Sudan Pavilion Thesis for EXPO 2020

GRADUATION PROJECT I COURSE CODE: 2705890

SUDAN PAVILION DUBAI EXPO 2020 2016 / 2017

DONE BY : MOHAMMED SALAH 201210707

SUPERVISORS: DR. BASSIM SALEH DR. OMAR MS. NEVEN

INTRODUCTION

Now is the time for the Sudanese to share their knowledge through a showcase of success stories. Sudan sought an active collaboration in addressing the main challenges. The country wanted to re-chart its path towards the use of new technological applications to use resources in an environmentally sustainable way. Dubai’s expo will be a festival of human ingenuity. The engines of growth are no longer steam-powered.

Expo will showcase and explore what is possible when new ideas and people connect. This book consists of five chapters contain some definitions of the pavilions, historical background, objectives of the project, and some of case studies.

I

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to give special and sincere thanks to my supervisor Dr. Bassim Saleh for his useful comments and remarks and for his engagement with me for this thesis, as well as helping me in doing the research which tought me so many new things.

I would also like to thank my parents for their wise counseling and sympathetic ears.

I would like to thank my friends for accepting nothing less than excellence from me.

II

CONTENTS

2

01

02

CHAPTER

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION 1.1 DEFINITION .......................................6 1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ............7 1.3 OBJECTIVES .....................................8

CASE STUDIES 2.1 AL ZORAH PAVILION .....................12 2.2 MOROCCAN PAVILION ...............20 2.3 CHINA PAVILION ...........................28 2.4 AUGUST WILSON CENTER FOR AFRICAN AMERICAN CULTURE...36 2.5 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS............44

03 CHAPTER

DESIGN PROGRAM 3.1 INTRODUCTION ...........................48 3.2 PROGRAM ...................................48 3.3 CONCLUSION ...............................53

04

05

CHAPTER

CHAPTER

SITE ANALYSIS AND SELECTION 4.1 INTRODUCTION TO DUBAI ..........57 4.2 INTRODUCTION TO KHARTOUM.59 4.3 SITE ANALYSIS .............................60 4.4 SITE COMPARISON CRITERIA ....64 4.4 THE SELECTED SITES ADVANTAGES.................................65

CONCLUSION AND DESIGN CONCEPT 5.1 CONCLUSION ...............................68 5.2 DESIGN CONCEPT .......................70

3

4

01 CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION 1.1 DEFINITION .......................................6 1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ...........7 1.3 OBJECTIVES .....................................8

5

1.1 DEFINITION 1.1.1 Pavilion has several meanings.

In architectural terminology, it refers to a subsidiary building that is either positioned separately or as an attachment to a main building. Often its function makes it an object of pleasure.

In another more specific meaning applied to large palaces, it refers to symmetrically placed subsidiary building blocks that appear to be attached to each end of a main building block or to the outer ends of wings that extend from both sides of a central building block – the corps de logis.

Such configurations provide an emphatic visual termination to the composition of a large building, akin to bookends.

1.1.2 Expo 2020 is a universal scale registered exposition time slot sanctioned by the bureau of international expositions (BIE), Paris on 27 November 2013. Dubai in the United Arab Emirates won the right to hold Expo 2020.

Dubai’s Expo will be a festival of human ingenuity. The engines of growth are no longer steam-powered. Instead, collaboration and partnership have taken its place, becoming the driving force behind new developments. Expo will showcase and explore what is possible when new ideas and people connect. The main site of Expo Dubai 2020 will be a 438-hectare area (1083 acres) located midway between Dubai and Abu Dhabi. The master plan, designed by the American firm HOK, is organized around a central plaza, entitled Al Wasl.

Fig.1 : Sudan pavilion for the last expo 2015 in milan.

Fig.2 : UAE pavilion reflect the desert environment.

Fig.3 : Pavilion of the host country, Italy.

Fig.4 : Dubai expo 2020 master Plan.

6

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavilion 2. http://expo2020dubai.ae/content/expo2020.aspx

1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Fig.5 : Old tent.

Fig.6 : development of the pavilions.

1.2.1 Pavilion ( pavilion was basically developed from tent like structure). As buildings of wood, stone, and marble increased in grandeur and scale, Tent is incorporate all the principle elements of any small house: partitions, supporting pillars, a roof, flooring and an entrance; however, tents are mobile shelters and represent the “portable home�.

1.2.2 World Expos have long been important in advancing architectural innovation and discourse. But what is it about Expos that seem to create such lasting architectural landmarks, and is this still the case today? Throughout history, each new Expo offered architects an opportunity to present radical ideas and use these events as a creative laboratory for testing bold innovations in design and building technology.

Fig.7 : Timeline of world expos.

1.Gao Zhenming, Tan Li. Zhongguo Gu Ting. Beijing: Zhongguo Jianzhu Gongye Chubanshe 2. http://www.archdaily.com/625936/the-architectural-lab-a-history-of-world-expos

7

1.3 OBJECTIVES

• • •

• •

8

To collect, preserve, research, interpret and exhibit collections related to the history of Sudan.

To engage audiences to understand and interpret our Culture.

To promote an understanding of Sudanese history (including but not limited to local history) to enhance people's awareness of their identity and to enrich people's cultural lives.

To connect Sudanese people with the world through enhancing their appreciation of the world history.

To network with similar cultural institutions to create synergy to promote history learning.

9

10

02 CHAPTER

CASE STUDIES 2.1 AL ZORAH PAVILION .....................12 2.2 MOROCCAN PAVILION ...............20 2.3 CHINA PAVILION ...........................28 2.4 AUGUST WILSON CENTER FOR AFRICAN AMERICAN CULTURE...36 2.5 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS............44

11

AL ZORAH PAVILION IN AJMAN - UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

12

AL ZORAH PAVILION EXISTING IN AJMAN - UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

13

2.1 AL ZORAH PAVILION 2.1.1 General Information Architect Annabel Karim Kassar Location Ajman - United Arab Emirates Project Architect Rabih Zeidan Area 4500.0 sqm Project Year 2014

Fig. 8 : Black granite paving tiles are used all around the perimeter and external stairs, their triangular patterning creating a resonance with the roof tiles.

2.1.2 Site Analysis Located along Ajman’s beachfront and creeks, Al zorah build on the emirate’s natural beauty, tradition, openness and culture of innovation to transform Ajman into a world class residential, tourism and investment destination.

The pavilion is designed with a very sensitive approach to the site, in symbiosis with the landscape. It is conceived as a simple geometric form standing in the desert as a landscape within another.

It rests under a canopy, a folded roof reminiscent of the existing topographical strata leading down to the water.

Fig. 9 : Site plan shows the accessibility of main entrance for the building and car access with parkings.

1. http://aasarchitecture.com/2014/02/al-zorah-pavilion-by-annabel-karim-kassar.html 2. http://www.archdaily.com/474738/al-zorah-pavilion-annabel-karim-kassar 14

Fig. 10 : the surrounding of the building is overlooking natural mangrove swamps and flamingos, the Al Zorah pavilion provides a multifunctional visitor and events space.

2.1.3 Design Concept

Fig. 11 : Isometric sketch shows the concept idea.

The concept it is designed to give a more sophisticated identity to Ajman - one that differentiates it from its bigger, brasher, richer neighbors Dubai and Abu Dhabi.

The pavilion embraces only the marshy landscape ahead. Its cranked roofline starts at the south-facing base and marches up and over the building, like a scaly, cupped hand. Its back is thus turned towards the road, blocking out the harshest rays of the sun, and giving occupants panoramic views over these modest mangrove swamps.

Fig. 12 : Building is sheltered under a magnificent canopy illuminated and decorated as an ornamental tent.

1. http://aasarchitecture.com/2014/02/al-zorah-pavilion-by-annabel-karim-kassar.html 2. http://annabelkassar.com/projects/al-zorah-pavilion 15

2.1.4 Function

KEY 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

7 5 6

8

LOBBY OFFICE TOILET KITCHEN EDUCATIONAL HALL VIP LOBBY LEFT CAFETERIA SHOP CINEMA OPEN AREA

4 1

10

9

2 3

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

KEY 5

6

6

7

6

3

5

8

5

9

5 6

2 4

1

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

LOBBY TOILET OPEN OFFICE TECHNICAL ROOM OFFICE MEETING ROOM CEO OFFICE VIP HALL VIP LOUNG

2 4

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

1. http://aasarchitecture.com/2014/02/al-zorah-pavilion-by-annabel-karim-kassar.html 2. http://www.archdaily.com/474738/al-zorah-pavilion-annabel-karim-kassar 16

3

8

1

4

SECTION A-A

4

KEY 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

LOBBY TOILET OPEN OFFICE TECHNICAL ROOM OFFICE MEETING ROOM CEO OFFICE VIP HALL VIP LOUNG

2.1.5 Form

EASTERN ELEVATION

1. http://aasarchitecture.com/2014/02/al-zorah-pavilion-by-annabel-karim-kassar.html 2. http://annabelkassar.com/projects/al-zorah-pavilion 17

2.1.6 Construction A horizontal deck of limestone and glass retail units forms the ground floor, with 10 cinemas inside. The upper part is composed of golden metal ribbons wrapping the four big cinema/ theatres from north to south.

These generate a dynamic sculptural (fig. 13) form that gives the entertainment Center a strong identity. Framed within the outer 'ribbons' are porous backlit facades to evoke the Mousharabieh of traditional Moorish screens.

Fig. 13 : Construction will be restricted to 235 million square feet with the remaining expanse reserved for beaches.

2.1.7 Material The quality of finishing and attention to detail are woven throughout the project. It is evident in the black granite (fig. 14) paving tiles used all around the perimeter and on the exterior staircase - sandblasted to a subtle 'velvet' finish rather than the supersleek gloss of every Dubai shopping mall or hotel lobby. Their triangular patterning creates a rich visual resonance with the roof tiles.

Fig. 14 : Black granite paving tiles are used all around the perimeter and external stairs.

2.1.8 Technology The same geometry is replicated elsewhere in the building - right down to the choice and placement of ceiling lights and even the exterior lights (fig. 15) that throw slim beams across the roof at night in a 'tartan' criss-cross effect.

Fig. 15 : The building will be lit up with LED tricolored projectors by night; it is an installation

by CAI light.

1. http://aasarchitecture.com/2014/02/al-zorah-pavilion-by-annabel-karim-kassar.html 2. http://www.archdaily.com/474738/al-zorah-pavilion-annabel-karim-kassar 18

2.1.9 Bubble Diagram

PRESNTATION HALL OFFICE

PRESNTATION HALL

RESTAURA.

STORE

STAGE

EXHIBIT

TOILET KITCHEN

LOBBY

THEATER

MULTI PURPOSE HALL

EDUCA. HALL

TOILET

SHOP LOBBY

LOBBY

STRONGLY DIRECT RELATION

OFFICE

OUTDOOR.

STAGE

EXHIBIT

THEATER

DIRECT RELATION

MULTI PURPOSE HALL

EDUCA. HALL

TOILET

SERVICES LOBBY

LOBBY

• bubble diagram for ground floor • bubble diagram for ground floor

OFFICE

TOILET AUDTROIUM

LOBBY

STRONGLY DIRECT RELATION

• bubble diagram for first floor • bubble diagram for first floor

DIRECT RELATION

2.1.10 Program FUNCTION

NO . OF UNITS

AREA / PERSON M2

NO . OF USERS

AREA / UNIT M2

TOTAL AREA SQM

AUDITORUM

2

2

60

120

300

REST ROOM

6

1.6

24

40

240

SERVICES

2

1.6

20

32

46

MECHANICAL

2

2

20

40

80

STORE

4

1.6

6

10

40

ENTERTAINMENT

3

1.6

100

160

480

LOBBY

3

1.6

60

93

280

CAFE

1

2.5

80

200

200

KITCHEN

2

3

10

30

100

EDUCATIONAL

1

2

150

300

300

CAFETERIA

1

2

40

80

80

SHOP

2

1.6

40

46

100

CINEMA

1

0.9

150

160

160

OFFICES

1

6

23

155

155

TECHNICAL ROOM

1

0.9

16

15

15

MEETING ROOM

3

2.2

18

40

120

CO OFFICE

1

-

-

60

60

VIP HALL

1

6.5

10

65

65

VIP LOUNG

1

3.2

5

16

16

TOTAL

2900

20% Circulation 1. https://archive.org/stream/Architectural_Standard_Ernst_Peter_Neufert_Architects 19

20

MOROCCAN PAVILION EXISTING IN MILAN - ITALY

21

2.2 MOROCCAN PAVILION MILAN EXPO 2015 2.2.1 General Information Architects OUALALOU+CHOI Location Milano, Italy Architect in Charge​ Tarik Oualalou, Linna Choi Fig. 16 : Morocco‘s pavilion for the world exposition focuses on the notion of rurality and the diversity and richness of its territories.

Area 13,000 sqm Project Year 2015

2.2.2 Site Analysis Installed on the north side of the site , the pavilion extends over the entire depth of the northern land to the south. The building becomes geography and organizes a crossing moroccan territory from the strait and the mediterranean to the great southern desert.

Fig. 17 : Moroccon pavilion site in comparison with the rest of the pavilions.

N 15

m

150

22

1. http://www.archdaily.com/770938/moroccan-pavilion-milan-expo-2015-kilo-architectures 2. http://www.archilovers.com/projects/161859/morocco-pavilion-at-expo-milano-2015.

Fig. 18 : Stretching the entire length of its site from north to south, the pavilion leads the visitor on a metaphorical journey through the country from the mediterranean to the sahara, highlighting the agriculture and traditions specific to each region.

2.2.3 Design Concept The pavilion is built entirely of mud. These ancestral building methods in Morocco refer to the rural civilization. These methods have to be maintained to support an exterior of such a project in different climate conditions.

Fig. 19 : Moroccan architecture reflects the country's rich cultural and historical heritage.

1. http://www.archdaily.com/770938/moroccan-pavilion-milan-expo-2015-kilo-architectures 2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_architecture

23

2.2.4 Function

Site plan

N

10

m 50

Ground floor plan

2

3

1

1

8

4

5 7

6

KEY 9

24

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

LOBBY OFFICE TOILET KITCHEN MAIN HALL CAFETERIA SHOP PRESNTATION HALL OPEN AREA

1. http://www.archdaily.com/770938/moroccan-pavilion-milan-expo-2015-kilo-architectures 2. http://www.archilovers.com/projects/161859/morocco-pavilion-at-expo-milano-2015.

Sections 2

2 8

6

5

5

KEY

1

2

7

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

1

LOBBY OFFICE TOILET KITCHEN MAIN HALL CAFETERIA SHOP PRESNTATION HALL OPEN AREA

2.2.5 Form Elevations

1. http://www.archdaily.com/770938/moroccan-pavilion-milan-expo-2015-kilo-architectures 2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_architecture EXPO MILANO 2015 PADIGLIONE DEL REGNO DEL MAROCCO

LOCALIZZAZIONE MILANO, ITALIA

CLIENTE

COMMISSARIO GENERALE DEL PADIGLIONE DEL MAROCO - EXPO MILANO 2015

25

1

CODICE D'IDENTIFICAZIONE

TIPO

DATA

--

FAC

20 MAI 2015

FACCIATE

FASE DI PROGETTO

INDICE

N° PROGETTO

SCALA

--

--

165

1/300

TITOLO

2.2.6 Construction Referring to the materiality and sensuality of rural construction in morocco, the pavilion of morocco presents a contemporary reinterpretation of traditional earthen structures. Adobe is placed within enormous pre-fabricated wooden panels which are then mounted onto a steel frame.

This method adapts the use of traditional materials to industrialized construction methods. At the end of expo milan, the panels will be dismantled and re-used.

Fig. 20 : Structure of the building.

2.2.7 Material Mud construction system is less energy intensive and very effective in different climatic conditions. Mud is one of man's oldest building materials and most ancient Civilizations used it in some form. It was easily available, cheap, and strong and required only simple technology.

Fig. 21 : texture of mud.

Fig. 22 : Facade of the building.

26

1. http://www.archdaily.com/770938/moroccan-pavilion-milan-expo-2015-kilo-architectures 2. http://www.archilovers.com/projects/161859/morocco-pavilion-at-expo-milano-2015.

Fig. 23 : Daylight pass through walls.

Fig. 24 : landscape in the open areas.

2.2.8 Bubble Diagram OFFICE

STAGE

TOILET

KITCHEN

EXHIBIT

OFFICE

TOILET

THEATER EDUCA. HALL

LOBBY

LOBBY

CAFETERIA

PRESNTATION HALL

MAIN HALL

MULTI PURPOSE HALL

SHOP

LOBBY

LOBBY

STRONGLY DIRECT RELATION

DIRECT RELATION

• bubble diagram for ground floor

2.2.9 Program FUNCTION

NO . OF UNITS

AREA / PERSON M2

NO . OF USERS

AREA / UNIT M2

TOTAL AREA SQ/M

LOBBY

1

2

60

120

120

PRESNTATION HALL

1

1.6

625

1000

1000

CAFETERIA

1

2

200

400

400

MAIN HALL

5

1.6

900

284

1420

KITCHEN

1

2

----

200

200

SHOP

4

2

42

85

340

OFFICE

3

2.5

133

333

1000

REST ROOM

12/F/M

1.6

8

15

180

TOTAL

13000

1. http://www.archdaily.com/770938/moroccan-pavilion-milan-expo-2015-kilo-architectures 2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_architecture

27

28

CHINA PAVILION EXISTING IN MILAN - ITALY

29

2.3 China Pavilion Milan Expo 2015 2.3.1 General Information Architects Studio Link-Arc Location Milano, Italy Chief Architect Yichen Lu Project Manager Kenneth Namkung Project Year 2015

Fig. 25 : over 1,000 bamboo panels clad the roof of China's Milan Expo pavilion, which features an elaborate structure that merges the profile of the Beijing skyline with a mountain landscape.

2.3.2 Site Analysis Located on the EXPO’s main street Decumano, the chinese pavilion is a 9,260 square meter building. The structure virtually repeats the given plot of land with an elongated and rather narrow parallelepiped configuration, thrusting forward a dynamic cantilever over the main entrance to the pavilion.

Fig. 26 : Streets arround the building.

1. http://www.archdaily.com/627497/china-pavilion-milan-expo-2015-tsinghua-university 2. http://www.dezeen.com/2015/05/05/beijing-skyline-mountain-range-roof-china-milan 30

Fig. 27 : The building's predominant feature is its complex roof form. From the front it appears to be a series of curves, while at the back it forms a row of rectilinear shapes.

2.3.3 Design Concept

Fig. 28 : Diagram of a city skyline in the top and landscape in the bottom.

The theme for the China Pavilion is “The Land of Hope”. The project embodies this through its undulating roof form, derived by merging the profile of a city skyline on the building’s north side with the profile of a landscape on the south side, expressing the idea that “hope” can be realized when city and nature exist in harmony.

Rejecting the typical notion of a cultural pavilion as an object in a plaza, the China Pavilion is instead conceived as a field of spaces. Envisioned as a cloud hovering over a “land of hope”, the Pavilion is experienced as a series of public programs located beneath a floating roof, the unique design of which creates an iconic image for the project and a unique presence within the Expo grounds.

1. http://www.archdaily.com/627497/china-pavilion-milan-expo-2015-tsinghua-university 2. http://www.dezeen.com/2015/05/05/beijing-skyline-mountain-range-roof-china-milan 31

2.3.4 Function Site plan

1 2

1 6

5

7

Ground floor plan

4

5

First floor plan

3

7

6

9

3

8

4

2

1

KEY 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

LOBBY OFFICE TOILET KITCHEN MAIN HALL RESTAURANT SHOP PRESNTATION HALL OPEN AREA

9

KEY 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

LOBBY OFFICE TOILET KITCHEN MAIN HALL RESTAURANT PRESNTATION HALL

1. http://www.archdaily.com/627497/china-pavilion-milan-expo-2015-tsinghua-university 2. http://www.dezeen.com/2015/05/05/beijing-skyline-mountain-range-roof-china-milan 32

North Section KEY 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

LOBBY OFFICE TOILET KITCHEN MAIN HALL RESTAURANT PRESNTATION HALL

2

2 3

1

7

5

2.3.5 Form

1. http://www.archdaily.com/627497/china-pavilion-milan-expo-2015-tsinghua-university 2. http://www.dezeen.com/2015/05/05/beijing-skyline-mountain-range-roof-china-milan 33

2.3.6 Construction Referencing raised-beam structures found in traditional Chinese architecture, the roof framework comprises a series of gluelaminated timber profiles that are each slightly different, as they incrementally morph between the two shapes.

Fig. 29 : Construction site for the world exhibition Expo 2015, the china pavilion.

2.3.7 Material After testing different materials, architect said: "We started with glass and then we wanted to have translucency instead of transparency, so we changed it to polycarbonate panels. But then, because it was a very fast construction – just seven months – we decided to change for a membrane that was more watertight".

Fig. 30 : Over 1,000 bamboo panels clad the roof of China's Milan Expo pavilion.

2.3.8 Technology The pavilion roof also uses modern technology to create long spans appropriate to the building’s public nature. The roof is covered in shingled panels that reference traditional pottery roof construction, but are reinterpreted as large bamboo leaves that enhance the roof profile while shading the public spaces below.

Fig. 31 : Adapt the roof with modern construction technology.

34

1. http://www.archdaily.com/627497/china-pavilion-milan-expo-2015-tsinghua-university 2. http://www.dezeen.com/2015/05/05/beijing-skyline-mountain-range-roof-china-milan

Fig. 32 : A matrix of LED stalks appear as if a part of this farming field, forming the main centerpiece of the exhibition.

2.3.9 Bubble Diagram PRESNTATION HALL

PRESNTATION HALL

TOILET

KITCHEN

STAGE

LOBBY

STAGE

OFFICE

LOBBY EXHIBIT

OPEN AREA OFFICE

TOILET

OFFICE

LOBBY EXHIBIT

RESTAURA.

OPEN AREA

TOILET

OFFICE

RESTAURA.

THEATER EDUCA. HALL

TOILET

KITCHEN

SHOP

MAIN HALL

THEATER

MULTI PURPOSE HALL

EDUCA. HALL

LOBBY

LOBBY

STRONGLY DIRECT RELATION

SHOP

LOBBY

LOBBY

STRONGLY DIRECT RELATION

DIRECT RELATION

• bubble diagram for ground floor

MULTI PURPOSE HALL

MAIN HALL

DIRECT RELATION

• bubble diagram for first floor

2.3.10 Program FUNCTION

NO . OF UNITS

AREA / PERSON M2

NO . OF USERS

AREA / UNIT M2

TOTAL AREA SQ/M

LOBBY

2

1

30

60

60

PRESNTATION HALL

1

2

850

1200

1200

CAFETERIA

2

2

50

200

400

MAIN HALL

1

2.5

1000

950

950

KITCHEN

2

2

10

50

100

SHOP

1

2

50

85

85

OFFICE

2

2.5

50

120

240

REST ROOM

24/F/M

1.6

24

20

80

TOTAL

5,115

1. http://www.archdaily.com/627497/china-pavilion-milan-expo-2015-tsinghua-university 2. http://www.dezeen.com/2015/05/05/beijing-skyline-mountain-range-roof-china-milan

35

36

AUGUST WILSON CENTER FOR AFRICAN AMERICAN CULTURE EXISTING IN PENNSYLVANIA - USA

37

2.4 August Wilson Center for African American Culture 2.4.1 General Information Architects Perkins+Will Location Pittsburgh, PA, United States Civil Engineer ATS Chester Engineers Lighting Studio i Project Area 64.500 sqm Project Year 2009

Fig. 33 : In 2009 a gleaming performing arts space opened to great fanfare in downtown Pittsburgh.

2.4.2 Site Analysis Strategically composed on a tight triangular site, the building exploits the moment where two city grids converge and the cultural, convention and downtown districts overlap, forming a gateway intersection.

Fig. 34 : Location of the site.

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilson_Center_for_African_American_Culture 2. http://www.turnerconstruction.com/august-wilson-center-for-african-american-culture 38

Fig. 35 : To acknowledge the significance of the street as common space and as a stage for urban life, the sidewalk slides into the building, connecting the street level uses.

2.4.3 Design Concept

Fig. 36 : Sketch of a dhow that transported Swahili culture from East Africa.

The center celebrates the corner with a robust curvilinear form inspired by the full sails of the dhow, the majestic sailing ships that transported Swahili culture from East Africa. In a context of heavier, more opaque buildings, the curve breaks the norm and anchors the corner as urban art. This energetic, urban in-fill building is a transformative first-voice cultural center that celebrates the contributions of African Americans to American culture, art, music, and theatre in the region and globally— past, present and future. Designed by Perkins+Will, the two-story, 64,500 sqm facility includes a 486-seat proscenium theater, 11,000 sqm of exhibit galleries, a flexible studio, a music cafÊ, and an education center.

1. https://culturaldistrict.org/pages/awc/ 2. https://www.wikiwand.com/en/August_Wilson_Center_for_African_American_Culture 39

2.4.4 Function

Ground floor plan

First floor plan

40

North Section

2.4.5 Form

41

2.4.6 Construction The greatest challenge was to accommodate such a complex program on the site. The center can accept Smithsonian exhibits, has a theatre venue that can fly full scenes, and transforms its daytime café into a speakeasy music café at night. Despite the progress, the project run into obstacles that delayed construction and spiraled costs out of control. It broke ground on Oct. 18, 2006, but construction didn't begin until August 2007.

Fig. 37 : Construction site for the world exhibition

2.4.7 Material At both levels flexible uses are organized behind the north-facing glassy façade that extends 328 linear feet along one of the major downtown thoroughfares. With optimum solar orientation, this transparency invites the surrounding historic context into enrich the interior experience and engage the place in the city.

Fig. 38 : Skylights are widely used in designing daylighting.

Fig. 39 : The highly controlled exhibition galleries absorb the triangular site geometry and are situated behind the sloped stone wall illuminated at night and glowing with abundant indirect north light during the day.

42

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilson_Center_for_African_American_Culture 2. http://www.turnerconstruction.com/august-wilson-center-for-african-american-culture

2.4.8 Bubble Diagram STAGE

EXHIBIT

SHOP

STAGE

EXHIBIT

TOILET

THEATER

THEATER BOX OF.

KITCHEN

CAFE LOBBY

STRONGLY DIRECT RELATION

LOBBY

LOBBY

STRONGLY DIRECT RELATION

DIRECT RELATION

Ground floor

MULTI PURPOSE HALL

EDUCA. HALL

LOBBY

OFFICE

TOILET

DIRECT RELATION

First floor

FUNCTION

NO . OF UNITS

AREA / PERSON M2

NO . OF USERS

AREA / UNIT M2

TOTAL AREA

THEATER

1

1.2

300

1000

1000

STAGE

1

2

-

100

100

ENTERTAINMENT AREA

3

1.6

100

160

480

LOBBY

2

1.6

60

95

190

CAFE

2

2.5

80

200

400

KITCHEN

2

3

10

30

90

EDUCATIONAL HALL

1

2

150

300

300

MULTI PURPOSE HALL

1

2

80

160

160

SHOP

1

2

20

40

40

OFFICES

1

6

23

155

155

TECHNICAL ROOM

1

0.9

16

15

15

MEETING ROOM

3

2.2

18

40

120

CEO OFFICE

1

-

-

60

60

CIRCULATION

-

-

-

-

15%

TOTAL

SQM

2.4.9 Program

64,500

1. https://culturaldistrict.org/pages/awc/ 2. https://www.wikiwand.com/en/August_Wilson_Center_for_African_American_Culture

43

2.5 Comparative Analysis

44

Fig. 40 : The Sudan pavilion took its inspiration from the Nubian� house�, which is the typical Sudanese dwelling.

45

46

03 CHAPTER

DESIGN PROGRAM 3.1 INTRODUCTION ...........................48 3.2 PROGRAM ...................................48 3.3 CONCLUSION ...............................53

47

3.1 Introduction Pavilion has several meanings. In architectural terminology it refers to a subsidiary building that is either positioned separately or as an attachment to a main building.

Often its function makes it an object of pleasure.

3.2 Program EXIT

1. Main Activities : • Exhibit hall • Conference area • Reception

MINOR ACTIVITIES SERVICES EXIT

MAIN ACTIVITIES EXHIBIT HALL CONFERENCE HALL

LOBBY

2. Supportive Activities: • Management • Recreational area

SUPPORTIVE ACTIVITIES

MANAGEMENT RECREATIONAL

3. Minor activities: • Services

Entrance

STRONG MEDIUM WEAK

MINOR ACTIVITIES SERVICES

MINOR ACTIVITIES SERVICES

48

SUPPORTIVE ACTIVITIES

MANAGEMENT RECREATIONAL

MAIN ACTIVITIES EXHIBIT HALL CONFERENCE HALL

LOUNGE

3.2.1 (Main Activity) exhibition

3.3.1 (Main Activity) exhibition Activity

Quantity

No. Of Users

Area / Person ( m2 )

Area in sqm

Total area

Exhibit reception

1

60

0.9

60

60

Exhibit Hall

4

400

1.6

640

2560

Organizing Room

1

20

3

60

60

Loading dock and Storage

4

----

----

200

800

Rest room

6/f/m

12

1.6

38

115

Total area

​ 16%

SQM

3595

​ 5%

​ 2%

toilet

Control room

​ 2%

Exhibit hall

​ 75%

Organize room Loading Dock& storage

49

3.2.2 (Supportive Activities) Management

3.3.4 Management (Supportive Activities) Activity

Quant ity

No. of Users

Area / Person ( m2 )

Area /unit ( m2 )

Total area ( m2 )

Lobby

1

80

0.9

80

80

Reception Area

1

400

1.6

640

640

Ticket

3

6

1.6

9.6

28.8

Head Office

1

1

----

60

60

Secretary

2

2

20

20

40

Office

5

10

6

60

300

Meeting Room

2

40

2.2

80

160

VIP Room

2

10

6.5

125

250

Prayer Room

2

50

0.6

30

60

Rest Room

6/F/M

12

1.6

38

115

Total Area

​ ​ 7% 3%

1735

​ 5%

Head office

​ 14%

Lobby

​ 36% ​ 10%

Lounge & reception Office’s

Offices tickets

​ 17%

50

toilets

Secretary

​ ​ 2% ​ 3% 3%

prayer room

Meeting Room

VIP room

3.2.3 (Supportive Activities) Recreational Activity

3.3.5 Recreational Activity (Supportive Activities) Activity

Quantity

No. of users

Area / Person ( m2 )

Area in sqm

Total area

Recreational reception

1

50

0.9

50

50

Shops

4

20

1

20

80

Restaurant

2

150

1.6

240

480

Coffee shop

4

100

2

200

800

Medical center

1

10

2

20

20

Rest room

6/F/M

12

1.6

38

115

Prayer room

2

50

0.6

30

60

Total area

​ 1%

sqm

1600

​ 7%

​ 4%

​ 3%

​ 5%

Coffee shop

Medical center

Prayer room

​ 30%

toilet Reception

​ 50%

Restaurant shops

51

Activity

Quantity

No. of Users

Area / Person ( m2 )

Area in sqm

Total area

AHU

1

--------

--------

100

100

Telephone room

3

--------

--------

.80

10

Electrical room

6

--------

--------

.80

10

Mechanical room

2

--------

--------

30-50

100

Transformer Room

1

--------

--------

40-60

50

Generator Room

1

--------

--------

40-60

50

storage

2

--------

--------

100

200

Total area

--------

--------

--------

--------

520

​ 19%

AHU

​ 2%​ 2%

​ 38%

​ 19% ​ 10%

52

​ 10%

Electric room

Generator room

Transf. room

Lobby

Storage

Teleph. room

Mechanical room

SQM

activities ) 3.3.7 Services (Minor 3.2.4 ( Minor Activities ) Services

Zone

Total Built Up Area

Main Activity

6180

Exhibit Hall

4655

Conference Hall

2985

Supportive Activity

3560

Recreational

1600

Management

1060

Minor Activity

520

services

520

Built up Area

~ 15495 m2

Circulation Area

15%

SQM

Conclusion 3.33.4 Conclusion

​ 12% ​ 11% ​ 4%

45%

Main Activity

28%

Supportive Activity Minor Activity Circulation Area 1485m 2 Internal Gathering 1485m 2

53

54

04 CHAPTER

SITE ANALYSIS AND SELECTION 4.1 INTRODUCTION TO DUBAI ..........57 4.2 INTRODUCTION TO KHARTOUM.59 4.3 SITE ANALYSIS .............................60 4.4 SITE COMPARISON CRITERIA ....64 4.4 THE SELECTED SITES ADVANTAGES.................................65

55

56

DUBAI

4.1 Introduction To Dubai 4.1.1 Locations of the Site

Fig. 41 : Map of Dubai.

First Site Dubai is the most populous city in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). It is located on the southeast coast of the Arabian Gulf and is the capital of the Emirate of Dubai, one of the seven emirates that make up the country. Abu Dhabi and Dubai are the only two emirates to have veto power over critical matters of national importance in the country's legislature. The city of Dubai is located on the emirate's northern coastline and heads up the Dubai-Sharjah-Ajman metropolitan area. Dubai is to host World Expo 2020.

4.1.2 Climate

Fig. 42 : Dubai Weather.

Dubai has a tropical desert climate, köppen classification Bwh, because of its location within the Northern desert belt. Summers are extremely hot and humid, with an average high around 41 °C (106 °F) and overnight lows around 30 °C (86 °F). The highest recorded temperature in Dubai is 52.1 °C (126 °F) in 2002.

4.1.3 Population

Fig. 43 : Population of Dubai by Millions.

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai

The active daytime population comprises residents plus persons working in Dubai but living outside the city, tourists, sailors and other temporary residents. Many Dubai workers choose to live in the neighbouring Emirate of Sharjah where rents are significantly cheaper.

57

58

KHARTOUM

4.2 Introduction To Khartoum 4.2.1 Locations of the Site

Fig. 44 : Map of Khartoum.

Second Site Khartoum is the capital and second largest city of Sudan and Khartoum state. It is located at the confluence of the White Nile, flowing north from Lake Victoria, and the Blue Nile, flowing west from Ethiopia. The location where the two Niles meet is known as "al-Mogran" , meaning the confluence.

The main Nile continues to flow north towards Egypt and the Mediterranean Sea. 4.2.2 Climate

Fig. 45 : Khartoum Weather.

Khartoum features a hot desert climate (Kรถppen climate classification BWhw) with a dry season occurring during winter, typical of the Saharo-Sahelian zone which marks the progressive passage between the Sahara Desert, vast arid areas and the Sahel, vast semi-arid areas. The climate is extremely arid for most of the year with about nine months where average rainfall is lower than 5 mm (0.20 in).

4.2.3 Population

Fig. 46 : Population of khartoum by millions.

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum

The 2008 population census estimates the population of Khartoum state to be about 21 M, composed of various tribes of the Sudan. The population is 79% urban, and 74% of the state's population reported their region of origin to be outside Khartoum.

59

4.3 Sites Cold wind

hot wind

Main streets

Sun path

Total Area = 18,250 m²

Fig. 47 : Master Plan of Expo 2020.

compass

4.3.1. Site Alternative 01: EXPO 2020 Site.

On a 438 hectare site, connected to three international airports and a dedicated transport network, Expo will provide visitors with the chance to see spectacular architecture, merge with global cultures, examine thoughtful and thought provoking exhibitions, and taste food from every corner of the globe. Above all, visitors to the event will witness the very latest in thinking and technology all in one place and at one time.

Expo will be an unforgettable, once in a lifetime experience. We are preparing for an event that will enthrall and amaze the many millions who visit, providing a sense of wonder at the ability of people, working together, to envisage and achieve a better tomorrow.

60

Fig. 48 : Site of Expo 2020.

4.2 SITES Cold wind

hot wind

Main streets

Sun path

Total Area = 16,700 m²

Fig. 49 : National Museum of Sudan Site.

compass

4.3.2 Site Alternative 02: National Museum of Sudan.

Fig. 50 : National Museum of Sudan.

The national museum of Sudan, founded in 1971, is the national museum of Sudan, located on El Neel Avenue in Khartoum. The double storied building was constructed in the 1955, and established as the National Museum of Sudan in 1971. It contains the largest and most important archaeological collection in the country. The museum is located on the El Neel (Nile) Avenue in Khartoum at the junction of White Nile and the Blue Nile in Al-Mugran area. It is the largest and most visited museum in Sudan. The museum has exhibits from different epochs of the Sudanese history such as Kingdom of Kush and ancient Nubia, and also ancient Egypt.

61

4.3SITES Sites 4.2 Cold wind

hot wind

Main streets

Sun path

Total Area = 16,700 m²

Fig. 51 : Almagran Site.

compass

4.3.3 Site Alternative 03: Al-Mogran Area.

The Al-Mogran development project is an over 4 billion dollar development project undertaken by the Alsunut development company that seeks to develop several thousand acres in downtown Khartoum along the spot where the White Nile and Blue Nile merge to form the Nile.

The discovery of oil in Sudan has provided the Sudanese government with a billion dollar surplus that allows the funding of this project. Starting in 2004, the project has two main phases: phase one, the central business district development phase two, the residential estate portion. The AlMogran project, when completed, will produce 11,000,000 square feet (1,000,000 m²) of office space, 1,100 villas, housing for 45,000 residents and visitors, and jobs for 60,000 Sudanese.

62

Fig. 52 : Almagran City.

4.2 SITES Cold wind

hot wind

Main streets

Sun path

Total Area = 16,700 m²

Fig. 53 : Nile Coast Site.

compass

4.3.4 Site Alternative 04: Nile Coast.

The white Nile flows north to Khartoum and meets the blue nile. The course of the Nile in Sudan is distinctive. It flows over six groups of cataracts, from the first at Aswan to the sixth at Sabaloka (just north of khartoum) and then turns to flow southward before again returning to flow north.

One name for this is the "great bend".

In the north of Sudan the river enters lake Nasser (known in sudan as lake nubia), the larger part of which is in Egypt. By the eighth millennium bc, people of a Neolithic culture had settled into a sedentary way of life there in fortified mudbrick villages, where they supplemented hunting and fishing on the nile with grain gathering and cattle herding.

Fig. 54 : Nile Coast.

63

4.4 Site Comparison Criteria This table is based on the analysis of the sites that taken place in chapter (2) to choose the proper site that is matches with the objectives of the project and to contribute in applying it in practical approach.

CRITERIA

WEIGHT

SITE 1

ACCESSIBILITY

10

9

90

9

90

7

70

PROGRAM FITTING IN THE PLOT

9

9

81

9

81

7

63

LOCATION IN THE CITY

8

7

56

7

56

6

48

AMENITIES

6

7

49

7

49

5

30

SURROUNDING

5

8

40

8

40

5

25

ORIENTATION

4

6

24

6

24

6

24

VIEW

4

7

28

6

24

7

28

SOUND POLLUTION

3

6

18

5

15

7

21

SHAPE OF THE PLOT

2

7

14

6

12

5

10

TOTAL

SITE 2

400

SITE 3

390

319

4.4.1 Conclusion Of Site Comparison.

The first site is the most suitable site for the project because it has the most required components.

4.5 The Selected Site Advantages.

• • • •

64

The size is enough for the project and fit with the program.

The site is matches with the objectives of this project.

The site has attraction factors and it is a landmark for Khartoum city.

The site has future extension accessibility.

4.6 The Selected Site 4.2 SITES

Cold wind

hot wind

Main streets

Sun path

Total Area = 16,700 m²

Fig. 55 : National Museum of Sudan Site.

compass

Fig. 56 : Plan of National Museum of Sudan.

65

66

05 CHAPTER

CONCLUSION AND DESIGN CONCEPT 5.1 CONCLUSION................................68 5.2 DESIGN CONCEPT........................70

67

5.1 Conclusion • Pavilion has several meanings. In architectural terminology, it refers to a subsidiary building that is either positioned separately or as an attachment to a main building. Often its function makes it an object of pleasure.

• The inherently experimental qualities of pavilion architecture did much to promote the tenets of modern architecture.

• Prefabrication, factory subassembly industrial standardization machine precision tolerances, field assembly work, and all the related technologies were brought to bear.

• Like the exhibits, they contained, pavilions continued to attract interest by demonstration of amazing new technologies.

• Pavilions, in the following case studies, are vary in size, and materials.

Al Zorah pavilion in Ajman is a landmark, it is the first project to be implemented on site, as part of the city's redevelopment.

The structure is a 4500 Msq multifunctional center dedicated to Administration, culture and entertainment overlooking the mangrove of Ajman.

Fig. 57 : Al Zorah.

Referring to the materiality and sensuality of rural construction in Morocco, the Pavilion of Morocco presents a contemporary reinterpretation of traditional earthen structures. Adobe is placed within enormous pre-fabricated wooden panels which are then mounted onto a steel frame.

Fig. 58 : Morocco Pavil.

Rejecting the typical notion of a cultural pavilion as an object in a plaza, the China pavilion is instead conceived as a field of spaces. The unique design of which creates an iconic image for the project and a unique presence within the Expo grounds.

Fig. 59 : China Pavil.

August Wilson Center for African American Culture is a U.S. nonprofit arts organization based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania that presents performing and visual arts programs that celebrate the contributions of African Americans in Western Pennsylvania.

Fig. 60 : AWCAAC.

68

• Based on findings of the analyzed case studies a potential program has been developed for the project, there is three main zones, main activities, supportive activities, and minor activities.

EXIT MINOR ACTIVITIES SERVICES EXIT

MAIN ACTIVITIES EXHIBIT HALL CONFERENCE HALL

LOBBY SUPPORTIVE ACTIVITIES

MANAGEMENT RECREATIONAL

Entrance

STRONG MEDIUM WEAK

• A pavilion is a collection of presentation hall, main hall, services and the structure in which it is housed.

• The pavilion needs different types of entrance for: visitors, staff, VIP, vehicles and delivery.

• The accessibility and the parking is very important for large numbers of visitors.

• The sites are the most suitable for the project because it has the most required components.

Fig. 61 : Expo Site.

Fig. 62 : Museum Site.

69

5.2 Design Concept First Proposal: The Nubian Vault (NV) technique is an age-old method of timber less vault construction, originating in upper Egypt and Sudan. It uses only earth bricks and earth mortar. Nubian Vaults built over 3,300 years ago, at the Ramesseum Mortuary Temple, Luxor are still standing.

AVN has simplified and standardized the NV technique, adapting it to the climatic conditions and traditional know-how of the Sahel region, making it easy to learn onthe job.

MAIN ACTIVITY SUPPORTIVE ACTIVITY MINOR ACTIVITY

70

Fig. 63: Nubian house

Fig. 64: Mud house

Second Proposal: The houses in East Africa are built with materials that make them cool in hot climates and warm in the cold rainy seasons. The materials used range from mud, brick, dung, grass and stone depending on the area. The homes would be huddled together in a homestead in a village based on the African communal nature. The proximity identifies the relatedness of the people, and also traditional acted as a form of protection against outsiders.

MAIN ACTIVITY SUPPORTIVE ACTIVITY MINOR ACTIVITY

71

Third Proposal: Pyramid, in architecture, a monumental structure constructed of or faced with stone or brick and having a rectangular base and four sloping triangular (or sometimes trapezoidal) sides meeting at an apex (or truncated to form a platform). Pyramids have been built at various times in Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, western Asia, Greece, Cyprus, Italy, India, Thailand, Mexico, South America, and on some islands of the Pacific Ocean.

Fig. 65: Sudan Pyramids

MAIN ACTIVITY SUPPORTIVE ACTIVITY MINOR ACTIVITY

72

Fig. 66 : Old Dongola was founded in the fifth century as a fortress.

73

Index Of Figures: Figures

Page No.

Figure(1) Sudan pavilion for the last expo 2015 in milan............................................................................................6 Figure(2) UAE pavilion was reflect the tradition of the country. ....................................................................................6 Figure(3) Pavilion of the host country Italy cover by skin............................................................................................6 Figure(4) Dubai Expo 2020 Master Plan..................................................................................................................6 Figure(5) Sketch show the old tent................................................................................................................................7 Figure(6) Timeline shows how is the development of the pavilions................................................................................7 Figure(7) Timeline shows how the history of world expos...............................................................................................7 Figure(8) Black granite paving tiles are used all around the perimeter and external stairs, their triangular patterning creating a resonance with the roof tiles........................................................................................................................14 Figure(9) Site plan shows the accessibility of main entrance for the building and car access with parkings.............14 Figure(10) The surrounding of the building is overlooking natural mangrove swamps and flamingos, the Al Zorah pavilion provides a multifunctional visitor and events space........................................................................................15 Figure(11) Isometric sketch shows the concept idea..................................................................................................15 Figure(12) Building is sheltered under a magnificent canopy illuminated and decorated as an ornamental tent.......15 Figure(13) Construction will be restricted to 235 million square feet with the remaining expanse reserved for beaches.18 Figure(14) Black granite paving tiles are used all around the perimeter and external stairs......................................18 Figure(15) The building will be lit up with LED tricolored projectors by night; it is an installation by CAI light............18 Figure(16) Morocco‘s pavilion for the world exposition focuses on the notion of rurality and the diversity and richness of its territories............................................................................................................................................................22 Figure(17) Moroccon pavilion site in comparison with the rest of the pavilions..........................................................22 Figure(18) Stretching the entire length of its site from north to south, the pavilion leads the visitor on a metaphorical journey through the country from the mediterranean to the sahara, highlighting the agriculture and traditions specific to each region.............................................................................................................................................................23 Figure(19) Moroccan architecture reflects the country's rich cultural and historical heritage.....................................23 Figure(20) Structure of the building............................................................................................................................26 Figure(21) Texture of mud..........................................................................................................................................26 Figure(22) Facade of the building................................................................................................................................26 Figure(23) Natural light from the interior....................................................................................................................27 Figure(24) Landscape in the open areas...................................................................................................................27 Figure(25) Over 1,000 bamboo panels clad the roof of China's Milan Expo pavilion, which features an elaborate structure that merges the profile of the Beijing skyline with a mountain landscape....................................................30 Figure(26) Streets arround the building......................................................................................................................30 Figure(27) The building's predominant feature is its complex roof form. From the front it appears to be a series of curves, while at the back it forms a row of rectilinear shapes.....................................................................................31 Figure(28) Diagram of a city skyline in the top and landscape in the bottom.............................................................31 Figure(29) Construction site for the world exhibition Expo 2015, the china pavilion..................................................34 Figure(30) Over 1,000 bamboo panels clad the roof of China's Milan Expo pavilion.................................................34 Figure(31) Adapt the roof with modern construction technology.................................................................................34 Figure(32) A matrix of LED stalks appear as if a part of this farming field, forming the main centerpiece of the exhibi tion..............................................................................................................................................................................35 Figure(33) In 2009 a gleaming performing arts space opened to great fanfare in downtown Pittsburgh...................38 Figure(34) Location of the site....................................................................................................................................38 Figure(35) To acknowledge the significance of the street as common space and as a stage for urban life, the sidewalk slides into the building, connecting the street level uses............................................................................................39 Figure(36) Sketch of a dhow that transported Swahili culture from East Africa..........................................................39 Figure(37) Construction site for the world exhibition..................................................................................................42 Figure(38) Skylights are widely used in designing daylighting...................................................................................42 Figure(39) The highly controlled exhibition galleries absorb the triangular site geometry and are situated behind the sloped stone wall illuminated at night and glowing with abundant indirect north light during the day.........................42 Figure(41) Map of Dubai............................................................................................................................................57 Figure(42) Dubai Weather..........................................................................................................................................57 Figure(43) Population of Dubai by Millions.................................................................................................................57 Figure(44) Map of Khartoum......................................................................................................................................59 Figure(45) Khartoum Weather....................................................................................................................................59 Figure(46) Population of khartoum by millions............................................................................................................59 Figure(47) Master Plan of Expo 2020.........................................................................................................................60 Figure(48) Master Plan of Expo 2020.........................................................................................................................60 Figure(49) National Museum of Sudan Site...............................................................................................................61 Figure(50) National Museum of Sudan.......................................................................................................................61

74

Figures

Page No.

Figure(51) Almagran Site............................................................................................................................................62 Figure(52) Almagran City............................................................................................................................................62 Figure(53) Almagran City............................................................................................................................................63 Figure(54) Nile Coast.................................................................................................................................................63 Figure(55) National Museum of Sudan Site................................................................................................................65 Figure(56) Plan National Museum of Sudan...............................................................................................................65 Figure(57) Al Zorah.....................................................................................................................................................68 Figure(58) Morocco Pavil...........................................................................................................................................68 Figure(59) China Pavil................................................................................................................................................68 Figure(60) AWCAAC...................................................................................................................................................68 Figure(61) Expo Site..................................................................................................................................................69 Figure(62) Museum Site.............................................................................................................................................69 Figure(63) Nubian house............................................................................................................................................70 Figure(64) Mud house................................................................................................................................................71 Figure(65) Sudan Pyramid..........................................................................................................................................72

75