Test Bank for Child 2025 Release 1st Edition by Martorell ISBN: 9781265788162
Child 2025 Release 1e Martorell Test Bank
Correct answers located at the end of the chapter. 1) Psychosocial development is defined as the pattern of change in mental abilities, such as
learning, attention, memory, and creativity. ⊚ true ⊚ false
2) Maturation refers to differences among children in characteristics, influences, or
developmental outcomes. ⊚ true ⊚ false
3) Polygamy refers to a family structure in which the children are half-siblings who share only
one biological parent. ⊚ true ⊚ false
4) The United States is an example of a collectivistic culture. ⊚ true ⊚ false
5) Ethnic minorities are those ethnic groups that have national or cultural traditions different
from the majority of the population. ⊚ true ⊚ false
6) Because ethnic minorities in the United States are expected to become the majority by around
2044, the term minorities, traditionally used to refer to these populations, may no longer be appropriate. ⊚ true ⊚ false
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7) An ethnic gloss is a characteristic that clarifies variations within heterogenous groups. ⊚ true ⊚ false
8) Black Lives Matter (BLM) is a political and social movement focused on eliminating
racially-based violence against Black people through nonviolent protest and activism. ⊚ true ⊚ false
9) The abbreviation BIPOC (Black, indigenous, and people of color) has been adopted to refer
to these groups, rather than the outdated term "minorities." ⊚ true ⊚ false
10) The composition of a neighborhood affects the way children develop. ⊚ true ⊚ false
11) Poverty is lower in children from immigrant families. ⊚ true ⊚ false
12) As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the "new poor" living in extreme poverty are likely
to be young, poorly educated, and living in rural areas with limited access to health care facilities. ⊚ true ⊚ false
13) The effects of climate change are particularly striking for female heads of households. ⊚ true ⊚ false
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14) Normative influences are unusual events that have a major impact on individual lives
because they disturb the expected sequence of the life cycle. ⊚ true ⊚ false
15) According to Konrad Lorenz, imprinting is automatic and irreversible. ⊚ true ⊚ false
16) A sensitive period is a period when a developing person is especially responsive to certain
kinds of experiences. ⊚ true ⊚ false
17) Plasticity refers to the hardening of the brain through experience. ⊚ true ⊚ false
18) A baby who can say 3 words at 12 months and then 20 words at 15 months experiences a
qualitative change. ⊚ true ⊚ false
19) Qualitative change is viewed as continuous development. ⊚ true ⊚ false
20) The change from a nonverbal child to one who understands words and can communicate
verbally is a qualitative change. ⊚ true ⊚ false
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21) Newborns are governed by the superego. ⊚ true ⊚ false
22) The ego mediates between the impulses of the id and the demands of the superego. ⊚ true ⊚ false
23) Erik Erikson argued that the entire life span is marked by change and development. ⊚ true ⊚ false
24) Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which a response to a stimulus is elicited after
repeated association with a stimulus that normally elicits the response. ⊚ true ⊚ false
25) Reciprocal determinism is Albert Bandura's term for bidirectional forces that affect
development. ⊚ true ⊚ false
26) The zone of proximal development (ZPD) is the location within DNA where certain inherited
traits like intelligence, creativity (such as musical aptitude), and athletic ability are housed. ⊚ true ⊚ false
27) Ethologists suggest that for each species, certain innate behaviors, such as squirrels burying
nuts in the fall and spiders spinning webs, have evolved to increase the odds of survival. ⊚ true ⊚ false
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28) An ethnographic study uses a combination of methods, including informal, unstructured
interviewing and participant observation. ⊚ true ⊚ false
29) Two inversely correlated variables increase or decrease together. ⊚ true ⊚ false
30) Field experiments are controlled studies conducted in an everyday setting, such as the home
or school. ⊚ true ⊚ false
31) The sequential study is a complex strategy designed to overcome the drawbacks of
longitudinal and cross-sectional research. ⊚ true ⊚ false
32) Division of the life span into periods of development is a social construction. This indicates
that A) it remains constant across all cultures and societies. B) it is a concept invented by a particular culture. C) it is nonnormative. D) it is biologically determined.
33) The period of development from conception to birth is referred to as A) the prenatal period. B) infancy. C) puberty. D) the neonatal period.
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34) Which of the following is a development in the infant and toddler age period? A) The abilities to learn and remember are absent. B) The use of symbols develops by the end of the second year. C) Handedness appears. D) Play becomes imaginative, elaborate, and social.
35) Which of the following is a characteristic of early childhood? A) Basic body structures and organs begin to form. B) Children begin to think logically but concretely. C) Handedness appears, and fine and gross motor skills improve. D) Peers assume greater importance than family.
36) During________, thinking is egocentric but understanding of other people's perspectives
grows. A) toddlerhood B) early childhood C) the prenatal period D) middle childhood
37) Health during what age period is generally better than at any other time in the life span? A) toddlerhood B) early childhood C) middle childhood D) adolescence
38) Reproductive maturity occurs during A) toddlerhood. B) early childhood. C) middle childhood. D) adolescence.
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39) Which of the following describes psychosocial development occurring during the adolescent
stage of development? A) The shift from dependence to autonomy begins. B) Physical growth and other changes slow down. C) The search for identity becomes central. D) Handedness appears.
40) ________is defined as the growth of the body and brain, sensory capacities, motor skills, and
health. A) Physical development B) Cognitive development C) Psychosocial development D) Ego development
41) Annette, who is a toddler, first started crawling, then started standing, and is now taking her
first steps. This aspect of Annette's development is best categorized as A) physical development. B) cognitive development. C) psychosocial development. D) ego development.
42) Cognitive development primarily refers to A) the growth of sensory capacities and motor skills. B) the development of learning, attention, and memory. C) the pattern of change in emotions. D) the development of social relationships.
43) Dr. Dunn studies the way children of different ages organize information in their memory.
Her research focus is primarily on A) physical development. B) normative development. C) cognitive development. D) psychosocial development.
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44) ________includes emotions, personality, and relationships. A) Physical development B) Cognitive development C) Psychosocial development D) Normative development
45) Dr. Ortiz, a child psychologist, is conducting research on peer interactions among middle
school children. His aim is to understand the impact of peer interactions on emotional development. Dr. Ortiz is focusing on A) cognitive development. B) normative development. C) physical development. D) psychosocial development.
46) In the context of the three major domains of development, which of the following is an
aspect of psychosocial development? A) learning B) memory C) sensory capacities D) personality
47) Variations among children in characteristics, influences, or developmental outcomes are
referred to as A) individual differences. B) internalizing behaviors. C) identity schemas. D) representational mappings.
48) ________refers to the unfolding of a universal, natural sequence of physical changes and
behavior patterns. A) Heredity B) Social construction C) Maturation D) Imprinting
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49) A two-generational household unit generally consisting of one or two parents and their
biological children, adopted children, or stepchildren is called a(n) A) joint family. B) nuclear family. C) extended family. D) polyandrous family.
50) Natalia's family consists of her biological parents and her younger sibling, Sam. Their family
also has a pet dog. Given the information, Natalia's family is most likely to be categorized as a(n) A) extended family. B) nuclear family. C) stepfamily. D) blended family.
51) Shari is a 9-year-old girl who lives in California. She lives with her parents, her younger
sister, and her grandparents. Her maternal uncle, who recently emigrated from India to the United States, also lives with them. Shari's family is most likely to be categorized as a(n) A) conjugal family. B) nuclear family. C) extended family. D) blended family.
52) The most common family structure worldwide is the A) extended family. B) polygamous family. C) nuclear family. D) single-parent family.
53) Where are polygamous families primarily found? A) in European countries B) in South Africa C) in Hindu countries D) in Muslim countries
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54) A society's or group's total way of life, including customs, traditions, beliefs, values,
language, and physical products—all learned behavior passed on from adults to children—is referred to as its A) exosystem. B) ethnicity. C) culture. D) microsystem.
55) According to the Census Bureau, by the year 2060, non-white children under age 18 are
expected to make up___ percent of the child population. A) 48.9 B) 52.7 C) 77.3 D) 39.5
56) A group consisting of people united by a distinctive culture, ancestry, religion, language, or
national origin that contributes to a sense of shared identity is known as a(n) A) out-group. B) ethnic group. C) clique. D) extended family.
57) Which of the following is true of poverty in the world? A) In 2023, 691 million people lived in extreme poverty. B) Hispanic children are less likely to live in poverty than their white counterparts. C) The child tax credits benefits provision to lower- and middle-income families in the
American Rescue Plan legislation is projected to reduce child poverty by 25 percent. D) During the second half of 2020, almost 2 million Americans fell below the poverty line.
58) Where is the COVID-19 pandemic likely to have the greatest lasting effect on poverty rates? A) countries with higher populations B) Western countries C) low-income countries D) upper-income countries
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59) Today, the largest numbers of U.S. immigrants come from A) Southern Asia and Northern Africa. B) Mexico. C) Canada. D) the Caribbean.
60) In the context of influences on development, risk factors refer to A) conditions that increase the likelihood of a negative developmental outcome. B) environmental factors that influence the impact of heredity on an individual. C) conditions that have no impact on developmental outcomes. D) social factors that are not likely to impact a society's way of life.
61) In the context of influences on development, normative influences are A) events that affect many or most people in a society in similar ways. B) information that shapes the accumulated perceptions of the self. C) acquired interpretive perceptions stored in long-term memory. D) temporary support provided to help a child master a task.
62) In the context of influences on development, nonnormative influences are A) acquired interpretive perceptions stored in long-term memory. B) events that touch only certain individuals in some way. C) inborn traits or characteristics inherited from a child's biological parents. D) temporary support provided to help a child master a task.
63) Events that occur at about the same age for people around the world, such as starting school,
are called A) normative age-graded influences. B) socially constructed events. C) nonnormative influences. D) normative history-graded influences.
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64) Which of the following is an example of a normative history-graded influence? A) Shania experiences menopause at the age of 45. B) Caroline, age 66, is independent and self-assured like the other members of her
generation. C) Devon lost his spouse to cancer at the age of 27. D) Emily, a software developer, decides to quit her job and join an art school to learn painting at the age of 55.
65) All the individuals who were middle school students in the United States when the COVID-
19 pandemic caused emergency nationwide public health policies, including quarantines and lockdowns, shared a common experience at a formative time in their lives. This group of individuals is referred to as a(n) A) ethnic group. B) historical generation. C) conjugal group. D) kinship network.
66) A group of people born at about the same time who experience similar influences is referred
to as a(n) A) cohort. B) kinship network. C) ethnic group. D) historical generation.
67) ________is a form of learning in which, during a critical period in early development, a
young animal forms an attachment to the first moving object it sees, usually the mother. A) Classical conditioning B) Imprinting C) Operant conditioning D) Scaffolding
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68) ________is a specific time during development when a given event, or its absence, has a
specific impact on development. A) A behavioral cusp B) A nonnormative period C) A critical period D) The zone of proximal development
69) The concept of critical periods in humans is controversial because A) human development is primarily influenced by heredity. B) human development is primarily passive. C) many aspects of human development are subject to only normative influences. D) many aspects of human development have been found to show plasticity.
70) Modifiability of performance is also referred to as A) plasticity. B) fidelity. C) generativity. D) resiliency.
71) ________is defined as inborn traits or characteristics inherited from a child's biological
parents. A) Heredity B) Heritability C) Eugenics D) Ethnicity
72) Totality of nonhereditary, or experiential, influences on development is referred to as A) the mesosystem. B) the scaffold. C) the environment. D) the microsystem.
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73) Identify a true statement about the mechanistic model of development. A) This model holds that children do not just react; they initiate events. B) This model views development as passive. C) This model proposes discontinuous change. D) This model holds that the driving force for change is internal.
74) Psychologists who agree with the organismic model of development are most likely to
believe that A) children's behaviors result from the operation of biological parts in response to external or internal stimuli. B) a child is like a hungry sponge, eagerly soaking up and responding to the world. C) all aspects of children's learning and development are shaped by environmental influences. D) children are active, growing organisms that are the architects of their own development.
75) Identify a fundamental point of child development that developmental theorists agree on. A) As long as people live, they have the potential to change in both positive and negative
directions. B) Influences on development are unidirectional. C) Environmental influences do not cause human development, though they can speed or slow it. D) Normal development typically occurs in distinct stages.
76) Which of the following fundamental points of child development is FALSE? A) Influences on development are bidirectional. B) Only physical and cognitive development are interrelated. C) Typical development includes a wide range of individual differences. D) Historical and cultural contexts strongly influence development.
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77) The________ perspective on human development focuses on the lasting effects of childhood
experiences and unconscious drives and motivations. A) psychoanalytic B) evolutionary C) learning D) cognitive
78) According to psychoanalytic theory, the________ operates under the pleasure principle. A) conscience B) id C) superego D) ego
79) According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following is true of the id? A) It is absent in newborns. B) It represents reason. C) It includes the conscience. D) It seeks immediate satisfaction of needs.
80) According to Sigmund Freud, the________ represents reason and operates under the reality
principle. A) id B) ego C) superego D) conscience
81) The________ includes the conscience and incorporates socially approved "shoulds" and
"should nots" into a child's own value system. A) id B) ego C) superego D) libido
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82) Which of the following is true of the theory of psychosexual development proposed by
Sigmund Freud? A) It describes eight stages of development across the life span. B) It states that sensual pleasure shifts from one body zone to another. C) It includes four stages, namely sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations. D) It states that each stage involves a "crisis" in personality.
83) In the context of the stages of psychosocial development explained by Erik Erikson, who
among the following is in the industry versus inferiority stage? A) Nine-year-old Mandy, who feels incompetent as she is the only student in her class who cannot swim B) Fourteen-year-old Leah, who feels a strong attraction to another girl in her school C) Five-month-old Noah, who depends on his single mother to meet all his needs D) Two-year-old David, who feels a sense of independence when he uses the toilet instead of wetting himself at night
84) Which of the following is true of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development? A) It states that if children receive too little or too much gratification in any of the
developmental stages, they are at risk of fixation. B) It states that the critical theme of infancy is initiative versus guilt. C) It ignores the influence of society on the developing personality of children. D) It states that each developmental stage requires the balancing of a positive trait and a corresponding negative one.
85) Which of the following is true of the learning perspective on human development? A) It focuses on the lasting effects of childhood experiences and unconscious drives and
motivations. B) It holds that the mind is a tabula rasa, a blank slate upon which experience could write. C) It states that people can access cognitive processes, even though they are internal. D) It holds that an individual is not a separate entity interacting with the environment but an inseparable part of it.
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86) Which of the following is a type of associative learning studied by behaviorists? A) assimilation B) imprinting C) operant conditioning D) accommodation
87) ________is a type of learning in which a response to a stimulus is elicited after repeated
association with a stimulus that normally elicits the response. A) Classical conditioning B) Imprinting C) Social learning D) Intermittent reinforcement
88) Learning based on the consequences of behavior on the environment is called A) classical conditioning. B) operant conditioning. C) modeling. D) imprinting.
89) In operant conditioning,________ is a process that increases the likelihood that a behavior
will be repeated. A) canalization B) reinforcement C) adaptation D) habituation
90) In operant conditioning,________ is the process by which a behavior is weakened,
decreasing the likelihood of repetition. A) conservation B) adaptation C) punishment D) centration
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91) In the context of Skinnerian psychology, identify a true statement about reinforcement. A) It is used to decrease a conditioned response. B) It refers to the tendency to seek a balance among cognitive elements. C) It refers to the creation of categories or systems of knowledge. D) It is most effective when it immediately follows a behavior.
92) Albert Bandura's social learning theory differs from the behaviorist approach in that his
theory A) states that the impetus for development is bidirectional. B) states that the environment is the chief impetus for development. C) focuses on associative learning. D) focuses on psychosexual development.
93) People learn appropriate social behavior chiefly by watching other people and learning both
about what potential behaviors might be as well as the likely consequences of such behaviors. This process is referred to as A) classical conditioning. B) assimilation. C) reciprocal determinism. D) observational learning.
94) Identify a true statement about Jean Piaget's cognitive-stage theory. A) It holds that people learn about the world by reacting to aspects of their environment
that they find pleasing. B) It states that children learn appropriate social behavior chiefly by observing and imitating models. C) It maintains that cognitive development begins with an inborn ability to adapt to the environment. D) It proposes that development occurs through interaction between a developing person and the surrounding contextual systems.
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95) According to Jean Piaget, people create increasingly complex cognitive structures
called________, or ways of organizing information about the world. A) schemes B) scaffolds C) associations D) memes
96) In the context of cognitive-stage theory, assimilation is Jean Piaget's term for A) the act of observing and imitating models. B) incorporating new information into an existing cognitive structure. C) changes in a cognitive structure to include new information. D) the tendency to seek a stable balance among cognitive elements.
97) In the context of cognitive-stage theory, Jean Piaget used the term________ to describe the
process of adjusting one's cognitive structure to include new information. A) "assimilation" B) "conservation" C) "accommodation" D) "organization"
98) According to Jean Piaget's cognitive-stage theory,________ motivates the shift from
assimilation to accommodation. A) adaptation B) equilibration C) organization D) conservation
99) Which of the following is true of Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory? A) Cognitive development occurs in four qualitative stages. B) Adaptation occurs through assimilation and accommodation. C) Cognitive growth is a collaborative process. D) Cognitive development is independent of social and cultural processes.
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Ten-year-old Justin finds it difficult to solve a simple mathematical problem on his own. When his tutor helps him solve the problem, he understands the method and finds it easy. This fills the gap between what he can do alone and what he can do with help. In the context of Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, which of the following concepts is exemplified in this scenario? A) analysis of free associations B) authoritative parenting C) classical conditioning D) zone of proximal development
100)
While teaching his son cycling, Mark initially put training wheels on the bicycle to help his son learn to pedal. When his son was able to pedal, Mark held the bicycle to help his son develop his balance. Once his son was able to balance himself, Mark gradually let go of the bicycle. In the context of Lev Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, the temporary support Mark provided to his son is known as A) rote learning. B) scaffolding. C) mentoring. D) active learning.
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102)
Which of the following is true of Urie Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory? A) It identifies five levels of environmental influence, ranging from very intimate to very broad. B) It states that parental guidance is most effective in helping children cross the zone of proximal development. C) It identifies three hypothetical parts of personality: the id, the ego, and the superego. D) It states that an individual learns from the consequences of operating on the environment.
103)
The information-processing approach views cognitive development as being like a(n) A) sponge. B) mirror. C) computer. D) tabula rasa
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Melissa, a second-grade student, lives with her parents and her brother. In the context of Urie Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory, which of the following is primarily part of Melissa's microsystem? A) the relationship between Melissa's father and his colleagues B) the relationship between Melissa and her parents and her brother C) the relationship between Melissa's parents and her teachers D) the relationship between Melissa's brother and his friends
104)
Which of the following branches of psychology applies Darwinian principles to the study of human behavior? A) cognitive psychology B) behavioral psychology C) evolutionary psychology D) cultural psychology
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106)
________is the study of animal species' distinctive adaptive behaviors. A) Ethology B) Bionics C) Biopsychology D) Ecology
107)
Which of the following is true of qualitative research? A) Qualitative research on human development is primarily based on the scientific method. B) It deals with objectively measurable numerical data that can answer questions such as "how much?" or "how many?" and that is amenable to statistical analysis. C) The goal of qualitative research is to generate hypotheses from previous research. D) It commonly involves verbal or pictorial descriptions of participants' subjective understanding, feelings, or beliefs about their experiences.
108)
Self-report measures are said to be reliable when A) the tests measure the abilities they claim to measure. B) the results are reasonably consistent from one time to another. C) the sample size is very large. D) the researcher who has developed the measure is highly qualified.
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A team of psychologists collects data for a study by observing preschool teachers' classroom interactions without the knowledge of the teachers. The psychologists do so by observing the teachers through a one-way mirror. In this scenario, which of the following is conducted by the psychologists? A) laboratory observation B) a case study C) naturalistic observation D) a clinical study
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An ethnographic study is A) the study of animal species' distinctive adaptive behaviors. B) a case study of a culture. C) an in-depth study of a single individual. D) the study of the evolution of human behavior.
111)
The acronym WEIRD refers to psychological data that are collected on samples that are A) Western, educated, industrialized, racially diverse, and democratic. B) Western, experimental, industrialized, rich, and democratic. C) Western, educated, intergenerational, rich, and democratic. D) Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic.
Jeremy is conducting a study on the stressors faced by firefighters. He collects data by joining a team of firefighters and observing them while they are at work. For his research, he is using the A) case study method. B) laboratory observation method. C) self-report method. D) participant observation method.
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113)
Which of the following statements about correlational studies is FALSE? A) Correlational studies are useful for discovering the statistical relationship between two variables. B) Correlation equals causation. C) Correlations are reported as numbers ranging from +1.0 (a perfect positive relationship) to -1.0 (a perfect negative relationship). D) Correlations are expressed in terms of direction (positive or negative) and magnitude (how strong they are).
114)
Which of the following is true of a correlational study? A) This research design is primarily used to prove cause-and-effect relationships. B) This research design is best suited for an in-depth study of a single case or individual. C) This research design is often used by researchers to observe people in their natural environment. D) This research design is useful for discovering the statistical association between two variables.
In scientific research, the only way to show with certainty that one variable causes another is through A) a case study. B) surveys. C) a correlational study. D) experimentation.
115)
In an experimental study, the subjects who do not receive the treatment under study are referred to as the A) experimental group. B) control group. C) extraneous group. D) independent group.
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Amina, a psychology researcher, conducts a study to find out whether having breakfast has an impact on people's performance at work. She chooses a sample of 100 participants who do not normally eat breakfast and categorizes them into two equal groups: group A and group B. She asks group A to go to work after having breakfast and group B to go to work without having breakfast for 10 days. In the context of research designs, which of the following is true about this study? A) Group A is the control group, while group B is the experimental group. B) This study is classified as an ethnographic study. C) This study is classified as a case study. D) Group A is the experimental group, while group B is the control group.
117)
Katianna is conducting an experiment to test the impact of mindfulness training on adolescents' memory. She divides her research participants into two groups. One group is provided with mindfulness training, while the other group does not receive this training. She measures their performance on memory and attention tests at the beginning and at the end of the training. In this experiment, the group that did not receive the mindfulness training is called the A) experimental group. B) control group. C) independent variable. D) dependent variable.
118)
In a research experiment in which children aged 4 to 6 were asked to persist at a boring task during which an attractive video game was available for breaks, the children who were asked to reflect on how hard they were working from_______________ persisted the longest at the boring task. A) a first-person perspective ("Am I working hard?") B) a third-person perspective ("Is Imani working hard?") C) the point of view of a character ("Is Batman working hard?") D) a collective group perspective ("Are we working hard?"
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120)
Which of the following is true of a natural experiment? A) It is the most effective method for establishing a cause-and-effect relationship. B) It is conducted in a laboratory. C) It allows random assignment to treatment groups. D) It is actually a correlational study.
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A researcher studies identical twins separated at birth and reared in different environments to determine the influence of heredity on their personality traits. Which of the following is the researcher conducting? A) a laboratory experiment B) an ethnographic study C) a natural experiment D) a cross-sectional study
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122)
Which of the following is true of a cross-sectional study? A) It assesses changes in a sample over time. B) It assesses children of different ages on one occasion. C) It aims to discover whether a statistical relationship between variables exists. D) It attempts to study people of different ages over time.
Dylan, a psychology professor, conducted a study on the impact of bullying on the selfimage of 5-year-old children. He assessed their self-image twice a year for the next 5 years. Which of the following developmental research designs did he conduct? A) a cross-sectional study B) a longitudinal study C) a sequential study D) a correlational study
123)
A researcher measures the cognitive skills of five children in each of the following age groups: 2–5 years, 8–12 years, and 14–16 years. The researcher measures their cognitive skills several times across a span of 10 years. This is an example of a A) cross-sectional study. B) longitudinal study. C) sequential study. D) correlational study.
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Diversity in research is valuable because diverse groups A) provide a more accurate representation of data. B) indicate that one group is characteristic of all groups. C) have provided strong research input for years. D) can focus on the individual.
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The unethical research practice known as "p-hacking" consists of A) using phishing technology to steal someone else's research data. B) fabricating fictitious data results that predispose readers to a specific interpretation of the findings. C) making incomplete, private data results public before they are finalized, resulting in public misinformation. D) combing through data until a statistically significant result is found and then developing a post hoc (after the fact) explanation for the finding.
127)
Which of the following accurately describes a social construction? A) a scientifically rigorous research approach using sophisticated tools B) an interconnected domain of development C) a complex and tangled spiderweb of developmental influences D) a concept or practice that is an invention of a particular culture or society
128)
Which of the following is a psychosocial development during the prenatal period? A) brain growth spurt begins B) ability to respond to sensory stimuli begins to develop C) responses show a preference for the mother’s voice D) high vulnerability to environmental influences
129)
Which of the following is a diary used by researchers to record child development? A) baby biography B) social construct C) domain D) concept
One large change in the developmental psychology field is the growing understanding of the importance of______ in both theory and research. A) homogenous views B) diverse voices C) animal testing D) digital technology
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Which of the following is thought to be the result of the readiness of an organism’s nervous system to acquire certain information during a critical period in life? A) maturation B) imprinting C) heredity D) sensitivity
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Which of the following occurs as typical changes in the body and brain during infancy and early childhood act in concert with the influences of heredity and environment? A) maturation B) imprinting C) heredity D) plasticity
132)
Which of the following consists of a family structure with one parent married to multiple spouses? A) extended family B) monogamy C) multigenerational family D) polygamy
133)
Which type of family structure is most prevalent in the United States when compared with the rest of the world? A) extended family B) single-parent family C) multigenerational family D) polygamy
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135)
Which response would be characteristic of a collectivist culture? A) choosing to go to college rather than helping in the family business B) taking more gas then necessary during a shortage C) turning down a desired move to stay and care for family D) focusing on self-gain over society
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136)
Race refers to which of the following? A) a taxonomic classification B) a genetic variation C) a social category D) a distinctive culture
137)
Based on research, which alteration in the brain has been linked to poverty? A) decreased activity in the hippocampus B) increased plasticity C) larger frontal lobe D) smaller cortical gray matter volume
138)
Which of the following is an example of nurture in development? A) brown eyes B) blonde hair C) getting very tall D) falling in love
Which of the following proposes that human behavior results from the operation of biological parts in response to external or internal stimuli? A) mechanistic model B) organismic model C) qualitative change D) discontinuous change
139)
140)
Which of the following is a fundamental point in the study of child development? A) domains of development do not interact B) developmental differences are all inborn C) early experiences decide life trajectory D) potential change can occur throughout life
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141)
Which of the following is representative of the WEIRD population? A) educated B) ethnic C) environment D) elementary
142)
What is the key feature of natural selection? A) social interaction B) organisms vary C) reproductive success D) limited resources
Which learning theory proposes that human beings have adaptive mechanisms to survive? A) cognitive B) psychoanalytic C) contextual D) evolutionary/sociobiological
143)
144)
Which learning theory proposes that the environment controls behavior? A) cognitive B) learning C) contextual D) evolutionary/sociobiological
During which psychosexual stage of development do children develop sexual feelings for their other-sex parent? A) phallic B) latency C) anal D) genital
145)
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During which psychosocial stage of development do humans develop a sense of whether the world is a good and safe place? A) basic trust versus mistrust B) autonomy versus shame and doubt C) initiative versus guilt D) industry versus inferiority
146)
147)
During which cognitive stage of development do children think abstractly? A) sensorimotor B) preoperational C) concrete operations D) formal operations
What is a child exhibiting when they are confident that they can successfully pass their test? A) reciprocal determinism B) self-efficacy C) observational learning D) positive reinforcement
148)
The best way to control for the effects of extraneous factors with participants in an experiment is through A) independent variables. B) dependent variables. C) personal selection. D) random assignment.
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150)
Which factor would require researchers to breach confidentiality? A) if deception is involved B) if participants are not debriefed C) when researchers discover a new question D) when signs of abuse are indicated
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151)
Write a note on heredity, environment, and maturation.
152)
How do socioeconomic status and poverty impact children?
153)
Briefly describe the effect the COVID-19 pandemic has had on global poverty rates.
154)
Write a note on the emerging consensus on child development.
Describe the significance, impact, and limits of Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory of development.
155)
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Briefly describe the reasons Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is important.
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157)
Briefly describe the information-processing approach.
Write a note on the right to informed consent, avoidance of deception, and right to privacy and confidentiality.
158)
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Answer Key Test name: Chapter 01 1) FALSE 2) FALSE 3) FALSE 4) FALSE 5) TRUE 6) TRUE 7) FALSE 8) TRUE 9) TRUE 10) TRUE 11) FALSE 12) FALSE 13) TRUE 14) FALSE 15) TRUE 16) TRUE 17) FALSE 18) FALSE 19) FALSE 20) TRUE 21) FALSE 22) TRUE 23) TRUE 24) FALSE 25) TRUE 26) FALSE 27) TRUE 28) TRUE 29) FALSE 30) TRUE 31) TRUE 32) B 33) A 34) B 35) C 36) B 37) C 33
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38) D 39) C 40) A 41) A 42) B 43) C 44) C 45) D 46) D 47) A 48) C 49) B 50) B 51) C 52) C 53) D 54) C 55) B 56) B 57) A 58) C 59) B 60) A 61) A 62) B 63) A 64) B 65) B 66) A 67) B 68) C 69) D 70) A 71) A 72) C 73) B 74) D 75) A 76) B 77) A
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78) B 79) D 80) B 81) C 82) B 83) A 84) D 85) B 86) C 87) A 88) B 89) B 90) C 91) D 92) A 93) D 94) C 95) A 96) B 97) C 98) B 99) C 100) 101) 102) 103) 104) 105) 106) 107) 108) 109) 110) 111) 112) 113) 114) 115) 116) 117)
D B A C B C A D B C B D D B D D B D
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118) 119) 120) 121) 122) 123) 124) 125) 126) 127) 128) 129) 130) 131) 132) 133) 134) 135) 136) 137) 138) 139) 140) 141) 142) 143) 144) 145) 146) 147) 148) 149) 150) 151) 152) 153) 154) 155) 156) 157)
B C D C B B C A D D C A B B A D B C C D D A D A C D B A A D B D D Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer
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158)
Short Answer
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