ZHANG Ziqing_Playing Out

PLAYING OUT RECLAIMING THE STREET AS PLAY SPACE

RESEARCH QUESTION:

How to active community engagement as well as intergrate temporary ways to provide more accessible play space in Melbourne street?

ziqing zhang s3706447

“We live in an increasingly urbanized world, and more children grow up in cities than ever before. Therefore, we must design and build cities that meet the needs of children: seek their opinions during the design process and provide them with play And educational opportunities, and promote their social and cultural interaction.”

-Prof. Klaus Schwab, Founder and Executive Chairman, World Economic Forum

Source form author

STATEMENT Cities belong to children as well as adults, and this rapid urbanisation and increasing density is gradually threatening the already vulnerable spaces available to these children, the future of our society. In the rapidly developing economy, there are a large number of “child-unfriendly” practices, which are shown to erode children’s activity spaces, increase traffic hazards and show a lack of children’s care in residential areas. In spaces with an elevated level of foot traffic and increasing density, renovation and revitalisation of existing streets is important. In addition, encouraging children to engage in play and outside activitied can promote a childrens social, physical and mental health. Therefore, general play environment deserves great attention - Play is the right of children.

Three types of street was selected as the research object, focusing on the Darebin area, in the inner-north suburbs of Melbourne. Darebin is now becoming more and more dense, with urbanization and population rising, increasing the pressure on the current open spaces. The public spaces in Darebin faces two major challenges. One is that there is not enough open space, so areas available to children for play is already in short supply; the other is that there are not enough trees and shrubs in these open spaces, so children’s quality of life is not satisfied. This project will investigate and address some of these concerns and provide some key templates which can be used in the transformation and revitalization of streets, and by extension reinviggorating the community, ensuing a comfortable and convenient neighbourhood for the families that live within.

CONTENT 1. RESEARCH ABSTRACT 1.1 research background .....................................................................................3 1.2 UNSDG...........................................................................................................8 2. POSITIONING MATERIAL 2.1 playfulness .....................................................................................................12 2.2 theoretical framework......................................................................................14 2.3 precedent........................................................................................................16 2.4 methodology....................................................................................................18 2.5 reflection of technique.....................................................................................20 3.SITE / CONTEXT INFORMATION 3.1 site stakeholder and client..............................................................................23 3.2 strategic positioning........................................................................................24 4.DESIGN STRATEGIES 4.1 design principle..............................................................................................32 4.2 site design ....................................................................................................39 4.2.1 site 1...........................................................................................................51 4.2.2 site 2...........................................................................................................59 4.2.3 site 3...........................................................................................................67 5.PROMOTION PLAN.........................................................................................75 5.REFLECTION ..................................................................................................80 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY...............................................................................................83

01

Research Background

A CHANGING URBAN FABRIC With Australia’s population forecast to double by 2075, it is shown that the state capitals are shifting towards a more compact city vision to accommodate additional population growth(Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2012). The rapid development of urban construction is taking away the free play space of bad children, and it is full of various developments that are not friendly to children, the densification of urban residential areas and lack of open space to play, children have lost most of the opportunities for outdoor activities.

Therefore, UNICEF has launched a “child-friendly” city initiative to meet the needs of children in urban spaces and ensure their rights in urban spaces.

THE LOSS OF FREEDOM The overall decline in children’s physical activities and active travel is related to the overall decline in children’s ability to act independently.

-Children can walk or ride bicycles in the community without adult supervision. (Carver A; Veitch J) Studies have shown that children in Australia have less “roaming freedom” compared to children in other Western countries.

(Carver A; Veitch J)

England Italy South Finland

current CFCI 3

CFCI in design

high mobility

Kazakhstan

Hongkong Austral

lia Japan

Canada

USA

low mobility //Global range: children walking to school data 2012-2014, Malone and Rudner (2016) 4

CHILDREN’S ISSUES IN AUSTRALIA

children are overweight or obese

spend less than 60 mins of physical activity a day

//Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2011-13

children has a mental health or behavioural problem

//Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2013-14

//Schoeppe, S, 1991

IMPACT ON THE CHILDREN

No accessible public space due to unresonable layout

No safety streetscape due to car aggression and traffic danger

The impact of urbanisation on a child Easy to be stressful

Can’t walk into the nature lead to naturopathy Too obese Inability to be independent and cannot play with different ages children 5

// Where do the children play (2017)

THE BENEFITS OF PLAY IN CHILDREN’S LIVES

healthy brain development. bone health reduce resk of obesity and diabetes motor skills physically emotional strength creativity empathy social skills assessing risks mentally learn skills of independence feel a sense of belonging within their communities develop connections with the natural environment. socially

(shonkoff, 2000)

//Benefits of play and independent mobility to children’s health and development

6

WHAT THE CRITICIZE OF URBAN PLANNING IN MELBOURNE

THE CONCEPT OF DEAD-END IN MELBOURNE 200m 100m

400m

//Melbourne metropolitan planning scheme 1954, Chapter 11 - The Road Communication System, Part 4

THE CUL-DE-SACS BENEFICS AND THREATS quite

Benefics

safer, decrease traffic volume increase sense of community denser, more traffic and slower traffic speed

Threats

poor passive surveillance-more danger long distance to go outside 18% car driving instead of cycling or walking

7

//The Melbourne Urbanist, Are cul-de-sacs a dead end?

SDGs 11.7 By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities Goal 11 of the agenda specifically calls for making cities and human settlements safe, resilient and sustainable.

Building a child-friendly city can help local governments and other stakeholders achieve the 2030 Agenda. The Sustainable Development Goals overlap with the purposes of the United Nations Convention on the rights of the Child.

HOW THE ROLE OF THE LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT? VISION Convert the neighbourhood cul-de-sacs and laneways into a green, playful, attractive, and child-friendly space.

THE PROJECT

LANDSCAPE ARCHITICT ROLE

The temporary conversion of a car-dominated space into a children’s playground will mean a healthier lifestyle and a cohesive community. Through community-led volunteer activities, children of various ages can play safely and comfortably with minimal supervision, learn and develop new skills

As a landscape designer, it is role to create an open space to accommodate more activities, and use the site and surrounding elements to make the activities overlap each other and be placed in different venues. The key to design is: public engagement.

PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT TEMPORARY, TACTICAL AND DO-IT-YOURSELF URBANISMS

Threats of cul-desacs and laneways

GREEN, PLAYFUL,ATTRACTIVE AND CHILD - FRIENDLY SPACE 8

5

02

Positioning Material

PLAYFULNESS MAPPING

11

12

TEHORETICAL FRAMEWORK

How to active community engagement as well as intergrate temporary ways to provide more accessible play space in Melbourne street?

THEORIES

temporary and ta

DO IT URSERLF

ecological psycho fitness play natural play

multi-sensory des fun theory

PROJECT BETTER BLOCK

USE PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT , TEMPORARY, TACTICAL AND DO-IT-YOURSELF URBANISMS TO RECLAIM THE PUBLIC SPACE

COMMUNITY PRACTICE

PARK(ING) DAY

GUERRILLA GARDEN

OUTCOMES

13

B

G

Projects are most community-led vo de-sacs and lane

actical urbanism

F urbanism

ology

KEY THEORIES

TEMPORARY URBANISM TACTICAL URBANISM DO IT YOURSELF URBANISM

lessons and apply in the project

sign

1) activate public participation 2) parents minimum supervision 3) support from local government 4) hold on fun activities

Brunswick better block

San Francisco park (ing) day

New York City Green Fuerillas

//courtesy city of moreland

//art monaco portiand via my, parkingday.org

lessons and apply in the project How community participate in the project

//guerilla gardening development blog

tly donated by local residents and businesses, through the olunteer activities, children can live, learn and play in the culeways.

14

PRECEDENT

15

NYC PLAY STREET

The materials are donated by the business or community, when the activities done, it will donate to the school which they need them.

The bench or seating are the easy moveable furnitures.

Use the bollards to make the street safety.

16

METHODOLOGY TEMPORARY URBANISM TACTICAL URBANISM DO IT YOURSELF URBANISM

better block park (ing) day guerrilla garden

step 1 PROJECT INITIA

citizen-led approach

short-term

COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT MODEL

step 2 COMMUNITY PA TICIPATION

low-cost

scalable interventions HOW THE PROJECT FITS INTO OTHER PROJECT? step 3 MAPPING top-down: local government stronger communities and social capital rapid revitalization of depressed areas bottom up: citizens easier participation in the planning process peer to peer learning

// Tactical urbanism 2 17

step 4 PLAN AND INTER VENE THE SITE

ATION

AR-

R-

Identification of the site view the site contact the relevent agencies and group from communities go to the site to know the space used and public activities interview differents user groups to understand what they need and what the challenges in the site seek the in-kind financial and community support find the issues in the community help the community to know where can convert the cul-de-sacs and laneways into a child-friendly space help community to gain a sense of place apply and collect the local material make a plan about how to intervene the place to play organization the community group and volunteers to participate the project learn the formulation of techniques to achieves small scale intervention in the public space, and hand over to the communities, thus, shortterm action may become long-term change

18

REFECTION OF TECHNIQUE

DIY IN THE OPEN SPACE

FUN ACTIVITIES AND TEMPORARY USE

FINANCIAL SUPPORT

19

DIY uers transform the “waste” and “empty” public realm of the city, and establish faster, cheaper interventions in urban space. By holding different activities in the community, the empty space is used to activate the vitality of the city, allowing community to enhance the sense of identity of the community.

Through the participation of local residents, the use of local resources, such as tires, live grass, sound-producing toys and other materials, is reorganized into different interesting activities for children to play and learn. The most important thing in the situation is to let the children have fun and enhance their sense of identity.

The success of a venue event is inseparable from the support of funds.

When the event is held, it needs get the sponsorship fee from the other party and let them engage in the community event or project.

SAFE OPEN SPACE

GREEN SPACE

COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

Parents let their children play independently on the street, and reduce supervision the key elements is that community is safe. Digging holes in the fence and installing light in patheays can improve community safety.

Organize planting activities in the community, and invite professionals to explain how to cultivate plants, increase the green space of the community, and allow residents to participate in the construction of the community.

In the early stage of the event, people from the community need to participate in the early stage of the event, such as recruiting volunteers and letting volunteers form a team to collect materials from the local venue and put them in the venue as needed, or busy parents can ask their neighbors to take care of their children to ensure their children travel is safe. Therefore, residents will have more awareness of the ownership and can maintain the order of the community.

20

03

Site / Context information

STAKEHOLDERS AND CLIENT

CITY is safer

PARENTS / GRANDPARENTS have more time to deal with their daily life. parents

RECIDENTS can increase sense of community

23

KIDS can have more places to play with minimum supervise,their mental and physical development and feel sense of community

POSITIONING Melbourne

24

POSITIONING Darebin

2km 1km

25

4km

POSITIONING Preston

400m 200m

800m

The site form a number of cycle trails that reach out into the region. However, there is not enough pedestrian friendly street and lacks of open space and playground.

26 20

50m 25m

27

100m

28

design principles selected detailed sites large scale midium scale small scale system

04

Design strategy

PRINCIPLES TEMPORARY , TACTICAL and DO IT YOURSELF URBANISM will apply into different scales - city scale / community scale / human scale

site issues : UNSAFETY

strangers and traffic danger

UNATTRACTIVE

insufficient attractive open space

XX LARGE AND LARGE SCALE In XXL scale the temporary, tactical and DIY ways can apply globally.

In L scale, the temporary, tactical and DIY ways to connect the green space and cycling network.

GREEN, PLAYFUL, ATTRACTIVE, SAFE AND CHILD-FRIENDLY SPACE

MEDIUM SCALE

SAMLL SCALE

In M scale, the temporary, tactical and DIY ways to apply in different types of potential street to become playable street.

In S cale, the temporary, tactical and DIY ways to fit into different ages used.

RETURN / STIMULATE / CONNECT

31

DESIGN TESTING RETURN

Give the nature back

STIMULATE

Provide more play equipments in the city

Accommodate for a ranges of fun activities

Connect the park (green space) and school

Connect park, school and playground to create a cycling network

CONNECT

school park playground

CHILDREN FAVOURATE ACTIVITIES 0-3 years old 3-5 years old 5-8 years old 8-12 years old

love nature play, play water and sand hide and seek, climb the rock skating and cycling running, walking, playing ball

12-18 years old 32

RELATED THEORIES BENEFIT MULTI-SENSORY EXPERIENCE Sensory design

It can absorb sensory information which helps prompt chilren brain development.

FITNESS PLAY

It can help children to improve physical and mental fitness

NATURAL PLAY

People learn about the life cycle and that things grow and that things die

fitness play

Ecological psychology theory ; natural play

TEMPORARY USE / DIY OPEN SPACE

Public participation, small scale, low cost, temporary intervention

Temporary , tactical and DIY urbanism

COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT Children behavior psychology

Community participation through community-led volunteer activities and let community donate the material, it can create more suitable place for children.

Also, it enhance public sense of community and belonging, become more familiar with and cherish the design results.

33

HOW TO GENERATE THE DESIGN TECHNIQUE TECHNIQUE

colour attraction

OUTCOME

squeaky road

material attraction fitness activities

fitness corridor

plant play

nature simulation play

water play

pop-up market

car tires

guerrilla garden

planting boxes

used bear public activities

public donation open window on the fence community-led volunteers carry out activities children and parents participate in the design

34

COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT EXISTING MATERIALS play equipement

planting box

water pipe

house

COMMUNITY

school

org an

lec col

ize

t

COMMUNITY DONATION

app ly

VOLUNTEERS

play equipment

water 35

SITE

planting box

car tires

CHILDREN AND PARENTS PARTICIPATE IN THE DESIGN community activites that people love and want to do

natural play fitness space cycling path parent-child space learning conner playground SAFT OPEN SPACE OPEN WINDOW ON A FENCE

different types of window

36

COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT Brainstorming diagram

community need

The brainstorming digram build by the community when interview them, letting the children, parents, grandparents and community members to describe what they like and what they need in the street. The design is to fulfill the community and this digram is the backup by the community.

PLAY

fun activities 37

LIV

fitness co

VE

orridor

LEARN

irregular cycling path 38

LARGE SCALE MAPPING PLAY

RETURN GREEN NETWORK

LIVE

CONNECT

fun activities and temporary use

finaicial support

no park and playground within 500m

Clearly understand and show where the space without open space, and the school 500m radius area. When overlap the map is the place need to be designed.

school 500m radius

community engagement

Darebin Sustainable living enable public walking

policy

and cycling

Green Streets

purpose

Streetscape Strategy( 20102020)

school park

outcome

39

Connect the street to the existing parks and schools to create the green network. Also, put some play equipments and fitness light equipments in the green space, children not only can touch with the green but also can have fun and strength their health.

It creates a green network systom, let the green back to the city, providing a shelter space for the community.

green space

community engagement

100m 50m

200m

40

MEDIUM SCALE MAPPING PLAY

STIMULATE PLAY NETWORK

LEARN

CONNECT

no park and playground within 500m

Clearly understand the accessible path to enter different open space, and it shows that the city scale transfer to community scale.

integration level

school 500m radius

low

high

school

community engagement

breathing space (darebin open space strategy) enable public walking

policy

purpose

and cycling

slopped-cul-desac

darebin playspace strategy ( 2010-2020)

school park playground

outcome

41

Connect the street to the existing parks, playgrounds, schools, and analyses where the space is not busy to creating a new cycling path.

It shows the relationship between the accessible play network and inbetween city, when people play and learn in the city they can gain the sense of ownership

wide and flat culde-sac

landway

50m 25m

100m

42

MEDIUM SCALE SECTIO

car-dominate space

OUTCOME

unattractive road

From the intervention it can activate public open space and offer opportunities for socializing and interction among citizens.

Also, children can learn, play and live in the city, and local government offer the local policies and documents and sent it to the community to follow the rules to hold on the activities. Once the project initiative, it can make the city greener and getting more fun, also provides a cycling path for community to enjoy, which can help public gain the sense of place.

REFLECTION How to connect more accessible and playagul street inbetween city

provide fitness activities on the space car-dominate space changes the cycling space

43

ON

lack of green space

waste pathway

unattractive playground

provide more activities on the playground

community-let residents to plant more tree

decoration the fence

44

Source form author

MEDIUM SCALE TO SMALL SCALE

PLAY / LIVE / LEARN

DIY in the open space

fun activities and temporary use

COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

finaicial support

community engagement

green space

safe open space

landscape element surface treatments

barrier element

MATERIALS PALETTE

signs street furniture learn from < TACTICAL URBANIST’S GUIDE TO MATERIALS AND DESIGN VERSION 10>

46

SITE IMPRESSION STREET TYPES landway

4m

wide and flat cul-de-sac

residential areas

landway

residential areas

12 m residential areas

sloped-cul-de-sac

47

residential areas

road

SITE BACKGROUND INFORMATION

tyler st within 5 mins walk ( site calculation ) school

20 m road

residential areas

48

THE COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT ACTIVITIES Human activities

49

50

SITE1: LANDWAY EXISTING SITE

issues:

EXISTING CONDITION

unattractive

Lack of green space

unsafe space

This is a 4 meter wide alley with residential areas surrounded by fences on both sides. The street is made of concrete. And it lacks playable elements and parents cannot effectively supervise their children.

MATERIALS ON THE SITE

tall tree

festoon string lights

AstroTurf

fence

old car tires

various toys

51

DESIGN DETAILS WHERE THE HANGING LIGHT COME FROM ? donate by the community or business

FESTOON STRING LIGHT DESIGN 1.8 m type 1 0m

type 2

type 3

people can play with the hanging light accoring to different ages

FENCE DESIGN different types of window

type 1

type 2

type 3

type 4

open the window on the fence which can let parents supervise their children 52

DESIGN DETAILS WHERE THE CAR TIRES COME FROM ?

fillin g sta tion auto - repair shop ouse h l a nti

community - led volunteers team

easy to stack / store and move

e

resid

CAR TIRES DESIGN

type 1

type 2 use the car tires to create a playable space.

According to the spacial condition, play equipments need to place linear.

53

DESIGN TESTING

VERTICAL ELEMENTS

LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS

Pedestran -scaled lighting improve the street more safer and creates a more inviting atmophere

Drought - resistant plants are planted in the car tires, also it can decorate the fence beauty.

FURNITURE

PROGRAMMING

Moveable car tires seating

Car tires were donated and used to following the gutterway, which can let children have more activities on the street.

REFLECTION : The hanging light is too high for people to play. Also, parents need to supervise their children. Next step need to consider how to operate more various avtivities depends on 54 the site materials, especially some materials on the fence

HOW TO CREATE THE SPACE PLAY + LEARN

PLAN

In a four-meter-wide alley, it is usually an inactive passage. According to the needs of the community, it can be turned into a temporary play or learn space at 3-5 pm after school or on weekends. After the end of the activities, it can hang the materials on the fence, changing from a temporary activity space to a longterm change, activating the vitality of the venue.

B

B

D

before

during (playground)

SECTION during (learning space)

after A-A

55

D

A

C

A

C

2m 1m

B-B

C-C

4m

D-D

56

PERSPECTIVE DRAWING

befoer

during PLAYGROUND

57

FITNESS CORRIDOR

ART SHOW

58

SITE 2: WIDE AND FLAT CUL-DE-SAC EXISTING SITE

school

residential areas

issues:

Lack of green space

No safety streetscape due to car aggression and traffic danger

EXISTING CONDITION

unattractive

This is a 12 meters wide and flat cul-de-sac, on the site both sides are residential areas and schools. The street is so quiet except 8-9 am and 3 pm. Also, this spaces are parking space as usual.

MATERIALS ON THE SITE

seat

pipe 59

duct tape

collapsible pool

car tires

3m wire fence

DESIGN DETAILS HOW TO INSTALL THE EDITABLE TIRE PLANTOERS

community-led team collect the old car

decorate the car tires

borrow / purchase small size plants

drop the plants into tire and place planters in the location

PLANTER TESTING

basil

lettuce mixed

spinach

EDITABALE VEGETATION

potato

LOW MAINTENANCE

zinnia

EASY TO TRANSPLANT

cabbage

sage

swan river daisy

60

MODEL

school

WEEKEND

residential area

e tap erire t tirehe t ble te by i c x e e l s u t e b ita tors se d eate and ollap donaity t somg on d u cr e e an d c ool un pu atin to e lin roa p mm pl se ad cis cling co ro cy

e ton ble s a g tin nd t s i a ex air ch

residential area

WEEKDAY

school

61

put all of the play equipment s back into the school to store

DESIGN TESTING

SURFACE TREATMENT

LANDSCAPEING ELEMENTS

Use duct tape to create a temporary regular cycling road

Children can learn whenplanting the editable vegetation, they can learn how the plant grow.

FURNITURE

PROGRAMMING

Moveable car tires seating

Children can play the collapsble pool on the street, and also feel free to play the car tire.

REFLECTION : From the model it shows that when the acitvities finished, public will put the play equipments back to the school to store, which means other projects if there are some churches, garden nearby, it can store and keep the equipment as well. But collapsible pool is too big to intall, need to change a smller size.

PLAY + LEARN + LIVE

PLAN

TIME is important when using the temporary ways to intervene the site. From the drawings it shows before, during and after what the condition on the site.

Through the design children can play, learn and live on the street.

before

during

after 63

SECTION

2m 1m

4m

64

before

65

after

PLAYGROUND

66

SITE 3: SLOPPED CUL-DE-SAC EXISTING SITE

residential areas

issues:

residential areas

EXISTING CONDITION

unattractive

Lack of green space

No safety streetscape due to car aggression and traffic danger

This sloped-cul-de-sac wide is 20 meters, which can use the same technique but create the different activities according to the topography.

MATERIALS ON THE SITE

seating

duct tape

AstroTurf

pump track

car tires

various toys

67

DESIGN TESTING

PROGRAMMING community make their own swing on the tree

FURNITURE Children can seat on the old car tire.

REFLECTION : Too much car tires on the design, it cannot attractive to the chilren. Also need to think how to use the topography to create more activities to people.

PLAY + LEARN + LIVE

PLAN

TIME is important when using the temporary ways to intervene the site. From the drawings it shows before, during and after what the condition on the site.

Through the design children can play, learn and live on the street. during

during

SECTION

69

2m 1m

4m

70

before

71

after

PLAYGROU

UND

IRREGULAR CYCLING PATH

72

05

PROMOTION PLAN

PROMOTION PLAN

500m 250m

1km

In order to test the flexibility of the technique, It will choose another five key locations according to the criteria. There is no open space within 500 meters, no playground nearby, and they are all close to the school.

They will be added to the entire open space network to obtain a playable network.

75

250m 125m

500m

76

06

REFLECTION

Source form author

REFLECTION

Landscape architect plays an important role in the city. This project connects landscape and urban planning. At present, the project provides a concept of how to use temporary actions to create a playable space, and there are still many areas that need to be supplemented and improved. playing out design materials are mostly donated by local residents and businesses, including festoon string lights, old car tires, AstroTurf, living grass, cardboard boxes, pallets, potted plants, chalk, benches, various toys, providid playround, learning space, art show activities, letting more people engage into the society and gave the sense of place and painted.

Children are a group that is easily overlooked in urban development. The design not only gives children new playable street furnitures, but also makes the public in this community more cohension. The key lesson of the ‘playing out’ is with the help of community volunteer groups we will carry out more activities in the unused space to create a safe, playable and green community.

And through the intervention of social media, communities can online purchase play modes, and it can attract local participation, and let other communities to create their own neighborhoods street according to different spacial condition to follow suits.

80

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Zieff SG, Chaudhuri A, Musselman E. Creating neighborhood recreational space for youth and children in the urban environment: play(ing in the) streets in San Francisco. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2016;70:95–101.Article Google Scholar D’Haese S, Van Dyck D, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Deforche B, Cardon G. Organizing “play streets” during school vacations can increase physical activity and decrease sedentary time in children. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2015;12:14.

Kerr J. Designing for active living among children. A research summary. In: Fall. Princeton: Active Living Research, A National Program of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation; 2007. van Eyck, A. (1962/2008). The Child, the City, and the Artist. Amsterdam: Sun Publishers. Google Scholar Moore, R. C. (1986) Childhood’s Domain: Play and Place in Child Development. London: Croom Helm. van Lingen, A., and Kollarova, D. (2016). Aldo van Eyck: Seventeen Playgrounds. Eindhoven: Lecturis.

Ward, C. (1990) The Child in the City. London: Bedford Square Press.

Elliot, B. (1985) Children and Road Accidents: An Analysis of the Problems and Some Suggested Solutions.

Canberra: Federal Office ofRoad Safety Report no. CR 36, Federal Department of Transport.

Cunningham, J. and Jones, M. (1991) Girls and boys come out to play: play, gender and urban planning.

Landscape Australia, 13, (4), 305 - 311.

Engwicht, D. (1992) Towards an Eco-City: Calming the Traffic. Sydney: Envirobook.

Cunningham, C. Jones, M. and Taylor, N. (1994) The child-friendly neighbourhood: some questions and tentative answers from Australian research. International Play Journal. 2, 79-95. physGibson, J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Gillberg, C. and Rasmussen, P. (1982).ical play, and the impact on children’s development. Perceptual, motor and attentional deficits in six-year-old children. Acta Paedagogica. Scandinavia, 71, 121–9.

Cavallo D. Muscles and morals: organized playgrounds and urban reform, 1880–1920. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press; 1981 Australian Bureau of Statistics. ‘Profiles of health, Australia 2011-13’ 83

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. ‘Young Minds Matter 2013-14’ Schoeppe, S; Tranter, P; Duncan, M; Curtis; Carver A.(2015). ‘ Australian children’s independent mobility levels; secondary analyses of cross- sectional data betwwen 1991 and 2021’ Carver, A; Veitch, J; Salmon, J. ‘Children’s independent mobility - is it influenced by parents’ perceptions of safety?’ Centre forphysical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University.

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FEEL FREE TO CHOOSE THE PLAY MODES !

OLD CAR TIRE

SWING

SQUEAKY ROAD

GAME SEAT

COLLAPSIBLE POOL

RMIT