urbanism along the bridge

URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE THE IMAGE OF URBAN FABRIC ALONG THE RIVER

A DESIGN DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of,

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE By

MURTUZA KAPADIA A70904016031 2016-2021

Under the Guidance of

AR SUHEL MAKANDAR

AMITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING, AMITY UNIVERSITY MAHARASHTRA. MUMBAI - PUNE EXPRESSWAY, BHATAN, PANVEL. MAHARASHTRA - 410206

MAY 2020-DEC 2020 I

I - DECLARATION

I MURTUZA KAPADIA, Enroll. No.-A70904016031, Batch -2016-2021, hereby declare that the Dissertation entitled URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE submitted by me in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Architecture, in Amity School of Architecture and Planning, Amity University Maharashtra, India, is a record of original and bonafide work carried out by me. The matter embodied in this Dissertation has not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any degree or diploma. The plagiarism report is attached in annexure as a testimony to the originality of the Dissertation.

11/5/2020

MURTUZA KAPADIA

II

AMITY UNIVERSITY, MAHARASHTRA Amity School of Architecture & Planning

II - CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the declaration of MURTUZA KAPADIA is true to the best of my knowledge and that the student has worked for one semester in preparing this Dissertation, which has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of Architecture at Amity School of Architecture and Planning, Amity University Maharashtra.

RECOMMENDED

AR SUHEL MAKANDAR PROFESSOR ACCEPTED

Director Amity School of Architecture and Planning Amity University Maharashtra

III

III - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I WOULD LIKE TO THANK MY PARENTS AND GRANDPARENTS FOR SUPPORTING AND HELPING WITH MY THESIS. I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO EXPRESS MY APPRECIATION TO PROF.SUHEL MAKANDAR FOR HIS GUIDANCE DURING THE THESIS.

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Chapter 1- URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

Table of Contents I - DECLARATION II - CERTIFICATE III - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CHAPTER-1-URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE 1.1ABSTRACT-................................................................................................... 14 1.2AIM- ............................................................................................................... 14 1.3OBJECTIVE- .................................................................................................. 14 1.4JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT- ........................................................... 15 1.5LIMITATION-.................................................................................................. 16 1.6SCOPE- ......................................................................................................... 16 1.7METHODOLOGY- ......................................................................................... 16 1.8CAUSE OF THE PROJECT-.......................................................................... 16 1.9VISION-.......................................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER-2-LITERATURE STUDY 2.1IMPORTANCE OF BRIDGES ........................................................................ 17 2.2HISTORY OF BRIDGES ................................................................................ 19 2.3TYPES OF BRIDGES .................................................................................... 19 2.3.4BRIDGES TECHNOLOGY . ........................................................................ 30 2.3.4.1CANTILEVER CONSTRUCTION ............................................................. 31 2.3.4.2INCREMENTAL LAUNCHING TECHNIQUE ........................................... 32 2.4ANIMALS AND BRIDGES.............................................................................. 32 2.5URBAN RIVERSCAPE DEVELOPMENT ...................................................... 33 2.6ALLEVIATE IN URBAN SPACES .................................................................. 34 2.7LOCATION AND ENVIRONMENT ................................................................. 35

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Chapter 1- URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE 2.8STRESSES DEVELOPED IN URBAN SPACES ............................................ 35 2.9INTEGRATION-VOLUMETRIC-SPATIAL-CHARACTER .............................. 36 2.10INTEGRATION-VISUAL-CHARACTER . ..................................................... 37 2.11FOUR KEY QUALITIES OF A SUCCESSFUL PLACE ................................ 38 2.11.1PERSONAL BENEFITS ............................................................................ 38 2.11.2SOCIAL BENEFITS ................................................................................... 38 2.11.3ECONOMIC BENEFIT .............................................................................. 38 2.11.4ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS ................................................................. 39 2.12FAILURE AND SUCCESS OF URBAN SPACES ........................................ 39 2.12.1FAILURE ................................................................................................... 39 2.12.2SUCCESS ................................................................................................. 39 2.13PSYCHOLOGY OF URBAN OPEN SPACES .............................................. 39 2.13.1.1EXTERNAL STRESSORS- .................................................................... 41 2.13.1.2NATURAL STRESSORS- ...................................................................... 41 2.13.1.3HUMAN-MADE STRESSORS- .............................................................. 41 2.13.1.4PHYSICAL STRESS- ............................................................................. 41 2.13.2NON-PHYSICAL STRESSORS- ............................................................... 41 2.13.2.1SOCIAL STRESSORS- .......................................................................... 41 2.13.3DESIGNING NON-STRESSED PSYCHOLOGICAL PUBLIC AREAS- ..... 41 2.13.3.1INTERNAL STRESSORS- ..................................................................... 41 2.13.3.1.1A)FEELINGS- ...................................................................................... 42 2.13.3.1.2B)EMOTIONS- .................................................................................... 42 2.14PLACE-MAKING-THEORIES-...................................................................... 43 2.16LINKAGE-THEORY- . ................................................................................. 45 2.17PLACE-THEORY-

..................................................................................... 46

2.17.1SENSE OF UNITY ................................................................................... 46 URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 1- URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE 2.17.2SENSE OF PLACE ................................................................................... 47 2.17.3VISUAL APPROPRIATENESS. ................................................................ 47 2.18CREATING IMMERSIVE SOUNDSCAPES FOR URBAN OPEN SPACES 48 2.19THE ACCESSIBILITY

OF

PUBLIC SPACES

FOR PEOPLE WITH

DEMENTIA: A NEW PRIORITY FOR THE ‘OPEN CITY’ ................................... 49 2.20 PUBLIC SPACE AS A SOCIAL ARENA FOR INTERCULTURAL .............. 50 CHAPTER-3-LITERATURE REVIEW 3.1BRIDGES SHOULD BE BEAUTIFUL | IAN FIRTH ........................................ 53 HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=DKQ34EVGGJI .......................... 53 3.2ACTIVATING PUBLIC SPACE ...................................................................... 54 HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=5YB7XKIR5TS ........................... 54 3.3IN AND BETWEEN URBAN CREATIVITY IN PUBLIC SPACE ..................... 56 HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=CNHJFXWNSU8 ........................ 56 3.4THE IMAGE OF A CITY KEVIN LYNCH ........................................................ 57 NAREIN PARERA(1994) HAS EXTENSIVELY WORKED ON URBAN VOIDS IN THE CITY AND DEFINE THEM AS THE FOLLOWING- .................................... 58 KELLER(1994) WRITE NEW YORK CITY URBAN VOIDS CREATED BY ELEVATED EXPRESSWAYS-............................................................................ 58 3.5HENRY LEFEBVRE SPACE AND SPATIALITY ............................................ 59 3.6ROGER TRANCIK, LOST SPACE ................................................................. 59 3.7AMANDA BURDEN HOW PUBLIC SPACES WORK THE CITY ................... 60 HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=J7FRIGPHGTK .......................... 60 3.8BACK TO GREEN; CREATING PARKS IN URBAN AREAS MICHAEL MESSNER .......................................................................................................... 61 HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=W92GCA5KHPC ........................ 61 3.9THROUGH CONNECTION TO RURAL AND URBAN SPACES WE CAN OVERCOME SPRAWL-BRAD BUCHANAN ....................................................... 62 URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 1- URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=QEZMFR1WS7G........................ 62 3.10ADD SOME MAGIC TO A PUBLIC SPACE NEWAR YOU-DAVID ENGWICHT......................................................................................................... 62 HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=USMTQEKRAP4 ........................ 62 3.11EXPERIENCING SPACES IN THE TRAIN .................................................. 64 3.12REANIMATING PUBLIC SPACES THROUGH SUSTAINABLE DEISGNADRIAN BENEPE ............................................................................................... 65 HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=NKDGXSYZSRY ........................ 65 3.13KEVIN LYNCH-THE IMAGE OF THE CITY ................................................. 66 3.14HOW

URBAN

GREEN

SPACES

BUILD

COMMUNITY-JESSICA

PENDERGRASS ................................................................................................. 66 HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=_XNA4B0ILCU ........................... 66 3.15THE STREET -AN URBAN ECOLOGY-VIKAS MEHTA .............................. 68 HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=DZPMKXTOZ8Q ........................ 68 3.16PUBLIC SPACE BETWEEN CRISIS, INNOVATION AND UTOPIA-SABINE KNIERBEIN ......................................................................................................... 69 HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=ABGQQBHU8BU........................ 69 3.17WALK AT MARINE DRIVE ........................................................................... 70 3.18THEATRE OF SOCIAL ACTION-LEWIS MUMFORD .................................. 70 3.19SOCIO CULTURAL INTERACTIONS-MANUEL CASTELLS ....................... 71 CHAPTER-4-PUBLIC RELATION, SPACE WITH THE URBAN FABRIC 4.1REASON TO STUDY PUBLIC SPACES- ...................................................... 73 4.2HISTORY OF PUBLIC SPACES- ................................................................... 73 4.3IMPORTANCE AND IMPACT OF PUBLIC SPACES- .................................... 73 4.4WHY PUBLIC SPACE MATTER .................................................................... 75 4.5FOR WHOM PUBLIC SPACE MATTER ........................................................ 76 4.6SOCIAL VALUES OF PUBLIC OPEN SPACES............................................. 76 URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 1- URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE 4.7APPROACH TO PUBLIC OPEN SPACES .................................................... 77 4.8PUBLIC SPACES AND HUMANS ................................................................. 79 4.9ROLE OF PUBLIC OPEN SPACES IN PUBLIC LIFE .................................... 80 4.10ROLE OF PUBLIC OPEN SPACES IN QUALITY OF LIFE ......................... 82 4.11PUBLIC OPEN SPACES AND URBAN DESIGN AND PLANNNING .......... 83 4.12WATER AND ARCHITECTURE .................................................................. 84 4.13NEED FOR WATERFRONT AND ITS USAGE............................................ 85 4.14ART AND PUBLIC SPACES ........................................................................ 86 4.15PATTERN OF MOVEMENT......................................................................... 87 CHAPTER-5-URBAN DIMENSIONS 5.1URBAN-MORPHOLOGY- .............................................................................. 89 5.1.1LAND USES................................................................................................ 89 5.1.2BUILDING STRUCTURES.......................................................................... 89 5.1.3THE PLOT PATTERN. ................................................................................ 90 5.1.4THE STREET PATTERN ............................................................................ 90 5.1.5THE PUBLIC HOUSE NETWORK AND THE CAPITAL WEB .................... 91 5.1.6BUILDINGS PROCESS AREA AND BUILDINGS IN AREA. ...................... 92 5.2PERCEPTUAL-DIMENSION ......................................................................... 93 VISION: ............................................................................................................... 93 HEARING:........................................................................................................... 93 TOUCH: .............................................................................................................. 93 AFFECTIVE ........................................................................................................ 94 INTERPRETATIVE. ............................................................................................ 94 EVALUATIVE. ..................................................................................................... 94 WAYS ................................................................................................................ 95 NODE: ................................................................................................................ 95 URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 1- URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE LANDMARKS: ..................................................................................................... 96 EDGES:............................................................................................................... 96 DISTRICTS: ........................................................................................................ 96 5.3SOCIAL-DIMENSIONS- ................................................................................. 98 PUBLIC SPACE AND THE PUBLIC/PRIVATE INTERFACE- ............................. 98 COMFORT- ......................................................................................................... 98 RELAXATION- .................................................................................................... 98 PASSIVE ENGAGEMENT- ................................................................................. 98 ACTIVE ENGAGEMENT-.................................................................................... 99 MOVEMENT- .................................................................................................... 100 PUBLIC PLACES - ............................................................................................ 100 5.4VISUAL-DIMENSIONS- ............................................................................... 101 NATURALNESS. .............................................................................................. 102 UPKEEP/CIVILITIES ......................................................................................... 102 PATTERNS AND AESTHETIC ORDER............................................................ 102 SENSE OF RHYME AND PATTERN: ............................................................... 102 APPRECIATION OF RHYTHM: ........................................................................ 103 RECOGNITION OF BALANCE: ........................................................................ 103 SENSITIVITY TO HARMONIC RELATIONSHIPS: ........................................... 103 HARD AND SOFT LANDSCAPING .................................................................. 104 FLOORSCAPE .................................................................................................. 104 POSITIVE

AND

NEGATIVE AREA

OUTDOOR AREA IS THOUGHT

OF IN

TERMS OF 'POSITIVE' AND 'NEGATIVE' SPACES. ....................................... 106 STREETS AND SQUARES. .............................................................................. 107 STREETS AREA- .............................................................................................. 108 URBAN SQUARES- .......................................................................................... 108 URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 1- URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE TOWNSCAPE-.................................................................................................. 108 5.5FUNCTIONAL-DIMENSIONS- ..................................................................... 109 THE PUBLIC REALM. ...................................................................................... 109 CHAPTER-6-CASE STUDIES(LIVE AND NET) 6.1PONTE-VECCHIO-(NET) . .......................................................................... 113 6.1.1MANNELLI TOWER -. .............................................................................. 113 6.2THE RIALTO BRIDGE-(NET) ...................................................................... 116 6.3LAKDI-POOL(LIVE) .................................................................................... 122 6.4HORNIMAN-GARDEN-(LIVE) ..................................................................... 122 6.5FASHION-STREE(LIVE) ............................................................................. 122 6.5ASHANTIVAN-PARK(LIVE) ........................................................................ 122 6.6CIDCO-URBAN-HATT-(LIVE) ..................................................................... 122 6.7DILLI-URBAN-HATT-(NET) ....................................................................... 122 6.8DADAR MARKET ........................................................................................ 148 6.9NANDED-RIVER-FRONT-(NET) ................................................................ 122 6.9.1FEASIBILITY............................................................................................. 154 6.9.2SITE CONTEXT ........................................................................................ 155 6.9.3GAP OF VISUAL CORRIDORS & IMPROVEMENT OF SKYLINES ........ 155 6.9.4INTEGRATION

AND

CONSOLIDATION

OF

OPEN

GROUNDS

PUBLICALLY REALM ..................................................................................... 155 6.9.5LAND USE ANALYSIS ............................................................................. 155 6.9.6ACTIVITY PATTERN ANALYSIS .............................................................. 156 6.10HUDSON-WATER-FRONT-(NET) ............................................................ 122 6.10.1AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT- ......................................... 159 6.11COMPARATIVE STUDY-........................................................................... 161 CHAPTER-7-REGULATIONS AND BYELAWS URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 1- URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE 7.1-RIVER REGULATION ZONE ...................................................................... 165 7.2-RIVER REGULATION ZONE NASHIK........................................................ 168 7.2.0BACKGROUND......................................................................................... 168 7.2.1OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................ 169 7.2.3FLOOD PLAIN MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING .................................... 169 7.2.4ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS OF GODAVARI RIVER ............................... 170 7.2.5CHANCE OF FLOOD OVER A PERIOD OF YEARS ................................ 171 7.2.7.0GENERAL PROHIBITIONS ................................................................... 172 7.2.7.1PERMISSIBLE RESTORATIVE ACTIVITIES AND RECOMMENDED APPROACH ...................................................................................................... 172 7.2.11100 YEAR FLOOD FRINGE AREA ......................................................... 174 7.2.12PROHIBITIONS....................................................................................... 174 7.2.14DEVELOPMENT BEYOND THE 100 YEAR RIVER FLOODPLAIN ........ 176 CHAPTER-8-SITE STUDY AND ANALYSIS 8.1 SITE-NASHIK .............................................................................................. 182 8.2 CLIMATE ANALYSIS .................................................................................. 190 8.3 SITE CONTEXT .......................................................................................... 193 9.1 QUESTIONARE .......................................................................................... 195 10.1 AREA STATEMENT .................................................................................. 199 CHAPTER-11-PROJECT REPORT 11.1 INTRO TO SITE AND ANALYSIS ............................................................. 205 11.2 UPCOMING PROJECTS AND SITE PROBLEMS .................................... 205 11.3 FLOODLINE .............................................................................................. 206 11.4 SITE SURROUNDING .............................................................................. 208 11.5 TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORT.................................................................... 209 11.6 CLIMATIC ANALYSIS ............................................................................... 211 URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 1- URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE 11.7 USER ACTIVITY ....................................................................................... 212 11.8 ZONING AND BUBBLE DIAGRAM ........................................................... 213 11.9 SITE PLAN AND SITE SECTIONS ........................................................... 214 11.10 THE BRIDGE .......................................................................................... 215 11.11 NORTH SIDE PLOT................................................................................ 215 11.12 SOUTH SIDE PLOT ................................................................................ 217 11.13 DETAILS ................................................................................................. 217 11.14 SERVICES .............................................................................................. 218 11.15 VIEWS .................................................................................................... 218 12 LIST OF FIGURE 13 LIST OF TABLES 14 BIBLIOGRAPHY 15 APPENDEX

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Chapter 1- URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE 1.1ABSTRACTthis thesis suggests ways to rehabilitate and bring back dead or dark urban spaces without eradicating heterogeneity and fostering inclusion. It is a parody that bridges are meant just for transporting people from one place to another but it can be much more to it. Sometimes bridges are not utilized in a proper way, these spaces can be used in a much more creative way instead of using it just as a connectivity. Tenuously domiciled in invisible urban interstices, their phantom existence can be transformed in to happening urban pockets through careful design and organization.

1.2AIMIs to create a platform that can bridge the connectivity between the two urban spaces and exchange of their culture and its effect on the society socially and culturally.

URBAN-to create a space which is important attraction to the cities.

RIVER-to increase and create spaces around the river and increase its activities.

LANDSCAPE- to increase green spaces around the vicinity.

1.3OBJECTIVEto create a walkway/connection which is not just a walkway path but becomes a Social interactive space along the pedestrian area. to distribute the different activities that happens on the bridge as well as the nodes of the bridge. to Increase transport from one area to another.

To increase tourism and create opportunities for increasing public spaces along the vicinity. to create awareness of a bridge as an aesthetically designed, site sensitive element of the city.

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Chapter 1- URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

1.4JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECTIn today's world the population has increased substantially over the past years and it is growing day by day. There are no spaces to develop new places in the metropolitan cities, this increase in population has led to exploitation of the natural resources to overcome these problems we need solution to redistribute and redefine our spaces to overcome this chaotic situation. this increase in the population is not going to stop and more cities will be devastated day by day we as designers have to address this challenge of creating spaces within it so that the density of the population can be distributed.

The increase in automobiles have led to lack of pedestrian pathways and social spaces. There is less number of interactive and recreational spaces in our cities and more of vehicular movement which has led to increase in pollution and caused in health problems in our society. To solve the problem we need to rethink our social development areas, our road access, etc.

One of the solutions for development in our cities is our bridges, skywalks. We have been using bridges for a long time in our society, the earliest known arch bridges were built by the Greeks, and include the arkadiko bridge. With the span of 220 meters (720 ft), the Solkan bridge over the soča river at Solkan in Slovenia is the second-largest stone bridge in the world and the longest railroad stone bridge. It was completed in 1905 aqueducts made of stones which were built in south France Romania.

Pittsburgh is known as the capital of bridges it has around 446 bridges more than Venice and Italy. These and the hundreds of other Pittsburgh bridges not only connect the neighbourhoods and residents but add to the city’s unique and beautiful skyline. It waged a massive road and bridge campaign with the development of the interstate highway system. The result was a variety of bridge designs, including suspension, cantilever, and arch, mostly produced from local steel.

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Chapter 1- URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE Bridges are mostly used for diversion of the traffic but it can also be used for other purposes which can help to develop the society in a better manner.

In the 21st ce people are moving towards sustainable and green architecture.

They are moving from automobile to pedestrian centric cities Ghent in Belgium, Zermatt in Switzerland, Venice in Italy, etc are cities with more of pedestrian movement rather than that of automobiles. This type of planning would change the face of cities like Mumbai, Pune, Nasik, etc. Bigger structure in these cities are not used through its full potential that can help in many ways.

1.5LIMITATIONdue to the river regulation zone draft there won't be any permanent structures built on the bridge.

1.6SCOPETo create spaces along and on the bridge.

1.7METHODOLOGYbriefly study the surrounding area and its culture. analyse the effects of bridge on the space and its nodes. study the guidelines for development along and on the bridge 1.8CAUSE OF THE PROJECTdue to the decrease in public and recreational spaces in urban areas.

1.9VISIONis to increase the use of recreational spaces and to convert negative spaces or unused spaces and convert them into a positive and usable space for the community.

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Chapter 2- LITERATURE STUDY 2.1IMPORTANCE OF BRIDGES from beginning of the second millennium, the growth of stable city states brought a new standard of bridge building not seen since the roman empire, Paris, London developed rapidly throughout from the twelfth century onwards, with nucleus of their expansion centered on the ancient river crossing. along with the major streets, city squares, and the important buildings, the city bridges took on a new significance as an embedded part of the urban fabric. the interrelationship of the bridge with a dense urban grain was nowhere more apparent than in Paris between the twelfth and eighteenth centuries. Historically, the most function of bridges and tunnels has been to attach different geographical areas, but they'll also function important social connectors as our cities expand. As cities density increase, available urban spaces become scarcer, while the necessity for these spaces increases. As cities change, we want a brand-new understanding of the way to make optimal use of city areas. Tunnels and bridges should not only be structures that facilitate transport – their areas should offer a new value to town and its citizens. ''Tunnels and bridges should now not only be structures that facilitate transport – their areas should offer an extra value to town and its citizens.''

As cities develop, some existing structures diminish useful or relevant for his or her time. Some create barriers that generate empty and dark wastelands in surrounding areas. There are many cases where such structures are reprogrammed to use vacant spaces in creative ways and add value for citizens.

One example is that the "Via Verde" initiative in Mexican capital, a project to rework quite 1,000 flyover and elevated road columns into vertical gardens. the target is to cut back pollution, improve cityscape aesthetics and lower drivers’ stress levels. Another example demonstrating how an existing structure may be reprogrammed is that the Ammerud Underpass in Oslo. A dark concrete tunnel was transformed into an inviting space for exercise and leisure activities, with a climbing wall, fitness facilities, lighting and vibrant walls. the construction of latest bridges and tunnels can improve mobility during a city. the planet has committed to the Paris climate agreement to scale back city URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 2- LITERATURE STUDY pollution. Constructing new structures that can add value to the surrounding areas and can promote sustainable means of transport, communication and improve the conditions for pedestrian and cyclist experience.

One example of this is often the "Bicycle Snake" in Copenhagen, a 230 m long winding sky bridge with bicycle and pedestrian lanes. The bridge creates a shortcut between two parts of the town, providing a novel, enjoyable cycling experience on an elevated bike path that runs across water and between buildings.

New bridges and tunnels can revitalize the entire neighbourhoods and the surrounding Areas with underdeveloped connections to their surroundings may suffer from vacancies and attract the unwanted behaviour. Bridges can reduce the barriers between districts, and directing the flow of individuals through a locality creates a secure and secure environment.

One such example is that the Luchtsingel bridge in Rotterdam, a brief structure financed by over 2,000 crowd funders. It runs through the Hofplein area, previously a neglected and detached part of Rotterdam dominated by vacant high-rise buildings. Connecting the Central Station, Rotterdam North and therefore the Binnenrotte area, the bridge may be a catalyst for economic process.

Bridges and tunnels are essential to urban mobility, accessibility and connectivity.

As cities densify, available urban spaces become scarcer while the requirement for these spaces increases. We therefore must make the most effective possible use of all city areas and take all aspects of sustainability into consideration.

There is one recurring factor that we believe is important to the success of transformative and green field projects namely, a powerful specialize in the citizens perspective and involving people in an exceedingly constructive dialogue on how the spaces is used. Well-planned public spaces attract visitors, which successively attracts others. By implementing the citizens' perspective all told project phases, we will build bridges and tunnels as efficient mobility systems that break down barriers while also providing urban spaces and functions that improve quality of life.

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Chapter 2- LITERATURE STUDY 2.2HISTORY OF BRIDGES the success of Roman Empire was founded the development of fine communication routes. from centre of power in Rome, radiating tendrils of the foremost comprehensive road networks ever seen spread to the furthest outreach of contemporary day in Europe and northern Africa. the construction of roads and their ability to link one town on to the following meant overcoming natural obstruction. fundamentals to the success of the empire was the necessity for these routes to be fast, efficient, and really reliable. where roads encountered rivers, boats, or ferry crossing was time- consuming because it involved the loading and unloading of the products and men. additionally, boat crossing were at risk of the vagaries of the stream. in contrast, bridges secured the permanence of communication that the empire required. early Romans bridges were of timber and there are some accounts of pontoon bridges. timber perform well with relevance its strength to weight ratio, and is ready to face up to a particular amount of bending simply supported timber beams may be heavier piers, affording a flatter deck relative to the quantity of the fabric employed whilst still with unequal linear spans. through the rediscovery of roman bridge building techniques, lost during the Dark Ages, the frères du Pont and other monastic communities disseminated the abilities and knowledge of bridge construction throughout the Christian world. combined with new abilities in stone crafts and masonry, which were being perfectly through the craft guild within the construction of the nice medieval cathedrals throughout Europe, this marked a replacement era in bridge building.

2.3TYPES OF BRIDGES 2.3.1BRIDGES BY STRUCTURE The core structure of the bridge determines how it distributes the inner forces of tension, compression, torsion, bending, and sheer. The handling of these forces will be centralized in notable structural members such as cable-stayed bridge where forces are distributed during a distinct placement or be distributed via truss URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 2- LITERATURE STUDY across the virtually entire structure of the bridge.

2.3.1.1ARCH BRIDGES use arch as a main structural component, With the assistance of mid-span piers, they will be made with one or more arches, counting on what reasonably load and stress forces they need to endure. The core component of the bridge is its abutments and pillars, which must be built strong because they'll carry the burden of the complete bridge structure and forces they convey.

Arch bridges can be fixed, but they support decking fiction, including transporting of pedestrians, light or heavy rail, vehicles and water-carrying aqueducts. the foremost popular materials for the development of arch bridges are masonry stone, concrete, timber, atomic number 26, forged iron and steel.

Examples

of

arch

bridge

are

“Old

Bridge”

in

Mostar,

Bosnia,

and

Herzegovina, and therefore the Hell Gate Bridge in big apple. The oldest stone bridge is Greek Arkadiko Bridge which is over 3 thousand years old. The longest stone arch bridge is Solkan Bridge in Slovenia with a powerful span of 220 meters.

2.3.1.2BEAM-BRIDGES one or several horizontal beams that may either simply span the realm between abutments or relieve a number of the pressure on structural piers. The core force that marks the effect of beam bridges is the transformation of vertical force into shear and flexural load that is transferred to the support structures (abutments or mid-bridge, piers).

Initially built by dropping wooden logs over short rivers or ditches, the bridge started getting used more widely with the extensive use of metalwork's, steel boxes, and pre-stressed construction concrete. Beam bridges today are separated into girder bridges, plate girder bridges, box beam bridges and easy beam bridges.

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Chapter 2- LITERATURE STUDY Individual decking of the segmented beam bridge will be of the identical length, variable lengths, inclined or V-shaped. the foremost famous example of beam bridge is Lake Pontchartrain Causeway in southern Louisiana that's 23.83 miles (38.35 km) long.

2.3.1.3TRUSS BRIDGES bridge style that uses a diagonal mesh of most triangle-shaped posts on top of the bridge to distribute forces across entire bridge structure. Individual parts of this structure (usually straight beams) will endure dynamic forces of tension and compression, however by distributing those masses across entire structure, entire bridge will handle abundant stronger forces and heavier masses than alternative types of bridges.

The two commonest truss styles area unit the king posts (two diagonal posts supported by single vertical post among the centre) and queen posts (two diagonal posts, 2 vertical posts and horizontal post that connect 2 vertical posts at the top). several alternative types of the truss area unit in use – Allan, Bailey, Baltimore, Bollman, Bowstring, Brown, Howe, Lattice, Lenticular, Pennsylvania, Pratt, and others.

Truss bridges were introduced terribly method back, at once changing into one in each of the foremost widespread bridge varieties because of their unbelievable resilience and economic builds that require an awfully bit of cloth for construction. the foremost common build materials used for bridge construction area unit timber, iron, steel, reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete. The truss bridges are each mounted and transportable.

2.3.1.4CANTILEVER BRIDGES are somewhat similar in look to arch bridges, however they support their load, not through a vertical bracing however trough diagonal bracing with horizontal beams that are being supported solely on one finish. The overwhelming majority of cantilever bridges use one try of continuous spans that are placed between 2 piers, with beams meeting on the centre over the obstacle that bridge spans URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 2- LITERATURE STUDY (river, uneven parcel of land, or others). bridge can also use mid-bridge pears are their foundation from that they span in each directions toward different piers and abutments.

The size and weight capability of the bridge impact the quantity of segments it uses. easy pedestrian crossings over terribly short distances will use easy cantilever beam, however larger distances will use either 2 beams popping out of each abutment or multiple centre piers. Cantilever bridges cannot span terribly massive distances. they're going to be clean or use truss formation each below and on top of the bridge, and most popular constriction material are steel, iron, and prestressed concrete.

Some of the foremost renowned spans among the globe are cantilever bridge in North American country, Forth Bridge in European nation and Japanese capital Gate bridge in Japan.

2.3.1.5TIED ARCH BRIDGES are similar in style to arch bridges, however they transfer the burden of the bridge and traffic load to the very best chord that is connected to the bottom cords in bridge foundation. the bottom attachment wire are going to be strengthened decking itself or a separate deck-independent structure that interfaces with tierods.

They are usually known as cord arches or cord bridges and will be created in many variations, together

with body

part tied-arch,

multi-span distinct tied-

arches, multi-span continuous tied-arches, single tied-arch per span. However, there is a definite differentiation between tied arch bridges and cord arch bridges – the latter use diagonally formed members United Nations agency produce a structure that transfer forces reasonably like in truss bridges.

Tied arch bridges are going to be visually terribly gorgeous, however they carry with them expensive maintenance and repair.

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Chapter 2- LITERATURE STUDY 2.3.1.6SUSPENSION BRIDGES utilize spreading ropes or cables from the vertical suspenders to hold the burden of bridge and traffic. ready to suspend decking over massive spans, this type of bridge is these days highly regarded all around the world.

Originally created even in times of past times with materials like ropes or vines, with decking’s of wood planks or bamboo, the fashionable variants use a decent array of materials like steel wire that is either decorated into rope or solid or solid into chain links. as a result of solely abutments and piers (one or more) are fastened to the lowest, the majority of the bridge structure are terribly versatile and will typically dramatically answer the forces of wind, earthquake or maybe vibration of on-foot or traffic.

Some of the foremost illustrious samples of suspension bridges are strait Bridge in purpose of entry, Akashi Kaikyō Bridge in Japan, and span in Manhattan town.

2.3.1.7CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES use deck cables that square measure directly connected to one or additional vertical columns (called towers or pylons) which will be erected close to abutments

or among the

centre of

the

span

of

the

bridge

structure.

Cables square measure typically connected to columns in 2 ways that – harp style (each cable is hooked up to the varied purpose of the column, making the harp like strings and fan styles (all cables attach with one purpose at the very best of the column). this may be a awfully totally different style of cable-driven suspension than in suspension bridges, wherever decking is control with vertical suspenders that go up to main support cable.

Originally made and popularized among the sixteenth century, these days cablestayed bridges square measure a most well-liked style that is typically used for spanning medium to long distances that square measure longer than those of cantilever bridges however shorter than the longest suspension bridges. the foremost common build materials square measure steel or concrete pylons, posttensioned concrete box girders and steel rope. These bridges will support nearly each style of decking (only not as well as significant rail) and square URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 2- LITERATURE STUDY measure used extensively all around the world in many construction variations.

2.3.1.8FIXED OR MOVEABLE TYPES The overwhelming majority of all bridges at intervals the planet are fastened in place, with none moving elements that forces them to remain in place till they are dismantled or fall because of unforeseen stress or unsoundness. However, some areas are in would like of multi-purpose bridges which could either have movable elements or are utterly rapt from one location to a distinct. whereas these bridges are rare, they serve a awfully necessary perform that makes them extremely fascinating.

2.3.1.9FIXED BRIDGES Majority of bridges made all around the world and throughout our history area unit fastened, with no transferrable components to provide higher clearance for river/sea

transport that

is flowing

below

them. they

are designed to

stay

wherever they are created to the time they are deemed unusable because of their age, unsoundness or area unit dismantled. Use of bound materials or construction techniques will instantly force bridge to be fastened for good. this could be most evident with bridges created out of construction masonry, suspension And cable-stayed bridges wherever an outsized section of decking surface is suspended inside the air by the sophisticated network of cables and different material.

Small and elevated bridges like Bridge of Sighs, ancient stone aqueducts of Rome like Pont du Gard, massive medieval multi-arched Charles Bridge, and luxurious strait Bridge area unit all samples of bridges that area unit fastened.

2.3.1.10TEMPORARY BRIDGES Temporary bridges square measure made from basic standard elements which will be affected by lightweight machinery. they're square measure sometimes used in military engineering or in circumstances once mounted bridges are repaired, and should be therefore standard that they're going to be extended to span larger distances or maybe strengthened to support heightened masses. The URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 2- LITERATURE STUDY overwhelming majority of temporary bridges do not appear to be meant to be used for prolonged periods of it slow on single locations, though in some cases they're going to become a permanent a section of the road network because of numerous factors.

The simples and least expensive temporary bridges square measure crane-fitted decking created

out of construction wood which will facilitate rider passage

across little spans (such as ditches).

as a result of the spans go longer

and masses square measure heightened, ready-made bridges created out of steel and iron should be used. the foremost capable temporary bridges will span even distances of 100m mistreatment strengthened truss structure which will facilitate even significant masses.

2.3.1.11MOVEABLE-BRIDGES Moveable

bridges area

unit a

compromise

between

the

strength,

carrying capability and strength of mounted bridges, and so the flexibleness and modularity of the temporary bridges. Their core practicality is providing safe passage of varied kinds of hundreds (from traveller to serious freight), however with the facility to manoeuvre out of the approach of the boats or different styles of beneath-deck traffic which could otherwise not be capable of fitting under the foremost body of the bridge.

movable bridges area unit created with easy truss or tied arch style and area unit spanning rivers to medium clearance beneath their main decks. once the necessity arises, they're going to either carry their entire deck sharply among the air or sway the deck structure to the aspect, gap the waterway for unrestricted passage

of

ships. whereas the

majority of

the transportable bridges area

unit little to medium size, giant bridges conjointly exist.

The most known transportable bridge among the globe is London Tower Bridge, whose clearance below the decking rises from eight.6m to 42.5m once opened.

2.3.2TYPES BY USE some bridges area unit designed in such because of support multiple forms URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 2- LITERATURE STUDY of use, combining, as an example, multiple car traffic lanes and pedestrian or bicycle

passageways

(such

as a

present on

the celebrated bridge in new

York City).

2.3.2.1PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES The oldest bridges ever created were designed to facilitate traveller travel over tiny bodies of water or unfriendly parcel. Today, they are typically created in urban environments or in parcel wherever automotive transport is inaccessible (such as rough mountainous parcel, forests, swamps, etc.). Since on-the foot or bicycle traveller traffic does not strain the bridges with abundant weight, styles of those bridges are created to

be additional extravagant,

elegant,

sleek

and higher integrated with the urban surroundings or created with cheaper or less sturdy out

materials. several trendy pedestrian-only bridges area unit created

of up to date material,

whereas

feature additional exoteric styles that

some

traveller

even embody

pedestrian bridges

clear polymers among the

decking, enabling users unrestricted read to the realm below the bridge.

While the majority of up to date pedestrian bridges were product of the start to facilitate solely on-foot access (such as Venice’s Ponte Vecchio and Rialto bridge), alternative bridges are reworked from alternative functions to pedestrianonly operate (such as Prague’s historic Charles bridge).

2.3.2.2CAR TRAFFIC this can be the foremost common usage of the bridge, with 2 or additional lanes designed

{to

hold

to automotive}

car

and vehicle

traffic of

varied

intensities. trendy giant bridges typically feature multiple lanes that facilitate travel throughout one direction, and whereas the majority of bridges have one decking

dedicated

to car

traffic,

some will even

have an

additional deck,

enabling every deck to be centred on providing travel throughout one direction.

2.3.2.3DOUBLE-DECKED BRIDGES Multi-purpose bridges that offer Associate in Nursing increased flow of traffic URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 2- LITERATURE STUDY across bodies of water or rough parcel. most often they have Associate in Nursing outsized variety of automotive

lanes,

and generally have

dedicated

space for train tracks. as an example, in addition to multiple automotive lanes on the

foremost decking, celebrated bridge in

NYC options

Associate

in

Nursing isolated bicycle path.

2.3.2.4TRAIN BRIDGES Bridges created specifically to

carry one

or

multiple

lanes

of

train

tracks, though in some cases train tracks can also be placed beside totally different deck kind, or on totally different decking elevation. once automotive bridges, train bridges area unit the second-most-common style of bridges.

First train bridges started being made throughout the primary years of European age as means that of enabling quicker cargo of freight between ore mines and ironworks factories. With the appearance of safe traveller locomotives and cars, the speedy enlargement of railway networks all around Europe, US and Asia brought the need for building thousands of railway bridges of various sizes and spans.

2.3.2.5PIPELINE BRIDGES Less common as a standalone bridge kind, pipeline bridges area unit made to carry pipelines across water or inaccessible terrains. Pipelines will carry water, air, gas and communication cables. In nowadays, pipeline networks area unit typically incorporated among the structure of existing or recently engineered bridges that additionally house regular decking that facilitates pedestrian, automotive or railway transport.

Pipeline bridges area unit typically terribly light-weight and should be supported solely with the essential bridge construction styles. In several cases, they are additionally equipped

with

walkways, however they

are nearly

completely

dedicated for maintenance functions and do not appear to be supposed for public use.

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Chapter 2- LITERATURE STUDY 2.3.2.6AQUEDUCTS are ancient bridge-like structures that area unit {a part of a neighbourhood an area, unit, district, region, locality, vicinity, section} of the larger span networks supposed to carry water from water-rich areas to generally terribly distant

dry

cities. thanks

to the

need to

require care

of

a occasional

however constant drop of elevation of the foremost water-carrying passageway, aqueducts area unit terribly exactly created structures that generally need to reach terribly high elevations and maintain rigid structure whereas spanning giant distances. the foremost

vital

aqueducts area unit factory-made from

stone and should have multiple tiers of arched bridges created one on high of each alternative.

The

modern

equivalent

of the

standard conduit bridges area

unit pipeline

bridges, however whereas the span network used natural force of gravity to push water toward the required destination, trendy pipeline networks use electrical pumps to propel water and alternative material.

2.3.2.7COMMERCIAL BRIDGES These area and retailers.

unit bridges

that

host business buildings

most generally used in

medieval

bridges

like created

restaurants in

urban

environments wherever they took advantage of the constant flow of traffic, nowadays these sorts of bridges area unit seldom made with a notable quantity of them being found in trendy Asian nation. Slovakia’s town of Bratislava is also a home of a automotive passageway bridge with Associate in Nursing outsized tower that hosts a eating house on high of it.

Medieval bridges area unit far more normally renowned for his or her business applications. Italia is home to a pair of of the foremost effective renowned business bridges among the planet – the celebrated multi-tiered Ponte Vecchio among the middle of Florence, and sensible white Rialto Bridge that spans the scenic Grand Canal in city. each feature various retailers that offer traveller record and jewellery.

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Chapter 2- LITERATURE STUDY 2.3.3TYPES BY MATERIALS The main operation of these bridges is to span a stable decking which is meant for the transporting of pedestrians, cars or trains and other vehicular movement where enduring weight of its core structure, the burden of the traffic, and

thus the

natural

forces

that

slowly however for

sure erode

its sturdiness. varied materials will facilitate bridge designers to comprehend their goal, and

provide stable

and long-lived bridges that

require varied levels

of

maintenance.

2.3.3.1NATURAL MATERIALS the

primary

bridges

ever created were made from

unprocessed

natural

materials, starting from easy picket logs that were placed across tiny rivers or ditches, to the {large} rope-tied bridges that are made over large canyons and mountain ranges in inhospitable areas of Asia.

2.3.3.2WOOD Wood may be a domestically obtainable material that will be used for the creation of tiny to medium-sized bridges that are best suited to pedestrian or lowweight automotive transport. for

spanning

short

In present, picket bridges are most generally found

distances

or obtaining

accustomed move folks,

cars,

and placental over rough piece of land or tiny rivers in coated Bridges.

2.3.3.3STONE Stone may be a long-lived natural material that will be used for the event of bridges that will last for many years. Stone items will even be used to construct terribly giant bridge structures that don’t even use concrete – like in Pont du Gard conduit in southern France that uses the burden of individual stones to create an entire forty eight.8 m high and 275 m structure stable for two thousand years.

2.3.3.4CONCRETE AND STEEL Durable, long-lived and extremely versatile fashionable materials that are nowadays used for the creation of uncounted kinds of bridge styles. and the URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

Page 29

Chapter 2- LITERATURE STUDY presence of cables and different fashionable materials, these kinds of bridges represent the majority of all the bridges that are presently publically pedestrian, car, and train transport use nowadays.

2.3.4BRIDGES TECHNOLOGY The advantages offered by formed parts square measure primarily related to fabrication, conducted throughout a plant that produces a lot of consistency in quality product and wherever segments could also be made-up in parallel with early field construction activities, so up programming. the foremost challenges committed formed

segmental

construction

dwell

the supply and

so the

setup method between the casting yard and so the development web site.

cast-in-place construction needs that a substructure need to be completed before fabrication of the structure. Cast-in-place segmental construction is used once formed segments square measure too significant to be shipped or access to the placement is simply too restrictive, which can occur as spans get longer or bridges get wider.

Memorial Causeway Bridge (Cast-in-place, segmental concrete nine span) Vietnam Veterans Memorial Bridge (cast-in-place, cantilever, combining steel, formed segmental and cast-in-place structure) Skagit watercourse Bridge (Full-span, slide-in erection of associate degree emergency bridge replacement)

For comes in urban areas requiring least lane closures, detours, and traffic interruptions, construction time could also be a key issue. formed concrete segments square measure typically best as they'll be designed and hold on till required for erection, so reducing the on-the-scene time of giant instrumentation and construction activities, so increasing the pace of construction.

between formed or cast-in-place primarily depends upon the size of the project, construction schedule and the technique, different weight of the segments, and web site access and many other different aspects.

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Chapter 2- LITERATURE STUDY

2.3.4.1CANTILEVER CONSTRUCTION As the business evolved, the necessity for a construction technique requiring no false work became obvious. The solution: a independent bridge designed exploitation the cantilever construction technique. once staging and different temporary supports square measure tough to place in, this technique saves all temporary work and permits bridges to be designed at nice heights.

The balanced cantilever construction technique is used once few spans ranging from fifty to 250m exist. Bridge’s exploitation this technique could also be either formed or cast-in-place. Once the piers square measure designed, they are used as associate degree erection platform for formed segments, or to support a type someone fore cast-in-place segments.

This technique is certainly labile to irregular and long span lengths, engorged project sites, rough and water tract, rail crossings, and environmentally sensitive areas.

The cantilever technique is that the popular technique for building cable-stayed bridges. Once segments square measure put in, they’re supported by new cablestays in every erection stage. Since no auxiliary supports square measure needed, it's each an inexpensive and sensible resolution for long cable-stayed bridges.

Melbourne town Link Bolte Bridge (four-span, largest balanced cantilever cast-inplace beam bridge in Australia) Tsable watercourse Upstream Bridge (largest bridge ever designed exploitation the segmental, balanced, cantilevered technique in province, Canada) Calgary West lightweight Rail Transit Elevated method (it is a combination of segmental span-by-span and balanced cantilever construction) Armando

Emilio

Guebuza

Bridge

- African

country (2nd

longest

bridge

in Africa, partly pre-stressed balanced cantilever)

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Chapter 2- LITERATURE STUDY 2.3.4.2INCREMENTAL LAUNCHING TECHNIQUE The

highly-mechanized progressive Launching technique (ILM) is

typically

performed throughout a series of increments. it's utilized within the development of continuous concrete bridges additional like steel beam bridges. The ILM will even be applied to tied-arch and truss spans, if totally assembled before launching, additional on the event of tiny and medium-sized cable-stayed bridges.

Although

the

ILM can ne'er qualify as

a

result

of the

foremost

efficient

technique for building a bridge, it offers benefits once utilized within the correct circumstances,

like

spanning

inaccessible

or

environmentally-protected

obstacles. vital benefits of the ILM embrace least disturbance to surroundings, no false work needed, reduced space for structure assembly, and exaggerated employee safety, as erection work is finished from very cheap.

Sombrio Bridge North American country (incrementally launched, straight plate girders) Kicking Horse ravine Bridge - North American country (incrementally launched, curvilinear plate girders)

2.4ANIMALS AND BRIDGES Colonies of social insect’s square measure capable of self-organizing and accomplishing advanced tasks through individual interactions. for instance, to march across massive gaps, ants grip the bodies of every different, forming a living bridge that enables the colonies to achieve the opposite aspect.

The nanoparticles, product of iron chemical compound, have magnetic properties and might be controlled by a flux. they're coated with a layer of gold which will conduct electricity.

Under AN external flux, the nanoparticles will self-organize into a ribbon-like, semi conductive structure. The length and thickness of the nanoparticle ribbon will be controlled by fine-tuning the sector, and also the ribbons “dry” into onerous structures once the flux has been turned off.

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Chapter 2- LITERATURE STUDY This “microswarm” system has incontestable capabilities of fixing broken micro scale circuits by creating a stable and permanent semi conductive pathway between 2 disconnected electrodes, mimicking the structure and practicality of hymenopterans insect bridges. This work is a stimulating example of however science and technology will be impressed naturally. almost like the hymenopterans insect colonies, an outsized variety of nanoparticles are able to jointly accomplish tasks that are on the far side the capabilities of 1 single nanoparticle. At this stage, the nanoparticle ribbons will solely fix broken circuits on a two-dimensional surface.

Figure 1 microswarm system

2.5URBAN RIVERSCAPE DEVELOPMENT Regarded as the urban blue infrastructure, rivers are taking part in a vital role in shaping the evolving cultural landscapes of cities. In recent years there has been a substantial increase in stream day lighting and re-naturalising comes in cities with the aim of building a resilient ecological infrastructure likewise as enhancing the physical and cultural quality of urban surroundings. The forceful changes of URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

Page 33

Chapter 2- LITERATURE STUDY riverscapes in their perform, structure and type have created new meanings and identities through time that need new definitions for his or her cultural scheme services to support citizens' prosperity and welfare. Therefore, recognizing these cultural values and their advantages can facilitate planning property and delightful streamscapes

that

aim to

make dynamic

urban areas

through

amplifying the that means of river and its relevancy the people and area.

2.6ALLEVIATE IN URBAN SPACES Research shows that town dwellers have a two hundredth higher likelihood of suffering Anxiety and an nearly four-hundredth bigger probability of developing depression. Promisingly, however, analysis has conjointly found that individuals in urban area units who live nearest to the best “green space” are considerably less possible to suffer poor mental state.

The results over forty years of analysis quantifying specific medicine, cognitive, emotional and physiological effects of “nature” parts. These effects embody accumulated calm and rumination, ablated agitation and aggression, and augmented cognitive functioning

– like concentration,

memory and

inventive

thought.

Different

natural components will induce completely

different advantages. this

implies generic style plotting of “green space” on associate urban arrange, but aesthetically pleasing, doesn't specifically target mental upbeat.

there's no purpose having nice inexperienced areas if

these don't give sensible

reason or chance to linger long enough to expertise the restorative edges.

How

you interact together

with

your surroundings matters.

Results dissent

looking on whether or not the user is perceptive, listening, or exertion within the house. Taking these variables under consideration will manufacture a huge combination of style situations.

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Chapter 2- LITERATURE STUDY 2.7LOCATION AND ENVIRONMENT The factors within the physical surroundings that are necessary to health embody harmful substances, like pollution or proximity to deadly sites (the focus of classic environmental epidemiology); access to varied health-related resources (e.g., healthy or unhealthy foods, recreational resources, medical care); and community style and also the “built environment” (e.g., land use combine, street property, transportation systems).

The surroundings will have an effect on health through physical exposures, like pollution. an outsized body of labour has documented the results of exposure to material (solid particles and liquid droplets found within the air) on vessel and metabolic

process mortality

and

morbidity.

analysis has known specific

physical mechanisms by that these exposures have an effect on inflammatory, autonomic, and tube processes. The proof of surroundings effects of pollution and lead has been mirrored in legislation in several countries directed at reducing levels of those pollutants within the environment.

Increasing attention has centred on the implications for health behaviours and social interactions that are created by the designed surroundings. The designed surroundings refers to the presence of (and proximity to) health-relevant resources moreover on aspects of the ways that within which neighbourhoods are designed and designed (including land use patterns, transportation systems, and concrete designing and style features).

2.8STRESSES DEVELOPED IN URBAN SPACES Behaviour may be a operate of the person, the atmosphere, and therefore the interaction between the spaces. thus if the person’s atmosphere isn't a lot of acceptable

then

the

person

manner that is mirrored within

starts

the type

behaving

in associate undesirable

of stress. it's originated

by

adverse

environmental conditions meddlesome with traditional human functioning and is taken into account as a threat full for these days moreover as for the long run.

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Chapter 2- LITERATURE STUDY within the town atmosphere there exists the next order of dislike scenario like pollution, noise, overcrowding, hot temperature, and therefore the like that propel the

person

to

behave

in

associate indifferent method.

Environmental

stressors are generally dislike, primarily uncontrollable, and of variable period and regularity and need low to moderate adjustment. Daily hassles are ones that embrace typical events of the traffic or the jam or the normal life which will cause frustration, tension, or irritation. the strain provided by the urban atmosphere is commonly mirrored within the type of physical, psychological unwellness, and reduced social interaction. various environmental stressors on people indicate that they will impact people’s behaviour, mood, psychological feature operate, physical health, and/or psychological well-being.

To manage this it's necessary to develop and use knowledge domain approaches that integrate biological, social, and different sciences to produce a higher understanding of the challenges of land use coming up with and management.

Life within the urban settings is an interface between the adverse physical settings (which embody pollution, high population, heat, crowding, degraded landscape, over accumulation of solid waste, etc.) and individual characteristic arising by the time spent within the exposure to such dislike state of affairs like time spent in travelling, time pay in crowd, exposure to impure air and smokes, exposure to high level of noise, so forth. If these things square measure on the far side the tolerance level, the person is alleged to be beneath stress.

Cities measure the bigger supply of noise resulting in bigger level of annoyance, irritation,

and sleep

disorder. many surveys

have centred on

residents’

annoyance with traffic noise, generally therefore dislike on discourage any style of group action, as well as aggressive acts.

2.9INTEGRATION-VOLUMETRIC-SPATIAL-CHARACTER Accessibility is said to pedestrian movement. All direct relations, activities like trade, social integrations or architectural awareness exist on streets. That’s why the standard of design and public areas of urban areas take a significant role to sustain the accessibility of pedestrians, and therefore the settlement itself.

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Chapter 2- LITERATURE STUDY Public areas act as necessary venues to mix areas each in associate economic and social context. once we particularly begin to speak concerning the touristic components of the city, ecological, economic and cultural effects take a crucial role to supply property of area. Therefore, the standard of inexperienced and public areas improves

economy.

public areas are the

generators

of

social

relationships wherever streets are extremely integrated with one another.

2.10INTEGRATION-VISUAL-CHARACTER Floorscape pattern will reinforce the linear character of a street, emphasizing its character as a ‘path’ by providing a way of direction with a visually dynamic pattern. or else, they will check the flow of area by emphasizing its character as a ‘place’, or by suggesting a sense of response with a visually static or contained pattern.

Parallel

lines

flowing

the

length

of the

road reinforce

the

sense

of

movement, whereas non-linear paving tends to slow the visual pace and reinforce qualities of an area to prevent or linger.

Landscaping is often associate degree afterthought in urban style one thing to be further if the budget permits and once the most important choices are taken, to cover poor quality architecture; or as the way of filling left-over area.

The broader landscape involves not solely visual aspects, however additionally basic considerations for ecology, geophysical science and earth science. The ‘greening’ of cities and cities represent a key property objective. Trees and different vegetation may be effective in reducing greenhouse emission settled and restoring oxygen; reducing wind speeds in urban spaces; acting as shelter belts; and filtering dirt and pollution.

Floorscape designed to supply a way of response area unit sometimes related to space wherever folks stop and rest (urban squares). The floorscape pattern of squares will perform variety of functions: providing a way of scale, unifying the area by linking and relating the middle and edges, and conveyance order to what would possibly rather be a disparate cluster of building.

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Chapter 2- LITERATURE STUDY 2.11FOUR KEY QUALITIES OF A SUCCESSFUL PLACE all work and no play make jack a dull boy the quote is there for a long time. recreation is an activity of leisure. they provide a lot of benefits 2.11.1PERSONAL BENEFITS physical recreation and fitness contribute to a healthy life. recreation, revitalization creates opportunity of leisure, which is essential for stress management. it is a source for self-esteem and positive attitude. it provides a opportunity to lead a balanced live, achieve our full potential. parks and open spaces bring beauty to the area bringing quality of life, for all the people. they create opportunities for children.

2.11.2SOCIAL BENEFITS it provides leadership opportunities that build a strong community. it reduces loneliness and anti-social behaviour in the society. they build strong individuals which are the foundation of the society. opportunities

for

community

involvement,

ownership

resources,

shred

management. integrated and accessible leisure services are critical to the quality of life of people with disability and disadvantaged individuals.

2.11.3ECONOMIC BENEFIT a fit work force is a productive work force. small investments in recreation yield big economic returns. parks and recreational services motivate business relocation and expansion in the community they reduce the high cost of vandalism and criminal activity. they are often the catalyst for tourism, a growing sector of our economy.

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Chapter 2- LITERATURE STUDY investment in environmental protection.

2.11.4ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS the public is more often prepared to pay for environmental protection and rehabilitation in their community, and to support parks and recreation organization that play an important role in these protection. they lead to increase in the neighbourhood property values through access to friendly environment.

2.12FAILURE AND SUCCESS OF URBAN SPACES 2.12.1FAILURE not enough users more frequently lack of good seating lack of gathering spots place dominated more with vehicle inconvenient transit spots vast space with a small definition location is in a remote area sheltering not done properly in accordance with exposure of weathering.

2.12.2SUCCESS a social interaction space gives users a positive vibe increase in community activities increase in festival activities.

2.13PSYCHOLOGY OF URBAN OPEN SPACES The process of the role and growth of cities is one among the most tendencies of human development. Cities become the main instrument of steady development URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

Page 39

Chapter 2- LITERATURE STUDY of human civilization. Aspiration for the creation of a “green city”, open space for the realization of artistic industries and innovations ought to become the main part of such development. individuals are interested in public art publicly area because it's part of surprise. they will move with it. Play with it. Experiment with it. get pleasure from the area during which it's situated and during a manner not solely connect with the sculpture or art however additionally with the outer landscape/public area. There are several public sculptures wherever kids appear to get pleasure from it the foremost however some

public

sculptures is enjoyed

and

interacted

with

everybody. there is fast increase in urban population, in step with UN- World Urbanization Prospects, over one-half of individuals lives in cities, This development, referred to as urbanization that refers to shifting individuals from rural to urban areas for several reasons like higher quality of service in education and health care, convenience of housing, work and diversion, additionally to the unfold of the transportation network. The fast growth of population in cities usually is random urban growth associated with financial condition, environmental pollution and pressure on native infrastructure, resulting in several issues like overcrowding, tie up, increasing of crime rates, noisiness. In recent years, several studies found that the living in urban areas contains a risk think about the mental state of inhabitance, particularly stress and depression. psychological stress as definition is ‘any emotional, physical, social, economic

or different

issue

that

needs a

response

or modification.

Stress will result in a spread of psychological responses as anxiety’.

One of the most factors that have a important impact on mental health is human close atmosphere, particularly the designed setting that is that the unreal setting, as well as the urban context from close buildings and concrete public areas that are the most analysis focus. Therefore, urban stress as a general language is said to the relation between the urban context and therefore the impact on the human condition, it's additional associated with the worsening of urban setting quality caused by the increasing of urban population density as a results of urbanization.

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Chapter 2- LITERATURE STUDY 2.13.1THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF STRESSES2.13.1.1EXTERNAL STRESSORSall factors that have an effect on human from the encompassing setting, these factors may well be studied through the main elements of the setting supported the method of its creation or evolution, these factors square measure divided into words main categories2.13.1.2NATURAL STRESSORSit includes all living or non-living things that occur naturally on earth, like climate as high or low temperatures, rain, wind and humidness, natural resources as inexperienced areas, water and air, additionally to the natural disasters like fires, floods and earthquakes.

2.13.1.3HUMAN-MADE STRESSORSwhich has all things that created by human, divided into 3 main stressors classes 2.13.1.4PHYSICAL STRESSthat square measure tangible factors, in general referred to as the engineered setting, as well as the urban context, study building and concrete public areas with all their physical components 2.13.2NON-PHYSICAL STRESSORSthat square measure intangible factors, as well as 2.13.2.1SOCIAL STRESSORSThese factors civilization, community, and economic factors. square measure additional connected with human interaction and communication with people for example, problems like peer cluster pressure, social isolation, life ever-changing events, demands of study, family and work, additionally to the interaction with the encompassing setting as well as overcrowding, noise, the traumatic effects of accidents, pollution, holdup, all problems beneath everyday living.

2.13.3DESIGNING NON-STRESSED PSYCHOLOGICAL PUBLIC AREAS2.13.3.1INTERNAL STRESSORS-

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Chapter 2- LITERATURE STUDY that square measure emanated or comes from at intervals the build as well as 2 main categories2.13.3.1.1A)FEELINGSmeans that something which will be toughened via human senses, like bit, smell, sight, hear and style. Feelings are mental experiences of body states and reactions to emotions, and usually influenced by personal expertise, beliefs, and reminiscences such as hungry, hot, cold, disturbance, and Sense of balance.

2.13.3.1.2B)EMOTIONSthat square measure arising from human body’s reaction to external stimuli, programmed into our genes over several, a few years of evolution. These emotions square measure the most information that results in stress. there is a priority concern all told major cities with resolution traffic issues and therefore the movement of conveyance, handiness of parking tons, and therefore the street gradation categorization from native streets to highways. Health & Well-Being, from gathering knowledge on pedestrian movement and their activities in urban public areas, wherever people are staying and enjoying public life. Society is ever-changing from a car-oriented town towards a town for folks, this becomes one in all the foremost vital topics that aims to connect designed atmosphere to people’s quality of life and produce healthy communities through planning prosperous urban public areas wherever the general public will access areas with none restrictions.

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Chapter 2- LITERATURE STUDY

Figure 2 key attributes of public open space

2.14PLACE-MAKING-THEORIES-

-

As each an overarching plan and a active approach for up a section, city, or region,

place

making conjures

up folks to jointly reimaging

and

reinvent

public areas because the heart of each community. Strengthening the affiliation between people and therefore the places they share, place making refers to a cooperative method by that we will form our public realm so as to maximise shared worth. quite simply promoting higher urban style, place making facilitates artistic patterns of use, paying explicit attention to the physical, cultural, and social identities that outline an area and support its current evolution.

With community participation at its centre, it is an efficient place making method that capitalizes on the community's assets, inspiration, and potential, and it ends up in the creation of quality public areas that contribute to people's health, happiness, and well being.

people regarding what place making suggests that to them, we tend to find that it's an important and deeply-valued method for those that feel intimately URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 2- LITERATURE STUDY connected to the places in their lives. Place making shows folks simply however powerful

their

collective

everyday areas,

and to

vision may

be.

check afresh the

It

helps

potential

them of

to

parks,

re-imagine downtowns,

waterfronts, plazas, neighbourhoods, streets, markets, campuses and public buildings.

2.15GROUND-THEORYground theory is based on the study of the relative land coverage of buildings as solid mass (figure) to open voids (ground). the item of that is to differentiate the structure of the urban area by forming a hierarchy of various areas and scales. urban pattern created by a predominant ‘field’ of solids and voids, typically known as the

material.

As

Trancik

explains,

this

approach

is

powerful

for characteristic patterns and issues at intervals the urban cloth, but it will result in a “static and 2-dimensional conception of area.”

In

Trancik’s rationalization of

figure-ground

theory,

he attracts attention

to

Giambattista Nolli’s Map of Rome, attract 1748. the town is clearly outlined of solids and voids in the Nolli's diagram. The building coverage is denser that the outside area, thereby giving form to the general public openings – in different words, making positive voids, or ‘space-as-object.” The open area is outlined by being ‘carved’ out of the building mass “forming never-ending flow of interior and exterior areas.”.

He more explains that while not the extent of horizontal land coverage within the style of building mass or, ‘private tissue’, a abstraction continuity would be not possible.

The

result,

buildings Associate in

an area have an

integrated

relationship wherever the building mass defines the boundaries of exterior area. the alternative of that is what we tend to square measure seeing in today’s landscape.

Buildings square measure being designed preponderantly vertically instead of horizontally – that is graspable due conditions like urban migration and overspill and thus a necessity to decrease our land footprint by building ‘up’, but in doing such, exterior area is turning into Associate in Nursing uncontrolled void.

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Chapter 2- LITERATURE STUDY Therefore, the position of buildings become unbelievably vital. landscape being a vital element the building scatter around it.

Figure 3 Giambattista Nolli's. The New Plan of Rome

2.16LINKAGE-THEORYsprings from the “lines” connecting one element to a different. The lines are shaped by the means of street, pedestrian ways, linear open areas or different linking parts physically connect the elements of town.

The linkage theory – lines’ and ‘dots’ are derived from it. Line connecting one component to a different – methods, streets, linear open areas, canals etc. style – apply the idea to organize a system of connections (networks) for linking places. the best street should type a very embedded unit to avoid the impression of being a route and supply a better setting for design. stress is placed on circulation diagram instead of the spatial diagram of the figure-ground theory.

Movement systems and therefore the potency of infrastructure take precedence over patterns of outlined out of doors area. All concerning streets, pedestrian ways that, linear open areas and elements connected to every different.

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Chapter 2- LITERATURE STUDY

Figure 4 composition approach

2.17PLACE-THEORYThe essence of place theory lies in understanding the cultural and human characteristics of physical area. area could be a delimited or deliberately void with potential of physically linking object, and solely becomes an area once. it is given discourse that means derived from cultural or regional content. all the higher than mix along with Human wants – cultural, historical & natural context. its complete once all of the theories is employed in a very single exercise.

Places are going to be clearly place able once its architecture includes a sense of unity.

2.17.1SENSE OF UNITY straightforward unity – sometimes free-standing objects/buildings e.g. obelisk, rural place of worship, individual buildings. complicated unity

–

most

cities,

towns,

villages

and

context

fall

into

this class because of many alternative elements.

Place Theory states that a central place could be a settlement which provides one or additional services for the population living around it.

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Chapter 2- LITERATURE STUDY

2.17.2SENSE OF PLACE Attribution of meanings to the physical forms (physical, behavioural, socio-cultural & psychological component) Place is full of folks and other people full of places Interaction (not respond) with an area Time could be a major element of place – longer existence additional meanings Lack of sense of continuity – uncomfortable environments

2.17.3VISUAL APPROPRIATENESS visual cues-noticeable options which individuals want to recognize an surroundings & creating associations with places.

Context related terms in details, scale, proportion, rhythm, style, materials etc. additional relationship with existing style – higher reinforcement with existing character.

The façade treatment ought to reflects the uses within – facilitate people to browse the pattern of use. look ought to be acceptable for the setting.

Figure 5 division of public spaces

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Chapter 2- LITERATURE STUDY

2.18CREATING IMMERSIVE SOUNDSCAPES FOR URBAN OPEN SPACES With an aim to mitigate the clearly negative influence of noise on the standard of life, the quantitative approach to soundscape within the style of noise mitigation measures has been enclosed within the systematic planning and style of the designed atmosphere. Noise mitigation doesn't fully include the issue of urban open areas or the attainment of acoustic comfort as a major demand for the planning and style of urban open areas which may be planned only by together with the qualitative approach entailing the thought of soundscape content.

Noise

mitigation strategies embody factors

primarily associated

with legal,

economic or town management measures, like motor traffic speed reduction. On the opposite hand, it focuses on factors directly influenced by the urban acoustic style. Therefore, key urban and acoustic factors sit down with the final principle of soundscape improvement.

The

analysed

urban

and

acoustic

factors

influence the

planning of the

subsequent principles: 1) adding sound sources (engineered physics barriers), and 2) achieving

acoustic distinctiveness (designed

acoustic effect).

sound

sources area unit reduced to the kinds of positive sound sources in order to facilitate comparisons by individual sound sources 1) sounds of individuals (talk, laughter, steps, appropriate music, children's plays, bicycles), 2) sounds of nature (wind, rustling of leaves, water, waves, birds), and 3) sounds of designed sources (category added specifically for the wants of this study - musical sounds, art installations, signal sounds). The sound of architecturally designed sources could occur by mechanical, acoustic or electroacoustic means.

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Chapter 2- LITERATURE STUDY 2.19THE ACCESSIBILITY OF PUBLIC SPACES FOR PEOPLE WITH DEMENTIA: A NEW PRIORITY FOR THE ‘OPEN CITY’ As yet there square measure few studies that address a way to embrace insanity within the aspiration of creating the ‘open city’—a construct that is supposed to be comprehensive, but as commonly developed is silent regarding psychological feature impairment. The open town construct is particularly relevant to ageing societies: continued purposeful activity outdoors is related to important psychological, social and physical benefits for older folks generally.

environment that presents obstacles to out of doors activity, older people tend to lower their aspirations and limit their activities to terribly short walking distances regardless of the standard of native amenities.

Among the numerous impediments square measure uneven or steep pavements, poor lighting, heavy traffic, no shelter or seating, and inaccessible bus stops: ‘the “average street” may be a very unfriendly place for older people’. For older people with insanity, the unfriendliness of external environments is probably going to be even larger.

There are not any printed tips for the look of outside environments for people with insanity. This neglect appears to mirror a presumption that their lives square measure

home-based, yet because

the larger technical

difficulties

given by

dominant environmental options, like noise or lighting levels outdoors compared with indoor environments. it's seemingly that folks with insanity expertise identical confusion, frustration and anxiety within the external atmosphere as inside once design doesn't mirror their wants. they're

going

to realize

even

people generally within the out of doors atmosphere have found

that most

acquainted and express places

popular destinations

are presumably to

be acquainted,

legible,

accessible,

convenient, safe and cosy.

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Chapter 2- LITERATURE STUDY The pedestrianisation of city centre streets may be a positive example as a result of it not solely protects pedestrians from traffic danger and fumes, it conjointly creates a quieter and calmer environment which will scale back the chance of confusion and disorientation.

One of the teachings of the analysis on internal style is that urban style outdoors ought to change older people to browse their external surroundings so they can establish wherever they're and build applicable selections to achieve their destination.

Well-articulated environments, with orientation cues and directional

info, square measure required each inside and outdoors.

2.20 PUBLIC SPACE AS A SOCIAL ARENA FOR INTERCULTURAL Public areas area unit a basic feature of cities and concrete culture. In cities round the world, urban areas like plazas, markets, streets, city halls temples and concrete parks

have

long

been

centres

of

civic

life wherever people

encounter one another, socialize, exchange merchandise and have face-to-face interactions. In these key public areas there area unit opportunities for gathering, recreation, festivals, and commerce further as protests and demonstrations. the standard, practicality and accessibility of public areas in a ordinarily looked as if

it

would be

a

measure

of the

standard of

urban

life. they

will be

each outside and indoor. open spaces are key public areas as a result of it's in these

internal areas wherever the

community

meet,

socialise

and

share

experiences, creating the buildings a region of the general public realm. Key public areas area unit so at the centre of bridging cultures as an arena for society mix and shared understanding. they're the important arena for variations to be encountered

and

negotiated. the

worth of

public house is within

the

everyday sociality that takes place. they're the areas during which we are able to learn to measure with others through seeing completely different norms and ways that of behaving.

An important and ordinarily control read of what makes sensible public areas is that the degree of accessibility and freedom of expression that really democratic, URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 2- LITERATURE STUDY open and inclusive public areas give. From the times of the Greek Agora, the democratic

nature

of

public house has formed society

and

has

been the

positioning for the conductivity of politics. ordinarily perceived because the unit of live for assessing the health of our democracy, it's publically areas that we tend to talk terms our common interests and specific our variations, wherever we tend to celebrate ability and show our dissent. The term ‘public space’ refers to an area that's open and accessible to everybody, no matter gender, culture, or socioeconomic background.

Physical access permits people to be physically gift with no barriers to stepping into to the house and getting and thru it no matter age and talent.

Social access involves the presence of cues, within the type of people, style and management components.

‘Visual access’ or ‘visibility’ of public areas use symbols, or landmarks, at intervals these areas and supply a sense of safety and luxury, further as happiness.

Access to activities wherever public areas provides numerous and multifunctional vary of activities that meets the wants of diverse cultures, genders, talents and ages.

More accessible public areas promote sociality and also the ‘circumstances’ for social encounters that bridge between cultures. Public areas describes sensible places

as

places that

supply folks many

various reasons to

travel there.

they're places wherever we would like to ‘hangout’ for a few time as a result of the place offers us a range of activities, experiences, and luxury.

These places area unit clearly identifiable from a distance, simple to enter once you catch up with, and easy to use. Taking this idea of ‘hangouts’ one step any, cafes, occasional retailers, bookstores, bars, hair salons and different hangouts URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 2- LITERATURE STUDY at the center of the community, defines the core qualities of these ‘hangouts. public areas host

the

regular,

voluntary,

informal

and blithely anticipated

gatherings of people on the far side the realms of home and work. He describes their qualities as: With spoken communication their ‘cardinal and sustaining’ activity, providing ‘political foray of nice importance’.

These area unit the categories of areas wherever folks will fancy the social tone of urban life and seeing others. they will even be places of retreat and relief from dense urban districts and structured lifestyle. Places of retreat, like parks, a garden, or footpaths that area unit near to water, provided opportunities for reflection. Markets and neighbourhood areas give the areas for meeting friends and support networks. each variety of third places support well-being and have therapeutic functions.

But public areas area unit quite simply containers of act. they're additionally collective expressions of a town, further as depositories of private recollections.

Recollections of employing a house once growing up, for instance, might promote a way of happiness, or prompt fond family recollections. As places wherever vital historical events tend to unfold, public areas area unit imbued with vital, collective meanings – each official and unofficial. people like a range of public open areas at intervals an area to satisfy a variety of everyday needs: areas to linger further as areas of transit; areas that bring people along further as areas of retreat; inexperienced areas further as exhausting areas like streets or markets.

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Chapter 3- LITERATURE REVIEW 3.1BRIDGES SHOULD BE BEAUTIFUL | IAN FIRTH https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dkq34evggji bridges are safe, durable, functional but bridges can be much more they can be beautiful, elegant, exquisite says structural engineer Ian firth. The video talks about the old and the new bridges that are build throughout the times.

He talks about how structure and architecture can merge beautifully, and can create spectacular innovative connectivity for the welfare of society.

Figure 6 Rome aqueducts

For many years bridges have been used for transport purposes but they can also be used for other purposes which can help in the growth and welfare of the society. Bridges have been used for connectivity and each bridge have their own identity following the surrounding it has been built for. if the bridge is not designed properly and the spaces onto or around its failure will led to the suffer of the society. Many people does not have access to education, hospitals, etc because they don't have access through them.

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Chapter 3- LITERATURE REVIEW The video also talks about how bridges started in the south of France by Romans aqueducts which were made of stone, it also talks about the different types of bridges for e.g.-suspension bridge over the Swiss alps, tetra castle bridge uk, grabit viaducts, Humber bridge, etc It also talks about how different types of loads are applied on the bridge the margin of safety to be considered if it is not considered then bridges will collapse for e.g.- Mississippi river bridge, Florida international university pedestrian bridge, etc.

While designing bridges 78% is the dead weight that the bridge carries (its weight) only 22% is the live load that it is carrying. The materials that are used for bridges are ultra-high-performance fibre reinforced concrete. Carbon fibre is used for longer strands or multi strands of the bridge.

Figure 7 bridge in London

3.2ACTIVATING PUBLIC SPACE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5yB7xkiR5ts We live in a city where public spaces are not utilized properly or they are not there because of less area provided for it. The cities we are living today we need URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 3- LITERATURE REVIEW to use these public spaces for cultural and communication activities, for meeting new spaces, etc.

Mara’s holt speaks about how these spaces play an important role in our life and how when we visit such spaces these spaces leave a memory for us these memories are shared by us to different people and these spaces become more usable and more noted by other people Mara talks about main avenue redevelopment where there were storefronts and furniture can activate public space.

She also talks about Vietnam memorial where the whole wall is painted in black with names on it these names are reflected on the walkway and the people can walk down the road by reading the name of the people.

The national capital building Washington is one of the greatest structure in the world but below the structure it is used as a sitting area for interaction and people look from the bottom to the top of the structure how it looks.

She also talks about la rotunda del mar where there are sculpture around it and people come around and use these space for playing or as an interactive space.

The New York highline old railway station was an abandoned space but afterward the neighbourhood created pockets around the area with some sitting place.

The Oakland Museum has a small pocket in which the walls are painted in black with some artwork on it and some sit out place between the area so that when people sit they can enjoy the artwork while interacting.

The main advantages of providing these spaces is that people can interact with strangers, it can be used for putting up installations, these negative spaces can be converted into a positive space for increasing the area around it and make the space utilized properly She also talks about market street San Francisco where the neighbourhood transformed the space by putting up sculptures and installations

that can

increase the interaction of the spaces.

She also talks how curvy pathways, elevated facades, sit out pockets, etc can activate the space.

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Chapter 3- LITERATURE REVIEW Activating the public space is important for the welfare of the society and for increasing the density in the vicinity.

3.3IN AND BETWEEN URBAN CREATIVITY IN PUBLIC SPACE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CNhjfxWnSU8 As humans we need to adapt to different changes in nature we need to bring change in the living and in our society which can help us to develop a positive nature towards life. Claudia konyalian talks about what the society wants, what people want and how culture and art can help to develop the spaces between the urban area by creating spaces which give a belonging to the people where they can nurture where they can enjoy, they can interact in and around the space.

She also talks how these spaces help to interact with different people and gather memory about the space. She also talks how people gather memory and share this memory about the space they enjoy the space gather there enjoy the moment and then disperse into the city, these memories gathered are shared further which makes it beautiful for them.

She also mentions how an open space with some activities can leave a mark on the person than an closed space. a healthy city should be charming, diverse, noisy, porous, etc. she talks about urban creativity in public spaces, different artistic interventions in public space that change the way people live. Nicosia is the capital of Cyprus also known as lefkosia the city is filled with automobiles there are very less area for trees the city is filled with heavy traffic it has high end boutiques and limited sitting space the city had to cut down trees for making room for infrastructure, she talks how the city is divided into a public and private space in the centre of the city dividing the space with palm trees.

She questions what public spaces are, who is it for, what is a private space and public space how everyone can use the space effectively, we are living in a wrong notion that malls and cafes as a open space rather than creating a free alternative for the society without any boundaries and opportunities and ideas for the space.

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Chapter 3- LITERATURE REVIEW Workshops can be held in these areas, installation, green urban lab can be created around the island contrast can be created inside and outside the space like exhibitions, sit outs, creating a platform for community areas, play areas, artist areas where there can be exchange of different cultures.

These spaces help the people to get out of their routine and get to know their identity through these spaces, they increase curiosity within the people to explore such spaces and creates a playful interaction space. They bring a lasting change within the people. In these areas there may be different people from different culture but they gather into one public space to interact.

3.4THE IMAGE OF A CITY KEVIN LYNCH The degree of a good city performance is determined by providing biological, psychological, social and cultural providing, required to its inhabitants. One of these requirements could be specified in order to determine which city is good Kevin lynch in his book summarizes these five elements which are also called as performance dimension which is one of the aspects of urban design.

Vitality-the degree on which the city sustains to its essentials, biological performance of human beings this is support for our bodies which needs the essential nutrients and supplements which we get from food, water and air, these should be in sufficient supply in order to sustain life. Moreover, good settlement should be free from danger, poison and disastrous occurrences then it can support safety for its inhabitants.

Sense-it is the degree in which people recognize and organize the city in their minds between the physical city form. it is the homogeneity between environment and observer. sense is the clarity which people perceive with themselves by looking at the city and having a clear idea of the space. it depends upon the spatial structure, culture, quality, current purpose of the observer, etc.

Fit-it is the match between the actions(functions) and the physical (form) of the city. it is the requirement that how well does the spatial and the temporal pattern of a settlement matches the customary behaviour of its inhabitants. When there is a harmony between the spaces, the form and pattern of behaviours people feel URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 3- LITERATURE REVIEW comfortable; conversely absence or lack of fit could make it uncomfortable and difficult to behave through the areas.

Accessibility-this does not only means the ability of a person to transport easily, but also to access all the things such as services, information, other places and go to other peoples, etc, also then an interaction and connection can be established between variables and the spaces. Access offers degree of choice an diversity presented to us. A place should provide people with information about physical ways of reaching it.

Control-it is the degree to which the environment is under the control of the people who reside or use the space on daily basis. According to hall control gives people feelings of stability and a sense of power. people feel in control when there is enough social and physical space around them to utilize it and do what they need to do.

NAREIN PARERA (1994) HAS EXTENSIVELY WORKED ON URBAN VOIDS IN THE CITY AND DEFINE THEM AS THE FOLLOWING"Urban voids are unutilized, under-utilized or abandoned land and premises which exists in urban areas due to outdated or defunct space uses. Urban voids can even be created by identifying dilapidated premises which has the potential to redevelop for new urban functions. The term should not be confused with open spaces areas such as parks or side-walks which have a specific function assigned to them. as used in legal terms (e.g.; null and void contracts-the contract exists but not effective), voids mean ineffective in urban planning context too."(narein parera'1994) KELLER (1994) WRITE NEW YORK CITY URBAN VOIDS CREATED BY ELEVATED EXPRESSWAYS"Raised highway through industrial dwelling or void zones creates a field of potential underneath. The void spaces in the city is formally empty but often programmatically activated, based on the overlapping fields of influence of disparate programs which cross over each other in the void. Derelict zones thus become sites of performance, based on fragments of architecture and

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Chapter 3- LITERATURE REVIEW infrastructure, and their proximity to urban transport and dwelling areas”.

(Keller,1994) "Elevated freeways have done even worse damage to the areas through which they pass they have blocked out the light and air; they have brought blight into the city through their great shadows on the ground through the noise of their traffic. Worse still, the surfaces under them devoted to parking lots, automobile junkyards, cyclone fences and rubbish these elements more surely than the freeway itself have gone far to uglify the cities through it passes."(halprin,1996)

3.5HENRY LEFEBVRE SPACE AND SPATIALITY Lefebvre in his seminal work(1974) ,the production of space, introduces the concept of social space that encompasses the phenomenon of spontaneous creation of space through his social practice. He looks into the social-spatial relationship of space and the relationship of social order in space. He represents the conceptual triad of spaces. Perceived, conceived, lived which in spatial social terms he refers to as spatial practice, representation of the different spaces and representational spaces respectively. He provides the ontological discourse, exploring the interrelationship between these three parts of the triad, their characteristics and differences and asserts that each of the spaces, perceived, conceived, and lived, contributes in one way or the other towards the production of spaces by their interrelatedness and mutual overlap in the physical space of the city.

3.6ROGER TRANCIK, LOST SPACE The book finding lost spaces: theories urban design, roger Trancik defines what is lost space? How it differs from positive urban spaces.

Lost space or left-over space is an unconstructed landscape at the base of a tower or a sunken plaza away from the pedestrian activity flow in the city lost spaces are the urban parking lots that drastically change the overview of all the American cities and server the connection between the commercial centres and the residential centre URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 3- LITERATURE REVIEW They serve as a no man's land along maintaining, much less using. Lost spaces are also the abandoned water front, train yards, areas under the bridges, vacated military sites, and an urban industrial complex which has moved towards the suburbs for easier access and perhaps lower taxes. There are vacant blight clearance sites remnants of the urban renewal days that were over for a multitude of reasons, never redeveloped. they are loosely composed commercial strips and residual areas between the districts that emerge without anyone realizing it. Lost spaces are deteriorated parks and marginal public housing projects that have to be rebuilt because they do not serve the intended purpose.

3.7AMANDA BURDEN HOW PUBLIC SPACES WORK THE CITY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7fRIGphgtk When people think about cities, they think about the building the streets the skyscrapers etc but Amanda thinks about the people, where they meet, where they go, she states that city are fundamental for them and how its core is the important part of the city. She has helped in planning the newest public spaces in New York, she also talks about the unexpected challenges of planning parks and why it is important. She is also an animal behaviourist and uses these techniques to look into human behaviour and how they react to these spaces. Buildings should have public spaces as they are important for the people to help to develop the city. These spaces require a lot of detailing and keeping into mind what spaces does attract people? What keeps them away from these spaces? The positive and negative part of the space. What makes these spaces so special, how the unusual areas in the parks are the most comfortable ones and how one finds its place of comfort within the space.

She talks how plazas without green scapes are just waste of the space which is not utilized by the people. successful public spaces are tough but they are opportunities for the people and for the society to build a space of their own.

She also talks how the battery park was converted was going to be a abandoned space in 1980 after she developed the space into an space for interaction with sit outs, trees, railings along the line. She also faced the problem when new space URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 3- LITERATURE REVIEW was to be allotted in New York city for immigrants and the challenge was to overcome the transport as the city has lot of automobiles, she came up with a solution of transit system development where there were underground metros provided and the planning of these spaces were done around these transit zones, this also reduced the use of automobiles in the area and the metro was 10min away from the space. She also talks about the abandoned waterfront in lower Manhattan by providing sit outs and trees along the waterfront with heighted railings the people could connect with the water, they could feel the water. How to turn the space into a park by feeling the space within and what we want for the people.

She talks about the New York highline which was used as a railway line but was an abandoned space in the later years, the space was converted into a pocket park for creating an interactive space in the core of the city. She says that developers would have used that space as an area for a mall which would have fetched the city a lot of economic help but creating a park has elevated the area into a different functional space. These spaces need to be maintained so that they are not abandoned. People feel better about the city, as it is the reason that people stay there.

3.8BACK TO GREEN; CREATING PARKS IN URBAN AREAS MICHAEL MESSNER https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w92GcA5KhPc Michael talks about his ideas of how abandoned passenger rail line and abandoned urban areas on the Charleston peninsula can be used to create parks and recreational spaces for the city. He is involved in parks during the crisis. he has worked on two projects one at Charleston (lower Manhattan), Atlanta is a city which has a lot of automobiles and has low greenscapes which leads to major flooding, congestion in the city. Charlotte is a can migrate in that direction if the spaces are not utilized properly. The spaces in the area can be transformed into an urban central park, which will help the people to enjoy the space and stay away from the hustle of the city, to turn the redscape into a greenscape area. The URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 3- LITERATURE REVIEW abandoned naval base- Chicora gardens can be converted into a park circle neighbourhood, magnolia development area and convert the area into an amphitheatre facing the river, laurel island converted into a new botanical garden, which can create a space for gathering and interaction, abandoned train line converted into a pocket park, these converted spaces can be helpful to connect the people with each other, and for the future generation.

3.9THROUGH CONNECTION TO RURAL AND URBAN SPACES WE CAN OVERCOME SPRAWL-BRAD BUCHANAN https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qEZmFR1WS7g Brad talks about experiences designing spaces helping connect us each other while preserving the groundedness that comes from access to open spaces. He talks about long- and short-range planning along with managing all zoning, permitting, inspections and historic preservation processes for the city. He says that historical times the area is divided into two parts towns and cities that are a place for commerce and economy, technology and rural places which are grounded and related to the food production activities. He gives an example about Denver how the increased number of industries and automobiles in the vicinity lead the framers to leave the space. There is a gap between the urban and rural areas which need to be connected by creating mixed land use, mixed generation equally connected open spaces, connected to urban environment but grounded to the nature. He talks about how the rural economy plays an important role in the urban areas. He talks about the proposal for aerotropolis Denver station to dia, he proposed to have farming land around the dia so that the urban environment can be grounded by the rural areas.

3.10ADD SOME MAGIC TO A PUBLIC SPACE NEWAR YOU-DAVID ENGWICHT https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=USmTQeKRaP4 Every human has a deep longing for a home and a sense of place. But home is not where many people think it is, home is a feeling, it is an emotion and not an location. David shares his memory and secrets for helping ordinary citizens add URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 3- LITERATURE REVIEW magic and soul to the public spaces in their neighbourhood or town centre. He is a place maker who redefines the space and brings back the sense of home back into the space. Home is a place which everyone one has weather it is a built or an unbuilt entity but everyone has lost the sense of place and don't like going to their home. "a home maker turns a house into a home A place maker turns a space into a place" They focus on design as well as how to turn that place into a home. For experiment he placed a throne chair in middle of famous places and left a camera there, he noticed that people were sitting on that throne and started taking photographs of themselves, he did the same activity in an parking lot where destitute people came to sleep there, he noticed that the people did steal the camera but they did the same thing of sitting on the throne and taking photographs of themselves, these memories of taking photographs stays as a memory with the people who experienced the spaced they felt as if they were a king.

"Creating memorable experiences that are potentially transformative" "a place is an antidote to our addiction to movement" People thought that the industrial revolution is the only productivity and sitting ideal in the park is an unproductive activity, we think that we can fly when we get an opportunity on a new space, but there are new infinite possibilities that can happen every day, which can be admired and nurtured. he gives an example of a man complained about the increase in traffic on the street to stop this he started having his dinning activities outside in the lawn through which not only stopped the traffic but also some people had lunch with him on their way, by observing this all the community people living in that vicinity started it, this lead to a sense of space, an increase in the interaction of the community without an community hall, activities can happen anywhere and does not require a built form for it to perform.

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Chapter 3- LITERATURE REVIEW He also talks about how recyclable materials can help to convert a dead space into a usable space for different activities. He says that communities gave the power to convert any space into a tourist spots using scraps.

3.11EXPERIENCING SPACES IN THE TRAIN The picture interprets how an unusual space can be converted into an interactive space. The photo shows a group of people enjoying the space by reciting bhajans in a local train, the area which was built just as a sitting area was utilized by the people for an unusual activity in the train, these activity did not only passed their journey but also the people standing around them and cherishing the moment with them, it shows that how an place can be converted into a public space with utilizing it in different ways, it also shows that how these people to interact with unknown people with the of these spaces and can build good memories to move further.

The second and the third picture depicts the scene of how the people scattered in a rush when the train arrived at the station, they rushed in a hurry with all the memories and packing all their things and leaving the space as it was, the space was back to its original place as it was, it also interprets how people as a community play an important role in utilizing the space, and convert these spaces into a public space.

Figure 8 first picture

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Chapter 3- LITERATURE REVIEW

Figure 9 second picture

Figure 10 third picture

3.12REANIMATING PUBLIC SPACES THROUGH SUSTAINABLE DEISGNADRIAN BENEPE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nkDgxsyZsrY He talks about the major expansions that are developed around the city parks including the restoration of Hudson River Park, central park, battery park, Brooklyn bridge and the highline and laying the ground work of additional 2000 acres of parks around the vicinity

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Chapter 3- LITERATURE REVIEW He says that parks are a good public space for people as an interactive and a community space for performing different activities. He talks that spaces should not have democratic boundaries of religion, sex.

How spaces which are abandoned or not usable can be converted into parks which can be useful for the community like old train yards, redevelop expressways and promenades, etc. he also mentions about

public, private,

partnership spaces in the city. He gives an example of recycling dump area converted into an park by replacing the land area with new soil in it, another example he of the bridges and the nodes of it were used for these purposes with the help of recycling materials and making the project cost effective.

Parks are not just an public space but they play an multiple important values, solution for collecting water by providing street scapes, tree planting pits. Sponge parks can be an solution at paved areas like school yards, rail yards.

3.13KEVIN LYNCH-THE IMAGE OF THE CITY "Looking at cities can give a special pleasure, however commonplace the sight may be. Like a piece of architecture, the city is a construction in space, but one of vast scale, a thing perceived only in the course of long spans of time. City design is therefore a temporal art… At every instant, there is more than the eye can see, more than the ear can hear, a setting or a view waiting to be explored. Nothing is experienced by itself, but always in relation to its surrounding, the sequences of events leading up to it, the memory of past experiences."

3.14HOW

URBAN

GREEN

SPACES

BUILD

COMMUNITY-JESSICA

PENDERGRASS https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_XnA4B0IlCU Jessica talks about how people have lost their sense of touch with the land they grow with 80% of the people live in urban areas and don't like the spaces around them.

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Chapter 3- LITERATURE REVIEW 9th street community divide the city into two areas one with the indigent people on side and the affluent people on the other side the disadvantage of this was the indigent people did not have enough green spaces to live and build the community in a better area and also had less food productions. Less greens in the vicinity could lead to heat island effect and can be fatal for the people. By providing urban green spaces it can help to improve the air, water quality in the area as well to reduce crimes in the area, they have a positive impact on the mental health and gives a sense of pride of the space. They can be also used for increasing food production in the area.

She talks about "just green enough" which talks about developing enough green spaces for the community that is sufficient for them, more green spaces can have a disadvantage that it can lead to shifting of people living in that vicinity for more green space and that people will have to migrate to another area which can cause shortage of space. People bought together through green spaces, living in the open courtyard spaces for community gathering.

There can be different activities developed like farming which can bring the community together, building communities around these green spaces, these spaces heal the land by filling the spots and heal the community "as you heal the land, you heal yourself."

She gives an example of people garden in Ohio near wood forest, and how the community around build a community space around the area which helped them economically as well as a sense of space in the area, people can also turn abandoned spaces, building vicinity areas, vacant plots, into green spaces by planting trees around the vicinity. "service to others is the rent you pay for your room here on earth" There can be also teaching programs about planting activities and create awareness at community level.

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Chapter 3- LITERATURE REVIEW 3.15THE STREET -AN URBAN ECOLOGY-VIKAS MEHTA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DZPMkXTOz8Q Street are lifeline of the cities, they make most of the space in the city, leveraging this resource as a socially, culturally, politically, and economically and reimagining expression in urban street as an interaction space.

Streets occupy 42% of our entire city they play an important part in the development of the society, they are the soul of our cities. Vikas is interested in various dimensions of urbanity through the exploration of place as an social and ecological setting and as a sensational art. He focuses on the role of design , equitable , stimulating and supportive environment. He emphasizes on defining a sense of place and place distinctiveness, design and visualization of urban spaces and activities, and cities and regions as just equitable and sustainable living system. He measures the sociability that have advanced existing method to study human behaviour in public spaces.

He talks about proximity and how it is lined with access and encounter which we get through the cities. These are the main thing for the cities to be successful.

Our neighbourhood are surrounded by street which can used in many ways such as streets are used for vehicular access over the years but they can be used as an pedestrian access which will have social impact on the space. He talks about how system overlap and interact with each other on the streets and they can be managed by distribution and diffusion.

He mentions about India and how streets are used for different activities such from preaching to pray, playing to eating, buying to selling, the system has the need and desire for social, economic, travel aspects "Where do people hangout and why people linger around."

Street is a place to gather, share, learn, relax, to exchange and enhance the ideas managed through diffusion of the space.

The streets are divided into three sections fixed, floating, and fleeting they define these spaces and play an important role, they are the 3 main dimensions of urban streets, and urban ecology.

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Chapter 3- LITERATURE REVIEW 3.16PUBLIC SPACE BETWEEN CRISIS, INNOVATION AND UTOPIA-SABINE KNIERBEIN https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aBGQQBhu8bU Public space is much more than parks and plazas. It is where the crisis bites, where needed social innovation happens, and where capitalist restricting manifest.

Public spaces should be democratic, they an achievement of urban society, people encounter good or bad experiences in public spaces but it is a live memory which leaves a mark on the person. She mentions about three cities Madrid, Vienna, Berlin Madrid-in Madrid people lost their jobs and lost their work place which had effected the city badly but they community came as one and solved the problem by using these public spaces as an work place to distribute their ideas in the society this not only helped the people to interact with the space but also gave them a new space to redefine it.

Vienna-they came up with open innovation, spatial turns in public spaces they came up this idea of open innovation so that public spaces serves the public in the urban society for e.g.-if a person does not have a place to stay these public spaces can be utilized by them by designing it according to the needs of the people.

Berlin-they transformed their core arenas which were looked by developers as an opportunity for a commercial place which would have caused inequality to the urban society, which would lead to decline of values and increase in the poverty.

"Inequality is the problem that the concept of class describes" They targeted new approaches, targeted areas to create new public spaces.

"Faith of a group is bound up with works which designate them"

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Chapter 3- LITERATURE REVIEW 3.17WALK AT MARINE DRIVE Walking along the marine drive is one the peaceful things to experience it. walking in the morning experiencing the sunrise and the cool breeze from the sea the pleasant sound of the sea from smashing to the boulders. Walking along the marine drive you could see people performing different activities such as looking towards the sunrise and experiencing the breeze of the sea, performing yoga on the pathway, looking towards the infrastructure and experiencing the vehicular movement along the road, having morning cup of tea, taking pictures of the skyline, etc.

These spaces along the marine drive play an important role for the people along the vicinity as well as for the people living in Bombay. it shows how people utilize the space in different ways however they like it doing their own activities and experiencing the moments around them. these spaces impact the people and leave a mark on them.

Marine drive mornings are enjoyable routine the promenade reveal the bits and pieces as cosmopolitan as the city and highlighting the art deco of the city.

3.18THEATRE OF SOCIAL ACTION-LEWIS MUMFORD The essential of a city is the existing of a fixed site, the durable shelter and the permanent facilities for assembly, interchange and storage, the essential of social measure the social division of labour which serves not merely the economic life but the cultural process the city's collective unity. "the city creates the theatre and its theatre" It is the city, the city as theatre that means more purposive activities are focused, and work out through conflicting and co-operating personalities, events, groups into more significant culminations.

City is a place of interactions, generating individual and social interactions.

Spatial proximities, social distances, urban relationships are very intimate and very distant at the same time very serendipitous. Temporalities of urban space.

Complexity of everyday routines from one district to another varies.

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Chapter 3- LITERATURE REVIEW City space serves as a ultimate grounds for reproduction of social relations, formation of collective and social identities, through urban rituals. Public spaces can also be a place for conflict, demonstration, etc.

Spatiality of the city is transformed by such social events and impacts the nature of social events. The city with its architectural complexities and corpus, the urban theatre which unfolds urban drama one after the other in layers. While understanding the past, and the shared memories that are attached to the architectural spaces.

Urban fabric-cities acts as a place where technologies, knowledge is produced, exchanged and put to use in productive material activities. These materials greatly shape the urban spaces and give them a new form and crystallize in the physical world of the city, its architectural culture. It knits the disparate spaces into one continuous narrative space.

3.19SOCIO CULTURAL INTERACTIONS-MANUEL CASTELLS He states that cities are a space for socio cultural interaction which help the society to develop new ideas and opportunities for them to explore these spaces and utilize them. Network plays an important role in interaction between people and the spaces. network society is an expression related to political, economic, and cultural changes caused by different networks in the society, the concept of network society is closely associated with interpretation of social implications at a global level, and the role of electronic communication technologies in the society.

A key aspect of network society of network society is that specific societies are deeply affected by inclusion in and exclusion from the global network that structure production, consumption, communication. His hypothesis is that will gradually wipe out the technological changes on the planet for ex everyone has a mobile, he argues that exclusion is a inbuilt, structural feature of the network society.

Networks are based on inclusion and exclusion. It functions on the basis of incorporating people and resources that are valuable to their task and excluding URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 3- LITERATURE REVIEW other people, territories and activities that have less value for the performance of those tasks. Different networks have different rationales and geographies of exclusion and inclusion for e.g.- Silicon Valley engineers occupy very different social and territorial spaces from criminal networks.

The division of labour and poverty trap are those who are the source of innovation and value to the society, those who can merely carry out instructions.

In social culture power plays an important role for determining the social change, because connectivity and access to network are essential to the power of some social groups to impose values and goals on society at a large scale and others to resist their domination In network society one of the most important impacts of globalization is the it enables us to create economic, social, and political relationships that are less and less bounded by where we are located at any given time by our spatial location.

In traditional society, different social relation, customs, and culture exist in separate spaces and individuals have to conform to most powerful expectations and rules. Communication is seen as a one-way street, rather than an vaccination of new information into passive recipients who absorb novel information and ideas, then individuals and local communities can be disempowered by communication of external knowledge and culture.

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4.1REASON TO STUDY PUBLIC SPACESOpen

public areas not solely type the

image

of town and

therefore

the the} manner it's perceived however also become places wherever individuals act underneath a collective identity. With the emergence of constant degradation of the standard of open public areas emerges the need to grasp why open public areas aren't able to fulfil its role in our society. The open public areas aid the betterment of human life in today’s feverish life. so there's a demand of finding out this subject thus on understand the importance or the requirement of development of humanity.

4.2HISTORY OF PUBLIC SPACESpublic and recreation relation in India in the past was integrated into daily activities. The rural environment generated the need for activities which essentially involved a number of recreational benefits to them.

Space and the surrounding environment play an important role in to day to day life. It plays an important role in recreation because space generates activity, in history, occupation and the space generated activities that were set up in natural setting as opposed to synthetic environs which are found in modern cities that disconnect humans form their natural environment.

Recreation is more a psychological state of mind than a physical sense of it.

Hence the entire ambience of recreation differs from cities to cities and needs to be fixed in case of it.

4.3IMPORTANCE AND IMPACT OF PUBLIC SPACESIncreasing urbanization has left people with very fewer opportunities than previous generation, to play freely outdoor without any fear and experience the natural environment.

There are numerous benefits associated with access to public open spaces

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Chapter 4- PUBLIC SPACE Access to public spaces can improve in mental as well as physical health, it helps to reduce the stress level in urban cities, it helps in social interaction, development of social skills and social values, strengthens democracy and create liveliness in the life of the city as well as the people.

Public spaces facilitate the exchange of ideas, friendship, goods and skills.

In cities around the world, public spaces have been an important ingredient of vibrant urban life.

Public spaces benefit to all the age groupsFor children it helps for mental growth and training to communicate, play games, develop skills and thoughts, etc.

For teenagers it can be a place to meet, play, learn, can chat with their friends, learn social values, participate in social activities, etc.

For women it can be a place to chat, gossip, shop, relax, interact with people learn new things, etc.

For workers it can be a break out space, space for exercise, discuss ideas for start-ups, meet new people and interact with them.

For senior citizens, it is a space for exercise, health clubs, social interaction, etc.

By revitalizing public spaces, positive potential of public spaces can be developed, economic, opportunities can be created, public health can be improved, diverse public environment can be created and democracy can be built.

Therefore public open spaces help in strengthening social fabric , environment, creating opportunities for employment and improving the well-being of the communities utilizing the space socially as well as monetarily "public open space should be regarded as the living room of the city"-Jan gehl, Danish architect who insists public life should be the driver of urban design.

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Chapter 4- PUBLIC SPACE 4.4WHY PUBLIC SPACE MATTER In urban spaces recreation spaces are an important and essential component for an healthy and sustainable urban environment.

Social contact with different people from different background, and culture, acknowledgement, is one of the most important values of open spaces.

In a hectic life full of stress long working hours, reduced number of holidays, and health concern are some of the aspects why public open spaces are important and fix the city life. It also helps in to uplift the quality of life as well of the surrounding which helps to increase productivity of work.

Cities are threatened by the erection of malls, elevated roads, destruction of open market to make a way for the tall skyscrapers' and office structure, luxury apartment, privatizing of open spaces, etc are the main reason where the focus of the cities goes towards the infrastructure projects, an important step should be taken at the earliest for public open spaces.

Cities need public spaces that are interesting, attractive, entertaining, unique, and inviting to people.

Sitting, eating, reading, resting, playing, education, entertainment, special events like shows, community celebration, farmers market, and public speeches, etc, can become an platform for public events and community celebration.

“Public space is for living, doing business, kissing, and playing. Its value can't be measured with economics or mathematics; it must be felt with the soul.”

-Enrique Penalosa Everybody needs beauty as well as bread, places to play in and pray in, where nature may heal and give strength to body and soul.

-John Muir

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Chapter 4- PUBLIC SPACE 4.5FOR WHOM PUBLIC SPACE MATTER Open public house could be a free house, in most cases a minimum of, and caters to

all

or

any individuals of

various background.

The

open

public

areas within the town are a illustration of the people’s perspective, concepts and beliefs. They play a number to big selection of activities and act as platform wherever individuals perform their daily schedules.

individuals are the soul public areas and they function nodes within the city, wherever individuals gather, and celebrate the goodness of life. Public places have forever been a vicinity of human civilization. it's a road connection two necessary destinations, a spirited street developed on a linkage, a temple or maybe a heritage site that draw a bead on individuals.

The open public house ought to be a social house that accessible to all or any, no matter gender, age or socio-economic level. Public places become necessary as they produce a visible communication between many persons who visit it. Any public house has 3 characteristics: physical, social and cultural. to create a flourishing town, it ought to give a way of place that strengthens community identity and community pride. This improves community relation and reduces feeling

of

alienation whereas making an

area for all

sorts of

individuals to

congregate. Open public are associate improvement a part of the city’s urban material. These areas are the respiratory areas during a city’s urban material.

4.6SOCIAL VALUES OF PUBLIC OPEN SPACES public spaces are receptive all, no matter caste, religion, sex, gender, and such they represent the democracy and culture of the town. Through proper design approach, these spaces need help in developing social, cultural, interactive spaces and connections which have disappeared in our cities and are deteriorating it as a full.

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Chapter 4- PUBLIC SPACE the process of privatization has led to some further publicness within the city . suburbanization, technology, shopping malls, etc are indicators of segregation amongst diverse population of the town and has an adverse effect on that.

there are only a few open spaces which are left within the cities thanks to increasing population and other reason public spaces play a very important role in socio-cultural aspect in addition as they create the town vibrant and more beautiful.

reviving existing open spaces and creating new public spaces within the city are often a very important social resource. they will enhance the character of the town and supply common identity and pride for the geographical region.

face to face interaction, contact with one another remain vital even in an exceedingly society with refined communication technology is because face to face relation generate trust that help the people to cross border of social division.

People have less privacy and are crammed together in cities, but within the wideopen spaces they secretly keep tabs on one another lots more.

-Sara Paretsky

4.7APPROACH TO PUBLIC OPEN SPACES public spaces can accommodate spaces for various varieties of people like morning walk joggers, to play, space for folks that want peace, and an quiet environment, socializing after school/college, space for couples, family picnic, celebrating festivals, and hosting events. these are a number of the instance within which public spaces may be uses, it also shows how public spaces are flexible , and may have multi-cultural values with easy accessibility. a strategic approach is needed in assessing and determining the requirement of a community, space , and planning an open space network.

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place making helps enhancing the planning, feel and functionality of the general public spaces through creative design interventions, and different approaches. it maximizes social interactions, and increasing the intrinsic worth of such interaction for citizens, thereby reducing the city's impersonal character. it succeeds in doing so because it seeks to the integrate the sweetness, through public art and style, into civic spaces.

''in place making, partners form public, private, non-profit, and community sectors, strategically shape the physical and social character of a part, town, tribe, region around arts and cultural activities. creative place making animates public and personal space, rejuvenates structures and streetscapes, improves local business viability and public safety, and brings diverse people together to celebrate, inspire and to be inspired.''

Ann markusen and Anne gadwa, us architects. public spaces may be a key to putting together healthy inclusive cities. Attractive and functional public spaces help in revitalizing the communities. They build a way of civic identity, community and culture. therefore money spent in developing these spaces by the corporation should be considered as an investment and not expense. place making process lead to an area where community feels ownership and engagement and human need are going to be fulfilled. this process help in local leadership creation, managing of funds and other resources. the place making approach considers catering to public needs and public participation as a key to make dynamic and healthy open spaces. ''what defines a character of a city to its public space, not its private space. what defines the value of private assets of the space are not the assets by themselves but the common assets.

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Chapter 4- PUBLIC SPACE the value of the public goods affects the value of the private goods, we need to show every day that public spaces are an assets to a city.''

-un habitat executive director Joan clos matheu.

4.8PUBLIC SPACES AND HUMANS People have a major relationship with public spaces because they use and experience them on a common area as they play an important role to the society. ''The urban ideologies says that the eye given to the shape of public spaces has ultimately been driven by the will to improve the standard of life.'' because of modernism and its influence on architecture has shown, that the desire has not necessarily always been achieved. Built environment and public authorities, particularly local councils, recognize the importance and significance of public spaces. They understand that creating attractive, well-designed and maintained spaces that provide a range of opportunities for users can promote a way of community similarly as generate economic benefits. When these figures visit the built environment in terms of being ‘humanistic’ or at a ‘human scale’, it shows that they understand that the environment can have a fundamental impact on how people feel in, and skill the environment, and how it can effect humans in many ways.

Terms like ‘feel’ and ‘experience’ convey the complexities of the human mind and emotions. so as to understand how the environment impacts how people ‘feel’ and how people ‘experience’ the environment, it's necessary to grasp people’s physiological and psychological processes. when the environment affects people’s behaviour, only then can a very ‘humanistic’ environment be seen. ''cultures and climate differ from place to place but the people are the same all over the world but they will gather if you give them a good place.''

Jan Gehl

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Chapter 4- PUBLIC SPACE Many people think that human behaviour publicly spaces is ‘chaotic’ or a minimum of very irregular. This differs from User's behaviour in complex situations to normal situations, where people apply an optimized behavioural strategy through these urban spaces. this implies that urban design can't be limited only to physical forms, but also includes people activities that play the important role in urban spaces. it supposed to be designed to fulfil people’s needs and support their activities, while, they're trying to realize their goals and obtain their destinations through those spaces. But unfortunately, there's a miss-understanding between their needs and spaces design in many urban spaces, which reflects on their behaviour and leads them to act randomly in a very irregular way.

The way in which the design of human environment affects human environment are important, one understand the aspect in matter of cooperation. Much of our modern

life

depends

on

cooperation

between

individuals

on

street,

neighbourhood, in work place, etc.

Cooperation is only one of the number equally important consideration for making friends and interaction with others. there are other ways in which the environment relates to human behaviour., communicating with others in order to share our experiences and find out what is going on is another matter that is very important to most people. the ease and accuracy through which people find communication ways through urban landscapes is largely contingent on the nature of the surrounding environment. Any environment that is inadequate for its intended purpose frustrates and annoys us.

4.9ROLE OF PUBLIC OPEN SPACES IN PUBLIC LIFE The urban image is the way that a city is perceived, both by the citizens and by those outside. Not only is that this image a picture held in common by an oversized number of persons, but it is also used as the way of communicating about the town.

Since urban images are supported human perception, they're greatly influenced by sensory elements of the urban form, especially the visual elements. People's URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 4- PUBLIC SPACE perception of their environment influences their social interaction within that environment. Users themselves are the intrinsic links to the space they're going to be living in. In other words, if they cannot have this link, they're going to simply either go or destroy the place until it reflects if not their comfort a minimum of their discomfort – and in both cases their state of being.

People inherently discern their relationship with others in terms of distances, or spaces, between them.

Error! Reference source not found. defines four distinct distances at which i nterpersonal transactions normally occur. These are categorized as intimate, personal, social, and public.

• Intimate space is that the private area immediately surrounding the individual’s body. It involves both physical and emotional interactions. (45 cm) • Personal space is that area within which someone allows only select friends, or people with whom personal conversation is mandatory. (1.2 m) • Social space is that area within which someone expects to create social contacts on temporary basis. (3.6 m) • Public space is that area within which someone doesn't expect to possess direct contact with others.

Figure 11 hall 1966

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Chapter 3- LITERATURE REVIEW 4.10ROLE OF PUBLIC OPEN SPACES IN QUALITY OF LIFE Urban design qualities are different from qualities like sense of comfort, sense of safety and level of interest that reflect how a personal reacts to a place—how they assess the conditions there, given their own attitudes and preferences.

Perceptions are just that, may produce different reactions in several people. they will be assessed with a degree of objectivity by outside observers; individual reactions cannot. All of those factors—physical features, urban design qualities and individual reactions may influence the way a personal feel about the environment as an area to steer, stay, enjoy, live and sit.

City people have developed new patterns of life with more active use of the city’s many offerings and meeting places. City people place higher demands to the qualities of the cities and therefore the architectural disposition of thoroughfares, city spaces and buildings have great impact on the kind of activities that city can contain.

City life is characterized by flows and movements. it's characterized by streams, networks, relations, interactions and connections—all of which are during a state of flux in relationship to every other. New experiences and unsuspected situations emerge all the time.

Earlier the fight for town space concerned regaining of town space from the cars and pushing the commercial interests’ forwards. the main focus shifted on creating

city

spaces

that

enhance

the

humanistic

dimension

of

experience. town space should be mentally and socially stimulating to the users and may be ready to contain the variety of town by creating spaces where the cities different cultures can meet and interact.

Since urban spaces don't only accommodates buildings but also people's moods and relations, we glance at urban spaces as parameters for change in respect to culture, life forms, gentrification, and as attractors for various segments of citizens.

Urban design as a catalyst for change identifies how urban spaces may be seen as catalysts for the event of “the good city concept” – socially, culturally and architecturally.

By

this,

URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

we

aim

at

developing

a

strategic

approach Page 82

Chapter 4- PUBLIC SPACE where what's valuable to numerous people is prioritized, thus not only anchoring the urban spaces within the realm of town but also within the realm of society. we are able to only do that by unifying an architectural understanding of form with a psychological and sociological understanding of human behaviour.

Figure 12 physical quantities

4.11PUBLIC OPEN SPACES AND URBAN DESIGN AND PLANNNING An environment for people have to communicate potential user of that public user of the

general

planning should

public space be able

if it's to to hook

learn number of

individuals while the

up

user

with the

it

should

communicate thereto there's also need for more prosaic but indispensable signboards, bulletin boards, etc. The activities should be located in such some way that it may be seen by anyone passing by. Create defined entrances in order that it may be seen by passer-by.

A community could be a set of individuals in mutual communication. For communication to require place a medium is required through which its members opt to remain connected determine to an oversized extent not only the character of the community but also its maximize size of it.

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Chapter 4- PUBLIC SPACE For example, a village with such a less population can depend entirely on face to face contact between its members. Within such community, all members know one another personally by voice, by face, by name.

It is perceived that even a tiny low city couldn't be, built by nor remain amorphous community.

Cities are made sub community and therefore the functionality of a city depends on the interaction of its sub communities to coordinate direct and control this interaction.

Urban space require redefinition in terms of function to fulfil the communication need of sub communities and thus town. The community is forced to adapt its communication process through implemented design within the city.

Community space is an extended private space through which virtual connectivity overlap. Community spaces with public open spaces are a category of urban spaces areas where the aim is to allow public movement and activities during these activities which falls the streets, highways, sidewalks, etc.

Urban features like markets, parks, squares, open stalls, etc, demand the general public sensory participants which can draw individuals out of their own private boundaries, it involves composition of passive likewise as active spaces. These non-involvement spaces are the solution to communication needs of the community.

The spacing of urban spaces modulate the ways of sub communities are formed to interact and therefore the survival of those communities. The pattern of public spaces become determinant of the communities future.

4.12WATER AND ARCHITECTURE As life has evolved in water, human race elementarily and inseparably connected to water. Water could be a vital issue for human life and growth.

The physical structure itself consists of seventy fifth of water.

As design in water can flourish, a environs can happen for the primary time worldwide which

can set fully new

URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

standards

of

living.

Man’s implausible Page 84

Chapter 4- PUBLIC SPACE imagination and curiosity to expertise life during a fully new frontier have enabled him to ascertain landmarks within the field of design. Structures like dwellings, cities, and aquariums, recreational facilities etc.. has been established below and over water that offers singular surroundings for living and a full new expertise for folks to enliven. Architecture in water is that the study of structures that may be created in and on water. Analysing the development of forts amidst water and underwater tunnels in history conclude that these ideas have invariably invited a person to explore the concept of environs. In present context below water and on water, construction is extremely trending that permits the employment of recent technologies within the field of construction.

4.13NEED FOR WATERFRONT AND ITS USAGE Waterfronts are dynamic places naturally. As a grip environment, the overlap of different communities of users and different conditions make enormous amounts of complexity and energy. within the non-human realm, waterfronts are the interface of the aquatic and also the terrestrial, the location of complex intertidal communities.

As related to human history and use, waterfronts have a protracted history of fixing types and levels of uses, and are now coming into potentially thriving and layered public use. Once the location of first settlements and exploration, they need long served as transportation corridors and ports, hubs of trade, travel centres, recreation venues, and much more.

Waterfronts are extensively employed by humans for his or her utility in travel, trade, recreation, and general enjoyment, and have also suffered cycles of abuse and neglect from these very use patterns.

Cities seek a waterfront that's an area of public enjoyment. They want a waterfront where there’s ample visual and physical public access - all day, all year - to both the water and also the land. Cities also need a waterfront that serves over one

purpose: they

require it

to

be an

area to

figure and

to

live, similarly as an area to play. In other words, they require an area that URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 4- PUBLIC SPACE contributes to the standard of life altogether of its aspects - economic, social, and cultural.

Invalid source specified.

FACTORS

CONTRIBUTING

TO

THE

REVIVAL

OF

WATERFRONT

DEVELOPMENT AVAILABLE LAND Abandoned waterfront facilities led to depressed land values, ripe for ambitious redevelopment schemes.

CLEANER WATER AND LAND Environmental laws relating to water front cleaning and remediation, beginning in the 1970s and 1980s made the land again appealing along the waterfront.

THE HISTORIC PRESERVATION MOVEMENT Preservationists took to preserving historic structures, much of which were located along the waterfront and still standing thanks to a protracted period of abandonment.

CITIZEN ACTIVISM AND LEADERSHIP Citizen activism coming forward in reclaiming ‘lost’ waterfronts and historic regions pushed much by the redevelopment by city agencies.

URBAN REVITALIZATION With the revitalization of urban downtowns and also the construction of residential developments with supporting services, waterfronts became prime assets.

4.14ART AND PUBLIC SPACES Public art has diverse meanings, it occupies public space and therefore public art is meant to be physically and freely accessible to the general public. Public art is commonly site specific or audience specific and relates to the context within which it's sited. It can be both permanent and temporary, internal and external, and enormous or small scale. Public art can embrace all art forms and its parameters are continually expanding.

Public art is widely understood and it possess many benefits to urban quality: URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 4- PUBLIC SPACE • in helping to boost the standard of an environment and as a vehicle for involving the community in environmental improvements, • in helping to make a way of identity, uniqueness, and pride, • as the simplest way of celebrating place, historical heritage or of highlighting particular characteristics which relate to a particular site.

Nevertheless, relation between public and art may be completely different than genesis, creation, perception and art reception, felted by public. ''Public art versus art publicly space''Invalid source specified.

“There are variety of expected roles of an artwork placed publicly space. adding visual quality to a built environment, demonstrating certain urban planning and concrete design strategy, promoting higher level of integration between art, architecture, and also the landscape.

“Art history has from its very beginnings included a history of artworks situated in various public spaces.''

4.15PATTERN OF MOVEMENT Pedestrian includes a unique pattern of movement. People have the tendency for a spiral movement and meandering this movement possess highest degree of flexibility. they'll go with different space conditions, and has the power and also the tendency to create sudden changes in direction of movement ,to shop, to hesitate. It has the low degree to tolerable restrain. The degree of tolerable restrain

increases because

the distance

increases because

the distance

decreases the need for flexibility increases.

A person doesn't only walk but watches the encompassing appreciates them, involves in those activities along the road, so these activities are equally important which ''create life''.

Texture of the bottom or pavement influences the way we move, children skip stone from stone and that we all try and avoid strip on highway are often rough URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 4- PUBLIC SPACE textured. to create them highly visible in rain or in artificial light, distinctive patterns in sidewalks or in pavements will cause us to run during a defined manner.

We are more conscious on the bottom than the remainder of the environment, because we glance where we walk and there the feel of the bottom covers add a special texture or quality to the grass areas and special ground covers add special texture or quality to the bottom, grass invites walking while other deeper ground covers restrict people from entering.

A strong and straightforward geometric figure (circle, oval) would possibly organize the middle of the area, permitting the irregular line of encompassing buildings to make localized relations with the sting, therefore serving to organize the square into one aesthetic whole.

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Chapter 5- URBAN DIMENSIONS 5.1URBAN-MORPHOLOGYUrban morphology is that the study of the shape and shape of settlements.

Appreciation of morphology helps urban designers to bear in mind of native patterns of development and processes of modification. Initial work in the sphere centred on analysing evolution and change in ancient urban area. thought of land uses, building structures, plot pattern and street pattern to be the foremost important. He emphatic the distinction in stability of those parts. Buildings, and significantly the land uses they accommodate, are sometimes the least resilient parts. though a lot of enduring, the plot pattern changes over time as individual plots area unit divided or amalgamated. The street plan tends to be the foremost enduring component. Its stability derives from its being a capital quality not lightly set aside from possession structures; and in particular, from the difficulties of organizing and implementing large-scale modification. Changes do happen, however, through destruction by war or natural disaster or, within the fashionable amount, through programmed of comprehensive improvement.

5.1.1LAND USES Compared with the opposite key parts, land uses are comparatively temporary.

Incoming uses usually lead

to improvement and

also

the creation of

latest

buildings, to plot amalgamations and, less often, to subdivisions and changes within the street pattern. By contrast, displaced land uses square measure a lot of probably to relocate to existing buildings in older areas and, rather than redeveloping them, to adapt and convert them.

5.1.2BUILDING STRUCTURES Plots

have usually had

a identifiable progression

or

cycle

of

building

development. Some buildings churches, cathedrals, public buildings, etc. can last longer than others for a variety of reasons, as well as the bigger investment monetary and symbolic in their style, construction and ornamentation. Such buildings may

become notably significant to

residents

and

visitors, and

infrequently symbolically represent town. In the absence of conservation controls, URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 5- URBAN DIMENSIONS other buildings survive as long as they're ready to adapt to new or dynamical uses.

Buildings

that

endure

over

time usually accommodate varied

use

throughout their time period.

5.1.3THE PLOT PATTERN urban blocks square measure usually divided or 'platted' into plots or tons. These is also 'back-to-back', every having a frontage onto the road and a shared boundary at the rear. Plots might also face onto main streets at the front with service alleys at the rear. Less common square measure 'through' plots with a frontage onto The morphological dimension. as plots square measure bought and sold-out, boundaries will modification.

Large plots is also divided, or many is also amalgamated. As plots are amalgamated

to

enable the

development of

larger

buildings,

plot

sizes

became larger. This method sometimes occurs in one direction only: plots square measure typically amalgamated, however additional seldom divided. In extreme cases, like the development of looking centres in central areas, whole urban blocks are amalgamated,

with

any

intervening

streets

being

privatized

and engineered over. though plot and block amalgamation removes most of the proof of earlier forms, in several cities, particularly in Europe, evidence of earlier plot patterns persists from that period. As few of those plots have buildings of that period, it additionally demonstrates that buildings change more rapidly than plot patterns.

5.1.4THE STREET PATTERN The registry pattern is that the layout of urban blocks and, between them, the general public space/movement channels or 'public house network'. The blocks outline the house, or the areas outline the blocks. the bottom set up of most settlements, Public Places in Urban areas can be seen as a series of overlays from completely different ages. The term 'palimpsest' is employed as a trope for such processes of modification, wherever current uses overwrite. The buildings show the evidence of their original long slim plots fronting onto a public space

fragmented

townscape.

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Patterns

of

streets

and

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Chapter 5- URBAN DIMENSIONS have typically developed over several tons of years, and fragments and 'ghosts' of patterns from completely different eras will be seen within the spherical plans of many cities.

An important urban style quality established by the registry pattern is that of 'permeability' - meaning the extent to that associate surroundings all lows a alternative of routes each through and at intervals it. it's additionally a live of the chance for movement.

A connected live - 'accessibility' - may be a measure of what's achieved in follow a product of the interaction between the individual and the registry system.

'Visual' porosity refers to the ability to examine the routes through associate surroundings, whereas 'physical' porosity refers to the ability to manoeuvre through associate surroundings. In some cases there could also be visual however not physical porosity.

Cadastral patterns composed of the many small sized street blocks have a fine urban grain, while patterns with fewer larger blocks have a rough urban grain. a district with smaller blocks offers a greater alternative of routes and usually creates more semi permeable surroundings than one with larger blocks. Smaller blocks additionally increase visual porosity - the smaller the block, the easier it's to examine from one junction to ensuing.

5.1.5THE PUBLIC HOUSE NETWORK AND THE CAPITAL WEB The register pattern establishes AN urban area's public house network and could be a key part within the broader thought of the capital net. As well as displaying and providing access to the 'public face' of personal property, the general public house network accommodates the overlapping realms of 'movement house' and 'social' space i.e., outdoor space for individuals to interact in economic, social and cultural transaction. This social house could be a constituent a part of the 'public realm'. Pedestrian movement is compatible with the notion of streets as social house. Indeed, there is a symbiotic relationship between pedestrian movement and social transactions. in contrast, car-based movement is pure circulation. Opportunities for many sorts of social interaction and exchange solely URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 5- URBAN DIMENSIONS occur once the automotive has been position prompting attention on destinations instead of journeys.

When the principal modes of transport were by foot, the realms of movement and social house had significant overlap. With the development of recent modes of travel, these realms have become more and more compartmentalized into vehicular movement house and pedestrian movement/social house. At identical time, public house has been colonized by the automotive and therefore the social aspects of the 'street' suppressed in favour of movement and circulation - the 'road'. The pattern of blocks and therefore the public house network, and basic infrastructure and the other relatively permanent parts of an geographic region, constitute the on top of ground, visible parts.

5.1.6BUILDINGS PROCESS AREA AND BUILDINGS IN AREA A

major

transformation within

the morphological

structure

of the

general

public area network was from buildings as constituent parts in urban blocks - i.e. terraced lots, process 'streets' and 'squares' towards buildings as separate pavilions in amorphous area. in step with Modernist 'functionalist' ideas, the convenience of a building's internal areas was the principal determinant of its external kind.

Le Corbusier, for example, build a building to a soap bubble: 'This bubble is ideal and harmonious if the breath has been equally distributed and controlled from the inside. the outside is that the results of interior.' Designed from the within out, responding solely to their practical needs and to concerns of

light, air,

hygiene, aspect, prospect, 'movement', 'openness', etc., buildings became sculptures, 'objects in space', their exterior kind and therefore the link to public area just a by-product of their internal coming up with.

The desire for separation was strengthened by public health and coming up with standards like density zoning, road widths, sight lines, the area needed for underground services, street by-laws and day lighting angles. The shift towards separate buildings was also fuelled by the need for them to be distinctive a consequence of the business interests of the development business and building

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Chapter 5- URBAN DIMENSIONS sponsors. Buildings will stand move into variety of the way, such as by being physically separate or taller than.

Public Places Urban areas surrounding buildings, or architecturally distinctive.

Through separation and physical distance, separate buildings square measure insulated from negative (and positive) spill-over effects of the native context.

5.2PERCEPTUAL DIMENSION Sensation refers to human sensory systems reacting to environmental stimuli.

The four most valuable senses in decoding and sensing the environment are vision, hearing, smell and bit.

VISION: The dominant sense, vision provides more info than the opposite senses combined. Orientation in area is achieved visually. vision is active and searching: 'We look; smells and sounds return to us.' seeing is highly advanced, counting on distance, colour, shape, textural and distinction gradients, etc.

HEARING: whereas beholding involves what lies before us, and considerations objects in area, 'acoustic' area is all-surrounding, has no obvious boundaries, and emphasizes area itself we have a tendency to powerfully aroused by, as an example, screams, music, thunder, and soothed by the flow of water or the wind.

SMELL: like hearing, the human sense of smell isn't well developed. still, while even a lot of info poor than sound, smell is probably showing emotion richer.

TOUCH: within the urban context, notes, abundant of the expertise of texture comes through our feet, after we sit down, instead of through our hands. These sensory stimuli are

typically

perceived

and

appreciated

as

associate

degree

interconnected whole. The individual dimensions will solely be separated out by deliberate actions (closing one's eyes, blocking one's nose or ears) or by selective attention. While vision is that the dominant sense, the urban surroundings isn't solely perceived visually as an example, argued that the URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 5- URBAN DIMENSIONS 'changing visual picture' was 'only the start of the sensory experience; the changes from light-weight to shade, from hot to cold, from noise to silence, the flow

of

smells related

to open areas,

and

the

tactile

quality

of

the

surface beneath foot, are all important within the additive effect'.

Although tributary to

the

richness

of expertise,

non-visual

dimensions

of

sensation and perception are usually underdeveloped and underexploited. the concern for the 'sonic environment' ought to - in specific settings - focus on increasing the positive, e.g. birdsong, children's voices, the crunching of season leaves. He argues that associate degree environment's 'soundscape' 'can be musical group in abundant constant manner as its visual qualities by the selection of materials used for the surfaces of the surroundings and therefore the nature of objects at intervals Positive sounds - waterfalls, fountains, etc. will mask negative looks like traffic noise.

Perception (sometimes, bewilderingly observed as 'cognition') considerations quite simply seeing or sensing the urban surroundings. It refers to the more advanced process or understanding of stimuli four dimensions of perception, which operate simultaneously: COGNITIVE: involves pondering, and keeping info. In essence, it enables us to form sense of the surroundings.

AFFECTIVE: involves our feelings, that influence perception of the surroundings equally, perception of the surroundings influences our feelings.

INTERPRETATIVE: encompasses which means or associations derived from the surroundings. In decoding info, we have a tendency to deem memory for points of comparison with freshly older stimuli.

EVALUATIVE: incorporates values and preferences and the determination of 'good' or 'bad'.

The 'environment' is thought-about as a mental construct, associate degree environmental image, created and valued otherwise by every individual. Images are the results of processes through that personal experiences and values filter URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 5- URBAN DIMENSIONS the barrage of environmental stimuli.

environmental pictures resulted

from

a

two-way

process within

which the

surroundings steered distinctions and relations, from that observers selected, organized, and endued with which means distinguished between 'identity', what a place is really like, and 'image', a mix of this identity with perception of the place by the individual with their own set of feelings regarding, and impressions of, it.

perception is additionally socially and culturally 'learnt'. While sensations is also similar for everybody, how individuals filter, react to, organize and worth those sensations differs. variations in environmental perception depend upon factors like age, gender, ethnicity, lifestyle, length of residence in a vicinity, and on the physical, social and cultural surroundings within which someone lives and was raised.

WAYS: Paths are the channels on that observer move (streets, transit lines, canals, etc.)

the predominant parts in people's pictures, with other parts organized

and connected on them. wherever major ways lacked identity or were simply confused with one another, the whole image would be less clear. ways may be vital options in town pictures for many

reasons, as

well

as regular

use,

concentration of special uses, characteristic spatial qualities, The sensory activity dimension eighty nine character of 'thematic continuities' in terms of texture, space, form, detail, symbol, uses, inhabitants, maintenance, topography, etc.

NODE: Nodes are purpose references: 'the strategic spots town into that an observer will enter, and that are the intensive social to and from that is travelling'. Nodes may be primarily junctions, or just 'thematic concentrations' of a selected use or physical character. As selections are created and a spotlight heightened, junctions and changes of travel mode create nodes a lot of vital. Dominant nodes, however, tend to be each 'concentrations' and 'junctions', with each purposeful URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 5- URBAN DIMENSIONS and physical significance, as an example, public squares. whereas not essential, distinctive physical form is a lot of seemingly the node a lot of memorable.

LANDMARKS: Landmarks are point-references external to the observer. Some - towers, spires, hills - are distant, generally seen from several angles and distances over the firstrate of smaller elements. Other’s sculpture, signs, trees - are local, visible in restricted localities and from certain approaches. Landmarks with a transparent.

EDGES: Edges area unit linear components that area unit either not used or thought of as ways and sometimes kind boundaries between areas or linear breaks in continuity (e.g. shores, railroad cuts, edges of development, walls', edges could also be barriers, a lot of or less penetrable, that shut one region faraway from another; or they may be seams, lines on that 2 regions are connected and joined together'. The strongest edges area unit visually outstanding, continuous in kind, and sometimes impenetrable to cross movement. Edges area unit necessary organizing features, notably once they hold along generalized areas, as within the define of a town by water or a wall. Most cities have terribly clearly identified edges.

DISTRICTS: District’s area unit the medium-to-large components of a town that observers mentally 'enter', or that have the distinguishing physical character of 'thematic continuities' in terms of texture, space, form, detail, symbol, uses, inhabitants, maintenance, topography, etc. Given some distinctive components, but not enough to form a 'full thematic unit', a district are going to be place able in and of itself solely to someone familiar with the town. Reinforcement of clues could also be required to provide a stronger image. Districts might have exhausting, precise boundaries, or soft unsure one’s step by step weakening.

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Chapter 5- URBAN DIMENSIONS

Figure 13 urban design actions

Figure 14 attributes of public spaces

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Chapter 5- URBAN DIMENSIONS 5.3SOCIAL-DIMENSIONSPUBLIC SPACE AND THE PUBLIC/PRIVATE INTERFACEAs successful places support and facilitate activities, the design of urban spaces should be informed by awareness of how people use them. Accomplished urban designers generally develop a detailed knowledge of urban spaces, places and environments, based upon first-hand experience. accessible to all groups and providing for freedom public spaces should also be 'responsive' - that is, designed and managed to serve the needs of their users. They identify five primary needs that people seek to satisfy in public space: 'comfort'; 'relaxation'; 'passive engagement with the environment'; 'active engagement with the environment'; and 'discovery'. Good places frequently serve more than one purpose.

COMFORTComfort is a prerequisite of successful public spaces. The length of time people stay in a public space is a function and an indicator of its comfort. The dimensions of a sense of comfort include environmental.

RELAXATIONWhile a sense of psychological comfort may be a prerequisite of relaxation, relaxation is a more developed state with the 'body and mind at ease', In urban settings, natural elements - trees, greenery, water features - and separation from vehicular traffic help accentuate the contrast with the immediate surroundings and make it easier to be relaxed. The features that make a pleasant sanctuary may, however, also obstruct visual access (visual permeability), creating safety problems and discouraging use.

PASSIVE ENGAGEMENTWhile passive engagement with the environment can lead to a sense of relaxation, it also involves 'the need for an encounter with the setting, the things that attracts people is other people and the life and activity that they bring. The most used sitting places are generally adjacent to the pedestrian flow, allowing observers to watch people while avoiding eye contact. Opportunities for passive

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Chapter 5- URBAN DIMENSIONS engagement are also provided by fountains, views, public art, performances, and so forth.

ACTIVE ENGAGEMENTActive engagement involves a more direct experience with a place and the people within it. people find sufficient satisfaction in people-watching, others desire more direct contact, whether with friends, family or strangers. Although urban designers may imagine otherwise, the simple proximity of people does not mean spontaneous interaction. public spaces were 'not ideal places' for 'striking up acquaintances', and that, even in the most sociable of them, there was 'not much mingling'. The coincidence of people in space and time does, nevertheless, provide opportunities for contact and social interaction. In his discussion of how the design of public Street entertainment can enhance the animation and vitality of public spaces alone and being together' and suggests a scale of 'intensity of contact' ranging from 'close friendships' to 'friends', 'acquaintances', 'chance contacts' and ·'passive contacts'. If activity in the spaces between buildings is missing, then the lower end of this contact scale also disappears: 'The boundaries between isolation and contact become sharper.

Public art helps the process of triangulation in public space, particular interest with regard to how people use public spaces. such spaces appeared little used, apparently failing to justify the extra Floorscape given to developers as part of the city's incentive zoning regulations.

When a place was crowded, people sat where they could rather than where they most wanted to. Later, some parts emptied while others continued to be used. He also found that most spaces contained well-defined sub places - often around the edge - where people preferred to be, and arranged to meet. the most sociable spaces usually possessed the following features: A good location, preferably on a busy route and both physically and visually accessible.

Streets being part of the 'social' space - fencing off a space from the street isolated it and reduced its use.

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Chapter 5- URBAN DIMENSIONS Being level or almost level with the pavement (spaces significantly above or below this were less used).

Places to sit - both integral (e.g., steps, low walls); and explicit (e.g. benches, seats, etc.).

Movable seats, enabling choice, and the communication of character and personality.

Less important factors included sun ' penetration, the aesthetics of the space (what mattered was how people used it), and the shape and size of spaces.

MOVEMENTMovement through public space is at the heart of the urban experience, an important factor in generating life and activity To design successful public spaces, it is essential to understand movement, especially that of pedestrians; however, origin-destination studies, used to trace car movement, are less appropriate for pedestrian movement. public space are both at the heart of the urban experience and important factors in generating life and activity destination are preferred (i.e. a 'park once' strategy). permeability, is important in determining movement densities and encounter rates.

PUBLIC PLACES Urban Spaces densities is due to the influence that natural movement has had on the evolution of urban patterns and distribution of land uses. land-use pattern derives from that of natural movement, rather than - as might intuitively be expected - the other way round. The key quality with respect to pedestrian use of public spaces is their 'connectedness'. between 'the natural paths which cross a public square there should be something to stand roughly in the middle: a fountain, a tree, a statue, a clock-tower with seats, a windmill, a bandstand. the space, should be partly protected from the weather (e.g. by an arcade), then both the prospect and the potential for people-watching are enhanced Building facades should be designed so that buildings reach out to the street and offer an 'active' frontage onto public space, adding interest and vitality to the public realm.

As windows and doorways suggest a human presence, the more doors and windows onto public space the better. The interface needs to enable indoor and 'private' activities to exist in close physical proximity with outdoor and 'public' URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 5- URBAN DIMENSIONS ones. Views into buildings provide interest to passers-by, while views output 'eyes on the street' and contribute to its safety. The number of doors/entrances generating activity directly visible from public space is a good indicator of the potential for street life.

The public edge of buildings should also house activities that benefit from interaction with the public realm and contribute to vitality there. discussed the 'osmotic' properties of streets: the way activities within buildings percolate through and infuse the street with life. Some land uses have very little relation to people in the street, while others involve and engage people. The edge of the public space network provides the interface between public and private realms and needs to both enable interaction and protect privacy. the public/private interface, all developments should have a 'front' onto public space. In terms of layout, the public fronts should face onto other fronts and onto public space, while the private 'backs' should face onto private space and other backs. Used consistently, such a strategy reduces the need for blank walls (i.e. instances where private uses front onto public space).

5.4VISUAL DIMENSIONSAesthetic appreciation of the urban setting is primarily visual and kinaesthetic (i.e. involving awareness of movement of all elements of the body). Experiencing urban environments not withstanding involves all our senses and in some things, hearing, smelling and some thesis will be a lot of necessary than vision. spaces that we have a tendency to are planning, the smells that may be given off by the materials or the activities that will crop up there, the tactile expertise that they will arouse.'

Visual appreciation of urban environments is additionally a product of perception that's, what stimuli we have a tendency to understand, however we have a tendency to understand them, how we have a tendency to method, interpret and decide the data gathered, and the way it appeals to our mind and emotions. Such info is inseparable from, and considerably influenced by, how we have a tendency to feel concerning the actual setting likewise as a major

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Chapter 5- URBAN DIMENSIONS personal component, aesthetic appreciation conjointly has socially and culturally learnt elements that transcend simple expressions of individual style.

The attributes translate into a series of terribly generalized preferences: NATURALNESS: environments that are natural or where there's a predominance of natural over built components.

UPKEEP/CIVILITIES: environments that seem to be taken care of and cared for.

Openness and outlined space: the mixing of defined open house with panoramas and vistas of pleasant components.

HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE/CONTENT: environments that provoke favourable associations.

ORDER: in terms of organization, coherence, congruity, legibility, clarity PATTERNS AND AESTHETIC ORDER As we have a tendency to invariably expertise the 'whole' instead of any single half in isolation, we have a tendency to appreciate environments as ensembles. to form them a lot of ordered, visually coherent and harmonious, however, we select and opt for some options. form psychologists have argued that aesthetic order and coherence comes from the grouping and recognition of patterns, which to form environments a lot of coherent visually we have a tendency to use principles of organization. ' Some elementary 'factors of coherence' or principles of grouping are known. As pure things are rare, in most environments many principles acquire play simultaneously, though typically one principle is dominant.

our intuitive capability for aesthetic appreciation has four distinct elements that transcend time and culture:

SENSE OF RHYME AND PATTERN: Rhyme involves some similarity within the components, and presupposes the coincidental existence of complexness and patterns. Over time, because the mind 'organizes' and is sensible of the data, the patterns become a lot of dominant, in subtle ways. these rhyme patterns comprise a system within which there is 'substantial affinity' instead of 'point to point correspondence'.

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Chapter 5- URBAN DIMENSIONS

APPRECIATION OF RHYTHM: Differing from rhyme, rhythm depends for its impact on a stricter, The visual dimension one repetition. Visual pleasure, for instance, derives from lilting components variable from the simple binary kind to a lot of complicated continual subsystems. Rhythm is produced by the grouping of components to create stress, interval, accent and/or direction, etc. To avoid monotony, contrast and selection are essential in achieving interesting rhythms.

RECOGNITION OF BALANCE: whereas we are able to typically conceive visual 'balance', it's troublesome to define exactly. Balance may be a type of order generally associated with 'harmony' among the parts of a visible scene or setting. It can also be recognized in scenes that are complicated and ostensibly chaotic - in some cases, it is rarely forthwith obvious and should solely become apparent over time. suggests that a serious attraction of historic cities is that the discovery of views wherever everything

suddenly looks to

cohere

into

perfect

balance

-a

very

important side of this is the surprise part. though symmetry can be a strong tool in achieving balance, symmetrical compositions will seem mechanical and leaden.

Asymmetrical compositions may additionally use components of symmetry to achieve

visual

fascinating ways

balance that.

however in Balance will

additional complicated also

be

perceived

and probably in extremely

complicated organizations of colours, textures, and shapes, which cohere into a state of balance. differing kinds of balance conjointly exist: in Georgian neoclassical townscapes, for instance, there's sometimes a 'static' type, wherever all components contribute and are subservient to the greater whole.

SENSITIVITY TO HARMONIC RELATIONSHIPS: Harmony concerns the relationships between totally different parts, and the way they match along to create a coherent whole. sure relationships, such as those of the golden mean, conjointly contribute to the quality of harmony.

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HARD AND SOFT LANDSCAPING With

a

narrower which

means than

'landscape',

'landscaping' is

employed here instead of 'landscape' because of its a lot of restricted visual connotations. Landscaping is usually associate afterthought in urban design one thing to be supplementary if the budget allows and once the most important choices are taken, to cover poor quality architecture or as a way of filling left-over area. whereas well-designed landscaping adds quality, visual interest and colour, poorly designed landscaping detracts from otherwise well-designed developments.

The 'greening' of towns and cities represents a key property objective. Trees and different vegetation may be particularly effective in reducing greenhouse emission build-up and restoring oxygen; reducing wind speeds in urban areas; acting as shelterbelts; and filtering dirt and pollution. A positive approach to landscaping is thus required, during which its contribution to the totality of the urban setting is taken into account. Hence, landscape style strategies ought to be developed before or in parallel with the building style method associated play an important part in visual dimension.

FLOORSCAPE Floorscape

is a

crucial a

part

of a

harmonious

and

integrated

whole.

There are 2 main kinds of flooring in urban areas - 'hard' pavement and 'soft' landscaped areas: the main focus here

is

on the

previous.

A

floorscape's

character

is considerably

determined by the materials used (e.g. brick, stone slabs, cobbles, concrete, macadam), the means they're used, and the way they interrelate with different materials and landscape options. border detail is important in visually linking with the facades defining the area, aiding the transition from the horizontal to the vertical plane.

Requiring

careful consideration,

this transition is usually

associate indicator of the quality of a paving style. The patterning of the ground of urban areas results from utilitarian concerns, which may also have associate aesthetic impact, and/or from makes an attempt to organize the area esthetical.

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Chapter 5- URBAN DIMENSIONS surfaces offer sturdy directional qualities. Directional paving might also have a strictly aesthetic performs, being employed merely to bolster a linear type and therefore enhance the sense of movement. Floorscape may be expressly designed to enhance the aesthetic character of an area - for example, introducing scale (both human and generic), modulating the area by organizing it into a series of gradable components, reinforcing existing character, or esthetical organizing and unifying it. a way of scale in floorscape will derive from the size of the materials used, from the patterning of various materials, or from a mixture of each.

Sized to

allow

straightforward

handling,

stone

paving

slabs

usually provides a human scale to urban spaces. In smaller areas, usually no further patterning is required: larger areas usually want some style of pattern to produce a way of scale.

Floorscape

patterns usually perform

the vital

aesthetic perform of

breaking

down the size of large, onerous surfaces into a lot of manageable, human proportions. Floorscape may be enriched by repetition and ringing explicit motifs or themes, by emphasizing changes of materials, associated/or by dramatizing the sting of an area. the scale of the area is modulated and humanized by a straightforward grid of white travertine and black basalt. Floorscape patterns will reinforce the linear character of a street, emphasizing its character as a 'path' by providing a way of direction with a visually dynamic pattern. as an alternative, they will check the flow of area by emphasizing its character as a 'place', or by suggesting a sense of repose with a visually static or contained pattern.

Floorscape's designed to produce a way of repose are typically related to areas wherever people stop and rest. The floorscape pattern of squares will perform variety of functions: providing a way of scale; unifying the space by linking and relating the centre and edges; and transversal order to what would possibly preferably be a disparate cluster of buildings. within the latter case, a strong and easy geometric figure (rectangle, circle or oval) would possibly organize the centre of the space, allowing the irregular line of close buildings to make localized relations.

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POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE AREA OUTDOOR AREA IS THOUGHT

OF IN

TERMS

OF

'POSITIVE'

AND

'NEGATIVE' SPACES: Positive, comparatively fogbound, out

of

doors area has

a

definite

and

distinctive form. it's 'conceivable', is measured, and has definite boundaries - we tend to may imagine it being crammed with water, that afterward runs out comparatively slowly. it's discontinuous (in principle), closed, static, however serial in composition. Its shape is as necessary as that of the buildings surrounding it.

Negative area is shapeless, e.g. the amorphous residue left over around buildings that are usually viewed as positive. it's 'inconceivable' - continuous and lacking in perceivable edges or kind. it's troublesome to imagine such area being stuffed with water as a result of quite merely -it's troublesome to ideate the space, The distinction between 'positive' and 'negative'

outdoor areas can even be thought of in terms of their 'convexity'. 'soft space' of parks, gardens and linear greenways, which have less enclosure or outlined boundary and are dominated by the natural atmosphere. This section primarily discusses arduous area.

When many buildings

or

urban

blocks area

unit clustered along in

an

exceedingly a lot of unionized manner, 'positive' areas is created. The most straight forward means that of making a way of abstraction containment is to cluster buildings around a central space, insertion it inside a wall of facades.

Where the corners of the area area unit open, forming street intersections or a spot between 2 buildings, space leaks out through the corner openings. To better contain it, facades is overlapped, The visual dimension preventing or limiting views into or out of the space. once the building walls flip the corner, keeping views inside the central area, a much stronger sensation of enclosure is made If the full area is simply determined, it does not invite additional involvement. it's URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 5- URBAN DIMENSIONS going to additionally lack subspaces and inexplicit movement. Given a a lot of varied and complicated perimeter, with indentations and projections within the building facades, the ensuing area will have a richer quality, with variety of hidden or partly disguised subspaces making

a sense of 'mystery' or 'intrigue'. as an easy urban area becomes a lot of complexes, there's a danger of it perceptually calling it off into a disjointed series of separate areas A dominant abstraction volume helps establish a spotlight for the composition, the smaller subspaces being unable to contend with the foremost space. or else, the areas can be unionized on an axis, or by one dominant building.

STREETS AND SQUARES Although positive urban areas are available in a spread of different sizes and shapes, there are 2 main types: 'streets' (roads, paths, avenues, lanes, boulevards, alleys, malls, etc.) and 'squares' (plazas, circuses, piazzas, places, courts, etc.). in theory, streets are 'dynamic' areas with a way of movement, whereas squares area unit static areas with less sense of movement. Width length ratios facilitate distinguish between 'street' spaces and 'square' areas.

Streets and squares is defined as either 'formal' or 'informal'. Formal spaces generally have a

powerful sense

of

enclosure;

orderly

Floorscape’s

and

arrangement of street furniture; close buildings that enhance the formal city; and infrequently a symmetrical layout. Informal squares generally have a a lot of relaxed character, a wide variety of close design, and an asymmetric layout.

Neither is essentially a lot of appropriate than the opposite. an exact geometrical discipline to an area is, however, less ambiguous.

A 'square' typically refers to a locality framed by buildings. Distinction ought to be created between squares primarily designed for grandeur and to exhibit a particular building, and people designed as 'people places'. This distinction isn't absolute: several public areas operate as each, although if we tend to decide URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 5- URBAN DIMENSIONS one kind in terms of the opposite, difficulties might arise. areas designed to point out off a selected building or certainly civic functions.

STREETS AREAunit linear three-dimensional areas enclosed on opposite sides by buildings. They may or might not contain roads. a 'street' is distinct from a 'road': the first purpose of the latter being a road for vehicular traffic. Street kind is analysed in terms of polar qualities, the mixture of that gives scope for excellent diversity: visually dynamic or static; fogbound or open; long or short; wide or narrow; straight or curved; and with relation to the formality or informality of the bailiwick treatment. to those can be value-added concerns such as scale, proportion, bailiwick rhythm, and connections to alternative streets and squares.

URBAN SQUARESwherever the degree and nature of enclosure typically provides a visually static character - most streets area unit visually dynamic, with a strong sense of movement. As horizontal lines area unit visually quicker than vertical lines, the character of streets (as of squares) is changed to form them a lot of or less dynamic.

TOWNSCAPEAs well like the abstraction properties and qualities of streets and squares, urban designers are concerned with their affiliation to make social space and movement systems. the general public area network creates a series of townscape effects, involving, as

an example,

changing

views and

vistas;

the interaction of

landmarks, visual incidents and style features; and changes and contrasts of enclosure.

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Chapter 5- URBAN DIMENSIONS 5.5FUNCTIONAL-DIMENSIONSpeople and space an understanding of the connection between folks ('society') and their atmosphere ('space') is crucial in urban style. the primary plan to be thought-about here is that of fine arts or environmental philosophical doctrine, where the claim is that the physical atmosphere has a determinative influence on human behaviour. By negating the role of human agency, it assumes that environment -people interaction could be a unidirectional method.

People aren't passive,

however;

they

influence

and

change

the

atmosphere, because it influences and changes them. It is, therefore, a two-way method. While physical factors square measure neither the exclusive nor necessarily the dominant influence on behaviour, environmental opportunities clearly have an effect on what people will and can't do: a window in associate degree otherwise solid wall permits one to ascertain out, whereas an eternal wall doesn't afford that chance. Human behaviour is so inherently 'situational': it's embedded in physical - and additionally in 'social', 'cultural' and 'perceptual' contexts and settings.

THE PUBLIC REALMFrequently induced in discussions of urban style, the 'public realm' - and therefore the connected and

overlap

ping conception of

'public

life'

- need any

consideration. 'Public' should be understood via a 'private'.

'Public life involves comparatively open and universal social contexts, in distinction to personal life, that is intimate, familiar, shielded, controlled by the individual, and shared solely with family and friends.' The public realm has 'physical' (space) and 'social' (activity) dimensions. The physical public realm is known here to mean the areas and settings - in public or in private closely-held that support or facilitate public life and social interaction. The activities and events occurring in those spaces and settings may be termed the mental object public realm.

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Chapter 5- URBAN DIMENSIONS The operate of the general public realm Defined because the sites and settings of public life, and including some notion of 'public space', the public realm ideally functions as a forum for political action and representation; as a 'neutral' or common ground for social interaction, intermingling, and communication; and as a stage for social learning, personal development, and data exchange though these functions square measure seldom (if ever) whole earned in apply, their definition provides a live of the degree to that 'real' public realms come short of the best state. The second and third of those dimensions square measure mentioned later; the primary needs any rationalization here.

the general public realm includes all the spaces accessible to and employed by the general public, including: External public space: items of land that lie between personal landholdings.

In urban areas, these square measure public squares, streets, highways, parks, parking tons, etc., and in rural areas they are stretches of outline, forests, lakes, rivers, etc. Accessible to any or all, these areas represent public house in its purest type internal 'public' space: public establishments like libraries, museums, town halls, etc., and public transport facilities like train or bus stations, airports, etc.

External and internal public' space: although lawfully personal, places like university campuses, sports grounds, restaurants, cinemas, searching malls, additionally type a part of the public realm. This class additionally includes what are normally delineated as 'privatized' (often but not solely external) public areas.

As the homeowners and operators of of these areas retain rights to manage access and behaviour.

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES 6.1PONTE-VECCHIO-(NET) The medieval Ponte Vecchio, or “old bridge,” is one in all the foremost charming and painting sites in Florence. it had been in-built 1345 because the initial bridge over the river to be used as a system of defence. Today, Ponte Vecchio is understood for its outlets, together with several jewellers, art sellers and antique boutiques.

The Ponte Vecchio bridge was in-built its current kind within the middle ordinal century once the previous structure was anxious by a get 1333. the look has been attributed to medieval Italian painter and creator Taddeo cushion, thought there's some dissent among historians, as a number of the bridge’s harmonious

components

counsel

the Dominican friars may need been

concerned. though the bridge served as a process, Ponte Vecchio was conjointly designed to be a stunning and honourable structure within the town.

Figure 15 Ponte Vecchio

The regime began dealings look house on the bridge within the thirteenth century, the primary of that primarily oversubscribed food stuffs, like meat and fish. However, the foetor became overwhelming, and also the outlets were bornagain to principally goldsmiths and jewellers within the late sixteenth century. The URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES bronze bust of metropolis creator and goldsmith statue maker continues to be featured on a fountain within the middle of the bridge. The tradesmen bit by bit engineered up their properties over the centuries and created the huggermugger bridge that stands today a visual departure from the first order.

During his tenure as duke of Florence, Cosimo i de’ Medici commissioned Italian creator and creator Giorgio Vasari painter art historian to make the Vasari passageway that runs higher than the bridge. This capsulate passageway connects palazzo Vecchio and also the Uffizi gallery with the pitti palace, his residence across the stream. not like different bridges in Florence, the Ponte Vecchio wasn't destroyed throughout war ii, allegedly to associate specific order

by German Nazi to preserve it, thought it had been severely broken by the good flood of Florence in 1966. it's since been renovated to its former glory and continues to draw in tourists and locals alike to walk upon it and admire views of the river below.

The innovative three-arch structure with buildings standing on the edges replaced the older bridges that were consistently destroyed by the revenant floods of the river (the most up-to-date collapse happened in 1333). Ponte Vecchio was designed by Taddeo cushion, whereas different sources credit neri di fioravanti.

There weren’t invariably goldsmiths and jewellers marketing their merchandise on Ponte Vecchio jewellers outlets created their look on Ponte Vecchio solely in 1593-94, at the request of Ferdinando i de’ Medici. Before that, butcher outlets brought

life

been unbroken away

to

the

from the

bridge.

In thus doing,

buildings within

butchers

the city

had

centre and

were conjointly allowed to throw the unwanted wastes directly into the stream.

such scenery (and smells) didn’t go on that well with the Medici's plans, particularly after that palazzo pitti had by then become the official residence of the grand dukes, so meant the Medici family oftentimes traversed the painter passageway, in-built 1565 right higher than the side of Ponte Vecchio.

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES In a shell, butchers had to relocate their businesses. Brunelleschi's cupola from Ponte Vecchio The

history

of

the

tower that defied

the painter passageway

At

the

southeast finish of Ponte Vecchio, the known painter passageway deviates from its straight course and goes spherical a tower, the tower belonged to the mannelli

family,

powerful

enough

to

defy

the arrogation and

also

the later demolition ordered by Cosimo i de’ Medici in 1565 to create area for his passageway.

Cosimo wished the passageway finished in

exactly 5 months

(it

had

to

be prepared before the wedding between his son Francesco and Joanna of Austria), and it’s straightforward to know why sensible recent painter opted for a workaround.

Another attention-grabbing fact: of the traditional four towers that originally guarded the entrances to the bridge, the mannelli tower is that the only 1 that continues to be.

6.1.1MANNELLI TOWER Ponte Vecchio is that the solely bridge in Florence that survived war ii During the Nazi retreat in august 1944, all of the metropolis bridges were bombed and destroyed except one: fortunately, enough, Ponte Vecchio was spared, the credit for such a news which went to Gerhard wolf, the German diplomatist in Florence at the time.

Access was stopped and most of the buildings at each end were destroyed however, because of wolf’s commitment, the bridge created it through. As a proof of feeling for his actions (wolf conjointly vie a decisive role in rescuing political prisoners and Jews from persecution), the previous diplomatist was created associate unearned national of Florence in 1955 and a marble plaque in his honour was unveiled on Ponte Vecchio in 2007.

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Chapter 3MCBVHGRF

Figure 16 mannelli tower

Ponte

Vecchio

has associate ancient timekeeper

on

the

roof

of a store

commanding the limited sq. at the centre of the bridge stands associate ancient timekeeper,

supported

by a

little

marble

pillar.

The timekeeper,

trying

south, consists of a white marble cup divided by skinny columns indicating the canonical hours. The indicator comes its shadow onto the cup, marking the hour.

Next there is stone plaque, these days nearly unclear, it is said that “in the year 33 once the year, the bridge folded because of the floods of water; twelve years later, it had been restored with this ornament”.

Figure 17 map of Ponte Vecchio

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES

Figure 18 Ponte Vecchio

Figure 19 comparison of dimensions

Figure 20 section

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES

Figure 21 plan

6.2THE RIALTO BRIDGE-(NET) Longest span: 31.80 meters (104.3 ft) Crosses: grand canal Height: 7.32 meters (24.0 ft) (arch only) Construction end: 1591

Figure 22 Ponte rialto

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES Rialto bridge, Italian Ponte di rialto, stone-arch bridge biological process the narrowest purpose of the grand canal within the heart of urban centre. in-built the closing years of the sixteenth century, the rialto bridge is that the oldest bridge across

the

canal associate

decreed

is celebrated

as

a discipline and

engineering accomplishment of the renaissance. it absolutely was designed and engineered by Antonio district attorney Ponte and his kinsman, Antonio contino, following a style competition within the town. the first bridge at the location, is called Ponte Della Moneta, which was a wood bateau bridge designed in the year 1178 by nicolò barattieri. The structure was recreated in the year 1255 and 1264 and, following variety of failures, it was replaced by the rialto bridge to produce higher access to rialto, the first monetary centre of urban centre. The bridge served because the solely mounted structure crossing the canal till the 1850s; before that, pedestrian crossings at alternative locations were done by gondola ferries.

The rialto bridge consists of one stone-arch span that supports a broad rectangular deck carrying 2 arcades of outlets fronting on 3 roadways. The lower chord

of

the

bridge is

merely

eighty-three

feet

(25

meters)

long, whereas the breadth is sixty-six feet (20 meters). To support the wide stone arch within the soft dirt, 6,000 timber piles were driven below every abutment, and also the bed joints of the stones were placed perpendicular to the thrust of the arch.

Figure 23 Ponte rialto

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES The

development

and

importance

of

the

rialto

market

on

the Japanese bank increased traffic on the bridge, thus it absolutely was replaced in 1255 by a wood bridge. This structure had 2 inclined ramps meeting at a movable central section, that might be raised to permit the passage of tall ships.

The reference to the market eventually led to a modification of name for the bridge. throughout the primary 1/2 the fifteenth century, 2 rows of outlets were engineered on the perimeters of the bridge. The rents brought associate degree financial gain to the state treasury, that helped maintain the bridge.

Maintenance

was important for

the

timber

bridge. it

absolutely

was part

burnt within the revolt led by bajamonte painter in 1310. In 1444, it folded below the burden of a crowd looking at a ship parade and it folded once more in 1524.

The idea of reconstruction the bridge in stone was 1st planned in 1503. many comes were thought-about over the

subsequent decades.

In

1551,

the

authorities.

The present stone bridge, one span designed by Antonio district attorney Ponte, was finally completed in 1591. it's almost liked the wood bridge it succeeded.

2 inclined ramps start to a central porch. On either facet of the porch, the coated ramps carry rows of outlets. The engineering of the bridge was thought-about thus audacious that creator Vincenzo Scamozzi foretold future ruin. The bridge has defied its critics to become one among the discipline icons of urban centre.

Figure 24 Ponte rialto

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES Rialto bridge (Ponte di rialto) may be a stone arch bridge over a grand canal in urban centre, Italy. it's the oldest bridge in urban centre and still in use. First bridge on it place was Ponte Della Moneta, named for mint that grew at one among its

entrances. it

absolutely

was in-built 1181

and it

absolutely

was a bateau bridge engineered on ships and designed by nicolò barattieri. bateau bridge was replaced in 1255 with a wood bridge as a result of near rialto market increased traffic over it. That bridge had 2 ramps on both sides and a movable platform within the middle that might be raised to permit passing of the ships beneath the bridge.

It conjointly had 2 rows of outlets engineered whose dealing and taxes helped maintain the bridge in operating order. as a result of it absolutely was about to rialto market, in time it modified the name into rialto bridge. Maintenance of the bridge was a retardant thanks to the fabric that was used for its construction.

During the revolt led by bajamonte painter in 1310 the bridge was broken by hearth and it folded 1st time in 1444 below the burden of crowd that gathered to observe boat parade in celebration of wedding of the marquis ferrara. it absolutely was remodelled as a bridge however it folded once more in 1524. afterward it absolutely was set to make the bridge in stone.

When, in 1551, authorities requested concepts for style of the stone bridge on constant place, a

number

of the

foremost renowned architects

of that

point answered the decision with their concepts. a number of the architects that applied were Vignola, Palladio and even carver. drawback with their concepts was that all of them designed bridges with many arches, which might hinder the stream traffic so that they were all rejected. Single span style by Antonio district attorney Ponte, Swiss-born venetian creator and engineer, was approved and construction began in 1588. It lasted till 1591. The bridge that stands nowadays still, was designed just like the bridge from 1255. it's 2 inclined ramps with stairs that cause central porch, has retailers on each side and 3 walkways. Single span permits for straight forward passing of ships. though doubted that it might last thanks to its brave style rialto bridge stands the take a look at of your time and remains one among the most attractions of urban centre.

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES

Figure 25 Ponte rialto

Figure 26 plan, section

6.3LAKDI-POOL(LIVE) it has stood for 2 centuries in Pune town. it rests over the mutha watercourse, the bridge welcome war-torn cavalry of the Marathas as they came back home. in 1983, the lakdi pool was hit by the panshet flood with fury. The bridge was inbuilt

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES could 1761 throughout the month of vaishakh. the lakdi bridge that is additionally called the sambhaji bridge was engineered when the pitched battle war.

Figure 27 lakdi pool

Figure 28 nodes

it is the oldest bridge in Pune and was created within the span of thirty days. in 1840 the britishers undertook the strengthening of the bridge changing into a masonry bridge. the value of a stronger bridge ran up to 45000. it's the vortex of ganeshotsav's immersion continuing. the bridge connects the industrial space on one finish and also the shaniwar wada at the opposite finish that is a crucial history place.

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES the bridge was redoubled from eighteen feet to thirty seven feet, footpaths' were consequently additional to the bridge.

Figure 29 nodes

Figure 30 nodes

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES

Figure 31 nodes of the bridge

Figure 32 nodes of the bridge

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES

Figure 33 streetscapes in Pune near the bridge

Figure 34 streetscapes

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES

Figure 35 bicycle stand

Figure 36 sculptures

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES

6.4HORNIMAN-GARDEN-(LIVE) garden is enclosed by numerous workplace buildings, principally comprising the city's premier banks. The Horniman Circle Gardens covers twelve,081 sq. yards (10,101

m2)

and is

meant with a

large open area with

grand

buildings

towards the middle of the walled town. Complementing its lush leaf, this garden was magnificently referred to as 'Bombay Green' within the eighteenth century. when Asian country gained independence in 1947, this garden was renamed 'Benjamin Horniman' as a tribute to the editor of the urban centre Chronicle newspaper. The Horniman Circle Gardens has hosted many Sufi mystic music pageant Also, this garden was the most website for numerous dance concerts and also the notable Kala Godha Arts pageant of metropolis.

Located in South Bombay, Fort city district, the Horniman Circle Gardens represent lush leaf amidst grand buildings. the complete garden covers a section of ten,

101 sq.

meters,

that is

encircled by workplace complexes in

conjunction with the leading banks of the country. the planning of this garden was done on the lines of London's Park Crescent and contains a tiny low park with a modern classical construction, well arranged rows of trees and an ideal paseo.

The initial purpose of giving birth down the garden was to supply some open house for the locals to sit down back and relax.

This garden that dates back to the eighteenth century was known as 'Bombay Greens' throughout that point. There square measure trees of varied seasons planted, an honest variety of trees square measure perpetually in bloom. This garden is taken into account to be one among the urban settlements within the town of Bombay and the square measure numerous structures that belong to a people colonial amount. The Horniman Circle Garden Trust and therefore the Horniman Circle Association square measure chargeable for the restoration works of this, once broken, historic landmark.

For those that want to sit down back and relax from, there's a park in the middle of a Historic Asiatic Society Library within the same complicated. The design and

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES therefore the style of the complete complicated show the essence of the colonial era.

Figure 37 Horniman garden

Figure 38 fountain

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES

Figure 39 Horniman garden

Figure 40 Horniman garden

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES

Figure 41 Horniman garden

Figure 42 Horniman garden

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES

6.5FASHION-STREE(LIVE) Fashion Street refers to a cluster of over 385 street facet covering retailers on MG Road close to Azad Maidan and is opposite to urban centre sports meeting, in South metropolis, India.

Figure 43 fashion street

Figure 44 fashion street

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES

Figure 45 fashion street

Figure 46 fashion street

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES

6.5ASHANTIVAN-PARK(LIVE) it is a park that is at the corner aspect of the hanging garden in Malabar hills in Bombay. a sanctuary of inexperienced and flavourer plants. the one and a 1/2 municipal waste land was retrieved from delinquent parts seven years back by amritlal gosalia, Associate in Nursing crusader and neuropath. though' it had been created a flavourer garden, the transformation into shantivan happened couple years ago, thanks to its divine intervention, the place could be a kid friendly and provides peace and tranquillity serving to youngsters and even adults equivalent to nature and divinity. there area unit ''nature treks, stream of life, waterfalls, amphitheatre, glass bridge, acupressure path, place for yoga, reading and painting and styles of herbs and plants for kids to feel, appreciate and learn. they

learn completely

develop reminiscences by

different

activities associated

experiencing

the area.

the

with

agriculture and

garden

bought

the

individuals nearer to the creation. it's place which might be employed by faculty, schools to begin up a nature club.

Figure 47 shantivan park

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES

Figure 48 shantivan park

Figure 49 shantivan park

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES

Figure 50 shantivan park

Figure 51 shantivan park

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES

Figure 52 shantivan park

6.6CIDCO-URBAN-HATT-(LIVE) cidco urban hatt is found at cbd Belapur in Navi Mumbai. it's placed next to the Belapur station that serves an excellent place for creator from everywhere the planet to showcase their skills. the shape of exhibitions and sell distinctive handicrafts, handlooms, jewellery, picket toys, food, leather product, etc. food and different cultural festivals takes place at the place from time to time. the place conjointly features a tiny amphitheatre associated an exhibition area.

1. SITE AREA – 15 ACRES 2. BUILT UP AREA – 100 percent OF TOTAL SITE. 3. FACILITIES – 50 EXHIBITION SHOPS 4.AMPHITHEATRE UPTO 200 PEOPLE 5.EXHIBTION HALL 6.FOOD COURT.

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES

Figure 53 belapur cbd site plan

Figure 54 unit plan

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES

Figure 55 units plans

Figure 56 plans, section

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES

Figure 57 direction map

Figure 58 belapur cbd

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Figure 59 entrance

Figure 60 belapur cbd

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Figure 61 amphitheatre

6.7DILLI-URBAN-HATT-(NET) ‘Haat Beat’ was the place to begin to the current style competition entry in 2005. urban

centre

business

enterprise and

Transportation

Development

Corporation had invited entries for a Dilli Haat in Janakpuri - a vast site with an outsized residential audience, during a a part of urban centre that had only a few places to travel bent. DTTDC has promoted music all across urban centre with its concerts and alternative initiatives. the concept was to provide them a home for frolicsome music and provides these homes an area to play with music. the ultimate functionality found an enclosed, well-equipped, 800- capability area for formal concerts and a casual similar capability open-air amphitheatre that works at the same time with freelance areas and support services. A multi-scaled exposition hall for exhibitions and seminars is projected. a collection of 4 baskets homes a music museum, a music store and music workshop area along side commercial enterprise offices and cafes. A large, cool food court extends into shaded courtyards and expansive greens for the essential would URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES like of spill over's. Formal, informal and company areas are created to usher in the desired sensitive variations of malls, markets and bazaars into this haat. associate freelance fine eating with associate extended banquet facility is made to reinforce the business arrange of this advanced cultural advanced.

Outdoor shops with

roofing

canopies

and

craft retailers to

carry artisans’

workshops are integral to the Dilli haat theme. cool shops are added to create it a additional viable looking expertise. there's additionally a children’s play space tucked into a tiny low inexperienced patch. The food court with basement parking facilities ties it all at once to sustain. well-crafted moving picture, the strength of this project is that the plot is robust and therefore the basic plan is immersed well in each facet extensively. the positioning arrange is knit along with efficiency.

Free-flowing open areas bind varied activities on 2 levels. the

most pedestrian

and transport entries square

measure from

a

busy

street. there's a separate service entry and a few of special entry points. an oversized open area takes the traveller through a hunting space to a different pocket that results in the large central plaza shaped by winding Air conditioned retailers and therefore the exposition halls. One can even take the open pedestrian ramp to achieve the terrace lined by cover retailers. the square measure direct access points to the restaurant , surface and basement parking and banquet greens.

Figure 62 site elevation

The central plaza culminates to the area and therefore the craft shops cluster. the foremost well-liked activity that's the

craft look clusters placed at

the buns

to

modify the traveller to steer through the complete haat. Another hunting space is found close to these clusters since there's a powerful risk of craft shops to become the predominant perform.

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES The four eight m high towers square measure interspersed on the positioning.

Designed to appear like immense bamboo baskets, they're 2 storied buildings with a roof prime cover designed for out of doors activities. nearer to the entry, one basket homes the data centre, whereas the opposite forms a restaurant.

Wander additional into the interiors of the positioning and therefore the baskets house a music centre and a depository. The music centre not solely avails sale of all genres of rare classics, musical instruments, however provides ample out of doors area and a tiny low amphitheatre to require care of interactive functions.

The exposition halls square measure 3 linear vaults of ascending widths in arrange, forming one giant area that may be divided into 3 as needed. colourful flowering creepers that soften the dimensions and facilitate temperature management additional cowl the

steel textile on prime.

The

food

court

can house forty eight stalls from completely different places and celebrate the style of Republic of India. the 2 storied air-conditioned area is well supported with individual service courts for each stall, successively gap into a bigger service yard connected with separate access. The front wall of the food court, visible from the most road holds the large assemblage keeping those interested updated on the happening within is certain to vary the skyline of the road forever.

Figure 63 Dilli Haat

one hundred craft retailer’s circulars in arrange, square measure organized in clusters of 5-6 every forming a bazaar. This square measure in-built the foremost typical natural stone masonry, coated with the foremost technologically URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES advance tensile canopies. The clusters square measure connected with tiny inexperienced patches and made-up allies finishing the village scene. The rear boundary wall is lined with informal platform retailers dominating this village.

The

material spectrum

is associate

degree eclectic mixture of fashionable

and ancient. victimization the unchanged red city stone, kota stone, slate and therefore the native Delhi quartz stone masonry on facades and landscapes sets a neat and natural categorization to the current preponderantly inexperienced advanced.

The one material that's being celebrated with its in depth usage is bamboo; Structures for shading, screens for baskets and food court, sculptures for street piece of furniture on one facet and therefore the natural growing ones as soft-scapes of boundary plantations and accent trees on the opposite.

Figure 64 Dilli Haat

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Figure 65 plan

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Figure 66 section

Figure 67 section

Figure 68 section

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Figure 69 Dilli Haat

Figure 70 amphitheatre

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES

Figure 71 Dilli Haat

Figure 72 Dilli Haat

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6.8DADAR MARKET it is located near the Dadar station. it is a very busy space where people come with a certain objective. it is a mix market with different variety of shops from food shops to garments shops have been provided. there are wholesalers as well as retailers catering to various customers.

Figure 73 Dadar market

Figure 74 dadar market

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Figure 75 Dadar market

Figure 76 Dadar market

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES

Figure 77 Dadar market bridge

Figure 78 Dadar market

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES .

6.9NANDED-RIVER-FRONT-(NET) A river attracts people; therefore riverfronts have emerged as spirited Urban Cores of cities - their socio cultural, intellectual and economic centres. Nanded is additionally attempting to tug its city district back from marginal use and neglect into the thought of public activity and investment. we tend to are thus presented with a singular set of opportunities to come up with quality urban areas for the individuals.

The Riverfront Development arrange defines that vision, provides a framework that permits us to capitalize on the energy, interest and goodwill that has fused around our rivers. Adding to its value with greenways and alternative amenities and attracting public attention.

Today, everybody acknowledges the worth of public access to the waterfronts.

A revived city district offers investors a promising come back on capital. Cities get pleasure from increased commercial enterprise, employment and growth.

Resident gain new recreation opportunities associated an enlarged awareness of the natural aspects of stream life. most significantly, a significant and vivacious city district serves to unite residents and visitors in a very shared expertise of town, even as town public places and streets.

Area: 51.76 sq. km Longitude: seventy-seven.7 to 78.15. East Latitude: eighteen.15 to 19.55. North Population: four,30,733 Percentage of Urban Population: twenty eighth Population Density: 183 persons/hectare Number of Households: seventy-two,733 Average unit size: five.92 persons/household Literacy rate: eighty-one.50%

Nanded, once referred

to

as ‘Nanditat’,

is an ancient

settlement wealthy in

Hindu story and legend that subsequently emerged as a centre for the URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES Sikh faith and was later dominated by the Muslims; town is wealthy in rituals, tradition and ancient history; its numerous populations following the simplest way of life that's distinct from alternative places within the region.

Located on the banks of the watercourse Godavari at associate degree altitude 489m higher than mean water level within the Marathwada region of geographic area state, this second largest city of the region (after Aurangabad) may be a fashionable journeying centre for Sikhs and is visited by thousands of devotees throughout the year from everywhere Republic of India.

Nanded town is establishments

additionally the

District

governing/administrating

Headquarters the

housing

district necessities.

all

the

Its shut

proximity to giant urban centres like Hyderabad, Nagpur and Aurangabad makes it a crucial regional centre .

Figure 79 development map

Figure 80 built fabric

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Figure 81 drainage plan

Figure 82 land use plan

Figure 83 zoning

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES

Nanded has a previous association with the stream. The fort and also the previous town are built on the banks, as are all the most Gurudwaras and spiritual structures. a lot of of the spiritual activity happens on the north banks on a series of Ghats and pavilions on the flood plains. The stream has been control simply upstream of town, providing a continuing steady flow ideal for the many day to day activities like washing, incineration or maybe bathing.

The riverfront is presently getting used just for spiritual activities or by slum settlements on the

bank.

The spiritual activity

includes incineration,

that

combined with daily bathing & laundry activities is damaging to the state of the stream. Considering the sacred and environmental edges of our rivers it's imperative to make sure maintenance of water quality standards, pollution abatement and inspiring natural ecosystems to flourish. this may be achieved by re-defining & improvising land use on riverfront aside from specific technologies applicable to rivers.

6.9.1FEASIBILITY 1. Revenue generation through business development 2.Social infrastructure like competition grounds & urban haats attracting town residents to the riverfront. These conjointly bring economic advantages to town 3.A

developed

& vivacious riverfront

enhances town because

the “next

destination”. Expression of interest from entrepreneurs & new economic ventures. IT sectors etc.

4. an excellent public area for the people.

5. Revival of the watercourse results in environmental advantages. A live watercourse feeds town, a higher watercourse will guarantee a higher life for town residents.

6. A town with a prime quality of living attracts folks from different full urban centres.

Encourages native folks to

not migrate

to

larger cities. results

in

balanced development at regional levels.

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6.9.2SITE CONTEXT The Sachkhand Gurudwara and varied different non secular structures on the stream are lovely buildings with a definite sense of scale and design. These may be highlighted on the riverfront as Urban Artifacts leading the pedestrian from one purpose to a different as visual guide and every one other activities on the city district integrated among this visual structure.

6.9.3GAP OF VISUAL CORRIDORS & IMPROVEMENT OF SKYLINES. The

riverfront

is

visually

not

connected

to

the heart. gap up

visual

corridors among town, will create the city district additional accessible and wide used as public area within the town.

6.9.4INTEGRATION

AND

CONSOLIDATION

OF

OPEN

GROUNDS

PUBLICALLY REALM Though there are massive open grounds and inexperienced areas coated with dense scrub on the waterfront these don't seem to be integrated with the general public Realm. The much-needed public open areas are also fairly non-used and aren't any quite incidental open areas among the organic urban pattern of town structure.

At present solely Latur Bridge and Degloor Bridge connect North and South Banks.

Degloor Bridge is found on the outskirts of the town.

Latur Bridge is found among the town.

A submersible bridge is beneath construction at Navghat.

2 new bridges square measure projected one at Govardhan stairway and also the alternative at the projected state highway by-pass.

6.9.5LAND USE ANALYSIS an oversized volume of high density residential zone with open / thin URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES inexperienced and cultivation land unfold on the watercourse front. spiritual structures just like the Gurudwaras, temples and mosques square measure designed on the water front. old Mondha is that the main business connected to the water front through the Latur Bridge road going across the watercourse to South of Nanded. alternative mixed use development on the roads connecting to the current business sq. with business development on the most road and residential at the rear.

6.9.6ACTIVITY PATTERN ANALYSIS The

Godavari watercourse could

be

a process component of

Nanded's

Cityscape. The north watercourse bank has necessary places of worship for all spiritual communities.

Nagina stairway is joined to Sachkhand Gurudwara, one in all the Takhts of Sikhism Ghats with Temples & Gurudwaras square measure used for Ritual Bathing.

Ghats also are used for incineration. Ghats square measure used for bathing & laundry by daily users within the absence of infrastructure.

Older a part of the town with Fort is on watercourse Bank. Tourists and connected facilities The flow of tourists is there around the year. the realm lacks correct tourer infrastructure such as public bathrooms, drink, clean places to eat, data kiosks associate decreed an interpretation centre. Poor standards of hygiene, lack of maintenance, snafu street activity create a negative impression on tourists

6.10HUDSON-WATER-FRONT-(NET) The river city district is at a crucial stage in its history. A thriving centre of commerce and maritime activity through the first decennium, the Hudson’s shorelines became a nexus of producing and transportation for a lot of of the twentieth century.

As river-based trade declined and auto-cantered development shifted economic process removed from downtowns within the Fifties, several waterfronts fell into disrepair or complete abandonment. contaminated water and contaminated land URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES legacies of factories on the Hudson further drove folks removed from the shoreline. the Hudson riverfront has another time emerged as an painting feature of the Hudson vale. Environmental rules are serving to to create the stream cleaner for swimming, fishing, and yachting. Citizens, public officers, and developers area unit recognizing the quality-of-life edges of operating and living on the Hudson’s shores.

Figure 84 riverfront section

Figure 85 riverfront section

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Figure 86 site plan

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES

6.10.1AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECTPromote development in areas with existing infrastructure. Promote mixed-use, pedestrian-friendly development close to transit hubs in municipal centres to scale

back greenhouse-gas

emissions related

to automobile

dependence,

whereas protective natural areas that absorb atmospherically dioxide and scale back flooding.

Increase urban leaf and tree cowl. green area and tree cowl in urban areas facilitate scale back energy needs by keeping cities cooler and actively take away carbon

from

the

atmosphere.

They conjointly give different substantial

environmental advantages like reducing pollution and pollution, and square measure a simpler and fewer high-priced way to manage storm water run-off than building carbon-intensive systems of concrete sewers, drainage, and water treatment facilities.

Identify and redevelop brown fields and grey fields. A Brownfield is property that's unused,

underutilized,

or troublesome to

sell because

of noted or

suspected environmental contamination. several riverfront areas contain former industrial sites falling below this description. Abandoned or underutilized looking centres, strip malls, and different areas with in depth sealed surfaces are called grey fields. not like Brownfield's, they usually don't need remedy, in order that they are prime candidates for renovation. New visions for such sites have resulted in complete makeovers as tree lined neighbourhoods and mixed-use developments.

Upgrade infrastructure and amenities. Upgrading infrastructure and amenities like lighting, sidewalks, street furniture, bike lanes, shade trees, and utilities in riverfront business districts ought to be a part of a joint program to draw in infill development. Government policies and resources will steer renovation to infill sites and spoilt areas.

Recognize new development and renovation in municipal centres and adjacent riverfronts as key opportunities to realize upgrades and expansions to water and waste matter infrastructure.

The

process of

designing,

URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

reviewing,

and finance developments area

unit

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES necessary chances to review infrastructure desires, repair and replace aging waste matter infrastructure, separate combined sewers and storm drains, and eliminate groundwater contamination by repairing leaky pipes and replacement old systems.

Implement water-efficiency measures and incentives for existing and new development to scale back demand for potable water, and eliminate inappropriate discharges to the effluent system.

Use

low-impact

storm

water

and waste

product practices

to

recharge

groundwater and shield the sustainability of native streams, wetlands, and also the Hudson. Low-impact development techniques minimize impervious surfaces and manage storm water on-site, rather than transfer it to drains, ditches, and culverts flowing on to overburdened waste product treatment plants or native surface waters Promote mixed-use development at intervals half mile of public-transit facilities and hubs. analysis indicates individuals are willing to steer up to half mile to bus and train stations, shops, civic uses, and alternative amenities. Promoting a combination of uses residential, recreational, civic, commercial, and office near transit stations facilitates use of buses and trains, and promotes the foot traffic upon that near retail institutions rely.

Promote bicycle use. cycling will serve transportation still as recreational desires.

To

facilitate

biking, offer safe,

functional,

and enticing bike ways and

infrastructure.

Promote spirited public uses and bound access on riverfronts. Public areas like plazas, boardwalks, esplanades, public parks and piers, and picnic areas are vital for connecting people to the riverfront produce an eternal, public riverfront greenbelt passageway that provides a variety of uses for enjoyment of the city district. One of the most positive, advanced steps city district communities will take is to establish a riverfront greenbelt passageway on their entire bounds. The corridor is continuous, open area on the riverfront that gives public access, recreation, and surroundings protection.

an eternal passageway is critical to take care of public access

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES on the stream and enhance scenic quality whereas accounting for projected lowlying rise.

Link riverfront destinations. Water-based transit and a continuous pedestrian passageway area unit important to maintaining public access on the stream. different boundary settings need different passageway treatments.

Avoid real and perceived barriers that prohibit pedestrian movement and public access to the watercourse. Even public waterfronts with slim riverside setbacks connected non-public backyards and patios will create the perception of a personal territory and encroaching. wherever attainable, promote public access on non-public and institutional lands adjacent the riverfront. Large institutional facilities (e.g., hospitals, schools, and workplace complexes) on the city district oft hinder public stream access. private property homeowners

and

establishments

usually profit once their

land

is

connected to intensive path systems.

6.11COMPARATIVE STUDYparameter

Fashion

Dadar market

Dilli hatt

street zoning

Urban hatt Belapur

The entire

The market

Separate zones

Different zones

market caters

has a zoning

provided for

for different

to fashion

of clothes,

traditional

activities have

clothing and

food stalls,

clothes,

been in

accessories, it

vegetable

handicrafts,

cooperated

is specialized

stalls, etc.

accessories,

market

food courts, etc.

Vehicular

The shops are

Limited

Planned

Access directly

movement

provided

vehicular

vehicular

from the road

parallel to the

movement as

movement with

road.

near the

provision for

entrance of the

ring road

railway station

access to the

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES market parking

No parking

No provision

Underground

Provision for

facilities

for parking as

parking facilities

parking provided

provided

it is a busy

at the entrance

street.

of the hatt

Storage

Less space for

Storage

Due to the

Storage facility

facilities

storage as the

capacity is

nature of

are provided at

shops are of

limited

market storage

the back of the

is not required

structure.

small size

for every shops Visual

The shops are

Enough scope

It is the core of

The shops are

merchandising

open and is an

for the owners

the market as

aligned in such a

important tool

to arrange

the people get

way to attract

to attract

their displays

attracted with it

the people

people

to attract people

lighting

No special

Natural light

Combination of

amalgamation of

lighting, only

and artificial

natural and

both lighting

use of natural

light used

artificial light

light displays

The shops are

The shops are Display of

The shops are

displayed in a

aligned along

shops in a zone

aligned along

linear way

the pathway

and linear way

the landscape

which shows

and pathways

connectivity and which connect complete visual

the people

Energy

Sunlight plays

Energy

Along with

Natural light is

conservation

an important

consumption is

natural light

used more

role and is the

limited as

soar energy is

which plays an

major source

shops have to

also used

important role in

pay their bills

energy consumption

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Chapter 6- CASE STUDIES Planning

The market is

The space is

All the activities

Activities are

philosophy

created by the

planned so

are planned

plan along the

vendors

that there are

keeping the

contour which

no unwanted

tradition and the brings the whole

movements

concept in mind

area as one

Great vistas

Good visual

It brings the

Good visual

where there is

connectivity

outside in with

connection as

a road and

with the help

easy visual

planned

planning along

of pathways

connectivity

according along

vistas

it

the contour

Table 1 comparative study table of case studies

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Chapter 7- RIVER REGULATION BYELAWS

Classes No development Only green

Only orange

Any type of

zone for any type category of

category of

industries (red,

of industries

industries with

orange, green)

industries with

pollution control pollution control with pollution

A-i

A-ii

A-iii

A-iv

devices.

devices.

control devices

3 km on the

From 3 km to 8

From 3 km to 8

Beyond 8 km

either side of

km from river

km from river

from river (h.f.l.)

river

(h.f.l.) on either

(h.f.l.) on either

on either side.

side

side

1/2 km on the

From 1/2 km to 1 From 1 km to 2

Beyond 2 km

either side of

km from (h.f.l.)

km from (h.f.l.)

from river (h.f.l.)

river.

on either side

on either side

on either side.

1/2 km on the

From 1/2 km to 1 From 1/2 km to 1 Beyond 1 km

either side of

km from river

km from river

from river (h.f.l.)

river

(h.f.l.) on either

(h.f.l.) on either

on either side.

side

side

1/2 km on the

From 1/2 to 1 km From 1/2 to 1 km Beyond 1 km

either side of

from river (h.f.l.) from river (h.f.l.) from river (h.f.l.)

river

on either side

on either side

High flood line on either side.

Midc

1/2 km on the

with cetp either side of river

From 1/2 km to

From 1/2 km to

Beyond 3/4 from

3/4 km from river 3/4 km from river river (h.f.l.) on (h.f.l.) on either

(h.f.l.) on either

side

side

either side.

Table 2 river regulation bylaws

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7.1-RIVER REGULATION ZONE The original 2000 policy was modified through a government resolution (gr) 2009 wherein non-polluting industries were allowed in no development zone and some activities like hotels, resorts, etc. Were allowed in a1 stretch of the river. It laid guidelines about treating all domestic waste by local bodies and that the stps should be located 100 mts away from the flood line, while solid waste management facility had to be sited 500 mts away from the flood line for municipal corporations.

The 2009 gr also set up a rrz committee with secretaries of departments like environment, industry, urban development, water resources, Maharashtra pollution control board, etc., with director, env department as the member secretary. Maharashtra is the first State in the country to have such a policy and this was seen as a progressive step in the otherwise depressing scene of water management in Maharashtra.

Draft river conservation zone (regulation of harmful activities) rules, 2012 mankind originated and prospered in river valleys. Rivers are unique and dynamic ecosystems.

They have provided key ecological, social, religious and economic services to mankind for ages, but many of these are now compromised due to threats resulting from a number of human activities. These activities can be broadly categorized as being ‘polluting’ of river water and land; ‘destructive’ of river morphology or its biota; ‘extractive’ of river’s living and non living components and ‘drying’ of river systems. A number of orders issued by various courts have drawn the attention of the government to the plight of the rivers and their dependent people. United nations of which India is a party has on 26 July 2010 resolved unanimously to declare “right to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation as a human right”. Healthy rivers, it may be recalled, are essential to a realization of the said obligation by India as a party to the un this notification deriving its statutory mandate from section 3, 5 and 6 of the environment (protection) act, 1986 seeks to regulate such activities that are found to be

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Chapter 7- RIVER REGULATION BYELAWS incompatible with maintaining the health of the river systems as dynamic and life sustaining entities.

It is thus proposed to frame rules to regulate harmful activities in and around the rivers. Exceptions: traditional farming practices, fisheries, boating, ‘non invasive’ religious and cultural activities shall not be impacted by these rules.

Categorizations of river stretches category I stretch (pristine / protected) shall include stretches (including tributaries) in ecologically sensitive and fragile watersheds, areas of pristine/outstanding beauty, heritage sites, areas rich in genetic diversity or otherwise important for rare and endangered species. This will also include the stretches of rivers within national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves or similarly protected areas.

Category ii stretch (urbanized) shall include stretches of rivers (including their tributaries), with or without embankments, in designated urban areas where infrastructure facilities in form of roads, buildings (residential, commercial, recreational), temples, Ghats etc exist. category iii stretch (rural) shall include stretches of rivers (including their tributaries) in suburban and rural areas, with or without embankments, where infrastructure development if any is moderate and the land is primarily under natural vegetation, forestry, agriculture and grazing. Lateral zonation of river banks “active flood plain” as defined by high flood line (h.f.l) which in entrenched /embanked stretches of a river stretch shall be the available space (including the river channel/s) in the valley of entrenched stretch or between two embankments or between existing roads on either side along a river acting as an embankment. in other stretches of the river h.f.l / active flood plain shall be the 100 year flood line. No development zone: the competent authority shall determine a ndz on either bank for each river which shall not be less than the “active flood plain” of the river. High & medium impact zones: the competent authority shall identify and designate suitable distance/s, from the ndz, on either bank keeping local topographical conditions in mind, to be called as high impact and medium impact zones (hiz and miz). In plains where river topography is relatively flat, these distances shall not be less than 1 and 3 km respectively from the ndz.

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Chapter 7- RIVER REGULATION BYELAWS Regulations: sitting of industries and other polluting influences note: industries as well as polluting activities like land fill, dumping of municipal and other solid (including construction debris) and liquid wastes, disposal of hazardous substances etc shall be colour coded based upon their pollution potential as being red (highly polluting); orange (medium polluting) and green (low polluting).

All red industries/activities with pollution control measures shall be permitted by the competent authority for sitting only beyond the medium impact zone. Orange industries/activities with pollution control measures could be permitted by the competent authority for sitting within the medium impact zone. Green industries/activities with pollution control measures could be permitted by the competent authority for sitting within high impact zone removal of sand and gravel from the river beds permissions for removal of sand and gravel from the river bed in category iii stretches only shall be given on the basis of the guidelines as prescribed by the moef and upheld by the hon’ble supreme court in February 2012. The competent authority may consider permission for removal of sand and gravel from the river bed in category ii stretches after a prior environmental impact assessment study constructions of permanent nature no permanent construction of residential, industrial, commercial, recreational and public semipublic (psp) nature shall be permitted within no development zones, ndz of river stretches i, ii and iii and also the high impact zones, hiz of river stretch i.

Exceptions: existing constructions in any zones shall not be affected by these rules unless a change in use or expansion or reconstruction is being carried out.

Similarly, construction of ‘true’ bridges (from one bank to another) over the river shall not attract the provision of these rules. Note: in particular following public facilities shall not be permitted in active flood plain/ndz: • hospitals, nursing homes, and housing likely to have occupants who may not be sufficiently mobile to avoid injury or death during a flood • police stations, fire stations, vehicle and equipment storage facilities, and emergency operations centres that are needed for flood response activities before, during, and after a flood • structures or facilities that produce, use, or store highly volatile, inflammable, explosive, toxic, and/or water-reactive materials; • public semi-public facilities like sewage and water treatment plants (stp/wtp); power plants and stations; bus depot; metro stations/depot etc which form the life line infrastructures for any city extraction of ground water commercial extraction of ground water by non government / private URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 7- RIVER REGULATION BYELAWS agencies shall not be permitted with in ndz in any category of the river.

Competent authority the ministry of environment and forests shall designate the state environment impact assessment (seiaa) agency or the state pollution control board (spcb) to act as the competent authority for the implementation of these rules. Note: in cases where a river stretches forms either interstate boundary or international boundary, it shall be the moef that shall act as the competent authority for the implementation of these rules. Violation any violation of these rules shall be deemed to be violation of the environment (protection) act 1986 and punishable accordingly.

7.2-RIVER REGULATION ZONE NASHIK

Figure 87 river flood line map

7.2.0BACKGROUND Major ecosystem challenges faced by almost all the Indian Rivers are encroachment; wastewater disposal; solid waste disposal, ingress of fertilizers/ pesticides as runoff. These inputs temporarily vary due to festive celebrations, seasons and human development activities. The intent therefore, in formulating these guidelines is to encourage an ecosystem-based development approach that not only takes into consideration the environmental impacts of urbanization URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 7- RIVER REGULATION BYELAWS but also ensures enhancement of the river’s inherent eco-service providing potential. The development paradigm for a city on the banks of a river needs a different way of use of river and respect for its functionality.

7.2.1OBJECTIVES The issues and / or objectives expected to be addressed through the application of these directives are as follows: Environmental aspects of urbanization - Increase in pollution loads in the River Prevention of risks due to flooding Appropriate zoning of land-use and other development activities within and in proximity of the floodplain.

Prevention of aquifer contamination.

Make river a system which sustains humans and other ecosystems.

The Outcome is expected to be a tool to assist in formulating advice to planning authorities on development rules or future vision of the city.

7.2.3FLOOD PLAIN MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING DEFINING THE "FLOODPLAIN" AND RELATED TERMS The floodway is the channel of a river or stream and the overbank areas that must remain open to carry the deeper, faster moving water during a flood. No development is permissible in the Floodway zone.

The floodway fringe is the adjoining area which also has the probability of inundation in case of heavy rains. It could have restricted land-use permissibility and development based along flood protection guidelines such as not to obstruct flood flows.

An “encroachment” is any floodplain development that could obstruct flood flows, such as fill, a bridge, or a building. The floodway and the flood fringe together comprise the 100-year floodplain.

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Chapter 7- RIVER REGULATION BYELAWS

Figure 88 flood plane

7.2.4ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS OF GODAVARI RIVER "A floodplain or flood plain is an area of land adjacent to a stream or river that stretches from the banks of its channel to the base of the enclosing valley walls and experiences flooding during periods of high discharge. “It is the area of lowlying ground adjacent to a river, formed mainly of river sediments and susceptible to inundation by the 100year flood as indicated in The Floodplain inclusive of the ecological buffer to the development beyond must be the Administratively Regulated area with stringent development guidelines and monitoring thereof.

The floodplain as delineated on GIS maps and as illustrated in the figure above, is not a symmetrical area around River but would follow the site features.

Therefore, the proposed development needs to be assessed at site to ensure there would be no encroachment. The relationship between recurrence interval and probability of area under inundation, though not accurate is estimable. In addition to the 100 yr. floodplain delineation, 10yr, 20 yr...50yr flood lines.

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Figure 89 flood plain depicting flood line

7.2.5CHANCE OF FLOOD OVER A PERIOD OF YEARS

7.2.6PLANNING GUIDELINES & DEVELOPMENT CONTROLS 7.2.7ECOLOGICALLY DEFINED STREAM CHANNEL (AT NORMAL WATER SURFACE ELEVATION) Natural systems such as streams have been formed and have evolved over thousands of years in direct relationship to the surrounding topography, soil type

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Chapter 7- RIVER REGULATION BYELAWS and vegetation cover. Focus should be to conserve this through minimizing human intervention.

7.2.7.0GENERAL PROHIBITIONS Impeding or diverting the flow of water in a watercourse Modification to the flood line Altering the bed, banks, course or characteristics of a watercourse Ground water Abstraction Construction of a dam in a free-flowing stream Storing water Using water for recreational purposes harming ecology No concrete channelling of the Rivers is permissible Intensive Agricultural cultivation in close proximity to the River bed 7.2.7.1PERMISSIBLE RESTORATIVE ACTIVITIES AND RECOMMENDED APPROACH Pollution abatement -Point source pollution through storm water drains need to be periodically monitored for both solid waste and water quality Maintenance access ways-Stretches of the River adjoining densely developed urban area need to be provided with 10mt wide maintenance access way to regularly dredge and clean the river bed. It is to be designed with a permeable ground cover as also any other pathways planned.

Erosion control-Stream channel embankment, where prone to erosion ought to be strengthened using eco-engineering techniques or vegetative methods In channel biodiversity enhancement-Stretches of the river biodiversity corridor is fragmented, it is to be restored to maintain the ecological continuity of the River.

In stream water quality management-This is to be achieved only through low impact

methods

like

eco-restructuring

to

facilitate

aeration,

plantation

management through select species and any such natural methods such as creation of artificial constructed wetland for enhancing the ecosystem services. It may be noted that introduction of indigenous and native species is only permitted.

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Chapter 7- RIVER REGULATION BYELAWS 7.2.8100 YEAR FLOODWAY OR "NO-DEVELOPMENT" ZONE The floodway, is subject to high variability of impacts due to climate change. Left natural, it serves as an extended drainage area protecting from risks due to flooding. Development, in form of built structures or any kind of impermeable cover like concretization in the form or roads or pathways is not permissible within the 100year floodway boundary.

7.2.9GENERAL PROHIBITIONS FOR THIS ZONE Extensive vegetation clearing and levelling of the River bed Extensive landscaping No earthworks should be allowed within the buffer zone of any development Land reclamation No backfilling should be allowed in the 1:50 year flood line No development should be allowed in the 1:50 year flood line Interceptor sewers as it leads to high pollution potential.

7.2.10PERMISSIBLE DEVELOPMENT AND ACTIVITIES Maintaining ecological integrity of this area is the main goal for developmental planning groups of city or region. Minimum width of around 10mts along the edge of the river must be developed as ecological buffers like a Riparian Edge which would assist in restoring the aquatic and geo-morphological processes. This would provide continuous corridors and habitat for flora and fauna. Buffer is expected to provide other benefits such as water quality improvement of point or diffuse sources of pollution, stream bank and erosion protection from the hydrological impacts. This would additionally provide socio-economic benefits in the form of opportunities for environmental education / awareness. The visual enhancement of waterway would increase the property values of adjoining development. Pedestrian pathways planned herein for maintenance access may be created out of natural or biodegradable materials ensuring that they are largely permeable.

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7.2.11 100 YEAR FLOOD FRINGE AREA Land adjacent to streams is usually sought after by developers for high-density developments or business developments. In order to gain more valuable land for development it is common practice to modify the floodplain by filling it up, thereby either creating artificially steep stream banks of highly erodible material or finally converting the natural stream into a drainage channel.

7.2.12PROHIBITIONS The Flood fringe area should not be modified to increase the development area No backfilling should be allowed in the Flood fringe area and/or 1:50- year flood line.

No concrete channelling of rivers should be permitted merely to accommodate a development proposal.

Increased property rights of existing owners to the remaining area that could be developed should be investigated.

Engineering efforts to reduce flooding - such as levees, concrete channels, damming and piping should not be allowed.

High rise, high density residential development or commercial or industrial development is not to be permitted.

Multiple ownership for land resulting in plot sub-divisioning is to be avoided.

Urban Agriculture plots, the use of pesticides is to be banned in this region.

7.2.13RECOMMENDED DEVELOPMENT APPROACH 1. 0mt to 10mts from the flood fringe line: The land may be developed for Urban agriculture; Urban forestry; soft landscaped public garden and the likes.

2. Cycling tracks & pedestrian pathways as access ways must be permeable allowing water infiltration for ground aquifer re-charge.

3. Identified groundwater recharge zones should preferably not be developed, or be appropriately developed to allow for the infiltration of water.

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Chapter 7- RIVER REGULATION BYELAWS 4. Any natural steep slope susceptible to landslide must be form stabilized or terraced using eco-engineering techniques. Concretizing is not to be allowed.

5. Areas with potential subsidence due to undermining or reworked ground must be avoided for sitting the structures.

6. The most suitable terrain conditions for urban development is surface gradient with slope less than 12 degrees. This can be developed with less effect on erosion. Areas with a high erosion potential should be developed at lower densities, with more permeable surfaces.

7. A plotted development would be permissible, no hard division of land with compound walls would be permissible 8. The layout plan should make provision for an appropriate level of on - site sanitation treatment system.

9. Single houses and low-density residential development may be permitted provided the development impact is estimated not to increase the water level more than 1 fit 300mm above the base flood elevation level. The impact assessment is to take into account the cumulative impact of both the built structures as well as roads and/or any even other landscaped impermeable ground cover like paving.

10. Buildings must be located above the appropriate flood level on the upper extremities of the property and must front or provide views onto the watercourse to ensure adequate visual surveillance and integration of the system into the fabric of the development and the City as a whole.

11. Where maintenance access is required for the River front, this must also be incorporated in the Sale Contract of the Owner.

12. All built structures if unavoidable must be on stilts allowing free flow of water below and around the structures. The structures should be designed along the Flood protection guidelines.

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Chapter 7- RIVER REGULATION BYELAWS 13. Perimeter fencing & landscape features must be visually permeable from ground level allowing the free flow of water and movement of aquatic fauna in flood events (e.g., Storm water drainage; fish ladder & palisade fencing).

14. For Floodplains with base flood elevations being provided, but no defined floodway: When the flood hazard map designates base flood elevations (100year flood heights) but no floodway is delineated, the cumulative effect of the proposed development, when combined with all other existing and anticipated floodplain development, must demonstrate it would not increase the water surface elevation of the 100-year flood more than one foot (300mm) at any location.

7.2.14DEVELOPMENT BEYOND THE 100 YEAR RIVER FLOODPLAIN PREVENTION OF GROUND WATER AQUIFER POLLUTION The following activities can pollute the groundwater and special precautionary measures should be taken with regard to their locationo landfills discharge leachate that may contain organic compounds (residential garbage) or trace elements like zinc, chromium and lead (industrial landfills). o some urban storm water runoff infiltrates the water table and contaminates the groundwater. o spills and leakages of petroleum products (petrol and diesel storage tanks) are known sources of groundwater and soil pollution.

Treated City sewer soak away drain fields may be located at a minimum distance 10 mts to 15 mts from the floodplain Temporary septic tank treated intermittent sewer manhole location may be permitted at minimum distance of 10mts from the flood line fringe as delimitated on the flood hazard map of the area.

Nashik municipal corporation should upgrade and maintain all the septic tanks and overflow should go to the sewer system. all the catchment should be upgraded near the Godavari region. the conventional wastewater treatment plant- a buffer of 30mts is to be maintained from the flood fringe line or a 10 year recurrent flood line.

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Chapter 7- RIVER REGULATION BYELAWS ground water extraction bore wells and wells ought to be planned at min separation distance of 200mts from the flood line. liquid effluents discharge is to be located 50mts away from wells and bore wells applying water for domestic use and away from the flood fringe line. solid waste and animal waste disposal-to be located 500mts away from the flood fringe line. roads and parking's should be provided with bio swale and rain gardens.

Combined sewer + storm water systems with poor construction and maintenance of sewers result in storm water runoff infiltrating the System during rain events.

This overloads the System, with resultant overflow of sewerage effluent onto the land surface and potential “flooding” of the wastewater treatment works by excessive inflow. It is recommended that there must be separate storm water and sewer line, however there is a need to study the whole storm and sewer network integration through proper simulation and modelling for future development.

Figure 90 allowing free flow of water from below

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Chapter 7- RIVER REGULATION BYELAWS

TREATED WASTEWATER DISCHARGE INTO RIVER 3D Modelling carried out for determining the average velocity of river flow across the stream section shows that velocity of flow is highest at top. Hence, the outfall line of discharge be above surface water level thus avoiding stagnation of pollutants in the stream stretch. Disposal line should not be near the bank of river.

Figure 91 separate sewer line

GROUNDWATER AQUIFER RECHARGE It is recommended that contemporary approach towards Water Sensitive Urban Design be adopted for all development beyond floodplain level. This would hugely decrease loads on the floodplains and the River in turn.

RECOMMENDED LAND-USES, SETBACKS AND SEPARATION DISTANCES Setback distances are provided from water bodies (both above and below ground) to prevent pollution Buffer distances for waste landfill operations are provided to prevent problems of litter, water pollution Buffers or separation distances are not an alternative to source control and cleaner production methods. They are a means of reducing the effects of residual emissions The distances quoted in the document should not be adopted as absolute criteria, but URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 7- RIVER REGULATION BYELAWS rather as indicative distances which may be adjusted having regard to specific site circumstances. NMC should form a committee to define the control regulations for the Nashik region which shall help in overall preservation of the whole region.

Figure 92 septic tank line

Figure 93 model of Godavari reach from Gangapur Dam to Ramkunda in Nashik

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Figure 94 flood flow profile

Figure 95 flood flow line section

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Chapter 7- RIVER REGULATION BYELAWS

Figure 96 flood flow section for 100 years

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Chapter 8- SITE STUDY AND ANALYSIS 8.1 SITE-NASHIK the site is located near the Godavari River in pune, it connects the old city as well as new city of Nashik it is situated by the Panchvati. Close to Kalaram temple their square measure some terribly previous and lofty banyan trees that square measure believed to be sprung from 5 banyans that gave its name to Panchvati.

The name ‘Panchvati’ comes from the words Panch which implies 5 and Vati which implies Ficus bengalensis. this is often the location wherever Sita’s Cave

is set.

Kalaram

temple,

temple, fragmentize Narayan

Kapaleshwar

temple,

temple,

Talkuteshwar

Ganga

Godavari

temple,

temple,

Nilkantheshwar Goraram mandir Murlidhar Mandir, Tilbhandeshwar mandir, Balaji temple, Sandvyachi Hindu deity temple, Vitthal temple, Pataleshwar temple, Naroshankar temple, Ramkund, Karthikswami temple, Dutondya Maruti, Katya Maruti temple, Panchmukhi Hanuman temple, Bhadrakali temple, Kapurthala monuments square measure placed in and around Panchavati space.

Nashik has earned name of the Banaras of western Asian country because of giant no of temples.

Figure 97 plan of Nashik

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Chapter 8- SITE STUDY AND ANALYSIS

Figure 98 development plan of Panchvati

Figure 99 urban grain of Panchvati

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Chapter 8- SITE STUDY AND ANALYSIS the urban grain defines that the eastern side consists of the old city of Nashik and the west side consist of the new city, the eastern side is more denser than the western side of the area

Figure 100 road network of Panchvati

network which has observed 3 for Panchavati division. Higher the Alpha index shows greater degree of connectivity within the network but for Panchavati division it has observed only 13% which show low degree of connectivity. For the study division the Beta index is 1.14 it means that the Panchavati division has high connected by road network.

Gamma index describes connectivity of networks in percent which has observed 44.44% which show quite well connectivity. If value of pi index is more than 2 then given road network is well connected, for Panchavati division it has observed 3.24, which shows high connectivity but E.T.A. index observed 2.22 km / Nos, which has shown high connectivity. It has observed that the detour has found more than 100.00, it means that these places have affected by relief barriers, the route Makhamlabad Naka to R.T.O has less detour index i.e., 148.00 URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 8- SITE STUDY AND ANALYSIS so it has less effect of relief barrier but the route Meri-Mhasrul to Hirawadi has more detour index i.e.278.33 so it has more effect of relief barriers.

The Shimbel index can be derived from the shortest-path matrix in the study division. The Nimani bus stand has lowest Shimbel index, and the associated number is 3, so it is most accessible node than the other nodes. The highest associated number 5 has observed for Amrutdham and Ramkund where accessibility has found low. For the Panchavati division the mean associated number is 54/14=3.85.

Figure 101 drainage map of Panchvati

In Nashik Municipal Corporation area a comprehensive storm water drainage system available. The ground slopes are steep in certain areas (Panchavati area), especially near the Godavari and its tributaries. The average low-lying ground level is 569 m. and the highest ground elevation is at 700 m. The old city is located at low-lying areas while the developed areas are mostly on higher grounds. There are 3 main River basins in the study area as under, The Godavari River flows west to East across approx. 18km. through central area of the city.

Nearly 8 nallas meet the river Godavari in this stretch.

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Chapter 8- SITE STUDY AND ANALYSIS The river Nasardi also flows west to east and joins the Godavari on the south bank at Takli. The river Darna flows at the South – Eastern boundary of the study area, and its tributary Valdevi flows from the North – West to South – East and

meets it near Chehedi. The Nasardi, Darna and Waldevi (which meets Darna River) are the tributaries of river Godavari. The drainage pattern lies within the respective ridges of the catchment area. (CDP of Nashik) The inverted ‘S’ shaped river valley has influenced the development of Nashik. Core area is situated on the Right Bank of the river, while Panchvati, a traditional settlement is on the left bank of the Godavari River. So, the Godavari River has divided the earlier settlement. The city is situated in the area between the Godavari and Nasardi River, which was a well defensive site in the olden days, marked by the Godavari and other numerous streamlets.

Figure 102 open spaces and water body flow

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Chapter 8- SITE STUDY AND ANALYSIS

Figure 103 traffic pattern

Figure 104 soil map

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Chapter 8- SITE STUDY AND ANALYSIS

The

great lure of

the

Deccan

covers the

complete district. it's entirely

of

volcanic kind action. The volcanic portion consists of compact stratified basalts associate degree an earthy lure. The basalts is that the most conspicuous geologic feature. In some flows the basalts is columnar then it weathers into the amazing shapes. The formation at the bottom of the traps is primarily amygdale form, containing quarry in vertical veins, crystals and mineral , particularly apophyllite weathering into a grease soil. The absence of soil, that caps the summits of the south, could be a curious feature within the space of earth science. The volcanic rock isn't solely penalized unsmooth however conjointly course and nodular. the soil valleys square measure crammed with disintegrated volcanic rock of assorted shades from Gray to black, washed down by rain it's of clayey nature.

This soil is not favourable for the expansion of enormous trees however it's terribly fertile for cereals and pulse. The black soil contains high corundum and carbonates of metal and magnesium with variable amounts of hydrated oxide, low element and phosphorus. The red soil is RSS common and is appropriate for cultivation beneath an important and consistent rainfall. usually, deep black soil is found within the study region however older alluvia soil with deep cowl has been discovered in Godavari natural depression.

Figure 105 contour map

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Chapter 8- SITE STUDY AND ANALYSIS The isometric of the town is below 2000ft and also the basin is at 1960ft M.S.L. it's a transmutation region from the higher reaches within the Sahyadri’s and also the highland. There square measure some isolated hills close the Nashik town like Pandu hills (323 MT.) within the Japanese finish of the AnjeneriTrimbak vary, in southwest, Chamar Caves within the north.

The

Godavari emerges from the most Sahyadri ranges close

to Trimbak

simply twenty-seven kilometres. from Nashik within the west. The Godavari watercourse encompasses a fan like evacuation pattern; the low gradient of the Godavari watercourse developed on a volcanic rock surface has introduced meanders and sediment banks and potholes. The banks have erosion and depositional options.

The tributaries of the Godavari worn the land to achieve the bottom level of the thirty-three main stream and have graven out their courses, let alone the intermediate parts as mounds, and their square measure 9 hills (Teaks) then, Nashik has associate degree undulating topography.

The 9 hillocks apparently attracted settlement thanks to the seasonal floods of Godavari and locational holiness. These hills at the moment square measure troublesome to trace as a result of the in filling of hollows and depressions by mud. These hills of Nashik were referred to as Teaks. The Juni Gadi is associate degree eighty feet hill wherever initial settlement originated and developed. The Navi Gadi or New Fort is that the place wherever the Muslim Courthouse was settled.

The Kokani Tek was occupied by the Pathan pura. any towards the west were the Jog Tek, that has Jog Wada within the south, and Dargah within the North. within the west there's Mhasrul Tek and Dingarali hill. There square measure alternative smaller teks like Mahalaxmi Tek, Jama place of worship Tek or Sonarali Tek and Hindu deity hill or Hindu deity Tek. It seems that the 9 teks of Nashik town square measure such sediment mounts, the remnants of the extent surfaces worn by the Saraswati associate degree alternative

neighbourhood

sediment platform

parched

stream and on

the

also

high worn locality of shaping

Godavari and mark aloof from the remainder URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

the Panchavati space is

an

machine

of the natural depression Page 189

Chapter 8- SITE STUDY AND ANALYSIS enlargement by the charmed Aruna and Waghadi rivers, the mounts attracted early settlers of the Nashik town and also the Panchavati space became its counterpart of the opposite bank of watercourse, with Tapovan because the appropriate no enlargement.

8.2 CLIMATE ANALYSIS

Figure 106 avg temperature and precipitation

Figure 107 cloudy, sunny, and precipitation days

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Chapter 8- SITE STUDY AND ANALYSIS

Figure 108 maximum temperatures

Figure 109 precipitation amount

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Chapter 8- SITE STUDY AND ANALYSIS

Figure 110 wind speed

Figure 111 wind rose

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Chapter 8- SITE STUDY AND ANALYSIS the clear ideas about Temperature, Rainfall, and Relative Humidity of the study area. These Three factors define the Climate situation including all season like winter, summer, Pre-Monsoon, Monsoon. The Climate of Nashik City is favourable for Healthy and Good urbanization. The average maximum temperature is 34 C and it is observed Max 44 C in the two months i.e. April and May. The average minimum temperature is 15 C and it is observed lowest about 3.2 C and 5.4 C in the month of December and January respectively. The average annual temperature ranges between 15 C and 34 C. The average rainfall in Nashik City is observed 53 mm and it is highest in month of June and July i.e., 210 mm. The average humidity observed in the study area ranges between 34 % to 92 % and it is observed highest in the monsoon and winter season.

Throughout year the evening climate is clearer and freer from humidity comparatively the morning session

8.3 SITE CONTEXT

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Chapter 8- SITE STUDY AND ANALYSIS

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Chapter 9- QUESTIONARE Total number of people surveyed 42 Age group-18-75

GENDER-70%-female 30%-male

HOW OFTEN DO YOU VISIT YOUR PARK OR OPEN SPACE? everyday-10 weekly-6 occasionally-19 rarely-5 Never-1

WHAT TIME DO YOU VISIT THE PLACE? early morning-6 late morning-3 early afternoon-1 late afternoon-4 early evening-22 night-6

ARE THE OPEN SPACES YOU VISIT WELL MAINTAINED? yes-36 no-6

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Chapter 9- QUESTIONARE

HOW DO YOU TRAVEL TO YOUR PARK OR OPEN SPACE? bike-11 car-7 bus-0 on foot-21 others-3

WHY DO YOU VISIT AN OPEN SPACE? for fresh air-15 attend events-1 for a walk-22 outings-3 meet up with friends-8 others-5

HOW EASY IT IS FOR YOU TO ACCESS THE SPACE? very good-17 good-15 fair-8 poor-0

CAN YOU USE A VARIETY OF TRANSPORTATION OPTIONS - BUS TRAIN, CAR, BICYCLE, ETC. - TO REACH THE PLACE? Yes-32 No-10

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Chapter 9- QUESTIONARE

DO VEHICLES DOMINATE PEDESTRIAN USE OF THE SPACE, OR PREVENT THEM FROM EASILY GETTING TO THE SPACE? Yes-15 No-27

ARE THERE ENOUGH PLACES TO SIT? ARE SEATS CONVENIENTLY LOCATED? DO PEOPLE HAVE IS A CHOICE OF PLACES TO SIT, EITHER IN THE SUN OR SHADE? Yes-33 No-9

CAN PEOPLE EASILY WALK TO THE PLACE? FOR EXAMPLE, DO THEY HAVE TO DART BETWEEN MOVING CARS TO GET TO THE PLACE? Yes-21 No-11 Maybe-10

CAN YOU SEE THE SPACE FROM A DISTANCE? IS ITS INTERIOR VISIBLE FROM THE OUTSIDE? Yes-26 No-16

DO THE ROADS AND PATHS THROUGH THE SPACE TAKE PEOPLE WHERE THEY ACTUALLY WANT TO GO? Yes-36 No-6

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Chapter 9- QUESTIONARE

IS THIS A PLACE WHERE YOU WOULD CHOOSE TO MEET YOUR FRIENDS? OR SIT IN A GROUP TO MEET UP? Yes-34 No-8

DO YOU INTERACT WITH PEOPLE WHEN YOU GO TO THE SPACE? Yes-28 No-14

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Chapter 10- AREA STATEMENT

Sr.no

A

B

C

Spaces

number of persons

area

D

E

per Quantity

F

Dim

person

of the

sq.m

space

public

THE BRIDGE 1

Yoga

15

1.2

1

2

Hawker stall [seller, -

Per

buyer, platform]

area3.0sq

stall No

-

-

of -

-

stalls -20

.mt 3

open café with sitting 30

2.5

tables

No

of -

-

tables-15

4

Walking gallery

-

-

-

-

-

5

Sitting decks

30

0.81

30

-

-

Total people

900 SOUTH SIDE PLOT

Festival area 1

Security

office 2

1

1

3x3

-

1

1

20x17

-

common for festival area and flea market 2

Admin

office 15

common for festival area and flea market 3

Manager

1

1

1

5x3

-

4

Ass.manager

1

1

1

5x4

-

5

Staff

6

1

1

11x6

-

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Chapter 10- AREA STATEMENT 6

Storage room

-

1

1

7x6

-

7

Surveillance room

5

1

1

8x7

-

8

Record room

-

1

1

7.5x5.

-

5 9

Toilet-male[staff]

-

-

3

-

-

-

-

toilets,2w /b,2urinal s 10

Toilet-female[staff]

-

-

3 toilets,2w /b

11

auditorium

-

1.5

1

40x40

100

12

event area

-

1.5

1

50x20

200

13

Food kiosks

25

1.8

Total no- 3x3

100

8 14

Toilet

male

[public -

-

area-festival area

2

5x4

-

5x4

-

toilets,2w /b,2urinal s

15

Toilet female [public -

-

area-festival area]

2 toilets,2w /b

Flea market 1

Handicraft kiosks

20

1.8

Total no- 3x3

80

30 2

Souvenir kiosks

20

1.8

Total no- 3x3

80

30

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Chapter 10- AREA STATEMENT 3

Toilet-male-public

-

-

2

4x4

-

4x4

-

toilets,1w /b,2 urinals 4

Toilet-female-public

-

-

2 toilets,1w /b

gym 1

Training area [with -

2

1

30x14

60

2

1

15x15

40

-

1.5

1

13x5

20

-

1.5

1

13x5

20

12

1.5

1

9x5

-

12

1.5

1

9x5

-

2

1

15x15

100

equipment’s] 2

Training area [with equipment’s] cardio

3

Locker/changing/sho wer/sauna/toilet-male

4

Locker/changing/sho wer/sauna/toiletfemale

5

Locker/changing/sho wer/sauna/toilet-male

6

Locker/changing/sho wer/sauna/toiletfemale

7

Training

area -

[without equipment’s] 8

Parking [gym]

8a

-

Parking-4w

12.5

-

-

-

8b

-

Parking-2w

3.6

-

-

-

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Chapter 10- AREA STATEMENT Total people

1150 NORTH SIDE PLOT

Urban hatt 1

Ticket booth

2

1.2

1

8x4

50

2

Surveillance room

6

1.2

1

8x5

-

3

Admin office

4

Management office

1

1.8

1

7x5

-

5

Storage room

-

-

1

9x9

-

6

Record room

-

-

1

5x5

-

7

Staff

6

1.5

1

12x6

-

8

Pantry

-

-

1

5x5

-

9

Meeting room

8

1

1

10x5

-

10

Toilet male [staff]

-

-

3

6.5x4.

-

toilets/3w

0

/b,3 urinals 11

Toilet female [staff]

-

-

3

6.5x3.

toilets/3w

0

-

/b 12

Cleaning staff

13

Toilets

14

male[public]

4

1.2

1

6x5

-

-

-

6

7.5x4.

-

toilets,4w

0

/b,4 urinals

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Chapter 10- AREA STATEMENT 15

female[public]

-

-

6

6.5x4.

toilets,4w

0

-

/b 16

Children’s Park

-

2

1

17

Small stalls

30

2

Total no- 4x3

80x50

150 100

23 18

Large stalls

40

2

Total no- 10x10

150

13 19

Workshop area

15

1

1

50x20

20

Food stall

30

2

Total no- 5x3

200 100

16 21

Amphitheatre

-

1.5

1

-

600

Open café area [bridge activity] 1

Kitchen area

6

1.5

1

15x5

-

2

Storage-vegetable,

-

-

2

10x6

-

6

1.5

1

11x6

-

-

1

7x5

-

meat 3

Chef area

4

Serving

staff 10

[changing area] 5

Sitting area

-

1

1

20x15

-

6

Toilet for café staff -

-

2

6.5x4.

-

toilets,1w

0

[common]

/b,2 urinals 7

Parking-4w

-

12.5x

-

-

-

8

Parking-2w

-

3.6

-

-

-

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Chapter 10- AREA STATEMENT Table 3 area statement

fsi-1 plot area -49868 sq m-node-1 -10853 sq m-node-2

built up area 15% than carpet area-7932.355 total built up area 35% than built up area-107

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Chapter 11- PROJECT REPORT 11.1 INTRO TO SITE AND ANALYSIS

RAMWADI-PLOT-A JOSHIWADA-PLOT-B SMART CITY-A JOSHIWADA SLUM DEVELOPMENT-B PANCHVATI-C Figure 112 site

11.2 UPCOMING PROJECTS AND SITE PROBLEMS

UPCOMING PROJECTS1-SMART CITY DEVELOPMENT. 2,3-REDEVELOPMENT OF RIVERFRONT. 4-SLUM REDEVELOPMENT PROPOSAL. 5-REDEVELOPMENT OF RAMWADI PARK. Figure 113 site problems- floods and water scarcity

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Chapter 11- PROJECT REPORT

ANALYSIS STRENGTHAS THE SITE IS LOCATED NEAR THE RIVER AND THERE ARE SO MANY PROPOSALS IT IS AN OPPORTUNITY TO INCREASE THE ACTIVITIES.

THERE ARE NO PROPOSALS FOR MARKET.

WEAKNESSTHERE WONT BE ANY STRCUTURES MORE THAN 24M DUE TO RIVER REGULATIONS.

THERE WONT BE ANY PERMANENT STRUCTURE ON THE BRIDGE.

THREATPRECAUTION NEED TO BE TAKEN RELATED TO THE FLOOD ISSUES.

WATER CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES NEED TO BE USED.

OPPORTUNITYTHERE IS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR PROPOSAL FOR THE BACKWARD CLASS PEOPLE. 11.3 FLOOD LINE

Figure 114 flood line of site

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Chapter 11- PROJECT REPORT

Figure 115 flood line section and flood profile

ANALYSIS THE FLOOD LINE FOR 100 YEAR IS 610M AND THE RED LINE IS 566 LEVEL AND BLUE LINE IS 564 LEVEL THEREFORE THERE WILL BE NEED FOR PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN.

BUFFERS NEED TO BE PROVIDED SO THAT THERE WONT BE ANY MODIFICATION OF THE FLOOD LINE.

NO BACKFILLING WILL BE PROMOTED.

THERE WONT BE ANY LEVELLING OF RIVER BED.

NO CONCRETE CHANNELLING OF THE RIVERS IS PERMISSIBLE.

EXTENSIVE VEGETATION CLEARING AND LEVELLING OF THE RIVER BED.

USE OF WATER FOR RECREATIONAL PURPOSES.

NO CONCRETE CHANNELLING OF THE RIVERS IS PERMISSIBLE.

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Chapter 11- PROJECT REPORT

11.4 SITE SURROUNDING

TEMPLE-30%

HOSPITAL-10%

OPEN SPACES-40%

INSTITUTIONS-30% Figure 116 site surroundings

ANALYSISSTRENGTHFITNESS CLUBS CAN BE PROVIDED FOR THE YOUTH AND SENIOR POPULATION.

OPEN PARKS CAN BE PROVIDED FOR THE CHILDREN.

WORKSHOPS CAN BE PROVIDED FOR THE BACKWARD CLASS.

OPEN CAFÉS CAN BE PROPOSED AS A BREAK OUT SPACE FOR STUDENTS.

SIT OUT DECKS WILL BE ADVANTAGE FOR THE SENIOR CITIZENS.

THREATPRECAUTION NEED TO BE TAKEN FOR POLLUTION.

PROPER SAFETY MEASURE NEED TO BE TAKEN WHILE DESIGNING.

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Chapter 11- PROJECT REPORT OPPORTUNITYIT WILL BE AN OPPORTUNITY FOR THE HAWKERS, AS

IT IS AN RELIGIOUS AREA.

11.5 TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORT

Figure 117 traffic @ 12pm

Figure 118 traffic @ 6pm

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Chapter 11- PROJECT REPORT

Figure 122 nashik airport to ramwadi-20km

Figure 121 nashik station to ramwadi-11km

Figure 120 bus stop to ramwadi3.1km

Figure 119 routes

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Chapter 11- PROJECT REPORT

ANALYSIS STRENGTHAS THERE IS TRAFFIC AT THE NODES THE PROPOSAL FOR THE BRIDGE WILL HELP TO DIVIDE THE TRAFFIC PATTERN.

WEAKNESSAS THERE ARE NO CYCLE TRACKS PROVIDED.

THREATAS THERE ARE MORE ACCIDENT LIKELY TO HAPPEN AT THE NODES ,SIGNAGES CAN BE USED.

OPPORTUNITYTHERE WILL BE AN OPPORTUNITY TO CONNECT THE SITE WITH THE SMART CITY.

11.6 CLIMATIC ANALYSIS ANALYSISSOLAR PANEL CAN BE USED AS TEMPERATURE IS 15 TO 36 DEGREE.

AS THE AREA HAS HEAVY RAIN, RAINWATER HARVESTING TECHNIQUES NEED TO BE USED.

USE OF PIEZO CELLS CAN HELP TO INCREASE ENERGY.

USE OF GREY WATER CAN BE USED FOR LANDSCAPE AREAS.

AS THE WIND IS FROM SOUTHWEST TO NORTHEAST MOST OF WINDOWS WILL BE PLACED AT THAT DIRECTION.

SLOPING ROOFS NEED TO BE PEOVIDED DUE TO HEAVY RAINS AND WIND. URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 11- PROJECT REPORT

RAMMED EARTH CAN BE USED FOR CONSTRUCTION AS IT IS MORE EFFICIENT AND ECONOMICAL. 11.7 USER ACTIVITY

Figure 123 user based analysis

URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE Figure 124 user activities divided over the site

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Chapter 11- PROJECT REPORT

11.8 ZONING AND BUBBLE DIAGRAM

Figure 125 site zoning and bubble diagram

THE NORTH SIDE PLOT IS DIVIDED INTO FOUR ZONES RELATED TO THE ACTIVITIES WITH THE CENTRE PART AS THE MAIN AREA.

THE BRIDGE WITH TWO DECKS CONNECTS THE PLOT.

THE SOUTH PLOT COMPRISE OF THE GYM AND FLEA MARKET AT ENTRANCE FOR EASY ACCESS WITH AN EVENT AREA. URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 11- PROJECT REPORT 11.9 SITE PLAN AND SITE SECTION

Figure 126 site plan and site section

THE BRIDGE CONNECTS THE TWO PLOTS THE NORTH SIDE AND THE SOUTH SIDE PLOT.

THE NORTH SIDE COMPRISE OF THE URBAN HATT WHILE AS THE SOUTH SIDE COMPRISE OF THE FLEA MARKET. URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 11- PROJECT REPORT

THE TWO SIDE OF THE RIVER HAS THE LOWER PROMENADE WHICH COMPRISE OF A CYCLE TRACK AND SITTING AREA,THE LOWER PROMENADE IS CONNECTED TO THE BRIDGE.

BOTH SIDES OF THE PLOT HAS DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES WHICH IS BEEN CONNECTED WITH THE BRIDGE. 11.10 THE BRIDGE

11.11 NORTH SIDE PLOT THE BRIDGE IS DIVIDED INTO TWO LEVELS THE LOWER DECK AND THE UPPER DECK THE UPPER DECK CONSISTS OF THE KIOSKSAND THE WALKING GALLERY ON THE ANOTHER HAND LOWER DECK CONSISTS OF THE VIEWING DECK AND THE YOGA AREA

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Chapter 11- PROJECT REPORT

THE BRIDGE IS SUPPORTED USING CAISSON WELLS IT IS MADE OF PRESTRESSED GIRDERS WHICH TRANSFER THE LOAD FROM THE COLUMNS TO THE CAISSONS.

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Chapter 11- PROJECT REPORT

11.12 SOUTH SIDE PLOT

11.13 DETAILS

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Chapter 11- PROJECT REPORT

11.14 SERVICES

11.15 VIEWS

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Chapter 11- PROJECT REPORT

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Chapter 11- PROJECT REPORT

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Chapter 12-LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 microswarm system .............................................................................. 33 Figure 2 key attributes of public open space ....................................................... 43 Figure 3 Giambattista Nolli's. The New Plan of Rome ........................................ 45 Figure 4 composition approach ........................................................................... 46 Figure 5 division of public spaces ....................................................................... 47 Figure 6 Rome aqueducts ................................................................................... 53 Figure 7 bridge in London ................................................................................... 54 Figure 8 first picture ............................................................................................ 64 Figure 9 second picture ...................................................................................... 65 Figure 10 third picture ......................................................................................... 65 Figure 11 hall 1966 ............................................................................................. 81 Figure 12 physical quantities............................................................................... 83 Figure 13 urban design actions ........................................................................... 97 Figure 14 attributes of public spaces .................................................................. 97 Figure 15 Ponte Vecchio ................................................................................... 111 Figure 16 mannelli tower ................................................................................... 114 Figure 17 map of Ponte Vecchio ....................................................................... 114 Figure 18 Ponte Vecchio ................................................................................... 115 Figure 19 comparison of dimensions ................................................................ 115 Figure 20 section .............................................................................................. 115 Figure 21 plan ................................................................................................... 116 Figure 22 Ponte rialto........................................................................................ 116 Figure 23 Ponte rialto ........................................................................................ 117 Figure 24 Ponte rialto ........................................................................................ 118 Figure 25 Ponte rialto ........................................................................................ 120 URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 12-LIST OF FIGURES Figure 26 plan, section ...................................................................................... 120 Figure 27 lakdi pool ........................................................................................... 121 Figure 28 nodes ................................................................................................ 121 Figure 29 nodes ................................................................................................ 122 Figure 30 nodes ................................................................................................ 122 Figure 31 nodes of the bridge ........................................................................... 123 Figure 32 nodes of the bridge ........................................................................... 123 Figure 33 streetscapes in Pune near the bridge ................................................ 124 Figure 34 streetscapes ...................................................................................... 124 Figure 35 bicycle stand ..................................................................................... 125 Figure 36 sculptures .......................................................................................... 125 Figure 37 Horniman garden .............................................................................. 127 Figure 38 fountain ............................................................................................. 127 Figure 39 Horniman garden .............................................................................. 128 Figure 40 Horniman garden .............................................................................. 128 Figure 41 Horniman garden .............................................................................. 129 Figure 42 Horniman garden .............................................................................. 129 Figure 43 fashion street..................................................................................... 130 Figure 44 fashion street..................................................................................... 130 Figure 45 fashion street..................................................................................... 131 Figure 46 fashion street..................................................................................... 131 Figure 47 shantivan park ................................................................................... 132 Figure 48 shantivan park ................................................................................... 133 Figure 49 shantivan park ................................................................................... 133 Figure 50 shantivan park ................................................................................... 134 Figure 51 shantivan park ................................................................................... 134 URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 12-LIST OF FIGURES Figure 52 shantivan park .................................................................................. 135 Figure 53 belapur cbd site plan ......................................................................... 136 Figure 54 unit plan ............................................................................................ 136 Figure 55 units plans......................................................................................... 137 Figure 56 plans, section .................................................................................... 137 Figure 57 direction map .................................................................................... 138 Figure 58 belapur cbd ....................................................................................... 138 Figure 59 entrance ............................................................................................ 139 Figure 60 belapur cbd ....................................................................................... 139 Figure 61 amphitheatre ..................................................................................... 140 Figure 62 site elevation ..................................................................................... 141 Figure 63 Dilli Haat ........................................................................................... 142 Figure 64 Dilli Haat ........................................................................................... 143 Figure 65 plan ................................................................................................... 144 Figure 66 section .............................................................................................. 145 Figure 67 section .............................................................................................. 145 Figure 68 section .............................................................................................. 145 Figure 69 Dilli Haat ........................................................................................... 146 Figure 70 amphitheatre ..................................................................................... 146 Figure 71 Dilli Haat ........................................................................................... 147 Figure 72 Dilli Haat ........................................................................................... 147 Figure 73 Dadar market .................................................................................... 148 Figure 74 dadar market ..................................................................................... 148 Figure 75 Dadar market .................................................................................... 149 Figure 76 Dadar market .................................................................................... 149 Figure 77 Dadar market bridge ......................................................................... 150 URBANISM ALONG THE BRIDGE

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Chapter 12-LIST OF FIGURES Figure 78 Dadar market .................................................................................... 150 Figure 79 development map .............................................................................. 152 Figure 80 built fabric .......................................................................................... 152 Figure 81 drainage plan .................................................................................... 153 Figure 82 land use plan ..................................................................................... 153 Figure 83 zoning ............................................................................................... 153 Figure 84 riverfront section ................................................................................ 157 Figure 85 riverfront section ................................................................................ 157 Figure 86 site plan ............................................................................................. 158 Figure 87 river flood line map ............................................................................ 168 Figure 88 flood plane......................................................................................... 170 Figure 89 flood plain depicting flood line ........................................................... 171 Figure 90 allowing free flow of water from below .............................................. 177 Figure 91 separate sewer line ........................................................................... 178 Figure 92 septic tank line .................................................................................. 179 Figure 93 model of Godavari reach from Gangapur Dam to Ramkunda in Nashik .......................................................................................................................... 179 Figure 94 flood flow profile ................................................................................ 180 Figure 95 flood flow line section ........................................................................ 180 Figure 96 flood flow section for 100 years ......................................................... 181 Figure 97 plan of Nashik ................................................................................... 182 Figure 98 development plan of Panchvati ......................................................... 183 Figure 99 urban grain of Panchvati ................................................................... 183 Figure 100 road network of Panchvati ............................................................... 184 Figure 101 drainage map of Panchvati.............................................................. 185 Figure 102 open spaces and water body flow ................................................... 186

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Chapter 12-LIST OF FIGURES Figure 103 traffic pattern ................................................................................... 187 Figure 104 soil map .......................................................................................... 187 Figure 105 contour map .................................................................................... 188 Figure 106 avg temperature and precipitation .................................................. 190 Figure 107 cloudy, sunny, and precipitation days ............................................. 190 Figure 108 maximum temperatures .................................................................. 191 Figure 109 precipitation amount........................................................................ 191 Figure 110 wind speed ...................................................................................... 192 Figure 111 wind rose ........................................................................................ 192 Figure 112 site .................................................................................................. 205 Figure 113 site problems- floods and water scarcity ......................................... 205 Figure 114 flood line of site ............................................................................... 206 Figure 115 flood line section and flood profile ................................................... 207 Figure 116 site surroundings ............................................................................ 208 Figure 117 traffic @ 12pm ................................................................................ 209 Figure 118 traffic @ 6pm .................................................................................. 209 Figure 119 routes .............................................................................................. 210 Figure 120 bus stop to ramwadi-3.1km ............................................................. 210 Figure 121 nashik station to ramwadi-11km ..................................................... 210 Figure 122 nashik airport to ramwadi-20km ...................................................... 210 Figure 123 user activities divided over the site ................................................. 210 Figure 124 user based analysis ........................................................................ 210 Figure 125 site zoning and bubble diagram ...................................................... 210 Figure 126 site plan and site section................................................................. 210

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Chapter 13-LIST OF TABLES LIST OF TABLES Table 1 comparative study table of case studies ............................................... 163 Table 2 river regulation bylaws .......................................................................... 164 Table 3 area statement ..................................................................................... 204

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Chapter 14-BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY https://snazzymaps.com/style/227032/nolli-map-basic https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-to-get-22-gardensbelow-flyovers-skywalks/story-TPTmK4tAkT47qLMejIeP0L.html https://pmc.gov.in/informpdf/City%20Engineer%20office/ELU_SEC_III_PAGE_1.j pg https://www.pmc.gov.in/en/development-plan-merged-23-villages-0 http://www.nashikcorporation.in/article/index/id/83 https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rialto-Bridge https://www.scribd.com/document/329786540/Morphological-Dimension-ofUrban-Design http://www.nashikcorporation.in/public/upload/dcpr2017/NASHIK_PANCHAVATI_ GAOTHAN.JPG https://www.irjet.net/archives/V6/i4/IRJET-V6I4916.pdf http://www.punefloodcontrol.com/Upload/Mula%20River-6.pdf http://www.punefloodcontrol.com/maps.html https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/mgrsd/22/4/article-p219.xml https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329701998_Effects_of_urban_morphol ogy_on_shading_for_Pedestrians_Sky_view_factor_SVF_as_an_indicator_of_sol ar_access https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308674331_Pedestrian_accessibility_in _grid_layouts_The_role_of_block_plot_and_street_dimensions https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288218182_Public_Spaces_Urban http://www.vasturaag.com/urban-design-morphological-dimension/ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289868190_Smart_Cities__Six_Dimensions_A_Scholarstical_Articles_Review

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Chapter 14-BIBLIOGRAPHY https://www.google.com/search?q=ontological+TRANSFORMATION+OF+SPAC E+diagram+LOST+SPACE+&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiD25qwod3nAhU06XMB HdrIDbwQ2cCegQIABAA&oq=ontological+TRANSFORMATION+OF+SPACE+diagram+LOS T+SPACE+&gs_l=img.3...2383.14701..14895...0.0..3.683.5848.0j10j9j3j1j1......0.. ..1..gws-wizimg.SS89VhQoyD0&ei=SPpMXoOXJrTSz7sP2pG34As&bih=625&biw=1366 https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/heath17/2017/10/29/a-theater-of-socialaction-filled-with-significant-collective-drama/ http://writingcities.com/2016/11/01/kevin-lynch-image-city/ https://www.arts.gov/sites/default/files/CreativePlacemaking-Paper.pdf https://www.google.com/search?q=PSYCOLOGY+OF+PUBLIC+SPACES&oq=P SYCOLOGY+OF+PUBLIC+SPACES&aqs=chrome..69i57j0l2.14805j0j7&sourcei d=chrome&ie=UTF-8 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278785643_Human_Social_Behavior_i n_Public_Urban_Spaces_Towards_Higher_Quality_Cities https://www.be.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/upload/pdf/schools_and_engagem ent/resources/_notes/5A2_1.pdf https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-56091-5_11 http://www.study-body-language.com/Personal-distance.html https://www.archdaily.com/tag/water https://depts.washington.edu/open2100/pdf/2_OpenSpaceTypes/Open_Space_T ypes/waterfront.pdf https://sites.psu.edu/williambrant/portfolio/importance-of-bridges-asinfrastructure/ https://www.swecourbaninsight.com/urban-move/redefining-bridges-and-tunnels/ https://theconstructor.org/structures/methods-of-bridge-construction-selectiontypes/6142/ https://www.hindawi.com/journals/usr/2012/635061/

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Chapter 14-BIBLIOGRAPHY https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/11287462.2015.1037141 https://www.princeton.edu/news/2015/11/30/ants-build-living-bridges-theirbodies-speak-volumes-about-group-intelligence https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/habitats/urban-threats/ https://www.maynoothuniversity.ie/research/research-themes/people-place-andenvironment https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328672739_INTEGRATION_OF_THE_ VISUAL_ELEMENTS_OF_ART_AND_PERSONALITY_FACTORS_IN_PROCES S_OF_CHARACTER_DESIGN https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323576745_The_visuallandscape_analysis_during_the_integration_of_highrise_buildings_within_the_historic_urban_environment https://epdf.pub/public-places-urban-spaces-second-edition-the-dimensions-ofurban-design.html https://www.quantamagazine.org/the-simple-algorithm-that-ants-use-to-buildbridges-20180226/ https://medium.com/@thejas009/interaction-in-public-spaces-8e2bc49acb14 https://www.pps.org/article/what-is-placemaking https://westlinnoregon.gov/sites/default/files/fileattachments/parks_and_recreatio n/page/15541/westlinn_questionnairesummary_final_060717.pdf https://www.academia.edu/9714659/HUMAN_WALKING_BEHAVIOUR_TO_OPE N_SPACES http://sabarmatiriverfront.com/maps-documents https://www.archinomy.com/image/haat-design/ https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled/nashik_in dia_1261731 https://www.researchgate.net/topic/Public-Space https://satellites.pro/Nashik_map

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Chapter 14-BIBLIOGRAPHY https://www.academia.edu/42178579/MULTIFUNCTIONAL_PUBLIC_OPEN_SP ACES_FOR_SUSTAINABLE_CITIES_CONCEPT_AND_APPLICATION https://www.google.com/search?q=intercultural+public+spaces&oq=intercultural+ public+spaces&aqs=chrome..69i57j0j69i60.7931j1j8&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF8 https://forms.office.com/?redirecturl=https%3A%2F%2Fforms.office.com%2FPag es%2FDesignPage.aspx%23FormId%3DDQSIkWdsW0yxEjajBLZtrQAAAAAAAA AAAAO__cp3setUMDBFWlpRVFpSRjczR1BIRk9OV09YMEc3Wi4u# https://www.academia.edu/15755378/Creating_Immersive_Soundscapes_for_Ur ban_Open_Spaces https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264275119304020 https://www.researchgate.net/topic/Green-Space https://morphocode.com/figure-ground-diagram/ https://alexlove224453.wordpress.com/2016/05/06/figure-ground-theory-by-rogertrancik/ https://www.google.com/search?q=public+spaces+matthew+carmona+edition+2+ free+download&sxsrf=ALeKk01dtjoV3ssFbroc0jE2O06bmizIrA:1584270171366& ei=WwtuXoX5FZKE4EP8raNoA8&start=10&sa=N&ved=2ahUKEwjFkqumqpzoAhUSwjgGHXJbA_QQ8 tMDegQICxAw https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327151488_Principles_for_public_spac e_design_planning_to_do_better https://www.google.com/search?q=public+spaces+and+art&sxsrf=ALeKk00ZpJ9 4fARgWWVXmJaNbBOT6YWtRQ:1583047790552&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa= X&ved=2ahUKEwiIit_J4PjnAhXtIbcAHXeJCMAQ_AUoAnoECA4QBA&biw=1366 &bih=576 https://www.academia.edu/ https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1318055/

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Chapter 14-BIBLIOGRAPHY https://www.google.com/search?q=panchvati+riverfront+nashik+maps&oq=panch vati+riverfront+nashik+maps&aqs=chrome..69i57.7570j1j8&sourceid=chrome&ie =UTF-8 https://www.academia.edu/9714659/HUMAN_WALKING_BEHAVIOUR_TO_OPE N_SPACES

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Chapter 15-APPENDIX ABBREVIATIONSNMC-NASHIK MUNICIPAL CORPORATION CDP-CITY SANITATION PLAN ETA-ECPECTED TIME ARRIVAL RTO-REGIONAL TRANSPORT OFFICE HFL-HIGH FLOOD LINE LFL-LOW FLOOD LINE HIZ-HIGH IMPACT ZONE MIZ-MEDIUM IMPACT ZONE LIZ-LOW IMPACT ZONE GR-GOVERNMENT RESOLUTION

DEFINITIONSTRUSS-a framework, typically consisting of rafters, posts, and struts, supporting a roof, bridge, or other structure.

SPATIALITY- any property relating to or occupying space.

AQUEDUCTS-an artificial channel for conveying water, typically in the form of a bridge across a valley or other gap.

PUBLIC SPACE-A public space refers to an area or place that is open and accessible to all peoples, regardless of gender, race, ethnicity, age or socioeconomic level.

FRINGE AREA-The fringe area is the part of the urban region where patterns of building development and non-development interweave.

AQUIFERS-a body of permeable rock which can contain or transmit groundwater.

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