Kitchen Garden - November 2014

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Down-to-earth aDvice for growing fruit & veg | kitchengarDen.co.uk | noveMBer 2014

grow learn

HoW to:

fruit

Start a fruit garden ★ Grow fruit in pots ★ Select varieties ★ Care for your plants

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Let’s

No. 206 November 2014

4-page guiDe

ONLY £3.99

tips for beginners

BROAD BEANS MADE EASY DisCoVer 10 MUST-GROW VEG FOR 2015

Kg eXClusiVe

Why Bake Off star Mary Berry loves her plot

6-page speCial

MaKea Miniplot

See what you can grow in a tiny space

GROW MUSHROOMS & MULBERRIES ★ RESTORE OLD APPLE TREES

EDITOR’S LETTER

WELCOME It has been another busy month for the KG team. As I write we are just back from a bustling Harrogate Flower Show where we won a silver medal for our very first show garden. For more news on our time at the show, and on some extraordinary ‘goings on’ in the world of giant onion growing, turn to page 12.

Back to this issue... and for the many readers out there who have only tiny plots in which to grow their fruit and veg, Joyce Russell takes you through the year on her 6 x 6ft plot and shows not only how much you can grow in this small space, but how attractive it can look too (p38).

It is about now that fruit takes over from veg in terms of attention needed in the garden – whether it is picking, pruning or planting.

Starting on page 51 Ben Vanheems brings you his top tips for starting a new fruit garden and reveals some of his favourite varieties of berries and currants for you to try. And for those of you with old apple trees to prune, but who are not sure how to go about it, we have a guide from smallholder Andy Cawthray starting on page 58, as he takes you through the process in easy steps.

Steve Ott, editor Contact me at: sott@mortons.co.uk | 01507 529396 Find us at www.kitchengarden.co.uk Contact subscriptions: 01507 529529

Follow us at facebook. com/KitchenGardenMag

Yourexpertsinthisissueinclude:

BEN VANHEEMS

HELEN GAZELEY

LUCY HALLIDAY

CHARLES DOWDING

ANNE SWITHINBANK

HOLLY FARRELL

Gardening expert and writer Ben specialises in promoting home-grown fruit and veg. He tends an allotment near his home in the Cotswolds.

In this issue he brings you his top tips for planting a fruit garden.

Writer and blogger Helen visits a very special project based at the Royal Hospital Chelsea. Here gardening helps ex-servicemen overcome the traumas they have faced in the course of their duties.

Professional gardener and new mum, Lucy still finds time to tend to her plot near Knightshayes in Devon. In this issue she urges us all to add a beautiful and productive mulberry tree to our fruit collections this autumn.

This month, following detailed trials, dedicated no-digger and market gardener Charles brings us a fascinating insight into just how much money our plots can save us with just a little careful planning.

Gardening broadcaster Anne will be familiar to all lovers of Radio 4’s Gardeners’ Question Time on which she is a regular panellist and in this issue she turns her talents to answering your gardening queries.

Now a writer and freelance gardening consultant, Holly trained at RHS Gardens Wisley.

In this issue she looks at a fascinating topic – simple and safe ways to grow your own mushrooms using kits.

SAVE ££s: FOR MONEY-SAVING OFFERS & GIVEAWAYS – SEE PAGES 90 & 94 www.kitchengarden.co.uk

NOVEMBER 2014 | 3

CONTENTS

EXPERT ADVICE TO HELP YOU GROW GREAT FRUIT AND VEGETABLES

20

10 YOU

✪ oN tHE CoVER

&

YOUR PLOT

FOR OUR CONTACT DETAILS TURN TO Pg 17

SUBSCRIBERS’ CORNER See page 28 for details

20 Beginner’s guide to Broad Beans ✪

10 in tHe greenHouse

24 Joe’s PiCK oF tHe CroPs ✪

tend to grapevines, harvest peppers and tomatoes, improve the soil nutrition

12 Hot toPiCs

the latest news and comment from the world of kitchen gardening

14 Your Letters and tiPs

learn what other KG readers have been up to and pick up some great first-hand advice

16 sPot tHe diFFerenCe

win a super prize in our new fun competition

18 Question tiMe

Regular Gardeners’ Question time panellists Bob Flowerdew and Anne swithinbank answer your fruit and veg growing conundrums

102 neXt MontH

what are the highlights in your December issue, plus details of your next free gift hAvINg TROUbLE FINDINg A COPy OF ThIS mAgAzINE? Just Ask your local newsagent to reserve you a copy each month

4 | NOVEMBER 2014

GET GROWING

JoBs tHis MontH: 6 on tHe Veg PatCH

Plant garlic, maintain compost bins, sow peas, check stored fruit and vegetables

Follow us At facebook. com/KitchenGardenMag

30

106 Last Word

this month KG reader sheila Hocking has discovered some wartime tales related to her allotment

Andrew tokely has some good advice on sowing this tasty crop now

KG veg expert Joe Maiden recommends his top performing varieties of the season

30 it’s Past and Present at CHatsWortH House

Emma Rawlings pays a visit the vegetable gardens at this popular treasure house in the heart of Derbyshire

38 groW YourseLF a Mini PLot ✪

Following the blooming of a raised bed from sowing to harvest with Joyce Russell

46 inCreasing tHe VaLue oF Your Veg

organic gardening guru Charles Dowding on how your crops can give you a good return

51 soFt going ✪

It’s time to start thinking about planting fruit canes and bushes. Ben Vanheems offers his top tips for that new fruit garden www.kitchengarden.co.uk

NOVEMBER 2014

recipes Anna Pettigrew offers some innovative recipes using quince, nuts and pumpkin

98

Pg 98

51

58 38

56 ANNE’S TOP 10

This month it’s Anne Swithinbank’s top 10 garden birds

Including a shredder, leaf vac, leaf rake, leaf collectors and giant garden waste bag

If you have an old apple tree that needs some attention, Andy Cawthray has some advice on pruning it

84 PRODUCT REVIEWS

KG regular Joyce Russell puts a range of unusual hoes to the test

62 CATCH UP WITH AWARD WINNING RUNNERS

88 GROWING GUIDES

Colin Randel reveals the results of the RHS trials on runner beans

Helen Gazeley reviews the very best gardening blogs and websites

90 GIVEAWAYS WORTH £1700 ✪

64 MARY BERRY’S VEGETABLE PATCH ✪

The Great British Bake Off judge is also a champion of home grown food she tells Kitchen Garden, in our exclusive interview

Lucy Halliday looks at growing this more unusual fruit tree

70 GROW A DIY FUNGAL FORAY ✪

Why not have a go at growing some unusual edible fungi. Holly Farrell looks at some of the kits available www.kitchengarden.co.uk

£

68 WIN A DRAPER TOOL PACKAGE WORTH £430

58 REJUVENATING OLD APPLE TREES

66 THE LOWDOWN ON MULBERRIES ✪

WHAT TO BUY

74 74 GARDENING LEAVES ITS MARK

Helen Gazeley visited the Royal Hospital, Chelsea to see how gardening is helping war veterans overcome mental scars

80 HOW TO MAKE A WELLY RACK

Martin Fish gives his step by step guide to making a boot store

This month you could win Horti Hood Plant covers, Thompson & Morgan Seed Collections, Treasure Houses tickets, Ecohydra Hand Sanitiser

92 GARDEN STORE

News of the best new products and services reach the KG offices this month

94 READER SAVERS ✪

Free blackcurrant and redcurrant bush worth over £15.90. Just pay p&p. Plus save ££s on gooseberries, raspberries and strawberries

96 DIARY DATES

Plus details of seed and young plant suppliers NOVEMBER 2014 | 5

JOBS THIS MONTH

Top jobs for NOVEMBER

➤ Make late sowings for spring 2015 ➤ Tidy beds, benches and shelves ➤ Clear summer crops that have finished producing ➤ Check structures and repair any damage ➤ Keep doors and windows closed in windy conditions ➤ Keep harvesting and collect any fallen tomatoes before they spill seed

IN THE GREENHOUSE TIME TO SOW BROAD BEANS

Other sowings

It’s possible to get really early crops of broad beans in a polytunnel or greenhouse. Pod set can be poor on early flowers; so don’t sow until November to increase the chance of a few bees being around to coincide with flowering. Beans are self-fertile, but

■ Peas can still be sown at the beginning of the month.

Try ‘Meteor’ or ‘First Early May’ for podding varieties and ‘Oregon Sugar Pod’ as a mangetout.

■ Salad leaves sown in November may not be ready to harvest until March, but this still puts them ahead of spring sowings.

bees improve pollination.

It’s a good idea to put rows of early beans close to a door, where the scented flowers will attract insects.

Sow seed 5cm (2in) deep over a trench filled with compost. Space seed 15cm (6in) apart in a double row 23cm (9in) apart. If you don’t have space, then sow seeds individually in 8cm (3in) pots of good compost and plant out when they are 10cm (4in) tall.

It’s worth sowing a few extra seeds in pots to fill any gaps in rows.

‘Aquadulce Claudia’ is a good early variety.

LEFT: Sow now for early crops of broad beans.

WITH JOYCE RUSSELL Pictures by Ben Russell

MAKE USE OF PAK CHOI

This crop is delicious but it isn’t very winter hardy. Plants usually stand through November and it’s good to aim to use them before freezing temperatures become an issue in your area.

Slugs do like the leaves, and late plants are seldom as big as their summer cousins, but they are still a delicious addition to November salads and stir-fries.

TIMETO PLANT OUT ■ Any plants from September or October sowings should be got into the ground: spinach, spring cabbage, kohl rabi, kale, oriental greens, winter lettuce etc.

■ Plant a greedy grapevine outside and make a route through the structure so the vine can grow indoors.

www.kitchengarden.co.uk

JOBS THIS MONTH

HARVEST PEPPERS Pepper plants can be remarkably hardy at this end of the year. They can continue to ripen fruit until temperatures under cover drop below 5ºC (41ºF). This is often delayed by the heat held in a large mass of soil, and any concrete paths will also retain heat on sunny days.

I have had pepper plants last through until January in a polytunnel in an exceptionally mild winter. In an average year, however, November or early December brings frosts hard enough to blacken foliage.

It’s a good idea to harvest peppers that have grown to a decent size. Smaller fruits can be left to chance what slugs, rots and frosts will throw at them, but you don’t want to lose a good crop at this stage.

Fruits will ripen and change colour if brought into the house, but sweet varieties will soften as they do so. Chilli varieties can be dried on a sunny window ledge, or simply put in a bag and frozen.

Problems to watch out for this month ■ Herbs can be killed by a hard frost. Bring a small potted rosemary plant under cover through the winter. This means you are never without a favourite herb and if those outside die, you will have a healthy replacement.

TEND TO GRAPEVINES

Grapevines often produce wonderful autumn colours.

Grapevines can put on a magnificent display of colour as leaves turn to shades of red.

They look beautiful and can brighten up the November greenhouse, but it isn’t worth cherishing them for that reason.

Collect all leaves as they fall; they can smother other crops and can carry mould spores with them.

It’s also worth picking off any leaves that stick to the glass or polythene and loose leaves will knock off the vine if you give it a shake. This way you need only gather up a couple of times, rather than every day.

www.kitchengarden.co.uk

■ Some mould and mildew problems decrease as temperatures fall, but it helps to reduce watering to a minimum if you want to keep winter crops growing healthily.

■ Strong winds can cause structural damage. Check and repair any rips or loose pieces of glass. Make sure catches are secure and doors won’t blow open. If wind can blow straight into a polytunnel but can’t get out, you may lose the whole thing in a violent storm.

HARVEST LATE TOMATOES

Tomato plants usually come to an end in November. A few may struggle on, but there are often issues with disease or fruit fails to ripen. A lot depends on the weather of course and if it is a warm and sunny November then plants can be in good condition. In a damp, chilly month, moulds will only increase their presence.

It’s worth stripping off pretty well all of the leaves at this stage in order to give plants the best chance of ripening fruit. Late tomatoes are prone to splitting or dropping from the plant. Be sure to pick up any fallen fruits so they don’t self-seed and spread disease into next year’s crop.

Call a halt when fruit doesn’t ripen and cut trusses to bring indoors before removing the plants. It’s safer not to compost the haulms if there is any disease present and tomatoes in the heap can lead to a flush of unwanted seedlings when the compost is used.

■ Rodents have few problems gaining access to garden structures. They will dig up pea and bean seeds, feast on tomatoes and may even nest in a pile of pots in the corner.

Take action before the problem becomes a plague.

MAINTAIN SOIL HEALTH

This is your last chance to harvest tomatoes.

You can apply a powdered or liquid feed to replace lost minerals but these do little or nothing to build up the structure of the soil and improve soil health.

Bulky organic material such as compost, seaweed or manure can work wonders and it is a good idea to dig in one of these on a yearly basis. Look into suppliers now and buy by the bag or the trailer-load!

NOVEMBER 2014 | 11

GET GROWING

KG Beginner’s Guide

Broad

beans

Sown now this crop can produce tasty beans as early as next June when there is often little to harvest yet. Andrew Tokely gives his expert advice

O

ne of the easiest beans to grow, broad beans were once grown by older gardeners. Now however they are popular with a new generation thanks to their use on TV cooking programmes.

A crop that is always best picked while young and when the beans inside the pods are small and succulent having the best flavour. If you wait till the beans are mature or have a dark eye (scar) on the bean you are likely to be put off growing them again as at this stage they are past it and do not have a pleasant flavour.

With a little planning you can have fresh, young succulent beans to harvest from May through to the end of July.

SOwing the Seed

This crop can be sown at three different times of the year to extend the cropping season. We start with an autumn sowing in October or November where seeds are sown direct outside into seed drills which have been drawn out with a swan neck hoe 5-7cm (2-3in) deep, with each row spaced 38-45cm (15-18in) apart between the rows. Broad bean seeds are quite large so can easily be space sown along each drill 5-7cm (2-3in) apart. If the winter weather is very bad, covering this sowing with a fleece cloche can be beneficial.

SOw in cell trayS

In the New Year; January or February the next sowing can be made under glass into deep cell containers such as Rootrainers. Fill with multipurpose compost and sow one seed per cell, gently pushing each seed into the compost up to the first bend of your finger. Once sown the Rootrainers are given a good watering overhead, then stood on the greenhouse staging in a warm greenhouse at a temperature of 10ºC (50ºF) where they will start to germinate within 10-14 days. These plants can be gradually hardened off in a cold frame in March before planting out on the plot in April. www.kitchengarden.co.uk

BROAD BEANS

BROAD BEANS AT A glANcE Sow

Harvest

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Broad bean seeds are best sown in deep cell trays.

Outdoor sowings can start as early as March.

Further outdoor sowings can be my potatoes, because the soil will made in the spring from March have already have been turned over until early May direct into the and can easily be prepared ready vegetable plot in seed drills in for seed sowing. Prior to sowing Pinch the tops out of the same way as those sown in I rake into the soil a dressing of broad beans once they are in full flower and once the the autumn. I find these later Growmore fertiliser at a rate of bottom 2-3 rows of sowings are very worthwhile as 60g per sq metre (2oz per sq flowers have started to they will offer a fresh crop of yard). If planting out or sowing form beans, to help succulent beans to harvest right in the spring the soil will have deter blackfly. up to the end of July. been dug well in the previous autumn adding plenty of organic Soil preparation matter to it, then once spring arrives the soil is Autumn sowings are made into ground that has raked down to a good tilth and Growmore already had manure or organic matter added to fertiliser is added at the same rate previously it the previous year, often this is where I grew mentioned before planting or sowing the crop.

TOP TIP

PesT & dIseases

Broad beans are planted out from April.

www.kitchengarden.co.uk

The main pest of broad beans is blackfly.

This can be deterred by the removal of the bean tops once the crop has set, but sometimes your crop may still be attacked, if this is the case the best cure is to spray the plants with a suitable insecticide.

Always spray in the evening once the sun has gone down to avoid harming any beneficial pollinating insects.

Sometimes broad beans have been known to get a mild attack of pea or bean weevil. This insect feeds on the leaves of the plants, nibbling out scalloped shapes around the edge of the leaves. If this happens don’t worry as your plants will still produce a good crop of beans.

In recent years on our plots we have had problems with crows or rooks attacking the broad bean plants. They are quite clever and as soon as the pods are starting to fill out they run their beaks down the sides of

A cloche of wire net can stop bird damage.

the pods and eat the beans within. They can decimate a crop overnight and some plot holders have had to change their growing method so the crops are now protected by netting.

Quite often plants get affected by the fungal disease chocolate spot. This causes brown spots or patches on the leaves and stems but rarely affects the bean pods, so the crop of beans inside are unaffected. This is usually worse on poorly grown or overcrowded plants which have poor air circulation around them, or on plants that are suffering from a lack of water.

There is no spray that controls this disease; the best cure is better husbandry and wider spaced plants. ➤ NOVEMBER 2014 | 21

Grow £300 worth of veG from one 1.5x5m bed!

Increasing the

value veg of your

w

hen growing fruit and veg for Growing veg so that harvests sale, regularity of supply is vital are consistent and plentiful, for success. Extending the season without being excessive, is a at both ends, especially in late spring when vegetables have the highest value, is skill to learn. Organic gardening also essential. Both of these factors are equally guru Charles Dowding offers important to gardeners if they are to make the most of their crops. his tips on making sure the value Of flavOur and freshness your crops Putting a value on what we pick in the garden is give you a not too difficult in monetary terms, but there is good return also much unquantifiable value in the extra flavours and freshness of home-grown produce.

So the figures here understate the case and I hope they give you even more desire to grow great food, just knowing what it could cost if bought in a supermarket.

46 | NOVEMBER 2014

To find a figure for each vegetable, I combined prices from one major supermarket’s organic range with my own experience of selling vegetables at different times of year. So early harvests of beetroot in June have higher value than autumn ones, and for salad leaves I use the price of those which I sell locally.

One year’s grOwth

These yields of vegetables and timings of their harvests are a snapshot of one growing season (2013) on one bed, and they vary from year to year. For example it was a cold spring in 2013 and broad beans gave only 5kg (11lb) in early July, whereas in 2014 the same number of seeds, grown in the same amount of space, gave over 11kg (24lb) in early June after a warm winter and spring.

Carrots yielded well in July 2013 but gave nothing in 2014 after two sowings were decimated by slugs. www.kitchengarden.co.uk

VALUE OF VEG

FIRST SOWINGS IN THE 1.5x5M BED First Vegetable

Sown Planted No. of (day/month) (day/month) plants

HARVESTS (IN KG) FROM FIRST SOWINGS

Followed with

First vegetable

May

June

July

Aug

kg total

Price

£ value

2.41

£5/kg

12.05

9.85

£12/kg

118.20

Broad bean ‘Aquadulce Claudia’ 25.12

26

French bean

Spinach

1.13

1.28

Shallot ‘Red Sun’

5.3

10

Beetroot

Lettuce

2.55

3.96

Coriander, Dill

15.2

16.4

8

Celery

Coriander, dill

0.24

0.23

0.47

£12/kg

5.64

Spinach ‘Toscane’

15.2

1.4

8

Swede

Potato

2.36

2.36

£1.50/kg

3.54

Lettuce leaves mixed

15.2

1.4

24

Leek

3.70

3.7

£1.60/kg

5.92

Onion ‘Balaton’

15.2

1.4

31

Endive

3.19

3.55

£2.20/kg

7.81

Onion ‘Red Baron’

15.2

1.4

31

Endive

Carrot ‘Early Nantes’

6.4

c.50

Celery

Carrot

3.26

3.26

£2.40/kg

7.82

Beetroot ‘Boltardy’

28.2

10.4

32

Fennel

Shallot

2.55

2.55

£3.40/kg

8.67

Cabbage ‘Greyhound’ Parsnip ‘Tender and True’ Potato ‘Swift’, (first early)

15.2

10.4

5

Kale

Broad bean

5.01

5.01

£2/kg

10.02

10.24

£1.20/kg

12.29

7.15 Dec.

£1.60/kg

11.44

6.4

22

5.3

5

Cabbage Beetroot

0.36

Onion Cucumber, leek

Note: *Onions grown together four bulbs per station, seven stations per row.

Early vEg and thE valuE of flEEcE

One way to increase the value of what you grow is to raise plants undercover, earlier www.kitchengarden.co.uk

0.05

10.24

Parsnip Totals

3.92

The first plantings in dry cold on April 1.

When you keep records like this, it is impressive to add up their totals and see how much can be harvested from one bed, albeit a large one of 1.5x5m (5x16ft). The bed in question has wooden sides which were placed on pasture in December 2012, then filled with a 20cm (8in) depth of compost which was welldecomposed cow manure. The bed next to it was also created at the same time but by digging the soil and incorporating the same quantity of compost – despite this difference, both beds grew equal amounts of vegetables. Pathways were mulched with cardboard and wood shavings so there were no problems with weeds.

3.29

8.19

21.00

10.29

50.55

£203.41

Promising growth of seedlings by late April.

than it is possible to sow seed direct, so as to bring the harvest date forward. From February sowings, March and early April are good times to set out plants of spinach, lettuce, beetroot, onion, cabbage, coriander and dill.

Another increase of growth happens when you lay fleece over recent plantings, for extra warmth and protection from wind, and pests such as pigeons and rabbits. Fleece certainly helps early plantings to establish and makes those precious, early harvests more consistent.

I simply lay the fleece on top with some stones to hold its sides in place, and without any hoops or support. Fleece is so light and plants are happy to push it up, also I think that more warmth is held close to their leaves and in the soil when fleece is close to ground level. ➤

Fleece kept on, even in early May 2013.

NOVEMBER 2014 | 47

APPLE TREES

rejuvenating old apple trees Many readers will have inherited an old or poorly pruned apple tree when moving to a new garden or allotment. Smallholder Andy Cawthray has some essential advice to help you bring your tree back to its full fruiting potential

W

hen we moved here some years back we were presented with quite a wilderness. The house was just about to reach at least its second dereliction in as many decades and the garden was in need of some serious help to try and bring it back to some semblance of order.

A previous owner had planted up some wonderful fruit trees including a variety of Shropshire Prune, plus a number of apple, cherry and pear trees. However, these had been abandoned for a number of years and it’s taken some time to gradually bring as many as we could back into productivity.

This project covers the step-by-step guide to recovering a neglected spur-bearing apple tree.

This particular tree has been pruned over previous years. However, for severely overgrown trees, this process should be executed over a three year period in order to control the regrowth and achieve a level of productivity

without stressing the tree and exposing it to potential infection or disease.

Pruning in 3D

As a basic rule of thumb, the first pruning activity should be the 3Ds. This is to prune out the diseased, dead or damaged branches, but by the same measure you should look to shape the tree into a bowl structure. This will let light and air through into the canopy which will not only mean healthy growth but also quality productive growth. As my grandfather told me once: “Aim to create a bowl shape with enough space for a pigeon to fly through and it’ll see you right.”

The old fella’s tips have never failed me yet.

Whatyouwillneed ■ Tools ■ Pruning saw/Bow saw ■ Secateurs ■ Long handled loppers

Step by step ReStORe YOUR tRee Step 1: No action in this step, just observation. Take a good long look at the tree structure, try to visualise a bowl-like shape. It’s always good to take a step back and observe throughout the process also. ➤

GET GROWING

Mary Berry’s

vegetable patch Everybody knows Great British Bake Off judge Mary Berry as a baker extraordinaire, national treasure and fashion icon. But what about Mary Berry: garden expert and champion of home-grown food? The queen of Victoria sponge tells Kitchen Garden about her passion for a good vegetable patch

Howto How to make‌

A welly

Gardening expert and broadcaster Martin Fish gives a step by step guide to making a useful store for your boots

rack

GET COOKING

Time for

comfort omfort food

As the autumn draws in, it is nice to cosy down with some delicious recipes created with late season produce. Anna Pettigrew has some recipes using quince, nuts and pumpkins.

N

ovember marks the end of autumn or in some parts of the country the start of winter. There are still some delights to savour despite the bulk of the harvest long since past. Quince, nuts and a few hardy pumpkins are still to be enjoyed from the plot, and with these recipes you will reap the rewards of those many hours put into the kitchen garden over the growing season.

NEW LOOK

COMING AUTUMN

2014

WHAT IS THE KITCHEN GARDEN SUBS CLUB?

Here at Kitchen Garden we love our loyal subscribers, so this club is our little gift back to you to say thanks!

WHAT DO MEMBERS GET? ➤ Access to a range of delicious recipes ➤ Exclusive photo, video and feature content not seen in the magazine ➤ Special reader offers with amazing discounts on a range of products and services

SO WHAT’S NEW? ➤ Easier to navigate for a better user experience ➤ Logging in is easier and quicker than ever ➤ Oodles of additional, exclusive content

VE EXCLUSI

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➤ A brand new look

COMING AUTUMN 2014 www.kitchengarden.co.uk/subsclub

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