House for Homes

THIS IS A

HOUSE FOR HOMES ”SUITABLE ARCHITECTURE” IN AN URBAN HINTERLAND

Aalborg University Department of Architecture and Design MSc2: Architectural Design, Group 09 Main project, Spring 2011 - Architectural form, space and environmental design -

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content

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preface

All the aspects which is given in the project Introduction, reading guide, method, scope e.g.

page 06-09

problem

A direction within the design brief is chosen

Analysis of “where, who and what� and problem statement

page 10-33

approach

Research and strategies is applied

Vision, architectural- and urban strategy and sustainable approach

page 34-41

ideation

The concept takes form

Case studies, sketching phase and concept description

page 42-49

qualify

The design is informed, detailed and optimised

Performance studies, calculations e.g.

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plan

development,

materials

page 50-69

critique

Review of process, design and potentials

Architectural review, sustainable review and conclusion

page 70-75

drawings

The final design is presented

Masterplan, sections, plans and detail in scale

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page 76-93

appendix

Additional documents

Material study and calculations

page 92-116

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PREFACE

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synopsis.

This architectural project is a “House for homes” - suitable architecture for an urban hinterland.

public facilities on the project site and the urban plan as a whole will only be designed on a conceptual level.

The report is a presentation of the integrated design process and the final building design.

The design addresses the schism of the gap between the need for dense housing typologies and the fact, that most people prefer to live in single family housing.

Thus, instead of merely focusing on the building performance, the main question that is pushed forward is: Can dwellings convince us to use less? Of course this implies that the user firstly has to be convinced that massive “energy machines” can be attractive “living machines” also.

The architecture constitutes mixed use. However, dwellings and a special attention to the user is essential.

The complex is not only qualified as a net zero energy building, but also suitable in the sense of an attention to both the environment, the city as a whole and the inhabitant. Except from the dwellings, incorporation of

Project title: House for Homes Tag line: “Suitable” Architecture for an Urban Hinterland Theme: Architectural form, space and environmental design Project period: 11.02.23-11.05.25 Main supervisor: Anders Laursen Technical supervisor: Ayser Dawood Printed editions: 09 Number of pages: 109 (Including Appendix and drawing material)

Davide Bello

dbello10@student.aau.dk

Kirstine Reese

kreese07@student.aau.dk

Line Nørskov

leriks07@student.aau.dk

Martin Andersen

mand09@student.aau.dk

Sophie Bondgaard

smorte07@student.aau.dk

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project premise reading guide

organisation of the report or presentation material. Thus, the report is divided into 6 main chapters that covers the four major steps in the design process (Problem, Analysis, Sketching and Synthesis cf. design method) in a way that suits the progression and development in this specific project.

The report is both intended to present the final project and elaborate on the design development. Final presentation material can be seen in chapter 6, critique and scaled architectural drawings are in the prospectus.

The methodological phases of the design process do not correspond directly with the

scope

+ The focus of this semester is sustainable design which is why constructional aspects are only developed on a diagrammatic level. + Even though the use of the complex is intended to be both commercial and domestic, only

domestic functions are dealt with on a detailed level. Thus only families, elderly, singles and young people are chosen when the user group is addressed. + Economical aspects of the design are not evaluated.

design method integrated

design.

In order to balance the climatic considerations and functional and aesthetical aspect of the building design the project is developed around ‘integrated design’ as a design method.

The process [Knudstrup 2003] is divided into 5 main steps: Problem statement, Analysis, Sketching, Synthesis and Presentation. These steps are not to be seen as a linear process, but as an interconnected process where constant iterations happen through out the project period (see appendix A).

aspects of the project. This phase acts as an input for the sketching phase, and the amount of collected and processed data expands through out the project.

sketching.

This phase is characterised by a creative process where all aspects of the analysis are brought into play. The building design on this stage remains fairly abstract and the main goal is to explore the potential of the problem statement to an extent where the design not only answers the intentions, but somehow manage to challenge them; give the unusual answer.

problem.

This first step is probably the most dynamic of them all. The problem statement forms the project and the project forms the problem statement in a dynamic relationship through out the design development as more knowledge is gained on the subject.

The problem should not be considered as an actual “problem”, but more as a motivation or angle on the semester theme, that seeks to ask the unusual question in order to provoke an unusual answer embedded in the design.

synthesis.

In this phase the chosen concept, which has been developed in the sketching phase, is optimised and detailed. It is in this phase the fulfilment of requirements for the project is made and where the building finds its final expression.

presentation.

In this phase most of the visualisations and the reflective texts are made in order to capture the qualities of the building and convey them the best way possible. Potentials of the project is elaborated and limitations are considered in order to maximise the learning process.

analysis.

This phase is dominated by the collection and processing of background material with regards to all

DESIGN APPROACH a: climatic considerations x: the unusual question q: unusual architecture

THIS IS SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE. a x

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q

PROCESS PICTURE #01 Different design techniques and medias are combined in the design process

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PROBLEM

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“Where” we are, to “whom“ we build and a deeper understanding of “what” is going to shape the logic of this project, and thus, the essential conclusions that leads to the unusual question; the initial problem statement.

introduction

the unusual question we use too much.

Taking a step into the heated discussion of green architecture, sustainability, passive houses, comfort, climate changes etc. one fact seems evident: We simply use too much.

Consequently engineers and architects take off to investigate how the performance of the building can be optimised in order to bring down the energy use; kWh/m2.

The idea of ‘footprint’ has become an expanded phenomenon that not only covers the size and shape of a foot, but also more abstract associations like how much shadow we cast, CO2emission, energy use, material use and so on; all are things that is taken into account when we try to deal with these environmental issues in a rational way. But still, architects and engineers have only had some success. The reason for this is of course not easily clarified, however, ironically enough, no one seem to ask the most striking question - the one that is right in front of us: How can we - us, ourselves - use less? In other ways an important approach to sustainable building design might be energy per person instead of merely focusing on the building itself. It seems to be people who firstly need to

change if we shall ever succeed in framing a more sustainable lifestyle. Initiatives have been made in order to rearrange the design process in a way where a certain amount of co-creation between user and the architect is secured [Becker 2011], but still, it seems there is quite a long way to go before reaching zero energy buildings in each and every building project.

where, who and what. As mentioned the main objective of the project is to create a mixed use housing concept, in terms of mixed user and functions, that reaches the zero energy, net-zero-energy standards.

However, architectural quality must be ensured. But how? In order to answer this question an investigation of site (where), the needs of the inhabitant (who) and the properties of sustainable building design (what) is undertaken in the following pages.

Conclusions (see page 30) which can be made based on the following investigations results in a problem statement, as a general outline for the design process.

PROBLEM ANALYSIS BEGINS ON NEXT PAGE CONCLUSION ON PAGE 30

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On the edge of the central city of Aalborg, where the dispersed city begins; this is where the story begins. This is where the first steps towards a dense and diverse sustainable architecture are naturally taken.

where

site analysis

approach.

The purpose of this contextual analysis is to determine the potentials and issues which ought to be addressed in the project. A contextual awareness is important to integrate in the design process in order to arrive at a point where both social and technical aspects of sustainability (such as relation to the grid and exploration of typologies, see page 12: Sustainability) is an integrated part of the project and project development.

1000 years and has developed and expanded excessively throughout the history [Web 1].

Aalborg used to be an important old royal borough and harbour city, mainly because of the location right next to Limfjorden [Web 2]. In the 1800th century Aalborg went through a major industrialisation and the appearance of the city changed significantly; the railway and a pontoon bridge were laid, several street breakthroughs introduced, new districts were founded and the streams were covered.

During the 1900th century the city evolved into a centre for culture and education [Den Store Danske – Aalborg].

introduction.

The project site is located in the southern part of central Aalborg on an old railway goods yard (see map 01). The site is situated where the old dense city disperses into a more industrialised and open area. The near context is characterized by mixed use; consisting of retail, housing, a bus station, a train station and other industrial enterprises.

The site is a continuation of the old ‘Øster Ådal’ area which is characterised by its flat appearance, but it has a long industrial history. The marks of this history are still visible in the shape of old railway tracks and they are most essential for the identity of the area.

The size of the specific site is about 15.000 m2 (100m*150m), and it is at present only occupied by the old railway tracks, parking and a car rental service.

Past and present. has

existed

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more

Despite radical changes the street layout of the inner city of Aalborg can still be traced back to the middle ages, with its small, narrow passages and 2 storey houses [Web 1], surrounded by more modernistic buildings, new developments and industries. The infrastructure of the city is characterised by the original public sequences in between major public spaces, though they have changed and become less recognisable in the city as it appears today.

See, furthermore, map 02-05 on page 12.

Aalborg than a

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MAP #01 LOCATION OF SITE The project area is located in an in-between-district; on the boarder of the dense historical centre and the “dispersed city” characterized by urban voids, housing and industrial buildings.

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building site 15.000 m2

project site

Study guide demands. + Housing complex with an average

than three storeys

+ +

height of no less

Density (FAR) between 80% and 150%.

Up till 20% of the floor area may contain other functions such as shops, offices or kindergarten.

+ A dwelling of maximum 110 m2 for a family with children, including at least three bedrooms, and directly connected with an outdoor area of at least 20 m2.

+ Concerning the other types of dwelling size is optional. Preferably this other dwelling has a different size, layout and orientation. + The mixed-use standard.

complex

must

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energy

+ There must be a ½ car parking lot per housing unit and adequate parking for bicycles [8th semester study guide 2011]

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MAP #02 DISTRICTS AND FUNCTIONS The near context of the site can be divided into two districts. The “dense” and the “dispersed” city. These are distinguished by a clear border that runs right past the building site. The pictograms clarifies the main functions, that dominate the impression of the area.

Site Potential green areas Park Border

MAP #03

EDGES AND LANDMARKS psysical edges + The railway completely divides the city into two areas from north to south. Crossable under the train station underpass. + The road mainly for heavy traffic in south. experienced edges + close sequence of historical buildings (“karreer”), five storeys high.

d b

c a

LANDMARKS a: Kennedy Arkaden (shopping and busterminal) b: Aalborg train station c: Police station d: Karolinelund (tivoli)

MAP #04 PATHS AND The site railway. ones will

TRAFFIC is demarcated by traffic and However, the most essential be elaborated on.

The railway surrounds the site, and becomes a part of it: the abandoned rails become the “identity of the place”. A witness of a time when the industries were the first priority of the city.

Furthermore, the high traffic road running from east to west on the top of the site marked in dark blue (Jyllandsgade) physically define the edge of the city; dividing the old town from the industrial area.

Boulevarden is one of the main historical roads of Aalborg that connect the centre to the rest of the city; a main exciting public sequence.

MAP #05

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SERIAL VISION “Serial vision” is a method of visual representation and, in this case, it consists of a sequence of pictures taken of the site and its context. The plan shows where the photos are taken from (see photos on next page).

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serial vision.

CONSIDERATIONS What can be understood from these, is the significance of

the railway tracks - horizontal lines, that trace the ground and remind us of the true, historical logic of the place. Except from this and the old goods yard the site seems undeveloped - open with no reason.

Walking along Jyllandsgade, the potential of supporting the public sequence becomes obvious in the sense of treating density as a given aspect of the project.

SITE PHOTO #01-05 TOWARDS NORTH Moving into the dense city centre and residential area

SERIAL VISION #06-10 ALONG THE SITE Following the rail track from driving bridges

In order to give an impression of the character of the site, as it is today, series of pictures, taken in the near context of the site and on the actual building site, is included in the site analysis (see map 05).

Right on the northern border of the project site; this is really where the city ends, and with no reason, when the close proximity of public spaces is taken into account (see site photo 01-20 below and site interpretation, process picture 02, page 14).

“SITE ESSENTIALS” ON PAGE 14 PROBLEM CONCLUSION ON PAGE 30

SERIAL VISION #11-15 FROM EAST TO WEST Walking on the edge of the site in a dispersed city

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SERIAL VISION #16-20 ALONG THE TYPOLOGY BORDER Walking on the edge and into the a dense central city

PROCESS PICTURE #02 Discussions on how to address the site in the building design and with the masterplan for the area results in a diagrammatic understanding of the context.

context essentials. + The building area is

located on the edge of the city. On the north side there is the dense city characterised by “Karrer� (blocks with inner courtyards; all 5 to 6 storeys high). Since these strong facades are the image of the dense city, the building design and masterplan must address this in order to continue the density.

+

Jyllandsgade, the street north of the site, marks both the transition from dense to dispersed city and the potential public sequence in between Karolinelund (tivoli) and Kennedy Arkaden. The site must support these transitions.

+ Kennedy Arkaden seems to fall of the edge of the city, regardless of its importance for maintaining a public sequence from central city to this district. Because of the close proximity to the site, the site must recognise that Kennedy Arkaden is more important for the city as a whole, than the project

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site itself.

Thus, Kennedy Arkaden must be incorporated in the masterplan.

+ The railway is located on the south of the site and cuts through a more industrial dominated area. This dispersed city formation is much more open and spread out; more random compared to the dense city.

The railway tracks on the east side is today unused, but give the place a sense of distinctiveness and character.

This should be explored in the masterplan. + The only green area in the near context of the site is the park on the west side: Kildeparken.

However the open spaces that surrounds the railway tracks give the area a sense of the bygone era which is characterised by public parks. + The train terminal on site has architectural and spacial qualities worth integrating in the masterplan.

where In order to define a climatic strategy for the zero energy building complex to implement in the design process, the site conditions are investigated as an extension of the contextual analysis on the previous spreads.

climatic conditions

Wind. In Aalborg the main wind direction is from the west or south-west (ill. #01, page 15), but as can be seen at the wind chart (ill. #03, page 17) the wind changes through the year and will at some point also come from east, north or south. The site is to some extent sheltered from the north and from the west

by Kennedy Arkaden, however, Aalborg is often characterised as a windy environment, therefore the wind conditions will be taken into account in relation to natural ventilation, when orienting the building and when placing windows and outdoor spaces.

Rain. Denmark is a relatively wet climate, therefore rain is taken into account on a conceptual level.

achieve the best light qualities [Heiselberg 2008]. Due to this it is evident how the building orientation becomes fundamental to achieve the best performance.

There is a potential to obtain passive solar heat from south, however, overheating during summer will occur if the proper balance between window size and orientation is not obtained (see ill. 02, page 15).

Diffuse daylight from north for especially office functions within the dwelling and in the public facilities can be obtained.

Daylight from west and east, is interesting to address in the design, since it is in the morning and evening, the user will be at home, and thus, only then the user can benefit from good daylight conditions (See furthermore ill. #02, page 15).

Sun. The

main reason to explore the solar conditions is to improve the building performance according to the energy consumption and at the same time

The extents of precipitation in Denmark creates possibilities for various ways of saving and reusing the water, like rainwater collection. Collected rainwater can be used for irrigation of green areas, flushing the toilet and washing the laundry among other things.

Even though most of the rain water evaporates or is drained flooding may occur when there is heavy rain falls. Initiatives in the masterplan ought to be made in order to optimise the control and potential reuse of this (see ill. #04, page 17).

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ILL. #01 WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION Chart for investigation of wind conditions on the site

ILL. #02 SUN DIAGRAM Chart for investigation of sun conditions on the site

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pollution.

into account with regards to orientation of the building and the openings.

Because the site is located close to the city centre, near heavily trafficked roads, the site is exposed to different kinds of pollution like air- and noise pollution. Furthermore, the industrial history of the site could also indicate that the site’s soil is polluted.

The following addresses these with regards to specific pollution levels at and around the site in order to determine their importance and potential affect on the building design.

noise. Noise might constitute the biggest pollution risk at the site, because of traffic related noise. An analysis of sound levels shows that the maximum permissible values for both housing, day care facilities, offices, recreational spaces and educational purposes, have been exceeded [Web 4] [Web 5].

From the diagrams it is obvious that noise can become a problem for buildings placed at the site, this should therefore be taken into consideration, when designing the building and organising outdoor spaces.

There are many possibilities to help reduce the noise; the facade could function as a sound screen, where openings to the street are minimised, sound absorbing windows could be used and outdoor spaces could also be placed away from the street (see ill. #05, page 17).

air. The level of air pollution is important when designing zero energy buildings with ventilation. This matter is therefore examined to explore the possibilities of using natural ventilation.

Specific measurements of the air quality on the site is very limited, so this will only be addressed in the design based on general inclinations.

Since the site is surrounded by heavily trafficked roads, where high levels of nitrogen dioxide, NO2, carbon monoxide, CO and sulphur dioxide, SO2 is a problem [Web 3], the inlet of air into the dwellings and public functions (will not be detailed) ought to be taken from “inside the area” away from the roads. Furthermore, this is done according to primary wind directions (see ILL #01).

Considering the measurements that is actually on the site(NO2 -levels, both the annual mean concentration and the hourly mean concentration) pollution levels are below the maximum permissible values.

In another heavily trafficked area in Aalborg (around the street Vesterbro further north of the site) CO and SO2 do not exceed the maximum permissible values either [Web 3]. This means that there are good possibilities of using natural ventilation, but pollution still has to be taken

soil. Because of the industrial background of the site, the soil pollution is examined to clarify if it will constitute a health risk when building housing complexes and creating recreational outdoor spaces. A pollution history investigation of the soil on the site has been made and it showed that the top soil layer, 30-50 cm, is slightly polluted, but in general there is no serious pollution [Web 5] which is why, this is not taken into further consideration.

CONCLUSION ON PAGE 30

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Month Hours

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0 - 3 3 - 6 6 - 9 9 - 12 12 - 15 15 - 18 18 - 21 21 - 24 0 - 3 m/s

ILL. #03 WIND CHART The hourly and monthly change in wind speed and direction.

Wind direction

3 - 6 m/s 6 - 8 m/s

Precipitation (mm) Precipiation (mm)

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ILL. #04 RAIN AND TEMPERATURE TABLE The balance between shifting temperatures and rain fall through the year. Based on collected data from 1961-1990 [Web 6].

DAYTIME TEMP. AVERAGE TEMP. NIGHT TEMP.

Over 75 dB 70-75 dB 65-70 dB 60-65 dB

ILL. #05 NOISE LEVELS Levels of dB on the site due to heavy traffic.

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“When we dream of the house we were born in, in the utmost depths of revery, we participate in this original warmth, in this well-tempered matter of the material paradise. This is the environment in which the protective beings live. We shall come back to the material features of the house.”

who How can we even pretend to build sustainable dwellings with architectural quality, if we do not treat the preferences of the user most carefully?

Thus, this chapter aims to clarify the user’s preferences.

[Bachelard 1985 p.7]

the dream house

A home is a place you return to [Westman 2000], but what does it take for us to feel at home? This seems like an important question to state in order to make sure, that people would even want to live in the architecture we propose.

never the less a problem, when dense and divers buildings are required.

the sense of ownership.

Considering the functionality of a dwelling most people will agree that people do not solemnly favour the functional properties of a single-family house because they want to cultivate their own vegetable gardens, but because it allows a sense of ownership - the potential to individualize ones own dwelling, to be private. The shear opportunity to do repairs and dispose over the property gives people a sense of freedom and belonging [Kristensen & Andersen 2009].

The relatively clear picture of residential preferences from 2008 is that the Danish version of a dream house is an owner-occupied, single-familydwelling or row house, which is between 100 and 180 m2 and situated in a the suburb of a major city or a small or medium sized city [Kristensen & Andersen 2009]. Bad news for density. However, the reasons for preferring the properties of a single family house is relatively clear and can be divided into 5 categories. + + + + +

nature.

Regardless of the general movements in society the closeness of nature still count.

This might not be in the sense of feeling home, but more as an important applied quality, which is characterised by dispersed neighbourhoods. In a society that seems to move towards more dense dwelling constellations the integration or establishment of green areas is as important as ever [Kristensen & Andersen 2009].

Happy memories Ownership Privacy Closeness to nature The neighbourhood

home is the place we grew up in. One primary reasons for people to prefer the singlefamily house is because it is the kind of typology most people grew up in. This is a place we have happy memories from; a place where we feel safe and content, and therefore we want to return to this place; this kind of house [Kristensen & Andersen 2009]. The preference for single-familiy-houses is some what irrational, but

social

network.

People only talk together if they are brought together.

Especially those, who favour the dispersed single-family suburb, have a wish for a strong social network with neighbours in order to feel home, safe and stimulated.

summery. There is a potential

to make a collective housing complex that accommodate the immediate preferences of the potential users of the residential facilities.

With a reference to the conclusions on the context essentials (see page 14) the site is actually situated on the edge of the centre of Aalborg city with a close proximity to both potential green areas with great variety and an actual public park, which implies a potential to make a dwelling close to nature. The concept of density and diversity implies, as mentioned in the introduction, a certain amount of tolerance for other people, which can be explored even more since there is an existing demand for this.

One of the issues with collective housing complexes is the issues of ownership and belonging, which have to be addressed in the project development. The matter of peoples relation to ‘the familiar’ - what they have tried before, is something that works against this transition into living dense. One take on this issue could be to argue if people either way will get used to the idea of not owning their house - not having the exclusive right for a little piece of land or one could suggest, that it does not have to be either or.

What if a collective housing could be a connected network of individualistic dwellings?

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“THE HOUSE: DISCOVERS A METAPHOR OF HUMANNESS”

Conclusion from: “Poetics of Space”, 1958

by Gaston Bachelard EXPLANATION

The house as an image represent the person whom inhabit it.

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How do you create something as private and individual as a home? How do you create the qualities of a single-familyhouse and not the image of it?

What is a dwelling in its basic form and what can we learn from it? The essence of this general outlook on habitability in space is used as a leading philosophy in the design process.

the concept of home

One could argue that it does not make sense to investigate the genesis of dwelling, since people in the modern Denmark is way beyond the physical needs of a dwelling, which largely characterise the matter of prehistoric housing forms.

However, even for people in the western world, there is still some fundamental mechanisms, that influence our perception of the ideal dwelling and what it takes in order for us to simply feel safe and content in a home.

Thus, this investigation starts in prehistoric times.

University) will describe the human-island.

it;

the human-island.

This new type of dwelling concerns each individual to a higher extent, who, thereby, isolates itself and creates island-formations.

It is logical to think, that this has much to do with that people do not need the protection of the group or the coven to feel safe. Life today is not about survival, but using less and making the most of it.

However, these formations of individuality - e.g. this way of isolating people in separate rooms - creates more singularity and less regularity.

The immediate result seems to be a higher demand to the aesthetical aspects and the expression of the dwelling. And of course this is something completely new compared to prehistoric time, where the creation of the dwelling mainly concerned functionality and construction [Lysemose 2009].

The human dissociate itself and want to create something which stands out, something different [Lysemose 2009]. This is why humans do not adjust, but modify the space which also means, interestingly enough, that it is not in our nature to adjust - we modify our surroundings. Thus, the task for the architect today might be to build the dwelling and the task for the human is to build the home [Mandal 2011]. But where does that leave us in the debate about using less energy - living more sustainable? What does it take to create architecture in which a sustainable attitude can be induced?

the cave. The human being is an ‘escape-animal’; it always has been. Therefore the anthropological function of the dwelling is to protect; to protect from the extraneous.

When these reflects kicked in, this is when humans became human (home erectus): When humans started to think and act towards something specific - to think rational. At this point the main demands for the dwelling, the lull-space, was primarily to shield against danger - a hiding place, a refuge - and a climate screen. Thus, the dwelling was ‘nothing more’ than a cave, a negative space carved out of the mass – an offspring of nature [Lysemose 2009].

The centre of the prehistoric dwelling was the fireplace, the social meeting point [Mandal 2011]. Thereby, the dwelling could be described as a social constellation; a place for the gregarious human.

This prehistoric request has today evolved into, as Kasper Lysemose (Ph.d. in philosophy, Copenhagen

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ILL. #06 THE DWELLING a connected network of individualistic dwellings?

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PROCESS PICTURE #03 What makes a home?

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To create a dwelling it is necessary to establish a deeper understanding of the essentials of a dwelling - what essentially define the dwelling - the room, the space. In this chapter an ‘idea’ of a room and a space is developed.

room or space

definition.

Clara’s description of what a room is, on the opposite page, could be the proper definition for a space. However, continuously we discuss this matter, because it is somehow impossible to reduce space to a geometrical construction only.

Every history and culture epoch has a room which are particularly suitable, where specific atmospheres are prioritised and others are ignored [Cartography, Morphology and Topology 2009].

In the light of this it is important to distinguish between room and space, but at the same time consider those two in relation to each other, because they evidently are inseparable [Nepper Larsen 2009].

Room and space have to be considered from the connection between the social aim, the body and the function. How the body can be a creative element for the room and that the space is related to the body-in-space thinking, is a phenomenological point of view, where the body opens the room. Husserl specifies that our experiences, which are directly rewarding, are a requisite for a phenomenological understanding of the room, which leads to a consideration for space [Cartography, Morphology and Topology 2009].

The room’s dimensions have to be considered related to the function, but also to the proportions of the human body [Nepper Larsen 2009].

The architect claims that a room cannot sufficiently be described as an empty volume surrounded by four walls, a roof and a floor; it has more to do with the space inside.

Maurice Merleau-Ponty describes this separation of room and space:

“I DO NOT SEE THE ROOM FROM THE OUTSIDE AS AN OUTER SHELL, BUT I EXPERIENCE IT FROM THE INSIDE AND AM SURROUNDED

BY IT. ALL IN ALL, THE WORLD IS NOT IN FRONT OF ME, BUT AROUND ME.” [Nepper Larsen 2008 p.1]

By this aphorism he establishes that the room cannot be reduced to this outer shell, but instead has to be felt, and thereby the room becomes more; it is a space with an atmosphere, a place which has to be considered.

A room is physical-material [Nepper Larsen 2009], a context for an act, a horizon of sensory perception and an object for reflection [Cartography, Morphology and Topology 2009]. A space, however, is a composition of experiences [Nepper Larsen 2009] and it follows that a space is not a “something” that surrounds us; space is the way in which our surroundings appear to our experience [Cartography, Morphology and Topology 2009].

The responsibility architecture. It is

And everything comes down to the fact that:

“WE CAN DWELL THEREFORE BUILD THEREFORE BE IN ROOM - THEREFORE INTERACT WITH SPACE!” [Nepper Larsen 2009].

of

the architect’s job to consider the room related to the human body and its specific existential situation; to create space [Cartography, Morphology and Topology 2009].

The architect constructs rooms and spaces, and is in room and spaces. The architect needs to construct based on the knowledge that relations in rooms and spaces and the perception of these relations changes when it is build; suddenly a geometric room is shaped, an atmosphere in the space is created, a

24

place is enclosed, indoor and outdoor limits are established and new social lines are created [Nepper Larsen 2009]. It is of importance to know, that humans orientate themselves in a layered room, where the spaces create the layers. Thus it has different opportunities, where a single layer can be related to a specific context or experience, and thereby shape a specific related spatiality which becomes subjective [Cartography, Morphology and Topology 2009].

The human bestows value to the rooms it occupies [Nepper Larsen 2009]. Here the room become a simple frame for the human act and become a composition of spaces [Cartography, Morphology and Topology 2009].

CONCLUSION ON PAGE 30

pollution.

Because the site is located close to the city centre, near heavily trafficked roads, the site is exposed to different kinds of pollution, like air pollution and noise pollution.

The industrial history of the site could also indicate that the site is ground polluted.

The following takes a look at the specific pollution levels at/around the site, since this information can affect the design of the building.

permissible values either [DMU – The Danish Air Quality Monitoring Programme]. This means that there are good possibilities of using natural ventilation, but consideration still has to be taken into account with regards to orientation of the building and the openings.

pollution [Aalborg Kommune – Udvikling af Helhedsplan for Godsbanearealet] which is why, this is not taken into further consideration.

“A ROOM IS FOUR METERS LONG AND THERE IS AIR IN IT”

Air. The level of air pollution is important when designing zero energy buildings with ventilation. This matter is therefore examined to explore the possibilities of using natural ventilation.

Specific meassurements of the air quality on the site is very limitted, so this will only be addressed in design based on general inclinations.

Since the site is sourrounded by havyly traficed roads, where high levels of nitrogen dioxide, NO2, carbon monoxide, CO and sulphur dioxide , SO2 is a problem [DMU - Air quality in Denmark], the inlet of air into the dwellings and public functions (will not be detailed) ought to be taken from “inside the area” away from the roads. Furthermore, this is done according to primary wind directions (see ILL #00).

Considering the measurements that is actually on the site(NO2 -levels, both the annual mean concentration and the hourly mean concentration) pollution levels are below the maximum permissible values.

In another havily trafficked area in Aalborg (around the street Vestrebro further north of the site) CO and SO2 do not either exceed the maximum

Noise. Noise might constitute the biggest pollution risk at the site, because trafficrelated noise. An analysis of sound levels shows that the maximum permissible values for both housing, day care facilities, offices, recreational spaces and educational purposes, have been exceeded [Miljøstyrelsen – Støjgrænser] [Aalborg Kommune – Udvikling af Helhedsplan for Godsbanearealet].

From the diagrams it is obvious that noise can become a problem for buildings placed at the site, this should therefore be taken into consideration, when designing the building and organising outdoor spaces.

There are many possibilities to help reduce the noise; the facade could function as a sound screen, where openings to the street are minimised, sound absorbing windows could be used and outdoor spaces could also be placed away from the street (see ILL 00).

Soil. Because

of the industrial background of the site, the soil pollution is examined to clarify if it will constitute a health risk when building housing complexes and creating recreational outdoor spaces. A pollution history investigation of the soil on the site has been made and it showed that the top soil layer, 30-50 cm, is slightly polluted, but in general there is no serious

Quote: Clara, 9 years old from “At taenke med Kants, Husserls, Heideggers, Merleau-Pontys og Sloterdijks rumbegreber”

by Steen Nepper Larsen 2008

25

Nature Culture

+ +

Embodied energy of materials

+ + +

Energy-efficient installations

+

Energy producing elements

+

Renewable energy sources

+

Ventilation: mechanical

+

Ventilation: natural

+ +

Climate adaptation

+

Mobility (of building)

+

Solar architecture

+

Zoning

Environmental architecture

+ + + + +

Utilisation of daylight

Self-sufficient architecture

+ + + + +

Window to floor area ratio

+ +

Surface to floor area ratio

Green architecture

Window area to orientation ratio

+

Insulation of building envelope

Ecological architecture

Thermal mass of materials

+ +

Reduce private transportation

Life cycle assessment of materials

Preserve or improve biodiversity Bioclimatic architecture

+

+

+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ +

+

+ + + + + + + + +

+ +

+ +

+

+ +

+ +

+ +

+ + +

MAIN DESIGN PRINCIPLES

+

+

SECONDARY DESIGN PRINCIPLES

ILL. #07 SUSTAINABLE APPROACHES Table shows natural and cultural approaches in relation to the design principle they explore.

what Sustainability should not only create restrictions for how we dwell; it should qualify it and not only by kWh/m2. Thus, this section is a general outlook on sustainable design, different approaches and the schisms within.

sustainable architecture definition.

to both environmental, social and economical sustainability.

These can be divided into two main focuses; natural and cultural.

The natural ones focus on how building design can improve the environment, and thus, assesses the aspects like biodiversity, life cycle and such. The cultural approach has an increased attention on how the building can contribute to the society with regards to economy, energy use, energy production e.g. (see ill. 07, page 24)). There is a potential of exploring both natural and cultural approaches in the building design, where the cultural approach is appropriate for optimising the building performance and the natural focus is suitable as a more holistic aspect and experienced quality for the user, that according to the section about “who”, page 16-23, appreciate the closeness to exactly nature.

Sustainability in the sense of maintaining, or even improving the state of the earth, is the aim of the current developments within the building industry.

A widespread definition of a sustainable development was created with the publication ‘Our Common Future’ in 1987 which is known as the Brundtland-report;

“SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IS A DEVELOPMENT THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT WITHOUT COMPROMISING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATIONS TO MEET THEIR OWN NEEDS...”

[WEB 7]

In this definition there is an underlying subdivision of the term ‘sustainable development’ into three categories: “environmental, social and economical sustainability”.

This holistic approach to a sustainable development seeks to integrate all three categories when answering the challenges of today. Within these three main categories there are several subcategories to take into account when looking at sustainable development (see ill. 08, page 24).

development.

Regardless of the quality of the various approaches to sustainable design, the building design still needs to address one general, but highly essential schism.

Sustainability is not necessary for the building in the same way construction, aesthetics and functions are (see ill. 09, page 25). And maybe because of this, it is often found hard to incorporate sustainability properly into the building design.

Initiatives become add-ons

approaches.

Within sustainable architecture as an typology, there are several design approaches with regards

26

1.

CITY SPACE + ENERGY CONSUMPTION + MATERIAL USAGE + WATER USAGE + EMISSIONS TO GROUND + EMISSIONS TO AIR + EMISSIONS TO WATER + WASTE + NOISE AND VIBRATIONS + INDOOR CLIMATE + WORK ENVIRONMENT = ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY 2.

SAFETY + VISIBILITY + AESTHETICS + CULTURE LIFE + WELL-BEING + IDENTITY + QUALITY OF LIFE = SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY 3.

OPERATING ECONOMY + TOTAL ECONOMY + DURABILITY + REPAYMENT PERIOD = ECONOMICAL SUSTAINABILITY ILL. #08 HOLISTIC SUSTAINABILITY A attempt not only to qualify sustainable building by kWh/m2.

BASED ON [NOYÉ 2009].

SUSTAINABILITY ?

FUNCTIONS AL L SSIC CLA CTURA E T I H Y ARC UALIT Q

CONSTRUCTION AESTHETICS

ILL. #09 THE ESSENTIAL PARTS OF ARCHITECTURE How to treat sustainability, when it is not necessary for a building, like function, aesthetics and construction is.

1.

BUILDING - LAYOUT AND GEOMETRY -

COMPONENTS - OPTIMISATION -

ENERGY PRODUCTION - RENEWABLES -

2.

3.

ILL. #10 GENERAL STRATEGY where to start and end when optimising a design according to energy use.

and that puts the architectural quality at risk. With this in mind the following will elaborate on how a building should be developed, if sustainability and building performance is considered the primary aspect of the architectural development.

expenses, but simply through clever decision making.

The cost/benefit ratio decreases the more steps the optimisation process has gone through. When the energy production is added in the end it will benefit the energy balance, but the economical expenses are still very high. This leads to less sustainable argumentation for energy production than for informed design optimisation.

BUILDING - LAYOUT AND GEOMETRY This first step (according to ill.

10, page 25) marks the beginning of the integrated design process when building sustainably. The aim is a high architectural quality combined with low energy consumption and high quality of indoor climate. The tools are varied and interconnected, and they are closely related to architectural quality regarding good daylight conditions, fresh air etc.

PV cells. Being the last part of the process, the last step to zero energy, photovoltaic (PV) cells are often seen as an ‘addon’ to the architecture. The challenge seems to be reaching a meaningful integration of the PV cells in the architectural concept itself.

The signal of PV cells in architecture is a reflection of the period and society in which it is conceived. The easy comprehensible communicational value of PV cells should not be underestimated in this matter.

The types of PV cells are used to directly convert sunlight into electricity. Changing the current type from direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC) (see appendix C).

COMPONENTS - OPTIMISATION The second step is to optimise the building with regards to it’s more technical properties. This involve amount of insulation, thermal mass, U-values, heatrecovery etc.

ENERGY PRODUCTION - RENEWABLES In the last part of the optimisation process when reaching for a zero-energylevel energy producing elements are implied.

electricity production.

SOLAR EXPOSURE of the PV cells to the sun plays an important role in yield. Generally the PV cells should be oriented towards south, but a deviation

The first part of the design process is usually where the optimisation potential is the biggest - it is possible to save a lot of energy without any big

up to ±450 will usually cause less than 7 % in production loss. The inclination of the PV cells is another important factor. In Denmark the optimal inclination is 430 in relation to horizontal to optimise the yield on a yearly basis. However, when making use of the summer sun the orientation means even less.

Regarding the winter sun it should not deviate more than ±150 from south to avoid a loss bigger than 4 %. When looking at the inclination for exploiting the winter sun specifically it should be 770. The inclination can vary ±100 without being critical [Wittchen 2002].

Shadows on the PV cells is a sensitive subject. Even shadows on only a part of a module can affect the productivity for many modules since they typically are serial connected.

This consequence can be minimized by grouping the modules with the same shadow conditions.

Furthermore, if the shadow conditions are too bad for putting up PV cells, it can be substituted by a ‘dummy’ in order to keep the same material expression if preferred [Wittchen 2002].

TEMPERATURE is very important to address since the electricity production will decrease linear with a increase in temperature of the PV cell. For crystallic PV cells this means a decrease in productivity of 0,5% pr.

SECTION CONTINUES ON NEXT PAGE

27

degree Celsius. This number is half for the amorphous cells [Wittchen 2002].

silicon and the poly-crystal silicon are estimated around 2,53,5 years. Taking developments into consideration, it is estimated that these numbers can be improved by 40-50%.

Recycling of the PV cells is feasible. In Europe there is established an optional collection and recycle system for PV cells [Web 8].

PAY-BACK PERIOD AND RECYCLING properties is constantly changing.

The technology concerning solar energy develops year by year, meaning that information on material use, production methods, efficiency, live span and abolition/ recycling changes continuously.

By 2008 energy pay-back periods for single-crystal

how to evaluate

facts and requirements.

category, it is still considered as the lowest hanging fruits: One can reduce relatively much through a relatively small effort compared to the other categories of energy consumption.

However, this is not taken into account in the calculations (since habits of humans is relatively hard to predict) even though this is the most important, and most long term initiative that we can take, since it is independent of technological abilities. Thus, initiatives taken in order to reduce transportation, the use of red meat, less hot water and similar positive changes that changes the way we live is still only considered as bonuses. But if people are not bound to use less; then will they?

The Danish government’s energy strategy 2050 aims, in short, to optimise the energy consumption along with an increased utilisation of renewable energy sources (RES).

Within the building industry the process towards reaching this goal has been set off by the Building Regulation 2010 (BR10), which defines requirements for an energy consumption in buildings that is 25% below BR08 level.

Additionally, BR10 increases the demands for insulation of the climate screen. Furthermore, BR10 introduces an optional low energy class 2015, which requires an energy consumption 50% below BR08 level [Web 9].

The energy consumption of this project will be evaluated through the regulations and parameters of BR10 (2015) and the Net Zero Energy Building (Net ZEB).

energy frame.

The energy frame includes energy for heating, ventilation and domestic hot water (DHW).

No mechanical cooling will be accepted in this project. The Net ZEB has a more strict energy frame and parameters than the BR10. For a scheme on specified parameters, go to appendix E.

The BR10 (2015) and Net ZEB both concern energy efficiency to minimize the delivered energy, and energy production on site from RES in order to reach a sustainable balance between delivered and produced energy.

Households count for 30-40% of the total energy consumption in Denmark [Web 10]. Even with the last years of increased demands for energy reduction within this

SECTION CONTINUES ON NEXT PAGE

28

“

IS NOT QUALIFIED BY 2 KWH/M ” EXPLANATION

Architectural quality is beyond a number. It takes more.

29

One thing is knowing what sustainable architecture is; another is to incorporate the knowledge. This section elaborates on how to optimise accordingly and the potential of this.

discussion

sustainable potential. As mentioned before households and transport are the two main contributors to the energy consumption today - not for the building itself, but if the whole society is taken into account. Through optimisation of the daily routine, these can be lowered. Furthermore, it seems important to direct special focus towards electrical appliances since it is a category that has not been included in the energy frame until now. Apparently, this leaves a great room for improvement by re-thinking the way we organise systems for hot water, washing machine, tumble dryer, refrigerator, electric light, ‘stand-by’, e.g., and innovative solutions should be applied. However, the methods applied for energy calculation today is not equipped to include these considerations, apart from optimisation of natural light conditions and ventilation, which is why, this only will be dealt with on a conceptual level.

A seemingly obvious solution for optimisation of the energy consumption both within transport and households is moving from single family housing to the more dense city, which qualifies the location of the building site for this project (see page 11-12). It is worth mentioning that Danish citizens are among the people with the most living area per person, in average 60 m2 [Arkitektur DK 2011]. Maybe this ought to change? Moreover, moving to the dense city should be considered in relation to the government’s plans regarding the development of public transportation system within

the next decades. The dense city will not only create less need for transportation; it will also ensure a better exploitation of the public transportation system and a smaller footprint on the earth.

The current criteria of evaluation for the energy frame leads to aspects of the building design, when looking at the dense city, with less m2/person:

+ Can we live to dense?

There definitely is a risk that living too dense will create insufficient surface area to install PV cells on. From a holistic point of view, living dense does not mean that every citizen consumes more energy.

Actually, it seems tempting to believe in the opposite when looking at the environmental impact per person; + more insulation = increased m2 ratio. + less energy use for transportation + less material use for construction + less building surface for transmission loss + less energy use for hot water because of a more efficient common system + a smaller footprint on planet Earth When looking at energy consumption per person in a more dense context, it will assumably be less than in a more spread out context. With that said, it will be difficult to hit ZEB on the building plot itself due to less surface area for PV cells and a higher installation/m2 ratio.

However, if it is evident

that the energy consumption is lower per person, then naturally it follows that it will be lower for the whole country. If the whole country uses less energy, then we will have to produce less energy from renewables as a country to hit zero energy with in building industry.

Compared to current practice this approach will result in centralised energy production from renewables compared to the current development towards decentralised energy production where every building is its own energy supplier.

A focus on what the user can contribute with is made realisable by actual value (economical gain) for the contractor, reduced environmental impact on planet Earth and by the government’s primary focus on wind power as renewable energy source. The later seems best feasible in a centralized system.

First things first.

However, firstly the building design must deal with the fact, that people do not want to live dense. They do not want to live in massive energy machines, as long as they have the opportunity to live in parcel houses and villas simply because this is what they dream of. One of the first steps, that has to be taken is not only to state that because we use too much, maybe we ought to use less, but to address how the understanding of the users expectations to what a home is can be a generator for sustainable architecture.

CONCLUSION ON PAGE 30

30

PROCESS PICTURE #04 Elaboration on the potential of simply just using less.

31

where, who and what conclusion

Based on the previous analysis of the site, the user and sustainable dwellings, essential conclusions are specified and have lead to an initial problem statement.

WHAT CAN BE UNDERSTOOD FROM WHERE WE ARE? The site is an urban “Hinterland”. A hinterland that ought to submit to the logic of the city, because the city is simply more important.

However, the site is not the navel of Aalborg. The site has to serve Kennedy Arkaden and understand its importance as public space and anchor point for the potential public sequence on Jyllandsgade. As an extension of this, the site has to support this public sequence by addressing the density of the old city centre across the road.

controversies within the ambitions for sustainability is grave. The focus is mainly on building performance, but there is a lack on understanding on how to include the user in this process. The result is not likely to be a “Use less”-architecture but just useless architecture; at least in the long term. More things has to be taken into account and the objective is to make “Suitable architecture”. An architecture that is naturally suitable for solar optimisation in order to energy optimise the building, but also a building that simultaneously suits the environment, the user and the city.

If the geometry of the building is properly shaped, the need for further technical interventions and add-on components can be reduced.

The incorporation of green can both act as a sustainable initiative, but also soften the environment in a more holistic, social sense of sustainability.

WHAT CAN BE UNDERSTOOD FROM TO WHOM WE BUILD? It is the architect’s responsibility to create the house and the dweller’s to create the home.

Therefore, the essential aspect for the appreciation of the user is a sense of distinctiveness, individualism and singularity: the opportunity to form and deform the dwelling; to nest.

An architecture that allows sense of ownership even within a massive building complex, and also, a feeling of freedom to do whatever. To be in control.

The dwelling complex has to communicate that the building can be appreciated as a home; articulate what can be recognised as something familiar; what our initial dream was… A “House for Homes”…

WHAT IS MOST IMPORTANT? What do “where, who and what” have in common? It seems important to focus on the user’s role - and the user’s role alone.

What is it we all want, what can we contribute with and how can we introduce sustainable architecture without neglecting our fundamental desires? In that sense, there is really only one question to ask:

WHAT CAN BE LEARNED FROM WHAT IS BUILD? At this point the

32

can dwellings convince us to USE LESS ?

How can we facilitate a change in attitude in each and every one of us? How can a building make us want to live a life where we use less hot water, electricity, heat, cooling, fossil fuels, supervision, solar cells, space, materials, regularity, energy,...? How can we be convinced to live in houses that is programmed to use less? A “Suitable Dwelling”, a “House for Homes” in an urban “hinterland”.

PROBLEM STATEMENT: Can dwellings convince us to USE LESS?

33

APPROACH =

0?

3

34

...

re so mewhe n in-betwee 100% DREAM

100% VISION

ILL. #11 the project is a transition between how we ought to live and what we dream of.

how?

project vision To create an architecture, that not only use less; an energy machine, but an architecture people would actually prefer; a “living machine”. A dwelling with the potential of becoming a home and secondly introduces a way of life, that ‘use less’.

It is that “simple”. And what is more: To use less is absolutely free. Any other sustainable initiative is not.

the developer and the user [Becker 2011], and that is where this project starts; by asking “How can we all use less?” and secondly “maybe we all simply use too much?!” These questions are meant to introduce an architectural approach that rises from the user and the question of our habits and how these might be translated into a new dwelling typology.

The discussion of sustainability that this project marks, does not only redirect the discussion onto what each and everyone of us emit; energy per person instead of merely the building performance, but also on how to make a sustainable building people would want to live in. What does a building like that look like?

The expectation is to induce an architecture which is concerned about the habits of the inhabitant more than the complexity of the complex. An architecture where the demands for individuality and a sense of belonging play a vital role in order to include the various personalities in the design, but also the things that we have in common. An architecture that uses less from the inside and out. An architecture that is just as sustainable as any other, if one might be so bold; typical zero-energy-buildings. In other words: A massive individualistic housing complex, what ever that might be.

The main issue with the concept of ‘use less’ is how to address the user habits. One of the issues with sustainable design and energy calculation today is that they seldom reflect the actual use, when the building has been constructed; only the estimated use. The user, the inhabitant of the building, is insufficiently taken into account - not because the industry is not aware of the gap between the calculated predictions and the actual conditions after the building is established and people have moved in, but because the industry is not able to. People are simply hard to predict and the building does not correspond with the expectations of the user. If you consider humans in an evolutionary perspective: We are only exactly as considerate as it has made sense for us to be. It seems that most people would choose to sit on the backseat, with regards to making a change, if one could get away with it.

Thus, this discussion suggests a lack of co-creation between

DESIGN STRATEGIES AND SUSTAINABLE APPROACH ON PAGE 34-36

35

Urban strategy

The urban strategy of this project is based on conclusions from the section “where”, page 10-17 (see ill. 12, page 34).

0: CITY INTERPRETATION 3

nytorv

city interpretation

boulevarden

2

jyllandsgade

Regarding Kennedy Arkaden(1) as top priority - not the site itself.

Relations between public spaces creates the public sequences of Aalborg - the aim is to support this. The main sequences of the central city is laid out as followed: + Sequence 1-2: Budolfi Cathedral(2) to Kennedy Arkaden(1)

4

1

+ Sequence 2-3 (from medival time): Budolfi Cathedral(2) to The Castle(3) + Potential sequence 1-4: Kennedy Arkaden(1) to Karolinelund Fair (4). This, however, follows that Kennedy Arkaden is regarded as a part of the masterplan (a).

a

masterplan zoning

Supporting public sequence.

Since the site is located immediately in the public sequence between Kennedy Arkaden and the potential public space Karolinelund (Jyllandsgade), the most important objective is to support the density and liveliness of Jyllandsgade. The zones are laid out according to the logic of the site.

1: Kennedy Arkaden x: The old goods yard building is kept as a potential public space

1: MASTERPLAN ZONING jyllandsgade

1 e

c x

b

0

a

d

site zoning

Organising in-between spaces and relations of scale and functions.

The overall zoning of the masterplan has an immediate impact of the organisation of the building site. Functions are laid out according to the hierarchy of the site and the orientation.

1: Kennedy Arkaden remains the main public and commercial centre of the site. b1: This axis is primary a housing zone in order to maximise a south facade for light penetration and solar gain. To insure diversity in use public functions are incorporated.

2: SITE ZONING jyllandsgade

b1

c1 1 c2

d1

2: GRADUATION OF SCALE

graduation of scale b

1

d

Fading out the dense city into more human-like scale.

Moving from Jyllandsgade towards the backside space the scale

1

jyllandsgade ILL. #12 Urban strategy

36

and as a “filter” for flow onto the site, and the impression of Kennedy Arkaden. zone a: The masterplan area zone b: High, dense building: This to compliment the dense city across the road and to support the public sequence. zone c: A gap between Kennedy Arkaden and the rest of the site. zone d: A backside space that is secondary to other zones. zone e: Centre for public transportation.

c1: The area between Kennedy Arkaden and the old goods yard building is a natural void, which will be activated by distribution of flow and as an entrance for site because of its proximity to Jyllandsgade. c2: The goods yard building has the potential of becoming an indoor/outdoor space for public facilities such as markets. d1: The backside space of the masterplan stretches onto the site and immediately becomes something else - distinct from zone b1. The primary function is housing.

of buildings gradually moves into the dispersed city, that surrounds the site.

SITE PHOTO #17 ON THE EDGE OF THE DENSE CITY Looking from east to west across the railway tracks

?

37

Architectural strategy The architectural strategy is based on conclusions from the “who” chapter, page 18-23 (see ill. 13, page 36).

dwelling scale architectural scale contextual scale

human scale

1:200

1:1 10: Address context explore site potentials

09: Use less anonymity a clear shape with a clear singularity

08: Produce energy incorporation of PV cells in architecture

07: Incorporate public functions a diverse programme, but with a clear distinction

06: Use more green private and public green areas as a part of the architecture

05: User-optimised typologies the interior of each dwelling-type is distinct

sustainable strategy The sustainable strategy is based on conclusions from the section “what”, page 24-27 (see ill. 14, page 36).

suitable architecture

solar

green

identity

(

(

04: Building organisation A rational, compact system that has embedded singularity

03: Use less to get more minimise m2 but maximize m3

02: Use less energy in light incorporate lit-through space

01: Private entrance personalised dwellings

00: Use less energy per person co-creational awareness of sustainable architecture

ILL. #13

ARCHITECTURAL STRATEGY

ILL. #14 SUSTAINABLE STRATEGY The identity of the building as a frame of holistic sustainability: “Green” as clear reference to environmental consideration and solar optimization in order to reach zero energy. The suitability in this is lie in the fact that sustainability is no longer something extra, but a part of the network of various expectations to the building from the user, the site, the climate and the city.

38

PROCESS PICTURE #05 Transforming words into concepts

39

room chart

dwellings

area

min. room height

users

use

TYPE 01 - 110 M2 + BALCONY (primarily for families)

activity level

public relevance

++++

++++

Living area

33m2

2,8 m

4

Dining, day- and evening activities

Kitchen

22m2

2,8 m

4

Cooking and storage

++++

++++

Bathroom

11m2

2,8 m

2

Shower, toilet, storage

++++

++++

Master Bedroom

15m2

2,8 m

2

Sleeping,storage for clothes

++++

++++

Bedroom

9m2

2,8 m

1

Sleeping, afternoon activities, storage

++++

++++

Bedroom

14m2

2,8 m

1

Sleeping, afternoon activities storage

++++

++++

6m2

2,8 m

1

Desk,afternoon activities afternoon activities

++++

++++

-

-

>1

Ventilation, washing machine

++++

++++

20 m2

(2,8m)

4

Gardening, playing

++++

++++

Office Technical equip.

Outdoor area

TYPE 02 - 92 M2 + BALCONY (primarily for small families, couples and elderly people) Kitchen

34m2

2,8 m

3

Cooking and storage

++++

++++

Living Area

24m2

2,8 m

3

Dining, day- and evening activities

++++

++++

Bathroom

11m2

2,8 m

2

Shower, toilet, storage

++++

++++

Master bedroom

11m2

2,8 m

2

Sleeping, storage for clothes

++++

++++

Bedroom/office

12m2

2,8 m

1

Desk/sleeping, afternoon activities storage

++++

++++

-

-

>1

Ventilation

++++

++++

12 m2

(2,8m)

3

Gardening, playing

++++

++++

Technical equip.

Outdoor area

TYPE 03 - 53 M2 + BALCONY (primarily for couples, singles, elderly and young) Living area + kitchen

30m2

2,8 m

2

Cooking, storage, dining

++++

++++

Bathroom

10m2

2,8 m

1

Shower, toilet, storage

++++

++++

Bedroom

13m2

2,8 m

2

Sleeping, storage for clothes

++++

++++

-

-

>1

Ventilation

++++

++++

10 m2

(2,8m)

2

Gardening

++++

++++

area

min. room height

users

activity level

public relevance

Technical equip.

Outdoor area

public functions

use

flow

daylight min.

air change min.

temp. summer

temp. winter

CO2 level

Access from living area

500 lux

0,5h-1

23-26o

20-24o

660 ppm

Access from kitchen

500 lux

0,5h-1

23-26o

20-24o

660 ppm

Easy accessible

200 lux

0,5h-1

23-26o

20-24o

660 ppm

Access from living area

200 lux

0,5h-1

23-26o

20-24o

660 ppm

Easy access to bathroom

200 lux

0,5h-1

23-26o

20-24o

660 ppm

Easy access to bathroom

200 lux

0,5h-1

23-26o

20-24o

660 ppm

Easy accessible

200 lux

Next to bathroom and kitchen

50 lux

0,5h-1

23-26o

20-24o

660 ppm

Access from living area

-

-

-

-

350 ppm

Access from living area

500 lux

0,5h-1

23-26o

20-24o

660 ppm

Access from kitchen

500 lux

0,5h-1

23-26o

20-24o

660 ppm

Easy accessible

200 lux

0,5h-1

23-26o

20-24o

660 ppm

Access from living area

200 lux

0,5h-1

23-26o

20-24o

660 ppm

Easy access to bathroom

200 lux

0,5h-1

23-26o

20-24o

660 ppm

Next to bathroom and kitchen

50 lux

0,5h-1

23-26o

20-24o

660 ppm

Esay access from living area

-

-

-

-

350 ppm

Easy access from outdoor area

500 lux

0,5h-1

23-26o

20-24o

660 ppm

Easy accessible

200 lux

0,5h-1

23-26o

20-24o

660 ppm

Access from living area

200 lux

0,5h-1

23-26o

20-24o

660 ppm

Next to bathroom and kitchen

50 lux

0,5h-1

23-26o

20-24o

660 ppm

Essay access from living area

-

-

-

-

350 ppm

daylight min.

air change min.

temp. summer

temp. winter

Easy access to outdoor semi private park areas and parking

-

-

23-26o

20-24o

Easy access to cafe and parking

-

-

23-26o

20-24o

Easy access to street and parking

-

-

23-26o

20-24o

Easy access to street and parking

-

-

23-26o

20-24o

Access to street

-

-

23-26o

20-24o

flow

660 ppm

Other facilities

Public- and common facilities (will not be detailed further) 400 m2

<4 m

100

Public day care, age 4-6 years

++++

++++

1200 m2

<4 m

-

Rentable offices space for small firms

++++

++++

CafĂŠ

250 m2

<4 m

-

Public meeting point, dining, drink

++++

++++

Shops

650 m2

<4 m

-

Shopping

++++

++++

1200 m2

-

-

Private/reserved parking for housing units, day care, offices and grocery

++++

++++

Bicycle parking

400 m2

-

-

Private/reserved parking for housing units, day care, offices and grocery

++++

++++

Access to street

-

-

23-26o

20-24o

Park

18000 m2

-

-

Public and semi private grounds for outdoor activities

++++

++++

Access from private areas

-

-

23-26o

20-24o

Day care

Offices

Car parking

[Web 40]

40

PROCESS PICTURE #05 paper is traced by a pen an slowly ideas starts to take form

41

IDEATION 0?

=

4

42

...

PROCESS PICTURE #06 When lines become shapes, become space, become architecture

introduction

the unusual answer

The ideation phase of the process, where producing a large quantity is an aim in itself, in order to explore the project potentials and downfalls, discussions, brainstorms and an interchange between medias is important. The process is begun with a presentation of the cases, that has been an inspiration with regards to both sustainability and the question of how to create dwellings.

This chapter will not elaborate on the various ideas in detail, but only touch the essential aspects of this process, where after a detailed description of the chosen concept - the unusual answer - is given.

CASE STUDIES ON NEXT PAGE

43

phase #01 Case studies performance

study in building

zero

energy

+

Beddington Zero Energy Development, also known as BedZED is an innovative green design village, where the aim is to create a social and environmental sustainable community.

Buildings, traffic plans and the knowledge about sustainability are planned in relation to this objective and has been developed as a prototype for further development.

A mixed-used area, which includes living and work, gives life to the community. + Social hub – an active social environment with strong community values linked to sustainability. + The residents’ lifestyle is sustainable, which possibly form the most outstanding aspect of the development. The knowledge are given to the residents by the community; information about electric cars, the public transport scheme, information about food; only buy what you can eat, eat organic, local and seasonal food and where the local farmers market take place. + Everything starts from a sustainable point of view; from design, through construction, to specific functions. Therefore, it follows that the construction is made of recycled, local

study in planning

+ Mixed use, cultural offers and

Name: BedZED Architect: Bill Dunster Scale: Architecture Location: UK, Beddington Project completed: 2002 Size: 82 dwellings and 1405 m2 office space Sustainable approach: Environmental and social sustainability

multitude a of activities bring the area to life. + Networks of streets, passages, gardens, squares and buildings shape the public forum, where different activities can take place. + An open ground floor with cafés, shops and other public functions open up the area and the sections. This also invites

Name: Carlsberg – Our Town Architect: Entasis Scale: Urban planning Location: Copenhagen, Denmark Project completed: Continual Size: 330.000 m2 Sustainable approach: Social sustainability

study in urban renovation

+ A coherent stretch of green parkland on an old elevated railway on Manhattan combines history with a new sustainable approach. + A combination of the industrial railways and the green vegetation gives the place a unique quality and identity. + The railways create a long green corridor, where people can

Name: New York’s High Line Architect: Neil Denari Architects Scale: Urban planning Location: USA, New York City Project completed: Continual Size: 2.3 km long Sustainable approach: Social and environmental sustainability

study in minimizing heat loss.

+ A green business park placed

on the old goods yard adjacent to Machynlleth Railway Station is designed to minimize heating, cooling and lighting energy requirements. + A well insulated sealed envelope, while still providing sufficient glazing for natural light contribute to reducing the heat loss while maintaining indoor light quality. + Trickled vent integrated in

Name: Dyfi Eco Park Architect: Gaia Architects Scale: Architecture Location: Wales, Machynlleth Project completed: 2003 Sustainable approach: Environmental sustainability

study in Life time homes

+ The concept for the dwellings is to make a home for people’s need now and in the future. + This aim is achieved by creating buildings that are easy to alter, depending on the inhabitant’s circumstances. + To accommodate needs for different users the dwelling consists of rooms and open spaces, which can be used in different ways. + All internal walls are non-

Name: 21st Century Homes, Lifetime home Architect: Briffa Phillips Scale: Architecture Location: United Kingdom, Aylesbury Project completed: 2004 Sustainable approach: Social sustainability

44

materials.

Excellent public transport is secured by proper choice of location, which reduces the need for fossil fuels for cars by 50 percent. + Southern orientation which ensures a maximum exploration of sunlight; both for passive heating and natural daylight conditions. + The walls are well insulated to secure a good level of thermal comfort.

+

= the residents’ release of CO2 is 56 percent lower than average English citizen.

the

[WEB 11] [WEB 12]

people to move in, out and through the buildings and create a bustling life. + A diverse medley of inhabitants give the area diversity. + Maintenance of old Carlsberg buildings preserves the history of the site.

[WEB 13]

relax, walk or have their lunch.

Green natural and original plants are central elements in the park. + Furniture in the park is made of wood that comes from sustainable forests.

[WEB 14]

the windows supply fresh air to the building. + Cross ventilation is permitted in the building, which contributes to a comfortable temperature. + Materials are selected according to their embodied energy use and at the same time provide a healthy environment for the buildings’ occupants.

[SASSI 2006]

load bearing walls, which allows the inhabitant to remove them or reposition them. + The buildings exterior walls are created in a mixture of bricks and timber facing which gives the house a warm and durable feel. + The indoor space has a double high room and staircases, which add spatial quality to the house.

[SASSI 2006]

study in minimizing heat loss.

+ The intention of minimizing

Name: Charlton Park Architect: Stephenson Bell Scale: Architecture Location: United Kingdom, Manchester Project completed: 2003 Sustainable approach: Environmental sustainability

the heat loss is based on the fact, that 60 percent of the energy use in a typical dwelling in UK is for space heating. + By using well insulated exterior walls and high performance windows the energy loss is reduced. + The living rooms are orientated south, which maximise the solar gain.

study in orientation

+ The aim was to create an

alternative way of living in the impersonal suburb area; this alternative dwelling should be as energy efficient as possible. + Energy efficiency is secured by orientation according to the sun and wind. + Wind conditions is important

Name: Pinakarri Cohousing Architect: Hammond and Green Scale: Architecture Location: Western Australia, Hamilton Hill, Perth Project completed: 1999 Size: 12 units Sustainable approach: Social sustainability

study in dwelling

Name: Unité d’habitation Architect: Le Cobusier Scale: Architecture Location: France, Marseille Project completed: 1947 Size: 337 apartments arranged over twelve storyes

+ Unité d’habitation was one of

the first initiatives to public housing, where shops, play, life, privacy, community and green gardens come together in what could be called a gathered dense city incorporated in one building body. + The aim was to create a collection of apartments, wherein the private family life

study in compact dwelling

Name: Le Cabanon Architect: Le Cobusier Scale: Dwelling, architecture Location: France,Luberon village Project completed: 1952 Size: 16 m2

+ Le Cabanon is an example of

how to create maximum space in few m2. It is a hut restricting to the minimum, but not in its uniqueness as an individually designed house. + The plan appears as a whole, where only few lines represented by walls break up the plan. + A composition of geometric

+ Excessive solar gain is reduced in the summer by deep overhanging balconies. + In cold climates the solar gain is desirable in the winter, therefore the position of the sun in relation to the surrounding is important to consider.

[SASSI 2006]

in the summertime, because cross ventilation can help to cool down the building.

[SASSI 2006]

should occur and outside the apartment people should gather together. + It is described as a functionalmachine, a living-machine, a ‘city within a city’, where the key word is sun, air and green trees. + The large building volume is supported by massive pilots (pillars), this allows circulation beneath the building, and thereby the building does not prevent the life on the ground. + Different colours are added to the balconies, which gives the units a kind of individuality and create a facade pattern. + One units span from one façade

to another, which ensure light from both sides. + Balconies give the apartment some of the qualities a villa contains; access to the outside. + The apartments are created in two levels, where one plan has a smaller area than the other one, which create an ‘interlocking system’ where two units are locked into each other.

elements, all the furniture, fragment the plan and create smaller space and niches in the room. These furniture creates creative space, creative atmospheare, and therefore, main elements in the organisation of the room. + The plan only contains basic functions; sleeping opportunity, working area and a toilet, and thereby make use of every square meter. + The areas which occur in relation to the functions overlap each other and create an open plan with a lot of possibilities.

+ The small area in the dwelling does not allow waste of place, therefore most of the furniture are multifunctional; one example is the bed, which also is storage.

[WEB 15] [WEB 16] [CORBUSIER 1965]

[WEB 17] [WEB 18]

INSPIRATION IMAGES #01-12 See page 75 for references SKETCHING PHASE ON NEXT PAGE

45

phase #02 PROCESS PICTURE #07 Design tools has many faces; elaborating on potential solutions for the initial problem statement

Sketching

With a set out in the problem statement and the case studies, that both include sustainable and architectural considerations various ideas are produced (see process pictures 08-42, page 45). In this phase both physical models, drawings, diagrams and 3D modelling are explored. The strategies (page 34-36) is used not only to design from, but also as a tool in the decision making process.

The sketching phase results in a design concept (see page 46-47), which will be qualified according to the architectural vision by means of both aesthetical, functional and technical aspects.

46

PROCESS PICTURES #08-42 Creation of potential solutions for the initial problem by the means of sketches, digital modelling and physical models

CHOSEN CONCEPT ON NEXT PAGE

47

phase #03 Concept

description. The developed concept is a housing complex, that incorporates the qualities of a single-family-house and borrows the image of it; an image that provokes happy memories that is connected to this iconic shape of archetypical house.

that is conscious about the state of common mentality among people today: If you influence people’s sense of reason, you can persuade them. However, if you cajole people by talking to their emotions you can convince them.

Thus, this concept is not a rational approach to how a more “suitable” way of life can be incorporated in the way we dwell. It is a concept

The potential of this concept is to enhance direct references to the familiar and the trustable, and thereby, attempt to be positioned as a solution that

is somewhere in-between what the user dream of and what we ought to live in. The best of both worlds.

(see page 34-36) The propositions of each tower varies according to the interior design and choice of material.

+ The typology of this is some

+ There is a big difference in

what similar to the logic of “rowhouses”. The building is subdivided horizontally into distinct towers to enhance a sense of singularity, belonging and diversity. Working with a elongated typology makes sense according to the urban strategy

48

climate conditions from north to south which is why this building will be a reflection of this by dichotomies of open/closed, sun/shadow, regular/dispersed, effective/recreative, transit/ dwell e.g.

+ The roof, one of the corner

stones of architecture, is most important for the recognisability of the design and the performance of the building according to solar power and exploration of this. This will be a strong element in the design.

+

Public functions will be incorporated in the bottom of the complex, as a more transparent belt on the border line between

public and private. â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Greenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and outdoor areas will be incorporated as vertical elements embedded in the logic of the towers in order to enhance the idiom of this shape.

upon adjustability. It is the responsibility of the architects to create the dwelling and the user to create the home.

Furthermore, there is a potential to explore the performance of the building with regards to ventilation, lit through spaces e.g. when having an open plan.

+

+Each tower is rotated towards west in order to expose a corner towards east, west and south for outdoor areas.

At this stage of the design process, architecture is still a diagram, an essay. The next

+ The interior concept is based

phases in the design process aims to inform the design, so that this stubborn shape adapts and deform according to the design strategies (see page 34-36) both in terms of sustainability but also, most importantly, in terms of the architectural experience that is intended; A house for homes.

VISUALISATION #01 Visual essay on the concept; architecture as a diagram

49

QUALIFY

0?

=

5

50

...

PROCESS PICTURE #43 taking the next step; from diagram to design

introduction what and how to qualify

At this point in the design process, the architecture is still a diagram. This chapter elaborates on the initiatives which are taken in order to detail the project.

The steps are taken in order to qualify and inform the concept starting with basic performance studies of basic proportions and properties of the design followed by series of developments according to climate optimisation, functionality and aesthetical considerations.

QUALIFICATION SUMMARY ON PAGE 64 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT ON NEXT PAGES

51

phase #04 analysis 0.1

Volume studies. These basic volume studies is made to reduce energy use by means of orientation, number of floors and finally size and orientation of glazing surfaces (see ill. 1527, page 50).

NORTH-SOUTHEAST-WEST Footprint: 12 x 12 m

EAST-WEST Footprint: 9 m x 50 m

NORTH-SOUTH Footprint: 9 m x 50 m

According to the concept, the investigation is made for a rowhouse typology.

However, in order to simplify the investigation, the building is represented by a regular slab with a fixed length.

LEGEND: H: kWh/m2 per year for heating C: kWh/m2 per year for cooling Calculation data: Heat capacity: 120 Wh/Km2 Room temperature: 21 - 25 oC Service hours/week: 168 Walls, U-value : 0,15 W/m2K Roof/terrain, U-value: 0,1 W/m2K Windows, U-value: 0,6 W/m2K (g-value: 0,48)

A: S90% = A: S50% = A: S30% = A: S15% =

- N10% - E30% H: 47,0/C: 1,4 - N15% - E30% H: 44,7/C: 1,9 - N30% - E30% H: 45,8/C: 1,8 - N15% - E15% H: 40,4/C: 0,2

W30%

A: S90% = A: S50% = A: S30% = A: S15% =

- N10% - E30% H: 47,9/C: 1,2 - N15% - E30% H: 45,5/C: 1,7 - N30% - E30% H: 46,6/C: 1,6 - N15% - E15% H: 41,3/C: 0,1

W30%

A: S90% = A: S50% = A: S30% = A: S15% =

- N10% - E30% H: 49,1/ C: 0,9 - N15% - E30% H: 46,7/C: 1,5 - N30% - E30% H: 47,9/C: 1,5 - N15% - E15% H: 46,2/C: 0,9

W30%

A: S90% = A: S50% = A: S30% = A: S15% =

- N10% - E30% H: 52,6/ C: 1,1 - N15% - E30% H: 50,4/C: 0,9 - N30% - E30% H: 52,3/C: 0,6 - N15% - E15% H: 49,8/C: 0,9

W30%

W30% W30%

A: A: A: A:

E90% E65% E50% E30%

-

W10% W35% W50% W30%

= = = =

H: H: H: H:

47,0/C: 47,0/C: 47,0/C: 40,9/C:

0,3 0,3 0,3 0,8

A: A: A: A:

E90% E65% E50% E30%

-

W10% W35% W50% W30%

= = = =

H: H: H: H:

47,0/C: 0,3 47,0/C: 0,3 47,8/C: 0,2 41,7/ C:0,7

A: A: A: A:

S90% S65% S50% S30%

-

A: A: A: A:

E90% E65% E50% E30%

-

W10% W35% W50% W30%

= = = =

H: H: H: H:

47,0/C: 47,0/C: 48,0/C: 43,2/C:

0,3 0,3 0,7 0,5

A: A: A: A:

S90% S65% S50% S30%

-

A: A: A: A:

E90% E65% E50% E30%

-

W10% W35% W50% W30%

= = = =

H: H: H: H:

47,0/C: 47,0/C: 50,7/C: 46,6/C:

0,3 0,3 0,7 0,3

= = = =

H: 37,0/C: 0,1

N10% N35% N50% N30%

= = = =

H: H: H: H:

N10% N35% N50% N30%

= = = =

H: 37,4/C: 0,6 H:39,7/C: 1,5 H: 41,1/C: 1,2 H: 38,7/C:0,6

A: S90% - N10% A: S65% - N35% A: S50% - N50% A: S30% - N30%

H: 38,8/C: 1,7 H: 38,9/C: 2,7 H: 36,4/C: 0,9

W15%

Internal heat loads: 5 W/m2 floor area Ventilation Summer: 1,5 h-1 Winter: 0,5 h-1 DESIGN METHOD: + Digital modelling + Spreadsheet, “MonthAverage”: Calculation

Considerations.

Following the logic of this investigation, it is evident, that an building, with a north-south orientation and 30%/30% distribution of glazing areas is the most energy efficient, and thus this will be the general approach in this project.

However, the spreadsheet ‘MonthAverage’ does not take into consideration the energy used for electrical lighting. This implies that bad daylight conditions might result in a low energy consumption according to this spread sheet, but following the building regulation it would result in an increased energy consumption due to the higher need for electrical lighting. This balance ought to be taken into account when further performance studies are made (see page 52-56). This attention to natural daylight should be considered in relation to the specific use at a specific time of the day.

Passive solar heating might not be that important when having well isolated outer walls, however, passive solar heating has the risk of leading to overheating in summer time.

W30% W30%

37,4/C: 0.1 39,7/C: 1,5 41,9/C:1,1 37,2/C:0,8

W15%

W30% W30% W15%

W30% W30%

A: A: A: A:

S90% S65% S50% S30%

-

N10% N35% N50% N30%

= = = =

39,7/C: 43,8/C: 44,0/C: 39,8/C:

0,7 1,1 1,5 0,9

W15%

ILL. #15-27 Diagrams for volume/energy studies

52

phase #04 analysis 0.2

Daylight factor studies. The

daylight studies are made to obtain an understanding of depth of the building according to width, floor height and the amount and proportions of windows, as well as the effect on the indoor daylight quality in terms of daylight factor and shadows/ direct sunlight. The daylight factor does not take orientation into account, but describes the relationship (unit: %) between the outdoor and indoor natural light. What can be understood from this is how natural light is distributed in the room.

The results is used to the basic proportions of building.

set the

The room width of this investigation(6 meters) is fixed.

ROOM LENGTH: 7 M

ROOM LENGTH: 9 M

ROOM LENGTH: 11 M

ROOM HEIGHT: 2,5 M OPENINGS: 10 % / 90 %

ROOM HEIGHT: 2,5 M OPENINGS: 35 % / 65 %

ROOM HEIGHT: 2,5 M OPENINGS: 50 % / 50 %

ROOM HEIGHT: 2,5 M OPENINGS: 35 % / 35 %

DESIGN METHOD + Ecotect Radiance: Simulation and calculation of daylight factor.

Considerations.

From this investigation is seems possible to obtain good daylight conditions in a room with 2,5 m room height with a depth of 9 m and 35% openings from both sides. This is in coherence with the volume studies according to energy use and glazing area (see page 50). This affects the final design in terms of proportion and placement of windows in accordance with aesthetical and functional considerations.

Daylight factors do not take the variation of light into account according to orientation and time of day, which is why, this will be discussed subsequently.

ROOM HEIGHT: 3,0 M OPENINGS: 10 % / 90 %

ROOM HEIGHT: 3,0 M OPENINGS: 35 % / 65 %

ROOM HEIGHT: 3,0 M OPENINGS: 50 % / 50 %

LEGEND 15 13.6

ROOM HEIGHT: 3,0 M OPENINGS: 35 % / 35 %

12.2 10.8 9.4 8.0 6.6 5.2 3.8 2.4 1.0

ROOM HEIGHT: 5,0 M OPENINGS: 10 % / 90 %

ROOM HEIGHT: 5,0 M OPENINGS: 35 % / 65 %

ROOM HEIGHT: 5,0 M OPENINGS: 50 % / 50 %

ILL. #28-64 Diagrams for volume/energy studies

ROOM HEIGHT: 5,0 M OPENINGS: 35 % / 35 %

SECTION CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGES QUALIFICATION SUMMARY ON PAGE 64

53

phase #04 analysis 0.3

Direct light studies.

In order to understand the experienced quality of life, an investigation of luminance for the optimal daylight factor case is processed.

21ST OF DECEMBER

FROM 06:00 AM TO 09:00 AM

FROM 03:00 PM TO 08:00 PM

FROM 06:00 AM TO 08:00 PM

FROM 03:00 PM TO 08:00 PM

FROM 06:00 AM TO 08:00 PM

FROM 03:00 PM TO 08:00 PM

FROM 06:00 AM TO 08:00 PM

The studies are made for 21st of march, the 21st of June and the 21st of December in order to include conditions through out the year. Each day is divided into 3 timely intervals.

The room, which has proportions and window openings according to previous studies (see page 50-51) and for both northsouth orientation and west-east orientation.

DESIGN METHOD + Ecotect Radiance: Simulation and calculation of luminance.

Considerations.

There is no clear conclusions to make in this case based on the developed date, however, there is much better distribution of direct light deeply into the apartment with a east-west orientated room. Unfortunately, according to the volume study (see page 50), this orientation has a negative effect on the energy use for heating.

Based on the initial idea (see concept on page 46-47) it makes sense to orientate the rooms slightly towards west, that will firstly expose a corner, which will be attractive for outdoor spaces, but also secondly, to ensure better indoor distribution deeply into the dwelling. This investigation has resulted in another direct sunlight study, where the dwellings are combined into rows and angled slightly towards west (see page 53).

21ST OF MARCH

FROM 06:00 AM TO 09:00 AM

21ST OF JUNE

FROM 06:00 AM TO 09:00 AM

ILL. #65-83 Diagrams for orientation according to daylight/shadow conditions in interior

54

phase #04 analysis 0.4

Direct light studies.

The volumes, which represent apartments, are combined into row formations and angled 20 degrees towards south-west, and analysed in the same way as performance 0.3 (see page 52) in order to determined the effect of the angling and the consequences of self shadowing (see ill. 8483).

21st of December

FROM 06:00 AM TO 09:00 AM

FROM 03:00 PM TO 08:00 PM

FROM 06:00 AM TO 08:00 PM

FROM 03:00 PM TO 08:00 PM

FROM 06:00 AM TO 08:00 PM

FROM 03:00 PM TO 08:00 PM

FROM 06:00 AM TO 08:00 PM

DESIGN METHOD + Ecotect Radiance: Simulation and calculation of luminance.

Considerations.

+ The angling seem to permit the direct light to penetrate deeper into the room. These areas, where the direct light is more evident, the space is potentially better suited for living areas where as the darker spaces, preferably with northern light, are better suited for offices, toilet facilities and such. + The angling has another consequence in terms of self shadowing, which has an effect on the calculations for energy consumption and indoor thermal condition. If the consequence is positive depends on the final design of the building envelope.

The angling and exposed corners seems to allow more light to penetrate the apartment.

Potentially this leads to a decrease in use of electrical light, and a more varied experience of the natural daylight throughout the day when orienting windows in as many corners of the world as possible.

Energy-wise there is a downside to the angling; the surface to volume ratio is increased. The effect of this in terms of energy consumption will be examined conceptually on page 69.

21st of March

FROM 06:00 AM TO 09:00 AM

21st of June

FROM 06:00 AM TO 09:00 AM

ILL. #84-93 Diagrams for orientation according to daylight/shadow conditions in interior

SECTION CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGES QUALIFICATION SUMMARY ON PAGE 64

55

phase #04 analysis 0.5

Shadow studies. The indoor daylight conditions very much depend on potential shadowing from other buildings.

This investigation represents the first steps towards forming both public spaces with direct sunlight and minimising unfortunate shadows on the facades. The studies are made according to the worst light conditions during the year - 21st of December through the day.

The investigations are made according to the urban strategy (see page 34), where support of the public sequence on Jyllandsgade is most important and secondly an graduation of scale from Jyllandsgade and into the project site area.

DESIGN METHOD + Ecotect Radiance: simulation

Shadow

considerations. The most important things to understand from these studies are that a combination of variation of height, distance between the buildings, length of the building slabs and angling of the slabs are important in order to let the sun penetrate the density of area. Thus, the best obtained daylight conditions was obtained by a combination of these.

Naturally the worst daylight condition occur in the bottom of the building slab along Jyllandsgade, especially towards east, which is why this particular area will be explored for public functions, that do not require direct sunlight to the same degree as dwellings.

Considering the experience of these shadow investigations, it is furthermore important to notice, that there is no relation between the dwellings and the old goods yard building.

In order to make sense of both, it makes sense to address this in the following design process in accordance with the urban strategy and the natural subdivision of the site into zones with distinct characters.

QUALIFICATION SUMMARY ON PAGE 64

ILL. #94-104 3D SITE MODEL shadow studies according to distance, height, length and position of building slabs.

56

phase #04

analysis 0.6 daylight analysis.

vs.

energy

In terms of design development and the actual process, this investigation is made simultaneously with plan drawing developments (see phase 05) in order to get as precise results as possible. Thus, these should be kept in mind, when considering the increased detail level in the analysis material.

The aim of these studies are to provide good natural light conditions while avoiding overheating in any area of the apartment.

Nevertheless, it is rather difficult to evaluate, whether “good natural light condition” are achieved or not. And thus, it follows: “When can we state that a room has a good quality in terms of light?”

There are many factors to take into consideration and beyond all numbers and calculations it is useful to remember that

natural light constantly change through days and seasons. Light creates moods and is perceived differently by all people.

Nevertheless, the tools used in this phase helped to constantly improve and refine the design; at least when it is evaluated in technical terms.

The medium size apartment is the basis for the following comparisons. The analysis will be made on conditions where no cooling is allowed, and a natural ventilation rate of 2,5h-1 is kept.

The ventilation air has the same temperature as outdoor air.

The interior material is, furthermore, taken in to consideration while doing this investigation; walls are mainly made of bright and medium reflective surface and the central core is defined as slightly dark and medium reflective surface equivalent to cork material(see section “Materiality”, page 61 and appendix A and B).

Moreover, an U-value of 0,65 W/m2K and a G-value of 0,48 has been attributed to all the windows.

ANALYSIS METHOD A 3D model followed the “ecotect studies” on Daylight Factor (D.F.) analysis where the ratio of outside illuminance over inside illuminance is described in percentage. According to the Danish Building regulation, an average D.F. of 2% should be achieved.

The aim of this project is to follow the NetZEB standards where the average D.F. for primary rooms are 5%, and 2% for secondary rooms.

In order to obtain this D.F. a plane with z-height 700 mm is analysed.

SECTION CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGES

ILL. #105-125 DIAGRAMS Calculation of daylight factor according to size and position of windows (continues on next page) DESCRIPTION: FIRST ATTEMPT. WINDOWS DIMENSIONS HAVE BEEN DESIGNED ACCORDING TO INTERIOR PROPORTIONS. CONSIDERATION: THE LIGHT IS NOT HOMOGENEOUSLY DISTRIBUTED.

NORTH:

18,43% -

SOUTH:

62,40% - 19,05M2

HEATING:

5,62M2

14,30 KWH/M2

MAX TEMP.:

27,2 °C

OVERALL D.F. AVERAGE:

6,26%

DESCRIPTION: THIS DESIGN HAS BEEN DONE IN THE AIM OF OBTAINING 20% OF OPENINGS ON THE NORTH FACADE AND 50% ON SOUTH (ACCORDING TO THE ENERGY CONSUMPTION).

MOST OF THE OPENINGS FOLLOW AN HORIZONTAL DEVELOPMENT. CONSIDERATION: THE LIGHT IS STILL NOT HOMOGENIES DESPITE THE EFFORT TO DISTRIBUTE THE WINDOWS BETTER.

NORTH:

19,70% -

SOUTH:

54,70% - 16,07M2

DESCRIPTION: THE AIM IS TO KEEP 20% OF OPENINGS ON THE NORTH FACADE AND 50% ON SOUTH, TRYING TO TAKE IN CONSIDERATION THE EXPRESSION OF THE FACADE AND A BETTER DISTRIBUTION OF LIGHT. CONSIDERATION: THERE ARE STILL SOME “SPOTS” WHERE THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT IS RATHER LOW.

NORTH:

DESCRIPTION: THE AIM IS TO TRY TO AVOID DARK “CORNERS” AND ACHIEVE A BETTER DISTRIBUTION OF LIGHT UTILIZING TWO TYPOLOGIES OF WINDOWS ACCORDING TO ROOM FUNCTIONS AND AMOUNT OF LIGHT DESIRED. CONSIDERATION: BETTER DISTRIBUTION OF LIGHT. “VERTICAL WINDOWS” SEEM TO WORK WELL IN DEEP ROOMS.

NORTH:

HEATING:

6,00M2

14,20KWH/M2

MAX TEMP.:

27,0 °C

OVERALL D.F. AVERAGE:

6,09%

5,00M2

4,43% -

1,00M2

WEST:

16,40% -

SOUTH:

52,65% - 16,07M2

HEATING:

14,6KWH/M2

MAX TEMP.:

26,09 °C

OVERALL D.F. AVERAGE:

19,70% -

6,00M2

8,86% -

2,00M2

WEST: SOUTH:

52,65% - 16,07M2

HEATING: MAX TEMP.: OVERALL D.F. AVERAGE:

57

6,10%

15,3KWH/M2 27,0 °C 6,18%

DESCRIPTION: FACADE EXPRESSION IS THE PRIMARY ASPECT OF THIS DESIGN. CONSIDERATION: IN TERMS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION IT IS NOT RECOMMENDED TO CREATE MANY OPENINGS IN THE FACADE EVEN THOUGH IN THIS DESIGN THE LIGHT SEEMS TO BE WELL DISTRIBUTED.

NORTH: WEST: SOUTH:

13,10% -

4,00M2

1,10% -

0,25M2

36,17% - 11,40M2

HEATING:

14,9KWH/M2

MAX TEMP.:

25,8 °C

OVERALL D.F. AVERAGE:

DESCRIPTION: THIS DESIGN REPRESENTS THE FIRST ATTEMPT TO TAKE IN CONSIDERATIONS OF ALL THE PREVIOUS ONES AND REFINE IT ACCORDING TO THE FACADE EXPRESSION. CONSIDERATION: FROM NOW ON, ALL THE DESIGNS WILL PRESENT SLIGHT CHANGES IN TERMS OF NUMBER SINCE THAT D.F., MAX TEMPERATURE AND HEATING SEEM TO MEET OUR NEEDS.

NORTH:

DESCRIPTION: THREE DIFFERENT WINDOWS TYPOLOGIES HAVE BEEN USED. CONSIDERATION: LIGHT IS WELL DISTRIBUTED IN EVERY ROOM.

NORTH:

4,03%

3,44M2

1,59% -

0,36M2

WEST:

11,27% -

SOUTH:

33,81% - 10,32M2

HEATING:

14,7KWH/M2

MAX TEMP.:

25,9 °C

OVERALL D.F. AVERAGE:

3,60%

WEST:

11,27% -

3,44M2

SOUTH:

5,31 % -

40,10% - 12,24M2

HEATING:

15,0KWH/M2

MAX TEMP.:

25,9 °C

OVERALL D.F. AVERAGE:

DESCRIPTION: THIS DESIGN PRESENTS ONLY ONE CHANGE COMPARED TO THE OTHER ONES. ONLY ONE WINDOW HAS BEEN MODIFIED. CONSIDERATION: THIS ATTEMPT REACHES THE NEED IN TERMS OF LIGHT AND COMFORT, BUT IT DOES NOT SATISFY THE EXPECTATIONS FOR THE FACADE LOOK.

NORTH:

DESCRIPTION: FINAL DESIGN. AS IN THE LAST PROPOSAL THE AIM IS TO FIND A GOOD COMPROMISE BETWEEN FACADE EXPRESSION AND HOMOGENEOUS LIGHT WHILE AVOIDING OVERHEATING. CONSIDERATION: LIGHT IS BETTER DISTRIBUTED IN ALL ROOMS. AN AVERAGE D.F. OF 4,32% WAS ACHIEVED AND AT THE SAME TIME THE DESIRED FACADE EXPRESSION HAS BEEN OBTAINED.

NORTH:

DAYLIGHT FACTOR IN PRIMARY ROOM:

4,52%

DAYLIGHT FACTOR IN SECONDARY ROOM:

4,24%

10,02% -

3,06M2

7,97% -

1,8M2

WEST: SOUTH:

40,79% - 12,45M2

HEATING:

15,1KWH/M2

MAX TEMP.:

25,9 °C

OVERALL D.F. AVERAGE:

5,3% -

1,2M2

43,25% -

13,2M2

SOUTH: HEATING:

2,04%

14,8KWH/M2

MAX TEMP.:

26,0°C

MAX TEMP. WITH SHADING DEVICE:

24,7°C

OVERALL D.F. AVERAGE:

A last investigation has been made, to finally determine the natural daylight conditions according to the previous investigations presented here.

The D.F. has been calculated for two separate zones of the final design.

The NetZEB standards requirements for primary rooms is about 5%, but since the apartment design provides more open rooms without dividing walls like usual dwelling layouts, a daylight level at 4,25% which is the case for the medium size dwelling, is considered a good compromise in average.

4,36%

10,02% - 3,06M2

WEST:

final considerations.

1,2M2

4,32%

is less, a D.F. of 2,04% is obtained.

Furthermore, in order to avoid overheating, a movable external shading device has been placed in front of the biggest opening.

This feature allows users to decide how to effect the amount of light desired and at the same time it creates variety in the facade, letting the building come alive.

These considerations are applied for the other apartment typologies, which is possible because of similar use, room organisation and proportions.

Regarding secondary rooms, where the demand of natural light QUALIFICATION SUMMARY ON PAGE 64

58

phase #05

NORTH

plan development 0.1 function diagram.

For the concept, based on the design strategies, an open plan is developed for all apartment typologies in order to enhance adjustability and variation, maximise volume, create a potential to double program interior zones, and optimise the dwellings for natural ventilation and good natural light conditions.

Additionally the sense of privacy is enhanced in the large dwellings by creating an entrance through the private outdoor space. All of a sudden the outdoor space is not only a balcony, but also a front garden and transit space, which activates the huge space (see requirements in the room chart, page 38-39) also in winter time.

The smaller apartment typologies is mainly for a different user group, which does not have the same requirements to the entrance and size of outdoor space, which makes is less obvious to do the same double-programming.

The balcony space more likely to be a refuge - a place for outdoor dwelling.

Essential for all typologies is the core that both divides and interconnect the zones.

The cores are not load bearing elements, but is designed primarily for storage, dividing space and centralising technical installations such as ventilation, power and plumbing.

BEDROOM/ OFFICE/ LIVING BATHROOM

ENTRANCE/ KITCHEN/ BEDROOM/ OFFICE/ LIVING

WEST

EAST

KITCHEN/ BEDROOM/ OFFICE/ LIVING

SOUTH ILL. #126 Function diagram of small dwelling

NORTH

BEDROOM/ OFFICE/ LIVING

BEDROOM/ OFFICE BATHROOM

WEST

DINING/ LIVING/ OFFICE

In order to create as big a diversity as possible for the user as well as for the sake of the facade expression, more interior designs where it is possible to access form opposite side of the dwellings ought to be made, however all of these will not be detailed.

LIVING/ KITCHEN

DINING/ LIVING/ OFFICE

EAST LIVING/ ENTRANCE

LIVING/ DINING

LIVING/ ENTRANCE/ OFFICE/ DINING

SOUTH ILL. #127 Function diagram of medium dwelling

NORTH

BEDROOM/ OFFICE/ LIVING

BATHROOM

WEST

LIVING/ OFFICE/ BEDROOM

LIVING/ KITCHEN/ DINING

EAST OFFICE/ BEDROOM OFFICE/ BEDROOM

LIVING/ KITCHEN/ DINING

LEGEND LIVING/ OFFICE/ BEDROOM

front door outdoor space sliding wall lit through space core

SOUTH

zone/room

ILL. #128 Function diagram of large dwelling

natural ventilation staircase

QUALIFICATION SUMMARY ON PAGE 64

59

phase #05

plan development 0.2 plan layout.

Based on the function diagrams the large, medium and small apartment typologies take form. What is most important to the layout is adjustability, and the main objective was to understand the potential of a plan purely

consisting of a central core element that both unifies and subdivides the dwellings. A core from where sliding walls can be extracted and create intimate spaces and sequences of functions as one moves around the core. Therefore,

for each typology, series of plan solutions is developed in order to qualify the concept and determine whether it is actually possible both to live dense and diverse within the dwelling.

60

ILL. #129-153 PLAN SOLUTIONS, 1:200 From top: 1st row: Small dwellings 2nd row: Medium dwellings 3rd row: Large dwellings #1 4th row: Large dwellings #2

61

phase #05

plan development 0.3

structural system. The structural system of the building is kept simple to emphasise the monolithic and recognisable shape of the house. The system is a plate-disk system constructed in concrete where the outer walls and the walls between the apartments are load bearing walls, on which the slabs are supported. In the small and in the medium apartment the cores are self supporting and not load

bearing. In the large dwelling, where there are two storeys, the stairs cut up the slabs which mean that load bearing beams have to be introduced. The beams go across the depth of the apartment and are supported on the outer walls. Because of the thickness of the storey partitions the slabs are constructed in a way that the beam is not visible in the room beneath.

LEGEND concrete slab

Concrete slab

load bearing wall

Load bearing concrete

load bearing beam

Load bearing beam

ILL. #155 DIAGRAM Section, structural principle

ILL. #154 DIAGRAM Plan, structural principle

62

PROCESS PICTURE #44 How to support the concept in choice of material?

phase #06 materiality

The concept implies a high variety in material appliances on the facade in order to emphasise the interior diversity in dwelling typologies and underline the reference to diversity in the appearance of single-familyhouse-areas.

can be used both on the facade and the roof are chosen.

The three main facade material categories are decided to be concrete, wood and slates. The potential of these is that they have a great variation in texture, but similar colour tones can be obtained, which will create a less dramatic and more subtile variation in facade expression, which relates to the kind of variation, that can be found in the old city centre.

In order to qualify the choice of materials an extended collection of potential materials are compared (see appendix A and B) and tested on the facade. Materials are firstly chosen for their sustainable properties, but also according to their aesthetical qualities.

The selection criteria can be divided into 6 main categories:

According to the energy calculations, the surface required for solar cells (2842 m2 cf. appendix C) is optimised to equal the 45 degree angled roofs towards south-west and the hole of the facade of the staircase towers towards south-west.

The facade of the staircase tower towards north will be covered with ivy, which will create an interesting dichotomies between a â&#x20AC;&#x153;greenâ&#x20AC;? approach to sustainability and a more technical solar optimised approach, which reflects the sustainable strategy poetically (see page 36).

+ EMBODIED ENERGY USE The life cycle of the material is taken into account. + PROCESS This takes both resourcing activities, machine process, transport, building process, maintenanceand demolition requirements into account. + MATERIAL QUALITIES This deals with durability, renewability, possibility for recycling of the building material in future, but also the possibility of making the building out of recycled materials and lastly the option of plentiful resources.

In terms of interior materials a less provocative attitude is evident. This is with regards to the fact, that the dwellings should be seen as an empty canvas - it is up to the user to make sense of it. When that is said, it has been important to distinguish material-wise between the core and the rest of the room, in order to enhance the sculptural qualities of the core. Thus, the core made of cork, which has a high absorption coefficient.

That together with the furniture inside the dwelling is expected to secure a good acoustic environment. The floor is kept as a smooth and light rubber surface, and the exterior walls, which are load bearing are kept as smooth, white concrete walls. The sliding walls are translucent or white depending on the plan layout.

+ INDOOR CLIMATE This concerns thermal mass of the material in order to stabilize temperature, if it is organic/ inorganic, and inflammability. + ENVIRONMENT This deal with the discharge of CO2 after construction. + APPEARANCE This looks at the appearance of the material alone and in combination with other potential materials.

Conclusion. In order to emphasise the iconic shape of each tower, only materials that

QUALIFICATION SUMMARY ON PAGE 64

63

phase #07 Aesthetical considerations and basic investigations in order to eventually qualify the building performance culminates in a final energy calculation and indoor environment analysis.

performance 0.1

calculation premise. The starting point for detailing the actual performance of the building, based on the varies analyses (see phase 04, page 5056) is setting up the different criteria for calculating and evaluating the energy consumption according to Danish Building regulation:

ROOM HEATING The building regulation defines a minimum temperature of 20oC as a basis for calculating the energy consumption. For Net ZEB this temperature is set to 22oC, as it corresponds better to the actual temperature that users prefer and thereby to the actual energy consumption for room heating.

+ Energy frame 2010 cf. BR10; 7.2.2, stk. 1: (minimum requirement for building permission)

DOMESTIC HOT WATER (DHW) As the demand for lower energy consumption for room heating is increasing, the DHW takes up a significant part of the total energy consumption. The building regulation sets the consumed HW to 250 l/m2. For the actual consumption of DHW an amount of 375 l/m2 is used, as was the case for the Bolig+ competition.

(52,5 + 1650/A) kWh/m2 per year + Low energy class 2015 BR10; 7.2.4.1, stk 1:

cf.

(30 + 1000/A) kWh/m2 pr. year The term Net ZEB refers to buildings that are connected to the energy infrastructure. The common definition of the Net ZEB is the balance between delivered and feed-in energy. The general pathway to achieve a Net ZEB consists of two steps: first, reduce energy demands by means of energy efficiency measures.

Second, generate electricity.

Additionally, other indicators than the mere balance over a period of time may be desirable, in order to add qualified information on the overall “goodness of design” of a Net ZEB [Web 19].

The energy consumption of this building design is evaluated according to Low energy class 2015 and Net ZEB. These two different evaluation criteria mean two different calculation setups:

INDOOR AIR QUALITY To a certain extend, more ventilation means experienced higher quality of indoor air. At the same time more ventilation means more electricity for fans and higher heat loss due to air change. The building regulation sets the minimum requirement for air change rate to 0,5 h-1.

With a room height of 2,5m that corresponds to 0,3 l/s m2. When increasing the room height, this number will affect a smaller air change rate. That is considered acceptable due to a bigger volume [Web 20]. In the calculation for the Net ZEB, a hand calculation on the needed air change rate to obtain satisfaction Class B is performed. This air change rate is significantly higher than the minimum requirement from the building regulation.

results.

heated part of the building, and having optimised distribution lengths in the apartments and the building.

The calculation of energy consumption is performed on a part of the building complex consisting of three stories containing three small and 2 large sized apartments (see illustration in appendix F).

When looking at the results (see ill. 156, page 63) multiplied with primary energy factors, some differences are striking.

A higher ventilation rate than the minimum requirement from BR10 means a considerable increase in energy consumption.

This is due to more electricity for running the fans, which is multiplied by 2,5. A higher ventilation rate also leads to a considerable higher heat loss from ventilation.

The higher heating demand for Net ZEB is partly because of a higher ventilation rate, and partly because of a higher indoor temperature. The investigations performed in this project points

The increase in consumption of DHW results in an energy consumption for DHW of 19,7 kWh/ m2 year, instead of 13,1 kWh/m2 year which is the case when using the BR10 standard consumption.

Both these numbers assumes that the system is highly optimised with all pipes running in the

To qualify the energy calculation, that is based on a certain indoor environment, considerations on ventilation installations and properties is specified.

performance 0.2 mechanical

ventilation.

possibility of controlling the temperatures in the different zones/rooms individually (which heating from the ventilation air do not allow). Radiators are also more energy efficient because they are fast to warm up and cool down and thereby they, furthermore, provide extended control [Lund 2011].

The dwellings are ventilated with mechanical ventilation with heat recovery by means of dilution ventilation during the winter. This is controlled and adjusted according to the ventilation needs in the specific apartment.

The air is blown into the bedrooms and living rooms and exhausted from the kitchen and bathrooms through the cores (see ill. 158, page 63). The mechanical ventilation system will help keep the pollution levels down in the apartments and thereby ensure a good indoor environment. Heating is provided by radiators. The reason for this is to ensure the

natural ventilation.

During the summer period natural ventilation is used, by means of cross ventilation in the small and the medium apartment and by a mix of both cross ventilation and thermal buoyancy (see ill.

157, page 63) in the large apartment, as some of these

64

LIGHTING AND APPLIANCES When calculating the energy consumption according to the building regulation, this post is not considered as consuming any energy. But the energy calculation still favours the heat gain from the appliances.

When calculating the actual energy consumption for the Net ZEB, the heat gain from appliances and lighting is less compared to the building regulation, and the energy used for this is taken into account.

The input data for calculating the energy consumption in both cases are setup below. When there is a difference in input, values for both criteria are mentioned. The excel document with the input data is to be found on the enclosed CD. The following calculations will be performed according to this setup; - simple (BR2015) MonthAvarage (see appendix F) - intermediate (BR2015) Be10 (see appendix F) - intermediate (Net ZEB) Be10 (see appendix F) - advanced (Net ZEB) BSim (see appendix F)

that the higher ventilation rate is the dominant parameter in this regard.

Counting in the energy consumption for appliances (including lighting) and multiplying by 2,5 is without comparison the most significant difference when comparing the different ways of evaluating the energy consumption.

With the definition of a Net ZEB, this case will form the basis for calculating the needed area of PV cells to reach zero energy.

Taking the results and the process into account, it is chosen to use the Be10 result for Net ZEB in this calculation.

contain double high rooms.

Using natural ventilation during summer helps save energy during this period. The natural ventilation is controlled by sensors in the house to make sure that only the ventilation needed is provided [Web 21].

However, the inhabitants have the possibility of overruling the natural ventilation system, by opening windows which gives a degree of freedom that is an important aspect in regard to belonging and sense of control.

See furthermore appendix D for more details.

ILL. 156 ENERGY CALCULATION RESULTS In order to obtain a Net ZEB, the energy production of the site should correspond to the energy consumption of the site.

energy demand

BR2015 results Ventilation rate Room heat (20oC) Energy factor DHW (250l/m) Energy factor Operation of building Energy factor ENERGY DEMAND

NetZEB results

o,3 l/s m2 2,2 kWh/m2 0,8 13,1 kWh/m2 0,8 1,2 kWh/m2 2,5

Room heat (22 C) Energy factor DHW (375 l/m2) Energy factor Operation of building Energy factor Appliances Energy factor

12,3 kWh/m 0,8 19,7 kWh/m2 0,8 4,6 kWh/m2 2,5 25 kWh/m2 2,5

NetZEB results

Energy demand for whole site Heated floor area Energy demand, total

122335,75 m2 487472,28 kWh

Production surface On roofs South (22o west) 45o inclination Area On facade South (22o west) 90o inclination Area

2

Efficiency, module Mono-crystallic, standard Efficiency, system (integrated) Efficiency, system (ventilated)

Roofs (integrated)

BSim calculation 0,79 l/s m2

Room heat (22oC) Energy factor Heating coil Energy factor DHW (375 l/m2) Energy factor Operation of building Energy factor Appliances Energy factor

3,9 kWh/m2 0,8 12,2 kWh/m2 0,8 19,7 kWh/m2 0,8 10,7 kWh/m2 2,5 25 kWh/m2 2,5

properties 1140 kWh/m2 2242,9 m2

880 kWh/m2 600 m2 0,2 0,75 0,8

Energy production

99,60 kWh/m2

Ventilation rate

ENERGY DEMAND

99,6 kWh/m2 2,5

Be10 calculation 0,79 l/s m2

ENERGY DEMAND

Energy demand (NetZEB, Be10) Energy factor

15,24 kWh/m2

Ventilation rate o

energy production

Be10 calculation

Facades (ventilated) SUM Difference Extra need of PV cell area (South 45o, ventilated)

383535,90 kWh 84480 kWh 468015,90 kWh 19456,38 kWh 106,67 m2

117,98 kWh/m2

ILL. #158 DIAGRAM Diagram that shows the mechanical ventilation system in the dwellings.

Opening Area= 0,15 m2 OPENING AREA

= 0,15M2

H = 2,7M H= 2,7 m

ILL. #157 DIAGRAM Diagram that shows the natural ventilation system in the dwellings.

NEUTRAL Neutralplan PLAN

2 OPENING AREA 0,3M Opening=Area= 0,3 m2

H= H1,9=m

Opening Area= 0,5 m2 OPENING AREA = 0,5M2 1m H = H=1M

H= H 1,4=m1,4M Opening=Area= 0,05 m22 OPENING AREA 0,05M

65

0,1 m H = H= 0,1M

1,9M

PROCESS PICTURE #45 Sketch of implementation of urban strategy

phase #08 urban planning

Learning from both the shadow study (see page 54) and the urban strategy (see page 36), the building site is divided into four main areas: “The Strip” along Jyllandsgade, “The Market Hub” next to and inside the marked building, “The Neighbourhood” area in the north/eastern corner of the building site and lastly “The Joint” in between Kennedy Arkaden and The Market Hub (see process picture #45, page 6465). Each area is treated as its own according to the natural distinctiveness of the place, where the embedded diversity of the housing complex is explored.

the strip.

The quality of the Strip is the slimness, which is emphasised and visually stretched by the axiality of Jyllandsgade and the traffic that gives the area a natural busyness. This busyness is underlined by

the incorporation of public functions (mainly offices, but also common functions, shops and institutions) in street level.

Thus, the dwellings (a random, combination of all dwelling typologies) rides on top of these, popping up and down, as an added vertical diversity. The distinction between public and private is literally underlined by an elaborate concrete band, that creates public and green space, over, under and next to itself (see ill. 159, page 165).

the market hub. This area marks the place where old and new is merged. It constitutes a filter for the public space of Kennedy Arkaden onto the site.

The old terminal building is split into two parts - a dynamic environment for market facilities and a big open indooroutdoor space for skating and

other subcultural activities.

Attached to the market hall the dwelling complex is situated as a parasite architectural element, that suits the rough and dynamic atmosphere of the area. Under the row of dwellings on the southern side of the market hall is a colonnade, where market booths are placed along (see visualisation #02, page 66) which creates a sheltered passage to the neighbourhood area from Kennedy Arkaden. The area is imagined as lively and young, which is why only middle size and small dwellings is introduced in the complex.

onto the rest of the hinterland, which is characterised by low rowhouse complexes with no public facilities.

Only common functions in the bottom varies the building’s exterior expression vertically.

Vegetation and playgrounds surrounds the area which create a more isolated experience, and only big and medium size dwellings are introduced. In ground level, front gardens are laid out in front of the dwellings in order to enhance the sense and qualities of the suburban single-family-housing areas.

the neighbourhood.

See ref. #13-18, page 65 inspiration to masterplan.

According to the urban strategy it seems to make sense to create a more private atmosphere, that graduates the scale of The Strip and Kennedy Arkaden onto the site. It is this area that floats 66

for

MASTERPLAN PERSPECTIVE ON NEXT PAGES QUALIFICATION SUMMARY ON PAGE 66

REFERENCE PICTURES #13-18 Starting from top, from left to right: 1. “Laban dance center”, Herzog De Meuron - artificial landscape 2. Connection under building to recreative area, Berlin 3. Skateboard ground, indoor 4. “Prismen”, Dorte Mandrup - Extension to old building 5. New York Railway Park, Neil Denari Architects - Railway tracks and green

ILL. 159 Public band in ground level On “The Strip”, along Jyllandsgade

PROCESS PICTURE #47 sketch of implimentation of urban strategy

67

VISUALISATION #02 Site plan perspective

description.

An urban hinterland, characterised by diversity, where different zoning and programming (see ill. # xx, p.xx) divide the area into unbounded spaces where different atmospheres occur.

This is the area, developed from an industrial void on the edge of the city to a mixed used community.

When arriving from Prinsensgade the area is opened up by a public square, a rendezvous and one of the cornerstones for the social network in the area. â&#x20AC;&#x201A;â&#x20AC;&#x201A;â&#x20AC;&#x201A;A strict building formation supports the public sequence; Jyllandsgade (see ill. # xx,

p. xx).

A varied building pattern is shaped because of mixed use and different apartment typologies inside the houses.

Every house consists of one type of apartments, sometimes, regarding the medium and the large apartments, the typology stretches over two houses. Some volumes in the ground floor are removed to permit access to the area, an opening and induction.

The main road for cars passes through one of these openings and thereby access to the whole area by car is given (see drawing # xx).

South of formation

the strict building along Jyllandsgade 68

a neighbourhood is created.

Medium and large apartments and lower building heights address families, thus a community of parents and children will characterise this area (see drawing # xx).

Arkaden and shape a strong axis crossing the area. Small and medium apartments grasp the top of the goods yard building and generate a new expression where past and present are combined (see drawing # xx).

The old goods yard building maintain the history of the site; the roughness. This building represents the second cornerstone for the social network and is potentially transformed into an indoor/outdoor space with markets, skating and other lively functions. The goods yard building is cut up and it creates an arcade in the gap, which permits access to Kennedy

Abandoned railway tracks enter the area, this hinterland, from the south and become an urban park, the third cornerstone of the community.

phase #01-08 The architectural development according to the optimization of the building performance is summarized and evaluated to give a better understanding of the interconnected consequences of the design process.

concept summary

towers acts as a pause in the elongated facade. The increased exterior surface, again, increases the energy use.

6.

Each distinct tower is turned towards west to expose a corner in the facade for attractive outdoor areas and to improve the interior daylight qualities. The public functions are incorporated as an urban topography, where the towers sit on top which underline the distinct and diverse image of the archetype because of the decreased height of the towers.

The energy use is increased once more.

7. The building is optimised according to its components.

U-values, ventilation, shading, heat recovery and others qualify

1. The archetypical is chosen as aesthetical idiom as a strong memory of home.

2+3. The house is extruded horizontally and vertically in order to move towards a more dense typology, that suits the intentions of the site. The energy use decreased with more than 50%, but the sense of singularity is lost.

4. The building slab is dispersed and all of a sudden the archetype starts to reappear in a towerlike row house typology. Because of increased surface, the energy use has risen.

5. Open staircase towers are implemented as primary access - vertically as access to the dwellings and as public gates across the building. The open

the concept and reduce energy use by around 50% once more.

8. Finally, solar cells are applied in the calculation. The potential with the archetypical shape, is that the roof is almost perfectly suited for PV Cells because of its orientation and sloping. The southern facade of the towers are also explored for installation of PV cells as well, while the northern side is overgrown with green.

This finalises the sustainable optimization, or the suitability of the project; the archetypical image of a house unified by PV cells on one side and green on the other. And at the same time: The site reaches net-zero energy (see ill. 160, page 67).

DRAWING MATERIAL ON PAGE 74-91

ILL. #160 concept summary according to energy use

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INTERIOR RENDER #03 Spacial visualisation of kitchen/ living area in large apartment (see drawing #xx)

Architectural review This collective text is a discussion, reflection, perspective and conclusion of the architectural and experienced qualities of the building design. The aim is to provide a clear overview of the project’s potential and weaknesses - both in design, development, concept and vision for the future of sustainable architecture.

“House for Homes”

for the people that inhabit the building and for by-passers. The result is an upscale rowhouse typology, with direct references to something happy that we somehow remember, something that we can recall from our childish perception of a home, but have not jet discovered.

The ambitions for this project is quite bold, and the solution might be equally naive. This is no secret. The criteria for success is not only to make a zero energy building an energy machine that meets the standards of tomorrow, but rather the intention of creating a place, that people would actually want to inhabit today, tomorrow and in future.

The matter is, that there is still alternatives to dense, mixed use complexes. Nobody is forced to choose anything less than what they dream of in a wealthy society, like the one we find in Denmark, and if we have learned one thing from history, emotions and reason are not consistent.

It is commonly accepted, that if you convince people with reason, you can persuade them. But if you convince people with emotions, you can win them over. So, the fact, that we ought to live dense is not good enough if a dramatic change in how we live is needed.

The reason why this is a good dilemma is that there is no obvious solution. How to achieve a conformity between what we dream of and what the society needs from us - living sustainably, living dense and using less - is not easily done.

This project is one way of doing it. In that sense this project is merely one option among many.

However, the option is based on an awareness of from where people’s preferences decent.

There is nothing rational, not entirely that is, about the fondness for single-family houses. It seems as though people mainly prefer them for the memories that they evoke.

This architectural concept, is an attempt to mirror the image and qualities of the singlefamily onto a sustainable dense mixed-use-complex.

Diversity and singularity are enhanced by simple things like choice of material, where a more drastic intervention define the interior and green elements are incorporated. This is evident

adjustability.

We take root, day after day, in a corner of the world. In a material paradise.

The home. Naturally, this is a very personal act; an act of nesting - an intimate space that takes shape from individuality, needs and dreams. The home can be seen as a metaphor for “humanness”: The body offset; an extension of yourself.

And so it follows, that architecture dwellings - has to be equipped to these transformations that inevitably will happen as soon as someone captivate the space that we create. The architect, as stated in the report, ought to make the frame, the house, in a way that allows the inhabitant to create a home inside. In this concept, it has resulted in an open plan, with a fixed central core, from which sliding walls can be extracted. The intention with this is not to make a flexible plan, but an adjustable one. One that can suit the small differences, the little details, that makes a house into a home. It is tempting just to claim that even flexibility has been achieved, but flexibility requires a certain spaciousness, which is often found in historical architecture. That is hard to capture in contemporary architecture, simply because the demand for compactness, space efficiency and density is dominant.

Suggesting an open plan like the one in this design is not only a stand on adjustability, but also a reformation of how we dwell. Distinction, not only between public and domestic functions, but also within the various spheres of privacy inside the dwelling, are some what dissolving in this concept.

Is accepting a plan like this, 71

also accepting that we are only going to live denser, close to our neighbours, but also to our parents, partners, our sisters, pets? It might be. However, another stand on this could be that it is the consequence of living dense; that it is a change that we ought to accept, but as long as alternatives are available, an argument like that is bound to bend. Instead the argument might be that this is a matter of pros and cons. What one gives up is the private bedroom, where secrets are secrets and only the walls have ears. What you gain is big living spaces, that can be included and excluded from smaller spaces. An opening, that was there yesterday, disappears for the day, and reappears in night.

Light is penetrating deeply into the home the soft fresh air flows from room to room. The home is all of a sudden not like it usually is, but as it is best for it to be today; Not completely different, but adjusted: Suitable. The open plan is a generator, it is as alive as the inhabitant. The house is a living machine. A house for life and not only for the time being.

the unusual answer to the unusual question. When

everything come down to it, when nothing is said, and only images and drawings of the architecture has the unconditional attention, regardless of philosophical consideration and storytelling, the architecture might be thought of as a naive interpretation of the archetypical house. The question: “Why is this not just an ordinary row house?”, is not far away. The clearest response to this; very appropriate question, is that maybe this is all it takes. Maybe concepts like these are the unusually simple answer to the unusually simple question: “Can dwellings make us USE LESS?”

SUSTAINABLE REVIEW ON NEXT PAGES DRAWING MATERIAL ON PAGE 74-91

This collective text is a discussion, reflection, perspective and conclusion of the sustainability aspects of the building design and performance. The aim is to provide a clear overview of the project’s potential and weaknesses - both in design, development, concept and vision for the future of sustainable architecture.

Sustainable review “Suitable Architecture”

also dramatically limit the consumption of the energy – let people be aware of use less even though use less is not more; use less is just better or even just reasonable to expect from us.

“IF EVERYONE IN THE WORLD LIVED LIKE THE AVERAGE NORTH AMERICAN, WE WOULD NEED FIVE PLANETS-WORTH OF RESOURCES TO SUBSIST. THREE PLANETS WOULD SUFFICE IF EVERYONE LIVED LIKE AVERAGE EUROPEAN, BUT THIS IS STILL A SURE SHOT AWAY FROM THE ONE PLANET THAT WE INHABIT.”

However, in an evolutionary perspective people are only as helpful and considerate as it is worth it for them to be. Thus, an extraordinary motivation is necessary, if people are to more than consider to rise from the back seat that they trustfully inhabit and take part in the change.

The matter to day is not to be able to make zero energy buildings.

That part is covered. It is to remember what architectural quality was, and realize the difficulty in trying to incorporate sustainability in this.

If this building can somehow make people want to use less is

[WEB 12]

The conclusion is then that it will never be possible to produce enough green energy to cover the current global level of consumptions. It is therefore necessary to not only increase green energy production, but

72

hard to predict exactly. Here we can only make wild guesses and have hopeful expectations.

However, if the fact, that people have chosen to inhabit a building with such a massive influence on life day by day, following the thesis, that this naive reference to the familiar, does the trick, the that says something about the suitability of the concept. The building design not only suits the climate and the expectation of the society; it also suits the city in terms of urban contributions and the animate desires and dreams of humans that has such a huge importance for this mission. And maybe, when the next generation of sustainable dwellers start to dream, they dream of something similar to this project something suitable.

reaching zero-energy

When reflecting upon the development of a zero energy building, it seems as though the process lack flexibility. Often the discussion is more focused on how one can make the standard value fit the calculations rather than how to make the building fit.

The reason for this is, that the first part - the step where the geometry and the layout of the building is optimised and proper components are incorporated only equals so and so much of the energy consumption. The real energy villains are energy for hot water and appliances, which is another way of saying, as said so many times before: How we dwell is more important to address.

However, the specific initiatives taken in this project are firstly attempts to minimize the use of m2 which basically means less

square meters per person. This increases the air pollution per m2, which is why the open plan is appropriate. The zones in the plan is not only double programmed in terms of interior design and function distribution, but also pollution load.

deep balconies in front of the big openings, with shadow from the sun and positioning of the windows rater deep into the wall, to make use of the massive wall thickness for additional shadowing.

Solar cells are dominant in the architectural expression of the southern elevation, where green elements are more evident in the northern facade.

This creates an interesting dichotomies between city/ recreation, solar architecture/ green architecture, open/closed, inside/outside, private/public, north/south e.g. which suits the sustainable strategy nicely.

The building is north-south orientated which has resolved in solutions to prevent overheating from south and heat losses to north in order to use less heating and cooling.

Thus, the building appears rather closed towards north, which also makes sense according to sound and air pollution along Jyllandsgade, and more open and dispersed on the southern facade, where the building takes a more recreative character; though still within the shape of the archetypical image of a house.

Overheating is prevented with

DRAWING MATERIAL ON PAGE 74-91

EXTERIOR RENDER #04 View of site and complex looking down along Jyllandsgade from Kennedy Arkaden.

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conclusion

Introducing use less as a “simple” approach to sustainable design provokes a world of gray scales. Nothing is ever black and white. The statement; Use less is no different. Integrated design is like a chain reaction of consequences and iterations.

Problems become evident, and disappear just as sudden; often because of the interventions done to prevent them, but just as often because of something unexpected.

Controlling a process like that only by moving forward, without going back, or breaking the initial intentions seems disillusioned.

Thus, one important, yet ironic, conclusion has to be made: Sometimes you have to use more in order to use less. This project is no exception from this.

So maybe use less “simple” after all.

is

not

A sense of familiarity and attraction to this new typology, on this distinct location, would have to grow inside them and make them want to interact with the building, the spaces it creates and the frame that it sets in this new, yet authentic context. They would have to want to inhabit it.

Through this, an awareness of sustainability would rise. By the interaction with space, by the act of nesting, the energy machine would be transformed into something else or something extra; a living organism. The two worlds would meet; the building would be both. This iconic stubborn shape would be an introvert, extrovert object; an object that turns both ways.

It has an intimacy towards the inside, the dweller, and at the same time it has an exterior that reaches for the sun. And maybe, just maybe, this arisen symbiotic relationship would actually make people want to use less. Would it not be beautiful if it did? So with this building design it is chosen to put trust in the hope, regardless of its uncertainties, that people would recognize the identity of this building and be attracted by it.

And as a result: Use less.

so

However, one essential question has remained open: Can this building this naive interpretation of the archetypical house make anyone want to use less? If the answer should be anywhere near a confident yes; one would have to rely on a single, highly theoretical hope: That something deep inside people is evoked, when they percept the building.

VISUALISATION #0x The edge of the city has moved beyond the site.

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references index books

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Corbusier, L. bolig, Vintens

design, 21.05.2011

in Problem Based Learning, Aalborg University Press, Aalborg

[Web 13]: Sustainable cities 2010, Carlsberg: Our town, http:// sustainablecities.dk/en/cityprojects/cases/carlsberg-our-town, 21.05.2011

[Becker 2011]: Sustainable?, Louis Becker, Henning Larsen Architects, 04.05.2011 [Heiselberg 2008]: Heiselberg, P. 2008, Microclimate of Buildings, Integrated Design of Buildings, 29.01.2008 [Mandal 2011]: 2011, Concept 01.02.2011

Mandal Hansen, and Diagrams

[Web 14]:Sustainable cities 2009, New York: From high line to park, http://sustainablecities.dk/en/ city-projects/cases/new-york-fromhigh-line-to-park, 21.05.2011

P. 1,

[Web 15]: arkside, Boligen er en maskine, http://www.arksiteplus.dk/ wm142104, 21.05.2011

[Lysemose 2009]: Lysemose, K. 2009, Det Humane Urrum, Arkitektskolen Århus, Fall 2009

[Web 16]: Milimet Design, AD Classics: Unité d’Habitation/ Le Corbusier, http://milimet. com/2010/11/ad-classics-united%E2%80%99-habitation-le-corbusier. html, 21.05.2011

[Nepper Larsen 2009]: Nepper Larsen, S. 2009, Arkitektskolen Århus, Fall 2009kasper lysemose og steen nepper larsen, efteråret 2009, arkitektskolen Århus.

[Web 17]:Dias, C. 2009, Moda Vivendi, Le Corbusier: Le Cabanon, 1951, http://www.modavivendi.com/?p=273, 21.05.2011

[Noyé 2009]: Noyé, P. 2009, Bæredygtigt og lavenergibyggeri, Niras, 22.10.2009 [Lund 2011]: Lund, R. 2011, question workshop, 06.05.2011

[Web 18]: Bruno Chiambretto, Le cabanon de Le Corbusier à RoquebruneCap-Martin, http://www.athenaeum. ch/corbpm43.htm, 21.05.2011

BSIM

[Lauring 2011]: Lauring, M. 2011, LCA – Vurdering af byggematerialer/ arkitektoniske strategier, Aalborg Universitet, 23.02.2011

[Web 19]: Aalborg Universitet, VBNPublikation, Criteria for Definition of Net Zero Energy Buildings, http://vbn.aau.dk/da/publications/ criteria-for-definition-of-netzero-energy-buildings(71dde33efb67-424c-8a3f-aac10f68e75a).html, 21.05.2011

webpages

[Web 1]: Aalborg Kommune 2010, Aalborg - Bevar mig Vel, http:// www.aalborgkommune.dk/Om_kommunen/ Byplanlaegning/Kulturarv/AalborgBevar-mig-vel/Sider/Aalborg-Bevarmig-vel.aspx, 21.05.2011

[Web 20]: Erhvervs- og Byggestyrelsen 2010, BR10, chap. 6.3.1.2, stk. 1, SBI-anvisning 230, http://www.ebst. dk/bygningsreglementet.dk/br10_00_ id145/0/42/2, 21.05.2011

[Web 2]: Den store Danske 2011, Aalborgs historie, http://www. denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_ og_historie/Danmarks_geografi/ Jylland/Jylland_-_byer/Aalborg/ Aalborg_(Historie), 21.05.2011

[Web 21]: Velfac, Bolig for Livet, http://www.velfac.dk/Global/Bolig_ for_livet, 21.05.2011

[Sassi 2006]: Sassi, P. 2006, Strategies for Sustainable Architecture, Taylor & Francis Inc, New York

[Web 3]: Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser 2011, Atmosfærisk Miljø, http:// www2.dmu.dk/AtmosphericEnvironment/ byer/forside.htm, 21.05.2011

[Web 22]: DK Beton, Heidelberg Cement Group, http://www.heidelbergcement. com/dk/da/dkbeton/virksomheden/ miljo/index.htm, 11.05.09

[Vollard 2004]: Vollaard P. et al., 2004, Skins For Buildings, The Architect’s Materials Sample Book, A&P Printing/D2Print, Amsterdam

[Web 4]: Miljøstyrelsen, Vejledende støjgrænser 2010, http://www.mst. dk/Virksomhed_og_myndighed/Stoej/ stoejgraenser/ 14.03.2011

[Web 23]: Teglfremstilling i Danmark , Fra ler til det færdige produkt, http://www.tegl.info/, 11.05.09

[CR1752 1998, Table A.1]: Technical committee CEN/TC 156, 1998, CR1752, Ventilation for buildings, Design criteria for the indoor environment, European committee for standardization, Brussels

[Web 5]: Aalborg Kommune 2009, Udvikling af helhedsplan for Godsbanearealet, http://www. aalborgkommune.dk/Om_kommunen/ Byplanlaegning/Byomdannelseog-byudvikling/Documents/ program_udvikling_af_helhedsplan_ godsbanearealet.pdf, 21.05.2011

[DS 474 1993, Annex A p.13]: DS 474, Danish Standard, Code for indoor thermal climate, 1993, Danish Standards Association, DS-tryk, Hellerup [DA 469 p.16]: DS 469, Danish Standard, Norm for varmeanlæg med vand som varmebærende medium 1991, Danish Standards Association, DStryk, Hellerup [DS 474 1993 p.15]: DS 474, Danish Standard, Code for indoor thermal climate, 1993, Danish Standards Association, DS-tryk, Hellerup [CR1752 1998, Table A.5 & Figure A.8 p. 23-24]: Technical committee CEN/ TC 156, 1998, CR1752, Ventilation for buildings, Design criteria for the indoor environment, European committee for standardization, Brussels [CR1752 1998, Equation A.3]: Technical committee CEN/TC 156, 1998, CR1752, Ventilation for buildings, Design criteria for the indoor environment, European committee for standardization, Brussels [CR1752 1998, Table A.9]: Technical committee CEN/TC 156, 1998, CR1752, Ventilation for buildings, Design criteria for the indoor environment, European committee for standardization, Brussels

lectures

[Knudstrup 2003]: Knudstrup, M. 2003, Integrated Design Process

[Web 24]: Lemvigh – Müller, Fremstilling af stål, http:// www.lemu.dk/Fremstilling_af_ st%C3%A5l-3277.aspx, 11.05.09 [Web 25]: Dansk Stålinstitut, Vidensdeling om stål, http://www. steelinfo.dk/dsi_genbrug.php, 11.05.09 [Web 26]: Den Store Danske, Gyldendals åbne encyklopædi, http:// www.denstoredanske.dk/It,_teknik_ og_naturvidenskab/Kemi/Grundstoffer/ kobber/kobber_%28Fremstilling%29, 11.05.09

[Web 6]: DMI, Klimanormaler for Danmark, http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/ index/danmark/klimanormaler.htm, 21.05.2011 [WEB 7]: UN documents 2011, A/42/427 Our Common Future: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, http://www.undocuments.net/ocf-02.htm, 22.05.2011 [Web 8]: Klimakommissionen, Notat om solcelleteknologi, http:// www.klimakommissionen.dk/dadk/klimakommissionen_report/ solcelle%20teknologi.pdf, 21.05.2011

[Web 27]: Økolariet, et videnog oplevelsescenter, http://www. okolariet.dk/SkoleUddannelse/ ScienceSkole-undervisningstilbud/ Droemmehuset/oekologi-ogbyggeri/18-Aluminium.aspx, 11.05.09 [Web 28]: Madehow, Solar Cell, http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/ Solar-Cell.html , 11.05.09

[Web 9]: Erhvervs- og Byggestyrelsen 2010, De væsentligste ændringer i BR10, http://www.ebst. dk/bygningsreglementet.dk/ vaendringer/0/40, 21.05.2011

[Web 29]: Dansk solenergi , Verdens reneste energikilde, http://www. dansksolenergi.dk/sol_t_net/ Vedligeholdelse.shtml, 11.09.05

[Web 10]: Energi styrelsen, Indsats i bygninger, http://www. ens.dk/da-dk/forbrugogbesparelser/ indsatsibygninger/sider/forside. aspx, 21.05.2011

[Web 30]: Kongebro, Oplægning af naturskifer, http://www.kongebro. com/media/15985/byg-erfa051208.pdf, 11.05.09 [Web 31]: Kongebro, http://www. kongebro.com/dk.aspx, 11.05.09

[Web 11]: Sustainable cities 2009, BedZed: Promoting green living, http://sustainablecities.dk/ en/city-projects/cases/bedzedpromoting-green-living, 21.05.2011

[Web 32]: Moelven, Gode rum, http:// www.moelven.com/dk/Produkter/ Udvendig-bekladning-/Thermowood-/, 11.05.09

[Web 12]: Sustainable cities 2009, Sutton: BedZED – Leading the way in eco village design, http:// sustainablecities.dk/en/cityprojects/cases/sutton-bedzedleading-the-way-in-eco-village-

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[Web 34]: Greendiary, World’s most incredible designs made from bamboo, http://www.greendiary.com/entry/ world-s-most-incredible-designsmade-from-bamboo/, 11.05.09 [Web 35]: Dansk Arkitektur Center, http://www.dac.dk/visNyhed. asp?artikelID=46, 11.05.09 [Web 36]: Decorate, home sweet homepage, http://www.decorate.dk/ ekspertblogs/post-view/Marie/5515, 11.05.09 [Web 37]: Ergofloor, Bløde miljørigtige løsninger udført af genbrugsgummi, http://www.ergofloor. dk/, 11.05.09 [Web 38]: Haugaard Nielsen, R. 2011,Effektive og billige solceller af plast, RISØNyt 2/01, http://130.226.56.153/rispubl/ Risnyt/risnytpdf/ris0201/risoe-22001s43-44.pdf, 22.05.2011 [Web 39]: Howald Petersen, B. 2005, Komfortventilation, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet, http:// www.vidensystem.dk/download. asp?fileID=21, 21.05.2011 [Web 40]: Erhvervs- og Byggestyrelsen 2010, BR10, http://www.ebst.dk/ bygningsreglementet.dk/br10/0/42, 22.05.2011

illustrations

DRAWINGS =

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introduction

Naturally, the masterplan is the first drawing followed by cross section of the site.

Thereafter drawings of the building, both section and plan follows. Lastly, more detailed drawings of the dwellings is presented which also includes construction details.

So here it is: The “House for homes” - suitable architecture for an urban hinterland.

Logic of the presentation order follows the idea of moving from outside and in, reaching a more and more detailed level. Thus, the drawing material will be presented according to their scale.

index + PAGE 78-79: 01 masterplan, 1:500 of project site

+ PAGE 86: 08 plan, 1:100 of small dwelling

+ PAGE 78-79: 02 cross section AA, 1:500 of Building site

+ PAGE 87: 09-10 section EE, 1:100 of medium dwelling

+ PAGE 80-81: 03 cross section BB, 1:500 of building site

+ PAGE 87: 11 plan, 1:100 of medium dwelling

+ PAGE 80-81: 04 section CC, 1:100 of building design

+ PAGE 88: 12-13 plans, 1:100 of combined large dwellings

+ PAGE 82-83: 05 northern Facade, 1:100 of building design

+ PAGE 89: 14-16 section FF and GG, 1:100 of combined large dwellings

+ PAGE 84-85: 06 southern Facade, 1:100 of building design

+ PAGE 90-93: 17-23 details, 1:10 construction details

+ PAGE 86: 07 section DD, 1:100 of small dwelling

DRAWINGS ON NEXT PAGES

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B

DRAWING 01, 1:500 Masterplan Location: Aalborg, Denmark Building site area: 15000 m2 FAR: 81%

JYLLANDSGADE

C

THE JOINT

URBAN SQUARE

MARKET HALL

MARKET HUB

SKATE BOARD PARK

CAMPUS

EXPERIMENTAL WORKSHOP PARKOUR

CAMPUS

CREATIVE PLAYGROUND

CAMPUS

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A

THE STRIP

C

HILL PARK

SPORTS FIELD

NEIGHBOURHOOD

RAILWAY PARK PLAYGROUND

RAILWAY PARK BRIDGE

NUMBER OF APARTMENTS Small: 36 Medium: 38 Large: 39 SUM: 113 UNDER THE BRIDGE OFFICES

TOTAL HEATED FLOOR AREA Dwellings: 9.719,7 m2 Public/common functions: 2.516,05 m2 SUM: 12.235,75 m2

A

Building site area: 15.000 m2 FAR (%): 81,57 % 79

DRAWING 02, 1:500 Cross section AA

DRAWING 03, 1:500 Cross section BB

DRAWING 04, 1:500 Longitudinal Section CC Through building along Jyllandsgade

COMMON FUNCTION

OFFICE

COMMON FUNCTION

OFFICE

BICYCLE PARKING

OFFICE

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DAY CARE CENTRE

DRAWING OFFICE

COMMON FUNCTION

BICYCLE PARKING

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HAIR DRESSER

COMMON FUNCTION

BICYCLE PARKING

OFFICE

BICYCLE PARKING

ROAD

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CAFE

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OFFICE

DRAWING 05, 1:100 Northern facade seen from Jyllandsgade

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DRAWING 06, 1:100 Southern facade seen from project site

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DRAWING 07, 1:100 Section DD: SMALL dwelling Room height: 2,8 m

D

DRAWING 08, 1:100 Plan: Small dwelling (53,2 m2) Single floored apartment with 1 bedroom, bathroom, kitchen, living area and balcony (4,3m2)

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DRAWING 09, 1:100 Section EE: Medium dwelling Room height: 2,8 m

DRAWING 10, 1:100 Section FF: Medium dwelling Room height: 2,8 m

F

E

F

DRAWING 11, 1:100 Plan: Medium dwelling (92,9 m2) Single floored apartment with 2 bedrooms, toilet, kitchen, living area, office and balcony (12,4 m2)

E

87

G

DRAWING 14-16, 1:100 Plans: Top: Large Dwelling #01 (110 m2): Two storey apartment with 3 bedrooms, toilet, kitchen, living area, office and balcony (20,2 m2) Bottom: Large Dwelling #02 (110,4 m2): Two storey apartment with 3 bedrooms, toilet, kitchen, living area, office and balcony (11,8 m2)

H

G

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DRAWING 12, 1:100 Section GG: Large dwelling Room height: 2,8 - 6 m

DRAWING 13, 1:100 Section HH: Large dwelling Room height: 2,8 - 6 m

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459,5 mm

DRAWING 17, 1:10 Detail section: Exterior wall with wood facing

Inner wall: 100 mm lightweight concrete Vapour barrier 2x150 mm Isover Wall felt insulation, 300 mm battens 17 mm moisture resistent wind barrier Distance list 25x50 mm Outer wall: 17,5 mm wood facing Nail

DETAIL DRAWING #03, 1:10 SECTION: EXTERIOR WALL FACING

WITH

500 mm

SLATE

Inner wall: 100 mm lightweight concrete Vapour barrier 2x150 mm Isover wall felt insulation, 300 mm battens 17 mm moisture resistent wind barrier Distance list 25x50 mm Wood battens 38x56 mm Stainless screw Outer wall: 10 mm slate facing

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500 mm

DRAWING 18, 1:10 Detail section: Exterior wall solution with facing of light concrete

Inner wall: 130 mm lightweight concrete Vapour barrier 2x150 mm Isover Wall felt insulation, 300 mm battens Outer wall: 70 mm lightweight concrete

DRAWING 19, 1:10 Detail plan: Corner solution for exterior wall with facing of slates

Corner post Outer wall: 10 mm slate facing Wood battens 38x56 mm 17 mm moisture resistent wind barrier Distance list 25x50 mm 2x150 mm Isover wall felt insulation, 300 mm battens Vapour barrier Inner wall: 100 mm lightweight concrete

500 mm

91

534 mm DRAWING 20, 1:10 Detail section: joint between roof and exterior wall with facing of natural slates

534 mm

2x13 mm plasterboard ceiling Battens, 55x55 mm 55 mm Isover Moulded piece insulation mm plasterboard ceiling Moisture barrier

ens, 55x55 mm 2x180 mm Isover Rolls insulation

m Isover Moulded piece insulation Diffusion-open roofing underlay

ture barrier

Distance list 25x50 mm

0 mm Isover Rolls insulation Wood battens 38x56 mm

usion-open roofing underlay 10 mm slate facing

ance list 25x50 mm Wind barrier battens 38x56 mm Gutter

m slate facing Head barrier

Rubber joint

er

er joint

92

DRAWING 21, 1:10 Detail section: facing of slate

window

detail

with

Enersign window - 3 layered - U-value 0,65 W/m2K Window sill Slate Drainage Insulation

93

APPENDIX =

0?

8

94

...

introduction

The development and process behind integrated design, is naturally more complex and extended, than the one presented in this report. However, in order to give as clear an insight as possible in the development aspects of the process has been excluded from the main body of

the report. In order to account for these, which is nevertheless important for achieving an integrated design, they will be presented as appendixes.

References to these are made in the report in relation to their content.

APPENDIXES ON NEXT PAGES

index

+ PAGE XX: APPENDIX A Material study 0.1 + PAGE XX: APPENDIX B Material study 0.2 + PAGE XX: APPENDIX C Solar cells catalogue + PAGE XX: APPENDIX D Thermal indoor environment + PAGE XX: APPENDIX E Indoor air quality + PAGE XX: APPENDIX F Energy

95

appendix A design process

PROBLEM STATEMENT

The kick off for the project: How can we - us, ourself - use less?

ANALYSIS

Based on three main notions:

+ Where: The site conditions

+ Who: The user

+ How: The dwelling and sustainability

DESIGN STRATEGY

Preparation for the sketching phase:

+ An urban strategy

+ An architectural strategy

+ A sustaniable strategy

SKETCHING

Building layout and geometry

DESIGN STUDIES #1

DESIGN STUDIES #2

In an aesthetic point of view

+ Area

+ Expression

+ Adjustability

+ Space

+ Functions

In an sustaniable point of view

+ Daylight studies, ecotect radiance

+ Direct sunlight, ecotect radiance

+ Shadow conditions on site, ecotect radiance

+ Volumen studies, monthaverage calculations

+ Energy consumptions, BE10

+ Material studies

COMPONENTS OPTIMIZING

Using an actual design

+ Daylight studies, ecotect radiance

+ Direct sunlight, ecotect radiance

+ Energy consumptions, BE10

+ Thermal environment, BSim

+ Atmospheric environment, BSim

ENERGY PRODUCTION

Producing green energy

+ Adding PV Cells

PRESENTATION

96

appendix B

material study 0.1

Sustainability concerns the way people live and what surrounds us; the city, the urban park, the buildings, the rooms. This is what we as people live in â&#x20AC;&#x201C; we are surrounded by physical elements which all consist of materials. Thus materials have to be considered when thinking of sustainability.

itself from a sustainable point of view, the first issue is the availability of the material resource; is it a renewable or non-renewable material?

Using non-renewable materials can cause environmental and social damages, and leave the future generation without this specific resource [Sassi 2006]. Furthermore the embodied energy use regarding energy use for production processes, transportation, building processes and maintenance have to be considered. However the material cannot be decided on the basis of this single number, because durability is an important part of a building material. Wood has a smaller embodied energy number, but concrete still stand after thousands of years. So which one is the most sustainable?

Another issue is the transport; a brick from Randers do not release the same amount of CO2 when transporting as wood from North America, but bricks from Randers release more CO2 in the machining process than wood. So which one is most sustainable?

[Lauring 2011]

Sustainability has an environmental, social and economical approach. Materials influence the energy consumption, both by looking at the material itself, but also according to the energy use of the building.

Furthermore it is about aesthetics, nothing more and nothing less. Finally; materials are physical elements, thus is it also about economy. Thereby materials make up a vital part of the three approaches.

Materials are a huge subject; therefore this appendix will only concern the environmental and social approach to sustainability.

Materials are used throughout a buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s life and are together with the energy consumption the main resources when constructing and running a building [Sassi 2006].

The environmental approach regarding materials can be divided into two subjects: the material itself; embodied energy use, possibilities for recycling, renewability, expression, and the materialsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; influence on the energy use according to the building; thermal mass, U-values etc. The last subject will be considered in the calculations made with BSim and BE10 (see appendix D-F).

When thinking about the material

INTRODUCTION TO APPENDIX C AND D These different subjects are considered in the first part of the following catalogue. On the basis of this concrete, wood, bricks and natural slates are chosen as materials. This catalogue is followed by a catalogue that treats the aesthetic expression of the chosen materials. Beside these materials PV cells are chosen to accommodate the energy use.

Qualities for different PV cells are treated in appendix D.

97

appendix B

material study 0.1 REFERENCE PICTURES #19-31 Potential material categories (page 94-97) MATERIAL Content Embodied energy use (total energy use for an entire lifecycle) Process: Resourcing activities Machining prosess Transport Building process Maintenance requirements Demolition requirements Material qualities: Durable material Renewable (Material that has the ability to regenerate itself) Possibility of recycling afterwards Possibility to get recycled material Plentiful resource Indoor climate: Thermal mass material to stabilize temperature Organic/ inorganic Fireproof Environment: CO2 discharge References

MATERIAL Content Embodied energy use (total energy use for an entire lifecycle) Process: Resourcing activities Machining prosess Transport Building process Maintenance requirements Demolition requirements Material qualities: Durable material Renewable (Material that has the ability to regenerate itself) Possibility of recycling afterwards Possibility to get recycled material Plentiful resource Indoor climate: Thermal mass material to stabilize temperature Organic/ inorganic Fireproof Environment: CO2 discharge References

MATERIAL Content Embodied energy use (total energy use for an entire lifecycle) Process: Resourcing activities Machining prosess Transport Building process Maintenance requirements Demolition requirements Material qualities: Durable material Renewable (Material that has the ability to regenerate itself) Possibility of recycling afterwards Possibility to get recycled material Plentiful resource Indoor climate: Thermal mass material to stabilize temperature Organic/ inorganic Fireproof Environment: CO2 discharge References

98

CONCRETE 1:3:6 1: cement, 2: sand, 4:aggregate 600 KWh/m3 +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++

(cement consist of limestone and clay) (produced in Denmark) (waste material for roads)

long high high high high

medium medium medium medium medium

high organic high

medium

high

medium

low low low low low

(raw material) (used for roads) (sand)

low inorganic medium low low

[Sassi 2006] [Web 22]

TIMBER, LOCAL, AIR DRIED Timer 110 KWh/m3 +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++

(produced in Denmark)

long high high high high

medium medium medium medium medium

low low low low low

high organic high

medium

low inorganic medium low

high

medium

low

[Sassi 2006]

FLETTON BRICKS clay 300 KWh/m3 +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++

(produced in Denmark)

long high high high high

medium medium medium medium medium

high organic high

medium

high

medium

low low low low low

(raw material) (used for roads)

low inorganic medium low low

[Sassi 2006] [Web 23]

MATERIAL Content Embodied energy use (total energy use for an entire lifecycle) Process: Resourcing activities Machining prosess Transport Building process Maintenance requirements Demolition requirements Material qualities: Durable material Renewable (Material that has the ability to regenerate itself) Possibility of recycling afterwards Possibility to get recycled material Plentiful resource Indoor climate: Thermal mass material to stabilize temperature Organic/ inorganic Fireproof Environment: CO2 discharge References

MATERIAL Content Embodied energy use (total energy use for an entire lifecycle) Process: Resourcing activities Machining prosess Transport Building process Maintenance requirements Demolition requirements Material qualities: Durable material Renewable (Material that has the ability to regenerate itself) Possibility of recycling afterwards Possibility to get recycled material Plentiful resource Indoor climate: Thermal mass material to stabilize temperature Organic/ inorganic Fireproof Environment: CO2 discharge References

MATERIAL Content Embodied energy use (total energy use for an entire lifecycle) Process: Resourcing activities Machining prosess Transport Building process Maintenance requirements Demolition requirements Material qualities: Durable material Renewable (Material that has the ability to regenerate itself) Possibility of recycling afterwards Possibility to get recycled material Plentiful resource Indoor climate: Thermal mass material to stabilize temperature Organic/ inorganic Fireproof Environment: CO2 discharge References

99

CLAY TILES Clay 1520 KWh/m3 +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++

(produced in Denmark) (waste material for roads)

long high high high high

medium medium medium medium medium

high organic high

medium

high

medium

low low low low low

(used for roads)

low inorganic medium low low

[Sassi 2006] [Web 23]

LOCAL STONE TILES Stone 450 KWh/m3 +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++

(produced in Denmark)

long high high high high

medium medium medium medium medium

high organic high

medium

high

medium

low low low low low

(raw material)

low inorganic medium low low

[Sassi 2006]

STEEL Iron and alloy 103000 KWh/m3 +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ long high high high high

medium medium medium medium medium

high organic high

medium

high

medium

low low low low low

(raw material)

low inorganic medium low low

[Sassi 2006] [Web 24] [Web 25]

MATERIAL

COPPER

Content

Copper

Embodied energy use (total energy use for an entire lifecycle) Process: Resourcing activities Machining prosess Transport Building process Maintenance requirements Demolition requirements Material qualities: Durable material Renewable (Material that has the ability to regenerate itself) Possibility of recycling afterwards Possibility to get recycled material Plentiful resource Indoor climate: Thermal mass material to stabilize temperature Organic/ inorganic Fireproof Environment: CO2 discharge References

+++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ long high high high high

medium medium medium medium medium

high organic high

medium

high

medium

Content

Aluminium

Material qualities: Durable material Renewable (Material that has the ability to regenerate itself) Possibility of recycling afterwards Possibility to get recycled material Plentiful resource Indoor climate: Thermal mass material to stabilize temperature Organic/ inorganic Fireproof Environment: CO2 discharge References

MATERIAL Content Embodied energy use (total energy use for an entire lifecycle) Process: Resourcing activities Machining prosess Transport Building process Maintenance requirements Demolition requirements Material qualities: Durable material Renewable (Material that has the ability to regenerate itself) Possibility of recycling afterwards Possibility to get recycled material Plentiful resource Indoor climate: Thermal mass material to stabilize temperature Organic/ inorganic Fireproof Environment: CO2 discharge References

(raw material)

low

[Sassi 2006] [Web 26]

ALUMINIUM

Process: Resourcing activities Machining prosess Transport Building process Maintenance requirements Demolition requirements

low low low low low

low inorganic medium low

MATERIAL

Embodied energy use (total energy use for an entire lifecycle)

100

133000 KWh/m3

76500 KWh/m3 +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++

(cement concist of limestone and clay) (produced in Denmark)

long high high high high

medium medium medium medium medium

low low low low low

high organic high

medium

low inorganic medium low

high

medium

(raw material)

low

[Sassi 2006] [Web 27]

GLASS Siliciumdioxid 23000 KWh/m3 +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++

(produced in Denmark)

long high high high high

medium medium medium medium medium

high organic high

medium

high

medium

low low low low low

low inorganic medium low

[Sassi 2006]

low

MATERIAL Content Embodied energy use (total energy use for an entire lifecycle) Process: Resourcing activities Machining prosess Transport Building process Maintenance requirements Demolition requirements Material qualities: Durable material Renewable (Material that has the ability to regenerate itself) Possibility of recycling afterwards Possibility to get recycled material Plentiful resource Indoor climate: Thermal mass material to stabilize temperature Organic/ inorganic Fireproof Environment: CO2 discharge References

MATERIAL Content

Embodied energy use (total energy use for an entire lifecycle) Process: Resourcing activities Machining prosess Transport Building process Maintenance requirements Demolition requirements Material qualities: Durable material Renewable (Material that has the ability to regenerate itself) Possibility of recycling afterwards Possibility to get recycled material Plentiful resource Indoor climate: Thermal mass material to stabilize temperature Organic/ inorganic Fireproof Environment: CO2 discharge References

MATERIAL Content Embodied energy use (total energy use for an entire lifecycle) Process: Resourcing activities Machining prosess Transport Building process Maintenance requirements Demolition requirements Material qualities: Durable material Renewable (Material that has the ability to regenerate itself) Possibility of recycling afterwards Possibility to get recycled material Plentiful resource Indoor climate: Thermal mass material to stabilize temperature Organic/ inorganic Fireproof Environment: CO2 discharge References

101

PLASTIC PVC 47000 KWh/m3 +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++

(produced in Denmark)

long high high high high

medium medium medium medium medium

high organic high

medium

high

medium

low low low low low

low inorganic medium low low

[Sassi 2006]

PV CELLS monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, and copper indium selenide/sulfide 600 KWh/m3 +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ long high high high high

medium medium medium medium medium

low low low low low

high organic high

medium

low inorganic medium low

high

medium

low

[Sassi 2006] [Web 28] [Web 29]

NATURE SLATE Stone 540 KWh/m3 +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ long high high high high

medium medium medium medium medium

high organic high

medium

low low low low low

low inorganic medium low

high medium low [Sassi 2006] [Web 30] [Web 31]

appendix C

material study 0.2 softwood.

hardwood.

+ From coniferous trees. + In facade constructions, softwoods are used as cladding.

+ From broad-leafed trees + Commercial hardwood are more durable than available softwood.

LARCH Siberia (Europe, Denmark)

TEAK Indonesia, Thailand, India

Light yellow/reddish brown Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucency: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor

gold brown to chocolate Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucency: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 sharp medium dull hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor

one of the most durable softwoods, a protective surface treatment is recommended.

Very durable. Good strength. Low weight.

[Vollaard 2004]

[Vollaard 2004]

CEDARWOOD Canada

KARRI Australia

Yellow brown/pinkish Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucency: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor

Reddish brown Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucency: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor

High natural durability. Do not need protective treatment. Silverly colour.

Tendency to wrap. Very durable. Very strong.

The natural durability of Karri means that no surface treatment or preservative is needed for exterior applications.

[Vollaard 2004]

[Vollaard 2004] ROBINIA North America (Europe)

THERMOWOOD (FIR) Scandinavia

Yellow brownish grey Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucency: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor

Light yellow Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucency: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor

Only available in short lengths. Very durable.

Very dense. Stainless steel are recommended if Robinia are used outdoor. Robinia absorb water rather slowly and quickly release it again suitable for facades.

Durability to 35 years (contact with ground)

[Web 32]

[Vollaard 2004] DOUGLAS FIR North America yellow/brown Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucency: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor Available in large sizes. Suitable for construction purpose. Need to be surface protected.

[Vollaard 2004]

organic materials.

CHIPBOARD Denmark

CORK Portugal

Light yellow/brow to dark Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucency: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor

brown Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucency: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor

Waste material from the tree industry.

Renewable (bark). Naturally fire resistance.

Water repellent. Sound proofing. Can be used for cladding panels. Recycled material (wine stopper).

[Web 33]

[Vollaard 2004] GREEN FACADES Denmark

BAMBOO Asia, Africa, America

Green Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucency: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor

yellowish brown or caramel Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucency: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor

[Vollaard 2004]

Fast-growing. Renewable material. An inexhaustible source of high-grade building material. Durable. Natural resistance to fire.

Absorb 4 times more CO2 than trees.

[Vollaard 2004] [Web 34] [Web 35]

102

REFERENCE PICTURES #32-72 Potential material categories (page 98-101)

bricks.

HARD BRUSHED BRICKS Denmark

GLAZED BRICKS Denmark

Variable Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucency: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acustic opacity: good moderate poor

Variable Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucency: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor

Sanded rye surface

BRICK

SOFT BRUSHED BRICKS Denmark

Denmark

Variable Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucency: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor

Dark Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucency: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor

Old look

BRICK

FABRIC STONE Denmark

Denmark

Variable Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucency: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor

Grey Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucency: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor

Stringent expression

LARGE MEDIAEVAL BRICK Denmark

BRICK Denmark

Variable Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucency: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor

Blue Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucency: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor

recycled rubber.

LINOLEUM Denmark Variable Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucency: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor Nature product. Big comeback. Durable.

[Vollaard 2004] [Web 36]

RECYCLED RUBBER Denmark Variable Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucency: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor [Web 37]

103

concrete.

CONCRETE Denmark

CONCRETE Denmark

Grey Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucency: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor

Dark Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucency: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor

CONCRETE Denmark

CONCRETE Denmark

Grey Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucency: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor

Grey, dark Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucency: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor

CONCRETE Denmark

CONCRETE Denmark

Grey Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucency: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor

Golden Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucency: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor

CONCRETE Denmark

CONCRETE Denmark

Light Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucency: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor

Grey Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucency: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor

CONCRETE Denmark

CONCRETE Denmark

Variable Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucency: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor

Red Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucency: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor

CONCRETE Denmark

CONCRETE Denmark

Grey Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucency: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor

Dark Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucency: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor

104

natural slate.

SLATE Spain

SLATE Spain

Brown, grey, dark, golden Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucency: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor

Brown, grey, dark Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucence: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor

SLATE Spain

SLATE Spain

Brown, grey, dark, golden Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucency: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor

Grey Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucence: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor

SLATE Spain

SLATE Spain

Dark Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucency: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor

Dark Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucence: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor

SLATE Spain Grey, silver Glossiness: glossy satin matt Translucence: 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 Texture: sharp medium dull Hardness: hard medium soft Acoustic opacity: good moderate poor

105

appendix D

PV cell catalogue

1ST GENERATION PV cells exist as the single-crystal silicon and the poly-crystal silicon.

Together these constitutes the main market share, with the poly-crystal silicon being the major.

The single-crystal is produced in a way that they are naturally round, and then afterwards cut rectangular to cover an area more efficiently. They appear with a homogeneous dark surface. The poly-crystal cost less and has a strong shimmering surface. It is originally found in blue nuances with an option for choosing between many different colours.

The side effect of an other colour is a lower efficiency. The typical efficiency of these two types is around 14-20%.

[Wittchen 2002] [Web 8]

2ND GENERATION is based on amorphous silicon (thin film silicon). This type has been regarded as the solution of the future due to its low use of material and fast big scale production. It is the same technology as used in handheld calculators, and has for many years not succeeded in improving the efficiency of this technology. But since 2006 the amount and quality of this type has increased due to better production methods. This type can be partly transparent and in that way function as tinted glazing. The efficiency today is around 8-12%. This corresponds to a yield of 50 kWh/m2 on a yearly basis.

Another type in this category is the photo electro chemical (PEC) or organic solar cells which until now has a poor efficiency and short live span, but has potentially a very low production cost. PEC modules with efficiency on 5-7% has been developed.

Yet another type is the polymeric cells (plastic based cells) which includes both thin film and PEC technology with potential very low prices. One of the downsides will probably be a short live span lasting only a couple of years compared to 25 years for the silicon cells.

Reference picture #102 1st generation single-crystal silicon panel

Reference picture #103 2nd generation poly-crystal silicon panel

[Web 8] [Web 38]

conclusion

For this project, the 1st generation mono-crystallic silicon panels are chosen. The reason for is that these above all have the highest energy production efficiency, which is necessary in order to reach the zero energy level. Furthermore, they have a matt surface, compared to the 2nd generation poly-crystallic type, which has an almost glittery surface. This is not optimal for the design, because of the prominent role the PV cells play in the facade expression; having a glittery surface will only draw even more attention, which, in this case, is not desirable.

Reference picture #104 3rd generation polymeric cells printed as â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;plasticâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; film

[Web 8]

3RD GENERATION is a relatively new category. This category includes high efficient thin film technologies combined to reach an efficiency up to 30-60%.

106

appendix F

Thermal indoor environment In the following different apartment types will be examined according to the thermal indoor environment.

A 24HourAvarage calculation and a BSim simulation have been made in order to establish the minimum and maximum temperatures in the small apartment and only a BSim simulation for the large apartment. Even though the medium apartment has been examined in the 24HourAvarage spreadsheet, the focus will be on the small and the large apartment, as these are considered to be the two extremities. The calculations are based on the following preconditions.

preconditions.

This project aims to lie within category B in regards to the indoor climate, cf. CR 1752 which means that the predicted percentage of dissatisfied, PPD, must be below 10% for the thermal environment [CR 1752, Table A.1, 2001].

From the project brief a maximum temperature of 26°C and a minimum temperature of 22°C are given for Net Zero Energy Building.

For a building that fulfils the Building Regulations, BR10, the temperature must be more than 20°C in both summer and winter and below 26°C when cooling is not used. This consists with DS 474 and DS 469 which states that for category B, the optimal operative temperature in winter is around 22°C for an activity level of 1,2 met and a clothing value of 1,2-1,3 clo.

The acceptable variation is +/2°C, which means the temperature should lie within 20°C and 24°C for the winter period. In summer the temperature is allowed to be higher [DS 474, p.13 & Annex A & DS 469, p. 16]. The operative temperature can only exceed 26 °C for a total of 100 hours pr. year and 27°C for 25 hours pr. year [DS 747, p. 15].

On the basis of these preconditions the thermal indoor environment is determined.

indoor environment and indoor air quality.

This means a fairly complex process. In the end, the aim is to adjust all parameters in a way that they in general serve all the evaluation criteria more in favour than in disfavour. To reach that aim the project is running through several iterations before reaching the final design.

Below the final parameters for calculating the 24 hour temperatures in the small size apartment are shown (the Excel files for both the small and medium sized apartment are to be found on the enclosed CD). This will then be the starting point for a more precise analysis of the thermal indoor environment in BSim. U-values are primarily defined by energy calculations. Window sizes, orientation, G-value and shading are found as a balance between energy, daylight and thermal indoor environment. The air change rate from natural ventilation is proven with the spread sheet on ‘Natural ventilation’.

In the process it is found that external shading is one of the most beneficial features when it comes to avoiding unwanted solar heat gains. The external shading may be in the shape of a large overhang or a fixed/movable shading device. The external movable shading device has great qualities when it comes to affecting the indoor environment considering temperature and daylight. On top of that the movable external shading device makes it possible clearly to differentiate between unwanted solar heat gain in summer and wanted solar heat gain in winter.

ILL. #161 SMALL APARTMENT Appartment for calculation

ILL. #161 DATA INPUT Room description

First the small apartment is examined by means of a simple 24HourAvarage spreadsheet after which an advanced BSim simulation is made.

small apartment.

The small apartment (see drawing xx) is located in the building block along Jyllandsgade at the 6th floor. The apartment is the 2nd from the top, and has apartments above, below and to the left. To the right there is an unheated staircase tower.

The apartment is estimated to be the worst case with regard to overheating, because of its rather small area and exposed location, where no building is shading from the south.

24HOURAVARAGE ESTIMATION.

-

SPREAD

SHEET

Throughout the design of the building envelope, investigations on the thermal indoor environment have been made in a spreadsheet calculating the 24 hour average and maximum temperature.

This tool provides a basis for comparison between different designs, and indicates if a specific design is critical or acceptable regarding thermal conditions.

In this regard, the process mainly concerned investigations on the small and medium size apartment. The process included considerations on energy consumption, daylight, thermal

ILL. #162 DATA INPUT Internal heat loads

ILL. #163 RESULTS 24HourAverage calculation for building envelope

107

BSIM The building simulation software BSim is used to simulate the indoor climate of two different apartments. BSim is a calculation of the conditions over a period of one year on an hourly basis.

In the software two different apartments are modelled. All apartments are rotated 22° to the east according to the masterplan.

SMALL APARTMENT The first calculation case is the small apartment (see drawing xx),

System

Description

Peopleload

2 persons

which is located in the building block along Jyllandsgade at the 6th floor. The apartment is the 2nd from the top, and has apartments above, below and to the left. To the right there is an unheated stair case tower.

The apartment is estimated to be the worst case with regard to overheating, because of its rather small area and exposed location, where no building is shading from the south.

ILL. #164 BSIM GEOMETRY Small apparment H:2,8m|W:8,2m|L:7m

ILL. #165 DATA SHEET Small apparment Data used for calculation

(Calculations and BSim file can be found on the enclosed CD)

Schedule

Heat generation (kW) 0,124 Moisture generation (kg/h) 0,12

Control

Indication of time

Months / Weeks

Days

Hours

100% 100% 100% 100%

People-Time People-Time People-Time People-Time

1-15, 17-28, 32-50 1-15, 17-28, 32-50 1-15, 17-28, 32-50 16, 31, 51-52

Monday-Thursday Friday Saturday-Sunday Monday-Sunday

01-08 17-24 01-08 & 16-24 01-24 01-24

17-8 16-8 1-24 1-24

-

Monday-Thursday Friday Saturday - Sunday Vacation

Infiltration

Basic AirChange 0,1 Tmp factor 0 Tmp power 0,4 Windfactor 0

100% 1-24

Always

All weeks

All days

All hours

Heating

MaxPow 15kW Fixed part 0 Part to air 0,6

100% 1-24 Factor 1 Setpoint 22°C DesignTemp -12°C MinPow 50kW TeMin 17°C

Heating season

January, February, March, April, May, October, November, December

All days

All hours

Venting

Basic AirChange 1 Tmp factor > Calculated in Bsim Tmp power 0,5 Windfactor 0,5 Max Air Change 5 Max Wind 0

Full load 100% 1-24 VentingCtrl: Setpoint 22°C SetP Co2 660 ppm Factor 1

Venting-Time-Summer

April, May, June, July, August, September

All days

All hours

Ventilation

Input: Supply 0,045 Pressure rise 900 Pa Total Eff. 0,75 Part to air 0,5

100% 1-24 ZoneTempCtrl: Part of Nom. Flow 1 Min inlet temp 18°C Max inlet temp 50°C Heating Set Pnt 22°C Cooling Set Pnt 26°C Air Hum 0

Ventilation-Time-Winter

January-March, Octoboer-December

All days

All hours

90% 7-8, 90% 17-23, 70% 9-16, 70% 24-06 90% 7-8, 90% 16-23, 70% 9-15, 70% 24-06 90% 1-24

People-Time - Monday-Thursday People-Time - Friday People-Time - Saturday - Sunday

1-15, 17-28, 32-50 1-15, 17-28, 32-50 1-15, 17-28, 32-50

Monday-Thursday Friday Saturday-Sunday

01-08 & 17-24 01-08 & 16-24 01-24

Light-Summer Light - Winter

April, May, June, July, August, September January, February, March, October, November, December

All days All days

07-08 & 20-24 07-08 & 17-24

Output: Return 0,045 Pressure rise 800 Total Eff. 0,75 Part to air 0,5 Recovery unit: Max heat rec. 0,85 Min heat rec. 0 Max cool rec. 0 Max moist rec 0 Heating coil: Max power 20 kW Equipment

Heat load 0,167 kW Part to air 0,8

Lighting

Task lighting 0,2 General lighting 0,3 General Lighting Level 200 LUX Solar limit 0,15 Exhaust part 0

LARGE APARTMENT The second calculation case is the large apartment, type 1(see drawing xx). This apartment is like the small apartment located in a building block along Jyllandsgade, but on the 2nd floor. There are apartments above and to the right. To the left there is an unheated stair tower. This apartment is estimated to be the worst case

regarding heating, as it is greatly shaded from a building block 22 meters to the south of it and because of the large area in need of heating.

Problems with low temperatures could occur.

(Calculations and BSim file can be found on the enclosed CD)

ILL. #166 LARGE APARTMENT Apartment for calculation

ILL. #166 BSIM GEOMETRY Large apartment H:2,8m/5,6m|W:5m/5,8m|L:5,8m/7m

108

ILL. #167 DATA SHEET Small apparment Data used for calculation System

Description

Schedule Control

Indication of time

Months / Weeks

Days

Hours

Peopleload

4 persons

100% 100% 100% 100%

People-Time People-Time People-Time People-Time

1-15, 17-28, 32-50 1-15, 17-28, 32-50 1-15, 17-28, 32-50 16, 31, 51-52

Monday-Thursday Friday Saturday-Sunday Monday-Sunday

01-08 17-24 01-08 & 16-24 01-24 01-24

Heat generation (kW) 0,124 Moisture generation (kg/h) 0,12

17-8 16-8 1-24 1-24

-

Monday-Thursday Friday Saturday - Sunday Vacation

Infiltration

Basic AirChange 0,1 Tmp factor 0 Tmp power 0,4 Windfactor 0

100% 1-24

Always

All weeks

All days

All hours

Heating

MaxPow 50kW Fixed part 0 Part to air 0,6

100% 1-24 Factor 1 Setpoint 22°C DesignTemp -12°C MinPow 50kW TeMin 17°C

Heating season

January, February, March, April, May, October, November, December

All days

All hours

Venting

Basic AirChange 1 Tmp factor > Calculated in Bsim Tmp power 0,5 Windfactor 0,5 Max Air Change 5 Max Wind 0

Full load 100% 1-24 VentingCtrl: Setpoint 22°C SetP Co2 660 ppm Factor 1

Venting-Time-Summer

April, May, June, July, August, September

All days

All hours

Ventilation

Input: Supply 0,1 Pressure rise 900 Pa Total Eff. 0,75 Part to air 0,5

100% 1-24 ZoneTempCtrl: Part of Nom. Flow 1 Min inlet temp 18°C Max inlet temp 50°C Heating Set Pnt 22°C Cooling Set Pnt 26°C Air Hum 0

Ventilation-Time-Winter

January-March, Octoboer-December

All days

All hours

90% 7-8, 90% 17-23, 70% 9-16, 70% 24-06 90% 7-8, 90% 16-23, 70% 9-15, 70% 24-06 90% 1-24

People-Time - Monday-Thursday People-Time - Friday People-Time - Saturday - Sunday

1-15, 17-28, 32-50 1-15, 17-28, 32-50 1-15, 17-28, 32-50

Monday-Thursday Friday Saturday-Sunday

01-08 & 17-24 01-08 & 16-24 01-24

Light-Summer Light - Winter

April, May, June, July, August, September January, February, March, October, November, December

All days All days

07-08 & 20-24 07-08 & 17-24

Output: Return 0,1 Pressure rise 800 Total Eff. 0,75 Part to air 0,5 Recovery unit: Max heat rec. 0,85 Min heat rec. 0 Max cool rec. 0 Max moist rec 0 Heating coil: Max power 20 kW Equipment

Heat load 0,167 kW Part to air 0,8

Lighting

Task lighting 0,2 General lighting 0,5 General Lighting Level 200 LUX Solar limit 0,15 Exhaust part 0

conclusion.

From the results in BSim (to be found in enclosed CD) it is evident that the requirements for the indoor temperature are not quite fulfilled for a Net Zero Energy Building. The operative temperature in the apartments is never above 26°C or 27°C which is good. However the temperature is between 21°C and 22°C in the small apartment and between 20°C and 22°C in the large apartment for a big part of the year. In the small apartment there is 4934 hours where the temperature is above 22°C and in the large one there is 2057 hours above.

The rest of the 8760 hours of the year the temperature is below.

Hours above and below 22°C are distributed evenly in the course of the year. The temperatures would indicate that there is a need for increased heating and reduced mechanical ventilation

is fulfilled as the temperature never gets below 20°C and never above 26°C.

in winter and reduced natural ventilation in summer, when the outdoor temperature is below 22°C and increased natural ventilation when the temperature is above 22°C. Changing the ventilation will, however, also affect the Co2 levels, which will be discussed in connection with the indoor air quality. Another solution could be to increase the amount of insulation in the walls, to lower the transmission loss.

None of these initiatives have worked though. So the average temperature over the year for the small apartment remains at 22,6°C and 22,01°C for the big, where it should be around 24°C according the preconditions.

In the process of using BSim a few inconsistencies appeared.

That both apartments are too cold does not consist with the fact that the small apartment is very exposed and poorly shaded; it should be the other way around. The large apartment is greatly shaded which could be the reason it is so cold.

However removing the shading in the large apartment and increasing the heat does not affect the indoor temperature at all which makes one question the reliability of the results from BSim, since changing all these parameters that should affect the indoor temperature in both the small and the big apartment, changes nothing of importance.

According to the requirements in the Building Regulations and the Danish Standards the requirements for the temperature

ILL. #168 RESULTS Top: Small apartment, top line = temperature Bottom: Large apartment, top line = temperature

109

appendix G

indoor air quality The indoor air quality is examined

to determine the levels of CO2 in the apartment, also the air change rates and air flow rates needed to fulfil the requirements of category B are clarified.

Simple hand calculations of the air flow and air change are made, after which BSim is used to simulate the indoor air quality.

preconditions.

Category B should also be fulfilled in regards to the atmospheric indoor environment.

Here category B means that the percentage dissatisfied will be around 20% [CR1752 1998, Table A.5 & Figure A.8 p. 23-24].

To accommodate this, a calculation of the required air change rate is made, on the basis of the maximum CO2 level allowed for category B (See the following and Spreadsheet Air change rate (CO2)). Also a calculation of the required air change rate based on the maximum pollution level from people and building, the ventilation system efficiency and the air quality Results Air change rate h-1 Air flow rate m3/s

is made (See the following and Spreadsheet - Air change rate (Pollution)).

The maximum level of CO2 in category B is 660 PPM [CR 1752, page 24, Figure A.8]

n = Air change rate , h-1 G2 = Supplied amount of pollution (G) * 1000, l/s cmax = Maximum permissible value of the CO2-level ce = The concentration in the ventilation air (background concentration) V = Room dimensions (h,b,d > V) (m3)

Air change rate (CO2) First the pollution level of people pr. hour is calculated: G= exair*p((lv*60)/1000)) G =Supplied amount of pollution, m3/h exair = CO2 concentration in people’s exhalation air p = Estimated maximum amount of people in the room lv = Lung ventilation of people Then the required air Results change rate is calculated to make sure Air change that the maximum CO2 level of rate h-1 660 PPM is not exceeded.

It Air flow rate m3/s is calculated from an equation based on the dilution equation:

CONCLUSION The results are compared to those calculated based on CO2 to find the highest air change rate.

The highest air change rate will be the dimensioning for the building.

Air change rate (Pollution) As can be seen from the results The following equation is used: the air change rate and the air flow rate calculated from Qc= 10*Gc/(Cc,i-Cc,o)*1/εν the pollution are the highest,

probably because the pollution [CR1752 1998, Equation A.3] consists of both the building and the people in it. The Qc = The ventilation rate, calculated air change rate will which is necessary for comfort, be used as input in BE10 and the l/s air flow rate calculated from the Gc = The sensory pollution Small Medium Big Big Building air change rate will be used as apartment apartment apartment 1 apartment 2 block burden, caused by the pollution 0,492 0,227 0,571 0,564 1,054 input in BSim. sources who influence the experienced 0,017 0,013 air

quality 0,033 0,033 To calculate Gc table A.6 og A.7 in CR 1752 are used to decide the pollution from persons and how polluted the building is Cc,i = Indoor air quality Cc,o = Outdoor air quality, the

n = (G2*10^3)/((cmax-ce)*V) [WEB 39]

Small apartment 0,492

Medium apartment 0,227

Big apartment 1 0,571

Big apartment 2 0,564

Building block 1,054

0,017

0,013

0,033

0,033

0,188

Results Air change rate h-1 Air flow rate m3/s

calculations are based on low polluted buildings [CR1752 1998, Table A.9]. εν = Ventilation efficiency

0,188

Small apartment 0,917

Medium apartment 0,847

Big apartment 1 1,015

Big apartment 2 1,013

Building block 10,339

0,031

0,048

0,059

0,060

1,487

small apartment.

used, are the same as described in the chapter ‘Thermal indoor environment, Large apartment’.

The air flow rate is calculated as described above and put into BSim,Big where it is optimised Results Small Medium Big Building actual apartment apartment apartmentaccording 1 apartment 2 toblock the BSIM. Air change 0,917 0,847 1,015 1,013 10,339 temperatures and the CO2 levels.

For the simulation of the small -1 rate h Air flow 0,031 0,059 0,060 1,487 apartment in BSim 0,048 the set up rate m3/s (Calculations and BSim file can and inputs used, are the same be found on the enclosed CD) as described in the chapter ‘Thermal indoor environment, Small apartment’. The air flow conclusion. The results from rate is calculated as described BSim show that CO2 levels are above and put into BSim, where kept below 660 PPM for almost all it is optimised according to the year in the small apartment and actual temperatures and the CO2 the large apartment; 330 hours levels. are above in the small and 413 in the large. The hours above (Calculations and BSim file can 660 PPM are evenly distributed be found on the enclosed CD) throughout the year, but the CO2 level during the day is much higher when people are at home large apartment. The large contrary to when they are not apartment, type 1 will be due to the fact that people simulated to be able to compare are one of the main pollution the CO2 levels for the two sources in dwellings. Other than apartments. this it is difficult to find the specific problem at the specific BSIM time besides the fact that the For the simulation of the large air change and the air flow rates apartment the set up and inputs

are generally too low at some points during the day. The CO2 levels are not that bad as there always will be time periods in a normal dwelling where the CO2 level is a bit higher due to an increased number of people or higher activity etc. In the optimal dwelling however the CO2 level should not exceed 660 PPM and if the level increases the ventilation system should become effective and make sure the CO2 level is lowered.

A solution to lower the CO2 levels could be to increase the ventilation at the time when it is too high, but this will also lower the temperature and because the temperature is low as it is, this will not be a very suitable solution. When looking at the calculated air change rates, it is also evident that they are in the high end as it is, compared to the recommended value in the building regulations which is 0,5h-1 for buildings with a room height of 2,5 meters[BR10 – Indoor climate]. The values from the hand calculation

The small apartment is estimated to be the worst case with regard to CO2, because of the low amount of square meters per person.

ILL. #170 RESULTS Left: Small apartment, top line = CO2 level Right: Large apartment, top line = CO2 level

110

ILL. #169: Left: Calc. from CO2 Right: Calc. from pollution

based on CO2 actually seem to be quite realistic according to the recommended, compared to the values from the calculation based on pollution which has been the dimensioning for the project.

As an experiment the air change and air flow rates were increased to reduce the CO2, but in the specific BSim model, they had to be increased quite a lot before it had any effect on the CO2 levels or on the temperature which again makes it difficult to trust the results as changes should be visible.

Another solution could be to reduce the amount of people or to increase the volume, but in order to fulfil the vision of creating dense dwellings, this will not be a suitable solution either.

appendix H energy The calculation

of energy consumption is performed on a part of the building complex consisting of three stories containing three small and 2 large sized apartments (see illustration below).

The following calculations will be performed according to the setup on page 64 (data input can be found on enclosed CD)

Windows and doors Areas (m2): North: South: East: West:

17,09 73,91 7,14 4,75

2

m m2 2 m m2

U-values: Windows: Doors:

0,65 W/m2K 0,65 W/m2K

G-value: Windows:

0,48

BUILDING ENVELOPE

2 163,6 m 3 3,2 m 2 490,8 m

Footprint (gross area): Floors: Floor height : Total heated floor area:

VENTILATION

External walls, roofs and floors Areas (incl. Window area): North: South: East: West: Roof:

170,88 170,88 101,95 95,04 230,68

2

m 2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m

17,80 17,80 10,62 9,90

m m m m

qm - winter (BR2015)

2 0,30 l/s m

BR10 6.3.1.2 SBI anvisning 230

qm - winter (NetZEB)

-1 1,02 h 0,79 l/s m2

Own spreadsheet

Temperature efficiency:

0,9

Rotationsvarmeveksler 3

SEL

1 kJ/m

1,5 l/s m2

qn,s - summer U-values: External walls: Floor: Roof:

0,11 W/m2K 0,08 W/m2K 0,07 W/m2K

300mm insulation Bolig+ Bolig+

Line losses Foundation: Length: Loss

56,12 m 0,13 (W/mK)

Windows: Length: Loss

ILL. #166 PART OF BUILDING COMPLEX for calculation

MonthAverage spreadsheet estimation.

The end result of 23,8 kWh/ m2 year is fairly acceptable with the Low energy class 2015 corresponding to a requirement of 32,8 kWh/m2 year. However, this result does not include energy for DHW and fan power. Adding these parameters the result is not acceptable. This means that

250,00 m 0,03 (W/mK)

ILL. #166 CALCULATION DATA

the

1,5 W/m

Appliances (incl. lighting): Appliances (incl. lighting):

3,5 W/m2 2,9 W/m2

BR2015 - Be10 Net ZEB corresponds 25 kWh/m2

DOMESTIC HOT WATER (DHW) Consumption:

regulation the ventilation rate is set to 0,3 l/s m2. If changing to 0,79 l/s m2, according to own calculations on indoor air quality and thermal environment, the result changes to 65,5 kWh/ m 2.

These parameters indicates some of the challenges the Net ZEB is facing.

If the U-value of the windows

IMPORTANT PARAMETERS According to the building regulation the indoor temperature is set to 20oC. If changing to 22oC the result changes to 30,3 kWh/m2. to

2

Persons:

2

375,00 l/m 250 l/m2

Net ZEB - BOLIG+ BR2015 - Be10

ILL. #166 CALCULATION DATA

design and components might need to be optimised further.

According

DS418

INTERNAL HEAT SUPPLY

building

ILL. #163-164 MonthAverage calculation data

111

are changed from 0,65 to 1 the result changes to 31,8 kWh/m2.

If the U-value of the outer wall is changed to 0,15 instead of 0,11, which corresponds to 100 mm less insulation, the result changes to 27,7 kWh/m2.

The excel document used for these investigations are to be found on the enclosed CD.

ILL. #165 MonthAverage calculation data

Be10 according to building regulation requirements 2015. The end

result of 15,1 kWh/m2 year is highly satisfactory with the Low energy class 2015 corresponding to a requirement of 32,8 kWh/ m2 year. This result includes energy for room heating, DHW and fan power.

IMPORTANT PARAMETERS Except from including DHW and fan power the biggest difference from the month average spread sheet to Be10, is the option for exploiting heat recovery in the ventilation system. If removing heat recovery from the Be10 calculation the result changes to 41,5 kWh/m2 year solely because of an increase in room heating. This indicates that heat recovery is a key parameter for reaching very low energy building.

According to the building regulation the indoor temperature is set to 20oC. If changing to 22oC the result changes to 18,0 kWh/m2.

Be10 - actual energy consumption according to Net ZEB. The end result of 37,0 kWh/m2 year. According to the assignment parameters this number should have been around 20,0 kWh/m2 year. But especially with a fixed energy consumption for DHW of 19,7 kWh/m2 year with current available data, this aim seems unrealistic. These numbers includes energy for room heating, DHW and fan power.

IMPORTANT PARAMETERS The main differences in input data between BR2015 and Net ZEB are put forward in the introduction of this part concerning energy consumption. This part will investigate the different results as a consequence of the difference in input data.

Lowering the indoor temperature to 20oC results in an energy consumption of 33,1 kWh/m2 year.

ILL. #166 MonthAverage results

According to the building regulation the ventilation rate is set to 0,3 l/s m2. If changing to 0,79 l/s m2, according to own calculations on indoor air quality and thermal environment, the result changes to 26,3 kWh/ m 2.

This last parameter is not as critical for the energy consumption here as it is the case in the month average spread sheet. This is solely due to heat recovery of the ventilation air. This means the possibility for having more fresh air in the apartment without paying that much extra energy for having it.

If the U-value of the windows are changed from 0,65 to 1 the result changes to 18,6 kWh/m2.

If the U-value of the outer wall is changed to 0,15 instead of 0,11, which corresponds to 100 mm less insulation, the result changes to 17,2 kWh/m2.

The Be10 file investigations, result document on the enclosed

used for these and an input and are to be found CD.

RESULTS #XX From Be10

If changing the ventilation rate according to the minimum requirement in the building regulation (0,3 l/s m2) the result changes to 24,0 kWh/ m2 year. This is a significant change, which is due to less electricity for ventilation and a decrease in heat loss from ventilating in winter. Lowering the ventilation rate is at the expense of the indoor air quality.

If the U-value of the windows are changed from 0,65 to 1 the result changes to 42,4 kWh/m2.

If the U-value of the outer wall is changed to 0,15 instead of 0,11, which corresponds to 100 mm less insulation, the result changes to 40,2 kWh/m2.

The Be10 file investigations, result document on the enclosed

used for these and an input and are to be found CD. RESULTS #XX From Be10

112

BSim - actual energy consumption according to Net ZEB. The building simulation program BSim is used to calculate the energy consumption of a building block.

To calculate the actual energy consumption for whole building a building block is visualised in the program. The building block contains three small apartments and two big apartments and is a simplified geometry, but it has the correct volume. The block is located behind a three storey building block, it is three storeys high and has a three storey block 18 meters to the south of it. The building block is rotated 22°C towards east according to the masterplan.

System

Description

Peopleload

14 persons Heat generation (kW) 0,124 Moisture generation (kg/h) 0,12

BSIM GEOMETRY #XX The whole building H: 9,6m|W: 8m|L: 20,48m

Schedule Control

Indication of time

Months / Weeks

Days

Hours

100% 100% 100% 100%

People-Time People-Time People-Time People-Time

1-15, 17-28, 32-50 1-15, 17-28, 32-50 1-15, 17-28, 32-50 16, 31, 51-52

Monday-Thursday Friday Saturday-Sunday Monday-Sunday

01-08 & 17-24 01-08 & 16-24 01-24 01-24

17-8 16-8 1-24 1-24

-

Monday-Thursday Friday Saturday - Sunday Vacation

Infiltration

Basic AirChange 0,1 Tmp factor 0 Tmp power 0,4 Windfactor 0

100% 1-24

Always

All weeks

All days

All hours

Heating

MaxPow 135kW Fixed part 0 Part to air 0,6

100% 1-24 Factor 1 Setpoint 22°C DesignTemp -12°C MinPow 50kW TeMin 17°C

Heating season

January, February, March, April, May, October, November, December

All days

All hours

Venting

Basic AirChange 1 Tmp factor 1,3 Tmp power 0,5 Windfactor 0,5 Max Air Change 5 Max Wind 0

Full load 100% 1-24 VentingCtrl: Setpoint 22°C SetP Co2 660 ppm Factor 1

Venting-Time-Summer

April, May, June, July, August, September

All days

All hours

Ventilation

Input: Supply 0,4 Pressure rise 900 Pa Total Eff. 0,75 Part to air 0,5

100% 1-24 ZoneTempCtrl: Part of Nom. Flow 1 Min inlet temp 18°C Max inlet temp 50°C Heating Set Pnt 22°C Cooling Set Pnt 26°C Air Hum 0

Ventilation-Time-Winter

January-March, Octoboer-December

All days

All hours

90% 7-8, 90% 17-23, 70% 9-16, 70% 24-06 90% 7-8, 90% 16-23, 70% 9-15, 70% 24-06 90% 1-24

People-Time - Monday-Thursday People-Time - Friday People-Time - Saturday - Sunday

1-15, 17-28, 32-50 1-15, 17-28, 32-50 1-15, 17-28, 32-50

Monday-Thursday Friday Saturday-Sunday

01-08 & 17-24 01-08 & 16-24 01-24

Output: Return 0,4 Pressure rise 800 Total Eff. 0,75 Part to air 0,5 Recovery unit: Max heat rec. 0,85 Min heat rec. 0 Max cool rec. 0 Max moist rec 0 Heating coil: Max power 20 kW Equipment

Heat load 1,4 kW Part to air 0,8

ILL. #167 DATA SHEET The whole building Data used for calculation

113

Conclusion.

To obtain results for the actual energy consumption it is necessary to make sure that the requirements for both the CO2 level and the temperature is fulfilled which is why hand calculations for air change rates and air flow rates is needed. They are calculated in the same way as for the

small apartment and for the big apartment (see calculation in Values for BSim spreadsheet on CD). The same problems as with the small and the big apartment occur in this simulation and its results. The CO2 level is close to fulfilled, there is a total of 127 hours above 660 PPM. There is a again a need for increasing

the heat to get the temperature above 22°C, since there is only 3274 hours above the minimum limit which corresponds to 37% of the time. Increasing the heat will mean that the maximum limit will probably be exceeded because there already is 85 hours above 26°C. Because the right temperature is not obtained

throughout the entire year the value for the energy consumption of 1924,93 kWh calculated in BSim will not be realistic. The energy use for heating would in reality be higher.

HeatBalance Thermal zone -­‐ Block qHeaBng qCooling qInfiltraBon qVenBng qSunRad qPeople qEquipment qLighBng qTransmission qMixing qVenBlaBon Sum tOutdoor mean tOp mean AirChange/h Rel. Moisture(%) Co2(ppm) PAQ Hours > 21 Hours > 26 Hours > 27 Hours < 17 FanPow HtRec ClRec HtCoil ClCoil Humidif FloorHeat FloorCool HeatPump HeatPumpElCons

Sum/Mean 2011 (365 days) 1924,93 1924,93 0 0 -­‐5179,76 -­‐5179,76 -­‐15895,54 -­‐15895,54 23331,42 23331,42 11509,68 11509,68 8015,9 8015,9 0 0 -­‐20324,95 -­‐20324,95 0 0 -­‐3381,68 -­‐3381,68 0 0 7,8 7,8 22,5 22,5 1,7 1,7 37,8 37,8 510,6 510,6 0,4 0,4 8759 8759 85 85 0 0 0 0 5265,92 5265,92 40951,79 40951,79 0 0 5992,55 5992,55 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ILL. #167 DATA TABLE Energy use

PV CELLS

energy production.

In order to reach zero energy, the required amount of PV cells is calculated. Firstly, the total area available for installation of PV cells is calculated.

The efficiency of these, the inclination of surface, the orientation and type of PV cells is taken into account on page, where the total energy production is calculated.

AREAS Heated floor area SMALL (53,2 m2) MEDIUM (92,9 m2) 2 LARGE (110 m ) Public/common functions SUM

Jyllandsgade Market Low On site (SUM) 904,4 1010,8 0 1915,20 1150,2 702,9 1661,4 3514,50 1650 770 1870 4290,00 1578,45 694,7 242,9 2516,05 5283,05

3178,4

3774,3

2

12235,75 m

15000 m2 81,57 %

Building site FAR (%)

Surface for PV cells Roofs (45o) 2 SMALL (35,7 m ) MEDIUM (63,9 m2) LARGE (52,6 m2) Stair case (14,7 m2) SUM

Stair case front (8 m2)

Jyllandsgade Market Low On site (SUM) 142,8 178,5 0 321,3 319,5 191,7 447,3 958,5 263 105,2 315,6 683,8 102,9 73,5 102,9 279,3 828,2

548,9

865,8

2242,9 m2

248

144

208

600 m2

114

ILL #XX Area calculation

115

116