America vs America

Espionage • Technology • Medicine • Photography • Underground Railroad • Abraham Lincoln • KKK

• Gettysburg • Diseases • Robert E. Lee • American History Research Tom Swanson Period Seven

Table of contents ARTICLES:

PAGES:

Timeline

2 and 3

Amputations

4

Arlington

5

Artillery

8

Bull Run

9

Cotton Gin

10

Diseases

11

Fort Pillow Massacre

13

Fugitive Slave Act

14

Gettysburg

16

KKK

17

Lee

18

Lincoln

19

Medicine

21

Memorial Day

22

Military Technology

23

Music

24

Photography

26

Repeating Rifle

27

Sanitary Commission

28

Spies

29

Submarines

30

Personal experiences of North

20

Personal experiences of South

31

Quotes

12, 15, 25, and 35

Underground Railroad

32

Uniforms

33

54th Mass.

34

The Civil War: Timeline

Election of Lincoln Nov. 6, 1860 South Carolina Secedes Dec. 20, 1860

Battle of Fort Sumter April 12, 1861 First Battle of Bull Run July 21, 1861

Antietam Sept. 17, 1862

Second Battle of Bull Run Aug. 28-30, 1862

Emancipation Proclamation Jan. 1, 1863

Battle of Gettyburg July 1-3, 1863

Sherman Burns Atlanta 1864

Lee Surrenders April 1, 1865

Lincon is Assasinated April 14, 1865

13th Amendment Dec. 18, 1865

B Y :

B R A Y L A

A L W I N

Amputations!

Reasons: A soldier usually got shot causing the bullet to take in dirt and other bacteria to the wound getting the entire entrance wound infected. One bullet that caused quite a bit of damage was the Minie Ball. It had the ability to kill over 1,000 yards away.

What is an Amputation?

Amputation is when a doctor surgically removes a limb or body part that is of no use to you. It is removed because it is a problem and causes great pain to you. Amputations in the Civil War were performed in the camps where the nurses and doctors where located.

Kinds of Amputations: ~Arm ~Whole Leg ~Below the Knee ~Fingers ~Toes

Tools Many tools like knives and saws were used. They were also put to use on more than one person with out being sterilized. If a tool fell on the ground it was simply rinsed off in cold water then laid back on the table for use. Surgeons wore blood stained aprons.

Deaths: If a limb was amputated before having it for 24 hours the patient had a good chance of living.

There was only a 25% mortality rate then.

After 24 hours of being wounded the patient has a 50% chance of dying from infection from the wound.

The Army National Cemeteries Program, consisting of Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia and Soldiers’ and Airmen’s Home National Cemetery in Washington, DC, are under the jurisdiction of the Department of the Army.

Arlington National Cemetery performs 27 to 30 funeral services each day. The grounds of Arlington National Cemetery honor those who have served our nation by providing a sense of beauty and peace for our guests. The rolling green hills are dotted with trees that are hundreds of years in age and complement the gardens found throughout the 624 acres of the cemetery. This impressive landscape serves as a tribute to the service and sacrifice of every individual laid to rest within the hallowed grounds of Arlington National Cemetery.

“What happened at Diver AFB exceeds on many levels the nationwide anger that resulted from reports of mistreated wounded at the former Walter Reed Army Medical Center in 2007 and reports of lost or misplaced graves at Arlington National Cemetery.”

On behalf of the American people, lay to rest those who have served our nation with dignity and honor, treating their families with respect and compassion, and connecting guests to the rich tapestry of the cemetery's living history, while maintaining these hallowed grounds befitting the sacrifice of all those who rest here in quiet repose.

C I V I L

W A R

North

By Sara, Beth, and Mark

Strengths

Ulysses S Grant Commanding General

There were many advantages that the North had over the South and here are a few. One of the advantages North had over South was the manufacturing capability. Since the North had the Industrial Revolution, they had better weapons manufactured. We had the population advantage, manufacturing, natural resources, finances, and transportation.

• • •

•

He was the war hero of the civil war He was Lincolns last choice as a general He captured important confederate forts in Tennessee He led the army into the battle of Vicksburg and won

Weaknesses The North lacked agriculture and slavery was illegal. Therefore the South was more successful because of the Cotton Gin and because slavery was allowed. The North was not as loyal as the South. Also we had very poor leadership skills, which made it hard to have any real leader at all.

Abraham Lincoln

Colors North: Navy Blue

South: Tan

• •

•

•

He was our 16th President He wasn’t to concerned about abolishing slavery at first until progressing problems grew in the South He switched generals many times throughout the Civil War After his victory at Antietam he delivered the Emancipation Proclamation to abolish slavery

The South

Strengths ! They were fighting in their own territory so they were closer to supplies ! They were familiar with the territory ! They had better leaders ! Most people believed in keeping slaves so they fought harder

Weaknesses ! Railroad systems were not completed so they didn’t get supplies as fast ! They didn’t have much money to support the war ! Did not have good communication ! Economy was based on agriculture which means they had to import supplies from other countries

Leaders Robert E. Lee Ulysses S. Grant Stonewall Jackson Phillip H. Sheridan

!

Bull Run Nick Smith per.7

The Battle of Bull Run was fought in Virginia a few miles from Washington DC, on July 21, 1861. The plan was to make it a quick fight for the North.

They planed to come in and just take the confederates capital over and just have the war end right there. The confederates found out about the flank and the were able to stop that from taking them over. That sent the union for the retreat towards Washington. That gave the south a surge of confidence and it shocked many people of the north.

The union realized the war wouldn’t be easily won.

11/10/11

C I V I L

W A R

Cotton Gin

By Sara Schleicher

Inventor Eli Whitney was born on December 8th 1765 in Westboro Massachusetts. He invented the Cotton Gin in 1793. His maim purpose was that he wanted it to be easier to clean cotton. It separated the cotton from the seeds. Eli however did not profit from his invention though because many other cotton gins were replicated and he didn’t gain by it.

Materials Used The cotton gin was made from a small screen and pulling hooks. The pulling hooks were used to force the cotton through the screen.

Civil War Uses The Cotton Gin was useful during the Civil War in many ways. Here are a few. The Cotton Gin helped the soldiers to make more clothing more quickly. The cloth was also cheaper. Cotton was in high demand and became a cash crop.

The Cotton Gin also became known as “King Cotton”. But because of the cotton gin the number of slaves increased due to the need of cotton pickers. It affected politics up until the time of the Civil War.

Facts Fact #1

Fact #2

Fact#3

The Cotton Gin was invented in 1793, by Eli Whitney.

The Cotton Gin was a machine used to clean cotton.

It was a very important role in the Civil War.

!

!

"War is cruelty. There is no use trying to reform it. The crueler it is, the sooner it will be over."

General William Tecumseh Sherman !

Fort Pillow Massacre The Fort Pillow massacre was one of the worst blots on the record of Confederate troops during the Civil War of Fort Pillow which was located on the Tennessee bank of the Mississippi River, and the Union took it over in May 1862. Two years later, since the main fighting was on the road to Atlanta, the Confederate raiders still made the Union keep garrisons across the occupied south. There were a lot of deaths but The north was always able to kill more on the south then the south was able to on the north.

One of the best raiders was named Nathan Bedford Forrest. He commanded the cavalry in Tennessee. After the victory of Chickamauga, He didn’t want to serve under General Bragg anymore.

By: Caitlyn Guthmiller

Kolbee Rein

+

Fugitive Slave Act On September 18, 1850 United States Congress passed the Fugitive Slave act.

This was one of the most controversial acts of the 1850 compromise, heightening the Northern fears of ‘slave power conspiracy. The Fugitive Slave Act declared that all runaway slaves must be brought back to their masters. In 1843, several hundred slaves a year escaped to the North, making slavery and unstable institution in the border states. The earlier Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 was a Federal law written with the intention of enforcing Article 4, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution. Some Northern states passed “personal liberty laws”, which required a jury before alleged slaves could be moved. The Fugitive Slave Act was only one part of The Compromise of 1850, which was a precursor to the civil war. It was extremely unpopular with abolitionists and more moderate anti-slavery forces in the north. During the Civil War, the Underground Railroad helped a lot of black slaves to escape to the north. Before 1850, if a slave was caught they were killed and whites in the north who assisted escape slaves typically were given a fine and a short jail sentence. However, after 1850, penalties became much worse, including more jail time and even

+

execution.

In the

south, or black, a fugitive death.

anyone, white who assisted could face

! !

"We'll fight them, sir, 'til hell freezes over, and then, sir, we will fight them on the ice."

A Confederate soldier at Gettysburg, in The Civil War by Shelby Foote !

Battle of Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863

“Vivamus porta est sed est.�

By: Devan Oligmueller

The battle of Gettysburg was a very important even in the Civil war. This war is referred to by most as the turning point in the Civil War, and was also the most deadly battle claiming about 50,00 soldiers lives.

The war was fought between the Union who were lead by George G. Meade, and the Confederates of the south who were lead by Robert E. Lee. Lee had won several battles leading up to the battle, so it was very important that the Union won this fight. The south was considered to be the stronger opponent up until this battle, and after winning, the North felt a sense of victory, and were rejuvenated and continued to go on and win the war.

!

By: Kandise Sutton

Facts ! A military officer best known for having commanded the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War. ! Son of U.S. Revolutionary war hero Henry “Light Horse Harry” Lee III and a top graduate of West Point.

Robert E. Lee Robert E. Lee aka “ Marble Man” was a Superintendent, U.S. Military Academy Army of Northern Virginia. He was ranked as a Colonel in the USA and a General in the CSA (Confederate States of America). He went from 1829-61 in the USA service and went from 1861-65 in the CSA service. Robert was in the Mexican-American War, the Harpers Ferry Raid and the American Civil War. He also had other work such as being president of Washington and Lee University.

Save a Date

Date of Birth Death Date January 19, 1807 Born at Stratford, Westmorland County, Virginia

Grave Stone

October 12, 1870 (age 63) Buried at Lee Chapel Washington and Lee University

Birth Place

! Distinguished himself as an exceptional officer and combat engineer in U.S. Army for 32 years. ! Resigned to join Confederate Cause. ! At the end of American Civil War, he became commanding general of Confederate army. ! Became postwar icon of South’s “lost cause”

THE LOREM IPSUMS

FALL 2016

Quotes of Robert E. Lee ! “Duty is the most sublime word in our language. Do your duty in all things. You cannot do more. You should never wish to do less.” ! “The education of a man is never completed until he dies.” ! “I have fought against the people of the North because I believed they were seeking to wrest from the South its dearest rights.

But I have never cherished toward them bitter or vindictive feelings, and have never seen the day when I did not pray for them.”

Robert E. Lee ! Robert was restored president in the U.S. citizenship by General Ford. ! Before he died his last words were “Strike the tent”. ! During the Mexican War Lee was ranked captain until being promoted at the close of the war. ! The Chancellorsville battle is considered by most historians to be Lee’s greatest victory. ! Lee replaced Joseph E. Johnston as commander of the Army of Northern Virginia. ! Lee defeated John Pope at the battle of Second Manassas. ! Winfield Scott a Mexican War hero called Lee ‘The greatest soldier now living’ 2

2 1

THE LOREM IPSUMS

FALL 2016

Timeline January 19, 1807- Born 1818- Henry Lee “Light Horde Harry� died

1861- sent to set up Atlantic Defenses

1825- Admitted to West Point

1862- appointed advisor to Jefferson Davis

1829- Graduated (with honors)

May 1862- commander of the Army of Northern Virginia

1831- Married Mary Ann Randolph Cutis

Sept. 1862- defeated the Union of Antietam

1829- Corp of Engineers

December 1862- defeated the Union at Fredrickson

1838- Promoted to Captain in the Mexican War 1852-1855- Superintendent at West Point

May 1863- Won at Chancellorsville

1855- promoted to Lieutenant Colonel of the Second Calvary

July 1863- defeated at Gettysburg April 9th 1865- surrendered at Appomattox Court House

1859- suppressed the Raid by John Brown on Harpers Ferry

Oct. 12, 1870- Robert E. Lee died

Robert E. Lee at Battle

3

By: Beth Hess

Abraham Lincoln The Beginning Lincoln began his presidency in 1860 when he won his first election. He wasn’t even wanted as president in the first place, but he knew he had a job to do, and he was going to get it done. His main interest at this point was keeping the Union together, he wasn’t too concerned at the time with abolishing slavery. When the southern states formed the Confederate States, the set out to attack Fort Sumter in 1861. Lincoln tried to stop this by ordering the navy to blockade southern ports, preventing trade of the South’s main income

Problems with the South Things began to progress more and more after the attack on Fort Sumter.

Things eventually turned into a war, The Civil War. The Battle of Bull Run was lost by the North, Lincoln then changed generals to General George B. McClellan. Him and General Robert Lee met again at the Bull run. This resulted in another loss for the North and a victory for the South. Lee then moved onward to North, into the Union State of Maryland. The Battle of Antietam occurred here and was considered one of the bloodiest days of the Civil war. The North won this battle, but both sides lost many. After this victory Lincoln decided to deliver The Emancipation Proclamation. This order abolished slavery.

Gettysburg After a few more changes in generals, Lincoln finally appointed General George Meade. After his appointment came the bloodiest, most gruesome battle of the Civil War, the battle at Gettysburg.

The battle was fought on July 1, 1863. It was North’s victory with more than 45 thousand men killed and wounded. For both the North and the South, it was a devastating loss.

Lincoln chose this time to travel to Gettysburg to deliver what is known as the Gettysburg Address.

The Surrender After the battle of Gettysburg Lincoln changed Generals again. This choice was Ulysses S. Grant, probably the best change of general for the North. He led the battle at Vicksburg and won it.

William Tecumseh Sherman destroyed the Confederate’s main supplies and materials, he destroyed railroads, factories, and its plantations.

Just 12 days after the surrender President Lincoln was attending a show at the Ford Theater, where he was shot. He died April 15, 1865.

Personal Experience From the North

About the North Experiences!

They didn’t have first-rate generals or a strong military tradition. The union did have as experienced soldiers or leaders that the south had.

White Union Soldiers got paid a $10 salary, plus a $3 clothing allowance.

The Black Union Soldiers got paid a $10 salary minus a $3 clothing allowance.

Usually the Union had a choice of a 12 oz. of pork or a 16 oz. of salted beef. They even got 22 oz. of bread.

For their supplies they got between 30-40 lbs., which included ammo, musket, bayonet, haversack, canteen, and knapsacks.

For the army they had 80% of infantry, 14% of cavalry, and 6% of artillery.

Also for the navy they have 6,759 officers, 51,300 sailors, and 3,850 marines.

11/14/2011

How life was as a Northern Soldier.

The typical Union soldier had been a farmer before the war who volunteered to defend his home and put down the rebellion of the Southern states. Most Northern soldiers believed very strongly in the Federal government and despised the accusations of southern politicians and secessionists. The Union uniform was standardized by War Department orders after the first Battle of Bull Run in 1861. The North had a total population of twenty-two million people of which 1.3 million worked as industrial workers. The North had already had an industrial revolution and had the ability to produce better weapons and more weapons.

!

During the Civil war medicine was extremely primitive. Doctors at the time did not understand infection and left many of their treatments included with amputation.

!

Med icin e

d ur

ing th

e Ci

vil W

ar

During surgeries doctors had no antibiotics, no antiseptics, and made no attempt to maintain sterilization.

Soo was n afte san creat r, the dise itatio ed in Sanit ase. n of ord ary cam er to Com ps a cha mis nd nge sion ram pan t

By Monique Oropeza American History Research

American History Research

Memorial Day!

By Haley Henton

Memorial Day is the response to a lot of men dyeing!

The amount that they think that dies is 620,000 people!

This all started with The Civil War! Memorial Day is a big holiday in Washington D.C. and is celebrated very highly. In The Civil War they would place flowers on their graves in remembrance of those would have pasted away fighting for this country! This was finally proclaimed as a holiday on May 5tth, 1868. This was actually started before the Civil War was over. This was going on during the Civil War. There was even a song made in 1867. The song was called “Kneel Where our Loved Ones are sleeping.” It was first recognized in New York then it started to spread across the United States. It’s a holiday that is celebrated a lot in the United States.

Some Facts About Memorial Day! 1.) Memorial Day is a huge holiday in Washington D.C! 2.) Memorial Day is a special day!

3.) In Washington at the cemetery it is a huge ceremony!

MILITARY TECHNOLOGY

VS. Many new technologies were created during the civil war, many were created to bring advantages to one side, and many to save lives and improve medicines.

One of the most important pieces of technology that was relatively new when the war started, was the railroad, they could move supplies across the Confederate weapons

UNION WEAPONS - gatling gun - muskets w/ Minnie balls - colt revolvers - Rail roads

-Submarines - muskets w/ Minnie balls - swords -Confederate revolver - Artillery cannons - Bowie Knives

- Bayonette

By Katen Thomas

By Whitney Morrison

Music in the Civil War! Facts about the music in the civil war.

November 10, 2011

Music was played by organized bands or even by soldiers. Most songs ranged from patriotic melodies to even sad ballads talking about soldiers’ homesickness.

Music was a much-needed diversion for the Confederate and Union troops. Whether music was played by organized bands or just by the soldiers, accompanied by a banjo, fiddle, or a harmonica.

There were more than 500 army bands formed during the war. The Civil War was the last conflict in which bands played on the battlefield

Popular Songs “Yankee Doodle Dandy” “John Brown’s Body” “When Johnny Comes Marching Home Again” “Battle Cry of Freedom”

!

"#$!%&'($!)$*+!,-(-*.!'*/!/$'/+!0#1!23&4..,$/!#$&$+!#'($!51*2$5&'3$/!-3+!

6'&!'%1($!14&!711&!710$&!31!'//!1&!/$3&'538!"#$!01&,/!0-,,!,-33,$!*13$+!*1&! ,1*.!&$)$)%$&+!0#'3!0$!2'9!#$&$+!%43!-3!5'*!*$($&!61&.$3!0#'3!3#$9!/-/! #$&$8! :&$2-/$*3!;%&'#')!<-*51,*+!'3!3#$!/$/-5'3-1*!16!3#$!

! !! !

! !

! !

! !

5$)$3$&9!'3!=$3392%4&.+!:$**29,('*-'+!>1($)%$&!?@+!?ABC! !

B Y :

Significance during Civil War: !

!

Provide accurate records of people, surroundi ngs, and horror of the war Not only did the photograp hs show the conseque nces of the war, it also â&#x20AC;&#x153;toldâ&#x20AC;? the stories in the pictures

T E S S A

B E N S O N

Interesting Facts: !

!

Matthew Brady ! Known as father of photojournalism ! Most prominent photographer of Civil War ! Used wagons as dark rooms to produce his photos

Civil War was not the first war to be photographed.

Photography was only 21 years old when the Civil War started

03+#.!E=I%5)1+'(! ! "#$%&!'()*&!+#,#$!

'))*%!-.!+/0%!

"#$#%&'()!"'*+#,!

4%&+'()!45(!

!

01#!4%&+'()!)5(6!%!1%(/7$89#.#/! ,':7;%..#+!.#$#%&#.!

-$.'()*'#+/!%(/!01#!2#(.3!!

<!=85$+#!8*!&1#,#!#:$#.'>#(&%+!.'*+#,!9#.#!)'?#(!&8!@#./%(A,!

-1%.$!,188&#.,!;5&!;#=%5,#!8*!'&,!5(.#+'%;'+'&3!&1#3!9#.#! .#$+%=#/!9'&1!,1%.$,B!

01#!,$#(=#.!.#$#%&'()!.'*+#!9%,!%!>%(5%++3!8$#.%&#/!+#?#.! %=&'8(!.'*+#B!C&!9%,!*#/!*.8>!%!&5;#!>%)%D'(#!18+/'()! =%.&.'/)#,B!!

01#!E'(('#!;%++!9%,!%!=3+'(/.'=%+!,8*&!+#%/! ;5++#&B!F85!=85+/!#'&1#.!5,#!&1',!;5++#&!

9'&1!%!>5DD+#+8%/#.!8.!$5&!'&!'(!%!$%$#.! =%.&.'/)#!

01#!G8(*#/#.%&#!$#$$#.!;8:!.#?8+?#.!

01#!#%.+3!='?'+!9%.!1%/!%!+8&!8*!=%.(%)#!/5#!&8!,+89!9#%H!.'*+#,B!01#!>%(5*%=&5.'()!8*!?%.'85,!.#$#%&'()!.'*+#,!

9%,!%!H#3!$%.&!&8!01#!='?'+!9%.B!C&!2#+$#/!;3!%//'()!*%,&#.!*'.'()!$89#.!%(/!>8.#!.#+'%;+#!9#%$8(,B!

November 2011

Megan Gould

U.S. SANITARY COMMISSION

The U.S. Sanitary Commission was a relief agency that was created during the American Civil War by the legislature on June 18, 1861. The commission’s purpose was to promote clean and healthy conditions in the Union Army camps that operated in the North. The commission supported sick and wounded the soldiers, staffed field hospitals, raised money, provided supplies, and worked to educate the military and government on matters of health and sanitation.

Notable Members of the U.S.S.C. •Louisa May Alcott wrote the book Little Women and served as a nurse at a Union Army Hospital.

•Frederick Law Olmstead served as the Exacutive Secretary of the U.S.S.C.

•David Tod was the governor of Ohio, one of the first states to use tax money to support the U.S.S.C. •Elizabeth Blackwell was the first American woman to earn an M.D. She was one of the workers in the U.S.S.C.

Facts About The U.S. Sanitary Commission •It helped cut the Union disease rates by 50%.

•The commission’s volunteers consisted of some 3,000 women.

•Volunteers for the U.S.S.C. raised about 25 million dollars to support itself.

•The U.S.S.C. also provided food and shelter for soldiers during and after the war.

David J. Strang

November 10, 2011

Civil War

Espionage

Secrets Revealed The United States Civil War is the only war in U.S. history that had brother fighting a brother. In a war, a side might have secrets that could ultimately destroy the opponent. In order for the opponent to be aware of these plans, they must infiltrate and isolate their tactics and come up with a plan to turn it against them.

Union The Union spy conducted in a “knightly” manner, however, they we quite deceiving and broke a lot of rules, mostly because they didn’t know they existed. The Union used women as undercover agents because they think everything through.

Confederacy The Confederacy's first organized secret services, formed in 1862, coordinated the activities of dozens of (counter) espionage agents along the "Secret Line," an underground link between Richmond and the WashingtonBaltimore region.

Civil War

Submarines Submarines served different purposes for the two sides during the Civil War. The South had to face an opponent that far out ranked them in naval force, thus they would use the submarine as an underwater weapon. An example would be the H.L. Hunley which was the first known submarine to sink an enemy battleship. Northerners had an alternate use for the submarine.

They had to face their enemies blocking off their ports. The submarines would be used to pass undetected, or in the case of the Confederation’s Virginia iron clad boat, the subs were saboteurs.

Some examples of when submarines were used to combat above water marine ships were the H.L. Hunley which sunk the S.S. Housatonic and the incident of the Captian Pierce where the sub (Pierce) attached a mine to a “Union” ship; however when it did the boiler exploded. When a recently destroyed Confederate ship the Tecumseh was located on the ocean floor a sunken vessel rested nearby… the Captain Pierce being the only other marine craft in the area.

Fun fact: Initially the Confederate navy was too proud to accept the submarine into its ranks because “[Their] ships fight above the sea not below it”

< The Alligator, an experimental Union War submarine, proved to be unreliable and unsafe in all three missions it ran…

By Taylor Mack.

Personal Experiences from the South to ly gro w d i m a f s i ggle ed h w , w a t c hg h t e r s a n d s t rnu 1 8 7 3 , a l d e s i t H e p r a cn s a n d f o u r d a u G e o r g e , d i e d i , d i e d i n f o u r s o e f w h e n a s o n , f a n t s o n , A l f r e dt c o m e o f w i t h g r i l i n e a n d a n i n m s e l f t o t h e o us w i t h a n d P a u. r e c o n c i l e d h i b e c a m e f r i e n d d f u t u r e 1 87 6... an d even tu ally ra nt ... G ra nt an wit h a th ewa r n t U lysses S. G r ewa rde d him he Preside can presiden ts ng, a post in t t Republi hip in Hong Ko n d an assist an stice.On consuls Land Office, a partmen t of Ju o , Joh n G e n e r a ly s h i p i n t h e D ea g e o f e i g h t y - t w a ttor ne , 1 9 1 6, a t th e ton, D. C. May 30 ie d in Washin g by Jeffry W ert M o s b y do s b y 's R a n g e r s from M

my’s irginian arves) V .

N e th f la ity o The majorad personal “boys” (s, polish g h in cloth soldiers wash their food, and add ld u o w t a ir th is was , cook the their bootseir fires, and all of th e soldier! wood to th e “boy” admiring th seen as th

Su lli va n Ba llo uMy very dear Sarah, I ha or lack of confidence in ve no misgivings about, engaged, and my couragthe cause in which I am I know how strongly Am e does not halt or falter. leans on the triumph of erican Civilization now how great a debt we ow the Government, and e to those who went before us through the blo Revolution. And I am wi od and suffering of the lay down all the joys in lling-perfectly willing-to this Government, and tothis life, to help maintain love for you is deathles pay that debt. Sarah, my with mighty cables that s. It seems to bind me could break; and yet mynothing but Omnipotence over me like a strong wi love of country comes irresistibly on with all thnd and bears me battlefield. The memorie ese chains to the I have spent with you co s of the blissful moments and I feel most grateful me creeping over me, have enjoyed them for soto God and to you that I me to give them up and long. How hard it is for of future years, when, Goburn to ashes the hopes have lived and loved toge d willing, we might still grown up to honorable ther, and seen our sons have, I know, but few anmanhood around us. I Divine Providence, but d small claims upon me-perhaps it is the wasomething whispers to fted prayer of my little Edgar, that I shall return unharmed. If I do not my to my loved ones forget how much I love dear Sarah, never last breath escapes me you, and that when my whisper your name. Forgon the battlefield, it will the many pains I have ca ive my many faults, and thoughtless and foolish used you. How How gladly would I washI have often times been! little spot upon your ha out with my tears every the dead can come backppiness? But, oh Sarah! If unseen around those th to this earth and flit near you; in the gladdesey loved, I shall always be nights...always, always. t days and in the darkest breeze upon your cheek,And if there be a soft and as the cool air fans it shall be my breath, shall be my spirit passinyour throbbing temple, it mourn me dead; think I g by. Sarah, do not me, for we shall meet agam gone and wait for killed a week later at th ain. (Sullivan Ballou was e battle of Bull Run)

Saige Benton

THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD T he U n dergro un d R ai lroad , a v ast n etwo rk o f p eop le w ho help ed fug itiv e sl aves esca pe to the North a nd to C an ada , was n ot run by an y si ng le o rg an izati on or p erso n . Ra ther, it con si sted of m an y in di vi du als, man y w hit es bu t p redomi n an tly blac k, w ho kn ew on ly of the loc al effo rts to a id fu giti ves an d no t o f the o verall op erati on . Still, it effecti vely mo ved hu n dreds of sla ves no rthwa rd each y ear, ac co rd in g to on e es tim ate; the Sou th lost 10 0, 000 slav es betw een 1 81 0 an d 18 50.

A n org an ized s ystem to assi st run aw ay sla ves seem s to h ave begun tow ards the end o f t he 1 8th cen tury . In 17 86 G eo rge W a shi ngto n c om p lain ed abo ut ho w on e o f his run aw ay s laves w as help ed by a "soc iety o f Q ua kers, form ed for su ch pu rpo ses." Th e sy stem g rew , an d arou n d 18 31 it w as dub bed "T he U n d ergro un d R ai lroad ," a fter th e then em ergi ng steam rai lroad s. Th e sy stem even u sed terms u sed in ra ilro adi ng: th e ho mes a nd bu sin esses where fugi tiv es w ou ld rest an d eat w ere cal led "sta tio ns" an d "d epo ts" a nd w ere run by "stati on m asters, " tho se w ho co n tri buted mon ey o r go od s w ere "sto ckho lders," an d the "co n duc tor" was resp on sible for mov in g fug itiv es fro m o ne stati on to t he n ext .

For the slav e, ru nn i ng aw ay to th e No rth was a ny thi ng bu t easy . T he f irst step wa s to esca pe from the slav eh older. Fo r man y sla ves, thi s m ean t relyi ng o n his o r her ow n reso urces.

Som eti m es a "co nd uc tor," po sin g as a slav e, w ou ld en ter a pl an tatio n an d then g ui de th e run aw ay s n orthw ard . T he fug itiv es w o uld mov e a t n ig ht. T hey wo uld g en erally travel between 1 0 an d 20 m i les to t he n ext sta tio n, w here they w o uld rest a n d ea t, hid in g i n barn s an d other ou tof -the- w ay p lac es . W h ile t hey wa ited, a m essa ge w ou ld be sen t t o the n ext stati on to alert i ts sta tion m as ter.

T he f ugi tiv es w ou ld also trav el by train an d boat -- co n vey an ces that someti mes ha d to be p aid fo r. Mon ey w as also n eeded to imp rov e th e ap p ea ran ce o f the ru na wa ys -- a blac k ma n, w om an , or chi ld in t attered cloth es w ou ld in v aria bly attra ct susp ic io us eyes. T hi s mo ney w as do n ated by in di vi du als an d also rai sed by va rio us grou ps , i n clud in g vi gila nc e co m mittees.

Vi gila n ce c ommi ttees sp ran g up i n the larger to w ns an d ci ties of the N orth, mo st p rom in en tly in New Yo rk, Phi ladelp hia , a nd B o ston . In ad diti on to soli cit in g m o n ey , the org an izati on s p rov id ed f ood , lod gin g an d m on ey, an d help ed the fu git ives settle i n to a co mmun ity by help in g them fi nd jo bs an d pro vid in g letters o f reco mmend ati on .

T he U n dergro un d R ai lroad ha d man y n otable p artic ip an ts, in clu din g J ohn Fairfi eld i n Ohi o, the son of a slav ehold in g famil y, w ho mad e man y d arin g res cues, Lev i Co ffin , a Qu aker w ho assi sted m ore than 3, 00 0 slav es , a nd H arri et T ubm a n, w ho m ad e 1 9 tri ps in to the Sou th an d esco rted over 300 sla ves to freed om.

Uniforms Of The Civil War North/Union Soldiers In the north a certain number of men between the ages of 18-45 from each community were drafted into the Union army. Soldiers, except for officers were issued uniforms.

Officers were expected to purchase their own and had to make sure that they met strict military requirements.

Companies that had contracts with the government made the uniforms.

For the most part they were sewn on treadle sewing machines, although some shirts were hand sewn and some of the finish work on the uniforms was done by hand. A dress code for all soldiers was strictly enforced except when they were on the battlefield. Anyone found in violation was made to pay a fine. In the later years of the Civil War the dress code was not as strictly enforced.

The Uniforms of the Confederate States military forces were the uniforms used by the Confederate Army and Navy during the American Civil War, from 1861 to 1865. The uniform varied greatly due to a variety of reasons, such as location, limitations on the supply of cloth and other materials, and the cost of materials during the war.

Confederate forces were often poorly supplied with uniforms, especially late in the conflict. Servicemen sometimes wore combinations of uniform pieces, also wearing captured Union uniforms, and items of personal clothing. They sometimes went without shoes altogether, and broad felt or straw hats were worn as often as kepis or naval caps.

The usual civil war uniform was made primarily of wool. Along with the uniform the soldiers wore a belt which held a cap box, cartridge box bayonet with scabbard, haversack which held their rations, canteen and a blanket roll which contained a wool blanket, a shelter half and a rubber blanket and poncho. Soldiers also carried a bag called a knapsack or haversack, which contained an extra pair of socks, writing paper, stamps and envelopes, ink and pen, razor, toothbrush, comb and any other items that each individual soldier decided to keep with them.

By:Inez Antelope

th

54 Massachusetts Infantry By, April Garett

The Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Infantry Regiment was organized in 1863 at the urging of abolitionist governor, John A. Andrew. The outfit was to be made up of free blacks as a means to prove the value of blacks in combat and as a possible path to citizenship. The courage of the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Infantry Regiment helped to dispel any doubts about the fighting ability of black soldiers. The story of the famous Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Infantry Regiment and the attack on Battery Wagner was recounted in the popular movie Glory.

!

'!() & % # "#$

"# $

!

#%&

'!(#

#,! # % , $*+

#!

"It is well that war is so terrible, else we should grow too fond of it."

General Lee to General Longstreet !