Skip to main content

Surviving in the chaos: Stories from Darfur

Page 1

Surviving in the Chaos Stories from Darfur


?

[ ZkZgnWdYn ]Vh ]ZVgY VWdji 9Vg[jg! ^i ^h kZgn Y^[ÒXjai id ^bV\^cZ l]Vi i]Z h^ijVi^dc ^h a^`Z idYVn [dg i]Z edejaVi^dch a^k^c\ ^c i]^h gZ\^dc# IZc 9Vg[jg^h ]VkZ VXXZeiZY id YZhXg^WZ i]Z^g ZkZgnYVn a^[Z VcY l]Vi i]Zn ]VkZ \dcZ i]gdj\] dkZg i]Z eVhi nZVgh# ;gdb i]ZhZ ^cY^k^YjVa hidg^Zh ZbZg\Z Wdi] XdcigVhi^c\ VcY Xdbbdc h^ijVi^dch! hjX] Vh i]Z hZVgX] [dg hV[Zin! i]Z [ZZa^c\ d[ XdcÒcZbZci VcY i]Z aVX` d[ VW^a^in id ^bV\^cZ V [jijgZ# HZkZgVa fjZhi^dch VcY VchlZgh XdbZ l^i] i]ZhZ edgigV^ih! l]^X] VgZ ^c V XdbeaZm VcY kdaVi^aZ XdciZmi# I]Z lVg Xdci^cjZh ^c 9Vg[jg! i]Z [djg Y^bZch^dch d[ i]Z XdcÓ^Xi Vaa ]VkZ XdchZfjZcXZh dc X^k^a^Vch# 9Vg[jg ^h idYVn i]Z W^\\Zhi ]jbVc^iVg^Vc deZgVi^dc ^c i]Z ldgaY VcY i]Z ]ZVai] ^cY^XVidgh"" ^c i]Z VXXZhh^WaZ VgZVh""gZbV^c WZadl i]Z ZbZg\ZcXn aZkZah# 7ji i]Z C<Dh VgZ YZXgZVh^c\ i]Z^g deZgVi^dch ZkZc Vh cZZYh VgZ ^cXgZVh^c\# 6 i]^gY d[ 9Vg[jg^h a^kZ ^c Y^heaVXZY XVbeh! l]^X] bZVch VWdji '#* b^aa^dch eZdeaZ# ÆI]Z bV^c ldggn ^h hZXjg^in# 6cY [ddY!Ç hVn ldbZc l]d ]VkZ ÓZY [gdb i]Z hVbZ k^aaV\Z! [djg nZVgh V\d# H^cXZ i]Zc! i]Zn ]VkZ a^kZY ^c V XVbe ^c OVa^c\Z^# A^k^c\ XdcY^i^dch XVc WZ kZgn Y^[[ZgZci [gdb dcZ XVbe id Vcdi]Zg# @VaijbV! Vc ZaYZg! lV^iZY [dg ild bdci]h WZ[dgZ \Zii^c\ Zcdj\] bdcZn id \d id OVa^c\Z^ hZZ V YdXidg! Vh ^c i]Z XVbe h]Z a^kZh ^c Æi]ZgZÉh cdi]^c\ i]ZgZÇ# GVY^V! V bdi]Zg d[ i]gZZ! ÓZZh [dg i]Z hZXdcY i^bZ! Vgg^k^c\ ^c Vcdi]Zg Y^heaVXZY eZghdcÉh XVbeh l^i] i]Z ]deZ d[ ÒcY^c\ bdgZ egdiZXi^dc# HdbZ lZgZ [VgbZgh! di]Zgh ]ZgYZgh# JbiVhd! Vcdi]Zg ZaYZg! WZadc\h id V XViiaZ ]ZgYZg ig^WZ# H]Z a^kZh cdl ^c V Y^heaVXZY"eZghdchÉ XVbe! V[iZg V XdcÓ^Xi l^i] di]Zg cdbVY^X ig^WZh# ÆLZ a^kZY Vadc\h^YZ ZVX] di]Zg# Cdl i]Zn a^kZ ^c djg eaVXZ# I]Zn bdkZY ^cid i]Z k^aaV\Z VcY lZ VgZ ]ZgZ#Ç 9^heaVXZY Vh lZaa! @VaiVb YdZh cdi a^kZ ^c V XVbe# I]Z bZbWZgh d[ ]Zg ig^WZ ]VkZ \Vi]ZgZY Vaid\Zi]Zg ^c i]Z hVbZ eaVXZ ^c dgYZg id YZ[ZcY i]ZbhZakZh WZiiZg# ÆI]ZgZ lZgZ bdgZ VcY bdgZ egdWaZbh# I]Z XVbZa WgZZYZgh ViiVX`ZY jh# IZc bZc [gdb dcZ [Vb^an lZgZ `^aaZY# Hd lZ ]VY id aZVkZ! idd!Ç hVnh i]Z ndjc\ ldbVc# 7ji i]Z daYZg VgZ XViZ\dg^XVa/ Æ>[ lZ \d WVX`! i]ZnÉaa `^aa jh#Ç HdbZ d[ i]Z 9Vg[jg edejaVi^dc! Vai]dj\] YZXgZVh^c\ ZkZgn YVn! hi^aa a^kZ ^c k^aaV\Zh ^c gjgVa VgZVh# I]^h ^h i]Z XVhZ d[ 6h]V# =Zg k^aaV\Z ]Vh WZZc Wjgci Wji i]Zn hiVn i]ZgZ# ÆLZ VgZ ^c i]Z hVbZ eaVXZ Wji a^k^c\ ^c iZcih! l^i] cdi]^c\!Ç iZaah i]Z ndjc\ ldbVc! l]d ig^ZY hZkZgVa i^bZh! l^i]dji hjXXZhh! id gZVX] V Y^heaVXZY"eZghdcÉh XVbe# 6lV idd a^kZh ^c ]Zg k^aaV\Z! ^c i]Z bdjciV^cdjh! gZWZa"XdcigdaaZY! 9_ZWWZa BVggV# Æ>ÉkZ ]ZVgY eZdeaZ iVa` VWdji i]Z lVg VcY > `cdl i]Vi ^i ^h V WVY i]^c\!Ç hVnh i]Z iZZcV\Zg! lVg hi^aa WZ^c\ V i]ZdgZi^XVa cdi^dc [dg ]Zg ZkZc ^[ ]Zg k^aaV\Z ]Vh WZZc ViiVX`ZY il^XZ# Æ> b^\]i ]VkZ WZZc V[gV^Y! Wji l]ViÉh i]Z ed^ci4 >i ]VeeZch VcY i]ZgZÉh cdi]^c\ ndj XVc Yd VWdji ^iÇ# I]ZhZ hidg^Zh ]VkZ WZZc ]ZVgY idd ^c V gVc\Z d[ hZii^c\h! ^cXajY^c\ BH; ]ZVai] [VX^a^i^Zh i]Z eZY^Vig^X YZeVgibZci d[ i]Z OVa^c\Z^ ]dhe^iVa VcY Xa^c^Xh ^c C^Zgi^i^ VcY @jigjb VcY Y^heaVXZY eZghdchÉ XVbeh ^c OVa^c\Z^ Vh lZaa Vh ^c 7jaWja! ^c hdji]Zgc 9Vg[jg# ■

&

I=: EA68:H L=:G: L:G: 8DAA:8I:9 I=:H: C6GG6I>K:H

NORTH DARFUR WEST DARFUR

EL GENEINA Zalingei Niertiti

EL FASHER Kutrum Bulbul NYALA SOUTH DARFUR

SUDAN


FEHJH7?JI

D; HJ96C

FJ:HI>DCH$6CHL:GH I=: 8DCI:MI

&$8dci^cj^c\ lVg

LDB:C ;GDB I=: K>AA6<: D; DJGG =6B:9>6 86BE! O6A>C<:>

^c 9Vg[jg4

ÆLZ Vgg^kZY ]ZgZ [djg nZVgh V\d l^i] cdi]^c\# LZ ]VY _jhi Zcdj\] i^bZ id \gVW i]Z WVW^Zh WZ[dgZ lZ aZ[i LZ ]VY djg aVcY! V [Zl Xdlh VcY djg ]djhZh! Wji lZ lZgZ ViiVX`ZY# 6aa i]Z ]djhZh lZgZ WjgcZY VcY i]ZgZÉh cdi]^c\ aZ[i# I]Z Zci^gZ k^aaV\Z d[ Djgg XVbZ Y^gZXian id OVa^c\Z^ VcY lZÉgZ hiVn^c\ ]ZgZ# >iÉh Y^[ÒXjai id aZVkZ i]Z XVbe WZXVjhZ d[ i]Z egdWaZbh djih^YZ# LZÉgZ cdi hV[Z i]ZgZ! Wji lZ ]VkZ id \Vi]Zg ÒgZlddY [dg Xdd`^c\# I]Z bV^c ldggn ^h hZXjg^in# 6cY [ddY#Ç

I]Z YZVYa^Zhi eZg^dY d[ i]Z 9Vg[jg XdcÓ^Xi dXXjggZY ^c '%%("'%%)! l^i] hdjgXZh Zhi^bVi^c\ i]Z cjbWZg d[ YZVi]h Vi WZilZZc .!%%% VcY )%%!%%%# I]Z bdhi [gZfjZcian X^iZY Ò\jgZh gZ[Zg id '%%!%%% eZdeaZ YZVY VcY '#' b^aa^dc Y^heaVXZY# I]Z kVhi bV_dg^in d[ YZVi]h! a^c`ZY Y^gZXian dg ^cY^gZXian id i]Z k^daZcXZ! dXXjggZY eg^dg id '%%*! Yjg^c\ aVg\Z"hXVaZ bVhhVXgZh VcY WZ[dgZ i]Z Vgg^kVa d[ ]jbVc^iVg^Vc V^Y# Hi^aa! k^daZcXZ Xdci^cjZh! Vai]dj\] Vi V adlZg aZkZa# >c '%%,! i]Z Jc^iZY CVi^dch gZXdgYZY [ZlZg i]Vc (!%%% k^daZci YZVi]h ^cXajY^c\ XdbWViVcih! X^k^a^Vch VcY [dgZ^\cZgh # DkZgVaa! Vaa i]Z VXidgh ^c i]Z XdcÓ^Xi VgZ ZmeZg^ZcX^c\ ^ciZgcVa Y^k^h^dch# I]Z h^ijVi^dc ]Vh WZXdbZ X]Vdi^X! l^i] XaVh]Zh dXXjgg^c\ WZilZZc egd" VcY Vci^"\dkZgcbZci [dgXZh Wji Vahd WZilZZc i]ZbhZakZh ^ch^YZ gZWZa bdkZbZcih Vh lZaa Vh cdbVY^X ig^WZh# ;dgbZg Vaa^Zh WViiaZ dcZ Vcdi]Zg! [dgbZg ZcZb^Zh Ò\]i dc i]Z hVbZ h^YZ"VcY ZkZgni]^c\ h]^[ih gVe^Yan# >i ^h eVgi^XjaVgan Y^[ÒXjai [dg ^ciZgcVi^dcVa V^Y dg\Vc^oVi^dch id ldg` ^c hjX] V kdaVi^aZ hZii^c\# 6 BJAI>"9>B:CH>DC6A 8DC;A>8I

HZkZgVa ldbZc h^i ^c [gdci d[ V Wg^X` h]ZaiZg! cZmi id V higVl dkZg" ]Vc\# IZV ]ZVih dc i]Z ]ZVgi]# LViZg _j\h ]VkZ WZZc XVgg^ZY WVX` [gdb dcZ d[ i]Z bVcjVa ejbeh ^chiVaaZY ^c i]Z XVbe# I]Z ldbZc [gdb i]^h k^aaV\Z Vgg^kZY hdbZ i^bZ V\d VcY! jca^`Z bdgZ gZXZci Vgg^kVah l]d bjhi Wj^aY i]Z^g h]ZaiZg dc i]Z eZg^e]Zgn! [Vg [gdb Zm^hi^c\ hZgk^XZh! i]Zn a^kZ ^c i]Z XZciZg d[ i]Z XVbe# 6 h]ZZi bZiVa Yddg ]Vh WZZc VhhZbWaZY [gdb i^c XVch [gdb hjeea^Zh egdk^YZY Wn ^ciZgcVi^dcVa V^Y# I]Z ndjc\Zhi X]^aYgZc gjc VWdji [gZZan! l]^aZ XajhiZgh d[ X]^aYgZc ^c jc^[dgbh ]ZVY idlVgYh i]Z hX]dda# I]Z ]ZVY d[ i]Z [Vb^an ldg`h Vh V YVn aVWdgZg ^c OVa^c\Z^#

I]Z Òghi VheZXi d[ i]^h lVg! l]^X] ]Vh

I]^h ndjc\ ldbVc ]Vh ]VY ild X]^aYgZc l]^aZ ]ZgZ ^c =VbZY^V XVbe! ^c OVa^c\Z^# I]Z di]Zg ldbVc ^c i]Z ]djhZ]daY ]Vh Vahd ]VY ild WVW^Zh# I]ZhZ [djg VYY^i^dcVa bdji]h id [ZZY bV`Z V idiVa d[ c^cZ! l]^aZ i]Zn gZXZ^kZ gVi^dch [dg ÒkZ#

Xdjcign# I]Z ild Xdjcig^Zh h^\cZY V cZl

aVhiZY ÒkZ nZVgh! ^h i]Z XdcÓ^Xi WZilZZc i]Z XZcigVa \dkZgcbZci d[ HjYVc VcY gZWZa bdkZbZcih ^c 9Vg[jg# I]Z hZXdcY ^h i]Z dcZ WZilZZc HjYVc VcY 8]VY! l]^X] [dg i]Z aVhi i]gZZ nZVgh ]Vh iV`Zc i]Z [dgb d[ V egdmn XdcÓ^Xi# 8jggZcian! i]Z 8]VY VcY HjYVcZhZ \dkZgcbZcih cZZY Vaa i]Z hjeedgi i]Zn XVc bjhiZg! ^cXajY^c\ [gdb VgbZY \gdjeh ^c i]Z cZ^\]Wdg^c\ V\gZZbZci ^c BVgX] '%%-! l]^X] hZZbh VagZVYn id ]VkZ VagZVYn [daadlZY i]Z hVbZ eViiZgc d[ [V^ajgZ Vh egZk^djh VXXdgYh# ■■■

'


6c BH; Æ]dbZ k^h^idgÇ bdc^idg^c\ i]Z h^ijVi^dc ^c i]Z XVbeh k^h^ih i]Z ]djhZ]daY# >[ cZXZhhVgn! h]Z gZ[Zgh i]Z Y^heaVXZY eZghdch id BH;Éh cjig^i^dc Xa^c^X dg id i]Z ]dhe^iVa# Jh^c\ V X^gXjb[ZgZcXZ VgbWVcY! h]Z VhhZhhZh V X]^aYÉh cjig^i^dcVa hiVijh VcY cdiZh i]Vi ]Z ^h hj[[Zg^c\ [gdb VXjiZ bVacjig^i^dc# I]Z bdi]Zg gZXZ^kZh V gZ[ZggVa id i]Z cjig^i^dc XZciZg VcY i]Z X]^aY l^aa WZ igZViZY Vi BH;Éh gZ[ZZY^c\ egd\gVb# 6cdi]Zg X]^aY ^h gZ[ZggZY! idd# 6 [Zl b^cjiZh ZVga^Zg! i]Z k^h^idg VggVc\ZY igVchedgiVi^dc [dg Vc ZaYZgan bVc l]d ]VY WZZc WZViZc l]^aZ \Vi]Zg^c\ lddY VgdjcY i]Z XVbe VcY lVh jcVWaZ id lVa`#

I]Z i]^gY VheZXi ^h ^ciZgcVa Vbdc\ VgbZY

ÆL]Vi lZ b^hh bdhi ^h [gZZYdb VcY i]Z a^[Z lZ ]VY WZ[dgZ!Ç i]Z bdi]Zg ZmeaV^ch! a^hi^c\ l]Vi VgZ cdl dcan bZbdg^Zh# ÆI]Z \ddY b^a` djg Xdlh \VkZ! i]Z idbVidZh! dc^dch! bZVi VcY Vaa i]Z kZ\Z" iVWaZh#Ç 6cdi]Zg ldbVc ^ciZggjeih i]Z cdhiVa\^X VXXdjci# ÆLZ ZmeZXi id \d ]dbZ dcZ YVn! Wji cd dcZ ]Vh gZijgcZY nZi# >iÉh idd YVc\Zgdjh# BVnWZ i]Z eZdeaZ l]d ViiVX`ZY jh l^aa WZ Y^hVgbZY VcY lZÉaa WZ VWaZ id gZijgc#Ç

\dkZgcbZci Vi i]Z djihZi d[ i]Z XdcÓ^Xi

9Vg[jg^ \gdjeh# >c BVn '%%+! hdbZ gZWZa \gdjeh eVgi^X^eViZY id V eZVXZ egdXZhh l^i] i]Z \dkZgcbZci! l]^X] aZVY id i]Z h^\cVijgZ d[ V eZVXZ V\gZZbZci ^c 6Wj_V# Di]Zg \gdjeh gZ[jhZY# I]Z egdXZhh d[ [gV\bZciVi^dc i]Vi WZ\Vc i]Zc ]Vh Xdci^cjZY Vbdc\ i]Z gZWZa bdkZbZci [dg i]dhZ aVhi ild nZVgh# 6i i]Z hVbZ i^cZ! b^a^i^Vh i]Vi ]VY gVaa^ZY id hjeedgi i]Z ]VkZ hea^ciZgZY idd# AVhi! i]Z [djgi] ZaZbZci e^ih cdbVY^X b^a^i^Vh V\V^chi ZVX] di]Zg [dg Xdcigda d[ aVcY# I]^h `^cY d[ XdcÓ^Xi ^h cdi cZl! Wji i]Z XdchZfjZcXZh VgZ ]Z^\]iZcZY WZXVjhZ hd bVcn \gdjeh VgZ cdl ]ZVk^an VgbZY# >ciZg"XaVc XaVh]Zh ^c hdji]Zgc 9Vg[jg aZY id hZkZgVa ]jcYgZY YZVi]h ^c '%%,# BVcn

G69>6 " P=6B:9>6R 86BE

cdbVY^X \gdjeh ign id egdiZXi i]ZbhZakZh Wn hZii^c\ je hVcXijVg^Zh! hZXjgZ iZgg^idgn

GVY^V Vgg^kZY Vi i]Z =VbZY^V XVbe h^m YVnh V\d l^i] ]Zg i]gZZ X]^aYgZc! V\Zh -! * VcY )# H]Z aZ[i ]Zg k^aaV\Z hZkZgVa nZVgh V\d! _d^c^c\ i]Z gVc`h d[ 9Vg[jgÉh ild b^aa^dc Y^heaVXZY eZghdch! VcY heZci [djg nZVgh ^c Vcdi]Zg XVbe ^c HZg^[ JbgV# >i ^h cdi jcjhjVa [dg eZdeaZ id bdkZ [gdb dcZ Y^heaVXZY eZghdchÉ XVbe id Vcdi]Zg! ]de^c\ id ÒcY ^begdkZY hZXjg^in VcY V^Y# I]Z h^ijVi^dc bVn Y^[[Zg Wn XVbe YZeZcY^c\ dc h^oZ! edejaVi^dc VcY i]Z egZhZcXZ d[ ^ciZg" cVi^dcVa dg\Vc^oVi^dch# >c HZg^[ JbgV! [dg ZmVbeaZ! hZg^djh hZXjg^in egdWaZbh aZY i]Z BH; iZVb ldg`^c\ i]ZgZ id ZkVXjViZ i]Z ^ciZg" cVi^dcVa hiV[[ [dg V nZVg! jci^a ?jan '%%,#

l]ZgZ i]Zn \Vi]Zg id ZchjgZ i]Z^g YZ[ZchZ#

H:K:G6A >CI:GLDK:C 8DC;A>8IH I]ZhZ [djg VheZXih VgZ XadhZan ^ciZgldkZc# ;dg ZmVbeaZ! i]Z bV_dg WViiaZh i]Vi idd` ■■■

BH; 68I>K>I>:H

O6A>C<:>

Æ> hiVnZY ^c HZg^[ JbgV [dg [djg nZVgh! Wji > ]VY id aZVkZ!Ç h]Z hVnh# ÆI]ZgZ lZgZ [ddY egdWaZbh VcY hdbZi^bZh i]ZgZ lZgZ cd Y^hig^Wji^dch# > ig^ZY id [Vgb WZXVjhZ >Éb [gdb V [Vgb^c\ [Vb^an VcY > `cdl l]Vi id Yd# 7ji i]Z Xdlh ValVnh YZhigdnZY l]Vi > (

>c OVa^c\Z^! l]ZgZ &%%!%%% Y^heaVXZY eZdeaZ VgZ a^k^c\! i]Z V^Y egdk^YZY Wn ^ciZgcVi^dcVa V\ZcX^Zh YdZh cdi ZkdakZ l]ZgZVh i]djhVcYh d[ cZl Y^heaVXZY eZdeaZ Vgg^kZ ZkZgn bdci] [dg ild nZVgh# BH; ^h cdl ldg`^c\ ^c i]gZZ d[ i]Z ]dhe^iVa YZeVgibZcih/ ZbZg\ZcXn XVgZ eZg[dgb^c\ &&%% XdchjaiVi^dch eZg bdci] ! eVZY^Vig^Xh l^i] '(* VYb^hh^dch eZg bdci] VcY hjg\^XVa XVgZ l^i] '%% ^ciZgkZci^dch eZg bdci] # >c '%%, i]ZgZ lVh V h]Vge ^cXgZVhZ ^c i]Z cjbWZg d[ hZkZgZ bVacjig^i^dc XVhZh VYb^iiZY id i]Z ]dhe^iVaÉh cjig^i^dc XZcigZ ,%% X]^aYgZc XdbeVgZY id )&. ^c '%%+ # >c gZhedchZ! BH; deZcZY ild VbWjaVidgn cjig^i^dcVa XZcigZh ^c ild Y^heaVXZY eZghdchÉ XVbeh -% %%% eZdeaZ [dg Wdi] id iV`Z XVgZ d[ ]jcYgZYh d[ X]^aYgZc ZkZgn lZZ`# 6i i]Z WZ\^cc^c\ d[ '%%-! Vh i]ZgZ lZgZ ^bedgiVci bZY^XVa cZZYh cdi XdkZgZY Wn i]Z Zm^hi^c\ [VX^a^i^Zh! BH; deZcZY V cZl bdi]Zg VcY X]^aY Xa^c^X ^c dcZ d[ i]Z XVbe# ■


ig^ZY id \gdl hd > \VkZ je# > Y^YcÉi ]VkZ Vcni]^c\"lViZg XdciV^cZgh dg WaVc`Zih"WZXVjhZ ZkZgni]^c\ \^kZc id bZ lVh hidaZc# I]Zn idd` ^i Vaa VcY WZVi bZ! idd! ild nZVgh V\d# > ]VkZ cd ]jhWVcY Vi ]dbZ VcY > XVcÉi ldg`! hd > ]VkZ cdi]^c\# I]ZgZ lZgZ bVcn egdWaZbh Vi HZg^[ JbgV hd > aZ[i [dg OVa^c\Z^# > [ZZa hV[Zg ]ZgZ# > lVh lZaXdbZY VcY eZdeaZ h]VgZY l^i] bZ#Ç GVY^V ]Vh cZ^i]Zg [Vb^an cdg [g^ZcYh id ]Zae ]Zg VcY i]ZgZ ^h cd higjXijgZ ^c eaVXZ id \gZZi cZl Vgg^kVah# =dlZkZg! ^ciZgcVa hda^YVg^in Zm^hih Vbdc\ i]Z Y^heaVXZY eZghdch# I]Z 8]Z^`]! i]Z aZVYZg d[ i]Z XVbeÉh Y^heaVXZY eZghdch! Vh`ZY Vcdi]Zg [Vb^an id bdkZ id V Y^[" [ZgZci ]djhZ [dg V [Zl YVnh VcY aZVkZ ]Zg i]Z^g h]ZaiZg# =Z Vhh^\cZY ]Zg V h^iZ dc l]^X] id Wj^aY ]Zg dlc VcY \VkZ ]Zg V ]Va["WV\ d[ XZgZVa# 6[iZg ZVX] Y^hig^Wji^dc! i]Z 8]Z^`] Vh`h ZkZgn bZbWZg d[ i]Z Xdbbjc^in l]d ]Vh gZXZ^kZY [ddY V^Y id i^i]Z V edgi^dc d[ ]^h dg ]Zg gVi^dc hd i]Vi i]Zn XVc eji hdbZ Vh^YZ ^c XVhZ d[ cZZY# I]Z gZhZgkZh Vaadl i]Zb id ]Zae i]Z cZl Vgg^kVah! l]d bVn ]VkZ id lV^i hZkZgVa bdci]h WZ[dgZ WZ^c\ gZ\^hiZgZY [dg [ddY Y^hig^Wji^dch# GVY^V a^kZY ^c =VW^aV WZ[dgZ ÓZZ^c\ id HZg^[ JbgV# ÆBn ]djhZ lVh cdi W^\ Wji ^i lVh b^cZ VcY > a^kZY i]ZgZ l^i] bn ]jhWVcY# >c i]Z WZ\^cc^c\! l]Zc i]Z egdWaZbh hiVgiZY! bdgZ i]Vc [djg nZVgh V\d! lZ lZgZ [g^\]iZcZY# I]Zn XVbZ Vi c^\]i VcY ZciZgZY i]Z ]djhZ VcY iZggdg^oZY jh# DcZ YVn! bZc dc ]dghZWVX` Vgg^kZY# I]Zn h]di ^cid i]Z V^g VcY Vaa i]Z bZc gVc d[[# I]Zn addiZY bn ]djhZ VcY WZVi jh"bn bdi]Zg VcY bZ# > ]VkZ ]VY eV^c ^c bn cZX` VcY WVX` h^cXZ i]Zc# > ÓZY l^i] cdi]^c\# > ]VkZcÉi hZZc bn ]jhWVcY VcY > YdcÉi `cdl l]ZgZ ]Z ^h#Ç

eaVXZ ^c lZhiZgc 9Vg[jg ^c aViZ"'%%, VcY ZVgan '%%- dXXjggZY Vi V gZ\^dcVa! cVi^dcVa! VcY ^ciZgcVi^dcVa XdciZmi# Eg^dg id YZeadnbZci d[ i]Z :jgdeZVc :j[dg [dgXZ! bV_dg b^a^iVgn bdkZbZcih dXXjggZY ^c i]Z WdgYZg VgZV! cdgi] d[ :a <ZcZ^cV# 6aa h^YZh hdj\]i id higZc\i]Zc i]Z^g edh^i^dch l]^aZ i]Zn XdjaY hi^aa bdkZ WVX` VcY [dgi] VXgdhh i]Z WdgYZg# I]Z VgbZY [dgXZh egZhZci ^cXajYZ 9Vg[jg^ gZWZa bdkZbZcih hjeedgiZY Wn 8]VY! VcY 8]VY^Vc gZWZa bdkZbZcih hjeedgiZY Wn HjYVc# 7di] i]Z 8]VY^Vc VcY HjYVcZhZ V^g [dgXZ ]VkZ WdbWZY i]Z gZ\^dc# L]Zc 8]VY gZWZa bdkZbZcih aZY i]Z d[[Zch^kZ V\V^chi CÉ9_VbZcV! dcZ d[ i]Z gZWZa 9Vg[jg^ bdkZbZcih XVbZ id i]Z V^Y d[ i]Z 8]VY^Vc \dkZgcbZci VcY lZV`ZcZY gZWZa edh^i^dch cdgi]lZhi d[ 9Vg[jg# I]Z HjYVcZhZ \dkZgcbZci i]Zc aVjcX]ZY V [dgXZ[ja XdjciZghig^`Z! XdcYjXi^c\ bVhh^kZ ViiVX`h V\V^chi hZkZgVa k^aaV\Zh VcY XVjh^c\ bV_dg edejaVi^dc Y^heaVXZbZcih# I]Z \dkZgcbZci gZhjbZY ViiVX`h ^ckdak^c\ k^daZcXZ V\V^chi X^k^a^Vch gZb^c^hXZci d[ i]Z djihZi d[ i]Z XdcÓ^Xi#

9:EADNB:CI

JBI6HD " I6à76 86BE

D; >CI:GC6I>DC6A ;DG8:H 6 gVXZ V\V^chi i^bZ WZ\Vc l]Zc

Æ> YdcÉi `cdl ]dl daY > Vb Ç hVnh JbiVhd! hZViZY cZVg i]Z ÒgZ jcYZg V h]ZaiZg ^c IV^WV XVbe! OVa^c\Z^! ^c lZhiZgc 9Vg[jg Æ>Éb egdWVWan VgdjcY ,%# Bn bdi]Zg! l]dÉh dkZg i]ZgZ! bjhi WZ &%%# >ÉkZ a^kZY ]ZgZ [dg i]gZZ nZVgh! h^cXZ i]Z [^\]i^c\ ^c CnVc\VYjaV hiVgiZY WZilZZc i]Z XVbZa WgZZYZgh VcY djg ig^WZ! i]Z =ji^V# I]Z XVbZa WgZZYZgh ViiVX`ZY jh VcY bVcn eZdeaZ Y^ZY# Bn hdc! bn Wgdi]Zg VcY ]^h i]gZZ hdch Y^ZY# Hd lZ XVbZ ]ZgZ"bn bdi]Zg! i]Z c^cZ X]^aYgZc VcY bZ#Ç

i]Z JC6B>9 JC"6[g^XVc Jc^dc B^hh^dc ^c 9Vg[jg ! l]dhZ [dgXZh jai^bViZan l^aa cjbWZg '%!%%% hdaY^Zgh VcY +!%%% eda^XZ d[ÒXZgh! WZ\Vc id YZeadn ^c 9Vg[jg# >ciZgcVi^dcVa hdaY^Zgh ^c i]^h gZ\^dc VgZ ^cXgZVh^c\an egZhZci/ i]Z JCB>H Jc^iZY CVi^dch B^hh^dc ^c HjYVc ! l^i] &%!%%% hdaY^Zgh! ]VY WZZc ^c hdji]Zgc HjYVc h^cXZ 6eg^a '%%*! [daadl^c\ i]Z eZVXZ VXXdgY WZilZZc cdgi]Zgc VcY hdji]Zgc HjYVc# I]Z :J;DG :jgdeZVc Jc^dc ;dgXZ! (!,%% hdaY^Zgh WZ\Vc

I]djhVcYh d[ eZdeaZ Vgg^kZY VgdjcY i]Z hVbZ i^bZ! XgZVi^c\ V [djgi] Y^h" eaVXZY eZghdchÉ XVbe ^c i]Z idlc d[ OVa^c\Z^ ^c aViZ '%%*# L]^aZ i]Z edejaV" i^dc d[ di]Zg XVbeh ^cXajYZh eg^bVg^an bZbWZgh d[ i]Z ;jg ig^WZ! bdhi d[ i]Z eZdeaZ a^k^c\ ]ZgZ VgZ cdbVY^X XViiaZ WgZZYZgh# HZkZgVa Vc^bVah VgZ k^h^WaZ cZVg i]Z h]ZaiZgh ^c i]^h XVbe! l]^X] VgZ bdgZ hZi VeVgi#

^c '%%- V b^hh^dc ^c 8]VY VcY 8ZcigVa 6[g^XVc GZejWa^X# Jca^`Z i]Z JCB>H! l]dhZ b^hh^dc ^h id bdc^idg VcY kZg^[n ^beaZbZciVi^dc d[ i]Z XZVhZÒgZ V\gZZbZci! JC6B>9 VcY :j[dg Y^Y cdi ZbZg\Z [gdb V XgZY^WaZ eZVXZ egdXZhh# :j[dgÉh bVcYViZ ^h id egdiZXi 9Vg[jg^ gZ[j\ZZh ^c ZVhiZgc 8]VY ')&!%%% eZdeaZ VcY cdgi]ZVhiZgc 8ZcigVa 6[g^XVc GZejWa^X

Ild *%"`\ WV\h d[ XZgZVa h^i dc i]Z \gdjcY cZmi id ]Zg! Xdcig^WjiZY

(!%%% ! Vh lZaa Vh Y^heaVXZY eZghdch ^c ■■■

)


Wn i]Z LdgaY ;ddY Egd\gVb# I]Z gVi^dc ^h (%% \gVbh eZg eZghdc$ YVn# =dlZkZg! ]Zg YVj\]iZg ]Vh _d^cZY i]Zb ^c i]Z XVbe! l^i] ]Zg [djg X]^aYgZc! VcY h]Z ^hcÉi gZ\^hiZgZY [dg [ddY V^Y# H]Z l^aa WZ i]ZgZ jci^a ]Zg ]jhWVcY! l]d lZci id @]Vgidjb! gZijgch# 9jg^c\ i]Vi iZbedgVgn Wji ^cYZÒc^iZ eZg^dY! i]Zn bjhi h]VgZ# I]^h [Vb^an hi^aa dlch hZkZgVa Vc^bVah! ^cXajY^c\ V ]dghZ! Xdl! ild \dVih VcY i]Z^g `^Yh! ild h]ZZe VcY ild ]Zch# Æ7Z[dgZ! lZ ]VY V aVg\Z ]ZgY d[ Xdlh!Ç JbiVhd gZXVaah# ÆI]Z bZc ldjaY iV`Z i]Zb id \gVoZ! Wji i]Z ldbZc ldjaY hiVn ^c 9ZaZ_ VcY [Vgb V a^iiaZ# I]Z XVbZa WgZZYZgh lZgZ ^c i]Z hVbZ VgZV# LZ Y^YcÉi ]VkZ Vcn XdciVXi l^i] i]Zb# LZ Y^YcÉi igVYZ dg bVggn! Wji lZ Y^YcÉi ]VkZ Vcn Xdc" Ó^Xih! Z^i]Zg# LZ a^kZY Vadc\h^YZ ZVX] di]Zg# Cdl i]Zn a^kZ ^c djg eaVXZ# I]Zn bdkZY ^cid i]Z k^aaV\Z VcY lZ VgZ ]ZgZ#Ç

8]VY &,.!%%% VcY ^c i]Z 8ZcigVa 6[g^XVc GZejWa^X '%!%%% # JCB>H ^h id egdiZXi X^k^a^Vc edejaVi^dch i]gdj\]dji 9Vg[jg# ;dg cdl! ]dlZkZg! dcan .!%%% ^ciZgcVi^dcVa hdaY^Zgh VgZ YZeadnZY i]ZgZ"" ^c Vc VgZV i]Z h^oZ d[ ;gVcXZ""hd X]Vc\Z ]Vh WZZc a^b^iZY hd [Vg# I]Z hdaY^Zgh VagZVYn egZhZci jcYZg i]Z Vjhe^XZh d[ i]Z 6[g^XVc Jc^dc b^hh^dc h^bean igVYZY i]Z^g \gZZc WZgZih [dg WajZ ]ZabZih# :migZbZan a^b^iZY gZhdjgXZh gZhig^Xi i]Z^g VW^a^in id egdiZXi X^k^a^Vch# 6h V bViiZg d[ [VXi! JCB>H Y^Y cdi hide i]Z HjYVcZhZ Vji]dg^i^Zh [gdb jh^c\ i]Z hVbZ eViiZgc d[ k^daZcXZ! WZ\^cc^c\ d[ '%%-! Vh ^c '%%("'%%)#

@6AI6B " 7JA7JA @VaiVb ^h cd bdgZ i]Vc '%! Wji VagZVYn ]Vh ild X]^aYgZc l]d VgZ * VcY '# H]Z cdl a^kZh ^c 7jaWja! ^c hdji]Zgc 9Vg[jg! l^i] ]Zg ]jhWVcY! X]^aYgZc VcY ild Wgdi]Zgh# H]Z ]Vh WZZc gZhedch^WaZ [dg ]Zg Wgdi]Zgh h^cXZ i]Z^g bdi]Zg Y^ZY adc\ V\d# Æ> Vgg^kZY aVhi ?jcZ!Ç h]Z hVnh# ÆLZ Vaa XVbZ id\Zi]Zg# I]ZgZ lZgZ Vi aZVhi (% [Vb^a^Zh# LZ VgZ [gdb 6ojb! ZVhi d[ OVa^c\Z^#Ç 6h`ZY l]n h]Z aZ[i! @VaiVb d[[Zgh i]Z Xdbbdc! aVXdc^X gZhedchZ/ Æ7ZXVjhZ d[ i]Z lVg#Ç

'$L]Vi `^cY d[ k^daZcXZ ]Vh i]Z edejaVi^dc ZmeZg^ZcXZY4

6 i]^gY d[ 9Vg[jgÉh edejaVi^dc ]Vh WZZc Y^heaVXZY h^cXZ i]Z WZ\^cc^c\ d[ i]Z XdcÓ^Xi! l]^X] bZVch i]Vi '#) b^aa^dch

I]djhVcYh d[ [Vb^a^Zh [gdb @VaiVbÉh ig^WZ! i]Z IZg_Zbh! idd` gZ[j\Z ^c 7jaWja V[iZg hZkZgVa ViiVX`h ^c i]Z VgZVh l]ZgZ i]Zn a^kZY ^c lZhiZgc VcY hdji]Zgc 9Vg[jg# ÆI]Z XVbZa WgZZYZgh idaY jh id aZVkZ! Ç @VaiVb ZmeaV^ch# ÆI]Zn idd` h^m Xdlh [gdb bn ]jhWVcYÉh [Vb^an# I]dhZ lZgZ Vaa i]Z^g Xdlh hd cdl i]Zn ]VkZ cdi]^c\#Ç

eZdeaZ ]VkZ adhi ZkZgni]^c\# L^YZhegZVY

IdYVn! '*!%%% eZdeaZ a^kZ ^c 7jaWja# 6 h^c\aZ Y^hig^Wji^dc WVh^X hjeea^Zh dXXjggZY ^c ?jcZ# BVcn [Vb^a^Zh l]d Vgg^kZY ^c ?jan$6j\jhi ]VkZ gZXZ^kZY cdi]^c\# Cd [ddY V^Y ]Vh WZZc Y^hig^WjiZY VcY jci^a BH; ^chiVaaZY [djg lViZg hiVi^dch VcY hZkZgVa Y^hig^Wji^dc gVbeh! i]ZgZ lZgZ dcan i]gZZ bVcjVa lViZg ejbeh# I]Z VgZV lVh YZXaVgZY V hZXjg^in g^h` VcY C<Dh Yd cdi \d i]ZgZ# =dlZkZg! i]Z gZ\^dc ^h VXXZhh^WaZ ^[ Yg^kZgh Yd cdi igVkZa ^c aVg\Z 6IKh l]ViÉh Vc 6IK4! l]^X] VgZ kZgn YZh^gVWaZ# @VaiVb ÒcYh i]Z ^hdaVi^dc Y^[ÒXjai# Æ> eaVciZY dc^dch!Ç h]Z hVnh# Æ> bVcV\ZY id bV`Z V a^iiaZ bdcZn# 7ji > YdcÉi `cdl ]dl id ZVgc bdcZn ]ZgZ# I]ZgZÉh cdi]^c\ id Yd Bn ]jhWVcY \dZh id i]Z bVg`Zi

^chZXjg^in ^c gjgVa VgZVh VcY hbVaa

^chZXjg^in VcY Xdci^cj^c\ XaVh]Zh VgZ hi^aa egdkd`^c\ edejaVi^dc Y^heaVXZbZci# 6XXdgY^c\ id hiVi^hi^Xh [gdb D8=6 i]Z J#C# ]jbVc^iVg^Vc XddgY^cVi^dc V\ZcXn ! '*%!%%% VYY^i^dcVa eZdeaZ ]VkZ Yg^kZc [gdb i]Z^g ]dbZh aVhi nZVg! VcY -%!%%% bdgZ Yjg^c\ i]Z Òghi hZbZhiZg d[ '%%-# I]Vi Ò\jgZ YdZh cdi ^cXajYZ hZXdcYVgn Y^heaVXZbZcih0 i]Vi ^h! [Vb^a^Zh l]d bdkZ [gdb dcZ XVbe id Vcdi]Zg# DcZ d[ i]Z eg^bVgn XVjhZh d[ Y^heaVXZbZci ^h \ZcZgVa Y^heaVXZY eZghdchÉ XVbeh# I]Z aVg\Zg XVbeh VgZ bdgZ hZXjgZ! id V XZgiV^c YZ\gZZ! Vai]dj\] i]Zn VgZ ZmigZbZan eda^i^X^oZY VcY ZmedhZY id [dgbh d[ jgWVc ^chZXjg^in a^c`ZY id ]^\] edejaVi^dc YZch^i^Zh# 6II68@H DC K>AA6<:H 6C9 IG>7:H I]Z 9Vg[jg^hÉ hiViZbZcih ^cXajYZ YZhXg^ei^dch d[ ZkZcih i]Vi dXXjggZY WZilZZc '%%( VcY '%%)! X]VgVXiZg^oZY Wn bVhh^kZ Ò\]i^c\ ^ckdak^c\ VZg^Va WdbW^c\ VcY VgbZY bZc igVkZa^c\ dc ]dghZh VcY XVbZah Vh lZaa Vh ^c kZ]^XaZh# >c bVcn XVhZh! k^aaV\Zh lZgZ addiZY VcY WjgcZY ■■■

*


^c i]Z bdgc^c\ VcY XdbZh WVX` Vi c^\]i# 7ji i]ViÉh Vaa"]Z YdZhcÉi ÒcY ldg`# =ZÉh ]VY dcan dcZ YVn d[ ldg` > YdcÉi lVci id hiVn ]ZgZ# > lVci id \d ]dbZ#Ç =ZVg^c\ i]ZhZ ldgYh! i]Z di]Zg ldbZc cZVgWn gZVXi h]Vgean# ÆD@! \d V]ZVY VcY ndjÉaa hZZ l]Vi l^aa ]VeeZc Ç Æ>[ lZ \d WVX`! i]ZnÉaa `^aa jh#Ç >c i]Z VgZV l]ZgZ @VabV a^kZh! i]Z h]ZaiZgh VgZ XadhZ id\Zi]Zg# :kZgndcZ ^c ]Zg \gdje bdkZY ^c Vi i]Z hVbZ i^bZ VcY hZi je XadhZ id\Zi]Zg# I]Z di]Zgh VXXjhZ @VabV d[ [V^a^c\ id jcYZghiVcY i]Z h^ijVi^dc# =dlZkZg! h]Z ZmeaV^ch# ÆI]Z XdcÓ^Xi WZ\Vc V [Zl nZVgh V\d# LZ ]VY \ddY gZaVi^dch]^eh l^i] i]Z di]Zg ig^WZh ^c djg VgZV Wji \gVYjVaan! ^i WZXVbZ V bViiZg d[ dg^\^ch! d[ gVXZ# :VX] ig^WZ WZ\Vc id egdiZXi ^ihZa[ VcY i]Z XVbZa WgZZYZgh hV^Y! ÈI]^h ^h djg iZgg^idgn# Ndj ]VkZ id aZVkZ#É HdbZ ig^WZh! eVgi^XjaVgan i]Z ;jg! ]VY VagZVYn aZ[i WZ[dgZ lZ Y^Y# I]ZgZ lZgZ bdgZ VcY bdgZ egdWaZbh# I]Z XVbZa WgZZYZgh ViiVX`ZY jh# IZc bZc [gdb dcZ [Vb^an lZgZ `^aaZY# Hd lZ ]VY id aZVkZ! idd#Ç

VcY hjgk^kdgh hdj\]i gZ[j\Z ^c cZVgWn idlch# 9jg^c\ i]^h eZg^dY! i]Z ^c^i^Va k^Xi^bh lZgZ bdhian k^aaV\Zgh a^k^c\ ^c gjgVa VgZVh# AViZg! i]ZhZ bVhh^kZ ViiVX`h WZXVbZ gVgZg# =dlZkZg! i]Z hiViZbZcih Vahd gZ[Zg id Vcdi]Zg `^cY d[ ViiVX` i]Vi WZ\Vc V[iZg '%%*! ^ckdak^c\ ViiVX`h Wn dcZ cdbVY^X ig^WZ V\V^chi Vcdi]Zg id Xdcigda iZgg^idgn dg hiZVa a^kZhidX`# 6h V gZhjai! eViX]ldg` d[ hbVaa VgZVh ZbZg\ZY! YZ[ZcYZY Wn ig^WVa b^a^i^Vh! gZhjai^c\ ^c VYY^i^dcVa YZVi]h VcY edejaVi^dc Y^heaVXZbZci# I]Z adhZgh ^c i]ZhZ WViiaZh lZgZ [dgXZY id ZciZg Y^heaVXZY eZghdchÉ XVbeh! a^`Z IV^WV XVbe ^c OVa^c\Z^! dg aZVkZ i]Z^g igVY^i^dcVa \gVo^c\ VgZVh id hZZ` egdiZXi^dc [gdb

767>@>G " 7JA7JA

V aVg\Zg ig^WVa b^a^i^V! hZiia^c\ ^c Vc VgZV XdcigdaaZY Wn i]Z^g ig^WZ# I]Z ^ciZgcVa

6hig^YZ ]^h Ydc`Zn! 7VW^`^g ^h XVggn^c\ V hVX` d[ \gV^c id WZ \gdjcY# I]Z ldbZc VgZ lV^i^c\ [dg i]Z Ódjg id egZeVgZ V bVgg^V\Z bZVa# >c i]Z h]ZaiZg WZ]^cY ]^b! i]Z Wg^YZ! hjggdjcYZY Wn i]Z ldbZc d[ i]Z [Vb^an! ^h egZeVg^c\ id aZVkZ ]Zg ]djhZ! k^h^Wan jc]Veen VWdji i]Z bdkZ# I]Z [ZVhi l^aa WZ ]ZaY V[iZg i]Z Wjg^Vah# >c ?jan! h^m [Vb^an bZbWZgh lZgZ `^aaZY Yjg^c\ l]Vi eZdeaZ gZ[Zg id Vh Æi]Z BdcYVn WViiaZ#Ç 7VW^`^gÉh jcXaZ lVh Vbdc\ i]Z k^Xi^bh# H^cXZ i]Zc! ]Z ]Vh ]djhZY ]^h Vjci VcY ]Zg X]^aYgZc! ^c VYY^i^dc id ]^h l^[Z VcY i]Z^g [djg X]^aYgZc! V idiVa d[ &% eZdeaZ# HZkZc di]Zg bZc Y^ZY Yjg^c\ Vc ZVga^Zg ViiVX` i]Vi dXXjggZY dc i]Z gdVY Vh i]Zn lZgZ Xdb^c\ id hZZ` gZ[j\Z ^c 7jaWja# 7VW^`^g Vahd adhi ]Va[ d[ ]^h ]ZgY d[ Xdlh#

Y^k^h^dch Vbdc\ gZWZa bdkZbZci XVc egdkd`Z k^daZcXZ ^ch^YZ i]Z Y^heaVXZY eZghdchÉXVbeh Vh lZaa# G:8JGG:CI K>DA:C8: EdejaVi^dch ]VkZ WZZc hjW_ZXi id VWjhZ Wn edlZg[ja [dgXZh# I]Z [gV\bZciVi^dc d[ VgbZY \gdjeh ]Vh XgZViZY Vc deZc^c\ [dg l^YZhegZVY Xg^b^cVa VXi^k^in# I]Z edejaVi^dc VcY ]jbVc^iVg^Vc \gdjeh VgZ hjW_ZXi id ViiVX` VcY addi^c\ d[ XVgh! Ydc`Znh! bdcZn dg lddY# I]Z VgZVh hjggdjcY^c\ i]Z Y^heaVXZY eZghdchÉ XVbeh VcY cZVg gdVYh VgZ eVgi^XjaVgan YVc\Zgdjh# 6aa eVgi^Zh id i]Z XdcÓ^Xi VcY Xg^b^cVa \Vc\h XVggn dji V gVc\Z d[ k^daZci VXih! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z[i! WZVi^c\ VcY hZmjVa VhhVjai# ■■■

BH; 68I>K>I>:H

7JA7JA

ÆI]Z XVbZa WgZZYZgh ViiVX`ZY i]Z IZg_Zbh!Ç ]Z gZXdjcih# ÆLZ ]VY id YZ[ZcY djghZakZh# 7ji lZÉgZ cdi hV[Z ]ZgZ! Z^i]Zg# I]ZgZ ]VkZ WZZc hZkZgVa ViiVX`h ^c 7jaWja# BdgZ i]Vc ,* eZdeaZ Y^ZY Yjg^c\ dcZ ViiVX`# I]Zn XVbZ [gdb ZkZgn Y^gZXi^dc# I]Z Ò\]i^c\ aVhiZY [gdb bdgc^c\ jci^a c^\]i# LZ ]VkZ i]Z bZVch id YZ[ZcY djghZakZh! +

CZlan Y^heaVXZY [Vb^a^Zh ]VkZ WZZc Vgg^k^c\ ^c i]Z 7jaWja VgZV Yjg^c\ i]Z Òghi hZbZhiZg d[ '%%,# I]Zn XVbZ [gdb di]Zg adXVi^dch ^c LZhi VcY Hdji] 9Vg[jg! ^c hZVgX] d[ hZXjg^in# I]ZgZ VgZ cdl VgdjcY '*!%%% eZdeaZ a^k^c\ ^c 7jaWja! bdhian [Vb^a^Zh [gdb i]Z IZg_Zb ig^WZ# 6c BH; iZVb ^chiVaaZY [djg lViZg hiVi^dch l]^X] l^aa WZ VWaZ id egdk^YZ VgdjcY *%% XjW^X bZigZh d[ XaZVc lViZg eZg YVn# BH; ]Vh Vahd Y^hig^WjiZY hdbZ ZhhZci^Va hjgk^kVa ^iZbh hjX] Vh hdVe VcY WaVc`Zih# ■


Wji i]Zn ]VkZ ZkZc bdgZ# I]Zn ]VkZ XVgh! XVbZah! ]dghZh VcY ]ZVkn lZVedch#Ç 6gbZY bZc eVigda ^c 7jaWja! dc [ddi# HdbZ lZVg `]V`^ b^a^iVgn hlZViZgh VcY XVbdjÓV\Z kZhih# 6aa i]Z bZc XVggn V `c^[Z! hajc\ dkZg i]Z^g Vgb ^c V aZVi]Zg ]daYZg# 7VW^`^g Vgg^kZY ^c 7jaWja ^c HZeiZbWZg V[iZg i]Z IZg_ZbhÉ ]^\]Zhi aZVYZg k^h^iZY i]Z ig^WZh gZbV^c^c\ ^c 6ojb! ZVhi d[ OVa^c\Z^# Æ=Z idaY jh i]Vi lZ ]VY id aZVkZ WZXVjhZ cdl ZVX] ig^WZ ]VY ^ih dlc iZgg^idgn ^c 7jaWja VcY ^[ lZ Y^YcÉi lVci id dXXjen ^i! ^i ldjaY WZ \^kZc id di]Zgh# LZ ]VY a^kZY ^c 6ojb [dg '% nZVgh Wji ^i lVhcÉi djg aVcY# >i WZadc\ZY id i]Z ;jg Wji i]ZgZ ]VYcÉi WZZc Vcn egdWaZbh# :kZgni]^c\ ]VY WZZc ÒcZ jci^a i]Zn aZ[i# Cdl! ]ZgZ! ^c 7jaWja! i]^h ^h djg aVcY# I]ZgZ lZgZ di]Zg eZdeaZ WZ[dgZ! Wji i]Zn aZ[i# 7ji lZ YdcÉi `cdl l]ZgZ id [Vgb ]ZgZ# LZ VgZ WVgZan \Zii^c\ Wn#Ç I]ZgZ ^h V igZbZcYdjh Vbdjci d[ ldg` id WZ YdcZ# 7jaWja lVh V igjX` hide Vadc\ i]Z gdVY Wji lVh cdi hZi je id ]djhZ '*!%%% eZdeaZ dkZgc^\]i# I]Z dcan Xa^c^X aVX`h bZY^X^cZ VcY BH; ^h hZii^c\ je VXXZhh id lViZg#

9^heaVXZY eZghdch! gZh^YZcih VcY cdbVYh XdbeZiZ ÒZgXZan id Xdcigda i]Z bVg`Zi ^c lddY VcY [dgV\Z# I]^h ZXdcdb^X g^kVagn ^h dcZ d[ i]Z gZVhdch i]Vi ldbZc ^c i]Z Wjh] cZVg i]Z Y^heaVXZY eZghdchÉ XVbeh VcY ^c k^aaV\Zh VgZ gZ\jaVgan ViiVX`ZY# LVaah VcY igZcX]Zh ^c hdbZ XVbeh egdiZXi V\V^chi ^cXjgh^dc [gdb i]Z djih^YZ! ^cXajY^c\ [gdb di]Zg Y^heaVXZY eZghdch# >ciZgcVa k^daZcXZ Vahd dXXjgh! a^c`ZY id eda^i^XVa VcY$dg ZXdcdb^X ^hhjZh# 9^hig^Wji^dc d[ [ddY gVi^dch ^h V `Zn ^hhjZ# >c @VabV! hdji]Zgc 9Vg[jg! i]djhVcYh d[ Y^heaVXZY eZghdch lZgZ Zk^XiZY Wn di]Zg Y^heaVXZY eZghdch ^c DXidWZg '%%,# HjWhZfjZci ^ciZgkZci^dc Wn VgbZY [dgXZh ^c i]Z XVbe aZY id VYY^i^dcVa Y^heaVXZbZci# IdYVn! gjgVa edejaVi^dch cdi Y^heaVXZY Wn i]Z XdcÓ^Xi VgZ Vahd ^c V egZXVg^djh

DJB6G " @JIGJB

h^ijVi^dc! V[[ZXiZY ^cY^gZXian Wn i]Z XdcÓ^Xi# Eda^XZ hiVi^dch ^c gjgVa VgZVh VgZ iVg\ZiZY

Æ> ]VkZcÉi aZ[i ?ZWZa BVgV ^c h^m nZVgh!Ç hVnh DjbVg! hZViZY dc ]^h WZY ^c i]Z BH; Xa^c^X ^c @jigjb! adXViZY ^c i]Z ?ZWZa BVgV! ^c i]Z gZWZa odcZ# Æ> jhZY id WZ V [VgbZg Wji > lZci id @]Vgidjb [gZfjZcian# Bn [Vi]Zg ^h dg^\^cVaan [gdb ?ZWZa! Wji bn bdi]Zg lVh :\nei^Vc VcY > lVh Wdgc ^c :\nei# >Éb hi^aa bdk^c\! Wji cdl > YdcÉi igVkZa [jgi]Zg i]Vc i]Z ?ZWZa bdjciV^ch Bn l^[Z VcY ild YVj\]iZgh VgZ a^k^c\ ^c i]Z cdgi]Zgc XVbe [dg Y^heaVXZY eZghdch! ^c C^Zgi^i^! &' `^adbZiZgh VlVn! Wji > XVcÉi \d i]ZgZ# > ]VkZcÉi hZZc i]Zb ^c ild nZVgh# LdbZc VcY X]^aYgZc XVc aZVkZ Wji ^iÉh ^bedhh^WaZ [dg jh bZc#Ç

[dg ViiVX` Wn b^a^i^Vh i]Vi ]VkZ ijgcZY V\V^chi i]Z \dkZgcbZci# I]^h aVX` d[ gZhigV^ci ]Z^\]iZch i]Z ^chZXjg^in d[ i]Z edejaVi^dch! l]d VgZ ]VgVhhZY dc Vc dc\d^c\ WVh^h Wn i]Z kVg^djh VgbZY \gdjeh# 8DC;>C:B:CI >i ^h Y^[ÒXjai [dg k^aaV\Zgh l]d gZbV^c ZmedhZY id k^daZcXZ ^c gjgVa VgZVh id iV`Z gZ[j\Z ^c Y^heaVXZY eZghdchÉ XVbeh# A^`Z i]Z \dkZgcbZci! cdbVY^X ig^WZh deedhZ bdkZbZci idlVgYh i]Z aVg\Z X^i^Zh! hd k^aaV\Zgh bVn WZ hideeZY dc i]Z gdVY# I]Z \dkZgcbZci [ZVgh i]Vi i]Z Vgg^kVa d[ cZl [Vb^a^Zh l^aa higZc\i]Zc i]Z

DjbVgÉh ldjcY lVh igZViZY dc h^iZ# LdbZc l^i] Xdbea^XViZY bZY^XVa egdWaZbh bVn WZ igVch[ZggZY id C^Zgi^i^ VcY i]Zc id i]Z OVa^c\Z^ ]dhe^iVa# I]Z @jigjb iZVb bjhi Yd ZkZgn" i]^c\ edhh^WaZ [dg bVaZ eVi^Zcih dc h^iZ# I]Zn Yd cdi lVci id aZVkZ Vh i]Zn VgZ XZgiV^c id WZ VggZhiZY Wn hZXjg^in [dgXZh ^[ i]Zn Xgdhh i]Z [gdci a^cZ id ZciZg i]Z \dkZgcbZci odcZ# ÆBn [Vb^an aZ[i V[iZg i]Z ViiVX` dc djg k^aaV\Z! Jb =VgVo! ^c '%%(!Ç DjbVg hVnh# Æ>i lVh V egZiin W^\ k^aaV\Z! l^i] VWdji '!%%% eZdeaZ# I]ZgZÉh cd dcZ aZ[i cdl# LZ lZgZ hjggdjcYZY Wn bZc dc ]dghZWVX` VcY XVbZaWVX` VcY Wn di]Zg bZc ^c XVgh# :kZgndcZ ÓZY l]Zc i]Zn ]ZVgY i]Z Òghi h]dih Wji VgdjcY &%% eZdeaZ Y^ZY# I]Z Ò\]i^c\ aVhiZY [dg ild YVnh# BVcn k^aaV\Zh lZgZ ViiVX`ZY ]ZgZ! Wji eZdeaZ VgZ hi^aa a^k^c\ ^c bVcn di]Zgh# I]Z XadhZg i]Z k^aaV\Z ^h id i]Z gdVY! i]Z bdgZ YVc\Zgdjh ^i ^h# I]Z gZbdiZ eaVXZh VgZ i]Z bdhi egdiZXiZY# 7ZXVjhZ lZ VgZ ^c i]Z bdjciV^ch! lZ XVc ]^YZ ^c i]Z kVaaZnh VcY XVkZh# 8Vgh

eda^i^X^oZY XVbeh! l]^aZ i]Z ig^WZh gZVa^oZ i]Vi i]Zn cZZY eZdeaZ ^c i]Z k^aaV\Zh id [Vgb! hZaa VcY Wjn ^c i]Z bVg`Zih# I]dhZ a^k^c\ ^c i]Z XVbeh ]VkZ a^iiaZ ]deZ d[ aZVk^c\ Vcni^bZ hddc# I]Z^g k^aaV\Zh ]VkZ WZZc YZhigdnZY! di]Zg eZdeaZ bVn WZ a^k^c\ i]ZgZ VcY ^chZXjg^in ^h hi^aa idd ^ciZchZ [dg i]Zb id Xdch^YZg gZijgc^c\ VcY gZWj^aY^c\# BVcn ZmegZhh ^aajh^kZ ]deZ i]Vi i]Z ^ciZgcVi^dcVa [dgXZ l^aa ZmeZa i]Z ?Vc_VlZZY VcY Vaadl i]Zb id gZijgc ]dbZ# AVhi! ^c VgZVh hZXjgZY Z^i]Zg Wn gZWZah ^c i]Z ?ZWZa BVgV dg cdbVY^X ig^WVa b^a^i^Vh ^c \Vi]Zg^c\ h^iZh a^`Z 7jaWja! i]Z edejaVi^dch bjhi gZbV^c l^i]^c i]dhZ WdjcYVg^Zh ^[ i]Zn VgZ id WZ egdiZXiZY# ■■■

,


XVcÉi \Zi i]ZgZ VcY eaVcZh XVcÉi gZVX] jh# 7ji i]ZgZ VgZ egdWaZbh i]ZgZ! idd! ZheZX^Vaan WZXVjhZ i]ZgZ VgZ cd YdXidgh#Ç EZgX]ZY dc i]Z ide d[ V ]^aa! i]Z BH; Xa^c^X ^c @jigjb ^h i]Z dcan ]ZVai] [VX^a^in hZgk^c\ V edejaVi^dc d[ Veegdm^bViZan *%!%%%# I]Z B^c^hign d[ =ZVai] ]Vh cd [VX^a^i^Zh ^c i]^h gZ\^dc! l]^X] ^h XdcigdaaZY Wn i]Z HA6! Wji i]Z HjYVcZhZ \dkZgcbZci ]Vh Vji]dg^oZY BH; id ldg` i]ZgZ VcY i]Z ]ZVai] b^c^hign ^h eVgi^X^eVi^c\ ^c kVXX^cVi^dc XVbeV^\ch# BH;Éh ZkVajVi^dc! XdcYjXiZY Yjg^c\ V eg^dg kVXX^cVi^dc XVbeV^\c! Y^Y cdi gZkZVa VaVgb^c\ gViZh d[ bVacjig^i^dc Vbdc\ X]^aYgZc jcYZg *# EZdeaZ a^k^c\ ^c i]Z ?ZWZa gV^hZ idbVidZh! dc^dch VcY dgVc\Zh! Wji DjbVg ^h gZa^ZkZY i]Vi ]^h [Vb^an ^h ^c C^Zgi^i^! gVi]Zg i]Vc i]Z ?ZWZa BVgV# Æ> i]^c` i]Zn ldjaY WZ hV[Zg ]ZgZ i]Vc ^c i]Z C^Zgi^i^ XVbe# > YdcÉi ]VkZ Vcn cZlh Wji > ]ZVgY i]Vi i]ZgZ lZgZ hZXjg^in egdWaZbh ^c i]Z XVbeh# 7ji Vi aZVhi i]Zn ]VkZ hdbZ" i]^c\ id ZVi i]ZgZ# I]Zn VgZ gZXZ^k^c\ [ddY V^Y# =ZgZ! i]ZgZÉh cd lVn id ZVgc bdcZn# > YdcÉi ]VkZ Vcn bdgZ aVcY id [Vgb# > [ZZa WZiiZg `cdl^c\ i]Zn VgZ i]ZgZ#Ç

($L]Vi VgZ i]Z ^hhjZh

[VX^c\ ]jbVc^iVg^Vc dg\Vc^oVi^dch ^c 9Vg[jg4 9Vg[jg gZegZhZcih XjggZcian i]Z W^\\Zhi ]jbVc^iVg^Vc deZgVi^dc ^c i]Z ldgaY! l^i] V WjY\Zi d[ bdgZ i]Vc -*% b^aa^dc! -% dg\Vc^oVi^dch VcY XadhZ id &*%%% ]jbVc^iVg^Vc V^Y ldg`Zgh ^c i]Z ÒZaY! Vbdc\ l]db hdbZ '%%% [gdb BH;# EVgi d[ i]Z 9Vg[jg edejaVi^dc gZbV^ch Xji d[[ [gdb ^ciZgcVa V^Y! ^cVXXZhh^WaZ [dg hZXjg^in gZVhdch dg WZXVjhZ d[ ^hdaVi^dc# 6cdi]Zg eVgi hjgk^kZh i]Vc`h id Vc ^c[jh^dc d[ ^ciZgcVi^dcVa V^Y! l]dhZ Xdch^YZgVWaZ gZhdjgXZh ]VkZ ZchjgZY ]ZVai] ^cY^XVidgh WZadl i]Z ZbZg\ZcXn aZkZah# 6XXZhh^WaZ VgZVh Yd cdi XjggZcian VeeZVg id WZ ^c V hiViZ d[ bZY^XVa ZbZg\ZcXn# =dlZkZg!

6L6 " @JIGJB

i]Z h^ijVi^dc gZbV^ch kZgn [gV\^aZ# 6i i]^h ed^ci! hZkZgVa nZVgh V[iZg i]Z VXjiZ

6lVÉh h^bea^X^in ^h Y^hXdcXZgi^c\# 6i &*! ]Zg eg^bVgn XdcXZgc ^h ]Zg ]jhWVcY# H]Z bVgg^ZY V nZVg V\d Wji hi^aa a^kZh l^i] ]Zg bdi]Zg l]^aZ ]Zg ]jhWVcY VhhZb" WaZh i]Z Ydlgn# =Z ]Vh cdi nZi bVcV\ZY id dWiV^c V WZY! bViigZhh VcY i]Z Xadi]Zh ]Z bjhi \^kZ ]Zg hd i]Vi h]Z l^aa XdbZ a^kZ l^i] ]^b# 7ji 6lV ^h cdi ^c V ]jggn# Æ6aa > lVci ^h id WZ VWaZ id ZVi VcY id hiVn l^i] bn bdi]Zg# > ]deZ i]Vi ]Z l^aa Y^kdgXZ bZ# > YdcÉi lVci id WZ bVgg^ZY id ]^b# =Z ^h idd eddg# 6[iZglVgYh! > XVc ]VkZ Vcdi]Zg ]jhWVcY! V WZiiZg dcZ#Ç =Zg di]Zg XdcXZgc"i]Z dcZ i]Vi Wgdj\]i ]Zg id i]Z @jigjb Xa^c^X"^h V \d^iZg i]Vi Y^hÒ\jgZh ]Zg i]gdVi! i]Z h^\c d[ V aVX` d[ ^dY^cZ Yjg^c\ X]^aY]ddY VcY fj^iZ Xdbbdc ]ZgZ#

ZbZg\ZcXn ]Vh ZVhZY! ^ciZgcVi^dcVa dg\Vc^oVi^dch VgZ Xjii^c\ WVX` i]Z^g Z[[dgih! nZi cZZYh ^cXgZVhZ# ;dg ZmVbeaZ! [ddY V^Y ^h ^cXgZVh^c\an gZhig^Xi^kZ! l]^aZ VXgdhh 9Vg[jg! i]Z \adWVa bVacjig^i^dc gViZ ]Vh ZmXZZYZY i]Z lVgc^c\ aZkZa d[ &* # I]Z h^ijVi^dc ^h ldghZc^c\ ^c XZgiV^c VgZVh VcY g^\^Y^i^Zh VcY XdchigV^cih dc i]Z deZgVi^dc d[ ]jbVc^iVg^Vc V^Y hdbZi^bZh gZhig^Xi i]Z VW^a^in id egdeZgan ZkVajViZ VcY gZhedcY fj^X`an id cZZYh# BdgZdkZg! i]Z C<Dh VgZ idaZgViZY Wn i]Z HjYVcZhZ Vji]dg^i^Zh Vh adc\ Vh i]Z^g VXi^dc Òih ^cid i]Z a^b^i d[ hdbZ d[ i]Z \dkZgcbZciÉh dW_ZXi^kZh! cdi^XZVWan i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ ■■■

LVg hZZbh id WZ V bnhiZg^djh ldgY [dg ]Zg# Æ>ÉkZ ]ZVgY eZdeaZ iVa` VWdji i]Z lVg VcY > `cdl i]Vi ^i ^h V WVY i]^c\# 7ji > YdcÉi ]VkZ Vcn egdWaZbh VcY cZ^i]Zg Yd i]Z eZdeaZ VgdjcY bZ! ZmXZei [dg hdbZ l]d VgZ h^X`#Ç I]Z \^ga a^kZh ^c i]Z k^aaV\Z d[ HVcZ]! ^c V [Vb^an d[ [VgbZgh# I]Zn \gdl VcY Ygn idbVidZh! l]^X] i]Zn hZaa Vi i]Z bVg`Zi# 9Zhe^iZ ]Zg [Vi]ZgÉh VWhZcXZ VcY aVX` d[ cZlh d[ ]^b [dg hZkZc nZVgh! ]Zg [Vb^an ^h \Zii^c\ Wn# 6lV ]Vh cZkZg WZZc id hX]dda# H]Z ]Zaeh ]Zg bdi]Zg ^c i]Z ÒZaYh# ÆLZ jhZY id ]VkZ Vc^bVah! idd"Z^\]i Xdlh! V XVbZa VcY ÒkZ \dVih! Wji lZ dcan ]VkZ ild \dVih cdl!Ç h]Z hVnh# L]Zc Vh`ZY l]Vi ]VeeZcZY! h]Z bZci^dch! ^c eVhh^c\! i]Vi ]Zg k^aaV\Z lVh ViiVX`ZY VcY WjgcZY ^c '%%*# ;^cVaan! h]Z ZmeaV^ch# Æ>i lVh i]Z b^YYaZ d[ i]Z YVn# Bn bdi]Zg! ild h^hiZgh! Wgdi]Zg VcY > lZgZ Xdb^c\ WVX` [gdb i]Z ÒZaYh# Bn \gVcY" bdi]Zg idaY jh i]Vi i]Z k^aaV\Z lVh jcYZg ViiVX`# I]ZgZ lZgZ bZc -

BH; 68I>K>I>:H

@JIGJB

;gdb C^Zgi^i^! BH; bVcV\Z V ]ZVai] edhi h^cXZ BVgX] '%%+! ^c i]Z gZWZa gZWZa ]ZaY VgZV! ^c 9_ZWZa BVgV# BH; hiV[[ eZg[dgb VgdjcY &!.%% XdchjaiVi^dch ZkZgn bdci] VcY gZ[Zg ZbZg\ZcXn XVhZh id OVa^c\Z^ ]dhe^iVa# 6 eda^d VcY bZVhaZh kVXX^cVi^dc XVbeV^\c ^c HZeiZbWZg VcY DXidWZg lVh XdcYjXiZY ^c '%%, ^c i]^h VgZV# >c '%%-! BH; aVjcX]ZY V kVXX^cVi^dc XVbeV^\c ZkZc bdgZ VbW^i^djh Vh i]Z iVg\Zi edejaVi^dc h]djaY \Zi Z^\]i Vci^\Zc# ■


dc ]dghZWVX` VcY XVbZaWVX` VcY di]Zgh ^c XVgh# LZ ]^Y ^c i]Z XVkZh VcY hiVnZY i]ZgZ [dg [djg YVnh# I]ZgZ lVh V higZVb VcY lZ ]VY hdg\]jb i]Vi lZ ]VY Wgdj\]i [dg i]Z Ydc`Znh# L]Zc lZ XVbZ WVX`! lZ hVl i]Vi i]Zn ]VY iV`Zc VlVn! YZhigdnZY dg WjgcZY ZkZgni]^c\ lZ ]VY#Ç LVh h]Z V[gV^Y ^i b^\]i ]VeeZc V\V^c4 6lV h]gj\h ]Zg h]djaYZgh VcY gZhedcYh! aVXdc^XVaan! Æ>iÉh VagZVYn ]Ve" eZcZY# 6cY WZh^YZh! i]ZgZ ^hcÉi Vcni]^c\ aZ[i id iV`Z! hd###Ç Ild lZZ`h V[iZg i]Z Òghi ViiVX`! di]Zg bZc dc ]dghZWVX` VcY g^Y^c\ XVbZah addiZY i]Z k^aaV\Z V\V^c# 6lV lVh ^c i]Z Wjh] l^i] i]Z \dVih# Æ> b^\]i ]VkZ WZZc V[gV^Y! Wji l]ViÉh i]Z ed^ci4 >i ]VeeZch VcY i]ZgZÉh cdi]^c\ ndj XVc Yd VWdji ^i!Ç h]Z hVnh! h]gj\\^c\ ]Zg h]djaYZgh V\V^c# :kZgndcZ gZWj^ai i]Z^g ]dbZ#

hZgk^XZh ^c gjgVa VgZVh# I]Z Yddg ^h h]ji Vh hddc Vh C<Dh XdjaY WZXdbZ V egdWaZb# D7HI68A:H ID G:68=>C< I=: EDEJA6I>DCH >c LZhi VcY Hdji] 9Vg[jg! VgZVh i]Vi jhZY id WZ VXXZhh^WaZ VgZ cdi Vcn bdgZ# =jbVc^iVg^Vc V\ZcX^Zh `ZZe WZ^c\ i]Z iVg\Zi d[ hZg^djhk^daZcXZ# I]Z idaa [dg i]Z Òghi i]gZZ bdci]h d[ '%%- ejWa^h]ZY Wn D8=6 i]Z J#C# ]jbVc^iVg^Vc XddgY^cVi^dc V\ZcXn ^h ( YZVi]h! . e]nh^XVa$hZmjVa V\\gZhh^dch! -) `^YcVee^c\! ( VggZhih! bdgZ i]Vc ,* XVgh gdWWZY VcY ) Xdckdnh

B6HIDG6 " C>:GI>I># I=:G6E:JI>8 ;::9>C< 8:CI:G

ViiVX`ZY# 9ZeadnbZci d[ ]jbVc^iVg^Vc V^Y YZeZcYh! ^c eVgi! dc i]Z ZkVajVi^dc d[ hZXjg^in XdcY^i^dch! l]^X] ^h XdcYjXiZY Wn i]Z Jc^iZY CVi^dch# 6gZVh i]Vi ]VkZ WZZc

I]Z WZY Vhh^\cZY id BVhidgV VcY ]Zg YVj\]iZg ^h i]Z dcZ XadhZhi id i]Z Zm^i ^c i]Z ^ciZch^kZ cjig^i^dc jc^i Vi BH;Éh Xa^c^X ^c C^Zgi^i^# I]^h gVcYdb Vhh^\c" bZci hj^ih i]Z ndjc\ ldbVc! l]d ^h VWdji (%# Æ> cZkZg hiVn ^c dcZ eaVXZ# > Vb V cdbVY VcY > bdkZ [gdb dcZ VgZV id Vcdi]Zg#Ç 7ji BVhidgV ]Vh WZZc ^c i]Z ]dhe^iVa [dg V lZZ` hZZ`^c\ igZVi" bZci [dg ]Zg [djgi] X]^aY! V dcZ nZVg" daY \^ga l]d ^h hZkZgZan bVacdjg^h]ZY# Æ6acdiiV ]Vh ValVnh WZZc lZV`! h^cXZ h]Z lVh Wdgc!Ç ]Zg bdi]Zg hVnh# ÆCdl >Éb [ZZY^c\ ]Zg l^i] \dViÉh b^a`# LZ ]VkZ eaZcin# H]Z ]Vh \V^cZY WVX` hdbZ lZ^\]i! Wji cdi V adi# I]^h WVWn YdZhcÉi eji dc lZ^\]i#Ç Cdl V nZVg daY! i]Z X]^aY lZ^\]h (#* `^adh! i]Z hVbZ Vh Vc VkZgV\Z cZlWdgc ^c ;gVcXZ#

YZXaVgZY »cd"\d¼ odcZh VgZ Xji d[[ [gdb V^Y# =dlZkZg! i]Z h^ijVi^dc X]Vc\Zh fj^X`an ^c i]Z ÒZaY l]^aZ ZkVajVi^dch Yd cdi `ZZe eVXZ# BH;Éh X]VaaZc\Z ^h id ZkVajViZ i]Z edhh^W^a^i^Zh dc Vc dc\d^c\ WVh^h VcY iV`Z VYkVciV\Z! id i]Z ZmiZci edhh^WaZ! d[ Vcn bVg\^c [dg VXi^dc# ;dg ZmVbeaZ! BH; ^h ldg`^c\ ^c Vc VgZV cZVg CnVaV! ^c 7jaWja! XaVhh^ÒZY Vh »^cVXXZhh^WaZ#¼ BH; YZX^YZY id igVkZa id i]Vi VgZV ^c iVm^h! l]^X] VgZ aZhh ViigVXi^kZ i]Vc aVg\Z kZ]^XaZh# BH; VcY di]Zg dg\Vc^oVi^dch ]VkZ Vahd ig^ZY jh^c\ igjX`h ^chiZVY d[ 6IKh id gZYjXZ i]Z g^h` d[ ViiVX` VcY i]Z[i# 6Yb^c^higVi^kZ Vji]dg^oVi^dch bVn hadl dg WadX` V^Y YZeadnbZci# >c lZhiZgc 9Vg[jg! BH;Éh gZfjZhih [dg VXXZhh id i]Z VgZV cdgi] d[ :a <ZcZ^cV ]Vh WZZc gZ_ZXiZY

BVhidgV ]VY WZZc a^k^c\ iZbedgVg^an l^i] ]Zg ig^WZ ^c 7Zh]VgV IV^! cdgi] d[ C^Zgi^i^# ÆLZ bdkZ l^i] i]Z hZVhdch! hd lZ eVhh i]gdj\] i]^h eaVXZ gZ\jaVgan# >i ^hcÉi V k^aaV\Z! ^iÉh V È[Zgg^`!É Vc ZcXVbebZci! l^i] iZcih bVYZ d[ lddY VcY [VWg^X# I]ZgZ VgZ di]Zg cdbVY^X ig^WZh cdi [Vg VlVn#Ç I]Z Ygn hZVhdc ^h hiVgi^c\ VcY i]Z cdbVY^X ig^WZh VgZ ]ZVY^c\ idlVgYh hdji]Zgc 9Vg[jg# ÆLZ ]VkZ bVcn XVbZah"> YdcÉi `cdl ]dl bVcn"VcY lZ d[iZc X]Vc\Z adXVi^dc id ÒcY lViZg VcY \gVhh!Ç h]Z ZmeaV^ch# ÆI]Z bZc ÒcY V hedi VcY i]Zc i]Zn XdbZ id \Zi jh! i]Z ldbZc VcY X]^aYgZc# L]Zc i]Z bZc YZX^YZ ^iÉh i^bZ id \d! lZ \d#Ç =Zg jcXaZ ^h l^i] ]Zg# =Z gZbV^ch Vi i]Z ZcigVcXZ id i]Z cjig^i^dc jc^i# =Zg WVWn l^aa egdWVWan cZZY hZkZgVa lZZ`h id gZXdkZg V ]ZVai]n lZ^\]i Wji BVhidgV YdZh cdi `cdl l]Zc h]Z l^aa aZVkZ#

h^cXZ b^Y"9ZXZbWZg# >c CdkZbWZg '%%,! i]Z BH; iZVb ldg`^c\ ^c HV`Va^! cZVg CnVaV ^c Hdji] 9Vg[jg! lVh egZkZciZY [gdb XdciVXi^c\ eZdeaZ l]d ]VY hZi je bV`Zh]^[i h]ZaiZgh l]Zc k^daZcXZ ^c i]Z @VabV XVbe [dgXZY hdbZ Y^heaVXZY eZghdch id ÒcY gZ[j\Z ZahZl]ZgZ# I]Vi nZVg! BH; lVh Vahd jcVWaZ id dWiV^c Vji]dg^oVi^dc id ldg` ^c @Vhh! ^c hdji]Zgc 9Vg[jg! YZhe^iZ kZgn igdjWa^c\ ^cY^XVidgh gZ\VgY^c\ i]Z cjig^i^dcVa h^ijVi^dc i]ZgZ# L]Zc i]Z \dkZgcbZci lVcih id gZadXVaViZ YdoZch d[ i]djhVcYh d[ Y^heaVXZY eZghdch

ÆJhjVaan! Yjg^c\ i]Z YVn! > Xdd` VcY lVh]!Ç h]Z ZmeaV^ch# Æ> YdcÉi [Vgb# > Wjn l]Vi > cZZY Vi i]Z bVg`Zi# LZ hZaa djg \dVih VcY Wjn [ddY VcY Xadi]^c\# 6cY l]Zc lZ VgZ h^X`! lZ \d id i]Z cZVgZhi ]ZVai] XZciZg#Ç =Zg ig^WZ a^kZh V hbVaa Y^hiVcXZ [gdb idlc! Wji ^i

a^k^c\ ^c @Vhh dg @VabV XVbeh! ^c Hdji] 9Vg[jg! i]Z C<Dh [VXZ cjbZgdjh VYb^c^higVi^kZ WadX`VYZh id ldg` i]ZgZ# ■■■

.


^h dcan ild ]djgh Wn Ydc`Zn VcY i]Zn cZZY id igVYZ gZ\jaVgan! ZheZX^Vaan Vi i]Z bVg`Zi! l^i] gZh^YZcih ^c i]Z eaVXZh l]ZgZ i]Zn hide# ÆI]^c\h ]VkZ X]Vc\ZY ^c i]Z aVhi [Zl nZVgh!Ç BVhidgV hVnh# ÆI]ZgZÉh Ò\]i^c\# > ]deZ i]ZgZ l^aa WZ eZVXZ dcZ YVn! i]Vi ZkZgndcZ l^aa WZ VWaZ id a^kZ ^c eZVXZ#Ç

9>H8G>B>C6I>DC 6C9 A68@ D; G:HEDCH>K: 6>9 6^Y dg\Vc^oVi^dch XVccdi egdk^YZ fj^X` VcY Z[ÒX^Zci V^Y id cZlan Y^heaVXZY eZghdch! l]Zi]Zg ^c XVbeh dg Vi \Vi]Zg^c\ h^iZh# L^i] i]Z edejaVi^dc d[ Y^heaVXZY

@6AIJB6 " C>:GI>I>! B:9>86A K>H>IH DJIH>9: I=: 8A>C>8 6 XVcZ ^c ZVX] ]VcY! @VaijbV! *-! bdkZh l^i] Y^[ÒXjain# H]Z add`h XadhZg id -%# 6ai]dj\] ^i iV`Zh ]Zg hZkZgVa b^cjiZh id lVa` V [Zl [ZZi! i]^h \gVcYbdi]Zg ]Vh XdbZ [gdb @Vhh! V Y^hiVci adXVi^dc! id WZ hZZc Vi i]Z BH; Xa^c^X ^c C^Zgi^i^# Æ> lVciZY id XdbZ [dg ild bdci]h Wji > ]VY id ÒcY i]Z bdcZn!Ç h]Z ZmeaV^ch# Æ>i Xdhih

eZghdch \gdl^c\ ^c hdbZ XVbeh! Zm^hi^c\ hZgk^XZh [VXZ higdc\ egZhhjgZh! Wji V^Y ^h YZXgZVh^c\ gVi]Zg i]Vc ^cXgZVh^c\# I]Z ^ciZgcVi^dcVa dg\Vc^oVi^dch i]Vi idd` dkZg V[iZg i]Z Òghi ZbZg\ZcXn e]VhZ cdl ÒcY ^i Y^[ÒXjai id ÒcVcXZ VcY bV^ciV^c bV_dg VXi^k^i^Zh# I]^h ]Vh XdchZfjZcXZh dc i]Z fjVa^in d[ i]Z V^Y# ;dg ZmVbeaZ! YZhe^iZ Vc Zm^hi^c\ cjig^i^dcVa egd\gVb hZi je ^c @Vhh! bVacjig^i^dc lVh hi^aa fj^iZ ]^\] Vbdc\ X]^aYgZc jcYZg ÒkZ# 7ji i]Z dcan egZhZcXZ d[ i]^h egd\gVb ]Vh WZZc jhZY Vh Vc Vg\jbZci id gZ[jhZ i]Z ^ciZgkZci^dc d[ Vc BH; iZVb# I]Z [jcXi^dc^c\ d[ i]Z V^Y hnhiZb! l^i] eaVcc^c\! iVh` gZeVgi^i^dc VcY aVX` d[ fjVa^iVi^kZ ZkVajVi^dc XVc hdbZi^bZ ]VbeZg V eZgi^cZci gZhedchZ# >c Y^heaVXZY eZghdchÉ XVbeh! i]ZgZ ^h V hZaZXi^dc egdXZhh! l]^X] ^ckdakZh hZeVgVi^c\ i]dhZ l]d YZhZgkZ Vhh^hiVcXZ [gdb i]Z di]Zgh# I]Z cZlan Y^heaVXZY eZghdch VgZ hjheZXiZY d[ ]Vk^c\ XdbZ [dg ZXdcdb^X gZVhdch"[dg VXXZhh id Vhh^hiVcXZ"VcY Vh V gZhjai! ÒcY ^i kZgn Y^[ÒXjai id dWiV^c [ddY V^Y# I]Z cVijgZ d[ i]Z k^daZcXZ i]Zn ]VkZ ZmeZg^ZcXZY

&% edjcYh [dg bn YVj\]iZg VcY bZ VcY i]ViÉh V adi# LZÉgZ cdi g^X]# NZhiZgYVn! lZ ÒcVaan bVcV\ZY id XdbZ Wji lZ lV^iZY Vaa YVn Vi i]Z hiVi^dc Vadc\ i]Z h^YZ d[ i]Z gdVY VcY cdi V h^c\aZ XVg eVhhZY Wn LZ XVbZ WVX` i]^h bdgc^c\ VcY lZ ÒcVaan [djcY hdbZdcZ VgdjcY cddc# >iÉh ild ]djgh Wn gdVY [gdb @Vhh#Ç 6c ^ciZgcVi^dcVa C<D [jcYh V Xa^c^X i]ZgZ# ÆI]Zn cZkZg ]VkZ Vcn bZY^X^cZ"cZkZg Ç @Va" ijbV hVnh# ÆI]ViÉh l]n lZ ]VkZ id XdbZ id C^Zgi^i^ id WZ igZViZY#Ç H]Z iZaah i]Z bZY^XVa Vhh^hiVci VWdji ]Zg adc\ a^hi d[ V^abZcih"V eddgan"hZi Wgd`Zc ]^e! WVX` eV^c! Wjgc^c\ hZchVi^dc ^c ]Zg [ZZi VcY ^ciZhi^cVa egdWaZbh"VcY ]daYh V egZhXg^ei^dc i^\]ian ^c ]Zg ]VcY# @VaijbV ]Vh a^kZY l^i] ]Zg [Vb^an ^c @Vhh! ^c V Y^heaVXZY eZghdchÉ XVbe! [dg Vabdhi [djg nZVgh# I]Zn VgZ '' ^c Vaa! hegZVY dkZg [djg \ZcZgVi^dch# :VX] [Vb^an ]Vh XaZVgZY V a^iiaZ heVXZ! dcZ cZmi id i]Z di]Zg# I]Zn hjgk^kZ i]Vc`h id i]Z [ddY V^Y Y^hig^WjiZY Wn i]Z LdgaY ;ddY Egd\gVb! Wji cdi Vaa [Vb^an bZbWZgh VgZ WZcZÒi^c\# >hhV! i]Z YVj\]iZg l]d XVbZ l^i] ]Zg! _d^cZY i]Z di]Zgh hZkZgVa bdci]h aViZg! V[iZg i]Z gZ\^higVi^dc lVh XdbeaZiZY# 9Zhe^iZ ]Zg Z[[dgih id dWiV^c [ddY XVgYh! h]Z ]Vh WZZc lV^i^c\ [dg i]gZZ nZVgh# Æ> i]^c` lZ ]VY XVgYh [dg bn ]jhWVcY! djg h^m X]^aYgZc VcY bZ!Ç h]Z hVnh# 7ji i]ZgZ lZgZ egdWaZbh aViZg dc Vbdc\ i]Z aZVYZgh ^c i]Z Y^h" eaVXZY eZghdchÉ XVbeh# > YdcÉi `cdl l]Vi ]VeeZcZY! Wji > Y^YcÉi &%

YZiZgb^cZh l]Zi]Zg i]Zn VgZ Xdch^YZgZY aZ\^i^bViZ k^Xi^bh# HdbZdcZ l]d lVh ViiVX`ZY VcY l]dhZ k^aaV\Z lVh YZhigdnZY ■■■

BH; 68I>K>I>:H

C>:GI>I> 6i i]Z [ddi d[ i]Z ?ZWZa BVgV! C^Zgi^i^ ^h V eaVXZ l]ZgZ Y^[[ZgZci cdbVY VcY hZYZciVgn Xdbbjc^i^Zh bZZi VcY i]Z [gdci a^cZ WZilZZc VgbZY [dgXZh VcY gZWZah# BH; ^h i]Z dcan bZY^XVa VXidg ^c i]^h idlc d[ Veegdm^bViZan ((!%%% eZdeaZ! Vbdc\ l]db i]ZgZ VgZ VgdjcY '(!%%% Y^heaVXZY eZdeaZ# 6Xi^k^i^Zh ^c i]Z ]dhe^iVa! l]^X] WZ\Vc ^c BVgX] '%%)! ]VkZ [Vg ^cXgZVhZY ^c '%%,# BH; iZVbh eZg[dgbZY Vc VkZgV\Z d[ *!*%% XdchjaiVi^dch VcY ((( ]dhe^iVa VYb^hh^dch eZg bdci]# BVacjig^i^dc gV^hZY Yjg^c\ i]Z '%%, hjbbZg# ■


]VkZ i]Z XVgYh# 7ji i]Z [Vb^an ^h h]Vg^c\ l^i] jh! hd lZ \Zi V a^iiaZ# 6cY lZ ZVgc V a^iiaZ bdcZn XVggn^c\ Wg^X`h hd lZ XVc Wjn [ddY Vi i]Z bVg`Zi# L]Zc i]ZgZÉh cd ldg`! lZ ZVi _jhi dcZ bZVa V YVn#Ç @VaijbV VcY ]Zg [Vb^an Vgg^kZY ^c i]Z @Vhh Y^heaVXZY eZghdchÉ XVbe V[iZg Vc ViiVX`# I]Z hidgn ^h hd XdbbdceaVXZ i]Vi h]Z YdZhcÉi hZZ bjX] ed^ci ^c iZaa^c\ ^i# ÆI]ViÉh lVg#Ç I]Zn lZgZ [VgbZgh ^c i]Z k^aaV\Z d[ =Va^WV# >i lVh WjgcZY VcY ÒkZ bZbWZgh d[ i]Z [Vb^an! ldbZc VcY X]^aYgZc! Y^ZY Yjg^c\ i]Z ViiVX`# ÆI]Z bZc l]d ViiVX`ZY jh lZgZ VgbZY!Ç @VaijbV ZmeaV^ch# ÆI]Zn XVbZ Wn XVg! dc XVbZah VcY ]dghZh VcY ZkZc dc Ydc`Zn VcY Wn [ddi LZ aZ[i [dg ?ZbZoV! cZVgWn# LZ XdjaYcÉi \d [Vg WZXVjhZ lZ Y^YcÉi ZkZc ]VkZ Vcn Xadi]Zh 7ji i]Zn ViiVX`ZY ?ZbZoV! idd! V [Zl YVnh aViZg hd lZ XVbZ id @Vhh# >iÉh D#@# i]ZgZ! > [ZZa hV[Z! Wji i]ZgZÉh cdi]^c\ i]ZgZ#Ç @VaijbV e^X`h je ]Zg XVcZh V\V^c! \dZh id i]Z e]VgbVXn [dg ]Zg bZY^XV" i^dch VcY ^h YgdeeZY d[[ ^c [gdci d[ i]Z hiVi^dc Vadc\ i]Z gdVY# EZg" ]Veh h]ZÉaa ÒcY V XVg id iV`Z ]Zg WVX` id @Vhh i]Vi hVbZ YVn#

bVn gZXZ^kZ [ddY gVi^dch! Wji V eZghdc l]d ]Vh ZmeZg^ZcXZY dc\d^c\ k^daZcXZ VcY i]Z[i bVn cdi# 6h V \gdje! i]Z cdbVY^X edejaVi^dch ]VkZ adc\ WZZc VhhdX^ViZY l^i] i]Z ?Vc_VlZZY VcY gZXZ^kZ a^iiaZ ]jbVc^iVg^Vc V^Y# >[ i]Z ]ZVai] ^cY^XVidgh hiVn \adWVaan XdggZXi! i]Z igZcY ^h ldggn^c\# >c OVa^c\Z^! VXXZhh id bZY^XVa XVgZ ^h a^b^iZY ^c i]Z XVbeh VcY lZ VgZ igZVi^c\ Y^heaVXZY eZghdch Vi i]Z ]dhe^iVa l]dhZ ]ZVai] hiVijh ]Vh ldghZcZY WZXVjhZ i]Zn Y^Y cdi gZXZ^kZ cZXZhhVgn XVgZ dc V i^bZan WVh^h# BVacjig^i^dc ^c i]Z XVbeh ]Vh g^hZc h]Vgean ^c dcZ nZVg# 7ZilZZc HZeiZbWZg VcY 9ZXZbWZg '%%,! dcZ X]^aY ^c &% lVh igZViZY ^c BH;Éh cjig^i^dcVa egd\gVb#

6H=6 " C>:GI>I> " BH; 8A>C>8

>C9:E:C9:C8: 6^Y \gdjeh VgZ ldg`^c\ ^c V kZgn Y^[ÒXjai

ÆI]ZgZ ^h V hX]dda VcY V lViZg ejbe! Wj^ai Wn Vc C<D! l]ZgZ > a^kZ!Ç ZmeaV^ch 6h]V! higZiX]ZY dji dc V WZY ^c i]Z BH; Xa^c^X ^c C^Zgi^i^! l]ZgZ h]Z ]Vh XdbZ id WZ igZViZY [dg \ncZXdad\^XVa egdW" aZbh# Æ7ji i]ZgZÉh cd ]ZVai] XZciZg VcY cd YdXidgh"cdi]^c\# 6cY i]ZgZ ]VkZcÉi WZZc Vcn [ddY Y^hig^Wji^dch [dg ild nZVgh#Ç =Zg k^a" aV\Z! HV\V 9^gg! ^h ild ]djgh VlVn Wn gdVY! ^c V gjgVa VgZV# ÆLZ

XdciZmi# >i ^h [jgi]Zg Xdbea^XViZY Wn i]Z [VXi i]Vi eda^i^XVa VcY VgbZY \gdjeh d[iZc ign id jhZ ]jbVc^iVg^Vc VXidgh id [jgi]Zg i]Z^g dlc \dVah# I]Z HjYVcZhZ Vji]dg^i^Zh lVci id Ydlch^oZ i]Z W^\\Zhi XVbeh VcY hZcY WVX` i]Z [Vb^a^Zh id i]Z^g k^aaV\Zh# I]Zn cZZY Vahd id YZkZade hZgk^XZh ^c i]Z VgZVh l]ZgZ cdbVY^X ig^WZh bdgZ dg aZhh XadhZ i]Z \dkZgcbZci Yd hZiiaZ# @]VgidjbÉh dW_ZXi^kZ ^h i]Zc id a^b^i i]Z V^Y ^c i]Z XVbeh VcY id Y^gZXi ^i ^c i]Z gjgVa VgZVh# I]Z HjYVcZhZ 8dbb^hh^dc [dg i]Z 8ddgY^cVi^dc d[ ]jbVc^iVg^Vc V^Y =68 bV^ciV^c V hig^Xi Xdcigda dkZg i]Z C<DhÉ VXi^k^in id gZbV^c WZilZZc i]Z hXdeZ d[ ^ih dlc ^ciZgZhih VcY a^b^i i]Z g^h`h d[ Y^hijgW^c\ iZhi^bdc^Zh# I]Z VXXZhh id edejaVi^dc ]Vh WZZc gZ[jhZY id Jc^iZY CVi^dch VcY C<Dh l]Zc i]Z HjYVcZhZ Vgbn! WVX`ZY Wn b^a^i^Vh! ]Vh aZVY V bVhh^kZ ^ciZgkZci^dc ^c i]Z Xdgg^Ydg XadhZ id i]Z 8]VY^Vc WdgYZg! [gdb :a <ZcZ^cV

gZXZ^kZY [ddY gVi^dch [dg VWdji V nZVg! dg V a^iiaZ bdgZ# > hi^aa ]VkZ i]Z XVgY# 7ji i]Zn YdcÉi XdbZ VcnbdgZ# > i]^c` ^iÉh WZXVjhZ d[ i]Z hZXjg^in# I]Zn ]VY egdWaZbh Vadc\ i]Z gdVY hd i]Zn hideeZY Xdb" ^c\#Ç 6h]VÉh [Vb^an VgZ [VgbZgh# I]Zn Xdci^cjZ id ]VgkZhi hdg\]jb Wji i]Z ÒZaY ^h hbVaa VcY i]Z gV^cn hZVhdc ^h h]dgi! hd i]Zn XVc egdYjXZ dcan Zcdj\] [dg [djg bdci]h# 6i '*! 6h]V ]Vh [djg X]^aYgZc# I]Z daYZhi ^h &% VcY i]Z ndjc\Zhi ^h &# I]Z [Vb^an Vahd ^cXajYZh ]Zg bdi]Zg! [djg Vjcih VcY Wgdi]Zgh# ÆLZ ]VY Vc^bVah! idd""&% Xdlh! hdbZ *% \dVih VcY h]ZZe"Wji i]Zn lZgZ Vaa iV`Zc VcY cdl lZ YdcÉi ]VkZ Vcn!Ç h]Z hVnh# ÆI]Z k^aaV\Z

id 9_ZWWZa Bddc! ^c ;ZWgjVgn '%%-# I]Z d[ÒX^Va egdiZhih [gdb JC VcY BH; Y^Y cdi X]Vc\Z Vcni]^c\# HZXjg^in ^h Vc Z[ÒX^Zci Vg\jbZci id eji Vh^YZ ]jbVc^iVg^Vc VXidgh Yjg^c\ i]Z i^bZ d[ V b^a^iVgn dg eda^XZ deZgVi^dc! id Vkd^Y ]Vk^c\ Y^gZXi l^icZhhZh# 6cY l]Zc! YZhe^iZ Vaa! ]jbVc^iVg^Vc VXidgh VgZ Y^gZXian l^icZhh^c\ k^daZcXZ! g^h`h [dg i]Z hZXjg^in d[ i]Z^g iZVb dg [ZVg ■■■

&&


lVh ViiVX`ZY VcY WjgcZY il^XZ# Bn jcXaZh Y^ZY# LZ Y^YcÉi gZWj^aY# 6c dg\Vc^oVi^dc \VkZ jh hdbZ iZcih# LZ VgZ ^c i]Z hVbZ eaVXZ Wji a^k^c\ ^c iZcih! l^i] cdi]^c\# Id Wjn [ddY! lZ ]VkZ id aZVkZ i]Z k^a" aV\Z VcY \Vi]Zg \gVhh VcY lddY id hZaa# 7ji l]Zc lZ aZVkZ! i]ZgZ ^h cd hZXjg^in! cd dcZ egdiZXih jh VcY lZ VgZ WZViZc#Ç 6Wdji V nZVg V\d! i]Z gjgVa VgZVh XVbZ jcYZg i]Z Xdcigda d[ WVcY^ih! [dgbZg eVgVb^a^iVgn VcY YZhZgiZgh! l]d Zmidgi i]Z gZbV^c^c\ adXVa edejaVi^dc# I]Z egZhhjgZ dc k^aaV\Zgh VcY Y^heaVXZY eZghdch iZcYh id ^cXgZVhZ WZXVjhZ bVcn d[ i]Z eda^XZ hiVi^dch ^c gjgVa VgZVh ]VkZ XadhZY# I]ZhZ ^hdaViZY! [gV\^aZ hiVi^dch XdjaY adc\Zg YZVa l^i] i]Z WVcY^ih VcY gZWZah l]d Xg^hh"XgdhhZY i]Z Xdjcignh^YZ# EV^c `ZZeh 6h]V ^c ]Zg WZY# H]Z Xdci^cjZh id heZV` l^i]^c ]ZVg^c\ Y^hiVcXZ d[ i]Z di]Zg eVi^Zcih l]d VgZ d[iZc VXXdbeVc^ZY Wn i]Z^g ]jhWVcYh# I]Z Xa^c^X igZVih eVi^Zcih [gdb Vaa ig^WZh VcY VgbZY [dgXZh# L^i]^c i]Z bZY^XVa [VX^a^in! ZkZgndcZ a^kZh id\Zi]Zg l^i]dji XdcÓ^Xi# ÆL]Vi ndj bjhi cZkZg Yd ^h Wg^c\ WVX` aVg\Z fjVci^i^Zh!Ç 6h]V bjgbjgh# Æ6h hddc Vh ndj ]VkZ V a^iiaZ! ndj XdbZ WVX` VcY i]Zc ndj aZVkZ V\V^c# L]Zc ndj YdcÉi ]VkZ bjX]! i]ZgZ ^h aZhh g^h` d[ WZ^c\ ViiVX`ZY VcY gdWWZY#

d[ Zmejah^dc XVc WadX` Vaa heZV`^c\ dji# Dc ^ih h^YZ! JC6B>9 hj\\Zhih ldg`^c\ _d^cian l^i] ^ciZgcVi^dcVa ]jbVc^iVg^Vc dg\Vc^oVi^dch id ^beaZbZci egd_ZXih i]Vi l^aa ]VkZ V gVe^Y ^beVXi# HdbZ dg\Vc^oVi^dch VXXZei! VcY ZkZc hda^X^i! hjX] XdaaVWdgVi^dc! l]^X] Xdcig^WjiZh id Xdc[jh^dc WZilZZc i]Z eVgi^ZhÉ gdaZh# DcZ ^h i]ZgZ id egdk^YZ V^Y VcY i]Z di]Zg! id egdiZXi X^k^a^Vc edejaVi^dch Wn i]Z jhZ d[ [dgXZ! ^[ cZXZhhVgn# H^b^aVgan! eda^XZ VcY b^a^iVgn [dgXZh d[[Zg Vhh^hiVcXZ id ]jbVc^iVg^Vc \gdjeh id egdk^YZ hZXjg^in [dg i]Z^g igVkZah VcY deZgVi^dch# >c i]Z aVg\Z Y^heaVXZY eZghdchÉ XVbe ^c @VabV! hdji] 9Vg[jg! [dg ZmVbeaZ! dcZ C<D XdcYjXiZY V XZchjh l^i] i]Z hjeedgi d[ \dkZgcbZci VgbZY [dgXZh# ■

Æ>[ > ]VY V X]d^XZ! >ÉY \d id C^Zgi^i^# Bn daYZg h^hiZg a^kZh ^c i]Z hdji]Zgc XVbe VcY bn YgZVb ^h id _d^c ]Zg# >ÉkZ VagZVYn ig^ZY h^m dg hZkZc i^bZh! Wji i]Zn hideeZY jh ZkZgn i^bZ# DcXZ i]Zn hZZ i]Z WV\\V\Z! i]Zn iZaa jh id \d WVX` ]dbZ# >iÉh ^bedhh^WaZ id \d dc# I]Zn XViX] ndj dc i]Z gdVY VcY ndj ]VkZ id \Zi Ydlc VcY gZijgc id i]Z k^aaV\Z# 7ji >Éb \d^c\ id ign V\V^c# >[ i]ZgZ lZgZ [ddY Y^hig^" Wji^dch ]ZgZ ^c i]Z XVbe! > ldjaYcÉi ]VkZ id \d add`^c\ [dg \gVhh VcY lddY hd d[iZc# 6cY > YdcÉi haZZe WZXVjhZ i]Zn WZVi jh Vi c^\]i! idd# >Éb i^gZY# > YdcÉi [ZZa hV[Z ]ZgZ VcnbdgZ#Ç ■

E^XijgZh XgZY^i/ 6ccZ NO:7:! ?VbZh ADG:CO <gVe]^Xh/ iX\gVe]^iZ#

&'


Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Surviving in the chaos: Stories from Darfur by Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) Australia - Issuu