From the Trenches

Would you rather shoot yourself or be shot?

-self-inflicted wounds

Amputations !

Terror of the Trenches

Chemical Warfare

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Europeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Greatest Struggle

By: Jared, Nick, and Sean

The Allies Russia.

France.

Britain.

USA. These four champions formâ&#x20AC;Ś..

THE GOOD GUYS.

Pros and Cons Russia

Large military Internal strife

France

Home-field advantage Weak military

Britain

Good tactics No trust

USA

Enthusiasm Late entry into war

A Powerful Force The Allied Powers were the victorious side of World War I. It started out as the Triple Entente which consisted of Britain, France, and Russia. Toward the end of the war it became known as the Allies when the United States joined France and Britain, but Russia dropped out of the war due to their own civil war. After almost losing the war because of their lack of trust for each other and almost exhausted forces, the enthusiasm and fresh reinforcements of the U.S.A. helped the Allies gain the edge they needed to hold out until German surrender on November 11th 1918.

The Allies were the first to use chemical warfare, like mustard gas.

The U.S. had the invention of the airplane to aid Britain and France.

Germany also had fighter pilots, but the majority of flying aces were from Britain and France. Also the U.S. invented the Convoy System for Allied Navies to counter the German blockade.

Military and Political Leaders Leaders in the Allies included King George V of Britain, Woodrow Wilson of the U.S.A., and Prime Minister Georgis Clemenceau

Central Powers German Empire

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Amputations

WW1…

AMPUTATIONS!

This is crazy…

World War One V. s Modern Day Modern medicine and better understanding of the human body has greatly changed how amputations take place. Anesthesia means patients can safely be operated without experiencing pain during the surgery. And back in World War 1, it was different, they had to feel the pain. That’s horrible just thinking about

Definition: Amputation is the removal of a body part by trauma or surgery.

it. Second, tools…back in World War 1, oh man…if you didn’t make it to the hospital, and you needed this surgery, which was one of the most common, they used an ax. But on the other hand, if you made it to the hospital they used a saw, wow…what a difference! Now in modern day surgeries they have like 100 different tools!

Fact: There was an estimate of how many amputations there was in WW1 and it was around 17,245 amputations, on legs and arms.

Doctors and Nurses During the war soldiers experienced influenza, lice, trench foot and different types of wounds.

By: Bridget Ackerman Doctors during World War 1 were usually on the battlefield or at the base. The doctors would perform amputations many do to trench foot and perform gun shot wound surgeries. They had minimal supplies especially on the battlefront. Many soldiers would die

Nurses during World War 1 played an important roll. There job was to give comfort and care for the injured soldiers. They were urged to take medical classes. It was emotionally difficult and draining. They had to clean wounds and perform miner surgeries. All was done with minimal supplies and unsterile equipment. Nurses were also known as WACS( Women Army Corps).Which was a branch for women in the US army. Also there was the WAAC that

pg. 3

Gas Warfare Nick Pollack 1/28/11

The Germans experimented heavily with gas and chemicals until they could come up with the best â&#x20AC;&#x153;weapon.â&#x20AC;? At first they made an irritating gas that tickled your nose, then a type of tear gas, and finally came up with a poison gas called, Ypres. It was a greenish yellow cloud, and within a few seconds of breathing in any amount, it would start to eat away your respiratory system, causing the victim to have severe coughing attacks.

7th period has a better magazine

After the initial shock of the Germans usage of gas in the war, the Allies eventually took a stand against them, the British being the first.

British soldiers fired gas from canisters, but the canisters had a tendency to backfire if wind picked up, causing more British soldiers to be affected than their German adversaries.

Ypres was not the only gas used in the war.

Another strong gas used was Phosgene.

Phosgene was more potent than Chlorine, and it caused its victims to violently cough and choke. The Germans used mustard gas, and released them from artillery shells.

The first defense against gas attacks was cotton wads. Urine soaked cloths could be used in emergency situations. By 1918, both sides of the war had developed effective masks.

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PROPOGANDA

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propaganda â&#x20AC;&#x201C;noun; a form of communication that is aimed at influencing the attitude of a community toward some cause or position Propaganda used during the First World War The U.S.A.

By: Hannah Kesterson

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Each of the countries that were a part of WW1 used propaganda for several reasons. Along with encouraging men

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Not all of these posters, however, were geared towards citizens who would most likely enter the war. Many were meant to persuade those at home to conserve resources and entice the general public to subscribe to various war bond schemes. This propaganda, mainly in the form of posters, was usually highly successful in promoting the war effort.

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WWI Aviation Jared Hawley

The Red Baron With 80 kills from the cockpit of his favorite plane, the Albatros D.II, Manfred von Reichthofen became the most deadly, and infamous fighter pilot of WWI, The Red Baron.

He was a leader in the Luftstreitkaft, a proud owner of The Blue Max, and a man who often cheated death.

The Blue Max The Blue Max, formally known as Pour le Merite, is a medal that is the equivalent of the U.S. Medal Of Honor. Given to only the best of German fighter pilots during WWI, a wearer of The Blue Max was a formidable foe, and a hero in the eyes of his country.

Major Lanoe Hawker Hawker was the most famous adversary of The Red Baron. He was a British flying ace and recipient of the Victoria Cross.

Hawker was shot down by his rival on November 23, 1916.

Air Warfare

An exciting new military, and a better way to kill.

With the invention of airplanes came the possibility of flight.

Unfortunately this also meant new weapons for countries to kill with. Aviation brought about air raids, bombings, and the ever popular, dogfight. New military branches were also developed like the U.S. Air force, the British Royal Air Force (RAF), and the German Luftstreitkraft (or Imperial German Army Air Service).

Paul von Hindenburg By: Trey Neeley [1/26/11]

In 1914 German Chief of General Staff, Helmuth von Moltke gave Hindenburg, who was retired at the time, command of the 8th army as part of a recall shortly after the outbreak of WWI. Hindenburg proceeded to crush the Russian first army in the Battle of Tannenberg and the Battle of the Masurian Lakes. After a major victory in these two battles, Hindenburg was considered a national hero. Shortly thereafter, Hindenburg was given the position of Supreme Commander East in November of 1914.

This position gave him command over all German troops on the eastern front, however, his command was issued for the German portion of the front only, not the Austro-Hungarian portion. Back in Germany at this time, there were multiple statues of Hindenburg that were built. Citizens would nail money for war bonds on these statues in aid of the war effort. This is a testament to just how popular Hindenburg was. With the war nearing an end, Erich Ludendorff, Hindenburgâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Deputy, decided to pursue an armistice with the allies. He latter changed his mind and expected Hindenburg to follow, however, he did not. Hindenburg could not desert his men under command. Shortly thereafter he and Groener succeeded in convincing Wilhem II to abdicate for the great good of Germany.

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The Poetry of Soldiers By, Heaven Hulshizer

Wilfred Owen Wilfred Owen is one of the most widely known world war 1 poets. His realistic portrayal of life in war is more than likely caused by the fact that he was a British soldier that partook in ww1. Of all of his works, these are the most popular, ("Dulce et Decorum Est", "Insensibility", "Anthem for Doomed Youth", "Futility" and "Strange Meeting")

Anthem for Doomed Youth What passing-bells for these who die as cattle?

- Only the monstruous anger of the guns.

Only the stuttering rifles' rapid rattle Can patter out their hasty orisons.

No mockeries now for them; no prayers nor bells; Nor any voice of mourning save the choirs, The shrill, demented choirs of wailing shells; And bugles calling for them from sad shires.

What candles may be held to speed them all?

Not in the hands of boys, but in their eyes Shall shine the holy glimmers of good-byes.

The pallor of girls' brows shall be their pall; Their flowers the tenderness of patient minds, And each slow dusk a drawing-down of blinds.

-This widely known poem of Owen describes his disgust of how many young men are literally dying around him like animals.

Owen was not the only veteran that wrote poems during world war 1. Other famous poets during that time were also Rupert Brooke, Siegfried Sassoon, Robert Graves, John McCrae, Isaac Rosenburg, and Edward Thomas. Many men chose to write poetry during the war not only to pass the time, but let out the stress, mourning, and thoughts about what the war was all about.

-This poem by Siegfried Sassoon, an infantry officer from France, showed the life of a boy who turned too suicide in world war 1.

I knew a simple soldier boy. Who grinned at life in empty joy Slept soundly through the lonesome dark And whistled early with the lark. In winter trenches, cowed and glum With crumps and lice and lack of rum, He put a bullet through his brain. No one spoke of him again. You smug-faced crowds with kindling eye Who cheer when soldier lads march by, Sneak home and pray you'll never know The hell where youth and laughter go.

Women in World War One

The Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Army Very few women ever fought in WWI but women were enlisted into Auxiliary Armies so that more men could be released to fight on the front line. Women usually were employed for cooking and catering, telephony and administration, motor vehicle maintenance, storekeeping, printing, and truck and ambulance drivers as more men were called to fight.

The Legion of Death Women in most countries were not allowed to take part in the fighting in World War One, but Russia was the exception. Some courageous Russian women joined what was called The Legion of Death to fight for their country. The women in the Legion of Death shaved their heads like men, wore uniforms with a skull and crossbones insignia, and swore never to surrender. Each woman soldier even carried a ration of potassium cyanide to commit suicide if they were captured.

By Mikenzie Nordeen

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SCHLIEFFEN PLAN

By: Jonathan Weishaar

Overview of the Schlieffen Plan

The Schlieffen Plan was a detailed attack strategy created

by General Count Alfred von Schlieffen. The plan was made for the likely event that at some point Germany would go to war against the Russian forces, and their allies. The basic plan of the war was well thought out, and could be broken down into three main steps.

Weaknesses of the Schlieffen Plan

Steps of the Schlieffen Plan 1. Defeat France in six weeks 2. Use the rail system to move troops out of France to Russia 3. Attack and defeat Russian 4. forces

• The plan counted on the ability of the Germans to mobilize their force and defeat France in six weeks or less.

• The Germans had no idea when the war would start so they had to remain prepared at all times.

• The plan assumed that it would take Russia six weeks to mobilize their forces.

Failure of the Schlieffen Plan The Schlieffen Plan came very close to succeeding and allowing Germany to win the war, but it failed due to quick strategic planning, strong leadership on the sides of Brittan and France, and a bit of dumb luck.

Order of the White Feather Admiral Charles Fitzgerald founded the Order of the White Feather in August 1914. The organization was also referred to as The White Feather Brigade. The organization strongly encouraged men to join the army. Young women would hand out a white feather to any man who was not in uniform and tell them that they should be serving their country.

The Feather A white feather was

According

to

Fitzgerald,

the

a sign of cowardice. The

purpose

of

this

idea originated hundreds

gesture

was

“to

of

in

shame

every

cockfighting. If a rooster

young

slacker

found

loafing

years

ago

had only one white tail feather

the

considered

bird a

was

about

poor

and

fighter. It was humiliating

those

and shameful for a man

the to

Leas remind

deaf

or

to be handed a white

indifferent to their country’s need that

feather in public.

British soldiers are fighting and dying

The

feather was also a sign of unfulfilled civil duty.

across the channel”.

By: Lyndsey Block

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The Battle of the Somme ! !

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The Battle of Somme, July 1916 – November 1916 The Battle of Somme signified the horrors of warfare in World War One. This was a batle of many casualties. On July 1st, the first day of battle, 58,000 british soldiers were lost. The battle was between the British-French against Germany. This battle was fought because the French had taken numerous losses at Verdun. The French decided to attack the Germans to the north of Verdun forcing the Germans to move some of their men. The goal for the French was to relieve pressure on the French. The battle started with a week long artillery bombardment on the Germans. The French had a plan to destroy the German’s trenches and barbed wire. This did not work very !!!!!! !

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well because the Germans had deep trenchesand bomb proof shelters. When the British had a artillery bombardment this was when the Germans brought out their machine guns. The British were able to advance a 25 miles front. The French commander in chief was Sir Douglas Haig.

By the end of the battle (November 1916) the Germans had lost 500,000 men, the Frnech lost 200,000 men and the British Army had lost 420,000. During one of the last “battles” the British and French were able to gain 12 kilometers. It is said that the allies, British-French, had won mostly because they were able to gain more land on the Germans. !

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By: Micaela Adam

A S H L E E

W R I G H T

Self Inflicted Wounds

Self Inflicted Wounds Soldiers that had SIW like the grenade wound above were just tired of fighting and living in the trenches. They were tired of the filth and gore. They missed home and wished the war was over. Trench warfare was especially brutal to the soldiers because they were in a confined space. It would be the same as being stuck in your room with all your feces and urine, and some dead stuff. SIW was the only way (other than suicide) to get out of their horrid conditions.

Punishment and Suicide

The picture on the left describes a soldier suspected of self-inflicted wounds (SIW). Wounds like shots to the foot or hand were perversely sought after. The penalty was to be hanged or shot by a firing squad. In the British Army around 3,894 men were found guilty of SIW. None of them were killed but instead spent lengthy amounts of time in prison.

When things in the trenches became too much for a soldier to handle they turned to suicide. The usual method of suicide was to place the muzzle of their Lee-Enfield rifle against their face and pull the trigger with their big bare toe. If things were really bad the soldier would stand on the fire-step and allow themselves to be shot by an enemy sniper.

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“America is not anything if it consists of each of us. It is something only if it consists of all of us. “ –Woodrow Wilson !

T HEODORE R OOSEVELT !!

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June 4, 1903 "A man who is good enough to shed his blood for the country is good enough to be given a square deal afterwards."

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"Do what you can, with what you have, where you are." â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Theodore Roosevelt

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