemTxvevaSi davicaviT ojaxis xelSeuxeblobis wesi, es SeiZleba gamoiyenos zviadaurma da gagveqces, Tu gagveqceva, Cvenze iqneba sircxvili, rom an doylapiebi varT, an, uaresi, mSiSrebi da ver gavbedeT mosisxlis mokvla. es gaaZlierebs, Cvenze upiratesobas moapovebinebs Cvens mtrebs, xevsurebs, da sabolood gagvanadgurebs. amitom Temis siZliere axla iTxovs nebismier fasad zviadauris mokvlas. dasawyisSi es dilemac ar dgas albaT Temis winaSe: winaswar fiqroben, rom joyolac daeTanxmebaT, da Tu ara, saboloo ‘koziri’ is aqvT, rom Seaxsenon: `TviT aman mokla Seni Zma aryianebSi TofiTa~, anu mis mTavar vnebas, ZmisTvis SurisZiebis survils, gamoiyeneben imisTvis, rom Tavis ganzraxva Seasrulon, usayvarlesi adamianisTvis SurisZieba xom iseTi stiqiaa, romelic yvela princips faravs, miT umetes, rom joyolasTvis es survili cxovrebis umTavresi motivia da yvelgan Tan dayveba: `Zmismkvlelis sisxli swyuria kaci rom midis gzazeda~ – swored joyolazea naTqvami poemis dasawyisSi. magram aq joyola

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gamoCenili qarTvelebi moulodnelad, umtkivneulesi pauzis (`TiTqos isari zed gulis kovzze daeso~) Semdeg mSvidad ambobs: `eg marTalia, iqneba, ra unda miTxraT magiTa? miTc ver miabamT Tqvens zraxvas Cems gulisTqmasTan ZafiTa~. `Zafi~ aq metaforaa: Zafze uwvrilesi araferia da Tu ZafiTac ar aris mibmuli, ese igi saerTod arafriT ar aris mibmuli, anu SurisZiebis vneba da imperativi, daicva stumris usafrTxoeba, sxvadasxva ganzomilebebSia, erTmaneTs ar kveTen, da meore Seudareblad, metic, usasrulod ufro mniSvnelovania (am usasrulobas vaJas meore metafora `zRva~ gamoxatavs: `Tund zRva emarTos sisxlisa, miTac me ver vuRalateb, vficav RmerTs, qmnili imisa~). mTeli azri am konfliqtis amaSia: vaJa gvaswavlis, rom ar SeiZleba sazogadoebam rame warmatebas miaRwios, am sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris Rirsebis abuCad agdebis xarjze. Rirsebaayrili, uflebaayrili moqalaqeebisgan Semdgari sazogadoeba veranair warmatebas ver miaRwevs veraferSi, rac kacobriobis istoriam bevrjer da tragikulad aCvena. garda stumris dacvis imperativisa, joyolaSi raRac sxvac moqmedebs – intuicia, rom zviadauri Rirseuli adamiania, miuxedavad imisa, rom garemoebam misi Zmis mkvlelad aqcia, amitom ebraleba kidec. es kargad Cans mis sityvebSi: `roca gascdeba Cems ojaxs, iq moepyariT avada~, anu, faqtobrivad, me TviTon aRar vapireb SurisZiebaso, da mere: `uiaraRos awvalebT, guli rasa grZnobs Tavada~, anu marto moraluri movaleobis moxdis mizniT ki ara, moraluri grZnobis, umweo mdgomareobaSi Cavardnili adamianis mimarT TanagrZnobis gamoc surs zviadauris dacva. joyola da zviadaurze aranakleb saintereso personaJia joyolas colic. isic gamoirCeva Temisgan, radgan mxolod mas Seebraleba zviadauri, SeiZleba ara marto Tavisi pirovnuli Tvisebebis gamo, aramed imis gamoc, rom cotaTi mainc gaicno es pirovneba da naxa Tavisi qmris misdami damokidebulebac. is ara marto uTanagrZnobs zviadaurs, aramed wesis mixedviT daitirebs kidec. aq vaJa dramatulad aRwers mis Sinagan Widils, gaorebas: erTi mxriv, aqvs gumani, intuicia, rom rac gaakeTa, sworia, meore mxriv, mTeli misi aqamdeli codna, Temis wesebi da msoflmxedveloba masSi ebrZvis am intuicias da brals sdebs mas. mokluli Zmac ki moeCveneba saflavidan wamomdgari da Tavisive Tmebic ki samduravs eubnebodnen, rogorc moRalates da mtris damtirebels. saxlisaken gamoqceuli naxavs, rom ZaRli mirboda zviadauris cxedris sajijgnad, SeCerdeba, qvebs aiRebs da gaagdebs ZaRls, yviriliT, vin gaWmevs kai ymis xorcso! mxolod aq aZlevs vaJa joyolas cols saxels – aRazas. TiTqos is mxolod axla daibada, rogorc damoukidebeli, marto Tavisi sindisis damjeri da ara Temis tradicias ayolili pirovneba. Tan saxelic Sesaferisi misca – `aRaza~, romelic asociaciurad ukavSirdeba aRzevebas, am SemTxvevaSi, Temis zogad Sexedulebaze maRla dadgomas. poemis boloc monumenturi sceniT sruldeba, rodesac sadRac, aramiwier ganzomilebaSi Cndeba joyola da uxmobs zviadaurs, romelic mkerdze xelgadaj-

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vaJas zogadkacobriuli proeqti

varedinebuli, rogorc ziarebis win, gamoCndeba, Semdeg maT aRaza maspinZlobs da maTi saubari Seexeba stumar-maspinZlobis wess, patiebas, siyvaruls. aqac simboloebia, radgan joyola zneobrivad gacilebiT ufro daxvewili da amaRlebuli pirovnebaa, vidre zviadauri: zviadauri mxolod vaJkacobas da Seupovrobas aCvenebs, joyola ki – Zmismkvlelis patiebas da TanagrZnobas. swored am umaRles sibrZnes unda eziaros zviadauri. es isev vaJas xedvis sifarToveze metyvelebs, rom musulmani kacisgan eziareba qristiani kaci umaRles sibrZnes: mtris siyvaruls, amiT vaJa am saxarebiseuli principis universalurobas usvams xazs. vaJas zemonaxsenebi gmirebi: aluda, joyola da aRaza gamoxataven pirovnebis sindisis gaTavisuflebas kulturul-tradiciuli kliSeebisagan. es igivea, rac evropul gamocdilebaSi rene dekartes `cogito ergo sum~ (`vazrovneb, maSasadame varsebob~) wertili, anu adamianis martoobis wertili, sadac is damoukideblad iazrebs realobas, Tavad fiqrobs Tavis fiqrebs; an imanuil kantis `sapere aude~, anu gabedo TviTon isibrZno da ar miyve inerciebs; an martin luTeris `aq vdgavar da sxvanairad ar ZalmiZs~ – ar ZalmiZs, radgan `aq~ Cemi piradi sindisia da masze Zvirfasi araferi maqvs. rogorc ki adamiani gacvlis am Sinagan xmas, an ilia rogorc uwodebs, CvenSi arsebul `patara RmerTs~, iq aucileblad moxdeba pirovnuli katastrofa, adamianis mTeli arsebis dazianeba, rac ase mZlavrad aqvs aRwerili vaJas albaT yvelaze rTul poema `gvelismWamelSi~ mindias magaliTze. `aluda qeTelauri~ da `stumar-maspinZeli~ poemebia pirovnebis gamarjvebaze, `gvelismWameli~ – pirovnebis marcxsa da tragediaze. ar SemiZlia ar Sevexo vaJas `baxtrionsac~, kerZod ki, mis erT personaJs – luxums. luxumi yvelaze ucnauri personaJia mTel poemaSi. zezva gafrindauli mas Seaxsenebs epizods, rodesac luxums Seebrala mokluli leki, da arcxvens mas: `Sen Segebrala urjulo, mogiwylianda Tvalebi, rom daenaxeT uTuod mogafurTxebdnen qalebi~. luxumi ar ekamaTeba da dumiliT miiRebs amas. baxtrionis

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gamoCenili qarTvelebi

martin luTeri (1483-1546) – religiuri reformatori. daupirispirda Tavis Tanamedrove kaTolikur eklesias, radgan, Tavad kaTolik mRvdels, miaCnda, rom eklesiam rig swavlebebSi – magaliTad, indulgenciebis Sesaxeb, romlis damaxinjebuli gagebis mixedviTac adamians SeeZlo codvebis gamosyidva eklesiisadmi Sewiruli fuliT – gadauxvia WeSmarit kaTolikobas da qristianobas. rodesac papma da saeklesio krebam mosTxoves mas Tavis azrebis Secvla da kaTolikuri eklesiis maSindel oficialur poziciasTan Serigeba, luTerma Tqva sabediswero `aq vdgavar da sxvanairad ar ZalmiZs~ – ramac dramatulad Secvala mTeli dasavluri civilizaciis bedi.

rene dekarti (1596-1650) – frangi filosofosi, romelmac Tavdayira daayena mTeli manamdeli filosofia da Teologia imiT, rom WeSmaritebis kriteriumad gamoacxada ara RmerTze da samyaroze arsebuli tradiciuli swavlebebi (romlebic, misi azriT, yvela adamianisTvis absoluturad uryevi da cxadi ar iyo, radgan daeWvebis sivrces tovebda), aramed pirovnebis mier sakuTar TavSi aRmoCenili absoluturi da uryevi, yvela adamianisTvis gasagebi sicxade – `vazrovneb, maSasadame varsebob~. am uryev sicxadeze agebs Semdeg dekarti yvela danarCen codnas.

imanuel kanti (1724-1804) – germaneli filosofosi. Tavis naSromSi `wminda gonebis kritika~ daupirispirda tradiciul filosofias da sruliad axali sistema Camoayaliba. kantis azriT, adamians Tavisufals xdis sakuTar TavSi aRmoCenili zneobrivi kanoni/imperativi, romelsac sakuTar Tavs nebayoflobiT ukanonebs. kantis saflavze koningsbergSi (axlandeli kaliningradi) aseTi warweraa: `ori ram macvifrebs: varskvlavebiT moWedili ca Cems Tavze da zneobrivi kanoni CemSi~.

aRebis Semdeg luxumi gauCinardeba da vaJa gaurkvevlobis burusSi tovebs mas, mxolod gviyveba masze, rom `amboben, maRal kldis ZirSi, uRrans, udaburs tyeSia, luxumi iwva daWrili, natyviari sWirs mkerdSia~. am `amboben~-iT vaJa mistikur garemos qmnis. luxumis gverdiT binadrobs adamis modgmis mteri gveli, romelic yvelafers anadgurebs da nTqavs, magram luxumi Seebraleba, saWmels uzidavs da zRaparsac uyveba or obol Zmaze. ori oboli Zma asaxierebs Tavad am gvels da luxums, romlebic umaRlesi sibrZnis, mtris Seyvarebis mcnebis gagebam daaZmobila, da oblebi imitom arian, rom es sibrZne ar aris yvelasTvis misawvdomi, bevri mas ver gaigebs da, miT umetes, ver miiRebs. `xaris men xarin tiktei, eris de erin~. vaJas mTeli cxovreba awvalebda sicocxlis sazrisi da silamazis, yvelanairi silamazis – fizikurisa da zneobrivis – faseuloba da daniSnuleba. sakiTxi dgas ase, Tu yvelaferi sikvdiliT sruldeba, Tu yvelaferi Tavdeba, maSin ra azri aqvs silamazes? is, rac rusTavelisTvis an guramiSvilisTvis TavisTavad cxadi iyo, anu adamianis pirovnuli ukvdaveba da silamazis droze aRmatebuloba, es qris-

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vaJas zogadkacobriuli proeqti

tianul-platonuri sicxade, vaJasTvis ase cxadi aRar aris da is, ilias baironze naTqvami sityvebi rom vTqvaT, marTlac `Tavis sulis wvaSi, eWvebis RrRnaSi eZebs mourCeneli wylulebis wamals da ukvdavebis Rirss cxovrebas~. vaJas pirovnuli dramis es mTavari nervi Tengiz abulaZemac aRmoaCina da Tavisi ukvdavi filmi `vedreba~ swored amas miuZRvna. ramdenime moTxroba aqvs vaJas, sadac es Sinagani Widili aqvs aRwerili, sadac mas ecxadeba eWvebisa da nihilizmis suli, romelic qirqiliT Caagonebs, rom arafers ar aqvs azri, rom yvelafris gamauqmebeli saboloo wertili sikvdilia. ai aq aris nawyveti moTxrobidan `moCveneba~, rodesac es boroti suli mas eubneba: `ar waval da verc SegiZlian ZaliT gamagdo. eniT, rac genebos, brZane. Sen me iotis odnad ver Semdrek imitom, rom me moudrekeli var. srulia Cemi buneba mudam, arc daiklebs, arc moimatebs aradros. amitom amaoa sul Seni risxva, Seni wyevla da muqara, iseve amao, rogorc TviT Seni ltolvileba da miswrafeba da dRevandeli cremli. rad gaviwydeba: yvelafers dasasruli aqvs, – sTqva ra es, kvlav gaicina~. vaJa pasuxobs: `su, Cumad-meTqi! nu momagoneb imas, rac ar minda movigono da arc mosagonebelia. eg mec vici, magram miswrafeba, fiqri, grZnoba, siyvaruli, mtroba da yvela is, rac cxovrebas Seadgens, aZinebs mag fiqrs amaobisas, yvelafris dasasrulisas, wyeulo! Seni buneba amas ver gaigebs, radgan igi Sxami, sawamlavi aris~. `ho, simarTles roca getyvi, Sxamia, sawamlavia~, - ganagrZnobs suli. aq ucnauria, rom vaJac TiTqos eTanxmeba nihilizmis gardauvalobas, magram ar urigdeba mas. mas aRar aqvs is rusTavel-guramiSviliseuli uryevi da, ase vTqvaT, mzamzareuli rwmena maradisobis, aramed TviTon unda aRmoaCinos maradisoba Tavis pirad egzistencialur gamocdilebaSi. amiT hgavs baraTaSvils, romelic Sinagani intuiciiT gaurbis amaoebaze fiqrs Tavisi meraniT. magram, vfiqrob, baraTaSvilisgan gansxvavebiT, vaJa Tavs aRwevs ganwirulobas da aRmoaCens pirovnuli ukvdavebis da silamazis maradiulobis gancdas Tavis TavSi. amas metaforulad gamoxatavs zemoxsenebuli moTxrobis dasasruls gamoCenili saTno moxuci, romelic gaagdebs nihilizmis suls da etyvis vaJas: `adeqi, Svilo, adeqi! morwmune xar da iyavi marad morwmune. nu Sesdrkebi, nu gastydebi! madli da Rvawlia TviT simtkice da rwmena, – sTqva moxucma lmobieris, tkbilis xmiT, momWida xelzed xeli da amayena. – agero, – sTqva man, – ager, gaixede, inugeSe, gaixare!.. – me Tvali mivapyari dasavleTs da mkvdari gavcocxldi. saucxoo mnaTobi anaTebda, erTs adgils gaCerebuli, – mze iyo, magram is mze ara, diliT rom amodis da mieSureba saRamozed goras moefaros; im mzes ar eCqareboda Casvla, TviT imas swyuroda enaTa qveynisTvis, TvaldamSeuli ucqeroda Cvens mxares. me, giJiviT, gonebadabneuli Sevxarodi, Sevstrfodi mnaTobs da muxls vuyridi~. vaJas `stumar-maspinZeli~ am fraziT sruldeba: ~da ufskruls dascqers pirimze, moRerebulis yeliTa~ – marTlac sasowarkveTilebis ufskruls gamoglija vaJam Tavisi TavisTvisac da kacobriobisTvisac silamazis maradiulobis rwmena.

61

istoria

erTa liga aleqsandre rondeli

erTa ligis wevri saxelmwifoebis delegaciebis warmomadgenlebi, parizi, 1919.

(ingl. League of Nations frang. Société des Nations)

iyo dro damoukidebeli saqarTvelos istoriaSi, rodesac saxeli `erTa liga~ yvelas pirze ekera. gvaRiarebda Tu ara erTa liga damoukidebel, suverenul saxelmwifod, erTa ojaxis sruluflebian wevrad – ai, ra awuxebda qarTvelobas da ra iyo CvenSi erTa ligis sayovelTao popularobis mizezi. saubedurod, arc erTa ligam migviRo da arc Cveni damoukidebloba gagrZelda didxans. sabolood, 1921 wlis TebervalSi, bolSevikurma ruseTma wina wlis maisSi saqarTvelo-ruseTs Soris xelmowerili xelSekruleba `Tavze dagvaxia~ da saqarTvelos okupacia moaxdina. mas Semdeg erTa ligas naklebad ixsenebdnen saqarTveloSi da Tu ixsenebdnen, ufro – cudi sityvebiT. erTa ligam (Tavdapirvelad 43 wevri saxelmwifosgan Sedgeboda), romelic 1920 wels Seiqmna, formalurad 1946 wlamde iarseba da mis mimarT ukmayofileba bevrjer gamoiTqva, ususurobis gamo bevrjer dasacinic ki gamxdara. dRes igi TiTqmis aravis axsovs, ma-

62

gram misi sruli daviwyeba arc momxdara da arc aris saWiro, radgan erTa liga kacobriobis istoriaSi omebis Tavidan acilebisa da koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistemis Seqmnis pirveli saerTaSoriso mcdeloba iyo. swored erTa ligis mware gakveTilebis gaTvaliswinebiT Seiqmna 1946 wels gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia.

1914-1918 wlebis sisxlismRvreli pirveli msoflio omi germaniisa da avstria-ungreTis damarcxebiT dasrulda. rom ara aSS-is didi daxmareba da erT milionamde amerikeli jariskacis gamoCena didi britaneTis, safrangeTisa da italiis mxareze, germanias ver moereodnen. ruseTSi 1917 wlis bolSevikuri gadatrialebis (amas bolSevikurma propagandam Semdeg didi oqtombris socialisturi revolucia uwoda) da am qveynis mokavSireTa rigebidan gasvlis Semdeg germaniam ukanaskneli Zala moikriba da 1918 wlis pirvel naxevarSi gadamwyvet Setevaze gadavida. rom ara aSS-is jarebis gamoCena frontze, germania axlo iyo gamarjvebasTan. pirvelma msoflio omma 10 milioni adamianis sicocxle Seiwira, kidev milionobiT adamiani daiWra da dasaxiCrda. msoflioSi mSvidobis moyvareobis talRa agorda. kacobriobas aRar undoda omebi da bevrs miaCnda, rom sayovelTao mSvidobis miRweva kacobriobis gazrdili Segnebisa da keTili survilis meoxebiT moxdeboda.

1919 wlis parizis samSvidobo konferenciaze gamarjvebulebma ganixiles msoflio omis Sedegebi da miiRes bevri gadawyvetileba, romlebmac imdroindeli msoflios da, gansakuTrebiT, evropis politikuri ruka Secvala. amave konferenciaze xeli moewera versalis xelSekrulebas, romelmac axal politikur da ekonomikur viTarebas saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi safuZveli Seuqmna. parizis konferenciam gadawyvita agreTve erTa ligis Seqmna, raTa yofiliyo saerTaSoriso organizacia, romelic Tvals miadevnebda saerTaSoriso urTierTobebs da ar dauSvebda Zaladobasa da oms. kacobriobam Tavisi imedebi erTa ligas â&#x20AC;&#x201C; koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis saerTaSoriso organizacias daukavSira. bevrs egona, rom omebi aRar moxdeboda da erTa liga msoflioSi sayovelTao mSvidobas daamyarebda. erTa ligis Seqmnasa da sazogadod omis Semdgomi saerTaSoriso wesrigis mowyobaSi udidesi roli Seasrula AaSS-is prezidentma vudro uilsonma, romlis mier SemuSavebuli 14 punqti safuZvlad daedo omis Semdgom axal saerTaSoriso viTarebas. parizis konferenciaze imyofeboda damoukidebeli saqarTvelos delegacia, romelic amaod cdilobda gamarjvebuli qveynebis yuradRebis mipyrobas saqarTvelos suverenulobisa da usafrTxoebisaken. samwuxarod, dasavleTis saxelmwifoebma maSin `ver moicales~ kavkasiis sakiTxisa da, kerZod, saqarTvelosTvis.

vudro uilsoni (1856-1924) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; aSS-is 28-e prezidenti (19131921). misi meTaurobiT aSS 1917 wels Caeba pirvel msoflio omSi (1914 -1918), ramac gadaarCina didi britaneTi da safrangeTi da omis Sedegi maT sasargeblod gadawyvita. vudro uilsoni iyo omis Semdgomi versalis konferenciis (1919) da erTa ligis (1920-1945) sulisCamdgmeli. cnobilia uilsonis e.w. `14 punqti~, romlebic safuZvlad daedo pirveli msoflio omis Semdgom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebs. swored am dokumentSia xazgasmuli `erTa TviTgamorkvevis principis~ sayovelTao gaziarebis aucilebloba.

63

istoria erTa liga 1920 wlis 21 ianvars Seiqmna. misi amocana saerTaSoriso mSvidobis uzrunvelyofa da SesaZlo agresoris winaaRmdeg damsjeli sanqciebisa da Zalis gamoyeneba iyo. erTa ligaSi Seiqmna sabWo, romlis mudmivi wevrebi iyvnen: didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, italia da iaponia. imedovnebdnen, rom aSS gaxdeboda erTa ligis yvelaze gavleniani wevri, magram miuxedavad imisa, rom erTa ligis erT-erTi sulisCamdgmeli iyo amerikeli prezidenti vudro uilsoni, 1920 wels aSS-is senatma uari Tqva erTa ligis wevrobaze. aSSis senatis azriT, aravis unda SeZleboda mdgariyo aSS-is xelisuflebaze maRla, arc erTi saerTaSoriso organo ar unda yofiliyo aSS-ze uzenaesi. am garemoebam Tavidanve Seasusta erTa liga. koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis am axalma organizaciam imTaviTve daiwyo aqtiuri moRvaweoba da ramdenime sadavo da konfliqturi viTarebis ganmuxtva SeZlo. 1926 wels erTa ligas SeuerTda germania. 1934 wels am organizaciaSi gawevrianda sabWoTa kavSiric. benito musolini (1983-1945) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; italiis faSisturi partiis Semqmneli da faSisturi italiis premier-ministri (1922-1943). 1943 wlis Semodgomidan igi aRar aris premieri, magram e.w. italiis socialuri respublikis (faSistebis kontrolqveS darCenili italiis CrdiloeT nawili) meTauria.

1945 wlis 28 aprils daxvrites italielma antifaSistma partiznebma. mas saxeliT `duCe~ moixseniebdnen, rac italiurad belads, liders niSnavs.

haile selasie, daaxl. 1942 w.

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patara warmatebebTan erTad gamoCnda erTa ligis sisuste da misi Semqmnelebis gulubryviloba da idealisturi damokidebuleba. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi wamyvan rols uZlieresi saxelmwifoebi asruleben. realuri Zala maT xelSia da isini, upirveles yovlisa, sakuTari interesebis dacvaze zrunaven. faSisturi italiis xelmZRvanelma benito musolinim amitomac Tqva erTa ligis Sesaxeb, rom `erTa liga Zalian kargia, roca beRurebi JRurtuleben, magram, rodesac arwivebi gamofrindebian, igi uvargisia~. erTa liga ususuri aRmoCnda agresiis ramdenime SemTxvevaSi, ukve 20-ian wlebSi, radgan agresoris dasasjelad Zalis gamoyeneba aravin moisurva. 1931 wels iaponia Tavs daesxa CineTis provincia manjurias. erTa ligam ver aiZula iaponia uari eTqva manjuriaze. iaponiam ki, Tavidan rom aecilebina kritika erTa ligaSi, 1933 wels uari Tqva ligis wevrobaze. arc germanias moswonda erTa liga da 1933 wels, faSisti adolf hitleris germaniaSi gabatonebidan erTi wlis Semdeg, germaniac gavida erTa ligidan. erTa ligis germanuli, franguli da belgiuri delegaciis wevrebi, Jeneva, seqtemberi, 1926.

erTa liga

erTa ligis umweobis aSkara magaliTi iyo 1935 wlis faSisturi italiis agresia ususuri afrikuli qveynis â&#x20AC;&#x201C; abisiniis (dRevandeli eTiopiis) winaaRmdeg. italiam abisiniis okupireba moaxdina da igi italiis provinciad gamoacxada. erTa ligis ekonomikurma sanqciebma italia ver SeaCera. SeiaraRebuli Zalis gamoyeneba italiis winaaRmdeg erTa ligam ver gabeda. abisiniaSi italiis SeWra erTa ligisTvis sabediswero aRmoCnda, radgan am faqtma misi avtoriteti gaacamtvera. im dros saxeli moixveWa abisiniis axalgazrda imperatorma haile selasiem, romelmac erTa ligis tribunidan JenevaSi 1936 wlis ivnisSi mgznebare sityva warmoTqva, romelic istoriaSi Sevida.

Tavis gamosvlaSi man ganacxada, rom `icavs yvela patara qveyanas, romelsac agresia emuqreba~ da rom `didi qveynebis winaSe patarebi uZlurni rCebian~. ufro adreul gamosvlaSi man 52 saxelmwifos delegaciebs ganucxada, rom `rodesme Tqvenc gaxdebiT vinmes abisinia!~ misi sityvebi SemdgomSi araerTgzis gamarTlda. erTa ligasTan, rogorc msoflioSi mSvidobis damyarebis SemZle organizaciasTan, dakavSirebuli imedebi TandaTanobiT daimsxvra. pirveli yvelaze mZime dartyma erTa ligas iaponiis manjuriaSi SeWram (1931) miayena. kidev ufro Zlieri dartyma iyo faSisturi italiis agresia abisiniis winaaRmdeg. kidev erTi dartyma iyo, rodesac 1926 wels ligaSi Sesulma germaniam 1933 wels qveynis saTaveSi faSisti adolf hitleris Cadgomis Sedegad erTa liga datova, radgan ligaSi darCena germaniis erovnul interesebsa da siamayesTan SeuTavseblad gamocxadda (erTa liga hitlerisTvis pirvel msoflio omSi germaniis damarcxebis da germaniaze sxvaTa batonobis simbolod iqca!).

30-ian wlebSi msoflioSi da gansakuTrebiT evropaSi saerTaSoriso daZabuloba gaizarda. es dakavSirebuli iyo pirvel yovlisa imasTan, rom wamyvani qveynebi umTavresad sakuTari interesebis win waweviT iyvnen dainteresebuli da amitom susti qveynebis interesebi xSirad ilaxeboda. im dros evropaSi gaCnda faSisturi saxelmwifoebi, diqtaturebi. sabWoTa kavSirSi ki 1917 wlidan komunisturi diqtatura gabatonda, romelic msoflioSi komunisturi reJimis damyarebasac apirebda. aziaSi ki swrafad ganviTarebadi iaponia aseve cdilobda sakuTari gavlenis gafarToebas regionis sxva qveynebze. amgvar viTarebaSi isedac susti erTa liga, romelSic ar Sediodnen aSS, sabWoTa kavSiri, germania, iaponia da TurqeTi, win ver aRudga agresorebs da saerTaSoriso wesrigis damrRvev saxelmwifoebs. erTa liga ver axerxebda saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis damyarebas da agresorebis dasasjelad Zalis gamoyenebas.

adolf hitleri (1889-1945) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; germaniis nacional-socialisturi (faSisturi) partiis damaarsebeli da lideri. 1933 w. igi germaniis saxelmwifos meTauri, umaRlesi mTavarsardali da mesame raixis (faSisturi germaniis saxelwodeba 1933-1945-Si) beladi (fiureri) iyo. Tavi moikla 1945 wlis 29 aprils sabWoTa jarebiT garSemortymul dedaqalaq berlinSi. hitleri aRiarebulia istoriaSi erTerT udides damnaSaved da milionobiT adamianis (upirveles yovlisa, ebraelebis) jalaTad.

65

istoria

erTa ligis Senoba JenevaSi, 1931.

de faqto (de facto) – niSnavs faqtobrivad arsebuls, magram ara samarTlebrivad, kanonierad aRiarebuls.

de iure (de jure) – kanonieri, samarTlebrivi. magaliTad, Tu romelime qveynis mTavroba gadatrialebis Sedegad sxva qveyanaSi gadaixveweba da mas saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba kvlavadac kanonier mTavrobad aRiarebs, igi de iure mTavrobaa, xolo Tu gadatrialebis Sedegad mosuli mTavroba saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobam kanonierad ar aRiara, igi de faqto mTavrobad miiCneva.

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rodesac 1939 wlis seqtemberSi faSisturi germania da komunisturi sabWoTa kavSiri orive mxridan SeiWrnen poloneTSi, erTa ligis sruli umweoba kidev ufro aSkara gaxda. iaponiam Tavad miatova erTa liga 1932 wels, germaniam ki –1933 wels, italiam –1936 wels.

1939 wlis dekemberSi erTa ligidan gaaZeves sabWoTa kavSiri (igi erTa ligaSi mxolod 1934 wels miiRes), romelic noemberSi Tavs daesxa Tavis patara da sust mezobels – 4 milioniani mosaxleobis mqone fineTs. meore msoflio omis wlebSi (1939-1945) erTa liga mxolod formalurad arsebobda, xolo ukve 1946 wlisaTvis misi adgili daikava axalma saerTaSoriso organizaciam – gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciam, romelic meore msoflio omSi gamarjvebuli qveynebis (aSS, sabWoTa kavSiri, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi) ZalisxmeviT Seiqmna. ukve iTqva, rom erTa liga saqarTveloSi jer Zalian popularuli iyo, Semdeg ki miiviwyes. 1920 wlis 12 ianvars parizis (versalis) samSvidobo konferenciaze saqarTvelo de faqto damoukideblad scnes, 1921 wlis 26 ianvars ki erTa ligam de iure aRiara saqarTvelo damoukideblad. saqarTvelo Zalian ecada erTa ligaSi gawevrianebas, rac mis damoukideblobasa da usafrTxoebas gaamagrebda. miT umetes, rom bolSevikuri ruseTi, 1920 wlis 7 maiss saqarTvelosTan dadebuli samSvidobo xelSekrulebis (romelSic ruseTma aRiara saqarTvelos damoukidebloba!) miuxedavad, Cveni qveynisTvis udides safrTxes warmoadgenda. ruseTi ereoda saqarTvelos saSinao saqmeebSi, eweoda ZirgamomTxrel saqmianobas Cvens qveyanaSi da 1920 wlis miwurulisTvis saqarTvelo, SeiZleba iTqvas, garSemortymuli aRmoCnda bolSevikuri ruseTis jarebiT, radgan rusis jari ukve azerbaijansa da somxeTSi idga. 1920 wlis 16 dekembers erTa ligis saerTo sxdomaze saqarTvelos ligaSi gawevrianebis kenWisyra Catarda. marTalia, saqarTvelos delegacia da bevri Cveni momxre Zalian Seecadnen sakmarisi xmebis (16) mopovebas, magram yvelanairi mcdeloba amao gamodga. kenWisyraSi 24 monawilidan mxolod10-ma mogvca xma. amgvari Sedegi ZiriTadad ganapiroba ramdenime uZlieresi saxelmwifos, gansakuTrebiT ki didi britaneTis, uaryofiTma poziciam. maT icodnen, rom saqarTvelos ver daicavdnen ruseTis SesaZlebeli Semotevisagan da arc erTa ligis avtoritetis Selaxva undodaT. erTa ligis gareT darCena damoukidebel saqarTvelos mtacebeli bolSevikuri ruseTis pirispir tovebda da sul male, 1921 wlis TebervalSi, ruseTi saqarTveloSi SemoiWra da bolSevikuri rusuli reJimi daamyara. erTa ligam 1924 wlis saqarTveloSi antirusuli ajanyebis gamo ruseTis damgmobi rezolucia miiRo, magram amas seriozuli Sedegebi ar mohyolia.

erTa liga

erTa liga udavod dadebiTi movlena iyo kacobriobis istoriaSi. es iyo saerTaSoriso doneze koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistemis Seqmnis mcdeloba. im dros, pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg, bevrs egona, rom am gziT SesaZlebeli iqneboda saerTaSoriso Zaladobisa da agresiis Tavidan acileba, rom erTa liga omebs dagvaviwyebda. samwuxarod, es imedebi ar gamarTlda. erTa liga ususuri aRmoCnda. 1946 wels Seqmnili axali saerTaSoriso organizacia bevrad ufro Ronieri gamodga da saerTaSoriso cxovrebaSi Tavisi adgili daimkvidra, Tumca arc saerTaSoriso daZabuloba gamqrala da konfliqtebic sakmaod bevri iyo. Tumca didi msoflio omi, sabednierod, aRar yofila da imedia aRarasodes iqneba.

erTa ligis sxdoma, 1936.

67

regioni

Zveli saberZneTi da Cven rismag gordeziani

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berZenTa da qarTvelTa Soris urTierTobebi TiTqmis oTx aTaswleuls – ormoc saukunes – moicavs. msoflioSi Znelia moinaxos amJamad istoriis asparezze moqmedi sxva iseTi ori xalxi, romelTa Soris kontaqtebs esoden xangrZlivi tradicia eqneboda. berZnuli miTebis Tanaxmad, evropa maSin daibada, rodesac uzenaesma RmerTma, zevsma, xaris saxiT movlenilma, moitaca mSvenieri finikieli asuli evrope da kunZul kretaze gadaiyvana. mas zevsisagan sami vaJi SeeZina – minosi, sarpedoni da radamanTisi. minosi gaxda kretis Zlevamosili mefe, romlis drosac kunZuli Tavisi kulturiT da adamianuri Semoqmedebis mraval sferoSi miRwevebiT mTel xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi erT-erT yvelaze ufro dawinaurebul regionad iqca. XIX saukunis meore naxevridan hainrix Slimanis dawyebulma da Semdgom arqeologTa mTeli Taobebis mier gagrZelebulma arqeologiurma gaTxrebma Zveli welTaRricxvis II aTaswleulSi, anu e. w. legendarul berZnul miTebSi asaxuli ambebis epoqaSi, xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi brwyinvale civilizaciebis arseboba daadastures: kunZul kretaze aRmoCenil kulturas, miTiuri mefis saxelis mixedviT minosuri, kontinentur saberZneTSi aRmoCenils ki, homerosis poemebidan cnobili legendaruli mefis, agamemnonis, sarezidencio qalaqis mixedviT, mikenuri ewoda.  medea da xari,wiTelfiguruli keramika, Jan pol getis muzeumi, malibu, aSS.

kirke da odisevsi, Zv. w. VI s. luvris muzeumi.

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regioni

pasifae da minotavri, atikuri wiTelfiguriani keramika, Zv. w. 340-320.

berZnebi miiCnevdnen, rom maT damkvidrebamde istoriuli saberZneTis teritoriebze egeida – xmelTaSua zRvis kunZulebi da balkaneTis naxevarkunZuli – winaberZnul tomebs ekavaT. maTi kulturis aRmavlobam Tavisi umaRlesi gamoxatuleba minosur kretaze hpova. ukve im Soreul warsulSi, berZnuli tradiciis Tanaxmad, winaberZnul mosaxleobasa da kolxebs Soris erTob mWidro urTierTobebi arsebula: minosis meuRle da misi Svilebis deda kolxeTis mefis, aietis, da pasifae iyo, Tavad aietis – mze-RmerTis, heliosis, samkvidrebeli ki saberZneTSi mdebare efire yofila, saidanac igi kolxeTSi, anu Tanamedrove dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadasula da iq Zlieri da maRalganviTarebuli kolxeTis samefo Seuqmnia. aietis meore da kirke ki, piriqiT, aRmosavleTidan dasavleTiT daZrula da italiis teritoriaze uZvelesi kulturebis warmoqmnisaTvis gamxdara erT-erTi umTavresi biZgis mimcemi. amgvarad, ukve berZnuli miTologiuri tradiciis mixedviT, Zvel saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli figurebi aqtiurad yofilan CarTuli im procesebSi, romlebic

mocekvave, knosos sasaxlis kedlis mxatvroba, kreta, Zv.w. 1600-1450

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Zveli saberZneTi da Cven

xmelTaSuazRvispireTis regionSi berZnebis, laTinebis da sxva indoevropuli tomebis damkvidrebamde mimdinareobda.

areklaven es miTebi raRac istoriul realobas Tu mxolod berZnuli fantaziis nayofs warmoadgenen?

Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi wamoyenebulia Tvalsazrisi, rom winaberZnul enobriv samyaroSi Zalze mniSvnelovania qarTveluri elementi. igi Tavs iCens asobiT sityvaSi, romelic berZnuls winaberZnulidan unda SeeTvisebina, im sufiqsebsa Tu prefiqsebSi, romlebic saberZneTis geografiul saxelwodebebSi gvxvdeba da aseve winaberZnulidan unda yofiliyo nasesxebi. mecnierebi am movlenas Zv. w. XX saukunis damdegisaTvis kavkasiidan qarTvelur tomTa erTi nawilis egeidaSi gadasaxlebis Sedegad miiCneven.

SegviZlia Tu ara winaberZnuli enebi qarTveluris monaTesaved miviCnioT? am kiTxvaze saboloo pasuxis gacema SeeZleba minosur kretaze aRmoCenili e.w.

A-xazovani damwerlobiT Sesrulebuli warwerebis gaSifvras, romlebic inaxaven kunZulis uZvelesi da, Sesabamisad, winaberZnuli mosaxleobis enis warmomavlobis saidumlos. minosuri civilizaciis daqveiTeba im katastrofulma vulkanurma amofrqvevam gamoiwvia, romelic egeosis zRvaSi mdebare kunZul santorinize moxda Zv. w. XVI saukuneSi da romelmac, faqtobrivad, waleka minosuri civilizacia. Zveli samyaros istoriul asparezze gamovida axali politikuri Zala – mikenuri saberZneTi. male man daiqvemdebara regionis teritoriebis umetesobaze binadari xalxebi da Zv. w. XV-XIV saukuneebidan, egviptes, asureTsa da xeTebis samefosTan erTad, xmelTaSua zRvis auzis wamyvan saxelmwifod iqca. mikenuri epoqis berZnebs Zveli avtorebi aqavelebad, argoselebad, danaelebad da minielebadac moixseniebdnen xolme. miTebis mixedviT, swored maT mouwyviaT pirveli Soreuli laSqroba xomald `argoTi~ kolxeTSi, oqros sawmisis mosataceblad. rom ara aietis asul medeas – jadoqrobis unaris mqone ulamazesi qalwulis – daxmareba, argonavtebi da maTi winamZRoli iasoni ver SeZlebdnen iolkosis mefe peliasis am urTulesi davalebis Sesrulebas. qalRmerT afrodites nebiT iasonisadmi movlenilma siyvarulis grZnobam Caadenina medeas es Ralati da aiZula, gahyoloda ucxoelT eladaSi. wlebis Semdgom, rodesac iasonma misi mitoveba da colad korinTosis mefis asulis moyvana ganizraxa, medeam Suri iZia misi damcirebis mosurneebze ara marto momavali patarZlisa da misi mamis, aramed sakuTari Svilebis daxocviTac.

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72

Zveli saberZneTi da Cven

argonavtebis ciklis Tqmuleba saocar popularobas inarCunebs antikurobidan moyolebuli dRemde. misma siuJetebma da saxeebma STaagona mravali mwerali da xelovani. msoflio literaturis yvelaze popularul saxeTa Soris pirvelobas aravis uTmobs medea, rac mravalwilad evripides amave saxelwodebis genialuri tragediis msoflio kulturaze udidesma gavlenam ganapiroba. saqarTvelosTan daakavSira berZnulma tradiciam kidev erTi figura, qarTveli amiranis oreuli _ promeTe. berZenTa uzenaesma RmerTma, zevsma, igi adamianebisaTvis gaweuli samsaxurisaTvis da zevsisadmi gamoCenili daumorCileblobisaTvis kavkasionis erT kldeze miajaWvina, sadac mas arwivi ukortnis yoveldRiurad RviZls. promeTes gminva argonavtebsac ki SemoesmaT, rodesac isini kolxeTs miuaxlovdnen. misi xsna mxolod gmirma heraklem SesZlo. esqiles tragediis – „mijaWvuli promeTes“ – wyalobiT es RmerTi samudamod tiraniis winaaRmdeg brZolisa da kacobriobisaTvis civilizaciis motanis simbolo gaxda.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom, erTi mxriv, aietis kolxeTi, oqros sawmisi, argonavtebi da medea, xolo meore mxriv, udreki promeTe im simboloebad iqcnen, romlebic aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi ganaTlebuli kacobriobisaTvis saqarTvelos identifikaciisas yvelaze mkafio orientirebs warmoadgenen.

Zv.w. II aTaswleulis bolos xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi xdeba klimaturi pirobebiTa da xalxTa intensiuri, mravalwilad agresiuli gadaadgilebebiT gamowveuli movlenebi, romelTac araerTi Zveli civilizaciis, maT Soris mikenuris, daqveiTeba da zogjer asparezidan gaqrobac ki ganapirobes. saberZneTSi elinur tomTa gadaadgilebiTa da kulturuli daqveiTebiT gamowveuli ramdenime saukuniani pauzis Semdeg Zv. w. IX saukunidan aRmavlobas iwyebs klasikuri berZnuli civilizacia, romelmac udidesi gavlena moaxdina jer mTeli evropuli, xolo Semdgom ki msoflio kulturis ganviTarebaze. saberZneTi xdeba polisuri, anu qalaq-saxelmwifoebis, politikurad savsebiT decentralizebuli, qveyana. es xels uwyobs mravali politikuri da kulturuli centris warmoqmnas saberZneTis farglebSi da maT Soris mudmivi Sejibris sulis damkvidrebas, rac kulturis swrafi aRmavlobis safuZveli xdeba. amasTanave polisurma sistemam aiZula berZnebi, miwis simciriTa da mosaxleobis matebiT gamowveuli problemebis gadasaWrelad mTel xmelTa medea, pompeis freska, ax.w.62-79, arqeologiis erovnuli muzeumi, neapoli, italia.

iasons miaqvs oqros sawmisi, aTenuri wiTelfiguriani keramikis mxatvroba, Zv. w. 470-460, metropolitenis xelovnebis muzeumi, niu-iorki.

mijaWvuli pomeTe, lakoniuri Savfiguruli keramika, Zv. w. 560-550.

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gamarjvebis qalRmerTi nike, Zv. w. II s. vanis gaTxrebi.

armazis bilingva, Zv. berZnuli da arameuli warwerebi, ax. w. II s. armazisxevi.

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SuazRvispireTsa da SavizRvispireTSi axali dasaxlebebis daarsebis Tu ukve arsebulebSi fexis mokidebis gzebi eZebnaT. ase daiwyo procesi, romelsac Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi didi berZnuli kolonizacia ewodeba da romelmac elini „emigrantebi“ aRmosavleT SavizrvispireTamde, kolxeTis sanapiroebamde moiyvana. aq maT, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ganviTarebis maRal safexurze myof qarTvelur tomebTan mouxdaT urTierToba, romelnic Tavs aiet mefis kolxeTis memkvidreebad miiCnevdnen da amiT Zalian amayobdnen kidec. rogorc Cans, elinTa da qarTvelTa urTierTobis procesi ormxrivad sasargeblo iyo, radgan igi xels uwyobda vaWrobis ganviTarebas, gamocdilebis urTierTgaziarebas, eladur produqciasa da kulturul miRwevebTan kavkasielTa ziarebas, elinTa geografiuli da istoriuli Tvalsawieris gafarToebas. amis Sedegia is, rom homerosidan moyolebuli TiTqmis arc erT cnobil berZen avtors ar auvlia gverdi saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli miTologiuri, istoriuli, geografiuli Tu eTnografiuli xasiaTis informaciisaTvis. mas Semdeg, rac asparezze gamodian cnobili berZeni istorikosebi, filosofosebi, geografosebi, mecnierebis sxvadasxva sferos warmomadgenlebi, antikuri saqarTvelos, berZen-qarTvelTa uZvelesi urTierTobebis Sesaxeb cnobebi sul ufro da ufro mravalferovani da sruli xdeba. sakmarisia, dRes gadavSaloT nebismieri wigni, romelic antikuri saqarTvelos istorias exeba, rom naTeli gaxdeba Semdegi: am istoriis umniSvnelovanes wyaros Zveli berZeni avtorebis cnobebi warmoadgens. herodote, qsenofoni, hipokrate, platoni, aristotele, straboni, ptolemaiosi, plutarqosi, arianosi da mravali sxva avtori gvawvdis uZvirfases cnobebs Cveni qveynis warsulis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro saintereso periodis Sesaxeb, rodesac mTeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze antikuri epoqis qarTveluri saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibeba xdeboda. am cnobebidan Cven vityobT, rom qarTvelur tomebs imxanad ekavaT sakmaod vrceli teritoriebi mcire aziis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mdinare halisidan moyolebuli kavkasionis qedamde, mTeli aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelo, kavkasionis qedis ferdobebi. berZeni avtorebi am tomTa maTTvis cnobil mraval saxelwodebas gvawvdian: xalibebi, saspirebi, mosinikebi, makronebi, mosxebi/mesxebi, svanebi, henioxebi, lazebi, abasgebi da a.S. maTi gamaerTianebeli saxelwodebebia dasavleT saqarTveloSi – kolxebi, xolo aRmosavleTSi – iberia. Sesabamisad, dasavleT saqarTvelos berZnul wyaroebSi kolxisi/kolxida, xolo aRmosavleTs iberia ewodeba. ukve im Soreul warsulSi dRevandeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze berZnebisaTvis cnobili mravali qalaqi Tu dasaxleba arsebula. yvelaze Zveli maT Soris kvitaia, Tanamedrove quTaisia, romel-

Zveli saberZneTi da Cven

sac berZnebi mefe aietis sarezidencio qalaqad miiCnevdnen. sainteresoa, rom Tanamedrove enaTmecnierTa TvalsazrisiT, es saxelwodeba ukve qarTveluri enebis erTianobis doneze, anu Zv. w. II aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi unda arsebuliyo. aseve Zveli, ukve didi kolxeTis droidan, yofila cnobili qalaqi fazisi, Tanamedrove foTi, mdebare amave saxelwodebis mdinaris, Tanamedrove rionis SesarTavTan. uaxloes momavalSi aq qarTveli da germaneli mecnierebis erToblivi eqspedicia daiwyebs muSaobas antikuri fazisis yovelmxrivi Seswavlis mizniT. Zveli avtorebi kolxeTisa da iberiis, anu dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sazRvarze mdebare cixe-qalaqs â&#x20AC;&#x201C; sarapaniss â&#x20AC;&#x201C; kargad icnobdnen. misi nangrevebi Tanamedrove Sorapanis teritoriaze savsebiT exmianeba berZnebis aRweras. kolxeTis miwaze mdebare dasaxlebebs Soris, berZen avtorTa Tanaxmad, Tavisi mravaleTnikurobiT dioskuria gamoirCeoda, romelsac ufro gvian sebastopolisi Seerqva da romelic Tanamedrove soxumis midamoebSi ivaraudeba. aq savaWro mizniT Casul 300-mde sxvadasxva enaze molaparake tomebis warmomadgenelT SexvdebodiT. soxumis saxelwodeba rcxilis aRmniSvneli svanuri sityvidan cxuim momdinareobs. qarTveluri cxumi, rogorc Cans, iyo am qalaqis uZvelesi adgilobrivi aRmniSvneli. kolxeTis CrdiloeTiT mdebare berZenTa TvalsawierSi moxvedril erT-erT qalaqad pitiunti, Tanamedrove biWvinTa/picunda saxeldeboda. am saxelwodebis rogorc berZnuli, aseve qarTuli variantebis fuZeebi am enebSi fiWvis aRniSvnel sityvebs Seicaven, Tumca Znelia imis gad-

noqalaqevi, qalaqis galavani.

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berZnulwarweriani beWedi vanis gaTxrebidan. warweraze ikiTxeba sityva dedatosi, rac piris saxeli unda iyos, Zv. w. IV s.

aWriT Tqma, aq saqme gvaqvs SemTxveviT damTxvevasTan Tu erTi enidan meoreSi sesxebasTan. dasavleT saqarTvelos mravali antikuri qalaqidan SeiZleboda kidev ramdenimes gamoyofa, romelTa realobas Tanamedrove arqeologiuri gaTxrebic adastureben: arqeopolisi – Tanamedrove noqalaqevi, surioni – albaT, Tanamedrove vani, afsarosi – Tanamedrove gonio, petra – SesaZloa, Tanamedrove baTumi. iberiaSi, anu aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, gamoirCeoda: mestleta – mcxeTa, harmoZike – armaz cixe, sevsamora – wiwamuri, Zalisa – Zalisi, artanissa – artanuji. garda amisa, Zveli berZeni avtorebi saintereso cnobebs gvawvdian saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze, mdinareebsa da mTebze, florasa da faunaze, warmoebasa da teqnikaze. qarTuli istoriografiisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs cnobebs Cvens saxelmwifo gaerTianebebSi arsebul politikur sistemebze, religiur Sexedulebebze, saganmanaTleblo kerebze. aleqsandre makedonelis da misi mimdevrebis Zlevamosili laSqrobebis Sedegad Zv.w. IV saukunis miwurulidan moyolebuli msoflioSi Seiqmna veeberTela kulturuli sivrce, romlis farglebSic berZnul enasa da kulturas dominanturi adgili eWira. mas axal mecnierebaSi elinisturi, anu berZnulad molaparakeTa samyaro uwodes. faqtobrivad, es iyo antikurobaSi msoflio saxelmwi-

delfinebi, knosos sasaxlis kedlis mxatvroba, kreta, Zv.w. 1600-1450

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Zveli saberZneTi da Cven

fos Seqmnis yvelaze masStaburi cda. misi sulisCamdgmelis, aleqsandre didis koncefcia bevr msgavsebas gviCvenebs Tanamedrove globalistebis ideebTan. berZnulma am dros msoflio enis funqcia moipova, xolo aRmosavlur elementebTan sinTezirebulma berZnulma kulturam danarCeni samyarosaTvis erTgvari modelis roli ikisra. am procesma, erTi mxriv, mniSvnelovnad gaafarTova qveynebsa da xalxebs Soris mWidro urTierTobebis SesaZleblobebi, xolo, meore mxriv, biZgi misca msoflios sxvadasxva regionSi did politikursa da kulturul aRmavlobas. ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom swored elinistur epoqaSi xdeba antikuri wyaroebisaTvis iberia, anu aRmosavleT saqarTvelo, msoflio istoriis asparezze angariSgasawevi Zala, rom Zveli qarTuli saistorio tradiciac aleqsandre makedonelis epoqasTan akavSirebs mniSvnelovan Zvrebs qarTlis cxovrebaSi, xolo mefe farnavazs qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis, damwerlobis da sazogadod kulturis did reformatorad miiCnevs. elinisturi epoqa romauli batonobis epoqiT Seicvala, romlis drosac saqarTvelos urTierTobebi antikur samyarosTan gacilebiT ufro mravalmxrivi da masStaburi gaxda, Tumca, kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, CvenTvis umniSvelovanes orientirad mainc berZnuli civilizaciis miRwevebi rCeboda.

77

interviu

interviu mis aRmatebulebasTan, aSS-is sagangebo da sruluflebian elCTan saqarTveloSi, baton riCard norlandTan amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mimarT saqarTveloSi yovelTvis didi interesi iyo, am qveynis unikalurobisa da istoriaSi Setanili wvlilis gamo, magram saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dasawyisidanve es interesi gaasmagda. aSS dRemde gadamwyvet rols asrulebs Cveni qveynis mxardaWeris saqmeSi. bevri Cveni axalgazrda swavlobs aSS-Si, bevri fiqrobs, rom wava saswavleblad aSS-Si da, amdenad, SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom swored aSS-is elCTan interviuTi viwyebT. amasTan, gvinda didi madloba gadagixadoT im daxmarebisTvis, romlis meSveobiTac SesaZlebeli gaxda am Jurnalis gamocema. iyo idea da amis xorcSesxma swored amerikis mxaris mxardaWeriT gaxda SesaZlebeli. imedi gvaqvs, rom Jurnali swored im ideas moemsaxureba, romelic safuZvlad daedo mis Seqmnas – saqarTvelos mozard Taobas damatebiT miawodos sxvadasxvanairi informacia, gauxsnas Semecnebis sxvadasxva kari da daexmaros misTvis saintereso codnis gaRrmavebaSi.



– iyo elCi saqarTveloSi, niSnavs iyo elCi Zalian patara qveyanaSi, miT umetes, roca warmoadgen msoflioSi uZlieres saxelmwifos. Cveni qveynebis saerTaSoriso statusebs Soris arsebuli es gansxvaveba ra gavlenas axdens am ori qveynis urTierTobebsa da Tqvens rolze?

– ar vfiqrob, rom es gansxvaveba iseTi didia, rogorc xalxs hgonia. saqarTvelo aSSze patara qveyanaa, vgulisxmob teritoriasa

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da mosaxleobas, magram didia Tavisi guliT, miswrafebebiTa da valdebulebebiT. Cven marTlac vgrZnobT, rom vexmarebiT am qveyanas fexze dadgomasa da sakuTari gzis povnaSi. qarTvelebi ki Zalian stumarTmoyvare xalxia da afaseben imas, rasac Cven vukeTebT. demokratiis Seneba advili ar aris da es erT dReSi ver moxdeba. gamowvevaa iseTi institutebis Camoyalibeba, romlebic pirovnebebze ar iqneba damokidebuli, profesionaluri Jurnalistikis iseTi kulturis damkvidre-

interviu aSS-is elCTan riCard norlandTan

ba, romelic liderebs axlodan daakvirdeba. es aris garkveuli gamowvevebi, magram mimaCnia, rom saqarTvelom mniSvnelovani gza gaiara. zogadad aSS-sa da saqarTvelos erTnairi valdebulebebi aqvT demokratiisa da evroatlantikuri faseulobebisa da institutebis mimarT. aSS ganagrZobs saqarTvelos mTavrobisa da suverenitetis mxardaWeras, amave dros saqarTvelo Tavad gansazRvravs usafrTxoebis sakuTar politikas. rogorc elCi, me madlobeli var im siTbosTvis, romelsac viReb mTavrobisa Tu sazogadoebis mxridan.

 – rogor fiqrobT raSi mdgomareobs amerikis unikaluroba da raSi – saqarTvelos unikaluroba?

– me var bednieri, rom var amerikeli. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi aris mTeli msoflios xalxebis, kulturis, enebisa da istoriis kombinacia. es SesaniSnavi nazavi, romelsac amerikelebi Cveulebriv `sadnob qvabad~ moixsenieben, realurad warmoadgens amerikis gansakuTrebulobis safuZvels. gvaqvs jazi da bluzi, gvyavs Cveni damfuZnebeli mamebi, romelTac hqondaT axali qveynis xedva, gvaqvs ekonomikuri da samxedro Zliereba, romelic momdinareobs industriuli revoluciidan, da survili, rom SevecadoT mainc, rom viyoT sikeTis globaluri Zala. am CamonaTvalidan nebismieri Cven gvaqcevs unikalurad da vfiqrob, rom es yvelaferi iqamde midis, rom TiToeul adamians SeuZlia ipovos amerikis unikalurobis Tavisi nawili nebismier adgilas, sadac ki wava. yvelas, vinc ki yofila aSS-Si, Tavisi daRi dausvams Cveni qveynisTvis, umuSavia misi gaumjobesebisTvis da daucvia sxvebTan erTad. mravalferovneba gaerTianebuli saerTo mizanis garSemo aris is, ris gamoc me mixaria, rom var amerikeli. saqarTvelo imdeni kuTxiT aris unikalu-

ri, rom Znelia yvelafris CamoTvla. daviwyoT eniT, radganac Zalian mniSvenlovania, rogor gamoxatavs kultura Tavis Tavs. qarTuli ena sruliad gamorCeulia da ar vicnob iseT adamians, miuxedavad imisa, esmis Tu ara es ena, rom ar iyos moxibluli am eniT. gasaocaria, roca xedav asoebs da gesmis TanxmovanTa uCveulo simravle. saqarTvelos unikaluroba aseve qarTul cekvasa da polifoniur musikaSia. iuneskom qarTuli polifonia kacobriobis kulturuli memkvidreobis nawilad aRiara. qarTuli cekva ki saocrad dinamikuri da aRmafrTovanebelia. unikaluroba Tavad qarTuli xasiaTis nawilicaa, me vfiqrob, TiToeuli qarTveli grZnobs amas da amayobs Tavisi qveynis suliT, istoriiT da miRwevebiT.

 – bevrs amerika hgonia uproblemo qveyana, romelic imTaviTve Camoyalibda sirTuleebis gareSe. Tumca es ase ar iyo da amerikis istoriis manZilze arsebobda seriozuli gamowvevebi, maT Soris samoqalaqo omi da dapirispirebuli socialuri moZraobebi. rogor fiqrobT, ra roli hqonda am dapirispirebebs qveyanaSi da im demokratiad CamoyalibebaSi, romelsac dRes is warmoadgens?

– aSS bevri sxva qveynis msgavsad idga da dResac dgas mniSvnelovani gamowvevebis winaSe. yvela Taobas TavTavisi dabrkolebebi aqvs, dawyebuli didi depresiidan samoqalaqo uflebebisTvis moZraobiT damTavrebuli da merec. zogierTi gamowveva, magaliTad rasizmi, sruliad ar gamqrala. magram rodesac Cven vfiqrobT am gamowvevebze, Cven aRmovaCenT, rom swored maT gagvaerTianes rogorc qveyana da gaaZlieres Cveni demokratiuli faseulobebi. Cven kvlavac vcdilobT mivaRwioT „ufro srulyofil erTobas“, rogorc es Cvens konstituciaSi weria. TiToeuli qveyana uSvebs Secdomebs, magram

79

interviu Cven vcdilobT gavaumjobesoT, viswavloT, saidanac SegviZlia da win wavideT. es aris is, rac dagvexmara warmatebaSi – yovelTvis vimoZravoT win, SevecadoT viswavloT warsulis gakveTilebiT, Tumca ar viyoT warsuliT moculi.



– adre bavSvebs undodaT fizikosoba, inJinroba...… axla yvela bizness an diplomatias eswrafvis, es aris imitom, rom saqarTvelo gaxda damoukidebeli. ras urCevdiT im axalgazrdebs, romelTac undaT diplomatiuri samsaxuri?

– Cemi damokidebuleba yovelTvis aseTi iyo: Tu SegiZlia waikiTxo Jurnali `ekonomisti~ Tavidan bolomde da gaigo Sig ra weria, maSin SeZleb diplomatiur samsaxurSi mosaxvedrad gamocdis Cabarebas. vfiqrob, mniSvnelovania ucxouri enis swavla. enis swavla ar gWirdeba imisTvis, rom moxvide diplomatiur samsaxurSi, magram Tu apireb iq darCenas, maSin es aucilebelia. istoriis swavlac aranakleb mniSvnelovania, radganac Sen Seabijeb sxvadasxva qveynis istoriaSi da Tu ar ici sad Sedixar, maSin gagiWirdeba gaigo, Tu ra xdeba.



– rogor gagondebaT skolis wlebi? ras swavlobdiT yvelaze didi interesiT? – me miyvarda istoria da mainteresebda Cavwvdomodi civi omis safuZvlebs, vacnobierebdi ra yvela CvenTaganis valdebulebas – aRgvekveTa birTvuli holokosti. me vfiqrobdi, rom amisaTvis mniSvnelovani iyo rusuli enis swavla. universiteti daviwye ekonomikis SeswavliT, radgan vfiqrobdi, rom amiT ukeT vipovidi samsaxurs. magram kargad maxsovs rogor gavacnobiere, rom verasdros gavxdebodi kargi ekonomisti da rom bevrad ufro mainteresebda isto-

80

ria. ramdenime araCveulebrivma profesorma jorjTaunis universitetSi gamiRrmava es interesi.

 – ra gavlena moaxdina Tqvens ojaxze Tqvenma diplomatiurma karieram?

– me gamimarTla, rom davqorwindi iseT adamianze, romelic iziarebda msoflioSi mogzaurobisa da Cveni Svilebis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gazrdis Cems interess, miuxedavad imisa, rom am garemoebam misi, iuristis, kariera sakmaod gaarTula. Cemi meuRle, meri harTneti, muSaobda saerTaSoriso iuridiul kompaniebSi bahreinsa da moskovSi, aseve xelmZRvanelobda jorjTaunis universitetis iuridiul centrSi stipendiis programas iuristi qalebisTvis ugandidan dawyebuli uzbekeTiT damTavrebuli. dResdReobiT igi wers Cveni uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTlis, rut bader ginsbergis biografias, romelic qalTa uflebebis dacvis pioneri iyo.

Cveni ori Svili – denieli da qeiTi, orive iuristia da orive dainteresebulia msoflio movlenebiT. denieli aswavlis msoflio istorias zeda klasebSi, qeiTi ki Tavisuflad flobs arabuls da apirebs SeuerTdes adamianis uflebaTa damcav jgufs, rogorc ltolvilTa advokati. denielis meuRle, jeni, eqimia, maT ori wlis gogonas eli hqvia. unda vaRiaro, rom diplomatobis naklovaneba swored Svilebisa da SviliSvilebisgan Sors yofnaa. mamaCemi diplomati iyo da darwmunebuli var, isiamovnebda saqarTveloSi Cveni monaxulebiT, Seecdeboda ra garkveuliyo politikaSi da damtkbariyo qarTuli samzareuloTi da kulturiT. dedaCemi, romelic 93 wlisaa, alchaimeris seniTaa mZimed daavadebuli, igi TbilisSi CvenTan erTad cxovrobs da vfiqrob, is isev diplomtia, oRond – mdumare.