DITPAE Witsarut_Heirloom

RMIT University School of Architecture and Design

Heirloom /ˈeəluːm/

Master of Landscape Architecture Landscape Architecture Masters Design Research Project

a traditional variety of plant, fruit, seed or breed of animal which has existed for many years and is not associated with large-scale commercial agriculture.

Course Coordinator Jen Lynch | Dr Alice Lewis

a valuable object that has belonged to the same family for many years

Tutors Project A Brent Greene | Elise Northover Project B Ha Thai

(Cambridge dictionaries n.d.)

Witsarut Ditpae 3803733 June 2021

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abstract

“Novel landscape designs that improve ecological quality may not be appreciated or maintained if recognizable landscape language that communicates human intention is not part of the landscape . Similarly, ecologically valuable remnant landscapes may not be protected ormaintained if the human intention to care for the landscape is not apparent.”

(Nassauer, 1995, pp. 161)

In Ethiopia, coffee plantations converted from an Afromontane forest are always located in remote rural areas where farmers entirely rely on coffee, live in poverty and isolation, and suffer from negative impacts of climate change. Deforestation also puts valuable, wild coffee species at risk of extinction.

This design research investigates coffee plantations in Bonga, Ethiopia, where exist the last wild coffee forests. It aims to generate design-led policies, create a better network of landscape that supports tourism, brings new economic opportunities, and reduces environmental impacts. Through landscape designs, the project intensifies the sense of place and identity of coffee-based communities. By employing ruralism and circularity as design approaches, it focuses on four pilot sites located along the trail of the coffee production process, demonstrates the ‘from farm to cup’ stories.

The design starts with a small scale farm, moves along the forest fringe, to a communal resource station acting as a processing unit, and ends at a local marketplace.

The findings reveal that landscape architecture can be a catalyst that empowers residents, farmers and communities to promote their identity and place, makes a remote location into a hidden attractor.

Keyword Coffee, Ruralism, Agroforestry, Permaculture, Circular economy, Landscape Architecture

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Contents Abstract

Introduction Design research question

Vol.IV_Appendix

8 9

Vol.I_Dynamic Client & Stakeholders Global coffee movement Ethiopia coffee Coffee region Growing suitability Kaffa Bioshere Region Ethiopia Coffee supply chain Crop calendar Farm Tyoplogy

10 15 14 16 18 21 23 25 28

Plant index 76 Grossary, Lexicon 78 Abbreviation 79 Bibliography 80 Acknowledgements 85 Sketches 87

Vol.II_Transect Precedents Intregrate as Augment process

33 14

Vol.III_Traverse ‘Farm to Cup’ 38 Coffee trail 40 Village

42 Coffee farm 48 Resource station 57 Market 62 Woreda 68

Conclusion 73

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Introduction Centuries ago, coffee was introduced to the world as a sophisticated drink centuries-long after discovered in the rainforest on the Ethiopian plateau. The coffee plant, Coffea arabica, natively habits as an understory tree species growing under shade trees and later vastly spanning across the world as horizontal stripe lying between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn which called ‘ The coffee belt’. in the present day, the necessity of the extensive monoculture coffee production across the world to respond to the large market demand put pressure on the forest landscape which is later turned into the coffee lands.

Climate change is an influential game-changer to drive the notion of spatial conception and productive territory of coffee production.

According to the research, rising temperatures and altered precipitation will significantly diminish the coffee growing area by up to 50% by 2050 (The climate institute 2016). To respond to the change, coffee producers tend to migrate the plantation upward the higher altitude to accommodate the decency of productivity for future scenarios.

‘ How can the coffee landscape be designed in order to building a climate resilient coffee economy and mitigate household economic insecurity in Ethiopia ? ’

Not only are the coffee producers facing climate problems, but household economic insecurity also occurs more than 80% of coffee farmers.

This design research aims to investigate the notion of the coffee landscape through the to unfold a parity relation between economy expediency and the emergent ecological issues in currently reliant coffee production in order to mitigate household economic insecurity and Building a Climate Resilient Coffee Economy Ethiopia.

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Client and stakeholders

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dynamic

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dynamic

Coffee movement Global Dynamic

Coffee is one of the most traded agricultural commodities in the world (FAO 2010). In 2020, 9.9 million tonnes of coffee was produced and exported around the world (Shahbandeh 2021) from the coffee producers countries that majority are developing countries in which people rely on agriculture for their living. By looking at the coffee export value of the countries that coffee is the top export commodity

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—Guatemala, Nicaragua, Burundi, Kenya and Ethiopia—, Ethiopia’s GDP per capita does not reflect the amount of such they produced.

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dynamic

Ethiopia coffee National Dynamic

Ethiopia

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dynamic

Growing suitability Regional dynamic

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dynamic

Kaffa Biosphere Reserve Regional Dynamic

The field condition tool in the first stage, screen & separation, is indicate to identify the land use of wild coffee extraction adjacent to the remnant coffee forest that effected by deforestation and settlement expansion.

The conflict between stakeholders can be distinguished into two types which are spatial-temporal conflict and the conflict of policy trajectory towards 2050 in which the shrinkage of the coffee growing area caused by global warming and the BR zone speculation will draw the critical the regime of coffee landscape in Kafa Biosphere Reserve. thus, the existing and speculation of conflict allows the conversation of how coffee production can be operated and shifted their territories in emergence scenario.

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Core area:: It comprises a strictly protected zone that contributes to the conservation of landscapes, ecosystems, species and genetic variation.

Buffer zone(s): It surrounds or adjoins the core area(s), and is used for activities compatible with ecological practices that can reinforce scientific research, monitoring, training and education.

Transition area: The transition area is where communities foster socio-culturally and ecologically sustainable economic and human activities.

(Unesco, n.d.)

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dynamic

Ethiopia Coffee supply chain National Dynamic

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dynamic

Crop calendar National Dynamic

Crop calendar depicts how climate, particularly rainfall, significantly effects the availability of land for growing crops. After main rainy season(Meher), coffee and grains are in the harvest season and leave another half of the year as the ‘dry months’ in which farmers and community members suffer from economy and food insecurity. The research indicates the level of income from NTFP averaging at least a third of the annual cash income of the rural households (Yihenew, cited in Chernet, T 2008). the average income is $2653.29 and and expenditure $2383.30.

As Enset is the only food source available throughout the year, that makes it the first choice to satisfy hunger. The main staple food is called ‘Kocho’ fermented starch made from the Enset trunk by the traditional fermentation process. Sorghum and maize become available in a short period during the harvesting season in Belg or Autumn. However, these staples do not provide proper nutrition especially for children that nourish food significantly contribute to their growth.

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dynamic 26

1985

2017

2012

2018

2015

2019

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dynamic

Farm typology Practice Dynamic

There are a four main types of coffee farm in Ethiopia (Etbuna 2016) catagorised by the location and holder capacity. Majority of Bonga coffee producers practice semi-forest and garden coffee which are a longstanding tradition occuring around the forest fringe.

1 ha

coffee production propo r tion s ample site

Toward the change of BR zoning of Bonga from the buffer to the core zone, the conflicting relationship between stakeholders, coffee farmers who employ forest as foraging area and UNESCO that aims to safeguard the wild arabica’s genetic resources in their original birthplace and also allow to explore how the existing typology of coffee production and new conservational policy could together set up a novel archetype of production, protection, and reclamation in 2030?

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“Process-based practices anticipate change from the outset, understanding that their intervention is only one of many in the immense evolutionary process of the landscape. Design in this case is less about permanence and more about anticipating and accommodating growth, evolution, and adaptation in the face of unexpected disturbance and new programs and events.”(Berrizbeitia, 2007, pp.179)

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transect

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transect 32

Precedents redrawing

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transect

Integrate as Augment process

Enhance economic viability and sustainability of coffeeproductiontowardself-sufficientcommunityin208

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traverse

traverse

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traverse

Barta falls +1820

‘farm to cup’ In the process of pilot site selection, the movement that promotes consumable-related experiences as ‘farm to table’ is mimicked in term of ‘traceability’ that demonstrates where and how Bonga coffee is produced.

The project uses the coffee trail as a narrative of the coffee process from ‘farm to cup’ by in-situ mapping of growing area, processing area, domestic market and exporting portal. Considering the spatial configurations and opportunity of exposing to visitors, route c is selected because it not only facilitates the local coffee-producer community but also allows the visitors to engage unique experiences through the series of sites starting with a small scale farm, moves along the forest fringe, to a communal resource station acting as a processing unit, and ends at a local marketplace. Furthermore, this route provides visitors with an opportunity to extend the trails to experience more surrounding attractions.

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traverse

ፈጣሪ ስፍራ fetari sifra resource station +1740

Barta falls +1820

honey bee farm

Bonga NTFP

+1780

ቀበሌ kebele village

area

coffee trail

+1740

The implementation of tourism renders a new source of income for local people without direct resource exploitation and also draws the attention of the visitors and the coffee enthusiast from around the world to visit and experince the ‘farm to cup’ in the home of coffee plant.

ገበያ gebeya market +1730

የቡና እርሻ yebuna eirsha coffee farm

cultural openair museum +1972

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traverse

Museum access +1770

Town centre

ቀበሌ

Remnant forest patch

/kebele/

+1760

village ad

National coffee museum

Ramp

Plaza

+1760

Lookout

+1745

+1760

Kebele +1740

s ibu Min p sto

Established in 2015, the National coffee museum has been underutilised due to its road-oriented accessibility. The proposed access and public plaza create a connecting porous space with spatial and visual connection between town centre-kebele-extended market-market.

n ro mai

Bonga town is splined by one main road connecting highway (A6) to Addis Ababa on the north end and Adracha on southbound yet the connection to attract whether locals and visitors to the coffee trail is still missing. The project aims to build upon the space revitalisation in order to create lateral connections from the town centre by creating a new node to stretch the city commercial corridor southward the market and promote the vibrancy of the main road. By using the idea of ‘Space integration’—public-private, urbanagriculture, the project proposed a new participating kebele- which allocate residential function to the upper level and allow the ground floor to be used as an ‘extended market’ that hosted the commercial activities; also provide the resident with allotments to support urban residents with access to land and food security(Chernet 2008).

Allotment +1730

Market 42

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traverse

Housing Local shops

Communal Allotments +1725

Extended market +1730

Main road +1735

Swale +1740

Plaza +1745

Museum access Section A-A

“ I still remember it was exhausted at the beginning. after harvesting season, our family had to continue the hard work on new plot over there. but look at us now, we have our owned land. today, we’ll go to market selling the long pepper and cardamom gathered from woodland.” enku, 23 7/11/2028

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traverse

Communal allotment enables kebele residents to grow their own food, bartering within the community to diversify food source and foster advantages for a diet of local people and the ecology of the local landscape (Porter 2016).

Land accesibility renders more participation leading to the stewardship that inclusiveness of community plays part.

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traverse

የቡና እርሻ / yebuna eirsha /

coffee farm Located uphill adjacent to the forest edge, the coffee-growing community grow a coffee plant in the traditional way—garden coffee—around the house (Takul) but lately, the coffee price is fructuated due to market price volatility (ICO 2020). That makes way for farmers to turn a garden coffee farm into a fully monotonous cash crop. Through the idea of Agroforestry, diversifying crop can strengthen yield stability which is one fundamental component targeted by smallholder farmers (Mango 2018).

Beyond the coffee farm boundary, The decline of the forest area can be connected to the influence of the exploitation of forest resources, deforestation, and accelerated population growth. In Bonga, as a forestbased community, forest dependency is significant to livelihoods as the principal source of income, food, and fuel. The proposed osmotic territory aims to generate a porous boundary that allows the extraction activities to still occur in the time being to gradually retreat the semi-forest practice while setting up the new threshold of forest edge and articulate the land use.

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Co

nt ou

Intercrop coffee farm

rT re n

ch

Moora +1825

Vacant land Vacant land

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traverse

Yela is the Konso’s indigenous farming techniques that porposes to trap the sediment from runoff Overtime, silt can be resource for pottery in resource station.

Moora

Agroforestry coffee farm

+1825

+1730

“ Now the coffee from our washing station earns much more than before. a lot of buyers come to us so we get a fair price. this lot will be sun dried for 2 more weeks then it gonna be used in world barista tournament that what they told me. actually, we just got organic certification for the other coffee products last month. we’re so proud about it” gizaw, 18 26/01/2029

Yela (sediment trap)

Vacant land

+1730

Section B-B

Reforestation patch

20m.

100m.

Agroforestry planting layout

NTS

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The undergrowth crop will be rotating year by year to protect fertile soil from nutrient depletion as the different crop requires different main nutrients. However, the intercrop farming technique might not be able to accommodate coffee plant in the ideal condition once the shrinkage of the growing area by warmer climate hit the altitude of +1700masl as the canopy and emergence layer are still lacking.

By deploying the ‘Miyawaki reforestation practice, three to five sapling will be planted in a square metre. In 36 months, the shrub-stage forest will form and start mature after 15years in which is ten times faster than normal methods(Nargi 2019)

Intercropping section NTS

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traverse

“Edges are often the most dynamic locations in ecosystems. The cusp is spatially and temporally the zone of maximum activity, exchange, hybridization and instability. This condition extends beyond intersections between ecotones in natural systems.” (Kullmann 2011)

Expand as Reciprocity process

Mediate the wild coffee forest edge conditions towards Kafa BR zoning change in 2030 993.3 ha

AREA

993.3 ha (1,349.8 ha )

16.7 km

peripher y

18.4 k m

83.76%

edge core

85.15%

The strategy of expand comprises five stages throughout a decade.

1. Extend and establish the new forest edge (2022) 2.Implicate the participatory forest management to encourage locality to manage and run forest resources sustainability (2022) 3.Decentralise property rights on vacant from the state to the community then rehabilitate through the Replicate strategy in order to equip the land with prolific condition for coffee growing. (2022) 4.Semi-forest coffee farmers starts planting wild coffee seedling ,that will bear the coffee cherry in 2030, on the prepared land. (parennial and annual weed stage).

(2025) 5.Completely retreat semiforest coffee producers out of the forest core area (2030)

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traverse

“Since each site cannot support all the species that are possible, the role of biodiversity is to guide the wild life program and synthetically edit the possi bilities into a list that will be ecologically successful, appropriate and pos sible to co-exist with human activity.”(Sloan 2018)

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The agroforestry coffee farm not only provides farmers with a wide range of productivity that stabilises yield throughout the year but also enables visitors to gain experience in harvesting from the coffee birthplace that cannot be done in any place in the entire world. Furthur, agroforestry tends to keep coffee plants accommodated in their ideal conditions.

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traverse

Intact forest +1720

ፈጣሪ ስፍራ

Barta river

/ fetari sifra /

+1720

resource station Proposed communal coffee washing station takes place in the previous abandoned building area that spawned and reached out to the forest edge. the washing station serves Bonga coffee producer ranging up tp 7km radius and takes advantage of the natural stream from Barta waterfall that provides clean water in the wet season. however, under the PFM program, waste from coffee processing is managed inventively.

Circularities of agricultural products allow producers to understand their products and possibilities of new marketable by-products from waste. by turning liabilities such as coffee parchment and pulp into cascara tea and coffee flour, livestock feed, not only does the farmer get more income but also deal with the pollution-causing waste effectively.

ro Pico-hyd use powerh25o

ld

rbtion fie

Soil abso

+17

t basin sedim+e17n25 d

n ted wetla Construc+1725

Pottery

rying bed shared d +1720

+1735

ashing Coffee w station +1740

+1735

g tanks Pulpin +1735

contour

trench

Wastewater from the washed process contains large quantities of water. wastewater is treated through the constructed wetland with indigenous macrophyte that processes organic contaminant (Phenolic Compound) before used for agriculture and household crops.

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traverse

Powerhouse supply electicity to Kiln (Pottery), facility and adjacent community.

“ Now the coffee from our washing station earns much more than before. a lot of buyers come to us so we get a fair price. this lot will be sun dried for 2 more weeks then it gonna be used in world barista tournament that what they told me. actually, we just got organic certification for the other coffee products last month. we’re so proud about it” gizaw, 18 26/01/2029

Pottery workshop +1735

Storage/ Workshop +1740

Kiln +1735

Shared drying beds (coffee beans/pottery) +1735

Yela (sediment trap) +1730

Constructed wetland +1725

Soil absoption field +1725

Barta river +1720

Intact forest section C-C

The design of the resource station determines by the flow of materials starting with the coffee washing station—original function— does demand clean water for process coffee cherries and produce byproducts and waste—solid and water. A contour trench system is designed to convey water from Barta falls(+1820) to the facility and provide the uphill community with access to water without walking in distances to collect water from a downhill river. Then the facilities as a hydro powerhouse, pottery and constructed wetland were added into the system to enhance the circularity of materials.

Green beans 75 birr / kg 11,250 birr (105 birr/kg: specialty coffee)

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traverse

At the resource station , visitors can inclusively observe along the process of washing process from pulping, demucilaging, fermenting (in tanks) and drying (on the Ethiopia raised bed). This facility still acts as stage for farmers coop and coffee importer to inpect, stardardise the quality of beans.

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traverse

Extended market +1735

ገበያ

+1735

/gebeya/ overflow area

market

et

ffs

15

br e

idg

Operating in multi-scale: as the existing major market on Saturday and lesser ones on weekday that the locality comes buying -selling agriculture products.

As the regional market, farmers and producers from all over the Kaffa region take Bonga as the centre of trading honey and spices. As the birthplace of wild coffee, Bonga potentially becomes the exclusive production region out of the entire coffee realm.

o m.

Productive landscape (dry season) +1735

In the light of new ruralism, the marketplace is one of the best public spaces to be tested and iterated through the idea of encouraging a thriving agrarian community combining with a strong social establishment and maintain daily life pattern.

lls

ta ’s

or

rid

n 172

ia ar

s er1730

F

m ar

+

+

+1720

p Ri

r co5

+1

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0

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traverse

ecology as community asset

Productive landscape (dry season)

Waterway

Covered market +1730

Moora

+1725

+1725

O n - s i t e materials: Bamboo and CGI

Bamboo as water treatment / Subtitute for timber / carbon sequestration

+1725

Riparian corridor

Farmers’ stalls

30m.

+1730

Section D-D

There are several channels available for coffee farmers to sell their product. The smallholders in rural context always carry their products to the market in which direct sales of small quantities of produce by farmers to village traders and rural consumers occur (Tracey-White 1999). In this case, the Bonga market acts as a rural primary market on a community scale and also as an assembly market for the Kaffa region to the regional extent. Another significant channel is ‘farmgate purchases’ in which the variety of products can be offered to customers, particularly the precious ‘in the field’ experiences in term of harvesting participation. Thus, it is a valuable opportunity for customers to widen channels to reach out for coffee that directly benefits the community that grows it.

plant —bamboo, veltiver— cleanses water in the stream that cut through agriculture land and kebele before join with Guma river(1km. downstream). The marketplace’s also a place that international coffee dealer can build up direct trade relationship with local coffee farmers.

To promote the ‘informality’ of existing market, stalls is designed to be lightweight and moveable by using sourced on-site materials, for instance: mature bamboo from riparian landscape for structure to reduce timber and hardwood (harvested from forest) usage and CGI sheets from the old market buildings.

In order to maintain continuity of trading throughout the year, the floodway offset is applied on both sides of the gully and reclaim this stripe to a productive landscape in the dry season—Belg and Bega. Native

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traverse

The novel riparian corridor interweaves a waterway and agricultural land into an urban fabric and its openness of sunken riparian corridor creates a visual connection from the village that might possibly draw more people to traverse through this series of sites.

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traverse

ወረዳ woreda To identify project trajectory from Bonga to Kaffa region toward potential stakeholders which are coffee farmers cooperative in the regional area, the project aims to unfold the question of how the design moves can respond to a similar challenge in other sites in kafa region and can be applied in the larger scale as the resilient Ethiopian coffee landscape typology without attempting to transplant incompatibility to these complex landscape?

“ In last couple years, there’re many things going on. Bonga seems to get more buyers coming along but here, Wush Wush is nothing but tea plantation now. I’m not sure that how long will i do this. if nothing changes, i might end up working in plywood factory in Jimma.”

TESFALEM, 46 04/08/2028

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conclusion

conclusion

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conclusion

conclusion As poverty and climate-related issues considerably require multi-scalar and multidisciplinary knowledge for the resolution, the project provides a theoretically holistic resolution of how the LA could potentially foster and strengthen coffee-related landscape and community in order to overcome those issues. Even the project establishes in the coffee production area, environmental democracy plays a vital part and set out the framework of making design interventions based upon what the community needs the mostbased on research- through the understanding of temporal ecology of a cultural landscape that reveals the relationship between spatial conditions and human geography to ultimately ensure community own accessibility and ability to influence decisions about their future.

As such the design research, which I’ve been doing and learning through the process, changes the way how I, as a practitioner, usually approach and see the cultural landscape and will ultimately acknowledge me that ecology and economic they both are not a duality but rather can be married to give birth a resilient outcome.

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appendix

appendix

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appendix

indigenous plant index P Pioneer / Shade T Timber (Construction, farm tools) F Fuel C Consumble (Cm-medicinal/ Cf-fruit / Cs-staple) Land management (Ls-Soil remedy / Lw-Water treatment) L B Polinator

Albizia gummifera Local name: Mukarbaa Genus: Albizia Family: Fabaceae Plant form: Tree Use: P / T / F / Cm / Ls

Cordia africana Local name: Genus: Family: Plant form: Use:

Allophylus abyssinicus Local name: Emibis Genus: Allophylus Family: Sapindaceae Plant form: Tree Use: P / F

Croton macrostachys Local name: Bakkannisa Genus: Croton Family: Euphorbiaceae Plant form: Tree Use: P T S CM LS B

Apodytes dimidiata Local name: Umdakane Genus: Apodytes Family: Metteniusaceae Plant form: Shrub Use: P / T / F

Ekebergia capensis Local name: Genus: Ekebergia Family: Meliaceae Plant form: Tree Use: PTF

Bersama abyssinica Local name: Genus: Bersama Family: Francoaceae Plant form: Tree Use: P / T / F Celtis Africana Local name: Genus: Family: Plant form: Use:

Witstinkhout Celtis Cannabaceae Tree P / F /T

Chrysopogon zizanioides Local name: Genus: Chrysopogon Family: Poaceae Plant form: Grass Use: Ls / Lw

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Badeessa abangee Cordia Boraginaceae Tree P / T / F / Ls / Cm

Ensete ventricosum Local name: Enset Genus: Ensete Family: Musaceae Plant form: Use: Cs Eragrostis tef Local name: Genus: Family: Plant form: Use:

Tief Eragrostis Poaceae Grass Cs

Euphorbia ampliphylla Local name: Genus: Euphorbia Family: Euphorbiaceae Plant form: Tree Use: P Cm

Fagaropsis angolensis Local name: Genus: Fagaropsis Family: Rutaceae Plant form: Tree Use: PTF

Polyscias fulva Local name: Genus: Family: Plant form: Use:

Khat Local name: Genus: Family: Plant form: Use:

Pouteria adolfi-friederici Local name: muna Genus: Pouteria Family: Sapotaceae Plant form: Tree Use: T / F / Cm

qat Catha Celastraceae Shrub Cm

Polyscias Araliaceae Tree T / F / Cm / B

Macaranga capensis Local name: Mufukusha Genus: Macaranga Family: Euphorbiaceae Plant form: Tree Use: P / T / F / Cm / B

Prunus africana Local name: African cherry Genus: Prunus Family: Rosaceae Plant form: Tree Use: T / F / Cm

Milletia ferruginea Local name: Birbira Genus: Millettia Family: Fabaceae Plant form: Tree Use: T / F / Ls

Sapium ellipticum Local name: Bosoqa Genus: Sapium Family: Euphorbiaceae Plant form: Tree Use: P / T / F / Cm / Ls

Moringa oleifera Local name: Genus: Moringa Family: Moringaceae Plant form: Tree Use: Lw / Cm

Sorghum bicolor Local name: Meshla Genus: Sorghum Family: Poaceae Plant form: Grass Use: Cs

Olea welwitschii Local name: Elgon tea Genus: Olea Family: Oleaceae Plant form: Tree Use: T/F Oxytenanthera Local name: Genus: Family: Plant form: Use:

abyssinica Oxytenanthera Poaceae Grass T / F / Ls

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appendix

grossary Altitude: a distance measurement, usually in the vertical or “up” direction, between a reference datum and a point or object. The reference datum also often varies according to the context (Wikipedia, n.d.).

Cash crop: a crop that is grown mainly to be sold, rather than used by the people who grew it or those living in the area it is grown in. (Cambridge dictionary, n.d.)

Monoculture: the practice of growing only one crop or keeping only one type of animal on an area of farm land.

Single-Commodity Specialisation: a one-sided orientation of a country’s economy in which the production of one or two commodities for export plays the central role

abbreviation EIAR

Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research

Ha

Hectare

m.a.s.l

meters above sea level

NABU

Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union

NFPA

National Forest Priority Areas

NTFP

Non-Timber Forest Product

SNNPR

Southern Nations Nationalities and People Regional State

UNSDG

United Nations Sustainable Development Goals

Extraction: the process of removing a substance from the ground or from another substance

lexicon

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Birr

Ethiopian currency

Corrorima

False cardamom (Aframomum corrorima)

Enset

False banana (Ensete ventricosum)

Injera

Staple flat bread made from tef or sorghum

Kocho

Staple food made from enset

Sini

Traditional coffee cup

Timiz

Wild black pepper, (Piper capense)

Woreda

District

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appendix

bibliography Berghöfer, A, Stadler, C, & Langdale, G 2013, “Sustaining Life: the Cloud Forests of Kafa” Marketing Concept for the Kafa Biosphere Reserve, Ethiopia, NABU, Ethiopia.

Bonnet, F 2015, The countryside I: Ruralism, Harvard University Graduate School of Design, viewed 15 March 2021, <https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/event/the-countrysidei-ruralism/>.

Boot, W, J 2011, Ethiopian coffee buying manual, practical guildlines for purchasing and importing ethiopian specialty coffee beans, Fintrac, viewed 31 March 2021, <https:// bootcoffee.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Ethiopian_Coffee_Buying_Guide. pdf>.

Bushi, B, T & Kumar, S 2020, ‘Potential Tourism Resources in Kaffa, Ethiopia’, International Journal in Management and Social Science, vol. 8, pp. 01-17.

CGTN Africa 2017, Ceramic Filters Make Drinking Water Safe for Community, Youtube, 1 June, CGTN Africa, viewed 04 April 2021, <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tcFhFP-rwg>.

Chernet, T 2008, Land Resources and socio-economic report of Bonga, Boginda, Mankira and the surrounding areas in Kaffa zone, SNNPRS, Ethiopia, NABU, Ethiopia.

Davis, A, Wilkinson, T, Williams, J, Baena, S, Gole, T, & Moat, J 2017, Coffee Farming and Climate Change in Ethiopia: Impacts, Forecasts, Resilience and Opportunities, pp.

01-38.

Hailemariam, N, S 2008, Flora Biodiversity Assessment in Bonga, Boginda and Mankira Forest, Kafa, Ethiopiale, Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society, Ethiopia.

Headey, D, Hirvonen, K, Hoddinott, J, & Stifel, D 2019, ‘Rural Food Markets and Child Nutrition’, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, pp. 01-17.

Hylander,K, Nemomissa, S, Delrue, J & Enkosa, W 2013, ‘Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity’ vol.27, no.5, pp. 1031-1040.

Jackson, R 2010, ‘(Un)safe routes: Maternal mortality and Ethiopia’s development agenda’, PhD thesis, Deakin University, Melbourne.

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acknowledgement This year-long project wouldn’t have been completed to fulfil my dissertation without great deal help from people I have been assisted along my Master degree journey.

To Ha Thai, I would like to thank and sincerely appreciated the time, patience and valuable guidance you contributed that shaped the project throughout the semester.

To Brent Greene and Elise Northover, Project A, for helping me ground up the project.

To Alban Mannisi (Resonance), Yazid Ninsalam (Super Terrestrial), Tom Black And Elise Northover (Fixed to Nothing), Bridget Keane (Composite Matters), Anthony Sharples (Zoom_), Steve Mintern (Landscape Agents); all the past lineage help me construct the idea and methodologies through my master.

To my parents, for support from abroad.

To Mayurachat, for all support.

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