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International Journal of Physical Education

Health & Sports Sciences

Volume : 06 Issue : 02

October 2017

A Journal of Physical Education Foundation of India (Approved by University Grant Commission - Sr. No. 48701)

NATIONWIDE CELEBRATION OF NATIONAL SPORTS DAY 2017

IMPACT FACTOR - 0.703 (ISRA)

ISSN 2279-0306

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION HEALTH & SPORTS SCIENCES A Journal of Physical Education Foundation of India (Approved by University Grant Commission - Sr. No. 48701)

Volume : 06

Issue : 02

October 2017

Editor In Chief Dr. Sinku Kumar Singh Department Of Physical Education, S. R. T. M. University, Nanded.

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: Dr. M.L. Kamlesh, Retd. Principal, LNCPE, Kerala

: Dr. (Mrs.) Grace Helina, TNPESU, Chennai

: Dr. Deepak Choudhary, Director, Sports Injury Centre, New Delhi

: Dr. M.I. Quraishi, DAVV, Indore

: Dr. Hazem Hussein, Professor, Helwan University, Egypt Editorial Board : Dr. Naina Nimkar, Pune University, Pune

: Dr. B.C.Kapri, BHU, Varanasi

: Dr. Sudershan Bhowmik, Kalyani University, Nadia Editor In Chief : Dr. Sinku Kumar Singh, Department Of Physical Education, S.R.T.M. University, Nanded (MH) Associate Editors : Dr. Sachin B. Pagare (Sports Director) RB Attal College, Georai, Beed, Maharashtra

: Dr. Brij Kishore Prasad, Associate Prof., Head, Department of Physical Education, IPS College of Physical Education, Gwalior (MP)

: Dr. Shyam Narayan Singh, Head, Department of Physical Education, SDPG College, Muzaffarnagar (UP)

: Dr. Unnati Vishnoi Jain, Principal Susana Methodist Girls College, Roorkee (UK) Managing Editor : Dr. Piyush Jain, Secretary Physical Education Foundation of India Top Floor, 402/A, Street Number-1, Ganesh Nagar-2, New Delhi-110092 Email : pefindia@gmail.com, Web: www.pefindia.org, Mobile: 09212799477 Panel of Peer Reviewers : Dr. Dilip Dureha, Vice Chancellor, LNIPE, Gwalior

: Dr. Rajendra Singh, Jiwaji University, Gwalior

: Dr. Lalit Sharma, IGIPESS, Delhi University, Delhi

: Dr. A. Pushparajan, Karpagam University, Coimbatore

: Dr. Sundar Raj Urs, Bangalore University, Karnataka

: Prof. Salazar C Ciria Margarita, University of Colima, México

: Dr. Meera Sood, Delhi University, Delhi

: Dr. Soumitra Mondal, Associate Professor, Mekelle University, Ethiopia

: Dr. Abdussalam Kanniyan, K.F. University of P. & M., Saudi Arabia

: Dr. Yvonne Paul, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, S. Africa

: Dr. Daljeet Singh, G.N.D. University, Amritsar

: Dr. Usha Nair, LNCPE, Trivandrum

: Dr. Balwant Singh, University of Mumbai, Thane (MH)

: Dr. D. Maniazhagu, Alagappa University, Karaikudi

: Dr. Showkat Hussain, Govt. College of Physical Education, Srinagar [4] International Journal of Physical Education, Health & Sports Sciences

Volume: 06, Issue: 02, October 2017

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION HEALTH & SPORTS SCIENCES Content • Movement and Reaction Time Abilities of Male and Female Sportspersons of National Level - Md. Shafiqul Islam / Mabila Rahman

06

• Strength and Speed Abilities of Female Athletes-a Profile Study Mohammad Sohel / Foujia Huda / Shahidul Islam

11

• Open Defecation: Primary Health Awareness of the Santals of Mirjapur and Kankutia Villages Birbhum, West Bengal - Irin Mustafa Mandal

20

• Effects of Plyometrics Training and Weight Training on Performance of Long Jumpers - Anil M. Makwana / Dr. Rustom N. Sadri

33

• Effect of Plyometric Exercises on speed among the kho-kho players Dr. Biju Sukumar

39

• Attitude towards Games and Sports among senior secondary schools boys and girls players or non-players - Meenu

45

• Relationship of Physical Fitness Variables and Basketball Playing Ability of Indian Basketball Players - Sushil Kumar / Dr. Surinder K. Sharma

49

• Physiological Effects of Pranayama: Yoga - Dr. Vishnu Parmar

54

• Yoga: Natural Solution of Diabetes - Anjan Kumar

58

• Doping in Sports: Advantages and Disadvantages - Dr. Ravi Kumar

64

• A Retrospective study of Mental health: Differences between Student Athletes and non- student athletes. - Dr. Sinku Kumar Singh 67

Volume: 06, Issue: 02, October 2017

International Journal of Physical Education, Health & Sports Sciences [5]

MOVEMENT AND REACTION TIME ABILITIES OF MALE AND FEMALE SPORTSPERSONS OF NATIONAL LEVEL Md. Shafiqul Islam* Mabila Rahman**

ABSTRACT The purpose of the present study was to find out reaction ability and movement ability of national level male and female sportspersons. The subjects of the study were 75 male and 43 female sportspersons of different senior level national teams of Bangladesh namely Athletics, Karate, Swimming and Weightlifting. Reaction-Movement Time Apparatus was used to assess the reaction ability and movement ability of the subjects. Means, Standard Deviations and t-ratios were computed for the analysis of data. No significant differences were found between male and female players of different sports in reaction and movement times.

KEYWORDS: Reaction ability, Movement ability, Co-ordination.

INTRODUCTION Coaches, physical educationist and sports scientists have always expressed a great need to know more about those psychological principles, which are helpful in improving the motor skills of the players. It is important to know about the role of reaction time, movement time, emotional phenomena like competitive anxiety and personality traits like extraversion and neuroticism of the players during training as well as competitive situations.

Reaction time is the time elapsed between a stimulus and the very beginning of an overt motor response to the stimulus. It includes nerve condition time for both incoming and outgoing impulses and also the time necessary to integrate input and output within the central nervous system.

Woodworth and Schlosberg (1963) state that reaction time is the S-R (StimulusResponse) time interval, which includes sense organ time, brain time, nerve time and muscle time. According to Cratty (1974), reaction time is the time between a stimulus (e.g. a starter’s gun, the movement of the ball, starting a play in football etc.) and his first movement in reaction, and initiation of that reaction.’

Reaction time may be divided into many different kinds e.g. simple reaction time, complex reaction time, choice reaction time and associative reaction time. Simple reaction time is *Sport Psychologist, Bangladesh Institute of Sports (BKSP), Zirani, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. **Assistant Director, Department of Physical Education, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh.

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Volume: 06, Issue: 02, October 2017

the time taken to initiate simple stimulus conditions. The subject knows in advance what stimulus will come and what response is required. Complex reaction time is the time needed to initiate a rather complex movement response. Choice reaction time involves alternative where there are different stimulus calling for different response. Associative reaction time involves word and the amount of time required to associate a word with its correct associate.

Movement time has been defined, as the time a particular act takes to be completed after it has been initiated i.e. it is that period from the beginning of the overt response to the completion of a specified movement. It is the period between the cessation of reaction time and completion of a specified movement. The movement time is the time after the initial reaction time has been completed, including the time observable movement takes place and terminating with the stopping of the movement.

Many investigators have reported that there is a relationship between reaction time and movement time. Some of them have recognized a significant correlation between reaction time and movement time and others have denied it. Henry (1960) pointed out that both reaction time and movement time may be related due to a common variable such as the aging process or one’s preparatory set, thus resulting in a higher correlation.

Though there are many factors associated with skilled performance in sport activities, speediness of physical movement and reaction time are undoubtedly the most important ones. Studies on reaction time and movement time conducted by Burpee and Stoll (1936), Peaslay (1937), Elbel (1940), Burley (1944) and Cooper (1955) indicated that the more skillful performers in physical education and sports have a faster reaction time and move more quickly than the less skillful performers.

Bhanot and Sidhu (1980) conducted a comparative study of reaction time of Indian sportsmen specializing in hockey, volleyball, weightlifting and gymnastics. The weightlifters were faster than hockey players; hockey players were faster than volleyball players and gymnasts in visual and auditory reaction times of hand and foot. Bhanot (1986) found that the hockey players of both sexes were faster on visual and auditory reaction times than the track and field players. The top-level Indian athletes and hockey players were faster on visual reaction time than on auditory reaction time.

Uppal and Singh (1983) studied the relationship of reaction time and speed of movement to performance in 100-metre run and between speed of movement to performance in long jump and shot put. They found that auditory reaction time does not contribute significantly to performance in 100-metre run and performance in long jump and shot put are significantly influenced by speed of movement. Yandell and Spirduo (1981) investigated the effects of sex and athletic status on reaction latencies and movement time. Results did not support the classic finding of male superiority over females in reaction time/ movement time or athletes superiority over non-athletes.

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International Journal of Physical Education, Health & Sports Sciences [7]

MATERIALS AND METHODS The subjects of the study were 75 male and 43 female sportspersons of different senior level national teams of Bangladesh namely Athletics, Karate, Swimming and Weightlifting.

The break-up of subjects, game wise and sex wise, is as follows: Games Athletics Karate Swimming Weightlifting Total

Sex

N

Males

20

Females

10

Males

20

Females

13

Males

20

Females

10

Males

15

Females

10

Males

75

Females

43

Materials: Electronic Reaction-Movement Timer Apparatus (Lafayette, USA-2000) with accessories was used to assess the reaction ability and movement ability of the subjects.

Method: All of the subjects were brought to the sport psychology laboratory of the Department of Sports Science of BKSP. Before the collection of data, the ReactionMovement Timer Instrument was properly set up. Certain basic information with regard to the subjects was recorded and proper instructions were given to the subjects regarding how the apparatus would be used. The reaction and movement abilities of the subjects to visual stimulus were recorded following the proper procedure.

FINDINGS Means, Standard Deviations and t-ratios were computed in order to analyze the data separately for male and female sportspersons belonging to different games namely Athletics, Karate, Swimming and Weightlifting. The level of significance chosen was .05.

The statistical analysis of data has been separately presented for reaction and movement times to visual stimulus in Tables 1 and 2.

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Table1 Means, standard deviations and t-ratios of visual reaction time for the male and female Sportspersons Game Athletics Karate Swimming Weightlifting

Sex

N

Mean

SD

Males

20

.355

03

Females

10

.316

63

Males

20

.370

70

Females

13

.392

67

Males

20

.314

64

Females

10

.322

56

Males

15

.369

67

Females

10

.362

42

SE

t-ratio

86

0.45*

59.77

-0.36*

47.91

-0.16*

47.90

0.14*

*Not significant at 0.05 level.

Table2 Means, standard deviations and t-ratios of visual movement time for the male and female Sportspersons Game Athletics Karate Swimming Weightlifting

Sex

N

Mean

SD

Males

20

.658

154

Females

10

.616

83

Males

20

.501

102

Females

13

.517

137

Males

20

.877

70

Females

10

.923

89

Males

15

.507

85

Females

10

.564

42

SE

t-ratio

140

0.3

122

-0.13

107

-0.42

67.96

0.83

*Not significant at 0.05 level.

DISCUSSION From Table 1 it is seen that there is no significant difference between male and female players of selected sports. The male players in all these cases had less visual reaction time than the female players except in athletics. Male players in swimming are observed to be faster than athletes, athletes are found to be faster than weightlifters and weightlifters are found to be faster than karate players. In respect of female players, athletes are faster than swimmers, swimmers are faster than weightlifters and weightlifters are faster tan karate Volume: 06, Issue: 02, October 2017

International Journal of Physical Education, Health & Sports Sciences [9]

players. The ‘t’ ratios obtained are athletics (t= 0.45), karate (t = -0.36), swimming (t = -0.16), and weightlifting (t = 0.14).

Table 2 reveals that there is no significant difference between male and female players of all sports in the case of visual movement time. The ‘t’ ratios were found to be t= 0.3 for athletes, t=-0.13 for Karate players, t = -0.42 swimmers and t = -0.83 for weightlifters.

From the analysis of data in Table 2 it is observed that male players of karate are faster than the weightlifters, athletes and swimmers. Weightlifters are found to be faster than athletes and swimmers and swimmers are the slowest among the selected games. In the case of female sportspersons, karate players were observed to be faster than weightlifters, weightlifters faster than athletes and athletes were noted to be quicker than the swimmers.

REFERENCES Bhanot, J.L. and Sidhu, L.S. (1980): Comparative Study of Reaction Time in Indian Sportsmen Specializing in Hockey, Volleyball, Weightlifting and Gymnastics. J. Sports Med., 20:113-118.

Burley, L.R. (1944): A Study of the Reaction Time of Physically Trained Men. Research Quarterly, 15:232-239.

Burpee, R.H. and Stroll, W. (1936): Measuring Reaction Time of Athletes. Research Quarterly, 7:110-118.

Cooper, J.H. (1955): An Investigation of the Relationship Between Reaction Time and Speed of Movement. Doctoral Dissertation, Bloomington: University of Indiana, p.70.

Cratty B.J. (1974): Criteria for Evaluation Superior Athletes. Bull Phys. Edu. 10:19.

Elbel, E.R. (1940): A Study of Response Time Before and After Strenuous Exercise.

Research Quarterly, 11:86-95.

Henry, F .M. (1960): Influence of motor and Sensory Sets on Reaction Latency and Speed of Discrete Movements. Research Quarterly, 31:459-468.

Uppal, A.K. and Singh, R. (1983): Relationship of Reaction Time and Speed of Movement to Performance in 100 metre run and between Speed of Movement to Performance in Long Jump and Short-put. SNIPES, 6, 1:24-28.

Woodworth, R.S. and Schlosberg, H. (1963): Experimental psychology. Revised edition.

New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Yandell, K.M. and Spirduso, W. (1981): Sex and athletic Status as Factors in Reaction Latency and Movement Time. Research Quarterly, 52:495-504.

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Volume: 06, Issue: 02, October 2017

STRENGTH AND SPEED ABILITIES OF FEMALE ATHLETES-A PROFILE STUDY Mohammad Sohel* Foujia Huda** Shahidul Islam***

ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to prepare profiles of female athletes (N=15) of Bangladesh who were selected from different districts of Bangladesh for a root level talent identification and training programme which was conducted for a period of two months. In order to evaluate the strength and speed abilities of the subjects the tests chosen were: i) 30m sprint, ii) 60m sprint, iii) 100m sprint, iv) standing broad jump, v) standing triple jump iv) 4 hops and jump.

The performance of the subjects was graded with the help norms available at the institute.

Based on the scores achieved by the subjects separate profiles were prepared for the subjects.

From the profiles it can be inferred that in respect of 30m sprint, standing triple jump, 100m sprint the performance of the subjects is quite satisfactory however, in standing broad jump the performance is extremely poor. They also need to improve their performance in 60m sprint and 4 hops and jump.

KEYWORDS: Speed and Strength Abilities, Female Athletes, Profile Study.

INTRODUCTION Strength, or the ability to express force, is a basic physical characteristic that determines performance efficiency in sport. Each sport varies in its strength requirements and, it the interest of specificity; we should examine its relationship to speed and endurance.

Athlete develops strength to make available a greater potential force of energy expression.

This force may be used against external resistance in pursuit of performance objective where speed, strength, endurance and mobility are variously, and separately, the criteria of success. The role of strength for a muscle group assumes a unique character according to the technical demands of a sport. This role ranges from dynamic to static and from relative to absolute in pursuit of specific performance objectives. Methods used in development of strength reflect the demands of these objectives.

*Director, Department of Physical Education, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh. * Athletics Coach, BKSP, Zirani, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. ** Athletics Coach, BKSP Talent Hunt Project, BKSP, Zirani, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Volume: 06, Issue: 02, October 2017

International Journal of Physical Education, Health & Sports Sciences [11]

Speed of whole body movement or of individual joint actions, is a decisive factor of successful performance in many sports. While speed is frequently the product of a coordinated sequence of strength expression of joint actions, the development of speed is not synonymous with the development of strength. In speed-dependent sports, it is important that speed of technical performance is introduced early. However, this must not compromise the basic technical model. Speed is considered under the heading of conditioning training in many programmes, due to the possible combination of speed with strength, endurance and/ or mobility. However, it may equally be considered as a sophisticated extension of technical training. Practices for development of speed are specific to the technical demands of a sport. Such demands vary according to the involvement of strength, endurance and mobility, the synchronized use of varied speed of joint action, and the requirement for optimum of maximum speed.

Uppal and Chib (2001), while working with volleyball players concluded that explosive strength of the legs and agility were important motor components for predicting performance in the game Uppal and Sharma (2002), in their study observed that leg power and agility are the two important motor fitness components for predicting badminton performance.

Bhowmick (2002), conducted a fitness profile study of athletes participating in track and field, gymnastics, swimming and boxing. In total fitness, the gymnastics group had the highest fitness score whereas the swimming group had the lowest. In speed, the track and field, gymnastic and boxing groups were found to be better than the swimming group.

Track and field and gymnastic group were superior to that of the swimming and the boxing groups in legs explosive strength MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifteen female athletes were selected from different districts of Bangladesh by a team of athletic coaches for attending a root level talent hunt programme-2010 (final phase) at BKSP, Zirani, Savar, Dhaka. The duration of the camp was two month. Age of the subjects was 00-00.

As soon as the reported at the Institute, there status in respect of strength and speed variables was assess using the following tests: i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi)

30m Sprint 60m Sprint 100m Sprint Standing Broad Jump Standing Triple Jump 4 Hops and Jump

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The performance of the subject was graded with the help of age-wise norms available at the Institute. With the help of scores in each test item, individual profiles were prepared for each subject. For qualitative assessment of the performance of the subject was done as per the following criteria: Score

Grade

8.0 and above

Excellent

7.0 to 7.9

Very Good

6.0 to 6.9

Good

5.0 to 5.9

Average

4.0 to 4.9

Poor

RESULTS The performance of each subject in selected strength and speed variables is given in the tables 1 to 15.

Table 1 - Profile of Poran Akther in Speed and Strength Abilities (13 yrs.)

Event

Performance

Score

Grade

30m Sprint

5.03

6.0

Good

60m Sprint

9.79

4.8

Poor

100m Sprint

15.75

3.8

Poor

S. B. Jump

1.84

4.0

Poor

Standing T. J.

4.80

5.0

Average

4 Hops & Jump

7.80

4.0

Poor

Table 2 - Profile of Sharmin Akther in Speed and Strength Abilities (13 yrs.)

Event

Performance

Score

Grade

30m Sprint

5.55

5.2

Average

60m Sprint

10.78

2.3

Poor

100m Sprint

17.23

0.0

Poor

S. B. Jump

1.90

4.2

Poor

Standing T. J.

5.30

6.3

Good

4 Hops & Jump

9.0

5.0

Average

Volume: 06, Issue: 02, October 2017

International Journal of Physical Education, Health & Sports Sciences [13]

Table 3 - Profile of Tamanna Afrin in Speed and Strength Abilities (12 yrs.)

Event

Performance

Score

Grade

30m Sprint

4.96

8.2

Excellent

60m Sprint

9.59

5.1

Average

100m Sprint

15.00

4.8

Poor

S. B. Jump

1.82

3.9

Poor

Standing T. J.

4.67

4.7

Poor

4 Hops & Jump

8.50

4.5

Poor

Table 4 - Profile of Fatamatuzzuhura in Speed and Strength Abilities (12 yrs.)

Event

Performance

Score

Grade

30m Sprint

5.21

4.0

Poor

60m Sprint

9.66

5.1

Average

100m Sprint

15.38

3.4

Poor

S. B. Jump

1.81

3.9

Poor

Standing T. J.

5.17

5.9

Average

4 Hops & Jump

9.36

5.4

Average

Table 5 - Profile of Pinky Das in Speed and Strength Abilities (14 yrs.)

Event

Performance

Score

Grade

30m Sprint

5.21

4.0

Poor

60m Sprint

9.72

4.0

Poor

100m Sprint

15.25

3.0

Poor

S. B. Jump

2.20

5.4

Average

Standing T. J.

5.92

7.8

V Good

4 Hops & Jump

10.1

6.1

Good

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Volume: 06, Issue: 02, October 2017

Table 6 - Profile of Maria Sarkar in Speed and Strength Abilities (14 yrs.)

Event

Performance

Score

Grade

30m Sprint

4.56

10.0

Excellent

60m Sprint

8.63

7.7

V Good

100m Sprint

13.63

10.0

Excellent

S. B. Jump

2.21

5.4

Average

Standing T. J.

6.43

9.1

Excellent

4 Hops & Jump

10.23

6.3

Good

Table 7 - Profile of Sohagi Akther in Speed and Strength Abilities (14 yrs.)

Event

Performance

Score

Grade

30m Sprint

4.19

10.0

Excellent

60m Sprint

8.31

9.0

Excellent

100m Sprint

13.06

10.0

Excellent

S. B. Jump

2.04

4.8

Poor

Standing T. J.

5.91

7.8

V Good

4 Hops & Jump

10.84

6.8

Good

Table 8 - Profile of Laila Jarin in Speed and Strength Abilities (15 yrs.)

Event

Performance

Score

Grade

30m Sprint

4.66

9.7

Excellent

60m Sprint

8.97

6.8

Good

100m Sprint

14.56

6.6

Good

S. B. Jump

2.16

5.2

Average

Standing T. J.

5.86

7.6

V Good

4 Hops & Jump

10.56

6.6

Good

Volume: 06, Issue: 02, October 2017

International Journal of Physical Education, Health & Sports Sciences [15]

Table 9 - Profile of Roksana Akther in Speed and Strength Abilities (15 yrs.)

Event

Performance

Score

Grade

30m Sprint

4.72

9.4

Excellent

60m Sprint

8.81

7.2

V Good

100m Sprint

14.26

7.65

V Good

S. B. Jump

2.24

5.5

Average

Standing T. J.

5.85

7.6

V Good

4 Hops & Jump

10.34

6.4

Good

Table 10 - Profile of Bithee Akther in Speed and Strength Abilities (14 yrs.)

Event

Performance

Score

Grade

30m Sprint

4.63

9.9

Excellent

60m Sprint

9.0

6.7

Good

100m Sprint

14.38

7.2

V Good

S. B. Jump

1.97

4.5

Poor

Standing T. J.

5.61

7.0

V Good

4 Hops & Jump

9.51

5.5

Average

Table 11 - Profile of Tahsina Akther in Speed and Strength Abilities (14 yrs.)

Event

Performance

Score

Grade

30m Sprint

5.25

6.8

Good

60m Sprint

9.91

4.5

Poor

100m Sprint

15.30

3.8

Poor

S. B. Jump

2.0

4.8

Poor

Standing T. J.

6.14

8.8

Excellent

4 Hops & Jump

8.5

4.5

Poor

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Table 12 - Profile of Hasina Akther in Speed and Strength Abilities (15 yrs.)

Event

Performance

Score

Grade

30m Sprint

4.91

8.5

Excellent

60m Sprint

9.63

5.2

Average

100m Sprint

15.31

3.8

Poor

S. B. Jump

2.20

5.4

Average

Standing T. J.

6.31

8.8

Excellent

4 Hops & Jump

10.33

6.3

Good

Table 13 - Profile of Nur Naima in Speed and Strength Abilities (13 yrs.)

Event

Performance

Score

Grade

30m Sprint

5.23

6.9

Good

60m Sprint

8.97

6.8

Good

100m Sprint

15.31

7.8

VGood

S. B. Jump

1.97

4.5

Poor

Standing T. J.

5.67

4.7

Poor

4 Hops & Jump

8.50

4.5

Poor

Table 14 - Profile of Moriom Akther in Speed and Strength Abilities (12 yrs.)

Event

Performance

Score

Grade

30m Sprint

5.26

4.0

Poor

60m Sprint

9.60

5.1

Average

100m Sprint

15.38

3.5

Poor

S. B. Jump

1.18

3.9

Poor

Standing T. J.

5.61

7.0

V Good

4 Hops & Jump

9.36

5.4

Average

Volume: 06, Issue: 02, October 2017

International Journal of Physical Education, Health & Sports Sciences [17]

Table 15 - Profile of Shema Khatun in Speed and Strength Abilities (13 yrs.)

Event

Performance

Score

Grade

30m Sprint

4.56

10.0

Excellent

60m Sprint

8.63

7.7

V Good

100m Sprint

1353

10.0

Excellent

S. B. Jump

2.21

5.4

Average

Standing T. J.

6.40

9.0

Excellent

4 Hops & Jump

10.10

6.1

Good

The performance of the subjects in different test items related to strength and speed are summarized as follows: 30m Sprint

60m Sprint

100m Sprint

S. B. Jump

Standing T. J

4 Hops & Jump

Excellent-08

Excellent-01

Excellent-03

Excellent-00

Excellent-04

Excellent-00

V. Good-00

V. Good-03

V. Good-03

V. Good-00

V. Good-06

V. Good-00

Good-03

Good-03

Good-01

Good-00

Good-00

Good-07

Average-01

Average-04

Average-00

Average-06

Average-02

Average-04

Poor-03

Poor-04

Poor-08

Poor-09

Poor-0

Poor-04

Based on the data given in the above table, the performance in each speed and strength variable can be ranked as follows: i) 30m Sprint ii) Standing Triple Jump iii) 100m Sprint iv) 60m Sprint v) 4 Hops & Jump vi) Standing Broad Jump DISCUSSION From the profiles and data given above it is crystal clear that the female athletes selected for the study have not followed any systematic programme of sports in their respective schools. Even though some of the subjects have done well in some of the variables namely 30m sprint, 100m sprint and standing triple jump yet their performance [18] International Journal of Physical Education, Health & Sports Sciences

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in other selected speed and strength variables is not good. In standing broad jump the performance of the subjects is poor. Besides, not under going any spots programme in the respective schools, another factors which could be responsible for mediocre performance may be the nutritional status of the subjects. Most of the subjects appeared to be undernourished, however, their actual nutritional status was not assessed.

REFERENCE Barrow H.M.and McGee R.A Practical approach to measurement in physical education.

Lea and Febiger,Philadelphia,1970.

Bhowmic S. Performance related fitnessof BKSP boys participating in team games.

Bangladesh Journal of Sports science,2001,2:73-77 Bhowmic S. Fitness profiles of athletes participating in track and field gymnastics, swimming and boxing.Bangladesh Journal of Sports Science,2002,1: 22-28 Hastad.D.N.and Lacy A.C. Measurement and evaluation in physical education and exercise science. Gorsuch Scarisbrick Publishers, Arizona, 1990.

Paish Wilfred. The complete manual of sport science, A and C Black, London, 1998.

Uppal A. K. Principle of sports training .Friend publication (India),Delhi, 2001 Uppal A.K. and Chib S.S.Psychomotor variables as predictors of volleyball playing ability.Bangladesh Journal of Sports Science,2001,2:115.

Uppal A.K. and S .Sharma G .K.Relationship of select motor components and physique characteristic to badminton playing ability. Bangladesh JSournal of sports Science,2002,1: 46-50 Verma J. Prakash. A text Book on sports statistics. Venus Publication .India.Gwalior.

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OPEN DEFECATION: PRIMARY HEALTH AWARENESS OF THE SANTALSOF MIRJAPUR AND KANKUTIA VILLAGES BIRBHUM, WEST BENGAL Irin Mustafa Mandal*

INTRODUCTION The Santals are one of the largest tribal communities in India and mainly found in Odisha, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Assam. The Santals constitute more than half of the total Scheduled Tribe(ST) population in West Bengal( 51.8%).the major tribes inhabiting in Birbhum are the Santal, Oraon, Kora, Lodha, Mahali, Bhumij and Munda. Generally, they are socio-economically backward people. The Santal is the largesttribe of the district who reside mainly at the south –western and north-western parts of Birbhum. As per the census 2011 the tribes constitute around 8.10% of the total Indian population and almost 90 %( 89.97%) of them live in rural areas. In Birbhum also the Santals reside mainly in rural areas. Health is a very important parameter to measure the sustainable development and the Santals have usually very lower attainment regarding this parameter. A Santal values health to the extent that it allows him or her to work on their daily routine jobs in contrast to The World Health Organization (WHO) ‘s view that health is “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” (Bulletin of the WHO, 1946).The main determinants of health include the social and economic environment, the physical environment, and the person’s individual characteristics and behaviours. Public health has been described as “the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals” (Winslow, 1920).In medical term Health is a relative state in which one is able to function well physically, mentally, socially and spiritually in order to express the full range of one’s potentialities within environment in which one is living. In the words of Rene Dubos, health is primarily a measure of each person’s ability to do and become what he wants to become (Farlex, 2012). In Chamber’s dictionary Awareness is being defined as “a state of being aware or conscious” or “Awareness is a condition of being alert and cognizant of one’s surroundings and external phenomena as well as one’s personal state” (Farlex, 2012). So, Health Awareness means that when a person is fully aware of his condition i.e. physical and mental and he/she follows the healthy habits. Regarding health the Santals like the other tribal peoples often display certain vulnerabilities. Their misery is compounded by impoverishment, illiteracy, poor awareness on causes of diseases, * Research Scholar, Department of Anthropology, Visva – Bharati, Santiniketan, Birbhum,West Bengal, India [20] International Journal of Physical Education, Health & Sports Sciences

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hostile environment, poor sanitation, lack of safe drinking water and superstitions etc.

(Kolay and Bandela,2013)They often lack the awareness that how to take care of their own health. Use of latrines among this population is very limited and they also lack the basic hygienic practices.

Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan( from 1999 – 2012 )(NBA) called the Total Sanitation Campaign or TSC was a programme following the principles of Community Led Total Sanitation Programme(CLST) initiated by the Government of India in 1999. The main goal of Total Sanitation Campaign was to eradicate the practice of Open Defecation by 2017.Later in February, 2016 the NBA has been transformed into Swachh Bharat Abhiyan. The concept of sanitation was expanded to include personal hygiene, home sanitation, safe water, garbage disposal, excreta disposal and waste water disposal with the broader concept of sanitation. The revised set of national guidelines of NBA shifted the focus from an emphasis on the construction of sanitation facilities to a strategy that would encourage sustained use and maintenance of such facilities. Using the 2012 NBA guidelines as its reference, in April 2013 the Government of West Bengal prepared a State Policy for Open Defecation Free West Bengal, where it brought forward the state target for curbing open defecation from 2022 to 2017. On 19 November 2013, the World Toilet Day, the Minister-in-Charge of Panchayats & Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal administered a pledge to the District Magistrates and other district and state functionaries associated with implementation of the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan to emphasize the State Government’s commitment to achieve ODF status in rural Bengal by 2017.In this background present paper attempts to examine the habit of practicing of open defecation of the Santals of rural Birbhum.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. To examine whether the Santals of rural Birbhum practice open- defecation 2. To examine whether the Santalsof rural Birbhum know the names of harmful diseases those caused by the practice open-defecation 3. To examine whether the Santalsof rural Birbhum have latrines at their home and whether they use latrines METHODOLOGY This paper is based on primary as well as secondary sources of data. Secondary data are collected from various books and articles written on primary health awareness of the tribal or Santal population are used in this paper. The online library sites like JSTOR and GOOGLE SCHOLAR are explored for that purpose. Primary data is collected from Volume: 06, Issue: 02, October 2017

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the Santal residents of the two villages i.e. Mirjapur and Kankutia. Hundred Santal families are selected.Quota sampling method is used to choose the families. The total number of the members of the families is four hundred and twenty (420). Large number of them is poverty stricken. From them two hundred and fifty respondents (including students belong to primary, secondary, Higher Secondary and Graduation level) is selected using purposive sampling method. Hundred and twenty women and eighty men of the Santal society (having age range from thirteen to seventy years) are interviewed at their home. Fifty students, twenty five of them are male and rest twenty five of them are female (having age range of six to twelve years) are also interviewed at their schools. The respondents are interviewed with the help of both structured and non structured questionnaire. Observation method is also followed to collect the required data. Two teachers of local Shisu Siksha Kendra and two Anganwadi workers (one from Kankutia and other from Mirjapur are also interviewed). The teachers and Anganwadi workers are also selected using purposive sampling method (as they reside in the study area mentioned, they supply many useful data regarding the culture and habits of the local Santals). Among the respondents there are eleven dropout students and nineteen such students who are studying at the level starting from Junior High (class VIII) to Undergraduate course. They belong to age range (thirteen to nineteen) years.

STUDY AREA AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AREA The two villages Mirjapur, and Kankutia are selected for field study. Both the villages are adjacent to Bolpur, Birbhum and situated in the Raipur-Supur village panchayat area under Bolpur-Sriniketan Block. Mirjapur is situated at the five kilometre south-east from Bolpur main town and sixteen kilometer east from Illambazar( the main sub-town is situated on the way of Suri (District town of Birbhum).The village Mirjapur consists of the Santals and the Hindu population. Among the Hindus both Scheduled Caste and General Category of people reside in the village. The area of the village is 932.47 acres (source: Raipur-Supur village panchayat office).the village is divided into five hamlets namely Paschim Adibasi Para, jarulipara, Baghdipara, Bauripara and hamlet forGeneral Category.

The Santals reside at the Eastern and Western part of the village. The total number of families reside in the village are 393. The total Santal population of the village is 829. The village Kankutia is situated at ten k.m. distance from Bolpur main town and at fourteen k.m. distance from Ilambazar. The area of the village is 1112.60 acre (source: RaipurSupur village panchayat office). There are nine hamlets in the village namely Ketelipara, Kumorpara, Hutpukur, Baghdipara, Kayasthapara, Muslimpara, Jambuni Adibasi Para, Barabagan Adibasi and Refugee Para, Kantabagan Adibasi Para. The Santals reside mainly at Kumorpara and Kantabagan Adibasi Para. Thirty Santal families reside at Jambunipara.

The village consists of the Santals, Kora, General Category Hindus, Scheduled Caste and [22] International Journal of Physical Education, Health & Sports Sciences

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Muslim population. The total number of families reside in the village is 565. Total Santal population of the village is 831. In both villages the Santals are the largest social category of people.

PROFESSIONAL STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS Large number of them is poverty stricken. Ninety two (87.61%)women are engaged in some professions while sixty six (45.51%) men are engaged in some professions and have some income. Largest number of them (50(47.61%) men and 88(60.68%) women) works as daily wage paid labourers in agricultural fields or do masonry works and both men and women work at some unorganized sectors. The three men engaged in unorganized sectors are tractor- drivers and the two women who work at unorganized sectors are working as labourers at the cola factory of Mirjapur. Men and women who belong to others category are the senior citizens aged sixty years and above and drop out students who do not belong to any kind of profession.Among the five male respondents who are government employee, three are teachers of primary schools and two are the employees of West Bengal Police.

The three men who are professionally farmers have worked as contractual farmers who plough the land of local rich people who stay abroad. Among hundred and five male respondents fifty are the daily wage earners and among hundred and forty five women respondents eighty eight are the daily wage earners and those who work at unorganized sectors have no fixed income. This type of professional scenario proves that the Santals of Mirjapur and Kankutia Villages of Birbhum are very poor.

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A table is drawn below to show the professional status of the respondents.

Social Category

Annual Income

Santal Profession

Male (%)

Female(%)

Agriculture(share cropper)

03(2.85)

00(0)

Rs.(50,000-70,000)

Daily Waged labour

50(47.61)

88(60.68)

Rs.(30,000-50,000)

Salaried (Govt.) Employee

05(4.76)

00(0)

Rs.4,00000 and above

Salaried Employment (Private)

03(2.85)

02(1.37)

Rs.(60,000 – 2,00000)

00(0)

08(5.51)

NA

Unemployed(students)

34(32.38)

35(24.13)

NA

Work at unorganized sectors

03(2.85)

02(1.37)

Rs.20,000 – 50,000)

others

07(6.66)

10(6.89)

NA

Total

105(42) (100.00)

145(58) (100.00)

250(100)

Only domestic work

Table 1: Professional Status of the Respondents

The table shows that the maximum number and percentage of the villagers work as daily wage paid labours. Among the male Santals 50(47.61%) are daily wage paid labours and among the female Santals 88(60.68%) are daily wage paid labours. The number of salaried Government employee is very few.05(4.76%) people work as government servants and no female is included in this category. The income range of the respondents shows that over 90% of the Santal villagers have very poor annual income. The agricultural labours or the share croppers only earn rs. 30,000/- to 70,000/- annually. No Santal owns land.

EDUCATIONAL STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS The picture of the educational scenario of the Santals of the study area is not so bright.

Only two male respondents are graduate and no female respondent is graduate. Three female students and one male student are doing graduation. Drop out students are there.

It is interesting to note that though the number of illiterate women is greater than illiterate men the number of the female Madhyamik and Higher Secondary pass respondents is higher than their male counterparts. The drop –out rate is also higher among the male respondents.

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The table drawn below indicating the educational status of the respondents.

Educational Status

Social Category

Age range/year

Santhal(other than students)(%) Male (%)

Female(%)

Literate

15(23.07)

25(23.80)

20-70

Illiterate

20(30.76)

55(52.38)

do

IV pass

15(23.07)

10(9.52)

do

VIII pass

10(15.38)

05(4.76)

do

Madhyamik

02(3.07)

06(5.71)

do

Higher Secondary

01(1.53)

04(3.80)

do

Graduation & Above

02(3.07)

00(0)

do

65(100.00)

105(100.00)

Total

Students (%) 10(25)

10(25)

06-09

(V-VII)

15(37.5)

15(37.5)

10-12

VIII-Graduation

09(22.5)

10(25)

06(15) 40(100.00)

05(12.5) 40(100.00)

13-19 do

Primary level (I-IV)

Drop out Total

Table 2: Educational Status of the Respondents Among both the male and female the rate of illiteracy is greater than that of literacy.

Among the category of other than studentthe number and percentage of literate women (23.80%) is slightly greater than that of the men (23.07%). The number and percentage of illiterate women (52.38%) are greater than that of men (30.76%). Only 9.52% women pass at the primary level of education while the percentage of primary level passed men are greater in percentage (23.07%). It is interesting to note that performance of the women is better than the men at the Higher Secondary level of schooling( 3.80% women pass the Higher Secondary Examination while only 1.53% men pass that examination). In the poverty stricken villages of Birbhum the male students become drop out and engaged in some wage earning profession at an early age while girls continue their study if they wish so.For that reason, rate of drop out male students are found greater (15%) than that of the female students (12.5%). Over all, the villagers have poor educational background.

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Result and Discussion Practicing of Open Defecation Hundred Santal families have been surveyed. Among them five types of families have been found.

Family Type 1: These types of families have latrines at their home and they use latrines regularly. The members of the families do not practice open defecation. The number of this type of family is twenty.

Family Type 2: These types of families have latrines at their home and they use latrines irregularly. The members of the families often practice open defecation. They usually use the latrines whenever any member of the family is suffering from some chronic disease or when they prefer to use latrines due to bad weather outside. The number of this type of family is ten.

Family Type 3: These type of families have latrines at their home, but they do not use the latrines. They practice open defecation instead of using the latrines. The number of this type of family is fifty.

Family Type 4: These type of families do not have latrines at their home, but they want to construct and use the latrines.At presentthey practice open defecation instead of using the latrines. The number of this type of family is ten.

Family Type 5: These type of families do not have latrines at their home and they do not want to construct and use the latrines.At present they practice open defecation instead of using the latrines. The number of this type of family is ten.

(A pie chart is shown below indicating the number and status of the families mentioned above. Family Type 1 covers the 20% area of the chart, Family Type 2 covers the 10% area of the chart, Family Type 3 covers the 50% area of the chart, Family Type 4 covers the 10% area of the chart and Family Type 5 covers the 10% area of the chart)

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CHART I

Chart I indicates the percentages of responding families in respect of their practicing open defecation The chart shows that only 20% Santal families (Family Type 1) regularly use the latrines. 10% Santal families (Family Type 2) have latrines, but they use it occasionally, especially when they suffer from diseases or can not go outside due to bad weather. 50 %( Family Type 3) Santal families have latrines but they do not use it. They often use the latrines as store – rooms. Total 20 % Santal families do not have latrines at their home.

Among them 10 %( Family Type 4) Santal families want to construct the latrines but 10% (Family Type 5) of the total Santal families do not want to construct latrines at their home.

These incidents prove that health awareness among the Santals is very poor. The families which do not want to construct the latrines are the families where the Heads are illiterate.

Educational Status of the Heads of the Latrine user families The families which use latrines regularly are not very often educated families. But they at least pass the primary level of education. A table is drawn here indicating the educational status of the heads of the families which use latrines regularly.

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Educational status of the Heads of the Santal families which use latrines regularly(%) Educational Status of heads

No. of Families

Graduate

02(10)

Higher Secondary

01(5)

Madhyamik

01(5)

Standard VIII pass

03(15)

Standard V pass

05(25)

Primary education(IV pass)

08(40)

Total

20(100)

Table 3: Educational status of the Heads of the Santal families which use latrines regularly The data shown above proves that the heads of the families who use latrines regularly are at least completed their primary level of education (40% of the total families). 15% of them pass standard VIII. All the government employees are observed to use the latrines regularly. This type of incident proves that at least some educational standard is needed to start practicing of such healthy habits of using latrines. To be conscious about the harmful result of this types of practice some formal education is needed. Otherwise, it is very difficult to convince the Santals about this.In Santal culture it seems very unhygienic to use lavatories at home.

Mission Nirmal Bangla Nirmal Gram Panchayat Abhiyan Picture 1 The picture of a poster arranged by Bolpur Sriniketan Development Block and Raipur – Supur Village Panchayat Office at the entrance of village Mirjapur and the gate of the Raipur –Supur Village Panchayat Office demanding that the village has been freed from practicing of open defecation

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Under the Mission Nirmal Bangla the Raipur-Supur Village Panchayat has conducted the Nirmal Gram Panchayat(NGP) Abhiyan at the month of March, 2016. The poor people (BPL Card holders) of the villages under the said village panchayat have been offered to construct the latrines at their home at the subsidised price bourn by the State Government.

Though the 70% of the poor Santal people of Mirjapur and 40% of the same category of people of Kankutia has constructed latrines at their home, they often do not use the latrines for various types of reasons. The reasons are cited below1. The villages have dearth of water supply. Though Indo- German Water Supply Project supplies tap water in the villages, very few families has tap connection.

2. Mirjapur and Kankutia are pond – centric villages. People can easily clean themselves at ponds. They do not want to pump tube well for the purpose of cleaning.

3. Santal people are habituated in open defecation system. They do not like to use latrines. In Santal culture Practicing open defecation is more hygienic to using lavatories at home.

4. Latrines constructed under Nirmal Gram Panchayat (NGP) Scheme are not well built. Sometimes those are over flowed. Santals are not feeling comfortable while using those.

5. The health workers do not visit the Santal households on a regular basis to make them aware of the ruinous effects of such practices.

The school children and teachers at all level are being engaged in propagating against the open defecation system under the mission NGP. But the Santals very often do not want to construct latrines at their home. Even if they construct the latrines they do not use those for the above stated reasons and use the latrines as store rooms to deposit goods, out of hundred families thirty families are found who behave like this. So, there are two types of families.

The school children and teachers at all level are being engaged in propagating against the open defecation system under the mission NGP. But the Santals very often do not want to construct latrines at their home. Even if they construct the latrines they do not use those for the above stated reasons and use the latrines as store rooms to deposit goods, out of hundred families thirty families are found who behave like this. So, there are two types of families.

Type 1 Families (30%): Who use the constructed latrines as store- room.

Type 2 Families (70%): Who do not use the constructed latrines as store- room.

Chart 2: The percentage of the families is shown in the pie chart drawn below.

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CHART 2

PERCENTAGE OF THE SANTAL FAMILIES WHO USE OR DO NOT USE THE LATRINES AS STORE-ROOM ROOM

Chart 2 indicates the percentage of the Santal families who use or do not use the latrines as store room Awareness regarding the diseases caused by the practice of open defecation Most of the respondents do not know about the ruinous effects of such practice of open defecation. While interviewing they respond like this that though the health workers and Anganwadi workers tell them about the diseases which often happen as the outcome of the practicing open defecation they cannot recall those easily. The adolescent respondents (ten girls and nine boys) admit that they feel uneasy but they cannot use the toilets in the schools comfortably for the lacking of sufficient water. A sishu siksha Kendra is visited where no facility of water is found and though the Siksha Kendra has both girls’ and boys’ toilet facilities the students do not use them. The table drawn below shows that very few respondents can tell the name of the diseases like Cholera or Diarrhoea which are carried by the flies and the direct outcome of practicing of open defecation.

Total number of male and female

Social

Category

Number and% ofrespondents who know the names of the diseases carried by flies(male+female) Social Category

Santal

Santal

Total

Age range/ year

Male (%)

Female %)

Total (%)

Male (%)

Female %)

Male + Female %)

06-12

25(23.80)

25(17.24)

50(20)

02(8.33)

03(16.66)

05(11.90 )

13-19

15(14.28)

15(10.34)

30(12)

08(33.33)

07(38.88)

15(35.71)

20-49

35(33.33)

60(41.37)

95(38)

10(41.66)

08(44.44)

18(42.85)

50-70

30(28.57)

45(31.03)

75(30)

04(16.66)

00(0)

04(10)

Total

105(42)

145(58)

250(100)

24(22.85)

18(12.41)

42(16.8)

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Table 4: number and percentage of respondents who know the names of the diseases carried by flies (the number and percentage is distributed according to their age range starting from 6-70 years).

The table shows that among the age range (20-49) year the highest number of respondents belongs (95, 38%). Among them maximum number and percentage of (18, 42.85%) respondents know about the diseases causes by the practice of open defecation. Santal males (24, 22.85%) are more aware about these diseases than the females (18, 12.41%).

Only 10 % male people of the age range (50-70) years know the name of such diseases.

Illiterate people mostly belong to this age group. The rate of literacy is lower among the women than that of the men. It proves that Rate of Literacy is directly related to primary health awareness of the community concerned.

Conclusion Though Raipur Supur village Panchayat propagates against open defecation and Nirmal Bangla Abhiyan is carried out and under this scheme latrines are constructed at the houses of BPL Category Santals, most of them practice open defecation, till now. The main reason is that the Santals have the acute lack of awareness regarding healthy habits. Most of them do not even know the name of the diseases that can occur due to practicing of open defecation. The families which use latrines regularly are to some extent educated families.

Poverty and lower educational attainment are the two main causes for which the common Santals do not interested in constructing latrines or using those at their home. The supply of the running water should be more regular and broad based in the villages of Birbhum.

Ninety percent of the respondents do not have tap water connection. The diseases like diarrhoea occur often in the rainy season every year. The poor conditions of the latrines constructed at the subsidized rate also debar the Santals to use those. More Health Awareness Programmes and educational upliftment is necessary to increase the primary health awareness of the Santals and make them free from the habit of open defecation.

ABBREVIATIONS ST- Scheduled Tribe WHO- World Health Organization NBA -Nirmal Bangla Abhiyan TSC- Total Sanitation Campaign CLST- Community Led Total Sanitation Programme NGP- Nirmal Gram Panchayat Picture2: the wretched condition of the subsidised latrine at the home of a Santal villger

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LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Professional Status of the Respondents Table 2: Educational Status of the Respondents Table 3: Educational status of the Heads of the Santal families which use latrines regularly Table4: Number and percentage of respondents who know the names of the diseases carried by flies (male and female) LIST OF CHARTS Chart I indicates the percentages of responding families in respect of their practicing open defecation Chart 2 indicates the percentage of the families who use or do not use the latrines as store room LIST OF PICTURES The picture 1 indicates picture of a poster arranged by Bolpur Sriniketan Development Block and Raipur –Supur Village Panchayat Office at the entrance of village Mirjapur and the gate of the Raipur –Supur Village Panchayat Office demanding that the village has been freed from practicing of open defecation Picture2: The wretched condition of a latrine constructed with government subsidy at Kankutia, Birbhum REFERENCES Farlex (2012), The Medical Dictionary, see www.freedictionary.com/health Kolay, Swapan Kumar and Anil Prasad Bandela(2013), Tribal Health (Concerns and Challenges), Mohit Publications, New Delhi,pp- 31 The Chamber’s Dictionary (2006), Allied Chambers (India) Ltd.New Delhi, pp-110 The Preamble of the Constitution of the World Health Organization (1946), Bulletin of the World Health Organization 80(12):982 Winslow, C. E. (1920), The Untilled Fields of Public Health, Science51 (1306):23-33 Swachh Bharat Abhiyan( February,2016), Wikipedia.html www.censusindia.net/2001 www.censusindia.gov.com/2011

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EFFECTS OF PLYOMETRICS TRAINING AND WEIGHT TRAINING ON PERFORMANCE OF LONG JUMPERS

Anil M. Makwana* Dr. Rustom N. Sadri**

ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of plyometrics training and weight training on performance of Long Jumpers. The subjects for the study were 30 male students studying in C.P.Ed course and were assigned at random to three groups (n= 10) each. Group A trainedwith Plyometrics Training, Group B trained with Weighttraining and Group C acted as control.The training period for both the experimental groups underwent their respective training three days per week for eight weeks in addition to their regular activities. The data was collected in the beginning and at the end of 8 weeks experimental period in terms of pre and post test. The training schedule was prepared systematically and carefully keeping the individual differences of the subjects and loading principles in mind. ANCOVA and T – test was applied to find out the differences in pre and post test scores of Group A,B and C. The significance was tested at 0.05levels. It was found that plyometrics training is more effective training than weight training for long jumpers.

KEYWORDS: Plyometrics training, Weight training 1. INTRODUCTION Ever since the first modern Olympic games, human performance has captured the attention of a wide segment of the population. There is a growing scientific awareness among coaches and investigators. Athletes are being trained by highly sophisticated means for better achievements in their concerned sports.Beginning with ancient Greeks, coaches and athletes have sought methods and techniques for improving speed and strength. Although specific exercise designed to enhance quick, explosive movements, only in the last two decade has a system emerged which emphasizes “explosive reactive” power training known as plyomertics. To improve the physical capability of sportsman, a number of training systems are in existence and Plyometrics, originated in Europe * Physical Instructor, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Govt. College, Silvassa, (UT of DNH), India * * Associate Professor, J.Z.Shah Arts & H.P.Desai Commerce College, Amroli, Surat, Gujarat, India Volume: 06, Issue: 02, October 2017

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and earlier known as jumping method, is one of them which are very well known.

Plyometrics training captured its position rapidly among sports persons and coaches.

It has the ability to increase power by combination of force and speed. Plyometrics training is useful and essential for those sports persons who are associated with running, jumping and throwing events.

Generally weight training should display its effect on body structure and ability of the players. Weight training is essential for preparing the specific body muscles for the specific games. For players of big games such as Football, Volleyball, Hockey, Cricket, Softball etc., almost all muscles of the body need to be very powerful and active. For other sports such as running, jumping and throwing, players can improve their performance through weight training. In this study an attempt is made to compare their training modalities.

METHODOLOGY 30 students of Shri. Chhotubhai Purani Vyayam Mahavidyalay, age ranged between 18 to 22 were selected for this study. Random group design was adopted to equally divide the subjects in three groups (consisted 10 subjects in each group)two experimental group - A plyometrics, B weight training group and C control group. Group A was assigned to plyometrics trainingwith depth jumping and other plyometrics exercises. Group B was treated with weight training exercises. Group C acted as control and did not participate in any kind of training.

Testing Procedure Prior to initial testing, each subject was familiarized with testing protocol. The data was collected for all the three groups before starting experiment to both experimental groups in terms of pre test. Post data were collected after 8 weeks of imparting the plyometrics training and weight training for group A and Group B. Group C was also tested after the completion of 8 weeks.

Training Procedures During the training period, the experimental groups underwent their respective training programme three days per week (alternatedays) for eight weeks in addition to their regular activities.Every day, the work out lasted for 90 minutes approximately including warming up and cool down periods. The plyometrics training programme involved Standing broad Jump, Tuck Jump, Depth Jump, Stadium Hops, Bounding and Box to Box Hops. The weight training programme consisted Leg Press, Leg Flexion and Extension, Half Squat, Knee-Up with Bars, Heel Raise and Jump with Weight.

The load was progressively increased. All training sessions for both experimental [34] International Journal of Physical Education, Health & Sports Sciences

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groups were fully supervised and all the subjects remained present during the training period. None of them reported any injury. However, muscle soreness was reported in the early weeks which subsided later and there were no dropouts in the study.

Statistical Analysis The data collected from the three groups prior to and after experiment were statistically examined for significant results were obtained (P<0.05), LSD post hoc test wasused to find out which of paired means significantly effective.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This chapter presents the data concerning long jump performance collected on 30 subjects. The data was analyzed by applying t- test to find out significance of differences between pre-test and post-test means.Furtheranalysis of covariance was applied for findings of significance differences among two experimental groups and a control group.

The relevant data has further been shown in respective tables.

TABLE- 1 Significance of Differences Between Pre-test and Post-test Means of Plyometrics training and Weight Training and Control Group in Long Jump Performance

Pre- Test Mean

Post- Test Mean

Mean Difference

S.D.

Plyometrics Training

4.12

4.62

0.50

0.19

8.43*

Weight Training

4.44

4.65

0.21

0.20

3.32*

Control

4.49

4.46

0.03

0.17

0.53

Group

t- ratio

Significant level 0.05 (9) 2.26

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The results pertaining to t-test for long jump performance are given in table – 1 and it is evident that t- ratio obtained for two experimental groups A, B were 8.43, 3.32 respectively. The obtained t-ratio for control group was 0.53. As the required‘t’- ratio for significance was 2.26 at 0.05 level of confidence, therefore, Plyometrics Training Group and Weight Training group were found to be significant whereas the control group was found to be insignificant.

TABLE - 2 Analysis of Covariance of the Scores of the Plyometrics Training Group, Weight Training Group and Control Group.

Mean Pre Test

Post Test

Adjusted Post Test Mean

Groups

df

Mean Squares

F 3.15

A

B

C

Sum of Square

4.12

4.44

4.49

B:0.81

2

0.41

W: 3.52

27

0.13

B: 0.22

2

0.11

W: 2.70

27

0.1

B: 8.84

2

0.42

W: 0.63

26

0.02

4.62

4.79

4.65

4.58

4.46

4.35

1.1

F.0.05 (2/27) = 3.35

B: Sum of square between groups.

F.0.05 (2/26) = 3.37

W: Sum of square within groups.

21

The results pertaining to analysis of covariance in long jump performance in table – 2.

A look at the table-2 and figure- 1 brings to light that in analysis of covariance for long jump performance, the obtained f-ratio in case of pre-test, post-test and adjusted post-test means were 3.15,1.1 and 21 respectively. First two values ( pre-test and post-test ) were found to be insignificant whereas adjusted post-test value was found to be significant as the obtained values below and above the required values 3.35 and 3.37 at 0.05 level of confidence respectively.

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Table-3 PAIRED ADJUSTED MEANS AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEANS FOR ALL FOUR GROUPS IN VERTICAL JUMP TEST PERFORMANCE

Groups Group A Plyometric Training

Group B Weight Training

4.79

4.58

4.79 4.58

Group C Control Group

Difference of means

CD at 0.05 Level

0.21*

0.12

4.35

0.44*

0.12

4.35

0.23*

0.12

Figure-1

Adjusted Final means of two experimental groups and the control group in Long Jump performance

The comparison of all groups adjusted means have been seen in graphically presented in figure graph 1. Comparison of all groups in figure 1 sows that group 1 Plyometric Training is more significant than the Weight Training. Both the experimental groups are more improve Long Jump performance than the Control Group.

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CONCLUSION

On the basis of analysis of data and within the limitation of present investigations the following conclusions may be drawn.

1. The improvement observed in performance of Long jumpers after 8weeks training programof Plyometrics Training and Weight Training.

2. There was no improvement observed in the control group.

3. The Plyometrics training is better than weight training.

REFERENCES Chu, Donald A. (1992). Jumping into Plyometrics. U.S.A.: Brizers Press.

Dhul, Devendrasingh. (1997). Sharireek Kshiksan Tatva Avam Etihas vaSamasta Khel Medan Avam Niyam.New Delhi: Friends Publication Nageswaran,A.S.,et.al (2000) Effects of Power Resistance and Combined Resistance and Plyometrics Training on Strength Parameters and speed. Scientific Journal, NSNIS, Patiala Patel, Kantibhai R. and Kashundra, Prabhulal M. (2002). Sharirik Shikshan ane ramat gamatma kasotio mapan ane mulyankan Rama Prakashan:Gandhinagar Shah, Chinubhai P. (1982). Vyayam Vignan Kosh-5. Rajpipla: Gujarat Vyayam Pracharak Mandal

[38] International Journal of Physical Education, Health & Sports Sciences

Volume: 06, Issue: 02, October 2017

EFFECT OF PLYOMETRIC EXERCISES ON SPEED AMONG THE KHO-KHO PLAYERS Dr. Biju Sukumar*

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to determine the effect of plyometric training on speed. Sixty male Kho-Kho Players (N=60 were randomly selected as subjects and their age ranged between 17 and 25 years. The selected subjects were randomly assigned into two equal groups with thirty subjects each (N=30). Group I experimental, Group II Control group the experimental groups underwent their respective experimental treatment for twelve weeks 3 days per week and a session on each day. Control group was not exposed to any specific training apart from their curriculum. Speed was taken as variable for this investigation.

The pre and post test were conducted one day before and after the experimental treatment.

Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to analysis the collected data. Scheffe’s test was used as a post hoc test to determine which of the paired mean differed significantly.

The results revealed that There was also a significant difference between experimental groups on speed (P ≤ 0.05) Further it related that the plyometric training and plyometric training produced significant improvement(P ≤ 0.05) on speed as compared to control group.

KEYWORDS: Plyometric Training, Speed 1. INTRODUCTION Sport has been a part of civilized societies throughout history. In some cases, as in Greece in the fifth century B.C, sport was of central importance to culture and has been studied and analyzed by scholars on many disciplines over the past 50 years. Most scholars agree that sport is a manifestation of play and that sports are institutionalized forms of play.

Sport involves ritual and it involves tradition.

The very elaborations of sport, its internal conventions of all kinds, its ceremonies, its endless meshes entangling itself for the purpose of training, testing and rewarding the rousing emotion within an individual to find a moment of freedom. Freedom is that state where energy and order merge and all complexity is purified into a simple coherence of parts and purpose and passions that cannot be surpassed and whose goal could only be to be itself. * Assistant Professor, Dept. of Physical Educations, S.N. College Chempazhanthy, Trivandrum, Kerala, India Volume: 06, Issue: 02, October 2017

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Plyometrics is a method of developing explosive power, an important component of most athletic performances. As coaches and athletes have recognized the potential improvements which Plyometrics can bring about in performance, they have integrated it into the overall training programme in many sports and made it a significant factor in planning the scope of athletic development.Plyometrics is a new form of isotonic training which became popular during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Proposed to bridge the gap between speed and strength, plyometrics uses the stretch reflex to facilitate the recruitment of additional motor units and loads both the elastic and contractile components of muscle and hence, plyometrics has been referred to as bounce loading or rebound jumping.

The word Plyometrics is derived from the Greek word pleythyein meaning “to increase” or from the Greek roots plio and metric meaning ‘More’ and ‘Means’. Plyometrics refers to exercises that enable a muscle to reach maximal strength in as shorter time as possible.

Plyometrics exercises are important in sports requiring high levels of speed strength (ability to exert maximum force during high speed activity) to complete movement such as sprinting, jumping and throwing.

METHODOLOGY For the purpose of this study, 60 Male Kho-Kho players who has played in the Senior state championships from different districts of Kerala were selected as the subjects. The age of the subjects ranged between 17 to 25 years. The subjects were informed about the nature of the study and their consent were also taken before involving them as subjects of the study. The subjects were later randomly assigned to a control group and to an experimental group of equal sizes. Sixty male Kho-Kho Players (N=60 were randomly selected as subjects and their age ranged between 17 and 25 years. The selected subjects were randomly assigned into four equal groups with thirty subjects each (N=30). Group I experimental, Group II Control group The experimental groups underwent their respective experimental treatment for twelve weeks 3 days per week and a session on each day.

Control group was not exposed to any specific training apart from their curriculum. Speed was taken as variable for this investigation. The pre and post test were conducted one day before and after the experimental treatment.

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RESULT AND DISCUSSION Table 1 ANALYSIS OF CO-VARIANCE DONE AMONG THE TWO GROUPS ON SPEED

Control group

Experimental group

Source of Variance

Sum of Squares

df

Mean Squares

Pre-test Mean

6.790

6.786

Between

0.000

1

0.000

SD

0.570

.328

Within

12.541

58

0.216

Post-test Mean

6.657

6.477

Between

0.486

1

0.486

SD

0.328

0.230

Within

4.649

58

0.080

Adjusted Post-test Mean

6.656

6.478

Between

0.477

1

0.477

S.E.

0.041

0.041

Within

2.824

57

0.050

F-ratio P-value

0.001

0.971

6.063*

0.017

9.629**

0.003

* significant at 0.05 level as the P-value is < 0.05 ** significant at 0.01 level as the P-value is < 0.01 The Table 1 contains all the relevant factors related to analysis of co-variance done on the variable Speed. The post-test values are the values of the variable Speed, while the pretest variable was taken as the co-variate. The P-value of 0.971 associated with the pre-test scores indicates that there is no significant difference between the mean of the pre-scores of control and experimental group. Again a P-value of 0.017 associated with the post-test scores implies that the post mean scores are significantly different. Further, the said table do indicates an F-ratio of 9.629 on the adjusted post-test means and this do implies that there existed mean difference on the variable Speed between the control and experimental group, as the P-value obtained has been 0.003 which is much less than 0.05, the level of significance set for this study.

Since, the F-ratio was found to be significant the LSD post-hoc test was done, to find out whether there existed significant differences among the adjusted post-test means or not on the variable Speed and the details are presented in Table 2.

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Table 2 LSD POST-HOC TEST DONE ON THE TWO GROUPS FOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ADJUSTED POST-TEST PAIRED MEANS ON SPEED

Adjusted Post-test means Control group

Experimental group

Mean Difference

Std. Error

P-value

6.66

6.48

0.18*

0.06

P<0.003**

*

The mean difference is significant at 0.05 level

** Based on estimated marginal means.

Adjustment for multiple comparisons least significant difference (equivalent to no adjustment) The above table do indicates a mean difference of 0.18 and a P-value of 0.003. This do clearly shows that, there existed significant differences in the adjusted post-hoc paired means among the control group and the experimental group.

FIGURE 1 Graphical Representation of the Pre-test, Post-test and Adjusted Post-test Means on Speed of the two different groups

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CONCLUSION The results of the study indicates that there was significant difference on Speed among the control group and the experimental group since, there was significant training effect on speed of the experimental group after the plyometric training programme.

Plyometrics is a method of developing explosive power and Speed an important component of most athletic performances. As coaches and athletes have recognized the potential improvements which Plyometrics can bring about in performance, they have integrated it into the overall training programme in many sports and made it a significant factor in planning the scope of athletic development.

REFERENCES Aggarwal, J.C., Educational Research, (New Delhi: The Arya Book Depot, 1975).

Anita Bean, The Complete Guide to Strength Training, London: A and C Black Publishers Ltd. (1997).

Arnhein, Daniel D., Modern Principles of Athletic Training, St. Louis: The Mosby College Publishing Co., (1985).

Baechle, Thomas R. (Ed.), Essential of Strength Training and Conditioning, Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics, (1994).

Barrow, Harold M., Man and his Movement Principles of Physical Education, Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, (1971).

Bompa, Tudor O., Periodization of Strength, Canada: Vertices Publishing Inc., 1996.

Cooper, John M., Mavlene Adrian and Ruth B. Glassow, Kinesiology, (5th Ed.), (St. Louis: The C.V. Mosby Company, 1982).

Cooper, John M., Mavlene Adrian and Ruth, B. Glassow, Kinesiology, (5thed.).

Dick, Frank W., Sports Training Principle, London: Hendry Kimpton Publisher (1980).

Gardiner, N.E., Athletes of the Ancient World, Oxford: University, Press (1930).

Grosset and Dunlap, Enjoying Track and Field Sports, (London: The Padington Press Ltd., 1979).

Hooks, Gene, Application of Weight Training to Athletics, Engle Wood Cliffs: New Jersey, Prentice Hall. Inc. (1962).

Janner, J.M., The Physique of the Olympic, (London: The George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1969).

Jensen, Clayue R. and A. Garth Fishes, Scientific Basis of Athletic Conditions, Volume: 06, Issue: 02, October 2017

International Journal of Physical Education, Health & Sports Sciences [43]

(Philadelphia: The Lea and Febiger Publishers, 1979).

Johnson, Barry L. and Jack K. Nelson, 1982. Practical Measurement for Education in Physical Education, New Delhi :Surjeet Publication.

Phillips, Allen D. and Sandra A. Street, “Sprint Assisted Training Programme”, Track Technique, (1989).

Riley, Daniel P. (Ed.), Strength Training (2nd Ed.), New York : Leisure Press, (1982).

Singh, Hardayal, Science of Sports Training (New Delhi: D.V.S. Publication, 1991).

Singh, Hardayal, Sports Training General Theory and Education Method, (New Delhi: D.V.S. Publication, 1991).

Delecluse, C. et al., “Influence of High-Resistance and High-Velocity Training on Sprint Performance”, Journal of Medicine Science Sports and Exercise, Vol. 27, No. 8, (Aug. 1995).

Echer, Tom, “Improving Sprinting Speed Through Strength Training”, Athletic Journal, Vol. 65, (April, 1975).

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Volume: 06, Issue: 02, October 2017

ATTITUDE TOWARDS GAMES AND SPORTS AMONG SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS BOYS AND GIRLS PLAYERS OR NON-PLAYERS Meenu *

ABSTRACT In the present study an attempt has been made to compare theAttitude towards physical education between boys and girls players and non-players of senior secondary schools of Haryana. The Present study was confirmed to the Senior Secondary student studying in various school of Bhiwani. Total 200 Student 100 Boys (50 Player and Non player) and 100 Girls (player and non players) were taken from the study. The age ranged between 15 to 16 years. “Attitude towards games & sports by Prof. Darshan Singh” Questioner was selected for the study. The data were analyses with the help of suitable statistical techniques like mean, standard deviation, t-test etc.

KEYWORDS: Attitude, Boys, Girls, Sirsa, Senior Secondary school, Player, NonPlayers INTRODUCTION Success in sports in generally attributed to the level of physical fitness, techniques and tactics. Motivation also plays a big role in success and is intimately related to the level of aspiration. It could also be deduced from the avoidable and recorded literature that sports activities have a significant effect doing away with a sports man’s sublimating anti social tendencies attitude; personality adjustment and other personal characteristics. Sports men possess need for achievement and set goals prior to competitions when a participant attains or surpass his level of aspiration for a particular task, he could be considered to have succeeded. On the other hand his inability to reach his predicted level constitutes a failure.

An attitude may be defined as a perceptual orientation and response richness in relation to a particular object or class of objects.India has not achieved the desired standard of games and sports.The question is raised everywhere,why is the standard of sports so down at school level.There are so many reason for the downfall of India sports standard at school level,it may be lack of confidence in players,lack of incentive of players specific criteria for selection of players,inference of politics in sports and some psychological factor like level of aspiration of players and attitude towards games and sports of students * Assistant Professor, Rajiv Gandhi Govt. College for Women, Bhiwani, Haryana, India Volume: 06, Issue: 02, October 2017

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specially at school age.In general it is observed that in schools large number of players are selected not because they have genuine interest in games and sports,but because of free diet and because of getting chance to visit different place outside their states as member of participating team.

OBJECTIVES •

To find out the attitude towards game and sports between senior secondary schools boys (players) and boys (non-Players).

•

To find out the attitude game and sports between senior secondary schools girls (players) and Girls (non-players).

METHODOLOGY The Present study was confirmed to the Senior Secondary student studying in various school of Bhiwani. Total 200 Student 100 Boys (50Player and 50 Non player) and 100 Girls (50player and 50non players) were taken from the study. The age ranged between 13 to 15 years. “Attitude towards games & sports by Prof. Darshan Singh” Questioner was selected for the study. The data were analyses with the help of suitable statistical techniques like mean, standard deviation, t-test etc.The data with the help of mean, S.D and t-ratio was confirmed for the study.

Result and Discussion Table-1 Comparison of Boys (Players) and Boys (Non-Players) attitude towards game and sports

Group

N

Mean

S.D

T-Ratio

Boys (Player)

100

115.85

11.92

3.72

Boys(Non-Players)

100

110.82

11.03

Significant at 0.05 levels The Table-1 shows the Mean Scores of Boys(players) as 115.85 and boys( non players) 110.82 with a S.D as 11.92 and 11.03 respectively.The t-ratio was found significantly at 0.05 levels.The Study shows very clearly that the (boys Players) students are having favorable attitude towards games and sports than the Boys (non players) students of Bhiwani.

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Table-1 Comparison of Boys (Players) and Boys (Non-Players) attitude towards game and sports

ATTITUDE TOWARDS GAME AND SPORTS

Table-2 Comparison of Girls (Players) and Girls (Non-Players) attitude towards physical education

Group

N

Mean

S.D

T-Ratio

Girls (Player)

100

110.82

10.04

2.97

Girls (NonPlayers)

100

104.68

9.54

Significant at 0.05 levels The Table-2 shows the mean Scores of(girls players) students as 110.82 and girls (non players) students as 104.68 with a S.D as 10.04 and 9.54 respectively.The t-ratio was found 2.97 which were significantly at 0.05 levels. The Study shows very clearly that girls (Players) students are having favorable attitude towards games and sports than the Girls (non players) students of Bhiwani.

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Table-2 Comparison of Girls (Players) and Girls (Non-Players) attitude towards physical education

ATTITUDE TOWARDS GAME AND SPORTS

Conclusion •

The study shows that Boys and Girls (Players) students having more favorable attitude towards games and sports as compared with the Boys and Girls(non players) students of Bhiwani. The significant difference were found at 0.05 level of significant.

Reference 1. Bhatnagar(Asha) 1999, Predictors of students involvement in studies agro, National psychological center March (1997) 2. Goodricke G.K.(1992), Becoming Physical fit behavioral intention and behavioral intervention unpublished doctoral Thesis University of Houston.

3. Kanwal S.C. and Kour P. (2000), A study of Educational Aspiration and Academic Achievement of Athletic and Non- Athletic Unpublished Master Thesis Patiala Punjabi University.

4. Kaur S. (2001), Value dimension of post Graduate students in relations to level of aspiration and intelligence,Doctoral Thesis Unpublished Punjabi University, Patiala.

5. Singh D.S. (2000) C constructionStandardization of attitude scale towards sports of higher secondary students of Punjabispeakingpopulation, unpublished Master of Philosophy Dissertation,Punjabi University Patiala.

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Volume: 06, Issue: 02, October 2017

RELATIONSHIP OF PHYSICAL FITNESS VARIABLES AND BASKETBALL PLAYING ABILITY OF INDIAN BASKETBALL PLAYERS Sushil Kumar* Dr. Surinder K. Sharma**

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to find out the relationship of physical fitness variables with playing ability of Indian basketball players. The researcher undertook null hypothesis to investigate the relationship of physical fitness variables with basketball playing abilities. Selective sampling device was used to select the subjects. 50 male subjects were selected for the present study, who played semifinals in Himachal Pradesh CBSE Cluster Basketball Championship, from various schools. Physical fitness variables were measured by administering AAHPERD Youth Fitness Test (pull-ups, sit-ups, standing broad jump, shuttle run, 50 yard dash, 1.5 mile run/walk) and playing abilities of basketball players were measured by Johnson basketball test (field goal speed test, basketball throw for accuracy and basketball dribble test). For the purpose of analysis coefficient of correlation was taken between physical fitness variables and basketball playing abilities.

Key words: Physical fitness, basketball playing ability.

INTRODUCTION Physical fitness is the ability to carry out daily tasks with vigor and alertness without undue fatigue and ample energy to enjoy leisure time pursuits and to meet unforeseen emergencies. This implies that fitness has necessary qualities will vary in individuals and at the same time they vary time to time in the same person. The continuously changing life process creates different needs and emphases for different individuals, as they grow older. There is an optimum level of fitness for different age groups. The needs and requirements of an ever changing environment interacting with the ongoing life process of the individuals make changing demands on the individuals. For better understanding of physical fitness the components of physical fitness must be shown. The components of physical fitness as listed by Larson and Yocom (1951) are: resistance to disease, muscular strength, muscular power, muscular endurance, cardio-vascular endurance, flexibility, speed, agility, co-ordination, balance and accuracy. * Doctoral Fellow, H.P. University, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India. ** Professor, Department of Physical Education, H.P. University, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India.

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Basketball is one of the sports characterized by many basic and various skills. The basketball player perfection to do such skills, defensive or offensive, needs development in the physical qualities in the basketball player, which enables him to do the required duties throughout the match. The skillful performance is relevantly associated with the special physical motor abilities as the perfection of the skillful performance depends on the range of the development of the special physical abilities to perform such requirements, such as muscular power, endurance, agility and others. The skillful performance is often measured by the level of the player to acquire physical abilities (Shallaby H.K. 2010) Malhotra and Subramanian (1969) have claimed that a high level of general fitness with motor abilities like strength, aerobic endurance, speed of movement, jumping ability, agility, flexibility etc. are the essential qualities required to be developed by the basketballer to play this international game.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The purpose of the study was to find out the relationship of physical fitness variables with basketball playing ability of Indian basketball players.

METHODOLOGY Researcher undertook null hypothesis to investigate relationship between physical fitness variables with playing abilities. Selective sampling device was used to select the subjects. 50 male subjects were selected for the present study. The subjects played semifinal of Himachal Pradesh CBSE Cluster Basketball (Boys) Championship. Physical fitness variables were measured by AAHPERD youth fitness test and playing ability of basketball players were measured by Johnson Basketball Skill test. Variables for the present study were pull-ups, sit-ups, standing broad jump, shuttle run, 50 yard dash, 1.5 mile run/walk, field goal speed test, basketball throw for accuracy and basketball dribble test. For the purpose of analysis Pearson’s product moment correlation method was used to find out the relationship between the collected data.

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FINDINGS TABLE 1 CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL FITNESS COMPONENTSWITH PLAYING ABILITY OF BASKETBALL PLAYERS.

df

Field Goal Speed Test

Basketball Throw for Accuracy

Basketball Dribble Test

2.743

48

-.041

.031

.307

34.90

7.587

48

.002

-.074

.126

50

209.32

21.115

48

.024

-.214

.362**

Fitness Components

Mewan

Standard Deviation

N

Pull-ups

50

5.78

Sit-ups

50

Standing broad jump Shuttle Run

50

9.40

.571

48

.094

.303*

-.217

50 Yard dash (Sec.)

50

6.98

.553

48

.163

-.090

-.479**

1.5 mile.

Run/Walk (min.)

50

6.74

.922

48

.174

-.296*

-.320*

* Significant at 0.05 level It is evident from the table 1 that explosive strength component (pull-ups & sit-ups) got insignificant relationship with all the basketball playing abilities.

Explosive strength component (standing broad jump) got positive and significant relationship with basketball dribble test and insignificant relationship with field goal speed test and basketball throw for accuracy.

Agility component (shuttle run) got positive and significant relationship with basketball throw for accuracy and insignificant relationship with field goal speed test and basketball dribble test.

Speed component (50 yard dash) got negative but significant relationship with basketball dribble test and insignificant relationship with field goal speed test and basketball throw for accuracy.

Endurance component (1.5 mile run/walk) got negative but significant relationship with basketball throw for accuracy and basketball dribble test. Also endurance got insignificant relationship with field goal speed test.

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DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS •

On the basis of obtained results the strength component (pull-ups & sit-ups) got insignificant relationship with all the basketball playing abilities. The results of the study was supported by Sinha’s (1984) investigated the relationship of selected motor traits and anthropometrics variables with performance in AAHPER basketball test. The finding of the study indicated that strength was not the prime factors for performance of skills in basketball. Prabhu, A. &Sathuluri, R. (2016) conducted a study on relationship between shooting ability on selected physical anthropometric variables among men basketball players in Andhra Pradesh. They accepted that physical fitness components of pull ups had no relationship with basketball shooting ability.

•

On the basis of obtained results the explosive strength component (standing broad jump) got positive and significant relationship with basketball dribble test and also it is well established fact that major muscles of legs are used in the execution of dribbling in basketball so it is dependent on explosive strength component (standing broad jump). The results of the study was supported by Bala (1989) he has reported leg power (explosive strength) to be one of the main factors responsible for playing ability of basketball players.

•

On the basis of obtained results the agility component (shuttle run) got insignificant relationship with field goal speed test and basketball dribble test. The results of the study was supported by MozumdarIndu and M. Edwin (2000) they found that relationship between agility component variable and basketball playing abilities were not significant.

•

On the basis of obtained results the speed component (50 Yard dash) got negative but significant relationship with basketball dribble test. It is well established fact that the speed component is used in the execution of dribbling in basketball so it is dependent on speed component (50 Yard dash). The results of the study was supported by Hassan (1987), he found that cardio-vascular endurance, speed and agility showed significant relationship with playing ability.

•

On the basis of obtained results the endurance component (1.5 mile run/walk) got negative but significant relationship with basketball dribble test. It is well established fact that player needs endurance for dribbling in basketball so it is dependent on endurance component (1.5 mile run/walk).

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CONCLUSION •

It is evident from the results that the strength components (pull-ups & sit-ups) are insignificantly related with all the basketball playing abilities. Strength component (standing broad jump) is significantly related with basketball dribble test.

•

It is evident from the results that agility component of basketball players has got significant relationship with basketball throw for accuracy.

•

It is evident from the results that speed component of basketball players has got significant relationship with basketball dribble test.

•

It is evident from the results that endurance component of basketball players has got significant relationship with basketball throw for accuracy and basketball dribble test.

REFERENCES AAHPER (1976), “AAHPERD Youth Fitness Test manual”, Washington: D.C. AS citied by Bosco, James, S. and Gustafson, William, F. “Measurement and Evaluation in Physical Education in Physical Education, Fitness and Sports”, Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs.

Bala, S. (1989). “Analysis of Basketball Skill and Motor Abilities of Intervarsity Female Basketball Players.” M. Phil Thesis (Edu), Punjabi University, Patiala.

Hassan, S.S. (1987). “An Analysis of Skills, Motor Abilities of and Psychological Components as Predictive Factors of Basketball Playing Ability at Different level of Achievement.” Ph.D. Thesis, Jiwaji University Gwalior.

InduMazumdar and M Edwin (2000). “Comparative Relationship of Selected Physical Fitness Variables to Playing ability in Basketball at Different Levels of Performance.”

Scientific Journal, vol. 23(4): 42-46.

Leonard A. Larson and Rachael D. Yocom (1951), “Measurement and Evaluation in Physical Education, Health and Recreation” (St. Louis: The C.V. Mosby Company, 1951), pp. 159 – 161 Malhotra, M.S. and Subramanian, S. (1969), “Effect of Pre Competitive and Offseason Training on General Physical Fitness and Skill in Basketball Players.” SNIPES Journal, 2:3 (1969): 9.

Prabhu, A &Sathuluri, R (2016) “Study On Relationship between Shooting Ability On Selected Physical Anthropometric Variables Among Men Basketball Players in Andhra Pradesh.”

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PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PRANAYAMA: YOGA Dr. Vishnu Parmar *

The beauty of yoga is that it ‘ takes care of our entire per¬sonality - the Physical, mental, spiritual and social aspects. The Physical part is trained by the rhythmic yogic asanas, the mental aspect is trained by meditation and pranayama and above all the spiritual aspect has been taken care by concentration on the Divinity. There is inter¬dependence among vari¬ous components of yogic approaches so far as bene¬fits are concerned.

The most prevalent tradi¬tion of yoga is Hath Yoga. It basically involves eight steps: Yam, Niyam, Asana Pranayama, Pratyahara, Dharna, Dhyana and Samadhi. Pranayama is one of the most importantsteps. Pranayama is regu¬lation of breath. It is scien¬tifically and beautifully designed to give extensive exercise not only to our lungs, but to other several body systems and organs. The systems which are influenced are cardiovas¬cular system, central nerv¬ous system, respiratory system.

Process and types of Pranayama Pranayama is a unique technique of regulation of breathing cycle. Since res¬piration is under control of volition and it is an auto¬matic act. It can be pre¬cisely altered although within limits. We can change the frequency (rate) and the amplitude (depth of respiration). We can breathe through three openings (mouth, left nos¬tril, right nostril and differ¬ent combinations) in many ways. Pranayama can beclassified into various types depending on the frequency (rate), degree of depth used, types of open¬ings used and accompany¬ing physical manipulations. Fortunately, we are privileged that 5000 years ago our ancestors thought of altering breathing pat¬terns in very precisely sci¬entific manner.

The knowledge about some types of Pranayama is common place knowl¬edge such as Anulom-Vilom Pranayama, right nostril breathing and left nostril breathing.

There are several other types which are listed below in the Table :

* Director of Physical Education , Government College, Pushkar, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India [54] International Journal of Physical Education, Health & Sports Sciences

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Manoeuvre

Known Principle Physiological effects

Anulom-Vilom (Alternate breathing)

Inhalation with left then exhale with right nostril and continue

Cardiovascular and autonomic effects

Right nostril breathing

Breathing with right nostril while left nostril is closed

Excitatory effect, increased metabolism

Left Nostril Breathing.

Breathing with left nostril while right nostril is closed

Relaxing effect, decreased metabolism, activates brain

Slow and deep exhalation, use both nostrils

Autonomic effects

Type of Breathing Practice Slow breathing Techniques

Slow Bhastrika Fast breathing Techniques Kapalbhati Bhramari Shitali

Bhastrika (Fast &Mukha )

Fast and forceful exhalation Increased circulation to brain, followed by passive inhalation cognitive excitation, respirato(use both nostrils) ry effects Exhalation with humming sound ( use both nostrils)

Increased circulation to brain, cognitive excitation

Inhalation through mouth with folded tongue (use both nostrils for exhalation)

Respiratory effects

Fast exhalation

Altered circulation to brain, cognitive excitation, respiratory effects

There are many other types of breathing practices such as Sudarshankriya, Sukh Pranayama, Savitri Pranayama, Pranav Pranayama and several others types. They use dif¬ferent maneuvers and dif¬ferent states while perform¬ing breathing exercises.

Effect of Pranayama on Physiology: Pranayama it is connected to regulation of vital gases (oxygen and carbondi¬oxide), it has capability to alter the regulation of circu-lation. Breathing induces pressure variations in the thorax (chest cavity) where heart, major vessels and lungs are housed. There¬fore, changes in thoracic cavity pressures cause changes in availability ofblood to heart and big arteries. Thus breathing influences activity of heart. Activity of heart influences the blood circulation which, in turn, influences the cir¬culation to brain. In fact, alteration of breathing pat-tern virtually shakes up the regulating and regulated variable points within nor¬mal limits.

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Breath causes heart beat to fluctuate: It is well established fact that when we inhale our heart rate increases and when we exhale the heart rate slows down. This hap¬pens with every respiratory cycle (breath in-breath out). This coupling is inbuilt into our system and fairly hard wired. The coupling is not under our voluntary control but under autonomic control. Chil¬dren have greater heart rate fluctuation in response to breathing. As age advances this coupling between breathing and heart gradually decreases. Our respi¬ratory act is automatic; however, we have great degree of voluntary control.

Breath causes blood pressure to oscillate: Breathing induced oscillations in blood pressure is generated by complex mechanism.The breathing cycle induces pressure changes in our thorax and thus this will be reflected in bold pressure and large amount ofblood is housed in our thoracic cavity. Secondly, respiration may also induce oscillation in blood pressure through influencing heartbeats.

Slow and deep breathing synchronizes beating of heart and blood pressure : When we breathe at slower pace, the heart rate shows similar rhythm at the same frequency. The blood pressure also starts oscillating at newer frequencies. The analysis suggests that a change in heart rhythm causes the changes in blood pressure. The charges in heart rhythm and blood pressure oscillations are linked to each other for the purpose of providing effective circulation.

The synchrony between heart rhythm and blood pressure rhythm.We found that slow breathing results in better cou¬pling in breathing, heart rhythm and blood pressure oscillation. One Indian study from JIPMER Pudducery found that both type of Pranayama (slow and fast) are useful for improving mental function, but for improving cardiovascular effect, the slow breathing is useful.

Several studies have suggest¬ed that breathing practices can be treated as part, of interventional strategies for functional illness. Functional illnesses are those which do not have definite structural defects in the body concerning the disease.

Effects of Pranayama in health and disease: The slow type of Pranayama is most beneficial in hypertension, a well known silent killer of today. It has been reported by several studies that slow breathing reduces,-heart rate and blood pressure in hypertensive patients. The anulom-vilom (alternate nostril breathing) has been shown toreduce blood pressure. Therefore, it is very much effective in hypertension patients.

There have been several reports to show the positive effect of Pranayama on brain functions : It Influences both cognition andbehaviour. Pranayama is useful for improv¬ing memory, concentration and problem solving. Pranayama are also useful [56] International Journal of Physical Education, Health & Sports Sciences

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for alleviating anxiety, and helping in patients of depression. The various type of Pranayama have stress alleviating effect and thus, useful in various disease where stress is component in causing or aggra¬vating factor in diseases. Thus, different types of Pranayama have different capabilities to influence different body func¬tions. It means that they have specific effects on human physiology. They are useful in differ¬ent types of disease.

Results : Slow pranayamic exercises help in cardiovascular and autonomic conditioning while fast breathing benefits in activation of central nervous system.

REFERENCES 1 Bharti A. Swami, Patanjali Yog Shastra, Morarji Desai National Institute of Yoga, New Delhi (2006).

2 Dwarikadas Swami, Sidhsidhantapa Padhti, Vhaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishtaan, Varanasi (2006).

3 Krishnadas Khemraj, Shiv Sanghita, Shrikrishan Prakashan, Mumbai (2008).

4 Swami Paramhans, Patanjal Yog Shastra, A study, Morarji Desai National Institute of Yoga, New Delhi (2007) 5 Saraswati Nirjanand, Gherand Sanghita, Yog Publication, Bihar (2004).

6 Shriram Goswami, Shri Shiv Sanghita, Khemraj Prakashan, Mumbai (2008).

7 Shrikrishnadas Khemraj, Hath Tog Pradipika, Chaukhamba Publication, New Delhi (2009).

8 Yogi Srinivasa, Hatharatnavali, Lonavala Yoga Institute, Lonavala (2009).

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YOGA: NATURAL SOLUTION OF DIABETES Anjan Kumar *

ABSTRACT The science of yoga is an ancient one. It is a rich heritage of our culture. Several older books make a mention of the usefulness of yoga in the treatment of certain diseases and preservation of health in normal individuals. The problem of diabetes has grown enormously in the last two decades. Diabetes is caused when our blood cells do not respond to insulin produced in the body. Regular yoga practice can help to reduce the level of sugar in the blood, along with lowering blood pressure. Yoga also keeps our weight in control and reduces the severity of the symptoms and slowing the rate of progression of the disease. The improvement in various biochemical indices and stress reduction by practicing yoga can enable a person with a better healthy living.

Key words: Diabetes; Exercise; Yoga benefit; Stresss

INTRODUCTION With the rising number of people being diagnosed with diabetes, it is no wonder scientists are looking for new methods to treat the disease. One of the effective methods of controlling one’s blood sugar is regular and holistic exercise, and yoga is one such ancient measure to effectively control our blood sugar levels.

The problem of diabetes has grown enormously in the last two decades. In 2014, around 387 million people had diabetes with a prevalence of 8.3% by 2035 this will rise to 592 million. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) currently states that the top 5 countries with highest amount of diabetic patients are China, India, United States, Russia and Brazil. The number of people with type 2 diabetes is increasing in every country.

People around 77% of world population that are suffering with diabetes live in lowand middle-income countries. While 179 million people with diabetes are undiagnosed.

Diabetes caused 4.9 million deaths in 2014.

Diabetes is caused when our blood cells do not respond to insulin produced in the body. When we follow a regular exercise program our body starts responding to insulin, helping to reduce our blood glucose. Exercise also helps improve blood circulation in our body, particularly in the arms and legs, where diabetic patients most commonly encounter problems. It is an excellent way to fight stress, both at the body and mind level, which in * Assistant Professor, Brahmanand P. G. College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India [58] International Journal of Physical Education, Health & Sports Sciences

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turn helps keep one’s glucose, levels down.

Regular yoga practice can help to reduce the level of sugar in the blood, along with lowering blood pressure, keeping our weight in check, reducing the severity of the symptoms and slowing the rate of progression of the disease. It also lessens the possibility of further complications. Stress is one of the major reasons for diabetes. It increases the secretion of glucagon (a hormone responsible for increasing blood glucose levels) in the body. The consistent practice of yoga Aasanas, Pranayam and a few minutes of meditation can help to reduce stress in the mind and protect the body from its adverse effects. This, in turn, reducing the amount of glucagon and improve the action of insulin. The practice of yoga is also a proven to lose weight and also slows the process of fat accumulation. Surya namaskar and kapal bhati pranayama are some of the most effective yoga poses that aid weight loss. Since obesity is a major contributing factor for diabetes, doing yoga to keep our weight in check is the key.

2. FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR RISING INCIDENCE Diabetes may result due to a lot of genetic-environmental interactions. The growing incidence of diabetes is mainly due to the increasing rates of urbanization, migration from rural to urban areas and adoption of sedentary life style and unhealthy diet habits.

2.1 Lack of physical activity During the last few decades, most of the working population had changed their lifestyle from active working occupations like agriculture to a less demanding works like office jobs. TV, video games, mobiles etc. make the children refrain from regular physical activity. It was observed that the prevalence of diabetes was almost 3 times higher in individuals with sedentary life style (23.2%) compared to those having heavy physical activity (8.1%). It was also noted that prevalence of metabolic syndrome and hypertension were also higher among people with light physical activity. Individuals with light grade physical activity had 2.4 times higher chance of developing coronary artery disease compared to heavy physical activity group.

2.2 Diet The amount and quality of dietary fat modifies the glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. A high fat content in the diet may result in worsening of glucose tolerance by several mechanisms including decreased binding of insulin to its receptors, impaired glucose transport, and decreased glycogen syntheses and accumulation of triglycerides in skeletal muscles. The fatty acid composition of the diet affects the tissue phospholipids composition and also insulin action by altering membrane fluidity and insulin signaling.

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2.3 Stress Stress is defined as a ‘stimulus event of sufficient severity to produce disequilibrium in the homeostasis of physiological systems’ resulting from a variety of stressors.

The neuroendocrine changes accompanying stress can translate the signals into pathophysiological alterations. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) are triggered as a response to a stressor leading to a cascade of physiologic, behavioral, and psychological effects, primarily as a result of the release of cortisol and catechol amines (epinephrine and norepinephrine). Due to repeated firing of the HPA axis and SNS, the system gets de-regulated, leading to diseases such as autoimmune disorders, obesity, diabetes, substance abuse, depression, and cardiovascular disease. Changes related to stress precipitates hyperglycemia by increasing levels of hormones like glucagon, cortisol, growth hormone, catechol amines, Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone (CRH), prolactin, leptin , neuropeptide, etc.

2.4 Life style intervention Diet, medicines (insulin /OAD/other injectable), education and exercise are the mainstay in the management of diabetes. However, exercise is the most neglected part of management. If a proper exercise program accompanies the treatment, it would lead to drastic beneficial effects.

3. Role of exercise in Diabetes Management Physical activity refers to a behavior, specifically a body movement that occurs from skeletal muscle contraction and results in increased energy expenditure above resting metabolic rate. Exercise, or “exercise training,” is a specific type of physical activity that is performed with the intention of enhancing components of physical fitness .Physical inactivity can initiate and accelerate the pathogenesis of diabetes and subsequent morbidity and mortality. Conversely, regular physical activity can retard the progression from one stage to another, and it may even reverse the process. Numerous studies have shown that moderate physical activity has decreased the risk of diabetes considerably.

Types of exercise training include: 1. Aerobic Exercise 2. Endurance Type Exercise 3. Passive Exercise 4. Resistance Exercise 4. Benefits of Yoga: The word Yoga is derived from the Sanskrit word ‘Yuj’ meaning union of the body, breath and mind. Yoga is an ancient discipline designed to bring balance and health to the [60] International Journal of Physical Education, Health & Sports Sciences

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physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual dimensions of the individual. Yoga’s primary emphasis is upon gaining general well-being by the way of integration often incorporating three major components: held or sequences of physical postures, breathing exercises and meditation. The several older books make a mention of the usefulness of yoga in the treatment of certain diseases and preservation of health in normal individuals. It has now become the subject of modern scientific evaluation. Abdominal stretching during yoga exercise causes rejuvenation/ regeneration of cells of pancreas increasing the utilization and metabolism of glucose in peripheral tissues, liver, and adipose tissues through enzymatic process. Improved blood supply to the muscles and muscular relaxation along with its development enhances insulin receptor expression causing increased glucose uptake and thus reducing blood sugar. Yoga postures can lead to improvement in the sensitivity of the β-Cells of pancreas to glucose signal and also the improvement in insulin secretion.

Pranayama modified various inflatory and deflatory lung reflexes and interact with central neural element to bring new homeostasis in the body.

5. Yoga practices Yoga therapy consists of graded sets of exercises, including very simple ones, so that all can practice on their own, even after the first lesson, whether or not they have done yoga before. Commencing with gentle stretching and breathing exercises, it varies up to a range of classical Asanas and Pranayama practices.

The Asanas have a variety of effects, including: • relaxation, strengthening and balancing of muscles • mobilization of joints • improvement of posture • action on pressure points • improvement of breathing • calming of nervous system • promotion of homoeostasis in cardiovascular, digestive, endocrine and other systems.

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Pranayam Breathing in deeply and breathing out helps oxygenate our blood, and improves circulation. It also calms the mind and gives our rattled nerves some much needed rest.

Setubandhasana This pose not only helps keep one’s blood pressure in control it also helps to relax the mind, improves digestion, relieves the symptoms of menopause in women and stretches the neck and spine.

Balasana Known quite aptly as the child’s pose this is a great stress buster. It gently stretches the hips, thighs and ankles, calms the mind and helps relieve stress and fatigue. It is also a great remedy for that lower back pain we might have from long hours of sitting.

Vajrasana This is a simple pose that is great to relax the mind, improve digestion and massages the kanda. According to Ayurvedic principles, kanda is a spot about 12 inches above the anus that is the point of convergence for over 72,000 nerves.

Sarvangasana This pose is essentially known for its ability to regulate the working of the thyroid glands. These glands are responsible for the proper functioning of the entire body including the digestive, nervous, reproductive system, regulating metabolism and respiratory system.

Apart from that, it nourishes the spine with a good supply of blood and oxygen, helping our beat nervous system disorders, and improving our all round health.

Halasana This pose is great for those who sit for long hours and tend to have bad posture. It stimulates the thyroid glands, parathyroid glands, lungs and abdominal organs, therefore helping the blood rush to our head and face, improves digestion and keeps the hormonal levels in check.

Dhanurasana This pose is great to strengthen our back and spine, stimulate the reproductive organs, beats stress and fatigue, relieves menstrual pain and constipation.

Chakrasana This pose is great to stretch the spine and relax the muscles of the back. Moreover it helps relax the mind and make it stress free.

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Paschimotasana This is a forward bending pose that helps the blood to flow to the face. Apart from that, it helps the stomach function better, strengthens the thigh muscles and relaxes the back and arms.

Ardha Matsyendrasana This asana is specifically designed to increase the capacity of our lungs so it can inhale and hold more oxygen. It also loosens up the spine and relieves backaches and discomfort in the back.

CONCLUSION Yoga is an ancient discipline designed to bring balance and health to the physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual dimensions of the individual. A comprehensive yoga therapy program has the potential to enhance the beneficial effects of standard medical management of diabetes management and can be used in an effective complementary or integrative therapy program. The improvement in various biochemical indices and stress reduction by practicing yoga can enable a person with a better healthy living.

REFERENCE Balaji PA, Varne SR, Ali SS (2012) Physiological effects of yogic practices and transcendental meditation in health and disease. N Am J Med Sci 4: 442-448.

Chandratreya S (2012) Diabetes and Yoga.

Divakar MV, Bhatt, Mulla A. (1978) Effect of yoga therapy in diabetes and obesity. J Diabetic Assoc Ind 18:75-8.

Iyengar, Sundaraja BK (1965) Light on yoga.

LaMonte MJ, Blair SN, Church TS (2005) Physical activity and diabetes prevention.

J Appl Physiol (1985) 99: 1205-1213.

Malhotra V, Singh S, Tandon OP, Sharma SB (2005) The beneficial effect of yoga in diabetes. Nepal Med Coll J 7: 145-147.

Melkote GS. (1975) Science of Yoga versus modern medicine in Seminars on Yoga.

(CURI MHE) New Delhi.

Raju PS, Kumar A, Reddy SS, Madhavi S, et al. (1986) Effect of yoga on exercise tolerance in normal healthy volunteers. Ind J Physiol Pharmacol 30:121-32.

Yokoyama H, Emoto M, Fujiwara S, Motoyama K, Morioka T, et al. (2004) Shortterm aerobic exercise improves arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 65: 85-93.

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DOPING IN SPORTS: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES Dr. Ravi Kumar *

ABSTRACT Winning in sports at all costs does not permit the philosophy of sports increased use of doping in sports to gain an upper edge threatens the safety, health and longevity of athletes while preventing of greater risk of injury. Doping refers to the use of banned athletic performance-enhancing drugs by athletic competitors, where the term doping is widely used by organizations that regulate sporting competitions. High commercial stakes have also lead to increasing resort to doping by sports persons to enhance their performance, reaching a peak in cowl Olympics with the fastest man on earth turned out to be a drugged man.

INTRODUCTION The use of banned drugs to enhance performance is considered unethical, and therefore prohibited, by most international sports organizations, including the International Olympic Committee. Furthermore, athletes (or athletic programs) taking explicit measures to evade detection exacerbates the ethical violation with overt deception and cheating. The word doping comes from the African kaffirs who used the local liquid called “Dop” as a stimulate.There is growing tendency, in Modern times of using ‘Dopes’ by the sports person to be super human being and to better one’s performance field. When particularly fine performance is achieved, there is also a strong temptation for the less successful competitors to hint that some from of ‘doping’ was responsible.According to Gabodomosi (1988), some use drugs to improve theirperformances in sports. Some too use drugs for social reasons that is to overcome their shyness and move freely with peers. For athletes it is presumed that drugs relieve tensions and tiredness of muscles.

BLOOD DOPING Blood doping is done to temporarily increase blood volume and increase the number of blood cell containing a hemoglobin this over loading the blood with hemoglobin which increase the oxygen carrying capacity of blood and lead to an increased endurance performance. It is synonymous to blood boosting, blood packing erythrouythemia. It is the administration of red blood cells to the athlete other than for medical treatment. But for the purpose of enhancing performance. The blood can be drown from the or from different individual. *Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education Guru Kashi University, Talwandi, Sabo, Bathinda, Punjab, India [64] International Journal of Physical Education, Health & Sports Sciences

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EFFECT OF ANABOLIC STEROIDS Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) were first isolated, identified and synthesized in the 1930s, and are now used therapeutically in medicine to induce bone growth, stimulate appetite, induce male puberty, and treat chronic wasting conditions, such as cancer and AIDS. Anabolic steroids also increase muscle mass and physical strength, and are therefore used in sports and bodybuilding to enhance strength or physique. Known side effects include harmful changes in cholesterol levels (increased Low density lipoprotein and decreased High density lipoprotein), acne, high blood pressure, liver damage. Some of these effects can be mitigated by taking supplemental drugs. Anabolic steroids are misused in sports to increase muscle strength and bulk and to promote aggressiveness and as a result increase athletic performance. Anabolic steroids act upon the central nervous system .Stanozolol, methyl, testosterone which are the anabolic steroids. The Narcotic analgesics may increases the pain threshold so that the sports person may fail to recognise it, thus leading to more serious injury. Can cause physical and psychological dependence leading to more serious problem associated with addiction withdrawal and does related respiratory depression. Masculinization among the females increased aggressiveness, moodswing, depression, abnormal menstrual cycle, excessive hair growth on the body in females, acne, reduction in the size of testicles in male, decreased sperm production, potential for kidney, liver dysfunction. Premature aging enlargement of prostate gland, these effects may be permanent with prolonged age. In adolescents, premature closure of growth centers of the long bones may occur, and resulting in stunted growth.

EFFECT OF STIMULANTS: Stimulants are drugs that usually act on the central nervous system to modulate mental function and behavior, increasing an individual’s sense of excitement and decreasing the sensation of fatigue. In the World Anti-Doping Agency list of prohibited substances, stimulants are the second largest class after the anabolic steroids. Amphetamines, caffeine, cocaine are the stimulants.Stimulants are drugs, which increase alertness and reduce fatigue and may increase competitiveness and hostility. stimulants, which may improve athletic performance. Stimulants can lead to poor judgement, placing the individual at greater risk of injury, it also lead to aggressiveness, anxiety and tremors.Dehydration and decreased circulation and increased heart rate and blood pressure may be due to use of stimulants EFFECTS OF BETA BLOKERS: Beta blocker, is a class of medications that are particularly used to manage cardiac arrhythmias, and to protect the heart from a second heart attack (myocardial infarction) Volume: 06, Issue: 02, October 2017

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after a first heart attack. This drug commonly used for lower blood pressure and decrease the heart rate. In sports such as shooting or archer, where a steady arm or trigger fingers is important, beta-blockers might be used to slow the heart rate and steady the nerve.

Acetenolol, metaprolol, etc. are the beta-blockers Effect of Narcotic Analgesics. They are powerful analgesics and are mainly used for management of sever pain. They produce a sensation of euphoria or psychological stimulants, a false feeling of invincibility and illusions of athletic process beyong the athlete’s inherent ability ethylenorphine, morphine are the narcotics analgesics. Beta-Blockers can cause heart failure, Asthma, depression, Sleep disorders and sexual dysfunction.

EFFECT OF DIURETICS Diuretics may cause dehydration, muscle weekening, a drop in blood pressure and cordic irregularities caused by electrolytic imbalance.Diuretics have important the therapeutic indication for the elimination of excess body fluids from the tissues in certain pathological condition and for management of high blood pressure. Diuretics are sometimes misused by competitors for two main reasons, namely to reduce weight quickly in sports. Where weight categories are involved, & to reduce the concentration of drugs by passing urine.Accetazalomide, furogemide etc. are adulteries.

REFERENCES Anumonye, A. &Ajaji, T.A.a. (1988). Indian Hemp can Make You Mad. Sunday Times, Lagos, June 26th.

Astrand, P.O. &Rodhl (1988). Textbook of Work Physiology. New York, Margraw Hill Book Company.

Bisaria, S. (Undated). Drug Abuse and Alcoholism.Indian Education Digest Alcoholism and Drug Abuse in Education Institutions, Part II. New Delhi, Indian Council of Education.

Daily Times, (1990). Government Bans Cigarette Advertisements on Radio, Television, Lagos July, 12th.

Gbadamosi, A.A. (1988). Talk on-Parents in Drug Abuse Control. The Family Concern. Sunday Times, Lagos, June 26th.

Govil, P.L. (Undated). Drug Abuse and Alcoholism in Educational Institutions.An approach to Solution.

Alcoholism and Drug Abuse in Educations Institutions.Indian Education digest Part II. New Delhi: [66] International Journal of Physical Education, Health & Sports Sciences

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A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF MENTAL HEALTH: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN STUDENT ATHLETES AND NON- STUDENT ATHLETES. Dr. Sinku Kumar Singh *

ABSTRACT The present study determine the mental health of Student Athletes and non- student athletes. The, Mental health was measured by the using General Health Questionnaire (GHQ -12) . The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) is a measure of current mental health and since its development by Goldberg in the 1970s it has been extensively used in different settings and different cultures. The 12-item GHQ-12 comprises six ‘positive’ and six ‘negative’ items . The sample consisted of 40 student athletes and 40 and non student Athletes from different colleges and departments of Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Nanded at the end of 2015-2016 academic year in their study. Those Students were participating in intercollegiate tournament have considered student athletes and those students were not participating any sporting activities at minimum intercollegiate tournament as considered non student athletes. The findings of the study revealed that Student Athletes was found to have got more Capable of making Decision , Been able to enjoy and Been feeling reasonably happy as compare to Non- student athlete

INTRODUCTION Retrospective studies generally related to form of questionnaire and ask respondent to provide information from specific period. Wikipedia Dictionary (2010) explains mental health as a state of emotional and psychological well-being in which an individual is able to use his or her cognitive and emotional capabilities, function in society and meet the ordinary demands of everyday life. Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity defines the Constitution of the World Health Organization. The continuous evaluation process, exhausting work hours, striving for earning high grades, goals etc are contribute to the poor mental health of the student (Sinku & Bachewar 2014).Other potential sources of poor mental health for students may include academic stress, enormous syllabus to be covered in a limited time period, sudden change in their style of studying, lack of proper guidance , thought of success /failure in exams (Sinku & Gill 2014) Although researchers acknowledge that participation in athletics can serve as a buffer to stress (Hudd et al.), athletic participation itself can become an additional stressor that traditional college students do not experience (Kimball & Freysinger, 2003). Athletes *H.O.D, Dept. of Physical Education, Swami Ramanad Teerth Marathwada University Nanded (MH), India Volume: 06, Issue: 02, October 2017

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experience unique stressors related to their athletic status such as extensive time demands; injuries and performance in a tournaments. In addition athletes must also meet the increased academic demands at the college level. Physical and mental relaxation at the time of critical junctures during the actual competition can be a boon to the sports persons. Mental tension leads to the loss in self-confidence, bad temper, foul play and committing mistakes, which in the normal relaxed state they would not have done.

METHODS The sample consisted of 40 student athletes and 40 and non-student Athletes from different colleges and departments of Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University Nanded at the end of 2015-2017 academic year in their study. Those Students were participating in intercollegiate tournament have considered student athletes and those students were not participating any sporting activities at minimum intercollegiate tournament as considered non student athletes.

MEASUREMENT OF MENTAL HEALTH The, Mental health was measured by the using General Health Questionnaire (GHQ -12) . The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) is a measure of current mental health and since its development by Goldberg in the 1970s it has been extensively used in different settings and different cultures. The 12-item GHQ-12 comprises six ‘ positive ’ and six ‘negative’ items . Positive items included ‘Have you recently felt capable of making decisions about things ?’,while negative items included ‘Have you recently felt constantly under strain? ’ Items were classified in this way according to wording, with positively worded items having responses ‘Better than usual’, ‘Same as usual’, ‘Less than usual’ and ‘Much less than usual ’. Responses to negatively worded items are ‘Not at all ’, ‘No more than usual’, ‘Rather more than usual’ and ‘Much more than usual’. Questions 1,3, 4, 7, 8 and 12 as positively worded items. The remainder are negatively worded. Responses will be coded using an un weighted four-point Likert scale (0, 1, 2, 3). Positively worded items will later rescored so that a high score will indicative of endorsement of these items (e.g. ‘better than usual ’). Higher scores on negative items indicate greater distress and or difficulty. The demographic information about Gender, age, daily smoking, drug use, etc. was obtained before seeking responses.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results and discussion have been presented in concise and comprehensive manner that is easy to comprehend starting with personal characteristics of students.

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TABLE-1 SHOWS THE PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STUDENT ATHLETES AND NON-STUDENT ATHLETES

S.no 1) 2) 3) 4)

Personal characteristics Use of internet Any chronic disease Any physical deformities Daily smoking

67.89% 4.56%

Non-student Athletes 76.89% 8.35%

3.56%

5.67%

13.09%

17.02%

Student Athletes

Table-1 Shows the Personal characteristics of Student Athletes and Non-student Athletes. the of the study shows that 67.89% Student Athletes used internet and 76.89% Non-student Athletes, 4.56% Student Athletes and 8.35%Non-student Athletes suffered from Any chronic disease , 3.56% Student Athletes and 5.67% Non-student Athletes have Any physical deformities and 13.09% Student Athletes and 17.02% Non-student Athletes smoked.

TABLE – 2 MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STUDENT ATHLETES AND NON STUDENT ATHLETES

Sr.No.

Morphological Characteristics

5) 6) 7)

Age (Year) Weight (Kg) Height (Cm)

Student Athletes Standard Mean Deviation 22.45 3.45 68.78 4.87 177.22 15.87

Non Student Athletes Standard Mean Deviation 22.89 3.15 68.89 4.67 174.30 15.41

Table-2 illustrates the Morphological Characteristics of Student Athletes and Non Student Athletes The mean age of student athletes were 22 + 3.45, the weight were 68.78 + 4.87 Kg. and height were 177.22 + 15.87 cm. Similarly, the mean age of non - student athletes were 22.89 + 3.15, the weight was 68.89 + 4.67 Kg. and height was 174.30 + 14.41 cm.

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TABLE – 3 MEAN SCORES, STANDARD DEVIATION AND T-RATIO OF POSITIVE MENTAL HEALTH IN STUDENT ATHLETES AND NON- STUDENT ATHLETES. Demission Been able to concentrate Plying A Useful Part Capable of making Decision Been able to enjoy Been able to face up Been feeling reasonably happy

Students Student Athletes Non- student athletes Student Athletes Non- student athletes Student Athletes Non- student athletes Student Athletes Non- student athletes Student Athletes Non- student athletes Student Athletes Non- student athletes

Number 40

Mean 3.67

S.Ds. 0.60

40

4.10

0.79

40

3.89

0.67

40

3.54

0.52

40

3.88

0.84

40

2.90

0.62

40

4.56

0.83

40

3.45

0.56

40

3.78

0.80

40

3.12

0.64

40

4.61

0.76

40

3.67

0.53

T-Ratio NS

NS

P.<.05

P.<.05

NS

P.<.05

Table 3 illustrate the Mean scores, standard deviation and t-ratio of six dimension of positive mental health in student athletes and non- student athletes. With regards to Been able to concentrate in Student Athletes and Non- student athletes they have obtained mean values were 3.67 and 4.10 respectively, whereas they obtained standard deviation 0.60 and 0.79 respectively. The result reveals that no significant difference was found on been able to concentrate between Student Athletes and Non- student athletes. In addition , while comparing , Plying A Useful Part in Student Athletes and Non- student athletes they have obtained mean values were 3.89 and 3.54 respectively, whereas they obtained standard deviation 0.67 and 0.52 respectively. The result reveals that no significant difference was found on Plying A Useful Part between Student Athletes and Non- student athletes.

Furthmore , the Capable of making Decision in Student Athletes and Non- student [70] International Journal of Physical Education, Health & Sports Sciences

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athletes they have obtained mean values were 3.88 and 2.90 respectively, whereas they obtained standard deviation 0.84 and 0.62 respectively. The result reveals that significant difference was found on Capable of making Decision between Student Athletes and Nonstudent athletes. The findings of the study revealed that Student Athletes was found to have got more Capable of making Decision as compare to Non- student athletes . While , With regards to Been able to enjoy in Student Athletes and Non- student athletes they have obtained mean values were 4.56 and 3.45 respectively, whereas they obtained standard deviation 0.83 and 0.56 respectively. The result reveals that no significant difference was found on positive mental health with respect to Been able to enjoy between Student Athletes and Non- student athletes. The findings of the study revealed that Student Athletes was found to have got more Been able to enjoy as compare to Non- student athletes However, With regards to Been able to face up in Student Athletes and Nonstudent athletes they have obtained mean values were 3.78 and 3.12 respectively, whereas they obtained standard deviation 0.80 and 0.64 respectively. The result reveals that no significant difference was found on Been able to face up between Student Athletes and Non- student athletes Finally, With regards to Been feeling reasonably happy in Student Athletes and Non- student athletes they have obtained mean values were 4.61 and 3.67 respectively, whereas they obtained standard deviation 0.76 and 0.53 respectively. The result reveals that no significant difference was found on Been feeling reasonably happy between Student Athletes and Non- student athletes. The findings of the study revealed that Student Athletes was found to have got more Been feeling reasonably happy as compare to Non- student athletes

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International Journal of Physical Education, Health & Sports Sciences [71]

Demission Lost much sleep Under strain Couldn’t overcome Unhappy and depressed Been losing confidence Yourself as a Worthless

Students Student Athletes Non- student athletes Student Athletes Non- student athletes Student Athletes Non- student athletes Student Athletes Non- student athletes Student Athletes Non- student athletes Student Athletes Non- student athletes

Number 40

Mean 3.11

S.Ds. 0.65

40

3.99

0.89

40

3.12

0.72

40

3.15

0.70

40

3.04

0.50

40

3.13

0.51

40

3.05

0.70

40

3.12

0.71

40

3.50

0.67

40

3.56

0.65

40

3.20

0.70

40

3.14

0.68

t-Ratio P.<.05

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

Table 3 illustrate the Mean scores, standard deviation and t-ratio of six dimension of negative mental health in student athletes and non- student athletes. With regards to Lost much sleep in Student Athletes and Non- student athletes they have obtained mean values were 3.11 and 3.99 respectively, whereas they obtained standard deviation 0.65 and 0.89 respectively. The result reveals that significant difference was found on Lost much sleep between Student Athletes and Non- student athletes. In addition With regards to Under strain in Student Athletes and Non- student athletes they have obtained mean values were 3.12 and 3.15 respectively, whereas they obtained standard deviation 0.72 and 0.70 respectively. The result reveals that no significant difference was found on Under strain between Student Athletes and Non- student athletes.

Furthmore, With regards to Couldn’t overcome in Student Athletes and Non- student athletes they have obtained mean values were 3.04 and 3.13 respectively, whereas they obtained standard deviation 0.50 and 0.51 respectively. The result reveals that no significant difference was found on Couldn’t overcome between Student Athletes and Non- student athletes. While With regards to Unhappy and depressed in Student Athletes and Non- student athletes they have obtained mean values were 3.05 and 3.12 respectively, [72] International Journal of Physical Education, Health & Sports Sciences

Volume: 06, Issue: 02, October 2017

whereas they obtained standard deviation 0.70 and 0.71 respectively. The result reveals that no significant difference was found on Unhappy and depressed between Student Athletes and Non- student athletes.

However , With regards to Been losing confidence in Student Athletes and Nonstudent athletes they have obtained mean values were 3.50 and 3.56 respectively, whereas they obtained standard deviation 0.67 and 0.65 respectively. The result reveals that no significant difference was found on Been losing confidence between Student Athletes and Non- student athletes Finally , With regards to Yourself as a Worthless in Student Athletes and Non- student athletes they have obtained mean values were 3.20 and 3.14 respectively, whereas they obtained standard deviation 0.70 and 0.68 respectively. The result reveals that no significant difference was found on Yourself as a Worthless between Student Athletes and Non- student athletes.

DISCUSSION The aim of the study was to determine and compare the mental health between student athletes and non-student athletes. The good mental health of student athletes was probably due to, spent more time in exercise and physical activities (Table-1) . Preliminary evidence suggests that physically active people have lower rates of stress and anxiety may contribute to sound mental health Engaging in more physical activity improves psychosocial health and decreases stress (Economos, Hildebrant, & Hyatt, 2008). The several research have also shown that physical activity is an effective means of reducing anxiety and various indices of stress among adults may enhance psychological well-being (Bhui, 2002; Dunn, Trivedi, & O’Neal, 2001). Many students rank in the top levels of their schools, and their expectations about academic performance in a new educational environment may be unrealistically high Furthermore, additional pressures to obtain financial support that is often limited for students contributes to their poor mental health (Mori, 2000).

Consequently, lack of traditional social support, high academic achievement, and financial aid restrictions are a few of the critical stressors of Indian students. The poor mental health of non-student athletes also may be due to the students have a more insecure position after graduation, personal factors such as staying away from family, adjustment to unfavorable hostel conditions, parental expectations, etc (.Nandi et.al. 2012). I expect that this study can contribute to future work in the field of Education, psychology, social science and allied medical education to be of great use and importance to the Researchers, investigators, psychologist and teachers as the same can be utilized in formulating the modalities in putting their knowledge acquired through devoted scientific investigations, analysis and interpretation of findings to use of all students.

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LIMITATIONS Results of this study are limited by a relatively small preliminary survey of selfreported mental health rather than a study of actual behavior, which would be very difficult to achieve. A limitation of this study is that it reflects the findings of some students; the data was collected in one places hence, the results may not be generalized to other students . To keep the student data-collection time within reasonable limits, information on mental health self-reported and no special psychometric instruments were used to measure it.

Future research is warranted on estimating the level of mental health by psychometric instruments.

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Chung, S.-C., Brooks, M.M., Rai, M., Balk, J.L., & Rai, S. (2012). Effect of Sahaja Yoga Meditation on Quality of Life, Anxiety, and Blood Pressure Control. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 18 (6), 589-596. doi:10.1089/acm.2011.0038.

Dunn, A.L., Trivedi, M.H., & O’Neal, H.A. (2001). Physical activity dose-response effects on outcomes of depression and anxiety. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 33(6 Suppl.), S587–S597; discussion 609–510.

Goldberg, D., & Williams, P. (1988). A user’s guide to the General Health Questionnaire.

Windsor, UK: NFER-Nelson.

Pilkington.K, Kirkwood.G, Rampes.H, and Richardson.J,(2004) “Yoga for depression: the research evidence,” Journal of Affective Disorders, vol. 89, no. 1-3, pp. 13–24.

Singh .V, Wisniewski.A, Britton.J, and Tattersfield.A.(1990)“Effect of yoga breathing exercises (pranayama) on airway reactivity in subjects with asthma,” Lancet, vol. 335, no.

8702, pp. 1381– 1383.

Udupa K. N., Singh R. H., and Settiwar R. M.(1975) “A comparative study on the effect of some individual yogic practices in normal persons,” Indian Journal of Medical Research, vol. 63, no. 8, pp. 1066–1071.

E-sources http://amhocn.org/static/files/assets/8d6994c3/Mental_Health_Inventory. http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/exercise-stress.aspx http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2011/gender.pdf [74] International Journal of Physical Education, Health & Sports Sciences

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