KANG Ziyao_Ground Rebirth

Ground Rebirth - from Dust to Dirt Ecological Remediation & New Cultural Formation in Hazelwood Open-cut

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Ground Rebirth - from Dust to Dirt Ecological remediation & New Cultural Formation in Hazelwood Open-cut

Abstract Post Second World War, the once prosperous coal mining industry became obsolete due to depletion of the material and advance technology tapping into new form of energy sources. These abandoned coal mines became modern ruin, nicked named the ugly "man-made landscape". The ugliness includes not only the fragmented land caused by coal mining activities, but also land, air, and water contamination.

Hazelwood Open-Cut is an abandoned coal mining site, which is located about 80km southeast of Melbourne. Due to the excessive exploitation of coal mines, by profit chasing mining entrepreneurs, the ecological environment of Hazelwood Open-Cut is now in poor condition. Although coal mining has stopped, the landscape is still fragile and scarred by anthropogenic scars.

The current proposal for this opencut site has many drawbacks and it is impractical, Filling low-lying areas with huge lakes not only fails to address the problem of residual pollutants in the soil, but also wastes water and may even pollute larger areas of water.

SUBMITTED BY Ziyao Kang s3698328

Hence, this is a project provides a counter-proposal to create a Suburban Ecological Culture Park, working closely with Victoria Government to implement a strategic ecological and economic recovery for the Morwell. The project explores the importance of ground condition to come up with an effective ecological remediation strategy to revive the ecological environment of mining pits by adopting both artificial planting and natural succession. This strategy shall provide work opportunities and improve environmental awareness among the community.

RMIT UNIVERSITY School of Architecture and Design Master of Landscape Architecture Design Research Project 2021 COURSE COORDINATOR Jen Lynch TUTORS Danny Kwak Elise Northover Ha Thai June 2021

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CONTENTS 00 Prologue

05 Ecological Cultural Regeneration Strategy 7

Foreword

9

Mission statement

10

Aboriginal Acknowledgement

01 Introduction 14

1.1 Clients & Stakeholders

5.1 Ecological Regeneration - Role of Trees

54

5.2 Hyper-Accumulator

56

5.3 Importance of Ground

58

5.4 Remediation Processes

60

5.5 Project Framework

62

5.6 Project Implementation Stages

63

16

1.2 Glossary

06 A Regenerative Ground: From Toxic to Scenic 02 Post-mining Background Research 20

2.1 Global context

22

2.2 Australia context

23

2.3 Victoria context

03 Case Study

26

3.1 National Arboretum Canberra 3.2 Freshkills

28 30

3.3 Shenzhen Botanical Memorial Park 3.4 Theoretical Framework and Research Question

32 34

3.5 Community of Practice

66

6.2 Morwell -Hazelwood Ecological Corridor

68

6.3 Hazelwood open-cut Ground Condition

70

6.4 Ground Taxonomy

72

6.5 Hazelwood Ground Regeneration Processes

75

6.6 Museum Landscape Regeneration Processes

79

07 A Regenerative Spirit: Memorable and Interactive 7.1 Theme Nodes Design

91

7.2 Posterity Vision - Journey Narrative

113 115

Appendix

4.1 Morwell in Latrobe Valley

38

4.2 Coal - Ground & Anthropogenic Processes

48

4.3 Coal mining History - Morwell

50

103

08 Epilogue Reflection

04 Hazelwood Open-cut and Morwell City

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6.1 Morwell Ecological Network

119

Reference

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00 Prologue

Foreword

After the end of World War I, lignite resources in the Latrobe Valley provided Victoria with the opportunity to generate electricity from local resources to boost its economy.

Over time, more and more coals were mined for larger power stations to feed Victoria's massive expansion of electricity use. (Langmore D, 2013) In the process, La Trobe Valley changed dramatically. It is true that the coal industry has brought excellent economic benefits to the local area, but with the privatization of the mine (Kennett Government, 1996), people excessively pursue economic benefits while ignoring the ecological benefits of the site.

Hazelwood Opencut is one of the overexploited mines, Hazelwood power station was listed as the least carbon efficient power station, causing great damage to the local environment. On February 9, 2014, a mine fire accelerated the shutdown. Finally, the entire mine and power station will be officially closed in 2017, after which a site restoration program will begin. The initial proposal was to turn the whole site into an ecological park, and eradicating all industrial past from the site. However, Ground Rebirth: from Dust to Dirt proposal had shed new light on the idea of a true reconciliation and restoration of site which highlighted the importance of past to instill environmental awareness.

We were glad that to have worked with Lar. Kang to come out with a scientific environmental approach and a humanistic strategy to re-habilitate the ground condition at Hazelwood opencut and preparing it for future’s a Suburban Ecological Culture Park.

This project is the overall vision of the ground remediation and community regeneration idea, hoping this process will instil environmental awareness among the community, fostering a new culture in Hazelwood.

I look forward to seeing the implementation of this project in the years ahead. This is a long-term process where there is an anticipation of collaborative work and long-standing effort to manifest a desired outcome. I hope project could further inspire and remains in support from all stakeholders to make the great land healthy and alive again.

Catherine Peterson Director Environmental Planning Victorian Government

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Mission Statement

Hazelwood open-cut is an abandoned coal mining site, which is located about 80km southeast of Melbourne.

Due to the excessive exploitation of coal mines by mining entrepreneurs after profits, the ecological environment of Hazelwood Open-Cut is now in poor condition. Although coal mining has stopped, the landscape is still fragile and marked by ugly anthropogenic scars. Moreover, the decline of the mining industry also resulted in the shrinking of cities with a declining population and a weak economy.

Engie company as the biggest shareholder of Hazelwood open-cut has published a concept master plan for it in 2019. They believed that the former coal mining facilities should be dismantled and a huge artificial lake of about 1,300 hectares should be created over the abandoned mine pits. However, this plan has many drawbacks and it is impractical. This project is an alternative proposal to Engie company’s Hazelwood rehabilitation program, working closely with Victoria Government to implement a strategic ecological and economic recovery for the Morwell.

This documentation is an atlas that encompasses detailed ground condition and artefacts of the site’s industrial heritage in the site. Moreover, it is a strategic guide for a ground remediation and a cultural-led regeneration. The project explores the importance of ground condition to come up with an effective ecological remediation strategy to remediate the ecological environment of mining pits by adopting both artificial planting and natural succession.

This design is a long-term evolution process that accepts both human interference and ecological processes to make recovery. Throughout the implementation stages, this strategy aims to provide work opportunities and instill environmental awareness among the community, making it a new culture in Hazelwood for a brighter future.

The goal of this project is to create a Suburban Ecological Culture Park, using scientific and reasonable planting methods, creating new strategies to remediate the ecological environment of mining pits. We believe that the site after coal mining is not a "dead place" without vitality. Landscape architects can improve the damaged environment through landscape ecological restoration, such as dust pollution and soil pollution.

After the land recovers, cultural activities can be introduced in the site to enhance the value of this land.

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ABORIGINAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENT As a landscape architect, I proudly acknowledges Victoria's Aboriginal community and their spirit and culture. In pre-colonisation periods, the Kurnar is a main indigenous nation in this area. I acknowledge Abrorignal people as Australia's first people and as the traditional owners of the land.

I am very grateful to Aboriginal people for their wisdom in land management and their attention to land and ecology for thousands of years, which is also what my project hopes to achieve in the future. This devastated land can continue to inherit the spirit and hope of Aboriginal people.

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Abstract drawing

01 Introduction 1.1 Clients & Stakeholders 1.2 Glossary

"If the human experience can be considered a manifestation of dreams, and desires, mines can be thought of as the source for the raw material of that experience ... What this civilization leaves in the wake of its progress may be the opened and emptied earth, but in performing these incursions we also participate in the unwitting creation of gigantic monuments to our way of life."

– Edward Burtynsky

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01 Introduction

Clients and Stakeholders

Client Client Concerns Victoria State Government

By 2036

Stakeholders Intervention of Landscape Architect

Intervention of Landscape Architect

According to the ground condition features, the design of artificial and natural plant succession ecological remediation.

Victoria State Government

Post-mining site ecological culture park design.

Victoria State Government

Investor Land Support

Investor Land Support Technical and Information Support Policy Support Labor Support

EPA VICTORIA

Technical and Information Support Supervisor

ENGIE

Eco-cultural trip profit Education profit Environment profit

LATROBE CITY

EPA VICTORIA

ENGIE LATROBE CITY ASBEC

Supervisor Environment profit Victoria State Government

ASBEC

Planting Volunteers/ Workers

Citizens

ENVIRONMENT VICTORIA Victoria State Government

By 2071

By 2021

Stakeholders

Find a sustainable approach to solve dust pollution with ecological solutions and improve the local environment.

Intervention of Landscape Architect Economic crops area zoing prediction.

Investor Planting Volunteers/ Workers

Citizens

Land Support Technical and Information Support Crop profit Eco-cultural trip profit

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AGRICULTURE VICTORIA

01 Introduction

Glossary

GROUND CONDITION Ground condition is the classification and evaluation of the site according to the different physical forms of the terrain, vegetation, soil, and biological activities in the site.

NATURAL SUCCESSION Natural succession is an important ecological change in nature. It is a change based on a variety of factors such as species and living environment.

In this project, ground condition is the most important basis for design classification, and the prediction of its future changes is the manifestation of design.

In this project, natural succession has always occurred in places where there is no artificial intervention and restoration. It is a process of restoring a stable ecological community through natural means over time.

TERRITORY Territory is the division of jurisdiction over the site.

Jurisdiction can be determined in terms of history, economy, cultural customs, manual work, etc.

In this project, territory specifically refers to the scope of human management of the site and the scope of artificial activity control, such as planting and maintenance of artificial forests.

BOUNDARY Boundary is the dividing line between two different classification areas, and it can change over time.

In this project, the boundary appears between different ground conditions, and its change is also an important factor in the change of the entire site, which can indicate the changes brought about by the integration between the sites.

REMEDIATION Remediation is to eliminate bad substances in the site to achieve the effect of restoring the ecology. It is a process of subtraction on the damaged land, using biological, physical, chemical and other means to remove bad substances.

RESTORATION Restoration is result-oriented reconstruction. This activity is to have a stable environment and ecology. It is a process of adding in the site, usually using biological means to increase the ecological level to achieve the goal.

ARTIFICIAL PLANTING Artificial planting refers to the cultivation of plants by humans in order to accelerate the process of ecological restoration. This is an artificial activity that directly reflects human intervention on the site. The design of artificial planting should follow certain site and time rules.

In this project, artificial planting occurs in areas where the ecology is seriously damaged, and the principle of minimal intervention is used until a stable ecological community is established.

CARBON SEQUESTRATION Carbon sequestration is the use of geological and biological methods to capture and store carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, a process that effectively reduces greenhouse gases.

In this project, carbon sequestration uses plants in a field (a combination of artificial and natural forests) to absorb carbon dioxide from the air as a growth "fertilizer". It can purify the air and promote the growth of plants.

HYPERACCUMULATOR Hyperaccumulator is a plant that is tolerant to pollutants and can absorb pollutants through its growth process, so as to achieve the effect of purifying the environment.

In this project, the hyperaccumulator is mainly applied to the artificial planting sites in the early stage, and the reasonable application of the hyperaccumulator is an effective remediation method.

ECOLOGICAL CORRIDOR Ecological corridor is an important channel for species communication in nature. Its appearance is closely related to topography, hydrology, vegetation area and other factors.

In this project, the ecological restoration of the site and the source of indigenous plants in natural succession have a direct relationship with Ecological Corridor. Meanwhile, the process of ecological restoration is also the process of establishing new Ecological Corridor.

CULTURAL-LED REGENERATION In this project, the ultimate goal of the humanistic level is to realize people's identification with the new culture.

This new culture is ecological culture, which advocates that ecological interests are more important than economic interests. The concrete manifestation of the new culture is to participate in the process of ecological protection and reconstruction.

BIOREGIONALISM Bioregionalism aims to achieve this goal by using natural features such as mountains and rivers as the basis for political and cultural units, rather than arbitrary boundaries.

It is a set of political, cultural, and ecological views based on a naturally-defined area called a biosphere. Basically, it's a way of reorganizing society to work within each particular area, rather than turning every area into a human need.

ARTEFACTS Artefacts are cultural and historical symbols in the site, which in this project are embodied in dilapidated power plants, coal transportation roads, high-voltage power transmission towers, etc. Their existence proves the former industrial civilization.

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Abstract drawing

02 Post-mining Background Research 2.1 Global context 2.2 Australia context 2.3 Victoria context Aldo Leopold opposes incomplete human "selection". He said that those members of the earth society who are neglected and excluded because they have no commercial value are often the basis for the perfect function of the land system.

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02 Post-mining Background Research

Global Context A

B

C

D

E

F

G

1

2

3

4

Abandoned open cuts

In the global context, the industrial boom of the last century has increased the exploitation of resources.

There are a lot of abandoned mines now, all over the world, and the distribution of coal, in particular, is associated with per capita greenhouse gas emissions.

Distribution of coal industry

<0

1t

5t

10t

15t

20t

Per capita CO2 emissions, 2018

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02 Post-mining Background Research

02 Post-mining Background Research

Australia Context

Victoria Context

QLD NT

WA

SA NSW

VIC Coal basin Opencuts that are coming or have been closed

TAS

Opera�ng opencuts

0

Abandoned coal mines has caused land degradation across Australia. ·Australia Institute report finds lack of reliable data on Australia's mining activity ·Research finds more than 60,000 abandoned mines across Australia ·Only a handful of mines have ever been fully rehabilitated ·Report raises concerns over how land rehabilitation is managed

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750KM

This picture shows that the Latrobe Valley area provides Victoria with a large amount of coal and electricity, depending on the three lignite mines located within it.

In Victoria, most of the coal mines are found around Latrobe Valley, and the region registered the lowest air quality in the region and people’s life expectancy is lower than an average Victorian. (Australian Bureau of statistic 2017)

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Abstract drawing

03 Case Study 3.1 National Arboretum Canberra 3.2 Freshkills 3.3 Shenzhen Botanical Memorial Park “The entire range of living matter on Earth from whales to viruses and from oaks to algae could be regarded as constituting a single living entity capable of maintaining the Earth’s atmosphere to suit its overall needs and endowed with faculties and powers far beyond those of its constituent parts.”

3.4 Theoretical Framework and Research Question 3.5 Community of Practice

– Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth, 1979.

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03 Case Study

National Arboretum Canberra

It has grown at least 100 species of plants and is known as the gene bank of plants.

Vegetation species distributed concept

Soil remediation Stable ecological system Seed bank Carbon sequestration

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Engineers Australia Freefall Experience

100 Forests, 100 Gardens

Central Valley

Grid Planting plan

Tree Top Walk

National Arboretum Canberra is a botanical garden built on the ruins after the fire. According to the different terrain characteristics of the site, the designer divides it into small nodes with the grid for planting landscape design.

03 Case Study

Freshkills 250M

Freshkills is a popular remediation project located in the U.S. The design approach is to respect the original appearance of the site and to create a suitable habitat for organisms to promote the prosperity of the biome.

At the same time, the time plan was formed at the beginning of the design and the future action plan was designed.

0 - 15 years Habitat diversification overtime early stages: preliminary plantings related to existing biomass and habitat

15 - 30 years Habitat diversification overtime developed stages: overlapping inter-plantings and ”spread” of seed bank and species, establishing stratified habitat communities and diverse ecological matrices

xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxx Meadow

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Turf

Wetland

Mixed Woodland

Grove

Salt marsh

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Successional Meadow

N

03 Case Study

Shenzhen Botanical Memorial Park 50M

N

Shenzhen Botanical Memorial Park is a a project to be completed with minimal human involvement, the vegetation growth all rely on natural succession.

Memorial Plaza

Nature Observation Way

After the completion of the project, there are no plants, only an observation corridor.

Artificial activities are the displacement of topsoil, through climate, wind, animal activities and other plant seeds, three years later the place is a lush prosperity.

Classification according to pollution level

Topsoil replacement area Natural succession area

Elevated pedestrian walkway Mesh

Replace with clean soil; tree grove

Heavily polluted Brown earthwork was relocated to the ore-bunker and sealed

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Capped with vegetations; visitors are bot allowed to enter

Polluted and Toxic soil

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Mild

Moderate

Severe

03 Case Study

Theoretical Framework and Research Question

NATURE + PERCEPTION

Question 1: How can planting strategy, artificial and natural combined, remediate pollutant based on the ground condition design of Hazelwood open-cut, ultimatly improving the local environment?

Pr

Observation Ecology Edaphology Pedology

ov

s ide

K

le now

Question 2: How the improvement of the natural environment and historical and human factors affect people’s awareness of ecological culture in the future?

Ins til

dge

l E nv

iron

me

GROUND NATURAL + MAN-MADE SURFACES

SCIENCE

en

es

s

Place making Social Empowerment Steward of Land Perpetuate arrative

COMMUNITY Empowers

r d i a n s w i t h St e w a r d s h i p o

ings

rough Maps / Nature th Mapp

s Gua

TOPOLOGICAL DESIGN Topology, in the sense of landscape architecture, is not only about descriptive geometry, it pays greater attention to the making and modelling of ground surfaces leading to innovative topographies.

Topology is about the making of a landscape and its intrinsic beauty, it therefore requires a deep poetic and aesthetic engagement on part of the designer.

-- Christophe Girot

Landscape Architects Urban Planners

v

er t he

eals Rev

ns a

Earth Scientist Geographers

ar

ma

--Carl Linnaeus, Linnaeus' Philosophia Botanica

Aw

Hu

“In natural science the principles of truth ought to be confirmed by observation.”

tal

+ CULTURE PERCEPTION

L an

d

Implements

DESIGN

TECHNOLOGY Taxonomy GIS Data Satellite Imagery Botanical Cultivation

Ecological & Cultural-led Regeneration

Ground remediation Faciliated Natural Succesion Cultural Landscape Landscape as Infrastructure

NATURE + PRODUCTION

+ CULTURE PRODUCTION

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03 Case Study

Community of Practice Site Construction to Awaken Cultural Memory: A study of Industrial Heritage Landscape Design in Greater Taoxichuan Area

JIE ZHANG

Physical experience and space-time imagery —— Research on the prototype of landscape design by understanding site, sight, and insight

The Latrobe Health Advocate is a key recommendation from the Hazelwood Mine Fire Inquiry. The role is vital to the development of the einatenazeuLatrobe Health Innovation Zone. Her Statement of Intent which focuses on: Inclusive communities - enabling inclusiveness of marginalised communities within Latrobe Valley.

FANG WEI Planners, Arch Urban itec ts a nd L

Policy M ake rs ists og iol

Post-induatrial Site Remediation

DANIEL BELL

Industrial Remains Regeneration; An evaluation system that takes into account both the value of industrial heritage and the value of reuse Earth Choreographer: Remediating Obsolete Grounds of the Future

JIANGUO WANG

ANNA KORNEEVA

(Ph.D., QEP, CEM Engineer & Air Quality Consultant)The Latrobe Valley power stations today (much less 30 years into the future) are some of the more poorly controlled coal-fired power stations in the world, including not only power stations in the US and Europe, but also China.

Cultural heritage and social class

DR RON SAHU Richard Florida: “winner-take-all urbanism” middle-class neighborhoods everywhere are disappearing.

Prototyping Study

Evaluation

B i o log ist s

Bell's concern is that, with the growth of the welfare state throughout the post-war years, the population is beginning to demand that the state fulfill the hedonistic desires that the cultural sphere is encouraging.

PETER LATZ

itects Arch

Ms Symes said the final strategy was a blueprint to guide how the Latrobe Valley's three mine voids would be rehabilitated into the future, with water playing an "integral part".She said the strategy had flagged the use of desalinated water, recycled water or access to water from treatment plants.

RICHARD ROGERS

Peter Latz is a landscape architect, he is famous for his postindustrial site design and good at brownland regeneration. His work emphasizes the value of industrial culture, and renew abandoned industrial sites and facilities with rational and clear design ideas.

e cap ds an

JACLYN SYMES

Cultural Heritage

So c

JANE ANDERSON

YVONNE RYDIN

ental Groups ronm nvi dE an

Stakeholders

Rebuilding and reusing built structures on developed land (brownfield) will definitely make more sense than building on unbuilt land (green space).

Consideration of the value-laden nature of policy interventions and the creation of forums to debate the moral and ethical dimensions of different approaches to urban health and city environments are essential. In-depth consultation, mediation. and deliberation are all processes that can be used to engage stakeholders in detailed and problem-orientated argumentation on potential solutions.

(Atmospheric scientist and dispersion modelling expert)Despite the claims of the power station operators, the air pollution modelling shows that modelled emissions do not meet national ambient air standards in the Latrobe Valley.Contrary to claims of the power stations operators, the power stations are a significant source of pollution in the Valley and their emissions should be controlled.

Environment protection

RICHARD FLORIDA

DR ANDY GARY

ANTHONY BOXSHALL

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Abstract drawing

04 Hazelwood Open-cut and Morwell City 4.1 Morwell in Latrobe Valley 4.2 Coal - Ground & Anthropogenic Processes 4.3 Coal mining History - Morwell “When one tugs at a single thing in nature, he finds it attached to the rest of the world.”

– John Muir

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04 Hazelwood Open-cut and Morwell City

Morwell in Latrobe Valley

There are mainly three coal mines in the Latrobe Valley. In terms of the ecological plant area, there are mainly three areas around it, the first is the farmland area, the second is Herb-rich Foothill Forest, and the third is Latrobe Valley Plains grassland.

These three plant areas combine with climate and wind direction and are closely related to the natural ecological greening of the mine.

3000M

N LEGEND

Open-cuts

River and Catchment

Agricultural Area

Herb-rich Foothill Forest

LaTrobe Valley Plains Grassland Railway Freeway Wind

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04 Hazelwood Open-cut and Morwell City

Morwell in Latrobe Valley - Wind 3000M

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N

04 Hazelwood Open-cut and Morwell City

Morwell in Latrobe Valley - Hydrology and Agriculture 3000M

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N

04 Hazelwood Open-cut and Morwell City

Morwell in Latrobe Valley - EVC (Ecological Vegetation Class) 3000M

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N

04 Hazelwood Open-cut and Morwell City

Morwell in Latrobe Valley - Topography 3000M

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N

04 Hazelwood Open-cut and Morwell City

Coal - Ground & Anthropogenic Processes

Hazelwood Open-cut and Morwell City

MORWELL

MORWELL

MOE

MOE 1990 1990

MOE

1990

1990

1990

1990 2000

1990

TRARALGON

Loy Yang Open-cut and Traralgon City

2000

19902000

2000

1990 TRARALGON

2020

MORWELL

MORWELL

MOE

1990

Moe City

2010

2000

1990

TRARALGON

1990

2000

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TRARALGON

2000 1990

2010

2010 2000

2000

2000 1990

2000

2000

1990

2010

2000

2010

2010 2000

2010 2016 2010

2010

2000 2010

2016

2010

2016

2010

2010 2016

2016

2016 2010

20202016

2016

2016

2020

2010 2016

2016

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2016

04 Hazelwood Open-cut and Morwell City

1996

Coal mining History - Morwell

1959

1964 - 1971

1996

2005

2014

2017

2020 The privatization of power stations makes power stations pay more attention to economic benefits.

2017 2014

1971

The Hazelwood mine fire, that accelerated the shutdown of the power station.

2005

1959

The coal mines and power plants promoted local employment and surrounding developed.

On 27 March 2017, Hazelwood power station was shut down. The closure of the power station also opened the later process of ecological restoration and reuse of the site.

Hazelwood power station undertook most of Victoria’s electricity supply.

The mining of minerals has reached the expected life, but the mining has not ended. The United Nations rated it as the most polluting company.

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Abstract drawing

05 Ecological Cultural Regeneration Strategy 5.2 Ecological Regeneration - Role of Trees 5.3 Hyper-Accumulator 5.4 Importance of Ground “Plants are not used as decorations of the land, or even cover and deny, but should be the expression and praise of the will of the land.”

– Aldo Leopold

5.5 Remediation Processes 5.6 Anthropogenic Agencies & Role 5.7 Project Framework 5.8 Project Implementation Stages

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05 Ecological Cultural Regeneration Strategy

Ecological Regeneration - Role of Trees

CO2 2 O C

Mineralization and humification of carbon components by mirco-organisms

CO2

Soluble carbon compounds move downward

CO2 Soil respiration by micro-organisms

Mineralization and immobilization of carbon compounds by micro-organisms

Soil Organic Matter Root cell respiration and death

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05 Ecological Cultural Regeneration Strategy Local vegetation class Exotic vegetation class

Hyperaccumulator

Medicago sativa

Trifolium pratense

Gerbera Jamesonii Bolus

25-60CM

20-80CM

35M

20M

Acer pseudoplatanus

Up to 1M

Picea

20-60M

Blue-Leaved Mallee

Tree Absorb carbon dioxide and tolerance of air pollution

Herb Cr tolerance, with the ability to fix nitrogen

Herb Nonmetal accumulator Valued for its nitrogen fixation

Herb Tolerance of air pollution Ni 18000mg/kg

Salix Miyabeana

Monotoca Scoparia

Kunzea Ericoides

Centaurium Erythraea

Solidago Hispida

Thlaspi Caerulescens

1M

50CM

Up to 18M

1M

20CM

Tree Absorb carbon dioxide and tolerant to Cs

30-120CM

Tree Strong ability to absorb carbon dioxide

Spreading shrub or tree Natural recovery of open disturbed ground to forest

Herb Strong adaptability, Prefer fertile, loose and well-drained sandy soil

Herb Tolerance of Al, strong adaptability

Herb Absorb cadmium and zinc Leaves accumulate up to 380 mg/kg Cd

Hydrangea

Alyssum Bertolonii

Azolla Pinnata

Eleocharis Acicularis

Agrostis Capillaris

Festuca Arundinacea

Herb Frost-resistant, like a drier air environment Ni 10900mg/kg

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Herb Floating on the water Nitrogen fixation; Cd 740mg/kg

20CM

10CM

10-40CM

1-3M Shrub Floral color change occurs due to the presence of aluminum ions in soil

Up to 120CM

Shrub Strong adaptability, Prefer well-drained sandy and rocky soils

2-12CM

Shrub Able to adapt to high AgNO3 concentrations on a long timeline

Emergent aquatic Herb Cu 20200mg/kg; Zn 11200mg/kg; Cd 239mg/kg; As 1470mg/kg

Herb Strong adaptability Tolerance to Al, Mn, Pb, Zn

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Herb Show ability to absorb carbon dioxide Increase soil carbon storage

05 Ecological Cultural Regeneration Strategy

Importance of Ground

New immigrants

people from surrounding cities

New immigrants

New immigrants New immigrants

people from surrounding cities

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05 Ecological Cultural Regeneration Strategy

Poor soil caused by the long accumulation of coal gangue

Remediation Processes

Through research, it is found that artificial and planned planting of hyperaccumulators can quickly realize the process of ecological restoration. Taking the contaminated soil caused by coal gangue dust as an example, if humans do not intervene and only rely on natural succession, it will take 80 years to establish a stable ecological community, but regular artificial planting can shorten this process to 15 years.

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05 Ecological Cultural Regeneration Strategy

Project Framework

Project Implementation Stages

2021

Morwell L

Topological Approach Cartographic Survey Mapping Establishing Context + Connections Ecological Network Connecting + Repatching Fragmented Landscape Mosaic Site History & Artefact Identification Cultural recollection Community Identification + Consultation

Theme Points * 5 S

A regenerative ground: From Dirt to Scenic Remediation Establishing Arboretum Ground condition + Ecological Succession + Anthropogenic Intervention

Artefact Preservation + Archive Site Remediation Earthwork Infrastructure Setup Revegetation (Arboretum)

2025

Ecological & Cultural Led Regeneration Hazelwood Opencut M

2022

Latrobe Valley XL

Cartographic Investigation Site Survey Community Consultation

Ground Resting Time for Ecological Succession Infrastructure Maintenance

A regenerative Spirit: Memory & Interactive Cultural Preservation + Regeneration Ground Museum Collective memory of industrial past Achievement in site regeneration

Ground Museum Museum – Building Adaptation Gallery Installation Opening of Ecological Cultural Park

2040

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This is a process in which plants continuously grow and change the ground condition, so that the site forms a museum of natural changes

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Abstract drawing

06 A Regenerative Ground: From Toxic to Scenic 6.1 Morwell Ecological Network 6.2 Morwell -Hazelwood Ecological Corridor 6.3 Hazelwood open-cut Ground Condition “Our ability to perceive quality in mature begins, as in art, with the pretty, It expands through successive stages of the beautiful to values as yet uncaptured by language.”

– Aldo Leopold

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6.4 Ground Taxonomy 6.5 Hazelwood Ground Regeneration Processes 6.6 Museum Landscape Regeneration Processes

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06 A Regenerative Ground: From Toxic to Scenic

Morwell Ecological Network 3000M

N LEGEND

Open-cuts

Herb-rich Foothill Forest

LaTrobe Valley Plains Grassland

Yallourn Open-cut

Agricultural Area

Loy Yang Open-cut

Open-cuts Surrounding Pollutant

Hazelwood Open-cut

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- 67 -

06 A Regenerative Ground: From Toxic to Scenic

Hazelwood Ecological Corridor 1500M

N LEGEND

Herb-rich Foothill Forest

LaTrobe Valley Plains Grassland

Exist Ecological Corridor

Potential Ecological Corridor

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- 69 -

06 A Regenerative Ground: From Toxic to Scenic

Hazelwood Open-cut Ground Condition

LEGEND

Coal Remain

Saline-alkali Land

Ground Cover Plants

Farmland

Forest

Heritage

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- 71 -

06 A Regenerative Ground: From Toxic to Scenic

Ground Taxonomy

Site B

Site A

Site C

Site F

Site D

Site E

- 72 -

- 73 -

- 74 -

06 A Regenerative Ground: From Toxic to Scenic Hazelwood Ground Regeneration Processes

Overall system proposal

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- 76 -

06 A Regenerative Ground: From Toxic to Scenic Hazelwood Ground Regeneration Processes

Open - cut Potential Vision

- 77 -

- 78 -

06 A Regenerative Ground: From Toxic to Scenic Museum Landscape Regeneration Processes

Planting Design Concept

Year 0 - Existing Ground Condition

Year 1-15 Planting

After Year 15 - Heritage Tour

Concrete land

Concrete land

Concrete land

Heritage Building

Heritage Building

Heritage Building

Mining Infrastructure

Mining Infrastructure

Mining Infrastructure

Vegetation covered land

Vegetation covered land

Vegetation covered land

Buildings

Buildings

Buildings

Cooling pond Water

Cooling pond Water

Cooling pond Water

Coal Gangue soil

Theme tour area

Potential tour route

100m

- 79 -

100m

100m

- 80 -

06 A Regenerative Ground: From Toxic to Scenic Museum Landscape Regeneration Processes

Planting Design - Existing Condition

lac ed

100M

N

at io

nd

l oi

Mining Infrastructure

eS

n St at io

Ya rd

Vegetation covered land

tc h

Po we r

Buildings

l Cooling pond Water

lin

g

Po o

l

Po o g

Co o

lin

Ve ge

ta tio

n

Sw i

Coal Gangue soil

Co o

100m

100m

LEGEND

Ch i

m

ne yR

ui

ns

an gu lG Co a

Co n

cr et ea

nd

Ve g

et

cr et ea Co n

Heritage Building

n

Ve g

In te r

et at io n

lac ed

In te r

Concrete land

Concrete land

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Heritage Building

Mining Infrastructure

Vegetation covered land

Buildings

- 82 -

Cooling pond Water

Coal Gangue soil

Existing vegetation

06 A Regenerative Ground: From Toxic to Scenic Museum Landscape Regeneration Processes

Ground Condition and Artefact - Existing N

100M 1

2

7

3

5

Concrete land

4 Heritage Building

Power station and chimneys (demolished in 2021)

Parking, buildings, large area concrete land

3

1

Switchyard Mining Infrastructure

4

6

6

5

1

Vegetation covered land

2

Buildings

Coal gangue dust accumulation site

Coal gangue dust accumulation site with natural succession vegetation

Coal loading road Cooling pond Water 9

8

7

9 8

Coal Gangue soil

Power station and chimneys (demolished in 2021)

These photos were taken on October 13th, 2019

- 83 -

100m

Grassland LEGEND

Salinized land

Concrete land

Heritage Building

Mining Infrastructure

Vegetation covered land

Buildings

- 84 -

Cooling pond Water

Coal Gangue soil

Existing vegetation

06 A Regenerative Ground: From Toxic to Scenic Museum Landscape Regeneration Processes

Planting Plan - Year 1 100M

Herbs

N

Shrubs

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC PF

1y 2y 1y

1y

1y

1y

1y

2y

3y

2y

3y

Planting off Local vegetation growth Exoic vegetation growth Remove F= Planting Frequency

Concrete land

New soil covered zone

Heritage Building

Mining Infrastructure

Vegetation covered land

Buildings

*This planting schedule should adjust and change in time with site conditions and growth conditions.

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- 86 -

Cooling pond Water

Existing vegetation

Local vegetation class

Exotic vegetation class

06 A Regenerative Ground: From Toxic to Scenic Museum Landscape Regeneration Processes

Planting Plan - Artifical Management Through time

100M

Year1

N

100M

Year5

N

100M

Year15

Artifical Management Area

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- 88 -

N

Abstract drawing

07 A Regenerative Spirit: Memorable and Interactive 7.1 Theme Nodes Design 7.2 Posterity Vision - Journey Narrative

"In three words I can sum up everything I have learned about life: it goes on."

– Robert Frost

- 89 -

- 90 -

07 A Regenerative Spirit: Memorable and Interactive Theme Nodes Design

tch ya rd Sw i

Fa c

tor y

Mu

seu

m

Co a

lG

Zo n

an

e

gu

eR em

ed

iat

ion

Tre e

Mu s

eu

m

Overview

Potential Journey

Cooling Pool Ecotone

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- 92 -

07 A Regenerative Spirit: Memorable and Interactive Theme Nodes Design

Switchyard Zone

Artifical plantings

Mesh walk way for ground observation

Vegetation merged with heritage

Natural succession on concrete

- 93 -

- 94 -

07 A Regenerative Spirit: Memorable and Interactive Theme Nodes Design

Cooling Pool Ecotone

Ecotone Remediated water

Natural succession

Floating bridge

- 95 -

- 96 -

07 A Regenerative Spirit: Memorable and Interactive Theme Nodes Design

Factory Museum

Factoray structure Higher platform Underground mining Museum

Natural succession after 15years

- 97 -

- 98 -

07 A Regenerative Spirit: Memorable and Interactive Theme Nodes Design

Coal Gangue Remediation

Artifical planting after in year 5

Mesh walk way Remediated soil

- 99 -

- 100 -

07 A Regenerative Spirit: Memorable and Interactive Theme Nodes Design

Tree Museum

Mesh walkway

Underground planting museum Natural succession soil

- 101 -

Remediated soil Planting participation activities

- 102 -

07 A Regenerative Spirit: Memorable and Interactive Posterity Vision - Journey Narrative

Bird's View

- 103 -

- 104 -

07 A Regenerative Spirit: Memorable and Interactive Posterity Vision - Journey Narrative

Mesh walk way and Artifical Planting Class

- 105 -

- 106 -

07 A Regenerative Spirit: Memorable and Interactive Posterity Vision - Journey Narrative

Ground Museum

- 107 -

- 108 -

07 A Regenerative Spirit: Memorable and Interactive Posterity Vision - Journey Narrative

Factory Museum

- 109 -

- 110 -

07 A Regenerative Spirit: Memorable and Interactive Posterity Vision - Journey Narrative

Factory Museum

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- 112 -

08 Epilogue

Reflection

Two other mining pits in Latrobe Valley will be closed in 2038 and 2046. The Ecological and Cultural Regenation Strategy of Hazelwood Open Cut is of exemplary significance for their post-abandonment planning.

This approah can remediate the pollutant effectively in the opencut scale, at the same time it also be a cultural symbol for post-industrial site environment, and improve people's awareness on it.

Compared with engie's propoal, this project is a more detailed and reasonable action plan, This is reflected in the analysis of the site and the scientific planting strategy.

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In global context, most coal mines are neglected after being abandoned, resulting In land degradation, pollution spread and other adverse effects.

This project has learned the technical techniques of similar projects in the world and proposed the parallel approach of ecological and cultural, which is an integrated approach of nature and humanity.

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08 Epilogue

Appendix

Existing forest

Entrance Plaza

Rock climbing facility

Open space Terraced seating

Pond

Blue-gum high forest

Extended rock bolts into quarry face support rock climbing surfaces.

Decrease angle of repose to > 80 degrees for increased stability.

Rock climbing walls also serve to trap unstable rockfall in the void behind them.

Interaction and apperception

Different space activities

- Cut Cut to provide even ground, facility foundation also rests on rock rather than unstable fill.

Enclosed walking track

Interaction and apperception

- Fill

Field domain

Cliff Jumping

Enclosed bushland walkway

Interaction and apperception

New community center

Water level 35m 30m

40m

8m 22m fill zone

Spatial boundary Arc air lane (Made by brown steel)

Threshold

Junction

Material corridor

Cracks

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- 116 -

Topographic corridor

Visual link

Junction

Material corridor

N

1：3000(a3)

1：2000(a3)

Princes Freeway 0

30m 60m

Topographic corridor

Potential Access

120m

75m

0

Visual link

N

20m 40m

Hazelwood 2014 Mine Fire Operating Area

Coal Transport Route

Threshold

80m

Vegetation zone

Coal Transport Plaza 65m

Vegetation zone （Ground cover plants）

Coal Remains

Vegetation zone （Ground cover plants）

Vegetation zone

plaza

Coal Transport Route

70m

chimney heritage

Potential Access 60m

Vegetation zone

55m

Vegetation zone

Work management area

50m

building

45m 40m

Switchyard

35m 30m

Vegetation zone （Ground cover plants）

Coal Remains

Coal loading and unloading Area

25m 20m

car park

Coal Remains

15m

1：2000(a3)

N

car park 20m 40m

80m

0m

1：3000(a3)

5m

10m

N

1：2000(a3)

N

Princes Freeway 0

30m 60m

Potential Access

120m

75m

0

20m 40m

80m

People Activity route test which will be the most popular area?

Vegetation zone

ti

Ac

e

Ar

Activity Area 1 65m

Vegetation zone （Ground cover plants）

Activity Area 2

Coal Transport Plaza

Vegetation zone Potential Access

60m

Vegetation zone

Activity Area 2

Coal Remains

plaza

Vegetation zone （Ground cover plants）

a1

Coal Transport Route

70m

chimney heritage

y vit

Hazelwood 2014 Mine Fire Operating Area

Coal Transport Route

0

55m

Vegetation zone

50m

Work management area

building

Activity Area 3

45m 40m

Switchyard 35m

People Activity route test which will be the most popular area?

y

it tiv

Ac

car park

a2

e Ar

30m

Coal Remains People Activity route test which will be the most popular area?

3 ea

Ar ity tiv car park

1：2000(a3)

Ac

0

25m 20m

Activity Area 3

Coal loading and unloading Area

15m

Coal Remains

N

20m 40m

80m

0m

- 117 -

Vegetation zone （Ground cover plants）

5m

10m

- 118 -

08 Epilogue

Reference

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