Thesis - Musa Alam - 'Rise With The Tide'

Rise With The Tide THESIS

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CONTENTS

5 OVERVIEW 7 DESIGN MANIFESTO 71 TECHNOLOGY REPORT 83 MANAGEMENT REPORT 109 CONCLUSION

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OVERVIEW PROJECT GENESIS It is an indisputable fact that man-induced global warming is set to create major challenges for the global population and its living practices, least of all in coastal and island habitats. This growing uncertainty surrounding our future and the need to develop and embrace new ways of living that ensure the continuation of rural settlement, is the focal concern for this thesis. This topic is considered through research of both historic and current settlement in Northern Scotland to understand sustainable contextual responses to the changing conditions.

My Design Manifesto imagines the development of a community to adapt to the rising sea levels on Orkney’s archipelago, which will affect majority of the islands current and historic settlement sites. The need to record, preserve and adapt therefore becomes paramount as the coastline rises to engulf it. The project forms two strands. First is a structure to facilitate this archaeological exploration housing a bank of finds and dating labs, whilst acting as a tidal barrier and threshold into the new community. The second is a more water-based housing development organically formed by the displaced islanders and temporary transient travellers, forming a parasitic relationship with the more permanent archaeological structures and inhabiting its raised connections.

My Technology Report continues this investigation into the climatic impacts through a more focused site-specific investigation and research. In this way, this chapter aims to set out the project’s sustainability goals and objectives while developing a way of harnessing natural phenomena such as for energy production, natural anthropogenic mitigation and construction techniques for community supported development.

My Management Report explores how the contextual potential and project vison previously discussed can be developed, while navigating through issues of heritage, risk management and public procurement to explore how the project’s social and environmental ambitions can become a reality.

Through these series of combined documents my thesis project seeks to answer the question: How can the growth of a flood resistant archaeological hub on Orkney empower future community resilience amidst dramatic environmental and climatic change?

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Rise With The Tide REPORT 1 Design Manifesto

A depiction of life on Orkneys archipelago in the year 2120

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Rise With The Tide Musa Alam 180207925 Word Count: 2259

How can the growth of a nomadic hub on Orkney empower future community resilience amidst dramatic environmental and climatic change?

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CONTENTS

12 INTRODUCTION

0.1 MATERIAL AMENDMENT 0.2 STUDIO THEMES 0.3 INFLUENCED BY THE PAST 0.4 MY APPROACH 0.5 TRAVELING THE NORTH

22 TRANSIENCE

1.1 NOMADIC COMMUNITY 1.2 WE FORMED OUR OWN! 1.3 ENTER THE WORKSHOP 1.4 THE JOURNEY 1.5 FINDHORN 1.6 ORKNEY ISLANDS 1.7 A REVOLUTION IN LIVING 1.8 THE ORCADIANS 1.9 SCOTTISH POWERHOUSE 1.10 ORKNEY THE ‘ENERGY ISLANDS’

40 COASTLINE

2.1 NAUTICAL HISTORY 2.2 TIDE IN OUR FAVOUR 2.3 CLIMATE EMERGENCY 2.4 FLOODING THE NEW NORMAL 2.5 SEA RISE

50 THESIS QUESTION 3.1 PROGRAMME 3.2 SITE 3.3 WHO LIVES THERE? 3.4 PRECEDENTS 3.5 MATERIAL 3.6 WHERE NEXT?

70 REFERENCES

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INTRODUCTION 0.0 0.1 MATERIAL AMENDMENT 0.2 STUDIO THEMES 0.3 INFLUENCED BY THE PAST 0.4 MY APPROACH 0.5 TRAVELING THE NORTH

MATERIAL AMENDMENT A TRANSITIONAL STUDIO

THE STUDIO

Material Amendment takes a look at Scotland’s current and historical relationship with energy and settlement, to understand how energy becomes embodied in the materials used.

“From animal and water power to the steam engine, the internal combustion engine and the electric motor - the history of energy production runs parallel to the history of settlements and architectural form.” - (Davies B, 2019)

studio context

LENSES OF SCALE CONTEXT

To cover such a large context the studio decided to undertake a road-trip, to gather knowledge in situ and experience the multitude of living patters developed within its boarders, through a set of distinct lenses set out below:

MACRO

MICRO

PROCESSING INFORMATION

ECONOMIC

MATERIALS

ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC

UNDERSTANDING

OUTPUTS

SOCIAL

LIBRARY

ENVIRONMENT

LIFESTYLE

FUTURE ENERGY

THESIS

SOCIAL

CARDS

THE GAME

SCENARIOS WHAT IF?

By critically analysing the places we visited through these lenses we could gain an understanding for the motivations of its people and its architecture in a way that could form scenarios to develop thesises from.

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STUDIO THEMES A TRANSITIONAL STUDIO Due to the nature of such an undertaking, it was important that we worked together to formulate a collective methodology so that out trip was productive. As a group we discussed the initial themes and interests to formulate the scope of our research. We understood that the with each question or condition, whether it be architectural, social, environmental or economical the facilitator lead back to energy and its production.

EMBODIED ENERGY OF BUILDING MATERIALS

ENERGY USE IN LIVING AND WORKING PATTERNS

WHERE EMBODIED ENERGY COMES FROM

ENERGY USE IN LIGHT OF CLIMATE CHANGE

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INFLUENCED BY THE PAST I have always been interested by the processes of dwelling and their influence on the way we design. I developed a fascination in the belief that architecture had the power to unlock new potential in the way we live, while acknowledging energy’s role in doing so. However up until now I have yet to combine these two interests together. Below is a snapshot my academic interests that I have explored thus far, and how they may relate to the development of this project.

YEAR 3

PLOTTING MY ACADEMIC JOURNEY Dissertation Leicester School of Architecture Faculty of Art Design & Humanities Cultural & Contextual Studies ARCH3052 Essay

An Analysis on the Future of the Urban Condition The Proposition of an Off-Grid City Concept

OFF-GRID CITY

Session 2016-2017 P14126574

Word Count: 9942

1

Micro power plant - wind + hydro Artist studio

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Metabolism theory

YEAR 1

YEAR 2

Vertopia - live work

THE HOUSE IS ALIVE!

What is the role of flexible design in developing a sustainable mass housing model?

- Musa Alam -

Reprogrammable Space None loadbaring interior

Time Embracing Design

Layered Construction

Flexibility/ Adaptability

Low Carbon Footprint

Long Lasting

Easily Maintained

Low Impact

Energy Efficiency

Material Reusability

Low waste Construction

Sustainable Design

Architects Post-occupancy Involvement

Correct Material Selection

Of-site Construction

YEAR 6 - MANIFESTO

YEAR 5

Dissertation

Prefabrication

Knowledge Dissemination

YEAR OUT flexible housing

Community Empowerment

User Choice

Accessible Low Cost

Mass Scale

Biohackers Haven

Housing

Street View Looking Towards Dovecote Lodge

Modular design Dovecote Lodge

Proposed Development Site

N Proposed New Build Development

The proposed new build dwellings adjacent to the existing farm are designed to respect the character and setting of the existing farm buildings. The proposed building form is a low height (1.5 storey room in the roof) linear arrangement to reflect the simple form of the original farm buildings. Modern features will be avoided externally to prevent them jarring with the simple character of the adjacent buildings.

The materials palette will complement the materials used in the original farm buildings.

Proposed new build development site

School design

The proposed dwellings are positioned on the site so as to allow continued views between the Grade II Listed Barn and Grade II Listed Church of St Winifred.

There are a combination of two and three bedroom dwellings proposed for the new build scheme.

Woodhouse Hall Farm – New Build Development

Archigram theory

Barn renovations

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MY APPROACH DEVELOPING AN INDIVIDUAL METHODOLOGY

a

Mu s

To further establish the direction of my design research, I diversified my methods within a desktop based environment. This contrasted with the more experiential ‘on the ground’ methods employed while on the trip.

NON-FICTION

FICTION

As a dyslexic student I find that a reliance on books does not engage me enough to develop my work productively. Therefore, where possible, I continued to developed strategies of actively engaging with my subject matter; through iterative hands on processes or visual media and precedent interrogation. Continuing discussion with my piers within the studio community we had created, also played a major role in this.

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TRAVELING THE NORTH MY CONNECTION TO SCOTLAND

2017: TONGUE BRAEMORE :2018

2002: DRUMCHORK

LOSSIEMOUTH :2003

2015: WESTER ROSS DRUMNADROCHIT :2006

2014: FORT WILLIAM

LOCH RANNOCH :2012 DUNKELD :2019

2017: GLENCO 2013: KILNINVER 2012: CRINAN

LOCH AWE :2005 KINLOCHARD :2016

2013: KILMODAN

CHEVIOT :2009 ULLSWATER :2008

2011: STRANRAER

TEBAY :2007

2015: THORNTHWAITE 2007: KENDAL

HOME

MANCHESTER

I grew up being home-educated by my parents, which allowed us the flexibility to travel frequently throughout the UK. We fell in love with the natural wilderness of Scotland, playing beside its many lochs and hiking its steep hills. It gave me an appreciation for the natural world and mans reliance on it, as well as the longing to explore and travel it freely.

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2002

2003

2003

2005

2005

2006

2007

2007

2008

2009

2011

2012

2013

2013

2014

2014

2015

2015

2016

2017

2017

2017

2018

2019

TRANSIENCE 1.0 1.1 NOMADIC COMMUNITY 1.2 WE FORMED OUR OWN! 1.3 ENTER THE WORSHOP 1.4 THE JOURNY 1.5 FINHOR 1.6 ORKNEY ISLANDS 1.7 A REVOLUTION IN LIVING 1.8 THE ORCADIANS 1.9 SCOTTISH POWERHOUSE 1.10 ORKNEY THE 'ENERGY ISLANDS'

NOMADIC COMMUNITY NAVIGATING OUR CHANGING WORLD A nomadic way of living is not something new. For a long period of human history human lived as hunter-gatherers constantly on the move in search of food and resources. Now in our globalization fast pace society the fixed datum that once existed in the form of a job, property or closeness to familiar faces is no longer. Our internet based society sees the work at home phenomena continue to grow as we stay connected across the globe. Humans nowadays are going back to their nomadic origins. A new type of architecture is needed to adapt to this nomadic evolution.

Transport Belongings Nomads Home

‘This is a wake up call: the villagers who could be Britain's first climate refugees’ The UK has a high rate of internal migration compaired to other European countries.

Body text

Body text

‘UN forecasts that there could be anywhere between 25million and 1billion environmental migrants by 2050’

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In contrast to this, our acceleration in technological and social development has come at a cost. We have altered the equilibrium of our planet we call home. Increased related disasters due to the change in climate could force people to move from their home lands during periods of the year. This forced transience may be seen as an architectural challenge to develop resilience to these global changes.

CONSTANTS NEW BABYLON Situationist International - Designed around the abolition of work, New Babylon was a city based on total automation and the collective ownership of land, liberating from boundaries enforced by functionalist capitalist societies. With no more work, citizens were free to move around, with, New Babylon inspired by a gypsy encampment and designed to facilitate such a nomadic lifestyle. Divided into a series of interconnected sectors, the city operated on a network of collective services and transportation. Through a large number of models, drawings and collages, Constant explored the various sectors, floating above the ground on stilts, interconnected with bridges and pathways

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WE FORMED OUR OWN! THE VAN, A MICROCOSM OF TRANSIENCE Our temporary transient community - A make-up of bits, pieces & people

Ferry crossing

Communal meals in the van

Cooking breakfast by the sea

Packing up for bed

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Dusply/Storage unit in use

MATERIAL AMENDMENT SCOTLAND 2019

L01, 02, 03

T01, T02

S01

X2

K01

X2

Cork boards for polaroids and Route Map.

Material library for materials collection throughout the trip.

Pinned up maps on wall for reference during the trip.

Storage boxes for storing food with inner insulation. benches Foldable dining tables and benches/ storage boxes. Act as support elements for the vertical Library Wall.

Extended kitchen top for cooking.

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ENTER THE WORKSHOP CONSTRUCTING RESILIENCE To construct our mobile studio within the short period of a 5 days, we developed a system of drawings so that everyone was able to work in tandem to complete our design.

Bench/Storage Box [S01] x4 CUTTING INSTRUCTIONS

80.0 80.0

ALL 18mm Ply

400.0 400.0

30.0 30.0

400.0

30.0

400.0

Axo Axo Axo

246.0

400.0 50.0 50.0

275.0

250.0 50.0 250.0

50.0

1200.0 1200.0

250.0

1200.0

400.0 100.0 400.0

50.0

400.0

400.0

Axo

50.0 275.0 275.0

50.0

275.0 132.0 132.0

275.0

132.0

132.0

90.0 37.5 364.0 25.0 90.0 105.037.5 30.0 25.0 105.0 30.0 37.5 25.0 25.0 37.5 182.090.0 90.0 37.5 80.1 25.0 37.5 182.0 25.0 80.1 105.0 30.0 105.0 30.0 37.5 37.5 170.0 182.0 182.0 Box 80.1 170.0 80.1

18.0

246.0

Section Section

364.0

Box

Section

Box

Library Wall - Middle Tier Cabinet 1 [L03A] x8

Box

170.0

170.0

98.1

Lid

2

5

3

6

2

3

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PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK

2mm lasercut acrylic

Butt Joint

1. Clearance hole 2. Countersink 3. Pilot hole

98.1

All materials are 12mm coated Ply unless otherwise indicated

4

4

400.0

Lid

1

6mm ply strips

400.0

200.0

Lid Lid

All materials are 18mm Ply unless otherwise indicated

ODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

30.0

400.0 400.0

400.0 400.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 123.1 400.0 123.1 50.0 50.0 98.1 50.0 98.1 50.0 123.1 123.1

Kitchen Unit [K01] x2 CUTTING & ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONS

CUTTING & ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONS

30.0

400.0

90.0 90.0 200.0 170.0 170.0 200.0 30.0 400.0 30.0 1164.0

1164.0

364.0 364.0

25.0 25.0

Section

400.0 400.0 50.0 400.0 50.0 30.0 30.0

90.0 170.0 90.0 30.0 170.0 30.0

1164.0 1164.0 1200.0

382.0

400.0

200.0

18.0 18.0 18.0 246.0 246.0

382.0 382.0

400.0 400.0

364.0

50.0 50.0 50.0

275.0 50.0 50.0

50.0 250.0 50.0

364.0 304.0

30.0

382.0

364.0

132.0 164.0

100.0 164.0

364.0 304.0

364.0 364.0

132.0 275.0 275.0

1164.0

1164.0 1164.0 1164.0

37.5 155.0 80.0 80.0 155.0 37.5 25.0 37.5 25.0 37.5 37.5 25.0 155.0 25.0 155.0 37.5 25.0 25.0 364.037.5 37.5 364.0 25.0 25.0 132.0 164.0 100.0 132.0 164.0 100.0 364.0 364.0

364.0 364.0 304.0 304.0

BUILDING THE VAN Reusing unwanted materials and with the aid of only hand tools, Our demountable home for the trip began to take shape.

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THE JOURNEY

ORKNEY ISLANDS

9

SKARA BRAE

FINAL ROUTE

ST MARGRET’S HOPE

DOUNREAY 8

ISLE OF SKYE

GILLS BAY

DAY

1 - SHEFFIELD TO ABERDEEN

DAY

2 - ABERDEEN

DAY

3 - ABERDEEN

DAY

4 - SKARA BRAE

DAY

5 - SKARA BRAE TO ISLE OF SKYE

DAY

6 - ISLE OF SKYE TO GLASGOW

DAY

7 - GLASGOW SHEFFIELD

DORNOCH 7 6

INVERNESS

PORTREE

5

2

ABERDEEN

10

3 4

TO SKARA BRAE

STOPPING POINTS

SCOTLAND GLENCOE

PASSING THROUGH 1 DUNDEE V&A MUSEUM

1

2 FOOTDEE SQUARE 3 ABERDEEN OLD TOWN

DUNDEE

4 ABERDEEN HARBOUR 5 MACALLAN DISTILLERY 6 FINDHORN FOUNDATION 7 CROMARTY FIRTH 8 DOUNREAY POWER STATION 11

9 SKARA BRAE PREHISTORIC VILLAGE

GLASGOW

10 THE BLACK HOUSE - DUALCHAS ARCHITECTS 11 THE LIGHTHOUSE 12 WINDERMERE JETTY, MUSEUM OF BOATS, STEAM AND STORIES

NORTHERN IRELAND

WINDERMERE 12

ENGLAND SHEFFIELD

THE JOURNEY A BREAKDOWN Our journey to Orkney took us to many interesting locations in Scotland along the way. We travelled by car, propelled by the combustion engine burning fossil fuels. This being the most common method of transport and has been used for hundreds of years, however, with the negative impacts fossil fuels have had on our climate, the decision to use this method was considered carefully against public transport both by land and sea. However due to cost and time it became the only viable method by a considerable margin and we were left contemplating the seemingly dramatic shift that we will need to take to live with a low carbon footprint.

Items of my travels - majority generic but some unique to me

AIMS OF THE TRIP

Day 3

y Da How do you transport RECOGNISE WHERE THE MATERIALS EXPLORE SCOTLANDS LOCAL COME FROM AND HOW THEY ARE USED VERNACULAR AND MATERIALS thrirteen people 2084 AND THE ENERGY INVOLVED kilometers?

1313kg CO2e Da y5

1990 kilometers 0.45kg average CO2 emissions per kilometer per car

1791kg CO2e

UNDERSTAND WHERE I ENERGY COMES FROM

OUR ENERGY CONSUMPTION

J

H G C

EVALUATE OUR CHOICES IN USE OF ENERGY

1990 kilometers 0.66kg average CO2 emissions per kilometer

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000 kg

Day 1

Estimated Carbon Emissions per day (travel)

1791kg CO2e

1990 kilometers 0.45kg average CO2 emissions per kilometer per car

1313kg CO2e

1990 kilometers 0.66kg average CO2 emissions per kilometer

147kg CO2e

Da y7

147kg CO2e

94 kilometers 0.12kg average CO2 emissions per passenger kilometer

Day 6

94 kilometers 0.12kg average CO2 emissions per passenger kilometer

Estimated Total Carbon Emissions (travel) y4 Da

Estimated Total Carbon Emissions (travel)

2

Estimated Carbon Emissions per day (travel) Day 1

1000 kg

D

Da y7

500 400

F

J

M

1313kg CO2e

200

L

100

Day 6

C 1990 kilometers 0.66kg average CO2 emissions per kilometer

1990 kilometers B 0.45kg average CO2 emissions per kilometer per car K

L

300

E

147kg CO2e

N

B

G

I

H

600

1791kg CO2e

Da y5

G

700

How can transient living be maintained during future fossil fuel scarecety Estimated Carbon Emissions per day (travel) Day 1

1000 kg

y4 Da

K

I

J

800

Day 3

How do you transport thrirteen people 2084 kilometers?

94 kilometers 0.12kg average CO2 emissions per E D passenger kilometer

M

H

900

y2 Da

nsport 2084

Estimated Total Carbon Emissions (travel) F

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5 TH

DECEMBER

DAY 3

ABERDEEN

FINDHORN FOUNDATION

ORKNEY

ORKNEY

FINDHORN

PRECEDENT STUDY

We visited Findhorn on day 3 of our trip, a place of interest to myself as one of slef-sustained community development around a shared goal.

Seemingly formed on more of a spiritual bases of an “experiment of transforming human consciousness” one that speaks of harmony with nature and a vision of a better world (Findhorn Foundation, 2019). Starting life as a caravan park in the 1960’s it grew into a community of like minded people. In the 1980’s it shifted its focus slightly to one of an ‘eco-village’; “we strive to demonstrate low-carbon, place-based values & practices for human settlements to thrive” (Findhorn Ecovillage, 2019).

Abundance of gathering spaces designed with importance. Integal to some of the members daily lives.

Individual expression in desing Material store/re-use V

Self sustainaing.

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Waste concious managment.

Still attched to fossil fuels.

6 TH

DECEMBER

DAY 4

ORKNEY

RING OF BRODGAR

SKARA BRAE

MAESHOWE

STROMNESS

KIRKWALL

ORKNEY

On day 3 we reached our destionation of Orkney by ferry.

An overnight stop in Kirkwell lead to a day of exploring the mainland.

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A REVOLUTION IN LIVING THE NEOLITHIC GATHERING Traveling from all over Europe, The Neolithic people chose Orkney as their first place of sentimental in the England. Utilising its easily workable sandstone bedrock and favouring its mild climate and fertile land, the settlers took a major departure from their hunter gatherer origins to develop a complex new society and along with it substantial stone structures that still stand today (Smith, 2014). Thus Orkney became the origin and centre of the new way of life. Their innovation, practices and technological thinking, spread across the England creating the first shared common culture (WickhamJones, 2011).

The complex belief system behind the construction of the stone circles is still unknown. What we do know is they were a place of large gathering and of great importance to Neolithic society where food was sheared and society was established “Ritual religion a site of pilgrimage attracting people from all over the archipelago as well as further a field.” (BBC Scotland, 2019) One of the earliest stone circles is found underwater in Clestran Sound.

Land that was once above water, historian and archaeologist Niel Oliver speculated that the “it would be very traumatic to see the land on which you depend, being encroached upon by the sea and you might wonder, if that has gone, what is going to go next?” that might have inspired all sorts of behaviours of the people of Orkney including the possible reason for the abandonment of its isles (BBC Scotland, 2019).

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Stone Circles

''The neolithic settlers on Orkney were the driving force behind a revolution. A new way of living that swept through the isles and culminated at the stone henge'' (BBC Scotland, 2019)

The most complete neolithic settlement in Europe. Built of stone forming eight houses.

Uncovered by stormy sea erosion in 1850 in the Bay of Skaill

Skara Brae 3200 B.C

Skara Brae Display Cabinet Bed Communal eating

Bed

Archaeological Sites 3000+ sites on Orkney

Loch of Harray

Ring of Bookan

Ring Of Brodgar 2500 BC

A neolithic henge stone circle.

One of the northan most examples of a stone circle of its size.

Loch of Stenness Ring of Brodgar Ness Of Brodgar 3,200 BC

Ness of Brodgar Watch stones Stones of Stenness Speculated to be a processional route 5000 years old, from life at Skara Brae to death at Meashowe Cairn.

Meashowe Cairn

A large neolithic temple site containing stone carvings and animal bones.

TITLE SUB TITLE Body text Annotation

POPULATION TOTAL: 22190 PEOPLE

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THE ORCADIANS AN INFLUX Migration balance

Total balance

While the current death rate on Orkney is higher than birth rate the population continues to increase in size due to steady increase in migration to its isles. With one of the lowest average house prices in the UK and the highest employment rate it adds to the number of factors attracting people to its shores.

Balance of nature Births - Deaths

Population growth

ORKNEY INDEPENDENCE?

In the wake of brexit and with a large majority of Orkney voting to stay its population seeks greater autonomy from the rest of the UK as it realises the importance of being connected. It therefore looks at the possibility to become its own nation state and thus attracting like minded individuals to it.

“Have I said we are an independent people? It is one of the blessings of a small land. For freedom of opinion, even of action, is still permissible in small places.� - Eric Linklater 1930 Orkney bard & novelist.

How might architectural moves promote social chnage in the archipelago and dispora communities?

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SCOTTISH POWERHOUSE HAVE WE REACHED PEAK OIL? Ever since oil reserves were discovered in the north sea, Scotland has been the getaway to extracting the black fluid gold we all rely so heavily upon; with a vast expanse of pipelines and oil rigs shown below.

Recently Scotland has looked towards renewable energy harnessing its geological prowess to generate wind and hydro electricity, but when the oil runs out will it be enough?

Offshore Windpower Farms Onshore Windpower Farms Hydro-electric Plants Wave & Tidal Facilities Coal-fired Power Stations Oil- & Gas-fired Power Stations Nuclear Power Stations Oil Rigs Oil & Gas Pipelines

Orkney

Cromarty Firth

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Oil Rig Being Dismantled Cromarty Firth Reuse of abandoned oil infrastructure for building materials?

"The stone age came to an end, not for lack of stones, and the oil age will end, but not for lack of oil." Saudi oil minister and a key founder of OPEC - Sheik Yamani

In-fact its not a question of running out, it will simply become less accessible and will require more complex extraction methods, placing the cost of its substitutes in an unviable position. With its known irreversible damaging effects to our planet it is surely time to switch to a renewable source of power?

ORKNEY THE ‘ENERGY ISLANDS’ AN AMBITIOUS COMMUNITY Orkney boasts an impressive number of firsts in the renewable sector. The first smart grid, the first grid battery and the first community owned wind turbine. However these achievements pails in comparison to the potential the island has. Its unique geographical location at the meeting point of the North Atlantic and North sea means that there is an estimated tidal energy capacity of several gigawatts, and would place it on par with the UK’s large nuclear reactors (Silver, 2019).

Orkney is powers solely by its own renewable energy. In part thanks to its innovations in tidal power technology.

Orkney has become a testing ground for the advancement of such technology for the past two centuries, and the first to receive energy through tidal power in 2003 (McKie R, 2019). The excess energy produced is exported, creating revenue for the Orcadians. Even still Orkney is left with unused energy with which through electrolysis they create hydrogen, a carbon neutral form of energy. This is used as auxiliary power for docked Ferries. Orkney is now developing technology to power boats and ferries with hydrogen (Fully Charged, 2017).

Latest iteration of tidal turbine 'Orbital O2 2MW' floating tidal turbine has generated more electricity in its first year than Scotland's entire wave and tidal sector produced before it.

Can Orkneys tidal developments be harnessed to singularly power the island?

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CHANGING COASTLINE 2.0 2.1 NAUTICAL HISTORY 2.2 TIDE IN OUR FAVOUR 2.3 CLIMATE EMERGENCY 2.4 FLOODING THE NEW NORMAL 2.5 SEA RISE

ORKNEYS NAUTICAL HISTORY

Orkneys archipelago history is directly linked to its nautical prowess:

For 600 years the Vikings settled farmed and ruled the Orkney islands Commercial lobster fishing took off. 338 vessels were recorded in Stromness from: Netherlands, Denmark, Prussia, Danzig and America.

6660 BC 800 BC 1500 1700

Neolithic settlers traveling from Europe first touched orkneys shores, forming a new common farming culture for 4000 years.

Merchants sailing across the Atlantic discovered orkney as a safe port of call for shelter and provisions.

First used as a naval base by the British Royal Navy during the Napoleonic wars, due to its deep calm waters.

1800

1860 End of the First World War. 74 German ships scuttled under intern in Orkney's great natural harbour, Skapa Flow.

1919 1930

Orkneys Maratime school was established in Stromness, has been training seafarers for over 50 years.

Only 7 of scuttled ships still rest on the seabed today. The majority were raised in what was one of the largest ever salvage operations in history.

2017

In 2017 the EMEC hydrogen production plant produced the world's first tidal generated hydrogen.

2020

Jeff Mackie, 31, ship's carpenter in Stromness (member of orkneys historic boat society)

1967

Ferrys are the most common frequenters of orkneys water ways as the increased tourism.

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Stromness / an active fishing port

How can Orkneys rich nautical history and knowledge continue to be developed?

TIDE IN OUR FAVOUR UNDERSTANDING THE MOVEMENTS OF THE SEA Understanding tidal movements and their effect on the coastline and the depth of water around it is paramount when navigating around Orkney’s shores.

Tidal graph at interval periods through the year of 2019. Depicts the large inflections in water level experienced by Orkneys shores.

''We wear the sea like a coat/We have salt for marrow.''

Su

n

George Mackay Brown Orkney bard.

Mon

th

on

rt

h

On

eY

ea

r

One

Mo

Ea

Swelkie

Sea current patterns around orkeny 1yr Crossing the pentland firth instructions: Steer clear of the Swelkie, leave Atehope bay at 8am track southwest to combat western currents.

Lunar orbit pattern depicting its influence on the earths tidal movements.

Every 2 week's Orkneys tide gets stronger. In the neolithic period they used the moon to figure out when it was ok to sail.

To what extent can tidal movement develop a programmatic relationship to the sea?

43

CLIMATE EMERGENCY THE INEVITABLE RISE Our human induced increase in the Earth’s CO2 concentration is now having scientifically proven effects to our climate. The least noticeable but potentially the most dramatic of which being the rise in our sea level (Climate State, 2019). When dealing with sea level rise one must factor in lag time for the heat energy built up in the sea to manifest in changes to its global average level. We are currently in lag phase with enough heat energy built up in the sea through the greenhouse effect to continue melting the polar ice caps for hundreds of years even if we stopped burning fossil fuels today (Englander, 2019).

The earth naturally cycles through phases of warming and cooling over thousands of years, which is directly linked to changes in sea level and CO2 concentration and corresponding with the ice ages as seen in this graph.

Global Temperature

(OC)

2

Holocene

Eemian

0

As the earth reached its last natural peak however, humans began burning fossil fuels causing a steep continuation in the rise of CO2 concentration in the Earths atmosphere.

Last Ice Age

-2 -4 CO2 concentration

(ppm)

300 250 200

Sea Level

(Meters)

0 -50

-100 400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

Time (thousands of years before present)

Greenland =7.3m

GLOBAL TEMPERATURE RISE = Antarctica =56.7m

Glacier =1m

And we have already warmed by 1*C!!!

44

Thermal expansion Carbon release from accounts for half of sea warming sea increasing level rise so far CO2 concentration How can Orcadians adapt to the rising sea?

Ice is melting 7x faster than in 1990

2005 KIRKWELL FLOODS

FLOODING: THE NEW NORMAL?

“It is predicted that the Orkney island of Sunday could be one of the first islands on the planet to become uninhabitable because of environmental changes. Even more worrying is the fact the timeframe suggested is that this could happen by the end of this century� - FloodBlock 2015

EXTINCTION REBELLION With the unequivocal need for change in the way we live, govern and develop as global community for human life on planet earth to continue for the long run. It is time we shifted our attention to methods of not only drastic reduction of our damaging methods of existence, but proactive methods of adapting to the inevitable changes to come.

Now that anthropogenic climate change is inevitable, is it not preferable to embrace the coming changes rather than fight against the inevitable?

45

SEA RISE - 0 METERS TITLE SUB TITLE Body text Stromness:

At risk of flooding Annotation 90 residential properties 40 non-residential properties ÂŁ220,00 Annual Average Damages

River 8% Costal 92%

River 8% Costal 92% Surface water 6%

River 8% Costal 92%

Kirkwell:

At risk of flooding 490 residential properties 460 non-residential properties ÂŁ2.5 million Annual Average Damages

River 8% Costal 92% Surface water 6%

46

YEAR 2100 SEA RISE - 6 METERS

47

SEA RISE - 10 METERS TITLE SUB TITLE Body text Annotation

48

SEA RISE - 20 METERS

49

THESIS QUESTION 3.0 3.1 PREGRAMME 3.2 SITE 3.3 WHO LIVES THERE? 3.4 PRECENDENTS 3.5 MATERIAL 3.6 WHERE NEXT?

50

HOW CAN THE GROWTH OF A NOMADIC HUB ON ORKNEY EMPOWER FUTURE COMMUNITY RESILIENCE AMIDST DRAMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLIMATIC CHANGE?

Sea rise solutions

RESILIENCE

Renewable energy Maintainable design

SEA WALL/GETAWAY

EMPOWERMENT

Self build/Flexible architecture

ADAPTABLE HOUSING

Community of assets

TIDAL ENERGY GRID

COHESION

Shared goal/Experience Shared resources/skills

WORKSHOP 51

PROGRAMME

Housing

SUPPORTING TRANSIENCE

Permanent

Demountable?

Unique to their owner

Displaced Orcadians

Replenish & harbour

Like-minded Individuals

Transient

Gathering space Toilets

Sh ar

Market

Offices lities aci F ed

Floating with the loch

Scale

My project places itself with the near future of Orkney at a time where sea rise has begun to effect the daily lives of its residents. This fragile period for orkneys future is imagined to only worsen through the effects of climate change and causes a shift in perspectives from the orcadians.

Choosing to embracing the change forced upon them as an opportunity to live more nomadically, no longer tied down to a singular location and embracing the natural year to explore meet gather and share, empowering them to rebuild a more sustainable life.

School

Travellers

Energy connection

Kitchens Knowledge/skill share

Waste management

Wo rks h op

+

rg

ai

M

y

Re ne

nergy Pro le E d b Tidal E uc wa ne t

n io

ild

Bu

Material Store

Home building

Manag ed In

in

a nt

Dry dock

Elevated connections

52

Boat servicing

ntions e v r te Control of rising water

Tidal dampening

Low maintenance, self automated

ex-oil worker employment Tidal lagoon turbine

''The freedom to make and remake our cities and ourselves is, I want to argue, one of the most precious yet most neglected of our human rights.'' — David Harvey

SITE BIRDS EYE SKETCH

The more temporal architecture of organic settlement growth.

Situated on the former processional rout it works with the tides to form a second lagoon.

My original intention was to let Orkney naturally flood in its entirety. However this would result in a land solely for the inhabitation of nature. Using the islands natural topography a more permanent architecture is formed. One of a beacon in the landscape and a getaway to the community.

MATERIAL AMENDMENT SCOTLAND 2019

53

WHO LIVES THERE? SOME OF THE COMMUNITY MEMBERS

Rob Frothington, 42, Historian/ storyteller.

'I Chose to move away from the capitalist environment existing in citys to pursue my passion for historic research and archaeological recording'

Riley Whitelum 30 & Elayna Carausu 26. Nomadic sailors & fishermen.

'We decided to embrace an alternative lifestyle through our love for traveling. Self taught sailors we have now lived 4 years on the sea and constantly return to the community in the summer!'

Jeff Mackie, 31, Ship's carpenter. ' I grew up in Stromness as a carpenter by trade. My passion for boats lead me to now run the communities restoration workshop'.

54

Rosan Hollinrake 57 .

Ex-Kirkwell resident.

'I decided to move away from my childhood home before the sea got to it. I do miss it on occasion but I can always go back and visit on my friends Sandras boat. I do love it here its so peaceful in the morning on the loch.'

Yusuf Adams 62 . hydrophyte scientist & Mediation guru.

I stopped off at the floating community on my trip to researching Greenlands new native tree species.

The simplicity of the lifestyle intrigued me at the time and I chose to return for an extended period (until when I am unsure). Since then I have been helping the community to grow their first crop of Manoomin.

Roman Beesco, 38.

Tidal Energy specialist.

After losing my job on the rigs in the oil crash I found a good opportunity in the tidal sector and haven’t looked back since! Working on the sea feels like home to me and knowing it is helping provide clean energy for my fellow neighbours brings me joy. My wife and daughter love it here too.

55

PRECEDENT STUDYS - WATER COMMUNITIES MAKOKO SCHOOL, LAGOS, NIGERIA This flexible timber architecture houses a floating school for the informal floating Lagos slum. It utilises renewable energy technologies as well as waste treatment for the community. By doing so it promotes low carbon living and transport.

How can informal design provide an opportunity for sustainable transient architecture?

HA-LONG BAY, VIETNAM Beginning life as a market for fisherman to sell their fresh catch, this floating community grew into a self sufficient cluster including schools, shops, homes, bars and built a resilient community living in harmony with land and sea

56

IJBURG FLOATING HOUSES

A more formal approach to water based living sees seventy five floating homes in the Netherlands formalising the popular canal boat into a fixed solution of concrete hull based platforms floating within a grid. While concrete is an unsustainable material choice the designers argue that the longevity of the material in this application deems it worth it.

What alternative materials to concrete and plastic can facilitate a floating home design?

57

PRECEDENT STUDYS - MATERIAL CRANNOG

Scottish Iron age loch housing have been preserved under water for 2500years. Once constructed of wood and straw they were positioned with prime access to travel routes using lakes and waterways. This new typology of housing was born at a time of rising water levels and housed multiple families and livestock. This precedent shows a historically context relevant design response to rising water using locally sourced materials.

FLOATING COMMUNITY HUB

Inspired by the flexible and transient design of the VW camper van this floating community hub reuses recycled steal to create a moving space that has the capacity to expand to accommodate larger numbers. Its focus is to develop links with the growing London communities. The reuse of steal is something my design will try to achieve wit an abundance of recyclable metal abandoned by disused oil infrastructure.

58

PRECEDENT STUDYS - FLOATING BROCKHOLES

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WINDERMERE JETTY MUSEUM BOATHOUSE

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Visited on day 7 of the trip the Windermere Museum

Jetty also houses a boat restoration workshop to the

left. Its system of piers and the buildings relationship to

the water was inspiring to me.

While externally its simple facades do not capture my attention, the designs internal detailing and use of wood throughout appealed to me.

59

MATERIAL

While an understanding of the bedrock on orkeny is important, historically we know that its sandstone is easily used in constriction. However found materials such as the ones collected below can also play a major role in the design. The material library will constantly be added to with found material brought by nomadic travellers.

SKARA BRAE ST MARGRETâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S HOPE

DOUNREAY

THURSO

Sandstone buff quarry

Lower Old Red Sandstone Conglomerate, Sandstone, Siltstone and Mudstone (LORS-CSSM)

GILLS BAY

Sandstone orange quarry

Carboniferous sandstones, mudstones, limestones and coles

Sandstone grey quarry

Sleat Group - Sandstone, Mudstone, Siltstone and Conglomerate (TB-SMSC)

Sandstone & Siltstone quarry Granite quarry

Silurian, Devonian, and older granites Old Red Sandstone Supergroup Conglomerate, Sandstone, Siltstone and Mudstone (ORS-CSSM)

Marble quarry

Torridon Group - Sandstone and Mudstone (TC-STMD)

DORNOCH

Slate Stops

02 03

Vernacular Architecture 01

ISLE OF SKYE

INVERNESS Inverness

KYLE OF LOCHALSH

01

The Park Ecovillage, Findhorn Community

02

The Turf House

03

Skye Museum of Island Life - Traditional Blackhouses

04

The Black House

04

FOUND MATERIALS FORT WILLIAM

MOSS

INSULATION

GLENCOE

SHEEPS WOOL DUNDEE Location Found:

Maeshowe, Orkney

Fluffy, soft

Textural Properties:

Strands entangled to form soft insulative material

Not durable

How durable is it?:

Insulative with water resistant qualities

Location Found:

Orkney

Textural Properties:

How durable is it?:

Where was the material Orkney produced and can it be traced back to its source?: Typical construction usage:

Insulation (occasionally)

Will this material be sustainable in 2071

Yes

DUNDEE

Collected sample

Where was the material produced and can it be EDINBURGH

Collected sample

Natural process

traced back to its source?:

GLASGOW

Typical construction usage: Will this material be sustainable in 2071

Found location of collected sample

DRIFTWOOD

INT. FINISH

Insulation

Yes, however if dairy/meat industry declines it may be less available

Application in Orkney

EXT. FINISH

Found location of collected sample

ROPE

FIXING

Location Found:

Various

Location Found:

Aberdeen Beach

Textural Properties:

Various - textured and smooth

Textural Properties:

Twisted polythylene strands

How durable is it?:

Weakened through water content

How durable is it?:

Durable but frays over time

Where was the material Unknown produced and can it be traced back to its source?: Typical construction usage:

Furniture, decoration

Will this material be sustainable in 2071

Yes

Collected sample

Where was the material Unknown produced and can it be traced back to its source?: Typical construction usage:

WINDERMERE

Sheeps wool as insulation

STRUCTURE

FLOORING

Collected sample

In tension and securing joints

Will this LAKE materialDISTRICT be Natural material alternatives sustainable in 2071 Found location of collected sample

60

INSULATION

Brick in Aberdeen

Found location of collected sample

Application in Footdee

Material reuse will also be explored through the re-purposing of building material from the sunken local towns. This could potentially become the largest material source for the new community and speaks to the iterative nature of sentimental as the neolithic built on top of old instalments.

61

WHERE NEXT?

SKETCH PERSPECTIVE - APPROACHING THE COASTLINE

62

''Alienation from nature is alienation from our own species' potential.

This releases a spirit of revolt in which words like dignity, respect, compassion, caring and loving become revolutionary slogans, while values of truth and beauty replace the cold calculus of social labour.''

- David Harvey, Geographer & Anthropologist

63

PLOTTING TOMORROWS COURSE 01 TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT FOR WATER Develop technical approaches to deal with rising water levels through precedent analysis and physical modelling.

Do all the buildings float? To what extent are the buildings transient?

Are the buildings demountable through the use of stilts and platforms?

02 PROGRAMME DEVELOPMENT Utilising diagrammatic drawing techniques to integrate complex programmatic strands into a cohesive project.

What moments/oportunities can be created by bluring the spacial lines/ adjacencies of individual programmes?

03 MATERIALITY Continue to develop an approach to material use and environmental design through physical testing.

The understanding that low-impact/ light touch architecture is integral to the project. How does this manifest in context? How might this inform the desing?

64

04 MASSING DEVELOPMENT Iterative massing strategies to understand the development of the water-based communities.

Does the community grow and shrink speradically depending on the nomidic movements of its global reaching members? To what extent are eliments of the project permenant or temporary and how does this effect their form?

05 DESIGNING FOR THE INDIVIDUAL Develop an understanding of the individual members of the community shown in this document and how the project responds to their needs through individualistic flexible design.

Do all the buildings float? To what extent are the buildings transient?

Are the buildings demountable through the use of stilts and platforms?

06 COMMUNITY DISCUSSION Maintain the community spirit within the studio group and discuss and collaborate with. Utilise external perspectives to test and develop the projects narrative.

How might we use our found material to test their properties in simulated contextual conditions?

65

REFERENCES: BBC Scotland. (2019). Britain’s Ancient Capital: Secrets of Orkney. Retrieved January 27, 2020, from https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08819tl Brown, G. M. (1996). To a Hamnavoe Poet of 2093 - Poem.

Climate State. (2019). Did You Know? The State of Sea Level Rise (2019). Retrieved January 27, 2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f9pH5d7vKBs&list=PL5MWoIFVh0suogtlgXAQgT5SSaMC6hkww&index=5&# Davies B, (2019). 1.Studio Manifesto REV C, [unpublished]

Englander, J. (2019). Sea Level Rise Can No Longer Be Stopped, What Next? Retrieved January 27, 2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MvqY2NcBWI8&list=PL5MWoIFVh0suogtlgXAQgT5SSaMC6hkww&index=6& Findhorn Ecovillage. (2019). Ecovillage Findhorn. Retrieved January 26, 2020, from https://www.ecovillagefindhorn.com/ Findhorn Foundation. (2019). About the Findhorn Foundation. Retrieved January 26, 2020, from https://www.findhorn.org/about-us/ Fully Charged. (2017). Orkney 3. EMEC Tidal Power. Retrieved January 27, 2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YEQQl-qpkCc&t=616s McKie, R. (2019). How Orkney Leads the Way for Sustainable Energy. The Guardian.

Retrieved January 21, 2020, from https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/ jan/20/orkney-northern-powerhouse-electri Orbital. (2020). Orbital Marine Power - the World Leader in the Development of Floating Tidal Stream and Run-of-River Turbines. Retrieved January 27, 2020, from https:// orbitalmarine.com/technology-development/orbital-o2 OREF. ORKNEY-WIDE ENERGY AUDIT 2014. Retrieved January 21, 2020, from www.oref.co.uk Sadler, S. (1998). The Situationist City. MIT Press.

Sepa. Kirkwall (Potentially Vulnerable Area 03/05) Local Plan District Orkney Local Authority Main Catchment Orkney Islands Council Orkney Coastal.

Sepa. Stromness (Potentially Vulnerable Area 03/04) Local Plan District Orkney Local Authority Main Catchment Orkney Islands Council Loch of Stenness Orkney Coastal.

Silver, C. (2019). Orkney: The ‘Energy Islands’ Penalised for Becoming Too Clean, Too Soon. DESMOGUK, (March). Retrieved January 27, 2020, from https://www.desmog. co.uk/2019/03/10/Orkney-Energy-Island Simon, A. (2015). Flooding on Sanday | FloodBlock. Flood Block. Retrieved January 17,

66

2020, from https://www.floodblockbarrier.com/flood-protection-news/sanday-an-orkney-island-where-1-could-become-5/ Smith, R. (2014). Before Stonehenge. National Geographic, (August 2014). Retrieved January 26, 2020, from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2014/08/neolithic-orkney/ Stratigos, M. J. & Noble, G. (2014). CRANNOGS, CASTLES AND LORDLY RESIDENCES | 205 Crannogs, Castles and Lordly Residences: New Research and Dating of Crannogs in North-East Scotland.

Wall, T. (2019). ‘This Is a Wake-up Call’: The Villagers Who Could Be Britain’s First Climate Refugees. The Guardian. Retrieved January 23, 2020, from https://www. theguardian.com/environment/2019/may/18/this-is-a-wake-up-call-the-villagers-whocould-be-britains-first-climate-refugees Wickham-Jones, C. (2011). Orkney: A Historical Guide. Retrieved January 27, 2020, from https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Orkney.html?id=ma-8BQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=kp_read_button&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false

67

IMAGES: A REVOLUTION IN LIVING

Ring of Brodgar, <http://www.topofly.com/ neolithicorkney/> Ness of Brodgar, <https://www.northlinkferries.co.uk/ orkney-blog/what-is-the-ness-of-brodgar/>

THE ORCADIANS

‘Orkney population data graphs drawn by author. Based on data from: <https://ugeo.urbistat.com/AdminStat/en/uk/ demografia/dati-sintesi/orkney-islands/362/4>

ORKNEY THE 'ENERGY ISLANDS'

‘Orbital Marine Power images. Retrieved January 27, 2020, from https://orbitalmarine.com/technology-development/ orbital-o2>

TIDE IN OUR FAVOUR

Tide graph drawn by author. Based on data from: <https:// tides4fishing.com/uk/scotland/stroma> Costal current map. Created by Orkney harbours. Acessed: < https://www.orkneyharbours.com/port-authority/info/tides>

CLIMATE EMERGENCY

Sea rise graph re-drawn by author. Crrated by J Englander.

Retrieved January 27, 2020, from https://www.youtube.

FLOODING THE NEW NORMAL

Kirkwell flood 2005. Image taken by Mike Gray. Acessed : <https://photos.orkneycommunities.co.uk/picture/ number28174.asp> ‘Weather warning prompts emergency meeting’. Acessed : <https://www.orcadian.co.uk/weather-warning-promptsemergency-meeting/> ‘Orkney gets new flood warning system’. Acessed : <https:// www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkneyshetland-45551065>

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SEA RISE

Flooding maps drawn by author. Based on data from: <https://coastal.climatecentral.org/> <http://flood.firetree.net/> <https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/news/2019/uk-sealevel-projections-to-2300> Costal current map. Created by Orkney harbours. Acessed: < https://www.orkneyharbours.com/port-authority/info/tides>

PLOTTING TOMORROWS COURSE

Programme from I Made That, ‘FACULTY MAKER - BRYAN CANTLEY’, I Made That, <https://www. imadethat.com/blog/the-makers/faculty-maker-bryancantley/>

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Rise With The Tide REPORT 2 Environment and Technology

Musa Alam 180207925

SITE - ORKNEY

site

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PERSONAL TECHNOLOGY APPROACH HOW CAN THE GROWTH OF A NOMADIC HUB ON ORKNEY EMPOWER FUTURE COMMUNITY RESILIENCE AMIDST DRAMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLIMATIC CHANGE?

STUDIO APPROACH LOW EMBODIED ENERGY MATERIALS

ENERGYS RELATIONSHIP TO LIVING PROCESSES

PERSONAL INTERESTS

TRANSIENCE & SETTLEMENT

CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION

SELF SUPPORTED COMMUNITYS

FLEXIBILITY + ADAPTABILITY

PROJECT APPROACH

Flooding Adaptation

Temporality

Engaging Technology

Material Repurposing

Off-Grid Sustainability

Developing architectural methods of dealing with changes in water level becomes a contextual opportunity to research into a way of living that will become more commonplace as the effects of climate change take effect.

Embracing the temporality of parts of the project as an opportunity to engage the community in the construction of architectural elements to develop an understanding for material and its individual and holistic opportunities.

The development of the community hopes to engage and show the benefits of living more sustainably by embodying sustainable practices and processes within its design.

The projects informal settlement imagines its residents scavenging abandoned materials and re-purposing them within their buildings. This develops a context and individual specific aesthetic, and a greater understanding of material.

Self independence especially in a rural setting its vital to the longevity of such a community. By incorporating multiple sources of clean energy the projects hopes to provides resilience and empowers positive change towards a sustainable future.

Ijburg Floating Houses.

A more formal approach to water based living sees seventy five floating homes in the Netherlands.

Findhorn Eco Village. Self Folly Cabins by Malek Alqadi.

Floating University Berlin by Rumlabor, temporary floating sustaining community of self Two off-grid cabins made of reclaimed materials from spaces in a water basin with built homes within allotment gardens. Energy through abandoned oil infrastructure an aim to engage and spread solar and heat through wood and clad in weathered steel in awareness on alternative burning stoves. the Joshua Tree desert hills. sustainable practices.

'Orbital O2 2MW' floating tidal turbine has generated more electricity in its first year than Scotland's entire wave and tidal sector produced before it.

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PROJECT SPECIFIC PRECEPTS OF SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

The following desing precepts have been chosen due for there sutibility to progress the aspirations of my thesis project.

SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITIES ‘Design for community resilience and adaptability in the face of unpredictable changes’ We live in a time that is subject to constant change and shifts in environmental and social conditions. This is set to only increase in severity with current climate emergency. Therefore architecture must be responsive to these changes, designed with the potential for future adaption to more severe environmental conditions or changes in use, especially in exposed and rural sites such as the one this project deals with. With sea level increase of up to half a meter by 2040 and greater volumes of precipitation during winter months, it is important that my design addresses these issues with its vulnerable tidal lake side location (Pelsmakers, 2015). The known unpredictability of these changes with an onslaught of stormy conditions for example, requires even the more temporary aspects of the design to provide resilience.

While natural protection through the planting of trees along the waters edge can help to protect the community, the Dutch concept of providing ‘sacrificial flood lands’ would not apply in this situation, as the narrow spit of land the site situates itself upon would not have sufficient area to allow for this. Therefore it is the architecture itself that must deal with the water.

Within the project, more permanent buildings can be designed to be flood resilient, mitigating damage from flooding. More robust materials must be used in this instance and be tested for use under waterlogged conditions.

Temporary buildings however can rise with the water through active foundations or be built on stilts (Pelsmakers, 2015). This reduces the risk to its residents In order for the community to be sustainable and resilient to change, energy production, water and waste treatment and heating must all happen on site so that it is self sustaining year round or in the event of changing conditions.

Peter Zumthor - Norwegien Trail

Drawing by author

USE RESOURCES SUSTAINABLY ‘Design to conserve non-renewable resources which are limited’ The projected collapse of the oil industry and with the viability of mining for the earth’s depleting natural resources being brought into question both economically and sustainably with their proven detrimental effects to our climate, presumes a mirrored effect on the availability of such energy sources and materials. Therefore the need to preserve, re-use and recycle materials with high-embodied C02 that already exist within our urban realm becomes paramount during foretasted resource scarcity (Watts, 2018).

The project aspires to reuse materials of value and sentiment from abandoned dwellings that are sinking below the sea, as well as abandoned infrastructure left by the decline of the oil industry in the North sea.

Developing from the searcher/scavenger culture established within the thesis project, materials from both these sources are reclaimed and re-purposed within the building and maintaining of the architecture. The responsibility to design in a low-impact and energy efficient manor is now one of the most crucial responsibilities of an architect, in order to shift the industry perspective to one that ensure the sustainability of human sentimental on earth for the foreseeable future.

Wang Shu - Ningbo Museum

This concerted effort to conserve material resources is especially important on Orkney. The islands isolation and lack of natural materials such as wood and straw means that my project must make use of found materials were possible.

Native materials such a sandstone wool and earth will also be considered.

Les Ereks - Scavenger Hut

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USE RESOURCES SUSTAINABLY ‘Design for lean construction, repair, re-use, flexibility and disassembly where appropriate’ As stated previously material reuse and re-purposing is integral to the ethos of this project. The ability to add remove and repair throughout the life of the buildings to allow for adaption and personal customisation lends to a layerd system approach; where idividual components can be demounted or removed independent of the rest of the construction. This will therefore allow for the total disassembly and reuse of building material at the end of its life-cycle adding to its legacy. In this way the design conserves both natural and unnatural materials while keeping the carbon captured within them. By using a layered approach to the construction of the buildings, change of use and architectural flexibility are facilitated during the future life of the project and therefore cater to changing community needs.

Nest We Grow - Kengo Kuma & Associates

Of the many elements to consider when designing for disassembly, the most important is the material and fixings used (Pelsmakers, 2015, p178). The use of timber as the primary material for the temporary structures allows for minimal use of fixings and the ability to engage the community in the construction as it is a low skill material. A solid wood method of construction named Brestapple will be employed as it can use low grade Scottish timber and requires no fixings or glue.

Brettstapel

Layered construction

IMPROVE BIODIVERSITY/ECOSYSTEMS ‘Disposal of organic waste on site using natural treatment where appropriate’ Within a rural community - especially within a temporary one such as the one developed within this thesis - waste disposal becomes a major design problem in order to leave the landscape unpolluted during the communities period of stay within it. Unable to link to an inbuilt sewage system or Natural treatments of doing so are favoured in order to minimise polluting toxins within any of the living processes. These natural methods of waste disposal usually create positive by-products for the community such as fresh water from filtration reed-beds or fertile soil from organic composting. The sites proximity to Orkney’s natural water-source in loch Harray means that careful design considerations must be made to ensure no contamination of this water source happens during building or living processes.

Composting - Findhorn Eco Village

LOW CARBON DESIGN OR POSITIVE CARBON CAPTURE ‘Use renewable energy where appropriate – including passive means such as solar gain’ The aim of the project is to achieve energy independence for the running of the architecture through the integration of renewable energy technologies.

Rural sites such as Orkney provide a prime opportunity to harvest the natural energies present within our ecosystems to provide a reliable power source for the thesis’s sustainable community. High winds and open landscape means that community owned wind turbines are an existing source of energy for the island However they can be problematic during extreme wind or low wind scenarios. Recent developments on Orkney’s coastline to utilise tidal power have been successful in producing 2MW from a single floating turbine, enough to power over 400 homes at 25% efficiency (Climate Central, 2011). The joining of the North sea current and Arctic current within Orkney’s waters mean a reliable year round source of energy for the community if tidal energy is utilised, while being scalable to react to changes in the community’s demands. The amount of surplus energy therefore would need to be stored within a battery system to ensure it does not go to waste and to provide backup during failure.

Floating Tidal Turbine - Orbital 02

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SITE SPECIFIC TECHNOLOGY ISSUES FLOODING ANALYSIS

N

Loch of Harray

Key

Loch of Stenness

2020

Secondary Site (Ness of Brodgar)

N

Primary Site (Ring of Brodgar)

2060 Climate Central. (2019). Land Projected to Be below Annual Flood Level in 2060. Climate Central. Retrieved February 6, 2020, from https://coastal.climatecentral.org/map/15/-3.2273/59.0035/?theme=sea_level_rise&map_type=coastal_dem_comparison&elevation_ model=coastal_dem&forecast_year=2040&pathway=rcp45&percentile=p50&return_level=return_level_1&slr_model=kopp_2014

The site is surrounded by water, placing it in a precarious position and prone to future flooding. The loch to the south - Loch of Stenness - would become tidal as its body of water merges with the rising sea.

Loch Harray would subsequently become tidal as it too joins to become one body of water taking majority of the spit of land with it. This projected time-line over the next forty years sees the water level rise on site by up to 3.8 meters (Climate Central, 2019).

Therefore this most low-lying but historically important part of Orkney is chosen to archaeologically examine excavate and document the neolithic sites upon it before they sink below the water line. To facilitate this a community grows around the sites developing architecture that responds to this changing environment.

N

GROUND CONDITIONS

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The sites ground conditions displays an untouched landscape of grassland beneath which sits Orkneyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s flagstone.

However a distinct lack of woodland requires the design to consider alternative approaches to sourcing material for the project.

WIND ANALYSIS

SE 0 : 0 h/year >0: 17 h/year >3: 71 h/year >7: 148 h/year >12: 240 h/year >17: 222 h/year >24: 123 h/year >31: 44 h/year >38: 11 h/year

Meteoblue. (2020). Climate Mainland. Meteoblue. Retrieved February 6, 2020, from https://www. meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled/mainland_united-kingdom_2643176

The prevailing wind at Brodgar on Orkneyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s varies from a SE to a WSW. in order protect the building from these strong winds natural barriers such as trees will be utilised on the loch bank to the SW. While majority of the projects buildings are no more than 3 storeys heigh, strong winds if not designed for carefully can still case water ingress into the building causing severe damage over time.

Learning from contextual precedents such as Balckhouses that deals with this using a more aerodynamic form of rounded corners and low profile roof to mitigate these effects.

Scotish Highland Blackhouse

N

The strategic placement of the buildings on the NE side of the spit of land shelters it from prevailing wind using the natural topography of the land, as shown in the wind flow analysis above.

SOLAR ANALYSIS

Cumulative solar radiation analysis shows a moderate amount of direct sunlight. Projected estimates on site of a direct normal irradiation of 651 kWh/m2 with an optimum angle of 390 for solar energy generation to produce 1016 kWh/ m2 per year. These figures however assume an optimum condition, as the graph above shows cloud cover for majority of the year would significantly effect the efficiency of this.

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PROJECT ENERGY STRATEGY + CLIMATE The project takes advantage of its rural location to harness the abundance of natural energy systems to power the project. Passive means of ventilating and heating the buildings is also used to reduce energy consumption through the use of thermal mass for example. Individual strategies are employed across the scheme varying between permanent and temporary structures shown below: As described earlier organic Adjustable shading is used within waste is communally composted the design to allow the users to to create fertile growing soils, control their indoor climate. Vertical used in the communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s shading over windows reduces solar allotments. Due to its rural gain by 90-95%, while a horizontal location composting toilets are overhang shades from the mid used within the dwellings which day sun when it is at its hottest produce a natural by product.

(Pelsmakers, 2015).

WASTE

SHADING/VENTILATION

Permanent

vertical wind turbines

Partially Permanent Labs

Archaeology vault

museum

Bridge circulation

PV panels composting/

Sacrificial ground floor

allotment Home on stilts platform (active hight adjusting)

Water rise 2060

Low tide

Tidal turbine

There are a number of ways to tackle flooding through building typologies. The more permanent buildings in the scheme use a sacrificial ground floor to account for intermittent flooding. The housing however use stilts rather than float pontoon to provide more safety during stormy conditions. Stilts also allow for the use of renewable materials such as wood rather than the concrete platform normally used in floating dwellings. I plan to develop an adjustable stilt system to change with the water level.

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Renewable energy battery store

Rain water harvesting

FLOODING ENERGY Sacrificial Basement

Built on stilts

Floating Buildings

Multiple sources of renewable energy are utilised to provide a reliable off-grid system.

Energy is stored in batteries for year round use. Individual PV panels on homes are used during sunny periods of the year, while wind turbines and tidal turbines provide majority of the energy on Orkney.

The planting of trees adjacent to the communal buildings provide natural shading and protection. The native birch trees on Orkney provide 85% shading during summer and 30% during winter (Pelsmakers, 2015).

By planting them to the SE they will provide protection for prevailing winds as well as coastal protection in the event of a storm surge.

NATURAL PROTECTION

Winter shading

Summer shading

Temporary

archaeology facilitator structure

Prevailing wind

Salt water water source heat pump

WATER

Grey water reed bed filtration

Conserving fresh water is paramount in this salt water location. Therefore rain water is collected as well as grey water . This is then filtered through a series of reed beds to remove unwanted bacteria and can then be used for no-potable and non-bathing uses. This system will be used on a communal level as it requires an area of 6-8m2 (Pelsmakers, 2015)

HEATING Majority of the heating will be created through the electrical heating of water using the renewable energy sources to power it. To reduce the amount of energy expended in this process a water source heat-pump will be used for communal buildings to raise the initial temperature of water considerably.

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REFERENCES: Brand, S. (1997). How Buildings Learn: What Happens after They’re Built. In Book (v2 ed.). https://doi. org/10.2307/990971 Brown, W. H. (1975). TIMBER IN MARINE AND FRESHWATER CONSTRUCTION. The Commonwealth Forestry Review, 54, 45–52. https://doi.org/10.2307/42605278 Climate Central. (2019). Land projected to be below annual flood level in 2060. Retrieved February 6, 2020, from Climate Central website: https://coastal.climatecentral.org/map/15/-3.2273/59.0035/?theme=sea_level_rise&map_type=coastal_dem_comparison&elevation_model=coastal_dem&forecast_ year=2040&pathway=rcp45&percentile=p50&return_level=return_level_1&slr_model=kopp_2014 Climate Central. (2011). Helpful Energy Comparisons, Anyone? A Guide to Measuring Energy. Retrieved February 5, 2020, from Climate Central website: https://www.climatecentral.org/blogs/helpful-energy-comparisons-anyone Global Solar Atlas. (2019). Global Solar Atlas. Stromness Solar analysis. Retrieved February 7, 2020, from Global Solar Atlas website: https://globalsolaratlas.info/detail?c=58.959569,-3.246803,11&s=59.00167 7,-3.233558&m=site&pv=medium,180,39,100 Henderson, J. (2012). What is Brettstapel? Retrieved from http://www.brettstapel.org/Brettstapel/What_is_ it.html Meteoblue. (2020). Climate Mainland. Retrieved February 6, 2020, from Meteoblue website: https://www. meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled/mainland_united-kingdom_2643176 Pelsmakers, S. (2015). The Environmental Design Pocketbook. In RIBA Publishing. Retrieved from https:// www.architecture.com/riba-books/books/sustainability/product/the-environmental-design-pocketbook.html Watts, J. (2018). Earth’s resources consumed in ever greater destructive volumes. Retrieved February 5, 2020, from The Guardian website: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jul/23/earths-resources-consumed-in-ever-greater-destructive-volumes

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FIGURES: All images by author unless reference stated below.

Ijburg Floating Houses - Image accessed from: https://www.archdaily.com/120238/floating-houses-inijburg-architectenbureau-marlies-rohmer Floating University Berlin - Image accessed from: https://www.archdaily.com/901501/floating-universityberlin-raumlabor-berlin Folly Cabins - Image accessed from: https://inhabitat.com/these-tiny-steel-cabins-in-joshua-tree-epitomizeoff-grid-design/ Orbital O2 2MW - Image accessed from: https://orbitalmarine.com/technology-development/orbital-o2 Norwegien Trail - Image accessed from: https://www.dezeen.com/2016/06/10/peter-zumthor-architecturewooden-buildings-on-stilts-tourist-trail-norway-allamannajuvet-mine/ Ningbo Museum - Image accessed from: https://www.dezeen.com/2016/08/18/video-interview-wang-shuamateur-architecture-studio-ningbo-history-museum-movie/ Nest We Grow - Image accessed from: https://www.archdaily.com/592660/nest-we-grow-college-ofenvironmental-design-uc-berkeley-kengo-kuma-and-associates Brettstapel - Image accessed from: http://www.brettstapel.org/Brettstapel/What_is_it.html Layered construction - Diagram drawn by author adapted from (Brand S, 1997. p13).

Scotish Highland Blackhouse - Image accessed from: https://www.virtualheb.co.uk/blackhouses-isle-oflewis-arnol/ Solar Graph Orkney - Image accessed from: https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/ climatemodelled/orkney_united-kingdom_8299623

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Rise With The Tide REPORT 3 Management Report

SITE - ORKNEY

Site

CONTENTS

4 INTRODUCTION 5 CLIENT 6 SITE ISSUES 8 PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT 10 PROCUREMENT 14 VALUE 16 CONSTRUCTION SIMPLICITY 18 BENCHMARK COSTING 20 PROGRAMME 22 INCLUSIVE DESIGN 23 APPENDIX 24 REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION PROJECT PREMISE

APPOINTMENT Rosan (project manager) from the Orkney Council Department of Climate & Heritage (DCH) - our client

From: r.hollinrake@dch-orkney.gov.uk musa.alam@mobile-studio.com To: CC: Subject: Congratulations

December 2019

Dear Musa Alam,

RIBA SPS 2018 .PDF

We are delighted to inform you that Mobile Studio [Appendix 1] have been selected to design the vision for the future of the Ness - UNESCO world heritage site on Mainland Orkney. Your contest entry â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Rise With the Tide (RWT)â&#x20AC;&#x2122; was selected for its unique proposals for the preservation of the archaeological site, while your boldness in taking the brief a step further to tackle known issues of housing loss and population disconnection was admirable and is something we would like to develop with yourselves.

We believe your award winning heritage portfolio places you in good stead to deliver on a new vision for the site which incorporates our values at its core. We therefore invite you to join us in signing the RIBA standard appointment contract (attached) to commence the project from stage 1.

Kind Regards,

Rosan Hollinrake, Department of Climate & Heritage Orkney

From: musa.alam@mobile-studio.com M.S.All@mobile-studio.com To: CC: Subject: RWT_We Won! RWT manifesto .PDF Rise With The Tide

RIBA SPS 2018 .PDF

December 2019

Dear All, Well done all for your hard work! Our contest entry was successful and we have been invited to meet the project manager at DCH, a Ms Rosan Hollinrake on Wednesday next week. For those of you on the road I have attached some important information on our client, as well as our RWT manifesto submission to refresh yourselves before the meeting. We plan to make the journey up to Orkney on Monday in the smaller mobile studio so pack light! It should make for a nostalgic journey :)

A depiction of life on Orkneys archipelago in the year 2120

RWT Manifesto .PDF

Musa Alam 180207925

86

Musa Alam,

Client Values .PDF

Mobile Studio

Stakeholder Structure .PDF

Stakeholder Structure .PDF

Users

Rise With the Tide

Funders

Client

- University of Highland & Island - Orkney Research Centre for Archaeology - Orkney Archaeology Society (volunteers) - Traveling Archaeologists - Displaced Orkney residents - Tourists - Travellers (bridge connection)

Department of Climate & Heritage Orkney (DCH)

- UNESCO - HES (Historic Environment Scotland) - ORCA (Orkney Research Centre for Archaeology) - OAS (Orkney Archaeology Society) - Orkney Energy - UHI (University of the Highlands and Islands) - HLF (Heritage Lottery Fund)

Client Values .PDF

- Provide long-term sustainable assets to community - Use local/responsible materials - Develop tourism revenue streams

Time

Flexibi

Quali ty

lity

Ris

k

st y Co aint t cer

- Provide climatic resilient solutions for the community - Develop access to historical knowledge - Provide access to nature/ biodiversity - Develop models for sustainable community growth

Siz

e

ty

lexi

Com p

- Democratise knowledge through local skill development - Engage with educational facilities and help disseminate knowledge - Provide an inclusive work environment - Provide amenities for social gathering and community development

Clients Requirments

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SITE ISSUES From: musa.alam@mobile-studio.com r.hollinrake@dch-orkney.gov.uk To: CC: Subject: Site Visit

January 2020

Dear Rosan,

CDM was previously overseen by an independent subcontractor ‘CDM coordinator” and therefore had less ability to influence the design.

SPG 2010 .PDF Orkney Islands Council

The Heart of Neolithic Orkney World Heritage Site Supplementary Planning Guidance

7 December 2010 Image courtesy of Craig Taylor

After visiting the site this week and leasing with a number environmental and heritage specialists within DCH I have summaries the key issues inherent to developing on the site with supporting documents attached. As the principal designer on project RWT, the responsibility for the design’s health and safety primarily lie with me – but are also shared in lesser levels of responsibility with other duty holders such as the contractors and client - and therefore I have highlighted the major risks at this stage in this email (HSE, 2015).

Flooding: We have gained a summary of climatic data collated by the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) which displays a rise in water level and an increase in flooding such that in 40 years the two WHS sites of the Ness of Brodgar and the Stones of Stenness would be submerged below water level (see attached flood map). Guidance provided by Orkney planning department in Planning Policy Statement 25 suggest steps to dealing with this issue. While short term natural flooding management strategies can be utilised to reduce the effects of flash floods, such as woodland creation as a protection measure and upland drainage modification to reduce runoff into the lakes (DCLG, 2009); the rise in sea level will ultimately aggregate with the lakes to form one continues sea inlet submerging low lying inner buffer zone and splitting the mainland at this point (SEPA, 2015). This was the primary problem our competition entry responded to and will continue to develop. In this instance I suggest subcontracting a flooding management expert to the team to provide specialist advice during the design development and technical design.

As you know the site has been a UNESCO world heritage site (WHS) since 1999 and is managed in partnership by Historic Scotland (HS) (Historic Scotland, 2014).

Related Policy HE1 and Supplementary Planning Guidance (SPG) states that “All proposed development within the ‘Inner Sensitive Zones’, (attached), must preserve or enhance the Outstanding Universal Value of the World Heritage Site” (OIC, 2010. p7). Therefore a clear case must be made demonstrating the contextual importance of the proposed design in regards to its purpose of heritage conservation. In order to address the sensitive nature of the site and to ensure the proposed development does not disrupt potential unexcavated archaeological finds, I suggest an Environmental Impact assessment (EIA) is carried out, including a visual impact assessment and archaeological data or historical information set - to be included in the planning application (IHCB, 2019). This has the potential to significantly delay the project, therefore it is advisable that we enter into early consultation with the planning department to determine whether an EIA is required and if so to what methodology of assessment (DBW, 2019).

Finally it is worth noting that due to the aforementioned flooding projections, the site has been added to the World Heritage Endangered List. This means the site is now eligible to financial support from the Heritage Fund.

Kind Regards, PSR_flooding .PDF

88

Musa Alam,

PSR_WHS .PDF

Mobile Studio

PSR_WHS management .PDF

Potential site risks_Flooding .PDF Above is the projected flooding map for the year 2060. This data was provided by SEPA (Scottish Environment Protection Agency).

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Site proximity to water. Care needed to be taken as to not contaminate the freshwater (fines will incur)

Accurate survey information will be required of the WHS

Single access road cannot be disrupted during construction

Potential site risks_World Heritage Site .PDF

Material delivery by water a possibility to reduce congestion and impact on land

WHS management.PDF Pre-application discussions with Orkney Planning Department Historic Scotland consulted Planning application submitted *with design statement and EIA Planning Department consults County Archaeologist and the Conservation and Heritage Planning Policy Officer 21 days

N

Formal comment/Request for further information 14 days

World Heritage Site - "The heart of neolithic Orkney"

Planning department makes decision based on factors including the developments impact to the WHS - formed from guidance received Development management procedure for zone 1 - informed by (OIC, 2010. p10)

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PROGRAMME DEVELOPMENT From: joe.bradley@mobile-studio.com musa.alam@mobile-studio.com To: CC: Subject: RTW_Area schedule Hi Musa,

January 2020

Hope you are well, Following our design charrette yesterday I have drawn up the proposed spaces into an area schedule in order for us to get a grasp on the developing scale of the project (attached). I have also attached the final sketch massing iteration from yesterday as requested.

Best, Joe Bradley,

Area shedule .PDF

Mobile Studio

RTW_Phasing Strategy.PDF

From: To: CC: Subject:

musa.alam@mobile-studio.com r.hollinrake@dch-orkney.gov.uk joe.bradley@mobile-studio.com Phasing Strategy

January 2020

Dear Rosan, Following our assessment of the site we have been looking at the viability of building RTW over multiple phases. This will reduce the problem of site access and be less disruptive to the sensitive site (Chappell & Willis, 2010). The proposed buildings are then split by time sensitive importance and look something like this.

Proposed phases: 1Archaeological facilitator structure 1- Community centre 2- Raised connections 3- Flood resistant homes 4- Museum/Archive The project therefore starts on site with the most needed element first (partly pre-constructed) with the support spaces in the community centre to allow the archaeological programme to start as soon as possible. The other elements of the project then grow around this activity adding support where identified and finishing with the Museum/ Vault storing all the information gathered by Phase 1â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s programme.

Please find drawings attached that better explain this and we would love to know your thoughts.

Kind Regards,

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Musa Alam,

Area shedule .PDF

Mobile Studio

RTW_Phasing Strategy.PDF

Area schedule .PDF Museum 1916m2

Community building 544m2 +30% Circulation Community space

+30% Circulation

Meeting room

Cafe

Locker room

Office

Plant

30m 2

18m 2

Equipment Store

Quite space

50m 2

25m 2

Accommodation

160m Office 6m 2

50m 50m 2

Viewing Platform

Laundry

50m 2

6m 2

50m 2

Reception

Library

120m 2

Kitchen garden

2

6m 2

Office

18m 2

Change

Reception

Archive

6m 2

15m 2

Toilets

Plant

Projection room

25m 2

2

Office

50m 2

Apiary (20 hives) Toilets

Showers

Dating lab

6m 2

Cleaners store

Media suit

25m 2

24m 2

25m 2

30m 2

50m 2

120m 2

50m 2 Teaching space

Workshop

25m 2

70m 2

25m 2

Exhibition space

Material Library

800m 2 Housing

400 m2

Archaeology machine

Housing

70m 2 X15

200m 2

Covered space Viewing gallery Waste disposal Documentation arm Connections

400 m2

120m 2 X15

Developed from precedent research to inform benchmark costing and project phasing.

RTW_Phasing Strategy.PDF

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Developing the Ness site in small clusters of diverse programmatic elements focused around the archaeological digs and communal spaces. This natural growth of development lends itself to a phased approach over period of time, starting with the programme elements most needed and allowing the amenity and support spaces to clusters as necessary. This also promotes environmental value by incorporating informal ecological infrastructure to link cluster sites to each other; this becoming inhabited raised connections.

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PROCUREMENT From: musa.alam@mobile-studio.com r.hollinrake@dch-orkney.gov.uk To: CC: Subject: Procurement Advice

February 2020

Dear Rosan, Thank you for making me aware of Orkney island Councils Framework Agreement (FA) with existing local contractors. This established framework will allow for a single tender to be issued when the time comes to bring the necessary consultants and contractors onto the team to work in collaboration (Lewis Silkin 2015). Following on from our previous conversation, I have outlined my advice in regard to the preferred method of procurement and contact for project RWT to be further discussed with the QS. Procurement: I believe Design & Build is best suited to the project. On a large project such as this with several potential subcontractors it creates one point of contact for yourselves, therefore reduces risk if problems occur, as a single entity is responsible.

This is also the reason for better coordination and cost management during technical design and construction, as a unified team allows for quicker feedback loops of information. This all leads to a streamlined approach, reduced project run time, which in this instance will reduce cost and concerns over the time pressures highlighted by SEPAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s flooding projections. This contrasts with the more stop start approach of a traditional contract shown below.

Traditional - Design Bid Build

Integration of contractor and consultants to work alongside the design team in the early stages improves confidence and strength of team relationships creating greater project value and a unified vision (Baldry, 2012. p.18)

Design and Build

Design + Build Complete 'packaged' by suppliers'

Design + Build Design input by contractor

Traditional Lump Sum Fixed price

Traditional Lump Sum Fluctuations

Traditional Measurement Bill of opprox quantities

Traditional Measurement Fixed fee prime cost

Traditional Measurement Percentage fee prime cost

Management Contracting

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Design and Build apportions the risk in a greater weighting to the contractor. The unknowns of the site highlighted previously are likely to be priced in by the contractor. We therefore suggest initial enabling works â&#x20AC;&#x201C; such as initial surveys both historical and geological, groundwork, Archaeological test pitting, excavation & piling, and climate projection modelling - to be carried out to reduce the effect of these unknows to the contractor.

When forming the design and construction team I encourage caution over simply opting for the cheapest bid. Rather taking into consideration a more holistic selection scorecard system based on a range of criteria in line with project objectives (Baldry, 2012. p21). In order to maintain this desirable level of quality and uphold our common project values, we believe a detailed tender package that goes beyond the basic scope of works should be provided to the contractor during the tender stage; to relay enough information such that the end result does not stray away from your ambitions for quality and long term social and environmental value.

Time

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Quali ty

Quali ty

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Project Handover

Contractor Appointed Consultants Novated

2nd Tender

Planning

1st Tender

Architect Appointed Consultants Appointed

Contract: Having reviewed a number of the Government Construction Strategy (GICS) proposed new procurement methods to aid public sector clients I believe that a Two stage Open Book model provides the most benefits to this project. This model allows for better cost certainty for the client and faster mobilisation as it sees a collaborative team of contractors and consultants appointed early at the design stage to streamline design testing and allowing for early incorporation of innovations (Mosey, 2014). A second tender then takes place before construction providing a comprehensive costing exercise and in so doing meeting the clients objectives prior to work starting on site (Hansford, 2014). This second Tender also allows for later novation and therefore affording more control to the architect during the design stages resulting in a stronger design vision going forward.

Time

RIBA stages of work On review of the your (clientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s) requirements and based on guidance provided above, I suggest the SBCC (Scottish version of JCT) Design & Build Contract with PreConstruction Services Agreement.

Kind Regards, Musa Alam,

Mobile Studio

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PROCUREMENT From: musa.alam@mobile-studio.com m.s.all@mobile-studio.com To: CC: Subject: RWT_Procurment Strategy Dear All,

February 2020

Please find attached the draft proposed procurement procedure for the RWT project.

DCH have been advised on our preferred contractual arrangement for the project and will be informed of this upon agreement. As you know we won the project through an invited design contest - for the initial stages of the RWT project - rather than the existing (OJEU) framework, which as a small practice we would have struggled to meet the turnover and PI requirements (Mark, 2015). The suggested procurement rout below however, aims to reduce risk for both us as a practice an our client by taking a number of proactive steps to mitigate any such risk early on in the process.

Due to the scale and time pressures surrounding the project and the relatively small nature of our practice, I believe we would be unable to develop each of its strands to the degree of rigour and resolution that we pride ourselves in. Therefore, the suggestion of novating to the client team allows us to ensure that the strength in vision we have designed is maintained through to construction - from an advisory position of overseeing and maintaining our client and stakeholdersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; objectives.

We will discuss this further at our next team meeting and take it forward on agreement.

Kind Regards, Musa Alam,

Mobile Studio

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Procurement strategy .PDF

Procurement Strategy draft .PDF

Client Funders Stakeholders Users

RIBA standard form of appointment

*advises on specific design elements

Department of Climate & Heritage Orkney

Architect Mobile Studio

Cost Consultant Consultants

Client objectives finalised

Specialist Contractor Engineer

Design vision developed Planning application submitted *Reduces risk

Contractor

Enabling works -Test pitting -Geological surveys -Historical surveys -Climate modelling -Excavation & piling Architect novated to client team

Ensures client objectives are being met

End of stage 3 Tender *named specialists D&B Contract Selected through Framework

Main Contractor Architect Housing

Architect

Community centre

Subcontractors

Architect Museum

Suppliers

Phased completion

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VALUE WHOLE LIFE COSTING From: r.hollinrake@dch-orkney.gov.uk musa.alam@mobile-studio.com To: CC: Subject: Cost & Value

February 2020

Dear Musa, Ahead of tomorrows meeting with the Funding department and key Stakeholders I am interested in your thoughts on cost allocation.

I understand the goal of the project is to preserve Orkneyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s heritage while developing its social value by making it more engage and accessible for all and empowering community resilience through climatic adaption. However, the funding departments interests lie in driving the cost down when it comes to appointing a contractor to ensure value for public money, especially considering the uncertainties that have arisen in site condition. I know you have previously advised against this, however please could you expand on that advice and I will included in my presentation tomorrow.

Regards,

Rosan Hollinrake, Department of Climate & Heritage Orkney

From: musa.alam@mobile-studio.com r.hollinrake@dch-orkney.gov.uk To: CC: Subject: Re: Cost & Value Dear Rosan, Thank you for you email.

When it comes to the discussion of value for money it is important to broaden the scope of calculation to whole-life cycle costing (WLCC) rather than simply the construction cost.

By basing contractor appointment solely on construction cost estimates it neglects the cost of running and maintaing the development which will significantly out-weigh the initial cost â&#x20AC;&#x201C; in most cases accounting for 50-80% of total cost (RICS, 2016).

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February 2020

No major document revision required Document revisions required Cost reduction potential

Major revisions required

Net savings potential

Cost to implement

Concept Design

Development

Constriction

Operation & Maintenance Replacement

Financial sustainability can be inherently linked to the architectural sustainability of a project in the long term. By making a greater investment in the short term its relative long term benefits will and long term costs will be significantly improved. This can be achieved not only through an understanding of specification of materials that perform well under duress and are long lasting with the right maintenance, but also the methods by which they are built together; insuring their maintenance and material re-usability is prioritised, thus allowing the architecture to become a long term asset to yourselves and the community even at its life cycle end (Schneider & Till, 2007). Therefore we hope to design and construct the project for disassembly and we hope you share our enthusiasm for this method, affording a level of flexibility and adaptability in architecture that benefits the whole scheme not just the temporary elements. I hope to discuss this further with you at the next design meeting.

It is also important to mention that the value of a project is not purely based on its financial capacity. As you know the project has the potential to build upon the social and environmental value that have already been established by your heritage works at Skara Brae and Strommness Peer. While not as quantifiable these value sets have the potential to have a much wider benefit to the community. For example, the decision to go with two-stage tendering on a project of this scale will allow for smaller architectural firms to make bids for manageable packages of work where they previously would have been unable with a single large package (McCarthy, 2018).

I hope that was informative enough for inclusion in the presentation. Please do not hesitate to ask further questions and we can continue to discuss the value balances of the project in tomorrows meeting.

Kind Regards, Musa Alam,

Mobile Studio

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CONSTRUCTION SIMPLICITY From: musa.alam@mobile-studio.com m.s.all@mobile-studio.com To: CC: Subject: Fwd: Cost & Value Hi All,

February 2020

I have been looking into suitable methods of construction for the RTW project. Due to 349 MtCO2e was attributed to thethat reduce its rural location and sensitive site, designing for methods of construction built environment 349 MtCO2e was attributed waste and time on site would be preferable.

However the sustainability ofto the the project built environment MtCO2e 185 MtCO2e Total carbon goes a lot further as you can see infootprint the attached MtCO2e email to the client on WLCC. Therefore was total operational and of theTotal carbon 185 MtCO2e footprint UK inof 2014 was totalcarbon operational and footprint of the I have been researching into methods designing for manufacturing &embodied assembly embodied carbon footprint UK in 2014 of the built environment. of the built environment.

(DfMA) and designing for disassembly which seem to go hand in had. Please have a read and we can discuss their viability tomorrow ahead of the client meeting next week.

Construction Construction

Transport

Transport

Products

The architectural profession has finally begun to feel the pressures of its excessive neglect for resource waste accounting for 40% of the UKâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s emissions - a large proportion of which are accumulated during construction (UK GBC, 2019).

Products

831831 42% 42% 22% 22%

55% 10% 20% 55%Percentage 10% 20% of carbon used in new construction. Diagram

The onslaught of climate change and the demand for a built environment that is fit for the 21st century phenominas requires a revisit of the values of sustainability to one that is more holistic in its approach.

Its is our duty as architects to champion a shift in design perspective to one that is more flexible through careful consideration of material and layered construction to achieve architecture that lifetime is not cut short due to its in ability to adapt or be easily maintained.

These goals of flexibility and quality of construction can be achieved on a larger and faster scale through of-site controlled construction using the DfMA method (attached)

adapted from (UKGBC 2019) Cumulative total over 50 years

+

Cumulative total over 50 years

+ Renovation

Traditional view of building cost

Traditional view of building cost

Renovation Maintenance

Re-use

Maintenance

CAPITAL COSTS 2019 2029

2039

2049

2059

TIME

CAPITAL COSTS

Construction

-

TIME Construction

-

2019 2029

2039

2049

Standard design

Space plan

Flexible design

Services

2059

Decommissioning Standard design

Space plan

Flexible design

Services Structure

Changes in building cost over time shows designing to allow for future change can reduce cost significantly as informed by (Duffy & Henney, 1989. p61) & (Slaughter, 2001).

Musa Alam,

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Structure

2069

Kind Regards,

Mobile Studio

Re-use

2069

Decommissioning

DfMA .PDF

DfMA .PDF

Design from a perspective of simple assembly reducing amount of fixings and simulating build processes before carried out.

Off-site Manufacturing reduces waste and increases efficiency and building performance

Layered design, parts can be replaced and maintain with ease or dismantled to be reused

Design for Manufacture & Assembly...& Disassembly

Fast and simpler assembly with less fixings and man power and machinery

transport to site by water in bulk to reduce the materials carbon footprint

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BENCHMARK COSTING

Quantity Surveyor (QS)

From: To: CC: Subject:

musa.alam@mobile-studio.com r.hollinrake@dch-orkney.gov.uk k.sandford@aaprojects.co.uk Benchmark Costing

March 2020

Dear All, Below is the breakdown of the estimated project construction cost as requested: (average of 2 accommodation precedents)

Function Community Building Archaeological Facilitator Accommodation (30 dwellings) Museum/Archive

Area 707m2 520m2 2730m2 2491m2 7423m2

Cost/m2 £3,589 £5,801 £2,723 £7,812

Cost £2,538,000 £3,016,520 £7,433,800 £19,458,100 £32,446,580 +10% external works £35,691,240 +10% contingency £39,260,400 £39,260,400

These are merely estimates based on precedents that are similar to the project (attached). These figures are by no means representative of the final cost of the project they simply portray a rough estimate so as to know whether the projects aspirations are achievable.

I have copied in Karen the projects Quantity Surveyor (QS) who will be able to advise in more detail on the cost implications and estimates. The project is still in its infancy and these estimates are likely to become more accurate as the project progresses.

An updated project programme is also attached.

I hope that this data is informative enough at this stage, as always give me a ring if you have any concerns.

Kind Regards, Musa Alam,

Mobile Studio

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Benchmark Costing.PDF RWT Programme.PDF

Benchmark Costing.PDF

Function

These precedents have been chosen for their typological material and programme relevance and not for their context. The rural context of Orkney is likely to increase construction costs. Reusing existing materials from abandoned infrastructure however will likely lower the cost.

Multifunction Community Spaces

Mechanised Space and walkways

Embedded Accommodation

Flexible Accommodation

Museum/ Workshop

New Forest Visitors Centre

Kielder Observatory

Tautra Monastery

Invisible Studio

Windermere Jetty Museum

Architect: Hampshire County Council Property Services Location: Hampshire (England) Completed: Jul 2018 Floor area: 355m² Total cost: £1.3M Cost/m2: £3,500

Architect: Charles Barclay Architects Location: Northumberland (England) Completed: Jul 2007 Floor area: 100m2 Total cost: £415,000 Cost/m2: £4,150

Architect: Jensen & Skodvin Architects Location: Midsund (Norway) Completed: 2006 Floor area: 2,000m2 Total cost: £7.05M Cost/m2: £3,525

Architect: Piers Taylor

Architect: Piers Taylor

Location: England Completed: Jul 2014 Floor area: 55m2 Total cost: £15,000 Cost/m2: £272

Location: Cumbria (England) Completed: 2019 Floor area: 2,784m2 Total cost: £20M Cost/m2: £7,812

Adjusted Cost/m2:

Adjusted Cost/m2:

Adjusted Cost/m2:

Adjusted Cost/m2:

Adjusted Cost/m2:

£3,589

£5,801

£5,138

£307

£7,812

Stilted sea side national park Pier like building with visitors centre with raised rotating mechanical turrets access. Built to withstand rise and observatory decks in sea level and tidal surges. housing telescopic equipment.

Cafe community spaces and Constructed from Douglas fir water access. with larch cladding. data from AJBL ajbuildingslibrary.co.uk

Situated on Tautra island a monastery for 18 nuns including all amenity and production spaces built of timber frame the spaces are designed to be flexible.

Stilted dwelling in the English While the project finds woodland. Prefabricated itself on the price side of the elements were erected onto spectrum its quality of finish a platform built in situ and reflects its permanence in now houses a studio/ sleeping the landscape with a direct space. relationship to the water.

all adjusted costs have been calculated using the Bank of England's inflation calculator

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PROGRAMME RIBA PLAN OF WORK RWT Programme.PDF

Mobile Studio novated to client advisory team Pre-application discussions with Orkney Planning Department

Specialist Contractor subcontracted/ consulted

Main Contractor Architects appointed subcontracted Tender Planning documents issued Application Packages tendered elements subcontractors appointed

Feasibility

Contractor appointed to carry out enabling works Design team appointed (Mobile Studio) Phase 1 Archaeological Facilitator Phase 1 Community centre Phase 2 Raised connections Phase 3 Flood resistant homes Phase 4 Museum/Archive

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Disassembly

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INCLUSIVE DESIGN From: musa.alam@mobile-studio.com r.hollinrake@dch-orkney.gov.uk To: CC: Subject: Inclusive design

May 2020

Dear Rosan, In-line with our understanding of your ambitions as a client for the WHS with regards to inclusivity. The project has taken on the aim of opening up heritage in a barrier free environment so as to allow for the dissemination of knowledge and the strengthening of culture. The sheltering of Orkney’s displaced coastal population within its flood resistant accommodation requires the project to have thoroughly investigated the social position and practices towards the achievement of a built environment that champions equality and support for all (Boys, 2004). To achieve this one can not simply rely on regulations to achieve a continuity of experience for all. Therefore, the design aims to go above and beyond satisfying Part M and rather look at design access through the lens of an “emergent, complex, collective, uneven, and never finished process (Boys, 2019).

This is especially important with the many level changes and raised access the design deals with.

All level changes to be fully accessible in line with Scottish building regulations

Visual connections to landscape heightened through soundscapes

Visual Sonal and physical sensory experiences

Access to archaeological dig site prioritised

I would suggest consulting Jane Simpson during the technical design stage, she is a community-based Accessibility Consultant who’s knowledge of opportunities that specification can afford the accessibility of design is well documented.

Kind Regards,

Musa Alam,

Mobile Studio

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REFERENCES Boys, J., 2019. Reflections External Seminar Programme: Doing disability differently changes architectural education and practice.

Boys, J., 2014. Doing disability differently: an alternative handbook on architecture, dis/ability and designing for everyday life. Routledge, London ; New York. Card, N., Downes, J., Gibson, J. & Ovenden, S. (2007).

Bringing a Landscape to Life? Researching and Managing ‘The Heart of Neolithic Orkney’ World Heritage Site.

World Archaeology, 39(3), 417–435.

Chappell, D. (David M. . & Willis, A. (2010). The Architect in Practice. Wiley-Blackwell.

DBW. (2019). Environmental Impact Assessment EIA. Designing Buildings Wiki. Retrieved February 26, 2020, from https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment_EIA DCLG. (2009). Planning Policy Statement 25: Development and Flood Risk - Planning, Building and the Environment.

London.

Green, R. (2001). The Architect’s Guide to Running a Job. Architectural Press.

Hansford, P. (2014). New Models of Construction Procurement Introduction to the Guidance for Cost Led Procurement, Integrated Project Insurance and Two Stage Open Book.

Hansford, P. (2014). New Models of Construction Procurement. Retrieved from http://cic.org.uk/admin/resources/appgfor-ebe-report-.pdf Historic Scotland. (2014). The Heart of Neolithic Orkney World Heritage Site : Management Plan. , (December). Retrieved from https://pub-prod-sdk.azurewebsites.net/api/file/4f59bed4-84a6-4410-a85b-a603008f7f8d HSE. (2015). Managing Health and Safety in Construction. Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015, 1–107.

IHCB. (2019). World Heritage Site. Designing Buildings Wiki. Retrieved February 26, 2020, from https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/World_heritage_site Kishk, M., Al-Hajj, A. & Pollock, R. (2006). Whole Life Costing In Construction: A State of the Art Review. Retrieved from http://eprints.qut.edu.au/29653/ Lewis Silkin. (2015). Framework Agreements. The Corporate Responsibility Code Book: Third Edition, 429–440.

Mark, L. (2015). Work Won through OJEU Is Scant and Falling. Architects Journal. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/work-won-through-ojeu-is-scant-and-falling/8674810.article McCarthy, S. (2018). Social Value and Design of the Built Environment. Supply Chain Sustainability School, 54.

Mehran, Z., Bambang, T. & R., R. H. (2013). Modification of Advanced Programmatic Risk Analysis and Management Model for the Whole Project Life Cycle’s Risks. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 139(1), 51–59. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000571 Mosey, D. (2014). PROJECT PROCUREMENT AND DELIVERY GUIDANCE Using Two Stage Open Book and Supply Chain Collaboration. Kings College London, 62. Retrieved from http://constructingexcellence.org.uk/ wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Two_Stage_Open_Book_Guidance.pdf OIC. (2010). The Heart of Neolithic Orkney World Heritage Site - Suplimentary Planning Guidance. Retrieved from https://www.orkney.gov.uk/Files/Planning/Development-and-Marine-Planning/The_Heart_of_Neolithic_Orkney_ World_Heritage_Site_SG.pdf RICS. (2016). Life Cycle Costing. Retrieved from www.rics.org

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Rooke, D. & Custis, B. (2010). The Coastal Handbook: A Guide for All Those Working on the Coast. Environment, (June), 220. Retrieved from http://www.greensuffolk.org/assets/Greenest-County/Water--Coast/CoastalHandbookJune2010.pdf Schneider, T. & Till, J. (2007). Flexible Housing. Amsterdam: Architectural Press.

SEPA. (2015). Natural Flood Management Handbook. Stirling: Scottish Environment Protection Agency.

Slaughter, E. S. (2001). Design Strategies to Increase Building Flexibility. Building Research and Information, 29(3), 208–217. Retrieved October 27, 2019, from https://www-tandfonline-com.sheffield.idm.oclc.org/doi/abs/10.1080/0 9613210010027693#aHR0cHM6Ly93d3ctdGFuZGZvbmxpbmUtY29tLnNoZWZmaWVsZC5pZG0ub2NsYy5vcmcvZG9pL3BkZi8xMC4xMDgwLzA5NjEzMjEwMDEwMDI3NjkzP25lZWRBY2Nlc3M9dHJ1ZUBAQDA= UK GBC. (2019). Climate Change - UKGBC - UK Green Building Council. UK GBC. Retrieved September 15, 2019, from https://www.ukgbc.org/climate-change/

FIGURES All images are by author unless otherwise stated. p10-11 diagrams based on those in Hugh Clamp, Stanley Cox, Sarah Lupton and Koko Udom ‘Which Contract?’ RIBA 2007 p14-15 interpreted from ‘Life cycle costing’ RICS 2016 p19 precedent images from AJBL <ajbuildingslibrary.co.uk>

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Housing Permanent

Floating with the loch Demountable?

Unique to their owner

Toilets

Sh ar

Market

Gathering space

Teaching

Like-minded Individuals

Scale

Offices lities aci F ed

Replenish & harbour

Waste management Archiologists

Buil

Transient

Kitchens

Knowledge/skill share Wo rks h op

Mai

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Travellers Energy connection

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Boat servicing

Year round site protection Archive

Low maintenance, self automated

ex-oil worker employment Tidal lagoon turbine

3D mapping Data recording device Museum

Carbon dating labs

Programme Diagram

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Control of rising water

Displaced Orcadians

CONCLUSION REFLECTION & PROGRESSION This thesis document charts the natural progression of the project’s development from initial design intent, to its critical evaluation and intended realisation. While its intention is to show the project’s holistic vision framed through the three lenses of theory & design, environment & technology and management, it is not in any way the end of its development. Rather, this document is collated to set out design intentions through narrative building in order to form the basis for the project’s progression and resolution.

The project’s genesis was founded in realisation of the dramatic effects that human induced climate change will have on the idyllic Orkney archipelago. These real-world issues that its population must address are captured within the project, translating into a testing ground for architectural responses to living with and mitigating against these shifts in conditions.

Orkney’s popularity for settlement on its low-lying lands was the catalyst for a revolution in living practices during the Neolithic area which dispersed across the British Isle’s. Its boarders now hold a rich source of archaeological history and culture. Orkney’s central involvement in progression has not stopped and is now the epicentre of a concerted effort to establish the global shift to clean energy. However, its architectural responses to climate change have been largely reactionary and ineffective. With the narrowing window for mitigating and adapting to the inevitable impacts on its built environment fast closing, the project will need to design for the required shift. It will need to work proactively with natural processes to develop resilience so that the potentially devastating changes coming can be used as an opportunity to create a rich and vibrant environment for all. Its existing (growing) communities hold the drive and passion to develop this further – with a number of community owned ventures already powering its homes - placing community ownership and democratic decision making at their core.

In order to define a complex yet singular direction to carry forward into its design the project has evolved organically over the course of the creation of this thesis. The choice to centre the project’s focus around the archaeological efforts and practices happening on Orkney was born from substantiated research within the Manifesto Report and its relation to the cultural heritage of settlement making. Its Neolithic monuments - a symbol of technological prowess and resilience within the landscape - hold undiscovered knowledge on model sustainable development. The importance of its preservation is therefore argued for, and becomes the nucleus that facilitates the growth of the proposed community surrounding it. This forms an almost symbiotic relationship between the two, as the community survival is dependent upon the success of the Neolithic archaeology and its excavation efforts - as outlined in the Management Report.

After questioning why Orkney’s’ residents would want to stay and develop a resilient community in the changing conditions, I used both my Technology and Management Report to expand upon the project’s thematic programme to engage with a wider user group. In order to foster a sustainable environment for settlement growth, the project must develop opportunities for interaction between its different user groups. This is explored through the inclusion of a range of communal facilities to allow for the physical involvement, knowledge dissemination and skill share to develop an understanding for proactive responses and active engagement in long term sustainability through both historic and current practices. The project must now seek to integrate its multiple programmes to form a cohesive architectural design response – incorporating the proposed design directions hinted in the reports - to the complex contextual, socio-political and environmental opportunities set out in this thesis.

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Combined Thesis Report Musa Alam 180207925