Poland in NATO. First 20 years

Poland 
 in NATO First Twenty Years

NATO 70 years of securing peace in Europe

photo: @NATO

NATO – 70 YEARS OF SECURING PEACE IN EUROPE

NATO – the origins and Cold War years Origins: April 4, 1949 signing of the North Atlantic Treaty in Washington by 12 nations

Main treaty provisions (allies’ obligations)

3 Art.

photo: @NATO

4

Art. Obligation to sustain and develop individual and collective capacity to resist

5

Art. Obligatory consultations in case of threat

6

Art. Collective defense clause (an armed attack on one is an attack on all)

Treaty area (members’ territory in Europe, North America and Asia, as well as the Atlantic north of the Tropic of Cancer)

NATO – 70 YEARS OF SECURING PEACE IN EUROPE

NATO – the origins and Cold War years Mission during the Cold War:

”

To keep the Soviet Union out [of Europe], Americans in [Europe] and Germans down – Lord Ismay (1st NATO Sec. Gen.)

[Parties] are determined to safeguard the freedom, common heritage and civilisation of their peoples, founded on the principles of democracy, individual liberty and the rule of law. They seek to promote stability and well-being in the North Atlantic area. They are resolved to unite their efforts for collective defence and for the preservation of peace and security.

– preamble to the treaty In practice: the guardian of the central (i.e. European) front of the Cold War, in readiness to respond to a Soviet aggression photo: @NATO

NATO – 70 YEARS OF SECURING PEACE IN EUROPE

NATO after the end of the Cold War – ”the triple enlargement” Triple enlargement:

New tasks

New members

New partners

Peacekeeping and crisis management – out-of-area operations (since 1992) Fighting terrorism and other non-conventional threats (particularly after 2001)

Stability through enlargement (from 16 states in 1991 to 30 states in 2019)

Political cooperation with third states NATO fundamental tasks (NATO Lisbon Strategy 2010)

New tasks (NATO Lisbon Strategy 2010)

Collective defense (against territorial and non-traditional threats – i.e. terrorism)

Crisis management (stabilisation operations and peacekeeping)

Cooperative security (building stability through cooperation and partnerships) photos: @MON

Poland’s Road to NATO photo: @ NATO

POLAND’S ROAD TO NATO

Motives for interest in NATO membership The security context of the early 1990s: Security vacuum in Central Europe

Primary motive:

NATO as the best guarantor of Polish sovereignty and independence

after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc (incl. dissolution of the Warsaw Pact in July 1991)

Other motives: • An element and evidence of the Western identity of Poland

NATO – victor of the Cold War, the most powerful alliance in history

• Platform for cooperation with the US and for engagement

in global affairs

• Stimulus for internal transformation: •

No viable alternative

• •

armed forces/security sector reform and modernization transformation of the state and society (democratization) ‘a gateway’ to other Western structures (in particular EC/EU)

POLAND’S ROAD TO NATO

Becoming a member

Presentation of the Partnership for Peace (PfP) initiative – Polish acceptance

”

M A JU

LY

1 9 9 7

A

1 9 9 5

EP TE M B ER

S

Signing ceremony (Independence, Missouri, USA)

1 RCH 9 12 9 9

1 IL 9 9 6 P R

LY

JU JA

N

1 UAR 9 Y 9 4

S

1 9 9 2 First manifestations of interest in accession

Official start of talks (presentation of the Individual Discussion Document of Poland)

Individual Partnership Program (as the first of all Partners)

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 3

EP TE M B ER

Letter of President Lech Walesa to the NATO Secretary General – official declaration of the intention to join NATO

Study on NATO enlargement : setting out rules and mechanisms of enlargement

Enlargement was not a question of "if" but "when and how.

Bill Clinton, Warsaw, July 1994

NATO Summit, Madrid: official invitation (together with Czech Republic and Hungary)

”

We entered a new era of national security.[…]

Poland is an organic part of the Euroatlantic community Bronisław Geremek (Polish MFA), March 1999

photo: @ Bruce Mathews. Harry S. Truman Library

photo. @ Poland MoD

Poland – general vision of the Alliance

POLAND – GENERAL VISION OF THE ALLIANCE

Principles of Poland’s view on NATO’s role and tasks Poland - ”a declared Transatlanticist” NATO: central institution for security order in Europe (in close cooperation with the EU) Main pillar of Polish security policy: supplemented by cooperation in the EU/CSDP, bilateral ties with the US, national efforts and activities in global and regional collective security organisations and subregional structures – i.e. Visegrad 4

NATO main tasks: Poland – rather traditional approach

Collective defense (art. 5 of Washington Treaty) at the core of NATO mission, broadly defined due to contemporary security environment

Territorial defense in Europe a central but not exclusive role Readiness to defend against non-traditional threats (i.e. terrorism) to member states Deterrence based on ‘appropriate mix’ of conventional and unconventional capabilities

POLAND – GENERAL VISION OF THE ALLIANCE

Poland’s view on NATO tasks Crisis management – important role of NATO and valuable input of the Alliance to international stability

Priority – regional security in Europe

Global engagement (including direct military involvement) justified and necessary, especially in the context of fighting non-traditional threats, but selective in geographic and functional scope (NATO is not a global policeman)

Cooperative security (partnerships) important tool for stabilizing the international security environment and for developing ties with external actor

Significance of PfP partners

Important role of non-European countries (partners across the globe) and international institutions (i.e. UN)

Poland – solid and capable ally

photo: @ Poland MoD

POLAND – SOLID AND CAPABLE ALLY

NATO defense expenditure (USD million, 2018 prices, estimates)

NATO

NATO total: USD 1,013,406 million NATO Europe total: USD 285,742 million Poland: 8th in Europe, 10th in NATO

NATO - Europe 22% UK (61 508) 18% France (52 025) 18% Germany (51 009) 14% Others (41 226) 9% Italy (25 780) 5% Turkey (15 219) 5% Spain (13 863)

2% Canada (21 601) 28% Europe (285 742) 70% USA (706 063)

Source: NATO PDD COMMUNIQUE PR/CP(2018)091, Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2011-2018), 10/07/2018

5% The Netherlands (13 023) 4% POLAND (12 088)

POLAND – SOLID AND CAPABLE ALLY

NATO military personnel (thousands)

NATO total: 3,176,000 soldiers NATO Europe total: 1,791,000 soldiers Poland: 7th in Europe, 8th in NATO

NATO

NATO - Europe 23% Turkey (386) 20% Others (344) 12% France (208) 11% Germany (183) 11% Italy (180) 9% UK (145)

2% Canada (71)

7% Spain (121)

28% USA (1 314)

7% POLAND (118)

56% Europe (1 791)

Source: NATO PDD COMMUNIQUE PR/CP(2018)091, Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2011-2018), 10/07/2018

POLAND – SOLID AND CAPABLE ALLY

Poland – solid and capable ally Main financial indicators: 2014

2015

2016

Polish defense spending (current prices, USD million)

10 104

10 596

9 405

9 935

12 088

Share of equipment spending (NATO requirement of 20%)

18.84

35.20

21.62

22.04

23.95

Defense spending - share of GDP (NATO requirement of 2%)

1.85

2.22

2.00

1.89

1.98

Defense spending - share of GDP - NATO average

1.44

1.42

1.44

1.46

1.50

Source: NATO PDD COMMUNIQUE PR/CP(2018)091, Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2011-2018), 10/07/2018

2017 est.

2018

est.

POLAND – SOLID AND CAPABLE ALLY

Poland – solid and capable ally Significant assets:

Substantial armoured force

photo: @ Poland MoD

Modern air force

Professionally trained, experienced forces (incl. highly trained special forces)

Experience of expeditionary missions (the Balkans, Afghanistan, Iraq)

Well-prepared, highly valued training grounds and exercises (incl. annual Anakonda exercise)

POLAND – SOLID AND CAPABLE ALLY

Poland – solid and capable ally

”

”

Over the past seventeen years, Poland has evolved from a new Ally into a leading Ally.

– J. Stoltenberg, NATO Sec. Gen., May 2016

The training value of Anakonda is that we are doing a real-world mission.

– Brig. Gen. Gregory Mosser, 364th ESC Commanding General, US Army Reserve, 2016 It is Poland’s ability and willingness to send men and women in uniform into harm’s way that generates my highest respect.

– J. de Hoop Scheffer, NATO Sec. Gen. February 2009

photo: @NATO

POLAND – SOLID AND CAPABLE ALLY

Poland in out–of-area missions – main engagements Participant of NATO out-of-area stability missions since 1995 (IFOR) Stabilising the Balkans Deployment

Mission

Years

Bosnia and Herzegovina

IFOR/SFOR

1995-2004

Kosovo FYROM (Macedonia)

Rebuilding Afghanistan Troops (max.)

930 soldiers

KFOR

since 1999

800

Amber Fox/ Allied Harmony

2001-2003

25

Mission

Years

Troops (max.)

ISAF

2004-2014

2600

Resolute Support

since 2014

315

POLAND – SOLID AND CAPABLE ALLY

Poland – other out-of-area missions Deployment

OTHER MISSIONS

Years

Troops (max.)

2005-2011, 2018

20 n. a.

Iraq

NTM-Iraq NATO Mission Iraq

Afganistan

NTM-Afghanistan

2009-2014

70

Albania

AFOR

1999

140

Pakistan

Swift Relief

2015

140

Mediterranean

Active Endeavour/ Sea Guardian

2005-2011

TRAINING MISSIONS

HUMANITARIAN MISSIONS

Mission

(in context of OIR)

Baltics

Air Policing

Areas of Europe

Leading standing NATO groups

(periodically)

od 2006

26-240

(periodically)

60-110

2010-2011, 2013, 2017

60

POLAND – SOLID AND CAPABLE ALLY

NATO presence in Poland • Joint Force Training Centre (JFTC)

NATO facilities in Bydgoszcz

• NATO Force Integration Unit (NFIU) • 3rd NATO signal battalion (3NSB)

NATO Multinational Commands

NATO Centres of Excellence

NATO Security Investment Program (NSIP)

• Multinational Corps Northeast (MNC NE – Szczecin) • Multinational Division North East (MND NE - Elbląg)

• Military Police (MP CoE - Bydgoszcz) • Counter Intelligence (CI CoE Krakow)

• Investments in the expansion and modernisation of Polish military

infrastructure (naval bases; airfields; fuel depots; radars; command, control and communication systems)

Poland’s highest priority – strengthening the Eastern Flank

fot. @ Poland MoD

POLAND’S HIGHEST PRIORITY – STRENGTHENING THE EASTERN FLANK

NATO summit in Warsaw (July 8-9, 2016) The biggest NATO summit

MAIN OBJECTIVE:

in history (61 delegations,

to review and expand the achievements

2,500 participants)

from Wales and to strengthen NATO deterrence and resilience both

Follow up to the Wales

to traditional and non-traditional threats

summit of 2014

Key decisions on deterrence:

1

Enhanced Forward Presence – sustainable rotational forward presence of 4 battalion-size groups in the Baltics and Poland

2

Tailored Presence in the Black Sea region – multinational brigade in Romania, increased presence of NATO air and naval forces in the region

POLAND’S HIGHEST PRIORITY – STRENGTHENING THE EASTERN FLANK

NATO Warsaw Summit – decisions and comments Other key summit decisions:

Deepening cooperation with the EU

”

Continuous fight against terrorism (incl. joining the anti-ISIL coalition)

Recognition of cyberspace as an operational domain

Expanding assistance to Ukraine and Georgia

Extending support to Afghanistan

Nato's Warsaw summit is the most significant since the Cold War. – The Telegraph Warsaw was the best NATO summit since the end of the Cold War. Serious people made serious decisions about serious problems.

– Edward Lucas (The Economist), July 2016

photo: @ Poland MoD

”

Here in Warsaw, we haven’t simply reaffirmed our enduring Article 5 obligations to our common security; we’re moving forward with the most significant reinforcement of our collective defense any time since the Cold War. – Barack Obama, July 2016

POLAND’S HIGHEST PRIORITY – STRENGTHENING THE EASTERN FLANK

Strengthening NATO deterrence in the East – Poland’s role

ESTONIA

4 MULTINATIONAL BATTLEGROUPS

LATVIA

Estonia: United Kingdom, Denmark, Iceland Latvia: Canada, Albania, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain LITHUANIA

Lithuania: Germany, Belgium, Croatia, France, Iceland,The Netherlands, Norway Poland: USA, Romania, United Kingdom, Croatia ENHANCED FORWARD PRESENCE (EFP) • Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia • Fully operational since August 2017 • 20 contributing nations

TAILORED FORWARD PRESENCE (TFP) • Romania (multinational brigade), Bulgaria • Operational since summer 2017

POLAND

POLAND’S HIGHEST PRIORITY – STRENGTHENING THE EASTERN FLANK

Strengthening NATO deterrence in the East – Poland’s role POLAND’S INVOLVEMENT: MND NE ELBLĄG

ENHANCED FORWARD PRESENCE: 1. Host of US-led multinational battlegroup (Orzysz/Bemowo Piskie, since 2017) 2. Host of HQ Multinational Corps North-East (Szczecin) 3. Host of HQ Multinational Division North-East (Elbląg, operational 2018) 4. Contributor to Canada-led battlegroup in Latvia (up to 200 soldiers, including armored company – MBT PT-91) TAILORED FORWARD PRESENCE: • Contributor to multinational brigade in Romania

(up to 230 troops, mechanized infantry)

photo. @ Poland MoD

MNC NE SZCZECIN

ORZYSZ

POLAND’S HIGHEST PRIORITY – STRENGTHENING THE EASTERN FLANK

Further strengthening of NATO deterrence and readiness – Polish input • Participation in NATO Missile Defense Program • SM-3 (Aegis Ashore) US base in Redzikowo (Pomorskie) – under construction • Declaration of involvement in NATO Readiness Initiative (4x30) • Full support for NATO Command reform and focus on improvement of mobility of troops • Participation in NATO exercises (incl. Trident Juncture 18 – Norway)

photo: @ Poland MoD

Partnerships and relations 
 with the outside world

photo: @ Poland MoD

photo: @MON

PARTNERSHIPS AND RELATIONS WITH THE OUTSIDE WORLD

NATO – EU cooperation Support for new impetus to strenghten ties between the organisations: •

•

Initiated at the Warsaw summit

Full support for focus on practical cooperation, in particular on: • Cyber-defense and countering hybrid threats

(special NATO-EU declaration)

• Force mobility

Confirmed at the NATO Brussels summit of 2018

• Defense capabilities development (cooperation

(new joint declaration)

of defense industries) • Practical cooperation in the field

(Mediterranean, Kosovo, Afghanistan)

photo: @NATO

PARTNERSHIPS AND RELATIONS WITH THE OUTSIDE WORLD

Cooperation with European partners • Partnerships – important tool for stabilising Europe and the world, developing partners’ capabilities and promoting transatlantic values • Special attention given to the Partnership for Peace and Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (strengthening the independence and sovereignty of Eastern European states, stabilisation and reconciliation in the Balkans) • Recently (due to change of security conditions in Europe since 2014) – unique character and importance of cooperation with Sweden and Finland

photo: @ Poland MoD

PARTNERSHIPS AND RELATIONS WITH THE OUTSIDE WORLD

Relations with Russia CURRENT POLISH POSITION: • Russian Federation has violated the values, principles and obligations that set the framework of NATO-Russia relations; it has questioned some of the fundamental rules of the global and Euro-Atlantic security architecture • Current NATO approach to Russia: ’Warsaw Consensus’ (formulated at Warsaw Summit 2016 and confirmed at Brussels Summit 2018) ’3D Policy’ (deterrence, defense, dialogue) • Non-recognition of Russian fait accompli (i.e. Crimea)

PARTNERSHIPS AND RELATIONS WITH THE OUTSIDE WORLD

Relations with Ukraine and Georgia: Poland: traditionally strong proponent of their transatlantic aspirations (including membership, as envisioned in the Bucharest Summit declaration of 2008) Full support for Ukrainian and Georgian sovereignty in internationally recognized borders

Strengthening Ukrainian and Georgian resilience Current focus of cooperation Readiness to respond to threats

PARTNERSHIPS AND RELATIONS WITH THE OUTSIDE WORLD

Cooperation with global partners and NATO enlargement Cooperation with non-European partners

1

Selective NATO involvement in non-European and global affairs – aimed at strengthening international stability and protection of members’ security interests

2

Cooperation with non-European partners through the Mediterranean Dialogue, the Istanbul Cooperation Initiative, and in formats involving partners from across the globe:

• Important element of NATO efforts in the core missions of cooperative security and crisis management

• Current focus on countering non-traditional threats (i.e. terrorism, WMD proliferation, cybersecurity) and partners capability building (i.e. Polish involvement in training missions in Afghanistan and Iraq)

PARTNERSHIPS AND RELATIONS WITH THE OUTSIDE WORLD

Cooperation with global partners and NATO enlargement ENLARGEMENT:

Satisfaction Poland: traditionally staunch proponent of open door policy

photo: @ Poland MoD

with finalising talks

Full understanding

on Macedonian (FYROM)

and support

accession – evidence of NATO

for transatlantic aspirations

attractiveness

of other countries,

and vitality of Allies policy

particularly

on enlargement

from Eastern Europe

PARTNERSHIPS AND RELATIONS WITH THE OUTSIDE WORLD

Future of NATO In foreseeable future NATO will remain the most powerful and most important defense structure in the Euro-Atlantic area Transatlantic unity based on common values Collective capability to efficiently deter and effectively defend all its members in accordance with the NATO 360o concept THE MOST DECISIVE REASONS FOR THAT ARE:

Unwavering solidarity in face of threats and challenges Will of Allies to reach consensus and common understanding, their persistence in action and ability to adapt continuously

In such Alliance, POLAND WILL REMAIN AN ACTIVE, RELIABLE

Openness towards partners aspiring to membership

AND RESPONSIBLE MEMBER.

Preference for dialogue and readiness for honest cooperation with the Alliance’s partners for the sake of peace, security and stability

photo: @ Poland MoD

PARTNERSHIPS AND RELATIONS WITH THE OUTSIDE WORLD

NATO relations with Finland and Sweden FINLAND AND SWEDEN – THE CLOSEST PARTNERS OF THE ALLIANCE •

Partnership for Peace participants since 1994

•

Current status: Enhanced Opportunities Partners

•

Active participants of NATO missions since 1995 (Sweden) and 1996 (Finland)

•

Involvement in NATO defense capabilities building (i.e. NRF, SAC)

•

Vital elements of NATO-EU cooperation

•

Signatories of MoU on Host Nation Support (2014)

•

Current focus: Baltic Sea region security

POLAND’S POSITION: • Common interest in security of the Baltic Sea region and similar threat assessment • Common military activities (incl. MNC NE Szczecin) • Recent intensification of bilateral security and defense cooperation (incl. political consultations, defense industry cooperation, training and education)

PARTNERSHIPS AND RELATIONS WITH THE OUTSIDE WORLD

NATO relations with Georgia GEORGIA – CREDIBLE PARTNER OF THE ALLIANCE • Distinctive partnership since 2008 (NATO – Georgia Commission) • Enhanced Opportunities Partner of NATO • Active participant of NATO missions • Official candidate for membership • Current focus: practical cooperation (development of Georgian capabilities and security sector reform)

POLAND’S POSITION: •

Full support for Georgian territorial integrity in internationally recognized borders

•

Full support for transatlantic aspirations of Georgia

•

Substantial involvement in practical cooperation (incl. role of the leading nation in cooperation on Military Police and Special Forces)

PARTNERSHIPS AND RELATIONS WITH THE OUTSIDE WORLD

NATO relations with Ukraine UKRAINE – THE MOST ACTIVE PARTNER OF THE ALLIANCE

Charter on Distinctive Partnership and establishing of the NATO – Ukraine Commission (1997, deepened in 2009)

2 E 0 1 7

2 0 0 8

JU

N

2 0 0 4

Host Nation Support Agreement

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 4

Participant of the Partnership for Peace since 1994

NATO membership as a strategic foreign and security policy goal (Ukrainian Parliament decision)

NATO Bucharest Summit of 2008 – promise of membership in the Alliance

PARTNERSHIPS AND RELATIONS WITH THE OUTSIDE WORLD

NATO relations with Ukraine UKRAINE – THE MOST ACTIVE PARTNER OF THE ALLIANCE

The broadest scope of cooperation among all NATO partners

Important participant of NATO out-of-area missions

Regular participant or host of the NATO trainings and exercises

PARTNERSHIPS AND RELATIONS WITH THE OUTSIDE WORLD

NATO relations with Ukraine after 2014 NATO – UKRAINE RELATIONS AFTER 2014 • Unequivocal support for Ukrainian territorial integrity and condemnation of Russian illegal

and illegitimate actions in Crimea and Eastern Ukraine • Wales Summit 2014 – strengthening the assistance for Ukraine with a focus

on Security Sector Reform and capability building • Warsaw Summit 2016 – expanding the assistance program with the Comprehensive

Assistance Package.

POLAND’S POSITION: •

Full support for Ukrainian territorial integrity in internationally recognized borders

•

Advocate of Ukrainian transatlantic aspirations

•

Traditions of common activities within NATO (2000-2010 – joint mission of POLUKRBAT in Kosovo)

•

•

2015 – establishment by Poland, Lithuania and Ukraine of the LitPolUkrBrig multinational brigade (headquarters – HQ - in Lublin) Intensive bilateral military cooperation, incl. joint exercises and training activities

Thank you 
 for your attention