1
CASE STUDY 01 DADAAB CAMP COMPLEX KENYA CASE STUDY 02 MAAI MAHIU SETTELMENT KENYA
REFUGEE CAMP DESIGN AIMS DEVELOP A LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURAL FOREIGN AID STRATEGY. APPLY AN ECOLOGICAL LENS TO REFUGEE CAMP DESIGN.
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unrefugees.org.au
TO JUSTIFY SIPHONING MONEY AWAY FROM MEDICAL ASSISTANCE FOR LANDSCAPE WORKS.
CASE STUDY 01 DADAAB CAMP COMPLEX KENYA
CASE STUDY 02 MAAI MAHIU SETTELMENT KENYA
SONAM SHERPA ABOUT I have always been a firm believer in equality across the human race, as a child born and raised partially in Nepal (6 years) and primarily in Australia I have seen firsthand what the world can deliver to a resident of an impoverished nation. I am choosing to design for people to attain a better quality of life in some of the world’s worst conditions through the discipline of landscape architecture. The discipline is the vehicle for reappraising refugee camp design because of its systematic understanding of environmental, temporal and social conditions across scales of matter and time.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TEXT LAYOUT
This body of work could not have been achieved with out the engagement of the Maai Mahiu IDP community.
The research uses the UNHCR design prescription as the catalyst to generate a design outcome through design tests of the rules. The outcome based on its consolidation is then used as an approach/method to generate a refined outcome of economic genesis through a landscape architectural process of consolidation.
The experience of staying within the community gave me an extraordinary understanding of the problems and the possible solutions. Special Thanks: Mary and Joseph and their beautiful family for being my host family and providing me with an insight to life as a Kenyan. The Marafiki Community for allowing me access into the area and allowing me to break ground at the Southern Star School.
The research and text is therefore formatted using foreign aid as the catalyst and the infrastructure as the vehicle to consolidate the foreign aid input.
FOREIGN AID CONSOLIDATION
0 SEQ 00 QUENC UEENC CE
APPROACH/METHOD
4
CONTENTS
FOREIGN AID
UNHCR PRESCRIPTION // INFRASTRUCTURE p 06
00 THE RESEARCH
p 22
01 THE PROBLEM
p 36
02 THE RULES
p 38
03 THE INFRASTRUCTURE
p 132
04 THE ECONOMY
p 160
05 LANDSCAPE ARMATURE
DESIGN INVSETIGATIONS p 06
00 SEQUENCE
p 40
01 LATRINE RADIUS GUIDE
p 54
02 LIVE FENCE AGRO-ECOLOGY
p 76
03 COMMUNITY TAP STANDS
p 88
04 FIREBREAK CONSOLIDATION
p 102
05 WASTE DISPOSAL
p 106
06 ROADS
p 112
07 TOPOGRAPHY
p 120
08 APPLICATION
p 132
09 ECONOMIES ACROSS KENYA
p 160
10 SLAUGHTER SLAB
p 202
11 GUIDING SETTLEMENT GROWTH
APPROACH // METHOD p 06
00 THE APPROACH
p 18
01 ABSTRACTION//FOLIES//PRECEDENT
p 20
02 INVESTIGATE
p 36
03 INFRASTRUCTURAL TESTS
p 120
04 ON SITE ENGAGEMENT
p 132
05 CONTEXTUAL TESTING
p 160
06 CONSOLIDATING FOREIGN AID
p 128
07 NEW SITE COMPOSITION
p 218
08 PROJECTION
00 0 TH THEE RESE S ARCH CH 00 TTH 00 H E AP PP PR RO OA AC CH
APPROACH
The approach for the reseach was guided by the ongoing process of the work and developing knowledge base. In the chapter sequence the approach and method categoriztion is defined as the drivers for the design tests.
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A REFUGEE IS DEFINED BY THE UNHCR AS Any person who is outside his/her country of origin and who is unwilling or unable to return there or to avail him/herself of its protection because of: i. a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race religion nationality membership of a particular social group or political opinion; or ii. a threat to life or security as a result of armed conflict and other forms of widespread violence which seriously disturb the public order. Whether a person is a refugee is not dependent on formal recognition, but on the fact of meeting the definition of refugee.
0 SEQUE 00 UENC NCEE
2013 UNHCR COUNTRY OPERATIONS PROFILE - KENYA (UNHCR.ORG)
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INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS (IDPS) REFUGEES ASYLUM SEEKERS
412,000 564,933 41,944
DESERTIFICATION & SOIL EROSION The phenomena of drought and floods are correlated to an increasing population and a higher demand on food this is directly connected with the quality of the soil condition.
THE SITE SHOULD NOT BE LOCATED NEAR AREAS WHICH ARE ECOLOGICALLY OR ENVIRONMENTALLY PROTECTED OR FRAGILE. P139. HANDBOOK FOR EMERGENCIES, UNHCR. 2007.
ES SEA SE EARCH C 00 0 0 TTH H E AP PP PR RO OAC AC H
The process of generating an ecological register and design process aims to address soil regeneration as an educational model for preventing further displacement in areas affected by encroaching desertification.
zonu.com
The desertification is not only a land management issue but a climate change issue. This project aims to recondition soil in affected regions by embracing an ecological planning lens to the design of a refugee camp.
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RESEARCH QUESTION How can ecological drivers inform refugee settlements to generate a greater local economy?
KEY WORDS Foreign aid, ecological drivers, economy, consolidation, armature How can the efficacy of foreign aid be increased utilising landscape architectural tools to develop permanent settlements ultimately removed from foreign aid? Across the world foreign aid is being distributed to refugee camps, complexes and settlements and there is little to no return on investment. The settlements are defined by their density, uncertainty and an overwhelming shroud of helplessness. The temporary settlements based on their “temporary� principles are becoming permanent thus the principles need to be readdressed. This phenomena requires the planning of these settlements to look beyond the immediate need for shelter and into the future conditions derived from the guiding principles. The guiding principles for the design of refugee settlements are outlined in the text published by the UNHCR: UNHCR Handbook for Emergencies Third Edition 2007. Reading through with a landscape architectural lens the notable omission of ecological forces becomes the catalyst for introducing a new stream of ecologically based design proposals for refugee settlement infrastructures. The project engages with the internally displaced persons settlement in Maai Mahiu, Kenya. The politically enforced resettlement of 5,000 persons from Eldoret 300 kilometres north west of Maai Mahiu has evolved since 2007 from make shift shelters of tarps and thatched housing to become a subdivided suburban condition set within the greater agro-pastoral landscape. The settlement has evolved through foreign aid and donations to become a town missing an economic sector due to the drip feed of foreign aid and government assistance. The project aims to address the issues of little employment opportunity and no capital to generate the economy through ecological drivers, landscape armatures, livestock, infrastructure and a catalytic foreign aid program.
UNHCR HANDBOOK GUIDING PRINCIPLES
The methodology of the research tests the governing principles to generate a new landscape architectural toolkit of design principles to approach the guiding of temporary settlements into permanency. The application of the principles are tested through interventions on site and a design strategy employing a considered piece of infrastructure to guide the settlement. The compartmentalization of the research into intertwining streams of investigation, indexing, speculating and testing generates multiple avenues to creating a different design approach to refugee settlements. The research is ultimately consolidated into an ecologically holistic design strategy for refugee settlements. The project demonstrates the process of identifying the correct catalytic intervention. In this scenario the formalization of existing programs through a directive armature. The principle of the process is to consolidate on the whole process across the construction, structure, maintenance and adjacencies associated with the proposition. The research proposes a new landscape architectural approach towards foreign aid design through the process.
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DADAAB. KENYA
The term ecology is defined in the research as the relationship between organisms and the environment both built and natural. The research explores the relationship between humans and the environment both built and natural. The relationship between humans and animals and the relationships between animals and the environments. The research explores the ability to manipulate the natural environment and its biological processes to generate a guided built environment. The role of an ecological driver is defined in this research as an ecological element that causes a change in a community, ecosystem, or other ecological component of the landscape.
dadaabstories.org
00 SEQUENCE
ECOLOGICAL DRIVER
REFUGEE TIMELINE
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE’S ROLE
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STAGE 01
STAGE 02
STAGE 03
FEBRUARY – JUNE: -SPECULATIONS -TESTING SPATIAL PARAMETERS -STRATEGY APPLICATION
JUNE – JULY: -ON SITE TESTING -SITE SURVEY -LIVE CONDITION APPRAISAL OF TEST RESULTS
JULY – NOVEMBER: -APPLICATION OF TEST RESULTS -PROCESS OF ECONOMY GENESIS
Through the time line construction process the parameters through which I could impact upon as a landscape architect emerged. The sequencing of the process highlighted the impacts that early decisions could make upon the built and natural environment. The ability to then employ and facilitate ecological drivers to guide the settlements into permanency through the landscape and the infrastructures of the settlement generated the initial design proposals.
00 THE RESEARCH 00 THE APPROACH
FACILITATE
PROJECT TIMELINE
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DESIGNING THROUGH THE PROCESS
9
RESEARCH_
HOW CAN YOU JUSTIFY SIPHONING MONEY AWAY FROM MEDICAL ASSISTANCE FOR LANDSCAPE WORKS?
The research had to be compartmentalised into three segments. Accordingly the sequence had to follow my geographical position and also my knowledge base.
APPROACH
EMPLOY AND FACILITATE ECOLOGICAL DRIVERS TO GUIDE REFUGEE SETTELEMENTS INTO PERMANANCY.
APPROACH 01
RULES
HOW CAN SOIL CONDITIONING THROUGH ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND REFUGEE CAMP INFRASTRUCTURAL BY-PRODUCTS BE RESTRUCTURED AND HARNESSED TO PROVIDE FOOD AND SAFETY FOR REFUGEES?
Land
30M2 - 45M2 PER PERSON Sheltered Space
Approach 01.0: Initiate genesis of knowledge base in order to create a lens for critique, analysis and action.
3.5 M2 PER PERSON (TENTS, OR OTHER STRUCTURES) Environmental Sanitation
TIMELINE
1 LATRINE SEAT PER 20 PEOPLE OR IDEALLY 1 PER FAMILY Water 15 - 20 LITERS PER PERSON PER DAY OF CLEAN WATER Tap Stands 1 PER 200 PERSONS
SPATIAL TESTING DESIGN STRATEGIES TESTING THE UNHCR RULES TO DEVELOP THE NEW STANDARDS AND TO INFORM THE FORMATION OF NEW RULES.
Refuse Bin 1 X 100 LITER BIN PER 50 PEOPLE
LATRINES _
RULE
CONTEXT
LIVE FENCE_
RULE
CONTEXT
20-25% OF ENTIRE SITE
TAP STANDS_
RULE
CONTEXT
Open Space
FIREBREAK_
RULE
CONTEXT
Fire Break Space
WASTE DISPOSAL_
RULE
CONTEXT
50 M WIDE PROVIDED FOR EVERY 300 M OF BUILT-UP AREA
ROADS_
RULE
CONTEXT
TOPOGRAPHY_
RULE
CONTEXT
Communal Refuse Pit PIT (2 M X 5 M X 2 M) PER 500 PEOPLE Roads and Walkways
15-20% OF ENTIRE SITE AND PUBLIC FACILITIES
Wheelbarrow 1 PER 500 PEOPLE
STRATEGIES
INFRASTRUCTURAL BY-PRODUCTS
00 SEQUENCE
ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
10
SITE VISIT GENERATE JOBS, INCOME, EDUCATION AND AN ECONOMY
WHAT CAN THE PRINCIPLES OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE CONTRIBUTE TO THE SETTLEMENT MORPHOLOGY OF REFUGEE CAMPS THROUGH THE PROCESSES OF DESIGN?
APPROACH 01.1
APPROACH 02
APPROACH 03
HOW CAN THE TEST RESULTS BE APPLIED TO SITE?
HOW CAN REFUGEE SETTLEMENTS GENERATE A GREATER LOCAL ECONOMY THROUGH ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES FACILITATED BY THE LANDACPE?
HOW CAN AN ECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO DESIGNING REFUGEE SETTLEMENT ARMATURES GENERATE A GREATER LOCAL ECONOMY?
Approach 01.1: The application of knowledge derived from approach 01.0 and the further investigation through the developed lens.
Approach 02.0: Investigation of contextual environments, economies and settlement phenomena to base the research through cultural, regional and ecological specificity.
Approach 03.0: The application of the knowledge base into a design proposition.
DESIGN STRATEGIES DESIGN APPLICATIONS
PRECEDENTS DESIGN STRATEGIES
MAAI MAHIU DESIGN STRATEGIES
ANALYZING AND IMPLEMENTING DESIGN STRATEGIES AT MAAI MAHIU IDP PRIMARY SCHOOL GROUNDS.
GENERATING NEW ECONOMIES THROUGH THE LANDSCAPE IN DIFFERENT SPATIAL AND CONTEXTUAL ENVIRONMENTS.
CONSOLIDATION OF STRATEGIES TO GENERATE AN ECONOMY.
FOOD_
FARMING
DADAAB_
TEMPORARILY URBAN
SLAUGHTER SLAB DESIGN_
SECURITY_
EROSION
EASTLEIGH_
URBAN
NEW SITE COMPOSITION_
ECONOMY_
FARMING
KIBERA_
DENSE URBAN SLUM
EDUCATION_
CLASS ROOM
MAAI MAHU_
PERI-URBAN
LODUNGORU_
RURAL
REFUSE CONSOLIDATION
MANUFACTURING KNOWLEDGE
LANDSCAPE KNOWLEDGE
LANDSCAPE ECONOMY
WASTE MANAGEMENT HUMAN RESOURCES
RECYCLING UPCYCLING EDUCATION
RESETTLING
SUSTAINABILITY
00 THE RESEARCH 00 THE APPROACH
04/03/2013
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THEORETICAL APPROACH DAVID GOUVERNEUR_GUIDING SETTLEMENT GROWTH IAN MCHARG_ECOLOGICAL PLANNING
APPROACH
HOW CAN YOU JUSTIFY SIPHONING MONEY AWAY FROM MEDICAL ASSISTANCE FOR LANDSCAPE WORKS?
APPROACH
EMPLOY AND FACILITATE ECOLOGICAL DRIVERS TO GUIDE REFUGEE SETTELEMENTS INTO PERMANANCY.
WANGARI MAATHAI_ENVIRONMENTAL EMPOWERMENT JEFFREY SACHS_ECONOMICAL GROWTH FROM EXTREME POVERTY
SITE : DADAAB, KENYA
SITE THE PROBLEM
APPROACH 01
RULES
TEMPORARY SETTLEMENTS NOT PLANNED FOR PERMANENCE ARE BECOMING PERMANENT. GUIDING PRINCIPLE IS A SINGLE CONCEPT STANDARD.
HOW CAN SOIL CONDITIONING THROUGH ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND REFUGEE CAMP INFRASTRUCTURAL BY-PRODUCTS BE RESTRUCTURED AND HARNESSED TO PROVIDE FOOD AND SAFETY FOR REFUGEES?
Land
30M2 - 45M2 PER PERSON Sheltered Space 3.5 M2 PER PERSON (TENTS, OR OTHER STRUCTURES)
TIMELINE
Environmental Sanitation 1 LATRINE SEAT PER 20 PEOPLE OR IDEALLY 1 PER FAMILY
SPATIAL TESTING DESIGN STRATEGIES
Water 15 - 20 LITERS PER PERSON PER DAY OF CLEAN WATER Tap Stands
TESTING THE UNHCR RULES TO DEVELOP THE NEW STANDARDS AND TO INFORM THE FORMATION OF NEW RULES.
1 PER 200 PERSONS Refuse Bin 1 X 100 LITER BIN PER 50 PEOPLE
APPROACH
NO ECOLOGICAL RECOGNITION IN GUIDLINE.
LATRINES_
RULE
CONTEXT
LIVE FENCE_
RULE
CONTEXT
20-25% OF ENTIRE SITE
TAP STANDS_
RULE
CONTEXT
Open Space
FIREBREAK_
RULE
CONTEXT
Fire Break Space
WASTE DISPOSAL_ RULE
CONTEXT
50 M WIDE PROVIDED FOR EVERY 300 M OF BUILT-UP AREA
ROADS_
RULE
CONTEXT
TOPOGRAPHY_
RULE
CONTEXT
Communal Refuse Pit PIT (2 M X 5 M X 2 M) PER 500 PEOPLE Roads and Walkways
15-20% OF ENTIRE SITE AND PUBLIC FACILITIES
Wheelbarrow 1 PER 500 PEOPLE
INFRASTRUCTURAL BY-PRODUCTS
STRATEGIES
1 5 SE 4 0 C 1 BLO 00 P TOR S C E M DI CHO KS OP OD LE U ST O LE RI L B BU LO TI CK ON P PO ER IN 1 TS SE PE CTO R R 1 SE CT 1 OR 20 CA M 4 SE 00 P CT 0 P M OR E OD S OP U LE LE
1 80 CO 1 P M 1 6 FAM EO MU P N W RE ATE ILIES LE ITY M FU R OD SE TA UL DR P P E UM ER S 1C PE OM R M 1 CO UN M ITY M UN 1 IT Y 1 BL 16 25 OC CO 0 P K M M E M O OD UN PL U IT E LE I 2
4
ES
1 4- FAM 6 LA PEO ILY TR PL MO IN E DU E LE PE R 1 FA M ILY 1
4
2
1
ES
1 4- FAM 6 LA PEO ILY TR PL MO IN E DU E LE PE R 1 FA M ILY
1 80 CO 1 P M 1 6 FAM EO MU P N W RE ATE ILIES LE ITY M FU R OD SE TA UL DR P P E UM ER S 1C PE OM R 1 MU CO N M ITY M UN 1 IT Y 1 BL 16 25 OC CO 0 P K M M E M O OD UN PL U IT E LE I
1 5 SE 4 0 C 1 BLO 00 P TOR S C E M DI CHO KS OP OD LE U ST O LE RI L B BU LO TI CK ON P PO ER IN 1 TS SE PE CTO R R 1 SE CT 1 C OR 20 A M 4 0 SE 0 P CT 0 P M O OR E S OP DU LE LE
ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
BOTTOM UP
INTERVENTIONS
MODULAR APPROACH
SCHOOL GROUNDS
1. LATRINE
2. FENCE
3. TAPSTANDS
4. FIREBREAKS
5. REFUSE BINS
6. ROADS
7. TOPOGRAPHY
1. FOOD
2. ECONOMY
3. SECURITY
4. EDUCATION
PRINCIPLES
BY-PRODUCTS
ECONOMIES
LATRINE SANITATION
FERTILIZER
AGRICULTURE
NUTRIENTS
AGRICULTURE
CONSOLIDATION
AGRICULTURE
00 S SEQUENCE Q N 12
HYDRATION
COMMUNITY SPACE
AGRICULTURE
WASTE SANITATION
ORGANIC MATTER
MANUFACTURING
HUMAN TRANSPORT
AGRICULTURE
WATER BODY
AGRICULTURE
ROADS
TOPOGRAPHY CONSOLIDATION
SELF SUFFICIENCY
OUTCOMES
CONNECTIONS
OFFSETS
AGRICULTURE
SELF EMPOWERMENT
AGRICULTURE
SAFETY
EDUCATION
AGRICULTURE
EDUCATION ADVOCACY
REVEGETATION
EDUCATION
ECOLOGICALLY DRIVEN SECURITY
WATER
APPLICATION
ECONOMIES
ECONOMY
FIRE BREAK SAFETY
BY-PRODUCTS
FOOD
FENCE SECURITY
PRINCIPLES
RESOURCES
SITUATION
CONTEXT
1:2000
RULE
PRESCRIPTION
12m
DESIGN OUTCOME
100m
HOW DO YO JOBS, EDUCATI ECO
JOURNALISTIC APPROACH
METHODOLGY ABSTRACTION
PRECEDENT
SEQUENCE PLACEMENT PLANNING
CURRENT RESPONSE CURRENT APPROACH MY POSITION
STRATEGY
SITE : MMAI MAHIU, KENYA
VISIT APPROACH 03 HOW CAN AN ECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO DESIGNING REFUGEE SETTLEMENT ARMATURES GENERATE A GREATER LOCAL ECONOMY?
DESIGN STRATEGIES DESIGN APPLICATIONS
PRECEDENTS DESIGN STRATEGIES
MAAI MAHIU DESIGN STRATEGIES
ANALYZING AND IMPLEMENTING DESIGN STRATEGIES AT MAAI MAHIU IDP PRIMARY SCHOOL GROUNDS.
GENERATING NEW ECONOMIES THROUGH THE LANDSCAPE IN DIFFERENT SPATIAL AND CONTEXTUAL ENVIRONMENTS.
CONSOLIDATION OF STRATEGIES TO GENERATE AN ECONOMY.
FOOD_
FARMING
DADAAB_
TEMPRARILY URBAN
SLAUGHTER SLAB DESIGN_
SECURITY_
EROSION
EASTLEIGH_
URBAN
NEW SITE COMPOSITION_
ECONOMY_
FARMING
KIBERA_
DENSE URBAN SLUM
EDUCATION_
CLASS ROOM
MAAI MAHU_
PERI-URBAN
LODUNGORU_
RURAL
MANUFACTURING KNOWLEDGE
LANDSCAPE KNOWLEDGE
LANDSCAPE ECONOMY
WASTE MANAGEMENT HUMAN RESOURCES
RECYCLING UPCYCLING EDUCATION
RESETTLING
SUSTAINABILITY
THE PROBLEM
BOTTOM UP ETHICAL ECOLOGICALLY MINDED ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE
HOW DO YOU GENERATE JOBS, INCOME AND ECONOMY, SO THE PEOPLE CAN ADDRESS THEIR OWN PROBLEMS?
L RU ODU RA NG L OR U
M PE AA RI I M -U A RB HIU AN
E UR AST BA LE N IGH
K DE IBE NS RA E UR BA N
UR LY D T E ADA M A PO B RA RI
FOREIGN AID CONSOLIDATION
SL UM
BA N
2
1
ES
1 4- FAM 6 LA PEO ILY TR PL MO IN E DU E LE PE R 1 FA M ILY
REFUSE CONSOLIDATION
NEW LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURAL FOREIGN AID APPROACH
1 5 SE 4 0 C 1 BLO 00 P TOR S C E M DI CHO KS OP OD LE U ST O LE RI L B BU LO TI CK ON P P O ER IN 1 TS SE PE CTO R R 1 SE CT 1 OR 20 CA M 4 SE 00 P 0 M CT OR PE OD S OP U LE L E
APPROACH 02 HOW CAN REFUGEE SETTLEMENTS GENERATE A GREATER LOCAL ECONOMY THROUGH ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES FACILITATED BY THE LANDACPE?
4
APPROACH 01.1 HOW CAN THE TEST RESULTS BE APPLIED TO SITE?
1 80 CO 1 P M 1 6 FAM EO MU P N W RE ATE ILIES LE ITY M FU R OD SE TA UL DR P P E UM ER S 1C PE OM R M 1 CO UN I M TY M UN 1 IT Y 1 BL 16 25 OC CO 0 P K M M E M O OD UN PL U I T E LE I
OU GENERATE INCOME, ION AND AN NOMY?
SLAUGHTER SLAB
1. ECONOMY
2. ECOLOGY
ECONOMIES
WHO
WHAT
OUTCOMES
CONNECTIONS
RESOURCES
SITUATION
REFUSE CONSOLIDATION
REFUSE CONSOLIDATION
WASTE MANAGEMENT
WASTE MANAGEMENT
CONSOLIDATE
SPECULATE
CORRELATE
INVESTIGATE
DA
DA
AB
FO
RE
IG
N
AID
CONTEXTUAL INVESTIGATION
HOW
DADAAB FOREIGN AID
ENERGY
WIND POWER
FOMRALIZE
STREET PLUG-IN
RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATION
DIVERSIFY
UPGRADE // SEQUENCING
MAAI MAHIU VOLUNTOURISM
CONSOLIDATE
ACCOMODATION
EASTLEIGH GOVERNMENT
00 TTHE HEE RE RESEAR SEA ARCH 00 THE THE APPRO OACH H
KIBERA
13
14
00 SEQUENCE
SEQUENCE
ESEARCH 01 ABSTRACTION//FOLIES//PRECEDENT
APPROACH PRECEDENT THEORETICAL APPROACH SITE ECOLOGICAL REGISTER METHODOLOGY
15
UNHCR CONTACT OPEN LETTER MARCH 2013
Hello,
Dear Sonam,
I am Sonam Sherpa a Landscape Architecture student at RMIT in Melbourne conducting my major porject on refugee camp design. I wish to travel to Kenya and investigate the Dadaab refugee camp.
Thank you for your inspiring message. We sincerely appreciate your serious interest in refugee camp design and hope that your NQRZOHGJH DQG VNLOOV ZLOO HYHQWXDOO\ EH XVHG IRU WKH EHQHÂżW RI WKH refugees in the world.
I am approaching you to help me in my endeavour to visit a refugee camp in Kenya. I will fund the trip myself and only require a guide for one or two days to any feasible site. I will stay in Nairobi and wish to board a UNHCR flight to Dadaab if and when possible. I want to visit and observe emergent design interventions in the landscape by the residents and the planners of the camps. I want to help design better quality living conditions with the same resources. I understand the issues of security, political sensitivity and resources. I have previously traveled to Japan to help with a post tsunami design program, this yielded a design handbook of ideas that was presented to the community to help restructure their communities into the future.
Most unfortunately, we cannot support your mission to Dadaab. This is because of the very volatile security situation that only DOORZV IRU WKH PRVW HVVHQWLDO ÂżHOG WULSV WR WKH FDPSV DQG ZLWK police escort. We simply do not have the security resources that would be needed to support your extensive research in the camps. Wishing you all the best in the future, Mans Nyberg 6HQLRU ([WHUQDO 5HODWLRQV 2IÂżFHU 81+&5 6XE 2IÂżFH 'DGDDE
My project is based on the research of James Kennedy ( http://www. networklearning.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_ view&gid=87&Itemid=52 ). He has conducted a study about the state of refugee camp design. I wish to further explore ideas in his work about the role of design in refugee settlements. Please read the attached document of his research. I am going to explore and investigate the viability of the UNHCR design parameters for refugee camp design as outlined in the UNHCR handbook for emergencies. First I will explore the possibilities of the parameters as a purely objective body of design research conducted remotely from Melbourne, Australia. Then I wish to see how the refugee camps are performing live. I will document through drawings of site, understanding fully the sensitivities of the situation, to record the emergent settlement morphology of the landscape and settlement. I will then travel back to Melbourne to conclude my studies through a rigorous process of test scenarios to develop a handbook of ideas for furthering refugee camp design interventions. My ideal travel time is in July as I will spend the first semester researching, designing and interrogating the current condition remotely. I require just a few days on site and I understand the sensitivities about recordings on site. Please feel free to contact me with any information about any possibilities or even a discussion about the aims of the project. If you have any resources in the form of drawings or photographs of the site that you could please pass on I would be forever grateful. Thank you, Sonam Sherpa
ACCESS
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tudelft.nl
ACCESS
00 SEQUENCE
Using published accounts of peoples expriences within the camps became a portal to understanding the mechanisms and the living conditions of the camps. DR. James Kennedy Structural Engineer PhD: Delft University on the planning of refugee camps 2008
â&#x20AC;&#x153;The problem is that a single concept has grown into the one and only standard design for refugee camps. According to the UN guidelines the shelters in a camp must be grouped around small squares. The idea behind this concept is that the squares will act as communal areas where families can mind one anotherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s children and create gardens. This led to the creation of small, semi-autonomous communities within the larger whole of the camp. This is a concept that works for people who come from communities in which the public and private spheres tend to overlap â&#x20AC;&#x201D; as is often the case in West Africa or South America. But in other types of communities this kind of layout doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t work at all.â&#x20AC;? ( Kennedy 2008)
UNHCR MODULE PRESCRIPTION 20 000 PEOPLE
423 887M2
OPEN LAND UNACCOUNTED
179 740M2
PUBLIC SPACE & PUBLIC FACILITIES 15-20% OF ENTIRE SITE
224 676M2
70 000M2
SHELTER 3.5M2 PER PERSON
SYSTEMS
Housing is not the problem. Although the resources of self-constructed shelters may vary greatly between different countries and within the same contexts, people have the ability to gradually construct their dwellings. The central problem is rather the lack of appropriate habitats where these shelters have a better chance to evolve as part of a healthy and robust system.
LANDSCAPE
With the understanding of the emperical value that shelter has for a settlement with its physical barries for protection and safety. It is a strong argument by Gouverneur that the role and focus of design needs to be shifted beyond the immediate necessesity of shelter and into the forthcoming living condition to prevent further disaster and insecurity.
David Gouverneur 2013
Cameron Sinclair. 2007 Design Like You Give A Damn: Architectural Responses To Humanitarian Crises
ACCESS
morebooks.de
Christoph Schuler Author: Out of Somalia 2012
Had we visualised the refugee camp as it really turned out to be? Acutally, we had expected worse. There are no screaming masses of people who throw themselves on the reflief organisations’ vechicles in a desperate search for food. No one is dying of thirst at the roadside, there are no bloody battles for meals and tents. The horros of refugee life do no manifest themselves as clearly as we had thought they would. (Schuler 2012)
00 THE RESEARCH 01 ABSTRACTION//FOLIES//PRECEDENT
The greatest humanitarian challenge we face today is that of providing shelter. Currently, one in seven people lives in a slum or refugee camp, and more than 3,000,000,000 people--nearly half the world’s population--do not have access to clean water or adequate sanitation. The physical design of our homes, neighborhoods and communities shapes every aspect of our lives. Yet too often architects are desperately needed in the places where they can least be afforded.
1
ES
IS
SHELTER
80 CO 1 P M 1 6 FAM EO MU P N W 2 RE ATE ILIES LE ITY M FU R OD SE TA UL DR P P E UM ER 1 S C PE OM R 1 MU CO N M I TY M UN 1 IT Y 4- FAM 1 6 P IL Y LA EO M TR PL O IN E DU E LE PE R 1 FA M ILY
400M2
P L OD O E UL TR OL E IB BL UT O IO CK N PE PO R IN 1 TS SE PE CTO R R 1 SE CT OR 1 1 BLO 16 25 C CO 0 P K M M E M O OD UN PL U IT E LE I
1 5 SE 0 C
1 BL 00 TOR 4 SCHOCKS PEO M D
4
4
1 20 CA M SE 00 P CT 0 P M OR E OD S OP U LE LE
COMMUNAL REFUSE PIT 20M3 PER 500 PEOPLE
Breaking down the modules as supplied by the UNHCR. The unaccounted space quickly presents an opportunity to begin speculating about the possibility for agriculture and livestock to address food, employment and boredom issues. The structure of the camp requires a more indepth look beyond immdeiate need for shelter.
ROADS & WALK WAYS 20-25% OF ENTIRE SITE
1KM2
17
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[01,02,03] [s,l]
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[01,03] [m,l]
[01,03,04] [m,l,o]
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[03,02,04,05] [bam,t] [bam]
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[03,05,01] [l,t,m]
[03,05,01,02] [l,t,m,lq] [b]
[03,05,01,02,04] [b,o]
PEOPLE / POPULATION
SETTLEMENT
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[02,01,03] [s,l]
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[02,03,04,05,01] [ab,o,m]
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[02,04,05,01] [am,m]
[02,04,05,01,03] [am,m,l]
[ref_01] [ref_m] [02,05] [l,t]
[02,05,01] [l,t,m] [s]
[02,05,01,03] [s,l]
[02,05,01,03,04] [s,l,o]
[absorb]
00 0 0 SEEQ QU UENC NCE NC
[ref_02] [ref_lq]
[04,01] [o,l]
[04,01,02] [o,l,lq] [cp]
[04,01,02,03] [cp,l]
[04,01,02,03,05] [cp,l,t] [b]
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[04,02,03] [am,l] [bam]
[04,02,03,05] [bam,t]
[04,02,03,05,01] [bam,t,m]
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[04,05,01,02] [o,t,m,lq] [cp]
[04,05,01,02,03] [cp,l]
18
[ref_ab]
[amoeba]
[ref_am]
[bind]
[ref_b]
]
HUMAN RESOURCES GREATER ECOLOGY
[ref_bam]
[capture]
[ref_cp]
[crust]
[ref_cr]
[ref_05] [ref_t]
[water table]
[ref_wt]
Re-odering the components systematically allows for a comprehensive understanding of the initial actions and their structural reactions over time. This process generates combinations that have their own identities seperate from their individual characteristics.
The design challenge in such communities is to guide the growth of the settlements prior to, and as they occupy new territories, in a preventive manner, introducing creative strategic and design moves during early phases of occupation while envisioning how they may evolve over time. David Gouverneur 2013
00 0 0 TTH HE RESEA ARCH 01 AB 01 ABSTRAC CTI TO ON N// //FOLIE IEES// / PREC ECED E EN E T
[bound amoeba]
[ref_04] [ref_o]
STRUCTURAL SEQUENCING
[ref_03] [ref_l]
The representation of the refugee settlements through the follies suggests the greater impact upon the landscape and questions where do the settelements sit with in the greater ecology.
TEMPORAL CONDITIONS
GUIDING SETTLEMENT GROWTH
]
STRUCTURAL OBJECTS
LANDSCAPE
The abstraction process of deconstructing the polystyrene higlighted the human element of the process and suggested that the human resources of refugee settlements need to be utilized.
19
FOREIGN AID DESIGN PRECEDENT
CURRENT APPROACHES
Undestanding Kennedy’s arugment I reflect upon projects and propsals that are more inclusive of peoples situation and their requirements for living.
openarchitecturenetwork.org
The books provides excellent precedents in backing up Kennedy’s argument. With an evolving process through reflection of built projects. The publication gives grounds for better design thinking in foreign aid design.
PUBLICATIONS
“Refugee organisations are often sent designs by architects proposing the world’s most amazing shelter. Most of them are totally unfeasible and in actual use would create more problems than they would solve. In an emergency situation the last thing people need is a spectacular, never-beendone-before, architecturally pleasing structure. What people want is a house, a place they can feel at home in.” Kennedy 2008
DESIGN LIKE YOU GIVE A DAMN 1 & 2 ARCHITECTURE FOR HUMANITY
DESIGNLIKEYOUGIVEADAMN.ARCHITECTUREFORHUMANITY.ORG
INFRASTRUCTURE
My approach has created a new “settlement inventory” and design thinking for refugee settlements globally. The ecological filter for settlement components to consolidate on all avialable resources material and immaterial can aid in facilitating a life beyond sustenance.
IS IT APPROPRIATE
MULTI-PURPOSE INFRASTRUCTURE
BULID IT
THEROETICAL APPROACH PRECEDENT
CURRENT APPROACHES
ECOLOGICAL PLANNING
00 SEQUENCE
IAN MCHARG
20
Scottish landscape architect and a renowned writer on regional planning using natural systems. He was the founder of the department of landscape architecture at the University of Pennsylvania in the United States. His book Design with Nature (1969)pioneered the concept of ecological planning.
The physical nature of refugee camps and their territorial occupation exposes the settlers to the temporal and environmental conditions specific to site. Their relationship these govenring forces will be explored through the McHarg Ecological Inventory:
Due to the variable sizes of the refugee camps and their possible global positioning the design appraoch interrogates one piece of infrastucture and it’s capabilities to perform at multiple scales with an ecological understanding and an ethically minded application.
“Let us accept the proposition that nature is process, that it is interacting, that it responds to laws, representing values and opportunities for human use with certain limitations and even prohibitions” (McHarg 1969: 7).
Climate, Geology, Hydrology, Limnology, Soils, Vegetation, and Wildlife
The process that emerges from this design research aligns with the ideas of David Gouverneur and his research on the ability of landscape aramatures to govern infromal settlements into flexible human environments.
The ecological planning is then used as a parameter in desigining and planning a refugee camp.
PARTICIPATORY DESIGN
oxfamamerica.org
Realistically a waste of large volumes of materials although the harnessing of water and provison of shetler is commendable the structure does not provide room for community development. It only facilitates what already exists.
Architecturally and culturally a very successful project. The structue provides essential infrastructures and then allows for the residents to evolve their own dwellings out of the armature.
TANGALLE, TRANSITIONAL COMMUNITY OXFAM GREAT BRITIAN TOTAL COST: $9 860 USD PER UNTI: $580
SHELTER_TRANSITION
RE-USE
The idea of providing stock materials in an application that allows for the recycling of the materials is well considerd. The community developing construction process is inclusive of the people and empowers the community. The principles of these projects collectively allow me to gain an approach towards a foreign aid design methodology. The lack of landscape architectural work in the realm of foreign aid highlights the inablity of the discipline to prove its worth. The overarching research aims become distant in thier attainability when compared to the current body of landscape architectural projects dealing with foregin aid. This stes up strong precedent for the reseach to form a base knowledge and methodolgy to allow for the further pursuit of human equality through landscape architecture.
INFORMAL ARMATURES GUIDING SETTLEMENTS
DAVID GOUVERNEUR Professor at the University of Pennsylvania’s Landscape Architecture program, who has devoted his research to the study of landscape armatures as pre-emptive systems for the upgrading of the informal city. “Informal armatures bundle infrastructural, social, water management/food production, mobility, economic, managerial and cultural strands which create the support system for future informal occupation.” Gouverneur’s approach to collating lifeworld strands through landscape armatures need to be realized in a physical manifestation of either a landform or a piece of infrastructure that can facilitate the aforementioned lifeworld strands.
Applying the two approaches of ecological planning and informal landscape armatures with my practice of environmentally sensitive and ethical landscape design. I explore refugee camp design through designing infrastructures of a refugee camp and their possibilities to become facilitators of an ecologically guided refugee settlement.
CAMP DESIGN
The publication explores the different typologies of camps across the world. It serves as an index for camp typologies and their associated theoretical approaches. The lack of spatial interrogation and cataloguing renders the book as a guidebook.
00 THE RESEARCH 01 ABSTRACTION//FOLIES//PRECEDENT
openarchitecturenetwork.org
MAHIGA HIGH RAINWATER COURT ARCHITECTURE FOR HUMANITY COST: $84 150 USD
openarchitecturenetwork.org
SHELTER ARMATURE
MISSING
NOTABLE BUILT LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS
LANDSCAPE?
QUINTA MONROY HOUSING ESTATE ELEMENTAL S.A. COST: $7500 USD INC. LAND
21
MAAI MAHIU CAMP EST 2007
3 500 PEOPLE
BUSINESS DEVELOPMNET
The study of these two particular sites was initiated due to their relative proximity of geographical location. They are both English speaking settlements and have but undergone transformations beyond temporary settlements into well established settlements. The problems of desertification, deforestation, drought and flood are faced by both settlements due to their geographical position and mass consumption of organic matter to facilitate building materials and fuel for fires. The pivotal difference between the sites are the age of settlements and the size. The differences allow for the speculation of what may develop from the younger settlement and also how it may have developed.
SHELTER TRANSITION
700 HOUSE HOLDS
IFO CAMP DADAAB EST 1991 90 941 PEOPLE
00 SEQUENCE
25 992 HOUSE HOLDS
22
HEALTH POST X 17 MOSQUE X 7 BOREHOLE X 7 PRIMARY SCHOOL X 7 GRAVEYARD X 5 INSIDE SETTLEMENT POLICE POST X 3 ISLAMIC SCHOOL X 3 SAFE HAVEN X 2 SECONDARY SCHOOL X 2 HOSPITAL X 2 MARKET AREA X 2 FIREWOOD DISTRIBUTION CENTRE X 1
FOOD DISTRIBUTION CENTRE X 1 REGISTRATION CENTRE X 1 GARBAGE DISPOSAL SITE X 1 COMMUNITY CENTRE X 1 SOCIAL HALL X 1 ADULT LEARNING CENTRE X 1 CHILD FRIENDLY SPACE X 1 UNHCR FIELD OFFICE X 1 TRANSIT CENTRE X 1 SLAUGHTER SLAB X 1 YEP CENTRE X 1
PERMANENT SETTLEMENTS? PUBLIC FACILITIES
The settlement has incramentally solidified its pemranancy through a drip feed of foreign aid and governmental assistance. Due to a comparitive quality of life the aid programs can only develop the area to a certain level before the distribution of the donations needs to move to another worth while cause. This requires interventions beyond shelter.
MISGUIDED DEVELOPMNET
The settlement morphology has not been orchestrated with the understanding of the ecological systems in mind. Their are severe erosion issues on site and their are gullies widening every day. This erosion is compounded by the deforestation that occurs due to the lack of income and the avaialbility of wood to forage and sell. The
DESERTIFICATION & SOIL EROSION
MAAI MAHIU
DADAAB
DESERTIFICATION, DROUGHT, FLOODING
unhcr.org
oxfam.org
DEFORESTATION, FLOODING, EROSION
zonu.com
The ecological disasters of drought and floods are correlated to an increasing population and a higher demand on food, building materials and firewood. This is directly connected with the quality of the soil condition. esertification is not only a land management issue but a climate change issue. This project aims to recondition soil in affected regions by embracing an ecological urbanism lens to the design of a refugee camp. The process of generating an ecological urban area with the goal of soil regeneration can be used as an educational model for preventing further displacement in areas affected by encroaching desertification.
amazon.com
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
Wangari Maathai, Kenyan environmental and political activist. 2004 Nobel Peace Prize for her contribution to sustainable development. In her publication The Challenge for Africa 2009 Maathai outlines the problems facing Africa and the promises of the future. Maathai advocates the need for Africans to belive in themselves and look within to invent and implement their own solutions, rather than relying on foreign aid and Western visions of change. Her vision has been incorperated into the design process to allow people to solve their own issues after their time of crisis is attended to.
Jeffrey D. Sachs is the Director of The Earth Institute, Quetelet Professor of Sustainable Development, and Professor of Health Policy and Management at Columbia University and President and Cofounder of Millennium Promise Alliance, a nonprofit organization aimed at ending extreme global poverty. In his publication In her publication The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time 2006. He outlines the the avenues out of extreme poverty. They are agricultural inputs, investments in basic health, improvements in education, communication services, provision of potable water and proper sanitation. The parameters outlined fit directly into the discourse of landscape architecture.
01 THE PROBLEM 02 INVESTIGATE
amazon.com
ECONOMIC CHANGE
23
CASE STUDY 01 DADAAB CAMP COMPLEX KENYA
KENYA
NORTH EASTERN PROVINCE
406 843 POP.
SOMALI REFUGEES
EST. 1991
CIVIL WAR + EAST AFRICA DROUGHT
PROBLEMS SHELTER FAMINE
SECURITY RESOURCES EDUCATION FLOOD DROUGHT DESERTIFICATION
The Somali refugee condition induced by civil war and ecological disasters over the past 20 years has resulted in major settlements of displaced Somalis in Africa and The Middle East. These settlements have been defined by their density, ecological impact, famine, security issues, susceptibility to disasters and their reliance on foreign aid. The site for this research project is the IFO West site expansion in the Dadaab complex in Eastern Kenya, 100kms west of the Somalia border, set within arid conditions of a hot dry climate. The project proceeds by comparing the UNHCR emergency handbook framework of refugee camp form with the current condition in order to discover/propose new design strategies for the expansion and structuring of the refugee camp complex. In particular, the project explores holistic management techniques and ecological processes of nitrogen fixing and biomass retention as ways of harnessing the byproducts of the refugee camp infrastructures and hence as agents of change which improve the quality of life within the camp.
SOMALI DISPLACEMENT CRISIS
LE
LD
OP
HO
24
DS
PL
OL
US EH
K 51 AKU 6 M 22 39 A 7 HO PE O 16
PL
OL E DS
US
EH
D 40 ADA 6 A 8 B 71 43 9 HO PE O
S
SE
HO
LD
LE
11 3
N 33 AIR 0 OB 66 35 I 4 HO PE U OP 19
LE
LD S
HO
E
14
T 2 ANZ 10 A 3 NIA PE OP L
00 SEQUENCE
OU
SE
K 49 ENY 1 A 9 51 61 7 0 H PE
OP
U 29 GAN 35 DA 5 PE O
54
DS
E Y E D 23 THI 22 EM 3 RIT 18 JIB 46 RE OU 8 PO 9 EN 7 44 8 A 25 T I 23 95 IA PE 7 PE 8 7 HO P PE OP OP US EO O PL LE LE PL EH PL E OL E E
E
14 9
OU
SE
E 49 GYP 1 T 5 61 17 0 H PE
S
1 001 031 SOMALI REFUGEES
DATA.UNHCR.ORG 21/05/2013
DAGAHALEY 97 725 25 446
IFO 2 WEST
IFO 2 EAST 32 671 8 152
POP. HOUSEHOLDS
29 878 7 254
IFO POP. HOUSEHOLDS
90 941 25 992
HAGADERA 137 276 42 697
0 TH 01 HE P PR RO OB BLE L M 02 IN 02 INVE NVE VEST STIIG GAT A E
POP. HOUSEHOLDS
KAMBIOOS 18 352 4 160
5.0KM
25
1.0KM
POP. HOUSEHOLDS
0.5KM
POP. HOUSEHOLDS
0
POP. HOUSEHOLDS
CASE STUDY 02 MAAI MAHIU SETTELMENT KENYA
KENYA
RIFT VALLEY PROVINCE
3 500 POP.
KENYAN REFUGEES
EST. 2007
POST ELECTION VIOLENCE
PROBLEMS OCCUPATION EROSION SECURITY ECONOMY EDUCATION FLOOD DROUGHT
5 kilometres from Maai Mahiu live 3500 people. They have been living here since 31st October 2008, after they were driven out by violence that broke out after the Kenyan general elections of 2007. After being given governmental assistance they were resettled in Maai Mahiu as a collective. The site is being fractured by seasonal gullies that have become heightened due to the deforestation occurring on site and up in the mountains in order fuel fire and build structures. There is a lack of industry and employment opportunity beyond the seasonal, situational, agricultural and labour work.
A large portion of the population is idle because they are unable to finish schooling or restart businesses due to financial restrictions enforced by the loss of businesses and capital lost in the violence and displacement process. The workforce is large and their main capital is their plot of land assigned to them.
AA
AA
DEFORESTATION AND EROSION connected systems escalates erosion due to loss of vegetation cover to stop/slow water run off from the mountains.
AA
AA
00 SEQUE 00 EQ QU UEENC NCE
ELDORET
MAAI MAHIU IDP SETTLEMENT MAAI MAHIU
26
200KM
100KM
50KM
25KM
0
NAIROBI
AREA IN ACRES
JIKAZE POP. AREA
821 17.5
VUMILIA ELDORET POP. AREA
SOUTHER STAR PRIMARY SCHOOL
1313 30
VUMILIA NAROK POP. AREA
262 7.5
NEEMA POP. AREA
208 2.5
MAONO 105 2.5
01 0 1 TH THEE PR ROB OBLE L M LE 02 0 2 IN NVEEST STIG IGAT ATTE ATE
POP. AREA
AMANI
27
1.0KM
0.5KM
0.1KM
334 8
0
POP. AREA
ECOLOGICAL REGISTER MCHARG CATEGORIES:
CLIMATE, GEOLOGY, HYDROLOGY, LIMNOLOGY,SOILS, VEGETATION
ADDITIONAL CATEGORIES:
WINDS, GEOMORPHOLOGY, LIVESTOCK
TOPOGRAPHY KENYA
Dadaab_ Gently sloping flat surface with a near by seasonal water body guiding water runoff. seasonal flooding is often exprienced due to the minimal gradient. Maai Maihu_ The area lies within a basin found between the Kijabe Hills to the northeast and the Longonot Hill to the southwest. There are no perennial rivers in the area: seasonal streams rise from the two hills and flow in a strongly radial fashion to all sides of the respective hill.
DADAAB
28
zonu.com infonet-biovision.org
0 SEQUENCE 00
MAAI MAHIU
DADAAB
MAAI MAHIU
GEOLOGY
KENYA Dadaab_ Quaternary sediments
01 0 1 THE THE PR P OB OBLE LEM M 02 2 INVE IN NV VEEST STIIG GA ATTE
Maai Maihu_ Quaternary volcanics The geology in the area consists of volcanic formations mainly produced by Mt.Longonot.
29
DADAAB
00 SEQ QUE UENC NCE
MAAI MAHIU
30
SOILS
KENYA Dadaab_ Solonetz intrazonal soil with a high saline content characterized by leaching. Maai Maihu_ Andosols (young volcanic soils) typically very fertile.
BORE HOLE SPRING
HYDROLOGY/ LIMNOLOGY
MAAI MAHIU Maai Maihu_potable spring The area is marked by lack of surface water resources and the locals used to do with a borehole drilled in the area at Maai Mahiu Secondary School. They now have a water system that was donated and is powered by a diesel generated pump that uses a spring as its source.
HYDROLOGY/ LIMNOLOGY
DADAAB Dadaab_ potale sub aquifer Accessed at many points through diesel powered pumps the site is supplied by a sub aquifer that has potable water.
sciencedirect.com
DADAAB
WINDS
MAAI MAHIU
DADAAB
MAAI MAHIU
Maai Maihu_ westerly The strong winds tha sweep across the rift valley require the orientation of buildings to be well considered. The heat and winds combined make for extreme evapoartion.
01 THE PROBLEM 02 INVESTIGATE
eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu
sciencedirect.com
DADAAB
KENYA Dadaab_ south westerly The sting winds amplify the soil erosion issues on site and wind breaks are very valuable structures for sheleter and soil retention.
31
CLIMATE
VEGETATION
KENYA
KENYA
Dadaab_ Dry and tropical, In winter there is much more rainfall than in summer
Dadaab_ Before the settlement of the refugees in Dadaab area the natural vegetation was relatively dense comprising of trees, shrubs and grasses. all of which are now sparse and seasonal.
Maai Maihu_ The area is in a semi arid climatic zone: the rift walls on either side of the Rift Valley floor affect climate, especially annual and seasonal distribution of rain
Maai Maihu_ Vegetation is a mix of shrub savannah, shrub and bush land and irrigated cropland.
Semi-Arid Agroforestry ADANSONIA DIGITATA
Semi-Arid Agroforestry BALANITES AEGYPTIACA
Semi-Arid Agroforestry CAPPARIS DECIDUA
Semi-Arid Agroforestry CAPPARIS DECIDUA
Semi-Arid Agroforestry ERAGROSTIS TEF
Semi-Arid Agroforestry PENNISETUM GLAUCUM
Semi-Arid Agroforestry SORGHUM BICOLOR
Semi-Arid Agroforestry ZEA MAYS
BAOBAB
TEFF
DESERT DATE
MWERE
MERINGA
DURRA
GOMBOR LIK
MAIZE
Semi-Arid Grassses ARISTIDA ADSCENSIONIS
Semi-Arid Grassses BOTHRIOCHLOA INSCULPTA
Semi-Arid Grassses CENCHRUS CILIARIS
Semi-Arid Grassses CYNODON PLECTOSTACHYUS
Semi-Arid Grassses DIGITARIA ABYSSINICA
Semi-Arid Grassses DIGITARIA MILANJIANA
Semi-Arid Grassses ERAGROSTIS CILIANENSIS
Semi-Arid Grassses ERAGROSTIS SUPERBA
Semi-Arid Grassses EUSTACHYUS PASPALOIDES
Semi-Arid Grassses HETEROPOGON CONTORTUS
Semi-Arid Grassses PANICUM COLORATUM
Semi-Arid Grassses PANICUM MAXIMUM
Semi-Arid Grassses SPOROBOLUS FIMBRIATUS
Semi-Arid Grassses THEMEDA TRIANDRA
Semi-Arid Legumes ACACIA ALBIDA
Semi-Arid Legumes ACACIA NILOTICA
Semi-Arid Legumes ACACIA SENEGAL
Semi-Arid Legumes ACACIA SEYAL
Semi-Arid Legumes ACACIA TORTILIS
Semi-Arid Legumes LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA
Semi-Arid Legumes MACROTYLOMA AXILLARE
Semi-Arid Legumes PHASEOLUS ACUTIFOLIU
Semi-Arid Legumes STYLOSANTHES SCABRA
Semi-Arid Legumes COMMIPHORA WIGHTII
Semi-Arid Livestock CAMELUS DROMEDARIUS
Semi-Arid Livestock BOS PRIMIGENIUS INDICUS
Semi-Arid Livestock CAPRA AEGAGRUS HIRCUS
Semi-Arid Livestock OVIS ARIES
Semi-Arid Livestock GALLUS GALLUS DOMESTICUS
NEEDLE GRASS
GREY LOVE GRASS
DROPSEED GRASS
UMBRELLA THORN
LIVESTOCK
MASAI LOVE GRASS
RED OAT GRASS
LEUCAENA
CAMEL
AFRICAN FOXTAIL
STAR GRASS
BROWN RHODES GRASS ASSEGAI GRASS
EGYPTIAN THORN
KAD
ARCHER AXILLARIS
ZEBU
TEPARY BEAN
00 SEQUENCE
KENYA Dadaab_ Animals that are as resilient and productive are the key. the adaptation to desert conditions makes the camel a pivotal component of the livestock 32 economy. Goats provide pastroalists with a livelihood.
PINHOLE GRASS
Maai Maihu_ Cattle and goats are the main livestock streams with chickens and rabbits kept at a domestic scale commonly
SOMALI GOAT
THANGARI
MAKARIKARI PANICUM
GUM-ARABIC TREE
SHRUBBY STYLO
SOMALI SHEEP
MILANJE GRASS
GUINEA GRASS
SHITTAH TREE
MUKUL MYRRH TREE
CHICKEN
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33
APPROACH
HOW CAN YOU JUSTIFY SIPHONING MONEY AWAY FROM MEDICAL ASSISTANCE FOR LANDSCAPE WORKS?
APPROACH
EMPLOY AND FACILITATE ECOLOGICAL DRIVERS TO GUIDE REFUGEE SETTELEMENTS INTO PERMANANCY.
APPROACH 01
APPROACH 01.1
APPROACH 02
APPROACH 03
HOW CAN SOIL CONDITIONING THROUGH ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND REFUGEE CAMP INFRASTRUCTURAL BY-PRODUCTS BE RESTRUCTURED AND HARNESSED TO PROVIDE FOOD AND SAFETY FOR REFUGEES?
HOW CAN THE TEST RESULTS BE APPLIED TO SITE?
HOW CAN REFUGEE SETTLEMENTS GENERATE A GREATER LOCAL ECONOMY THROUGH ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES FACILITATED BY THE LANDACPE?
HOW CAN AN ECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO DESIGNING REFUGEE SETTLEMENT ARMATURES GENERATE A GREATER LOCAL ECONOMY?
SPATIAL TESTING DESIGN STRATEGIES
DESIGN STRATEGIES DESIGN APPLICATIONS
PRECEDENTS DESIGN STRATEGIES
MAAI MAHIU DESIGN STRATEGIES
TESTING THE UNHCR RULES TO DEVELOP THE NEW STANDARDS AND TO INFORM THE FORMATION OF NEW RULES.
ANALYZING AND IMPLEMENTING DESIGN STRATEGIES AT MAAI MAHIU IDP PRIMARY SCHOOL GROUNDS.
GENERATING NEW ECONOMIES THROUGH THE LANDSCAPE IN DIFFERENT SPATIAL AND CONTEXTUAL ENVIRONMENTS.
CONSOLIDATION OF STRATEGIES FORMING NEW RULES TO GENERATE AN ECONOMY THROUGH THE LANDFROM.
LATRINES_
RULE
CONTEXT
FOOD_
FARMING
DADAAB_
TEMPRARILY URBAN
DESIGN ITERATIONS_
LIVE FENCE_
RULE
CONTEXT
SECURITY_
EROSION
EASTLEIGH_
URBAN
20-25% OF ENTIRE SITE
TAP STANDS_
RULE
CONTEXT
ECONOMY_
FARMING
KIBERA_
DENSE URBAN SLUM
Open Space
FIREBREAK_
RULE
CONTEXT
EDUCATION_
CLASS ROOM
MAAI MAHU_
PERI-URBAN
Fire Break Space
WASTE DISPOSAL_ RULE
CONTEXT
LODUNGORU_
RURAL
50 M WIDE PROVIDED FOR EVERY 300 M OF BUILT-UP AREA
ROADS_
RULE
CONTEXT
TOPOGRAPHY_
RULE
CONTEXT
RULES Land
30M2 - 45M2 PER PERSON Sheltered Space 3.5 M2 PER PERSON (TENTS, OR OTHER STRUCTURES)
TIMELINE
Environmental Sanitation 1 LATRINE SEAT PER 20 PEOPLE OR IDEALLY 1 PER FAMILY Water 15 - 20 LITERS PER PERSON PER DAY OF CLEAN WATER Tap Stands 1 PER 200 PERSONS Refuse Bin 1 X 100 LITER BIN PER 50 PEOPLE Communal Refuse Pit PIT (2 M X 5 M X 2 M) PER 500 PEOPLE Roads and Walkways
15-20% OF ENTIRE SITE AND PUBLIC FACILITIES
Wheelbarrow 1 PER 500 PEOPLE
INFRASTRUCTURAL BY-PRODUCTS
STRATEGIES
ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
SITE VISIT HOW DO YOU GENERATE JOBS, INCOME, EDUCATION AND AN ECONOMY?
REFUSE CONSOLIDATION
MANUFACTURING KNOWLEDGE
LANDSCAPE KNOWLEDGE
LANDSCAPE ECONOMY
WASTE MANAGEMENT HUMAN RESOURCES
RECYCLING UPCYCLING EDUCATION
RESETTLING
SUSTAINABILITY
APPROACH 02.0 KENYA
APPROACH 01.1 KENYA
DADAAB EASTLEIGH KIBERA MAAI MAHIU LODUNGORU
MAAI MAHIU
APPROACH 01.0 // 03.0 AUSTRALIA
00 SEQUENCE
MELBOURNE
34
DADAAB TEMPORARILY URBAN
EASTLEIGH URBAN
KIBERA DENSE URBAN
WHO_
SOMALIS
WHO_
SOMALIS
WHO_
LUO, LUYIA, NUBIAN
WHAT_
REFUGEE CAMP COMPLEX
WHAT_
URBAN REFUGEE RESETTLEMENT DISTRICT
WHAT_
URBAN SLUM
WHERE_
NORTH EASTERN KENYA
WHERE_
NIAROBI
WHERE_
NIAROBI WHY_
URBAN MIGRATION
WHY_
SOMALI CIVIL WAR AND ECOLOGICAL DISASTER
WHY_
SOMALIAN CIVIL WAR ECOLOGICAL DISASTER
APPROACH 011 APPROACH 02
APPROACH APPROACH 002 AP 2
APPROACH A PPROACH 002 PP 2
APPROACH 01
RULE
1:2000
CONTEXT
12m
DESIGN OUTCOME
100m
PRESCRIPTION
The format for the approach is to use the prescription as the catalyst for generating the design propsal of the infrastructure. The knowledge base is then overlaid upon the context based on the investigation of the Maai Mahiu live condition appraisal. The emeregent principles are then placed in the final design propsition.
CONSOLIDATE APPROACH AND OUTCOMES APPROACH 01.1
OUTCOMES
CONNECTIONS
RESOURCES
SITUATION
The application of knowledge derived from approach 01.0 is tested on site through built interventions. The interventions are then reflected upon to infrom the final design proposition.
D
TEST PRINCIPLES ON SITE APPROACH 02
REFUSE CONSOLIDATION
REFUSE CONSOLIDATION
WASTE MANAGEMENT
CONSOLIDATE OUTCOMES
WASTE MANAGEMENT
SPECULATE
CORRELATE RESOURCES
CONNECTIONS
INVESTIGATE SITUATION
DA
DA
AB
FO
RE
IG
N
AI
The investigation of the surrounding environments and their associated ecolomies, cultures and ecologies is used to generate economic generators for the Maai Mahiu settlement.
INVESTIGATE ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES APPROACH 03 The application of knowledge derived from approach 01.0, 01.1 and 02.0 are deposited into a design process to generate a landscape armature capable of generating an economy through ecological drivers.
MAAI MAHIU PERI-URBAN
LODUNGORU RURAL
WHO_
KIKUYU, KENYANS
WHO_
MAASAI, KENYAS
WHAT_
INTERNALLY DISPLACED REFUGEE SETTLEMENT
WHAT_
RURAL PASTORALISTS
WHERE_
NIAROBI
WHERE_
RIFT VALLEY POST ELECTION VIOLENCE 2007
WHY_ IST
400 YEAR OLD PASTORAL-
WHY_
TRIBAL COMMUNITY
35
APPROACH 01.1 APPROACH 02 APPROACH 03
00 THE RESEARCH 02 INVESTIGATE
CONSOLIDATE FROEGIN AID PROCESS
APPROACH 02
36
THE RULES LATRINES FENCES TAPSTANDS FIRE BREAK REFUSE BINS ROADS TOPOGRAPHY EMERGENT PRINCIPLES
37
LATRINES Rule 01 FLIES AND SMELLS Rule 02 FLOODED PITS OR COLLAPSED WALLS Rule 03 LIFE-SPAN Rule 04 CLEANLINESS AND PRIVACY Rule 05 LOCATION 0.07 cubic meters per person per year 1LATRINE PER [F] <50M,>6M
FENCES Rule 01 BASE SECURITY Rule 02 VISABILITY
TAPSTANDS Rule 01 15-20 LITRES PER PERSON PER DAY OF CLEAN WATER Rule 02 TAP STANDS 1 PER 200 PERSONS, SITED NOT FARTHER THAN 100 M FROM USER ACCOMMODATIONS
FIRE BREAK Rule 01 50 M WIDE SHOULD BE PROVIDED FOR EVERY 300 M OF BUILT-UP AREA. Rule 02 1-1.5 M BETWEEN GUY-ROPES OF NEIGHBOURING TENTS.
REFUSE BINS Rule 01 1 X 100 LITER REFUSE BIN PER 50 PEOPLE Rule 02 REFUSE PIT (2 M X 5 M X 2 M) PER 500 PEOPLE Rule 03 COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT Rule 04 DISPOSAL AND TREATMENT
ROADS
38
ROADS MUST BE “ALLWEATHER” Rule 02 LAYOUT Rule 03 VISIBILITY Rule 04 PAYLOAD
TOPOGRAPHY Rule 01 DRAINAGE Rule 02 SOIL Rule 03 CONTOURS
SQ>
17/03/2013
00 SEQUENCE
Rule 01
HOW DO YOU DESIGN BETWEEN A PERMANENT SETTLEMENT AND AN OPPRESSIVE SETTLEMENT PREFERENCING REPATRIATION, IN A SITUATION WITH AN UNFORESEEABLE END? HOW CAN THE UNHCR FORMULA GENERATE A NEW EMERGENT SETTLEMENT SEQUENCE?
APPROACH
17/03/2013
RQ>
APPROACH
HOW CAN YOU JUSTIFY SIPHONING MONEY AWAY FROM MEDICAL ASSISTANCE FOR LANDSCAPE WORKS?
EMPLOY AND FACILITATE ECOLOGICAL DRIVERS TO GUIDE REFUGEE SETTELEMENTS INTO PERMANANCY.
HOW CAN THE PLANNING PROCESS OF THE LANDSCAPE THROUGH ITS NATURAL ELEMENTS OF SOIL VEGETATION AND WATER CORRELATE WITH THE BUILT COMPONENTS OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND HOUSING PROCESSES TO DESIGN A REFUGEE CAMP SETTLEMENT MORPHOLOGY SEQUENCE?
APPROACH 01
APPROACH 01.1
APPROACH 02
APPROACH 03
HOW CAN SOIL CONDITIONING THROUGH ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND REFUGEE CAMP INFRASTRUCTURAL BY-PRODUCTS BE RESTRUCTURED AND HARNESSED TO PROVIDE FOOD AND SAFETY FOR REFUGEES?
HOW CAN THE TEST RESULTS BE APPLIED TO SITE?
HOW CAN REFUGEE SETTLEMENTS GENERATE A GREATER LOCAL ECONOMY THROUGH ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES FACILITATED BY THE LANDACPE?
HOW CAN AN ECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO DESIGNING REFUGEE SETTLEMENT ARMATURES GENERATE A GREATER LOCAL ECONOMY?
SPATIAL TESTING DESIGN STRATEGIES
DESIGN STRATEGIES DESIGN APPLICATIONS
PRECEDENTS DESIGN STRATEGIES
MAAI MAHIU DESIGN STRATEGIES
TESTING THE UNHCR RULES TO DEVELOP THE NEW STANDARDS AND TO INFORM THE FORMATION OF NEW RULES.
ANALYZING AND IMPLEMENTING DESIGN STRATEGIES AT MAAI MAHIU IDP PRIMARY SCHOOL GROUNDS.
GENERATING NEW ECONOMIES THROUGH THE LANDSCAPE IN DIFFERENT SPATIAL AND CONTEXTUAL ENVIRONMENTS.
CONSOLIDATION OF STRATEGIES TO GENERATE AN ECONOMY.
LATRINES_
RULE
CONTEXT
FOOD_
FARMING
DADAAB_
TEMPRARILY URBAN
LIVE FENCE_
RULE
CONTEXT
SECURITY_
EROSION
EASTLEIGH_
URBAN
20-25% OF ENTIRE SITE
TAP STANDS_
RULE
CONTEXT
ECONOMY_
FARMING
KIBERA_
DENSE URBAN SLUM
Open Space
FIREBREAK_
RULE
CONTEXT
EDUCATION_
CLASS ROOM
MAAI MAHU_
PERI-URBAN
Fire Break Space
WASTE DISPOSAL_ RULE
CONTEXT
LODUNGORU_
RURAL
50 M WIDE PROVIDED FOR EVERY 300 M OF BUILT-UP AREA
ROADS_
RULE
CONTEXT
TOPOGRAPHY_
RULE
CONTEXT
RULES Land
30M2 - 45M2 PER PERSON Sheltered Space 3.5 M2 PER PERSON (TENTS, OR OTHER STRUCTURES)
TIMELINE
Environmental Sanitation 1 LATRINE SEAT PER 20 PEOPLE OR IDEALLY 1 PER FAMILY Water 15 - 20 LITERS PER PERSON PER DAY OF CLEAN WATER Tap Stands 1 PER 200 PERSONS Refuse Bin
SLAUGHTER SLAB DESIGN_
Communal Refuse Pit PIT (2 M X 5 M X 2 M) PER 500 PEOPLE Roads and Walkways
15-20% OF ENTIRE SITE AND PUBLIC FACILITIES
Wheelbarrow
1 BL 00 TOR 4 SCHOCKS PEO M D P O
IS
1
16
4
1 5 SE 0 C
ES
1 4- FAM 6 LA PEO ILY TR PL MO IN E DU E LE PE R 1 FA M ILY
1 80 CO P M 1 FA EO MU 2 WA MILI PLE NIT RE TE ES Y M FU R OD SE TA UL DR P P E E UM R S 1C PE OM R 1 MU CO N M ITY M UN 1 IT Y 1 BLO 2 16 5 C CO 0 P K M M E M O OD UN PL U I T E LE I
1 PER 500 PEOPLE
NEW SITE COMPOSITION_
O LE DU TR OL LE IB BL UT O C IO K N PE PO R IN 1 TS SE PE CTO R R 1 SE CT 1 C OR 20 A M 4 0 SE 0 P CT 0 P M OR E OD S OP U LE LE
1 X 100 LITER BIN PER 50 PEOPLE
BOTTOM UP
MODULAR APPROACH
4. FIREBREAKS
5. REFUSE BINS
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02 THE THE RULES U S 02 IN INVESTIGATE NVESTIGATE V T A
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1. LATRINE
39
LATRINES Rule 01
100m
01 LLATRINE R E RADIUS A U G GUIDE D
FLIES AND SMELLS Rule 02 FLOODED PITS OR COLLAPSED WALLS Rule 03 LIFE-SPAN Rule 04 CLEANLINESS AND PRIVACY Rule 05 LOCATION 0.07 cubic meters per person per year 1LATRINE PER [F] <50M,>6M
40
12m
1:2000
Rule 01 FLIES AND SMELLS
Rule 02 FLOODED PITS OR COLLAPSED WALLS
Rule 03 LIFE-SPAN:
These can be reduced by: installing vent pipes topped with anti-corrosive screens; covering faeces regularly with ash; treating latrines with biological larvicides to control fly larvae; using fly traps, etc.; [United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1997]
These can be avoided by ensuring proper construction including having a raised superstructure, well-built base and mound, pit lining, and good drainage. Sometimes these steps are not taken because of, for instance, financial considerations. However, a large number of latrines built quickly and cheaply will not necessarily solve environmental health problems; [United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1997]
To dig a pit for excretia is not a very exciting exercise. Normally, the pit should be designed to last two to three years (the capacity of a dry pit should be at least 0.07 cubic meters per person per year). If its dimensions have not been properly calculated, people will have to dig a new pit a short time later. Community members would understandably be reluctant to do this and the site would become covered with pits, some containing un-stabilised faecal matter hazardous to human health. In addition, shortage of space limits the number of latrines which can be built; [United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1997]
Rule 04 CLEANLINESS AND PRIVACY:
Rule 05 LOCATION
Excrement Treatment
Communal installations are rarely kept clean and become unusable within a very short period of time and encourage transmission of diseases. Therefore family latrines should be preferred whenever possible. Sanitary facilities should preserve usersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; privacy. Cubicles should be partitioned off within each block. At family and individual level, sociocultural considerations often make it compulsory to build separated units for men and women. Disregard for these simple criteria might result in misuse and abandonment of facilities; [United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1997]
Groundwater pollution must be nil or at a minimum. Latrines should be at least 30 m EQUAL PARTS from any groundwater source and the bottom EXCREMENT of any latrine at least 1.5 m above the water table. Latrines must be close enough to usersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; shelters to encourage their use (not more than 50 m). They must be far enough from shelters and other buildings to prevent potential smells and pests from bothering or harming the population (at least 6 m from shelters if possible).[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1997]
COMPOST TREATMENT ASH / SOIL
FERTILE SAFE SOIL
2.5 [Y] 2 [Y]
1 [Y]
41
02 0 2 TH T E RULE RU ULE LES S 0 IN 03 INFR NFR FRAS ASTR TRUC UCTU TURA RAL TTEEST STS
LATRINE
CONSTRUCTION BY-PRODUCT
INVENTORY
PALLET
ADJACENCIES
ECONOMY
OPPORTUNITY
TRENCH LATRINE
Trenches can be used for a few months.If necessary, and where space is available, this solution can continue for longer periods, with new trenches being dug as old ones fill up.
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PIT LATRINE
The pit latrine is the most common excretia disposal system used around the world.
BORE-HOLE LATRINE Bore-hole latrines are dug with a hand auger or mechanical drill and require a smaller slab than a pit. The bore-hole is 35-45 cm in diameter and any depth up to 7 meters. The advantage of the bore-hole latrine is that it can be constructed quickly. The disadvantages are that the side walls are liable to fouling and fly breeding, they are smellier than vented systems and the risk of ground water contamination is greater because of the depth.
VENTILATED IMPROVED DOUBLE-PIT (VIDP) LATRINE
Two pits give more flexibility. A pit fills up in two to three years, and it should then stand for at least one year. This gives enough time for the night soil to dry out and decompose, so that it can be removed more easily and not pose a health hazard. While the full pit is decomposing, the other pit is used. The two pits must not be used at the same time.
01 LATRINE RADIUS GUIDE
A URINE DIVERTING DRY TOILET
42
Does not require a constant source of water. No real problems with odours and vectors (flies) if used and maintained correctly (i.e. kept dry). Can be built and repaired with locally available materials. Low capital and operation costs. Large scale nutrient recovery is a realistic possibilty. Suitable for all types of users (sitters, squatters, washers, wipers)
5()(5 72 $33(1',; /$75,1( $33$5,6$/ ',$*5$0
STAGE T 02
STAGE T 03
NO INFRASTRUCTURE -FLY TOILETS - EL NATURALE
COMMUNITY LATRINE -200-20 PEOPLE PER LATRINE -TRENCH LATRINE -PORT A LOO
PRIVATE LATRINE -4-6 PEOPLE PER LATRINE -PIT LATRINE -BOREHOLE LATRINE -ELEVATED LATRINE
INVENTORY
SEQUENCE
ECOLOGICAL DRIVER
The latrines undergo an evolution simultaneous to the settlement. The sanitation they provide is paramount in their role, but they can provide a storing and harvesting capacity for human excrement to become a valuable resource for agricultural purposes.
The latrines have to be repositioned or be emptied due to a build up of excrement. The dispersal of the excrement can be done through a burying process or a treatment and dispersal process. This ultimately leads to a reappraisal of the infrastructure and its performance.
The rule of proximity is the catalyst for a latrine radius guided settlement pattern. The latrines guide the housing formation to consolidate on the ability of the latrine to recondition the soil.
03 THE INFRASTRUCTURE 03 INFRASTRUCTURAL TESTS
E SE STA T T BL LE ISH M E EN D T
TE SE MP TT OR LE A M RY EN T
RE GI ST R EM ATI SE ER ON TT GE LE N M CY EN T
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Jean-Philippe Debus/Catholic Relief Services
STAGE T 01
43
LATRINE RADIUS GUIDE The methodology of the latrine guided housing formation is to recondition the soil by depositing human excrement into the soil. The tests speculate the viability of a dynamic communal latrine at a community scale (16 families). Eventually evolving into individual private family latrines. The proposition begins at the first stage of the refugee camp with the communal trench latrine servicing the community block the latrine is repositioned accordingly by the capacity of the trench. Private latrines are then give an (y) amount of time to be constructed.
The infrastructure first principle to arranging the housing formation tests the viability of a prescribed housing layout. Site conditions would obviously have a great deal to the application of the test. The naturally occurring vegetation, topography and water table all need to be considered in conjuction with the latrine radius guidelines. The tests speculate through two inital avenues of shelter UNHCR tents and the urquall**.
2 .25[Y]
2.25[Y]
3[Y]
42M REDISTRIBUTED EARTH
16M REDISTRIBUTED EARTH
NATURAL MATERIALS FOR SHELTER
6 COMMUNAL TRENCH LATRINES
16 PRIVATE PIT LATRINES
3
3
UNHCR TENT + URQUALL 21M2 FERTILE SOIL AREA
01 LATRINE RADIUS GUIDE
3 YEARS
3[Y]
3[Y]
3.5[Y]
84M REDISTRIBUTED EARTH
16M REDISTRIBUTED EARTH
NATURAL MATERIALS FOR SHELTER
3
9 COMMUNAL TRENCH LATRINES
3
16 PRIVATE PIT LATRINES
UNHCR TENT + URQUALL 42M2 FERTILE SOIL AREA
3.5 YEARS
44 5()(5 72 $33(1',; +286,1* 7<32/2*<
2 .25[Y]
3[Y]
70M REDISTRIBUTED EARTH
16M3 REDISTRIBUTED EARTH
10 COMMUNAL TRENCH LATRINES
16 PRIVATE PIT LATRINES
3
UNHCR TENT 35M2 FERTILE SOIL AREA
1[Y]
3[Y]
28M REDISTRIBUTED EARTH
16M REDISTRIBUTED EARTH
4 COMMUNAL TRENCH LATRINES
16 PRIVATE PIT LATRINES
3
3
3.5[Y] NATURAL MATERIALS FOR SHELTER
URQUALL X 3 14M2 FERTILE SOIL AREA
3.5 YEARS
03 THE INFRASTRUCTURE 03 INFRASTRUCTURAL TESTS
3 YEARS
45
1[Y] 28M REDISTRIBUTED EARTH 3
4 COMMUNAL TRENCH LATRINES
1[Y]
1.5[Y]
16M REDISTRIBUTED EARTH
NATURAL MATERIALS FOR SHELTER
3
16 PRIVATE PIT LATRINES
01 LATRINE RADIUS GUIDE
URQUALL X 3 14M2 FERTILE SOIL AREA 1.5 YEARS 1.5 YEARS
46
2.75[Y] 77M REDISTRIBUTED EARTH 3
12 COMMUNAL TRENCH LATRINES
2.75[Y]
3[Y]
16M REDISTRIBUTED EARTH
NATURAL MATERIALS FOR SHELTER
3
16 PRIVATE PIT LATRINES
URQUALL X 3 38.5M2 FERTILE SOIL AREA 3 YEARS 3.5 YEARS
The difference in years becomes a pivotal component in deciding which is the best suited option. The ability to delay the consumption of materials through the use of one singular latrine repositioned on site overtime can aid in allowing a democratic development process. The reconditioned excrement and soil mixture can now be planted upon to provide healthy and fast growing trees for shade, wind blocks, food and even building materials. Alternately the soil could be dispersed to create domestic gardens.
2 .5[Y]
2.5[Y]
70M REDISTRIBUTED EARTH
16M3 REDISTRIBUTED EARTH
10 COMMUNAL TRENCH LATRINES
16 PRIVATE PIT LATRINES
3
URQUALL X 2 35M2 FERTILE SOIL AREA
2.75[Y]
2.75[Y]
77M REDISTRIBUTED EARTH
16M3 REDISTRIBUTED EARTH
11 COMMUNAL TRENCH LATRINES
16 PRIVATE PIT LATRINES
3
URQUALL X 2 38.5M2 FERTILE SOIL AREA 2.75 YEARS
03 THE INFRASTRUCTURE 03 INFRASTRUCTURAL TESTS
1.5 YEARS
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LATRINE RADIUS GUIDE
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
SEQUENCE
ECOLOGICAL DRIVER
The layout inventory generates a catalouge for apporaches towards gaining better specificity of the transition of community to private latrine application. The inventory although primative and lacking site conditions accomodates for time and material constraints. The volumetric accountability of the process also allows for the parametic redistribution of the excavated soil to become a key component of the form of the site. This can bve articulated through the creation of soil bunds to negate and trap water.
The sequential orchestration of the sites although formulaic and not currently tested for temporal and social discrepancies allow for an insight into the forward thinking of the latrine as a guiding principle. The questions raised immediately are who will excavate the trenches and pits and how? What is the viability of a community wanting to share a trench latrine for up to 3 years and having it partially on their plot. Does the communal latrine require screening and how is this provided? The rationale of infrastructure first definitely puts the human condition second. The inventory then requires an reconfiguration including the human response as an additional parameter.
Turning the issues of sanitation removal and disposal into a solution allows for a greater biomass on site. But where does the ash and dry organic matter required to help treat the excrement come from? The ash could come from fire places and the dry organic matter may come from strappy plants. Education of how to treat the latrines properly so they can facilitate the biological reconditioning of the soil, becomes a major focus of the process.
LOOKOUT
LATRINE
CAROUSEL
MODULAR PLANNING STRUCTURAL CONSOLIDATION
Consoilidating on the communal trench latrine struture as a landscape aramature for soil reconditioing the design of a modular elevated structure is proposed to generate compost and work as an elevated platform for civic duty, play and security. SITE CONTEXT STRUCTURAL CONSOLIDATION
03 THE INFRASTRUCTURE 03 INFRASTRUCTURAL TESTS
LATRINE + BATHROOM
LATRINE
The principles of proximity were adhered to but the exposure of the latrines questions if screening is required or if it is a cultural consideration. I was disheartened to see such heavily fixed latrines and structures with no consideration for harnessing either urine, faeces or even biogas. The focus then shifted to the idea of using the latrine walls as an armature for the development of bath/wash rooms. This allows for at least the consolidation of the structural materials.
49
50
0 LAT 01 ATRI R NE RAD RI ADIU IUS S GU UID IDEE
51
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TE SE MP TT OR LE A M RY EN T
E SE STA T T BL LE ISH M E EN D T
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RE GI ST R EM ATI SE ER ON TT GE LE N M CY EN T STAGE T 01
STAGE T 02
STAGE T 03
NO INFRASTRUCTURE -FLY TOILETS - EL NATURALE
COMMUNITY LATRINE -200-20 PEOPLE PER LATRINE -TRENCH LATRINE -PORT A LOO
PRIVATE LATRINE -4-6 PEOPLE PER LATRINE -PIT LATRINE -BOREHOLE LATRINE -ELEVATED LATRINE
ECOLOGICAL DRIVERS STAGE 01
STAGE 02
STAGE 03
- REGIMENTED PLANNING OF (;&5(7(0(17 $5($6
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-CONSTRUCTED ARMATURE PLACING ON SITE, HOW CAN THE STRUCTRE INFORM FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS AND THE LOCAL LANDSCAPE?
01 LATRINE RADIUS GUIDE
PRINCIPLES
52
BY-PRODUCTS
ECONOMIES
SANITATION
FERTILIZER
AGRICULTURE
CONSOLIDATION
SOIL
CONSTRUCTION
DYNAMIC DEPOSTIS
CONSTRUCTION
MAINTENANCE
The latrines are already fixed in position on site. Their structural properties are now used to develop washing facilities. The fertilizing resource produced by the latrine is harder to access but the evntual emergence of an extracting service will need to be employed for the emptying of the pits when they are full. The relocation and traetment of this resource is highlighted in the maps below.
SITE COMPOSITION THE LATRINES AND HOUSES ARE USED AS STRUCTURAL ARMATURES FOR FURTHER SPECIALIZED PRIVATE SANITARY FACILITIES.
Extract sub-soil for building materials FAECAL DEPOSIT LOCATION
THE AREAS ARE DESIGNATE BY THEIR DRAINING ABILITY ALLOWING THE DEPOSITS TO LEACH THEIR NUTRIENTS INTO THE SOIL THROUGH THE WATER FLOW DICTATED BY THE TOPOGRAPHY.
Cover and plant fruit trees
03 THE INFRASTRUCTURE 03 INFRASTRUCTURAL TESTS
Deposit refuse faeces
53
FENCES Rule 01 BASE SECURITY Rule 02 VISABILITY
Rule 01 BASE SECURITY Installing fences and controlling access: Double fences with razor wires form an effective barrier. There should be more than one entrance/exit. Sensitive locations (for example, the accommodation area, communications room, generators and fuel store) may need to be surrounded by a barrier of sandbags. Procedures to control access to the compound need to be established. The fenced compound should be self-contained and equipment (e.g. spare tires, jacks, fire extinguisher, first aid kits, generators, water pumps), should be checked and maintained on a routine basis.
Rule 02 VISABILITY
54
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02 LLIVE VE FENCEE AGRO-ECOLOGY AGRO G -ECOL OLOGY G
Fences should be set back some 5 to 7 m from roads to provide adequate visibility for pedestrians and vehicles.
HOW CAN THE INFRASTRUCTURE OF A REFUGEE CAMP THROUGH THE LANDSCAPE AND ITS SOIL PROVIDE FOOD AND SAFETY FOR RESIDENTS?
55
02 THE RULES 03 INFRASTRUCTURA RA AL TEEST STS
FENCE
CONSTRUCTION BY-PRODUCT
INVENTORY
PALLET
ADJACENCIES
ECONOMY
OPPORTUNITY
WOODEN STICKS Trenches can be used for a few months.If necessary, and where space is as fill up.
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Trenches can be used for a few months.If necessary, and where space is as fill up.
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LIVE FENCE
VISION
02 2 LIV IVE FE F NC NCEE AG AGRO GRO O-EECO COLO LOGY GY
It became apparent in the early stages of the investigation that a vision was required to direct the research. The large pastoralist community that had become settled in the Dadaab camp became the catalyst for an aro-pastoralist settlement guided by ecological drivers.
56
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STAGE T 02
STAGE T 03
CAMP SECURITY -WIRE FENCES
PERSONAL SECURITY -BASIC SECURITY FENCE, FORAGED STICKS AND BARBED WIRE
ESTABLISHED BARRIER -LIVE FENCE CULTIVATION OF BIOLOGICAL FENCE
INVENTORY
SEQUENCE
ECOLOGICAL DRIVER
The fencing strategies are initially very confrontational and employ barbed/ razor wire and throned plants. The development use of these barriers reflects the insecurity felt by the residents.
Starting with a primitive structure and then evolving parallel to the settlement the fences evolve to reflect the lifestyles of the residents. The foresight of live fencing needs to be coordinated with the possibility of eventual agricultural activity.
The recognition of legume species being used in African nations as live fences becomes the catalyst for the concept. The biological nitrogen fixing capabilities of the species are employed to generate an argo-pastoral community.
03 TH 03 T E IN INFR FRAS ASTR TRUC UCTU URE 03 IN 03 INFR FRA AS STR T UC U TU TURA RAL TE TEST STS TS
E SE STA T T BL LE ISH M E EN D T
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RE GI ST R EM ATI SE ER ON TT GE LE N M CY EN T STAGE T 01
57
LIVE FENCE AGRO-ECOLOGY Live fencing is a common practice in the camps and in Africa the live fence is a source of protection, food and fodder. Exploring the capabilities of the fence as a settlement generator, the form generated is a circle that is informed by the root ball of the Acacia trees. The legume species are used for their nitrogen fixing biological properties as the catalyst for the live fence startegy. The natural occurance of the tree species Acacia tortilis confirms the viabilty of the biological methodology as the apporach to soil conditioning as a by-product of a structural security initiative. The strategy works through a cycle the biological process of nitrogen fixing using particular plant species (legumes indexed in the ecological register page**)and animal excrement with a crop rotation cylye to genrate a fertile productive agro-patoral settlement.
NITROGEN FIXING CYCLE BIOLOGICAL CONSOLIDATION
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58
NITROGEN FIXING CYCLE CONSOLIDATION
COMPANION PLANTING
ROOTBALL AREA
SECURITY/SHELTER
02 LIVE FENCE AGRO-ECOLOGY FODDER
BIOLOGICAL PROCESS
SETUP FENCE PLANTING SOIL CONDITIOING FULL CYCLE INITIATION
NITROGEN FIXING CYCLE SURFACE AREA
The sequence of the live fence to realize its potential as an agro-pastoral generator has to be initiated at the start of the settlement once shelter is addressed. The distribution of either seedlings or seeds has to be accounted for to realize the proposal. Once the species are established the cycle can start its initial soil conditioning phase. This consists of treating the soil with sacrificial legumes ( Phaseolus acutifolius ) that can be used for livestock feed. The soil can then begin to produce substantial food for the residents and can start to initiate a crop live stock management system.
NITROGEN FIXING CYCLE CROP ROTATION
CROP CYCLE
LEGUME CYCLE 03 THE INFRASTRUCTURE S C 03 INFRASTRUCTURAL TESTS
NITROGEN FIXING CYCLE
FOOD SOUCRE CYCLE
FODDER CYCLE
MANUAL PROCESSING
The crop rotation scheme works in conjunction with a crop livestock management strategy. This alternation of crops and land once established can become removed from further foreign aid. The intense farming system does require water but with the aid of the ecological register (p**) the planting and livestock can be managed accordingly.
59
IFO 2 WEST EXPANSION SITE
02 LIV 02 IVE FFEENC N E AG A R RO O-E -EC CO OLO L GY G
AA
60
IFO 2 WEST EXPANSION SITE
LIVE FENCE AGRO-ECOLOGY Placing the individual plots (family module)as a collective (community module)to generate the form of a larger settlement presents an issue of a dislocation of community. The larger afforded space now become almost cell like in their containment. The heightened security of a double layered live fence and a productive land in between isolate the residents within their own plot possibly making the settlement less safe due to the insular form of the housing plot. Using the form as a catalyst the initial boundaries are set to be used as a guide only and I speculate the possible emergence of common ground.
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SCALE
15M
30M
15M
02 0 2 LIVE IV VE FFEENC NCEE AG AGRO RO O--EECO OLO LOGY GY Y
The size of a Somali family (being Musilm) can number from 6-12 with the grand parents also living with the family. This afforded the pods a greater size due to the person to m2 ratio. The size of the internal family housing plot allows for multiple rooms guided by a personal account () Which shows the need to compartmentalize the family unit. The secondary space allows for a surface area great enough to facilitate a domestic livestock and subsistance farming.
0.2KM
0.1KM
0
62
YEAR 0.5
03 TH 03 THE IN NFR FRAS A TR RUC U TU URE R 03 IN 03 INFR FRAS ASTTR RU UC CTTU UR RA AL TE TEST STS
The initial foundation of the pod layout now becomes the guidelines for the strategy. At year 0.5 the housing is clustered towards the trees on site for protection and structural capacity.
0.4KM
63
FORMATIONS The testing of formations through a sepculative lens allows for the foresight into the grouped conditions. The possibility of skipping the first guideline stage at the moment of registration for a community, large family or friendship would allow for better placement within the community module.
0.2KM
0.1KM
0
64
YEAR 2
0 TTH 03 HE INFR IN NFR F AS ASTR TRUC TR U TU UC TURE R 03 IN 03 INFFR RA AS STR TRUC UCTTU URA RAL TE TES STTS
The establishment of the family and or community allotments take place and the residents consolidate on the inital reconditioned soil. The benefit of amalgamating plots allows for land consumption beyond the inital guidelines. The possibility of land grabbing does become a concern but the land requires work and extra materials which place a financial barrier upon it.
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The incremental reconditioning of the soil is starting to shape the future of the settlement. The consolidation of land begins to suggest that a life beyond sustenance can be grafted out from the situation. The development of shared spaces, common ground and demarcated boundaries begin to form the basis for the agro-pastoral settlement.
67
LIVE FENCE
CONTEXT - MAAI MAHIU
Contextually the Maai Mahiu settlement employed techniques of live fencing strategies to facilitate secuirty. The byproducts of the fences that emerged were the genesis of a micro climare and the growth of organic building material. The layoout of the fence was based on the border of the plot. In some cases the walkway/entrance to the house an avenue was created. COMPANION PLANTING MICRO CLIMATE CREATED
COMPANION PLANTING
ACCOMODATION OF PLANT FORM
WORN PATHS
COMMON GROUND
LIVE FENCE
CONTEXT - LODUNGORU
Investigation of a pastoralist settlement to test the formation generated from the live fence strategy revealed a similar double walled formation. The pastroalists had structural formations to keep out wildlife from attacking their livestock, mainly hyeanas. The emergence of micro climates allowed for the genesis of forage for the livestock.
ENHANCED SECURITY
02 LIV 02 IVEE FE FENC N E AG A RO O-ECO -EECO COLO LO OGY Y
CONCENTRIC FENCE
68
COMPANION PLANTING
EMERGENT MIRCO CLIMATE
CATTLE GOUNDS
ORGANIC MATTER DEPOSITED
GROWING BUILDING MATERIAL
ORGANIC COMPONENTS
GROWING BUILDING MATERIAL
ESSENTIAL FORM
ALTERNATE LIVING ARRANGEMENT
INNER HOUSING FENCE
INCREASED SECURITY
03 3 IIN NFFR RAS A TR TRUC CTU T RA RALL TE TEST S S ST
DEVELOPING STRUCTURE
69
MAAI MAHIU
LODUNGORU NAIROBI
HOUSING AND LIVING
25KM
PASTORALIST HOUSING
WHAT IS A PASTORALIST LIFESTYLE IN KENYA? Investigation of a pastoralist settlement near the Maai Mahiu settlement was conducted to explore the lifestyle, culture and spatial configurations of the people. The study of the interaction with the land was carried out in July which is the dry season, the landscape reflected this with dry grasses and low water reserves. The commodity based income of the people allowed for a relaxed slow paced life. With my visit coinciding with the dry season crops were barren and were waiting the rains of September. Their main commodity of livestock were exported only when required and the distribution of manure as a fertilizer and as a building product were also capitalized upon.
70
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The time line below was constructed through discussion with one of the pastoalists. Although this is the sequence of an “average“ day this point of view is from a young matured male who runs his livestock.
BR AK EA E KF UP AS T -T
02 LIVE FENCE AGRO-ECOLOGY
The genesis of ideas for future scenarios involving livestock and pastoralist lifestyles were informed by this 3 days excursion to the Lodungoru community. The journalistic approach employed towards understanding the community and culture to develop future ideas from their lives is incredibly important and something I could not have gained through remote speculation alone.
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71
NOMADS
03 THE INFRASTRUCTURE S C 03 INFRASTRUCTURAL TESTS
ES EP T
WATER SOURCES
FENCING
E SE STA T T BL LE ISH M E EN D T
TE SE MP TT OR LE A M RY EN T
RE GI ST R EM ATI SE ER ON TT GE LE N M CY EN T STAGE T 01
STAGE T 02
STAGE T 03
CAMP SECURITY -WIRE FENCES
PERSONAL SECURITY -BASIC SECURITY FENCE, FORAGED STICKS AND BARBED WIRE
ESTABLISHED BARRIER -LIVE FENCE CULTIVATION OF BIOLOGICAL FENCE
ECOLOGICAL DRIVERS STAGE 01
STAGE 02
STAGE 03
- DEPLOYMENT OF NONCONFRONTATIONAL BARRIERS IN CONJUNCTION WITH INITIAL BOUNDARY SETUP.
- DISTRIBUTION OF SUSTAINABLE SECURTIY STRUCTURES, IMMEDIATE INTEGRATION OF RESOURCE MANAGENET IN CONJUCTION WITH ECOLOGICAL CONSTRAIONTS ON SITE. PLANTING OF LIVE FENCE.
-INCREASE ESTABLISHMENT OF LIVE FENCE IN CONJUCTION WITH COMPANION PLANTING AND SUSTAINABLE PLANT MATERIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY.
02 LIVE FENCE AGRO-ECOLOGY
PRINCIPLES
72
BY-PRODUCTS
ECONOMIES
SECURITY
NUTRIENTS
AGRICULTURE
ADJACENCIES
STRUCTURE
RESOURCE
CONSOLIDATION
MATERIALS
LIVESTOCK
SITE COMPOSITION THE FENCES ARE EMPLOYED AS INFORMAL BARRIERS. THIER ABILITY TO PRODUCE FRUIT AND CONDITION THE SOIL AS THIER PRIMARY APPLICATION.
The application of the live fence strategy uses the ecological register to deploy the strategy to the Maai Mahiu site. Three key species are chosen for their suitability to site and their production and conditioning capabilities.
Live Fence ACACIA ALBIDA
Live Fence CAPPARIS DECIDUA
Live Fence CAPPARIS DECIDUA
USES: - Provides fodder. - Stops soil erosion. - Conditions soil. - Live fencing
USES: - Provides fruit and fodder. - Stops soil erosion. - Coppices well. - Live fencing
USES: - Provides fruit and fodder. - Stops soil erosion. - Coppices well. - Live fencing
LIFESPAN: - Live up to 50 years.
LIFESPAN: - Live up to 40 years.
LIFESPAN: - Live up to 40 years.
MERINGA
GOMBOR LIK
03 THE INFRASTRUCTURE 03 INFRASTRUCTURAL TESTS
KAD
73
74
75
TAPSTANDS
200m
Rule 01 15-20 LITRES PER PERSON PER DAY OF CLEAN WATER Rule 02 TAP STANDS 1 PER 200 PERSONS, SITED NOT FARTHER THAN 100 M FROM USER ACCOMMODATIONS
Tap
Rule 01 WATER VOLUME Calculate on at least 15 litres per person per day. Absolute minimum survival allocation is 7 litres per day.
1:4000
Rule 02 DISTANCE AND RATIO Experience shows that water distribution to small, socially cohesive groups of 80 to 100 persons reduces water wastage considerably and reduces destruction of taps, standposts and concrete aprons. The water distribution point is more likely to be kept well drained and hygienic and the waste water used to irrigate communal or individual vegetable gardens.
WATER R TOW TOWER ER R
03 COMMUNITY M U T TAP STTA ANDS S
BO ORE HOL O E
76
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WA ATER FILT L ER TTAP P STAND T N
77
02 2 TH THEE RU ULE L S 03 IN 03 NFR RAS STR T UC UCTU CTU TURA AL TEEST STS
WATER
CONSTRUCTION BY-PRODUCT
WATER SUPPLY INVENTORY
MATERIAL PALLET
BYPRODUCT ADJACENCIES
ECONOMY
ECONOMY OPPORTUNITY
reliefweb.int
TRUCK Delivery methods may be able to sustain a temporary settlement. But the overwhelming cost of the service quickly adds up and the provision of ground water or water service infrastructure is required.
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The main issue of the bore-hole water source is the generators required to operate them . The use of the sustainable energies should be employed to facilitate the pumps. Alternately human powered mechanisms should be explored.
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NATURAL WATER BODY
03 CO 03 COMM MMUN U ITY ITTY TAP A STANDS DS
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BORE-HOLE
78
STAGE T 02
STAGE T 03
NO INFRASTRUCTURE -NATURAL WATER BODIES, SEASONALLY AFFLICTED
TRANSPORTED SUPPLY -WATER HOLDING INFRASTRUCTURE, -WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
MECHANIC PUMP -WATER HOLDING INFRASTRUCTURE, -WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
INVENTORY
SEQUENCE
ECOLOGICAL DRIVER
Water is a common sustenance denominator everyone requires it. The inventory displays the three main avenues to access the water. The daily requirement of water suggests that the spaces the water is distributed from can be come a distribution point for other commodities.
The initial surface sourcing of water gets exhausted very quickly and the water bodies are seasonally affected. Small and local water catchments attached to shelters can help soften the impact but the necessity to access ground water is paramount in alleviating water issues. The delivery of water from off site is a last resort and is very costly. Due to the precious nature of water it must be managed properly.
Any wasted water must be capitalized upon. The ability of the vegetation to filter the water and also capitalize on run off water suggests that a plant based environment may be able to shelter the water stations and provide food and building materials as well.
03 3 TH THEE IN NFR FRAS RAS ASTR STRUC TR RUC U TURE TU URE 03 IIN 03 NFFR RAS ASTTR RUC UCTTU URA RAL TTEEST STS
TE SE MP TT OR LE A M RY EN T
E SE STA T T BL LE ISH M E EN D T
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reliefweb.int
RE GI ST R EM ATI SE ER ON TT GE LE N M CY EN T
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STAGE T 01
79
HYBRID The ability for the water points to become multipurpose nodes for distribution and civic services requires the space to be highly considered. The methodology for this infrastructure becomes the insertion of other programs into the space to generate a community based space that consolidates on the common ground and the irrigated vegetation.
PLAYGROUND HYBRID
03 3 CO COMM MM MUN UNIT ITTY TAP STANDS D
The collection of water is a predominantly a female task. During this task the children accompany the women. Using the children as a catalyst the women can safely watch over their children as they play in a sheltered space. The any excess water from run off can irrigate the vegetation. The ability of mechanisms that harness energy from childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s activities can be employed to power the pump or generate electricity. The space as a water point can become a community hub for women and children to gather even when not sourcing water.
80
SHELTER HYBRID
03 3 TH T E IN INFR FR RAS STR T UC UCTU T REE TU 03 0 3 IN INFR NFFR RAS ASTR TRU UC CTTU UR RA AL TTEES STTS
The addition of sheter to the space allows for an open application of uses for the settlement. Speculatively it may be used as a meeting point during times of severe weather. Alternatively it may be used to facilitate schools and community meetings until the specific spatial arrangemets are made to accomodate civic infrastructres. The constant supervision of the space through occupation of the sheltered space allows for surveillance of the water resource on a community level.
81
0 CO 03 C MM MMUN UNIT UN ITTY TAP ITY P STANDS S
Distribution of plants and organic matter becomes an integral part facilitating an agropastoral settlement. The relative ease of cultivating plant stock with ample sunlight and warm temperatures is the catalyst for inserting the nursery and plant production facility at the water point. The use of excess water can be consolidated on through irrigation of the nursery. The concept for empowering women through planting trees was and is still being employed through the Wangari Maathai green belt movement. The main focuses of the association are community empowerment and education, tree planting and advocacy. The simple aims of the movement are guided by education of ecological systems and the management of ecosystems. Although simple in methodology the ability to teach people beyond their traditional knowledge allows changes at a local scale with greater affect at a larger scale.
82
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PLANT NURSERY HYBRID
KITCHEN HYBRID
03 3 TH THE HE IN NFR FRAS A TR AS RUC UCTU TURE TU RE 03 IN 03 INFFR RA AS STR TRU UC CTU TURA RAL TE TES STTS
With the a large consumption of water for cooking the addition of cooking facilities on site allow for shared cooking resources and fuels. Speculatively the resource consolidation could free up money and organic materials for alternate needs and requirements. The cooking infrastructure produces an area of communal dining which can help galvanize the community through a food share scheme. The cooking infrastructure provides an armature for a small market to operate and sell or barter produce through. The infrastructure provided in this scenario is a solar cooker which harnesses the suns energy and condenses it into a heat source for cooking. Alternatively low resource cookers like rocket stoves may also be used.
83
ADJACENT ECONOMY
OPPORTUNISTIC ENTERPRIZE
WATER DIRECTION
RUN OFF
EXCESS WATER GUIDANCE
OPPORTUNISTIC WAT
TAP STAND
CONTEXT - MAAI MAHIU
The water was sourced from a near by spring and the infrastructure allowed fro the residents to have access to water at all times. The placement of the water taps on site was done with a diplomacy and the even distribution saw no one tap inundated with people or cues. The tap stands were being misused and opportunistic interventions were noted. The ability of the water points to harbour thriving vegetation and become an armature for water related programs transpired from the observations. EXCESS WATER
03 3 CO COMM M U UN NIT I Y TAP P STANDS
EROSION PROBLEMS
84
COMPANION PLANTING
SHADING OF TANKS REQUIRED
N
TER GUIDANCE
WATER CONSOLIDATION IRRIGATION OF CROPS
OPPORTUNISTIC IRRIGATION
COMMUNITY INITIATIVE
DIRECT WATER APPLICATION
EVAPORATION PREVENTION
TAP STAND
CONTEXT - LODUNGORU
The water was harnessed in reservoirs was shared by both humans and cattle. The ability of the locals to drink this water did not necessitate a separation of sources. The water was primarily used for cooking and occasionally for washing. The water bodies could facilitate greater output from adjacent plant life for food and material production purposes.
WATER GATHERING
SAFER METHODS REQUIRED
03 TH THE HE IN INFR NFR FRAS A TR TRUC UCTTU UC UR REE 03 0 3 INFR IN NFFR RA AS STR TRUC UCTTU URA RAL TE TES STTS
COMPANION PLANTING
PRODUCTIVE PLANT POSITIONING
85
TE SE MP TT OR LE A M RY EN T
E SE STA T T BL LE ISH M E EN D T
kanere.org
reliefweb.int
RE GI ST R EM ATI SE ER ON TT GE LE N M CY EN T
kanere.org
STAGE T 01
STAGE T 02
STAGE T 03
NO INFRASTRUCTURE -NATURAL WATER BODIES, SEASONALLY AFFLICTED
TRANSPORTED SUPPLY -WATER HOLDING INFRASTRUCTURE, -WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
MECHANIC PUMP -WATER HOLDING INFRASTRUCTURE, -WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
STAGE 01
STAGE 02
STAGE 03
-CONSIDERED WATER ALLOCATION AND CAMP PLANNING ACCORDING TO WATER SOURCE.
- KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEMS ON WATER MANAGEMENT AND USE
-WATER RUN OFF CONSOLIDATED THROUGH PLANTING ARRANGEMENT
ECOLOGICAL DRIVERS
03 COMMUNITY TTAP STA T NDS
PRINCIPLES
86
BY-PRODUCTS
ECONOMIES
HYDRATION
COMMUNITY SPACE
AGRICULTURE
CONSOLIDATION
SECURITY
MARKET
DISTRIBUTION
ADVOCACY
KNOWLEDGE
Water runoff is consolidated with a propagation facility constructed and placed adjacent to the water point. The live application here captures the runoff of the water point at the Southern Star School. The greenhouse allows for the nuturing of plant stock before its eventual planting out. The plants cultivated here are used for soil erosion control.
SITE COMPOSITION THE PLANTS ARE CULTIVATED ARE USED FOR THE LIVE FENCE STRATGEY AND THE SOIL EROSION CONTORL STRATEGY.
SITE COMPOSITION WATER IS CAPTURED IN A SIMLIAR APPLICATION AS THE PASTORALISTS COMMUNITIES. THE WATER IS HARNESSED TO SUPPLY WATER TO THE LIVESTOCK AND CREATE A MICRO ECOLOGY FOR THE FRUITION OF PLANT COMMUNITIES.
WATER POINTS ARE PRIMARILY FOR THEIR REFUSE TO IRRIGATE A PORPIGATION FACILITY. THE POINTS ARE USED AS DISTRIBUTION POINTS FOR THE PLANT MATERIAL
03 THE INFR RASTRUC CTU TURE RE 03 INFRASTRUCTURAL TESTS
SITE COMPOSITION
87
FIRE BREAK Rule 01 50 M WIDE SHOULD BE PROVIDED FOR EVERY 300 M OF BUILT-UP AREA. Rule 02 1-1.5 M BETWEEN GUY-ROPES OF NEIGHBOURING TENTS.
Rule 01 DISTANCE
04 FIREBREAK R R K CONSOLIDATION O O D I
As a rule of thumb a firebreak (area with no buildings) 30 m wide is recommended for approximately every 300 m of built-up area. In modular camps firebreaks should be situated between blocks. This area will be an ideal for growing vegetables or recreation. If space allows, the distance between individual buildings should be great enough to prevent collapsing, burning buildings from touching adjacent buildings. The distance between structures should therefore be a minimum of twice the overall height of any structure, if building materials are highly inflammable (straw, thatch, etc.) the distance should be increased to 3 to 4 times the overall height. The direction of any prevailing wind will also be an important consideration.
88
300m
100m
1:4000
89
02 THE THE RU RULE LES S 03 0 3 IN INFR FRAS ASTR T UC TR UCTU TURA RALL TE TEST STS S
FIRE BREAK
CONSTRUCTION BY-PRODUCT
INVENTORY
PALLET
OPEN SPACE
ADJACENCIES
ECONOMY
OPPORTUNITY
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The application of roads integrated into the fire breaks can minimise the total amount of space required to be cleaned.
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The low lyig nature of certain crops can be employed as a ground stablizer whilst providing food and income and a minimal amount of fuel in the event of fire.
$;(6 +2(6
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reliefweb.int
Clearing land to achieve the space. The open spaces must be correctly calibrated to respond to the topographic and built conditions.
voanews.com
TRANSPORT ROUTE
04 FFIIRE R BR REAK EA AK CO CONS N O OLLID DATIO IO N
xikmo.com
AGRICULTURE
90
5(6285&(6
E SE STA T T BL LE ISH M E EN D T
dadaabrefugee.org
TE SE MP TT OR LE A M RY EN T
RE GI ST R EM ATI SE ER ON TT GE LE N M CY EN T
un.org
dadaabrefugee.org
STAGE T 02
STAGE T 03
LAND CLEARING -5(6285&( (;75$&7,21
DEMARCATION -VIODS ESTABLISHED -OPENSPACE NETWORKS EMERGE
TRANSPORT -DISTIBUTION CAPACITY CONSOLIDATED
INVENTORY
SEQUENCE
ECOLOGICAL DRIVER
The void form of the firebreak and its main purpose of negating fire informs the landform. The potential in the void emerges as a transport route and as an open space network. Ultimately the initial clearing of the firebreak initiates erosion and wind tunnel effects. A vertically lower lying crop would help retain the soil condition as well as possibly generate food.
The clearing of the land should be avioded but the immediate requirement of materials suggests otherwise. The foresight of using the firebreaks as agro-environmental infrastructure to negate water to maximise agricultural capacity would allow for a parallell flood prevention sytem to be employed through the levels of the land and diversion techniques.
If the fire breaks are excavated in conjunction with the topography this would allow for the guidance and catchment of water. The possibility of the firebreaks to become vegetative corridors can also help stop soil erosion and act as windbreak for the settlers too.
03 THE TH HE INFR IN NFFR RAS ASTR T U UC CTU T REE 03 IIN 03 NFFR RAS ASTR TRUC UCTU TURA RAL TE TES STTS
STAGE T 01
91
AGRO-ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE Simple non-resource intensive interventions can be made in and upon the landscape through the mitigation of water via the topography. Employing the methodology of water management to prevent soil erosion whilst harnessing an agricultural resource forms the landscape to become a vital tool for mitigating floods, preventing disease and providing sustenance.
WATER CHANNEL The excavation of a water channel works on the current strategy of clearing a void but with the additional process of creating a water mitigation device that also prevents the spread of fire. The methodology of the channel can then be applied at smaller scales to become part of a greater system and smaller channels can run along the housing plots and feed into the larger channels. The excavation process can generate a topsoil bank which can be used for additional topsoil.
04 4 FI FIRE REBR BR B REA EAK CO CON NS SOL O ID IDAT ATIO AT ON
Increased yields due to drainage of agricultural lands in areas where flooding is problematic.
92
fao.org
DIVERSION DITCHES
HUSBANDRY The formation of bunds to hold water in times low rainfall can facilitate micro ecologies capable of sustaining plant life and producing food. The application of the water holding basins across the slope of the topography can help prevent soil erosion and allow a greater retention of biomass. The micro ecologies can also become places of passive recreation for the people. The sustenance of plant life can be used as forage for the livestock if accordingly managed to the ecological register (p25).
Management of water use allows crops to survive in low rain fall periods. Increased diversity helps against pests and diseases.
03 3 TH HE IN INFR NFR FRAS A TTR RUC U TU URE RE 03 IIN 03 NFFR RA AS STTR RU UC CTU TURA RAL TTEES STTS
fao.org
HUSBANDRY
93
VEGETATION CORRIDOR
04 0 4 FI FR REEBR B EA EAK CO CONS NS O OLLIID DAT A IIO ON
The motives for dense the vegetation corridor strategy are to prevent soil erosion, provide wind breaks and provide forage for livestock. The methodology is to place the corridor in the middle of the firebreak at a distance far enough from any structures and tress so that it does not provide additional fuel for fires.
94
FORAGE msf.org.au
The methodology for the strategy is to retain the inital landscape vegetation surface condition. The landscape systems occuring parallel to the ecosystems are well defeined and articulated with minimal intervention the land can sustain a seasonally producing cultivation bed. The vegetation provides a bank of plant material for propagation purposes and forage for livestock. Although a simple idea the ability to control resource extraction becomes the main issue.
RATIO
The corridors are compared to the other strategies to test firebreaks performance 10M
55M
35M
10M
15M
55M
0 TH 03 HE IN INFR RAS A TR TRUC RUC UCTU CTU TUREE 03 0 3 IIN NFR FRAS ASTR TRUC UCTTU URA RAL TTEEST STS
25M
95
SECURITY
SPATIAL VOID ENHANCES SECURITY
NON-CONTEXTUAL ORIENTATION NON-ADHERENCE TO TOPOGRAPHY
TAP STAND
PATHWAY BREAK
04 FI 04 F RE R B BR REAK EA AK CO CONS NSOL OLID I ATIO ON
SMALL SCALE BREAK
96
un.org
FLOOD
un.org
Speculatively from visual accounts the firebreaks afford an open space network but they are primarily a protection device. The security offered is from fires and intruders. But the possible protection from flood shouls also be integrated into the planning process. The grid settlement pattern does not adhere to the topographical condition of site. This suggests a top down approach that needs to be rectified.
PLAY
CONTEXT - DADAAB
LAND CONSOLIDATION
AGRICULTURAL APPLICATION
SETTLEMENT PATTERN
VOID MAINTATINED AT SMALL SCALE
NATURAL FIRE BREAK
EROSION ENHACED GULLY
TAP STAND
CONTEXT - MAAI MAHIU
RECREATION
The size of the settlement didn’t require the large fireworks implemented at Dadaab. The open spaces were utilized in the forms of large passive fields and agricultural land. The natural occurrence of gullies in the landform have become large voids through the process of exponential erosion due to deforestation. These work unofficially as a firebreak.
AGRICULTURAL LAND CONSOLIDATION
HOUSING EXPOSURE
LOW LYING VEGETATION COVER
03 0 3 TH THEE IN INFR F AS ASTR TRUC TR UC U CTU T RE R 03 0 3 IN INFR FRAS ASTTR RUC UCTU TURA RAL TTEEST S S
TREE POPULATION
97
TE SE MP TT OR LE A M RY EN T
E SE STA T T BL LE ISH M E EN D T
dadaabrefugee.org
un.org
RE GI ST R EM ATI SE ER ON TT GE LE N M CY EN T STAGE T 01
STAGE T 02
STAGE T 03
LAND CLEARING -5(6285&( (;75$&7,21
DEMARCATION -VIODS ESTABLISHED -OPENSPACE NETWORKS EMERGE
TRANSPORT -DISTIBUTION CAPACITY CONSOLIDATED
STAGE 01
STAGE 02
STAGE 03
-CONSIDERED WATER ALLOCATION AND CAMP PLANNING ACCORDING TO WATER SOURCE.
- KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEMS ON WATER MANAGEMENT AND USE
-WATER RUN OFF CONSOLIDATED THROUGH PLANTING ARRANGEMENT
ECOLOGICAL DRIVERS
04 FIREBREAK CONSOLIDATION
PRINCIPLES
98
BY-PRODUCTS
ECONOMIES
SAFETY
CONSOLIDATION
AGRICULTURE
DIVERSITY
SAFETY
LIVESTOCK
PRESERVATION
WATER HARNESSING
MARKET
The firebreak is used as football field currently and its a great source of pleasure for the residents. Consolidating on the slope and the topography allows for the collection of water for irrigation and animal consumption.
SITE COMPOSITION
03 THE INFR 03 INFRAST
THE FIREBREAK RETAINS ITS FORM OF AN OPEN SPACE FOR SPORTS AND RECREATION USES WHILST MITIGATING WATER AND PROVIDING PASTURE.
99
100
101
REFUSE BINS Rule 01 1 X 100 LITER REFUSE BIN PER 50 PEOPLE Rule 02 REFUSE PIT (2 M X 5 M X 2 M) PER 500 PEOPLE Rule 03 COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT Rule 04 DISPOSAL AND TREATMENT
15m 1:4000
Rule 01 STORAGE Storage: metal drums can be used as refuse bins at individual dwelling level. A 200 litre drum cut in half is often used. Bins should have lids if possible and drainage holes in the bottom. A ratio of one container (100L capacity) per 10 families has proved to be effective. The containers should be placed throughout the site in such a manner so that no dwelling is more than about 15 meters away from one.
Rule 03 COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT Collection and Transportation: garbage should be collected from the containers regularly, daily if possible. Camps near a city could benefit from existing refuse-dump services. Using tractors with trailers is expensive and should be considered as a last option and only for large and densely populated camps. Wheelbarrows and/or carts (hand or animal carried) are usually more appropriate.
Rule 04 DISPOSAL AND TREATMENT Sanitary land-filling (also known as controlled tipping) remains the most advisable method. Areas designated for burying garbage should be well away from dwellings, and fenced off; Incineration is justified on a small scale and usually only for medical waste. After each incineration, cover the waste with a layer of soil;
05 5 WASTE A T DISPOSAL I O A
Composting is an attractive option but requires technical knowledge, which may not be available. In addition, garbage must be sorted to produce good compost.
102
103
02 TTH 02 HE RU ULLEES 03 INFR 03 IN NFR FRA AS STR RUC UCTU TUR RA AL TE TES STTS
WASTE DISPOSAL
CONSTRUCTION BY-PRODUCT
INVENTORY
PALLET
INCINERATE
ADJACENCIES
ECONOMY
OPPORTUNITY
Common practice in Africa the method needs to be eradicated through better waste management practices.
3(752/ )/$00$%/(6
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The notion of landfill is not yet realised and the ultimate responses are rubbish tips. The tips occur everywhere and particularly on the edge of settlements.
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Left to the people living in poverty, recycling is a by product of a means of living.
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The consolidation of manure as an organic enhacer was well understood, but the value of composting is not yet ralised. The refuse organic matter is being wasted when it could help with soil conditioing and off set fertilizer costs.
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BURY
RECYCLE
05 WASTE DISPOSAL
COMPOST
WASTE DISPOSAL CONTEXT - DADAAB
Speculatively the Dadaab situation seems like a heightened situation of the waste management 104 crisis that has Kenya covered in its own waste. With no governmental authority in managing waste the role of waste management falls on the people and this requires education of waste management systems.
WASTE DISPOSAL
CONTEXT - MAAI MAHIU
The condition was not as bad as I expected but I did notice people having no consideration for rubbish disposal. Realistically even if the rubbish was put it in a bin it would end up back on the land. There is no large scale management system to actually consolidate the waste or correctly dispose of it. Matreials were being up cycled for make shift shelters.
WASTE DISPOSAL
CONTEXT - KIBERA URBAN SLUM
The density of the urban slum would hopefully inform that waste is managed correctly. But due to the lack of funding for waste management the job is left to the poverty stricken people who must graft a life out of the rubbish.
STAGE 02
STAGE 03
NO INFRASTRUCTURE -GARBAGE POINT AND COLLECTION DEVICES REQUIRED IMMEDIATELY TO PREVENT SPREAD OF DISEASE
TRANSPORT WASTE -DISPOSAL POINTS NEED TO BE ADHERED TO -WASTE SORTING SYSTEMS REQUIRED
WASTE CONSOLIDATION -CONSOLIDATION OF ORGANIC WASTE -UP CYCLING OF MATERIALS
INVENTORY
SEQUENCE
ECOLOGICAL DRIVER
Unfortunately the waste management systems don’t have any level of rigour in their application. The focus must be shifted towards education to address the highly toxic nature of the pollution crisis in Africa and in the refugee camps.
Sequentially it makes sence to develop more highly organised waste management systems. But with so many issues and problems to address the waste management system are lower in the order. The careful planning of waste disposal and education are important ways to address the issue.
The up cycling of materials to further consolidate them is necessary in keeping rubbish tips low. The reintroduction of organic based products away from plastics needs to be addressed in order to generate more jobs and have less plastics in the environment. The application of organic waste and waste systems require advocacy to further enhance the peoples relationship with their natural environment.
STAGE 01
STAGE 02
STAGE 03
-WASTE REDUCTION -ORGANIC PRODUCTS AND MATERIALS TO REPLACE PLASTICS
- CULTIVATION OF SOIL THROUGH ORGANIC WASTE
-WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TO GENERATE ECONOMY
ECOLOGICAL DRIVERS
PRINCIPLES
BY-PRODUCTS
ADJACENCIES
SANITATION
ORGANIC MATTER
MANUFACTURING
CONSOLIDATION
RESOURCES
DISTRIBUTION
UP CYCLING
MONEY SAVING
PROCESSING
03 INFRASTRUCTURAL TESTS
E SE STA T T BL LE ISH M E EN D T
TE SE MP TT OR LE A M RY EN T
RE GI ST R EM ATI SE ER ON TT GE LE N M CY EN T
onearth.org
unhcr.org.uk
actalliance.org
STAGE 01
105
ROADS Rule 01 ROADS MUST BE â&#x20AC;&#x153;ALLWEATHERâ&#x20AC;? Rule 02 LAYOUT Rule 03 VISIBILITY Rule 04 PAYLOAD
Rule 01 ACCESS Accessroads should be all-weather roads above flood levels and have adequate drainage. If there has to be a significant amount of vehicle traffic on the site, itshould be separated from pedestrian traffic.
Rule 02 LAYOUT Camp layout: the layout (particularly roads) should follow the contour lines. This will reduce erosion and preserve topsoil, and avoid the creation of dangerous gullies. A site layout that encourages clustered living arrangements (which can also promote security) promotes sharing of resources including cooking which reduces fuel consumption;
Rule 03 VISIBILITY All structures, including fences, should be set back some 5 to 7 m from roads to provide adequate visibility for pedestrians and vehicles.
Rule 04 PAYLOAD
06 ROADS A
The road surface can take a truck and trailer with a combined payload of 20 MT.
106
107
02 2 TTH HE RU ULE LES 03 3 IN INFFR RA AS STR T UC UCTTU URA RAL TE TEST STS
ROADS
CONSTRUCTION BY-PRODUCT
INVENTORY
PALLET
COMPRESSED EARTH
ADJACENCIES
ECONOMY
OPPORTUNITY
Roads compacted by traffic over periods of time are a viable solution. The issues become when they start to erode during times of water inundation. The stabilizing of the road has to be given some consideration.
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Applied as a feed of major roads the material quality of the gravel allows for drainage and for stability during wet periods.
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Formalized roads are applied only if carrying great loads. The usual application is for major transport routes. A two lane road is the standard width application.
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GRAVEL
06 6 ROA O D DS S
ASPHALT
108
ROAD SECTION
EROSION CONTROL
E SE STA T T BL LE ISH M E EN D T
TE SE MP TT OR LE A M RY EN T
RE GI ST R EM ATI SE ER ON TT GE LE N M CY EN T
unhcr.org
STAGE 01
STAGE 02
STAGE 03
NO INFRASTRUCTURE -INITAIL SET UP OF PATHS EMERGE FROM SETTLEMENT LAYOUT
COMPACTION -ROADS AND PATHS EMERGE FROM TRAFFIC AND WEAR
ESTABLISHED TRANSPORT ROUTES -TRANSPORT BASED ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES EMERGE
INVENTORY
SEQUENCE
ECOLOGICAL DRIVER
The resources are a fundamental concern when developing the roads. Where roads conflict with the topography they should be designed, materially specific and applied in a manner that does not proliferate erosion and danger to people.
The emergence of major transport routes will guide the formalization of roads.
Roads need to consider the topography as it states in the guide book. But the adherance to the guidelines is compramised and the most eficient route is taken in most cases. The roadside vegetation then becomes a critical stabalizer the vegetation must be retained, possibly enhanced and sustained to facilitate this.
STAGE 01
STAGE 02
STAGE 03
-CONSIDERED LAYOUT OF ROUTES INFORMED BY THE TOPOGRAPHY AND SOIL STRUCTURE
- PROLIFERATION OF HUMAN POWERED TRANSPORTATION THROUGH SUITABLE INFRASTRUCTURE
-)250$/,=(' 38%/,& 75$163257 SYSTEMS TO LOWER TRAFFIC
PRINCIPLES
BY-PRODUCTS
ECONOMIES
APPLICATION
HUMAN TRANSPORT
AGRICULTURE
CONSOLIDATION
SAFETY
DISTRIBUTION
TOPOGRAPHY
VEGETATION CORRIDOR
MARKET
03 THE INFRASTRUCTURE 03 INFRASTRUCTURAL TESTS
ECOLOGICAL DRIVERS
109
06 ROADS
EROSION
CONTEXT
110
ARTICULATED ROADS
ALTERNATE USES
ROADSIDE ECONOMY
TRANSPORT & LOGISTICS
SITE COMPOSITION
SITE COMPOSITION
SITE COMPOSITION
THE CURRENT ROAD SYSTEMS ALLOW FOR WATER TO BE CHANNELLED ALONG THEM AND FURTHER THE EROSION ISSUES
THE REVEGETATION OF THE ROADS IS THE FIRST STEP THEN THE REAPPRAISAL OF THE SURFACE MATERIALS NEED TO BE CONSIDERED
03 TH THE HE IN INFRASTRUCTURE NFRAS A TR T UC U TU T RE 03 INFRASTRUCTURAL TESTS
THE ROADS ARE STRATEGICALLY INHABITED WITH PLANTS. THEY FLANK THE ROADS TO HOLD THE GROUND IN PLACE .
111
TOPOGRAPHY Rule 01 DRAINAGE Rule 02 SOIL Rule 03 CONTOURS
Rule 01 DRAINAGE The whole site should be located above flood prone areas, preferably on gentle (2 to 4%) slopes. Flat sites present serious problems for the drainage of waste and storm water. Avoid areas likely to become marshy or waterlogged during the rainy season.
Rule 02 SOIL Soils that allow swift surface water absorption are important for the construction and effectiveness of pit latrines. The subsoil should permit good infiltration (i.e. allowing water absorption by the soil, and the retention of solid waste in the latrine). It should be noted that very sandy soils which are good for infiltration are sometimes poor for the stability of the pit. Where drinking water supplies are drawn from ground water sources, special attention must be given to preventing contamination by pit latrines. The pit latrines must not reach into the ground water. The groundwater table should be a minimum of 3 m below the surface of the site. Avoid excessively rocky or impermeable sites as they hamper both shelter and latrine construction. If possible, select a site where the land is suitable at least for vegetable gardens and small-scale agriculture.
Rule 03 CONTOURS
07 TTOPOGRAPHY 0 O R H
Camp layout (particularly roads) should follow the contour lines. This will reduce erosion and preserve topsoil, and avoid the creation of dangerous gullies.
112
113
02 2 TH HE RU RULE LES LE 03 IN 03 NFR F A AS STTR RUC UCTU TURA R L TE T ST STS TS
PRINCIPLES
INVENTORY
BY-PRODUCTS
ECONOMY
ADJACENCIES
OPPORTUNITY
SANITATION
FERTILIZER
AGRICULTURE
CONSOLIDATION
SOIL
CONSTRUCTION
DYNAMIC DEPOSTIS
CONSTRUCTION
MAINTENANCE
SECURITY
NUTRIENTS
AGRICULTURE
ADJACENCIES
STRUCTURE
RESOURCE
CONSOLIDATION
MATERIALS
LIVESTOCK
WATER HYDRATION
COMMUNITY SPACE
AGRICULTURE
CONSOLIDATION
SECURITY
MARKET
DISTRIBUTION
ADVOCACY
KNOWLEDGE
SAFETY
CONSOLIDATION
AGRICULTURE
DIVERSITY
SAFETY
LIVESTOCK
PRESERVATION
WATER HARNESSING
MARKET
WASTE SANITATION
ORGANIC MATTER
MANUFACTURING
CONSOLIDATION
RESOURCES
DISTRIBUTION
UP CYCLING
MONEY SAVING
PROCESSING
APPLICATION
HUMAN TRANSPORT
AGRICULTURE
CONSOLIDATION
SAFETY
DISTRIBUTION
TOPOGRAPHY
VEGETATION CORRIDOR
MARKET
TOPOGRAPHY CONSOLIDATION
WATER BODY
AGRICULTURE
LATRINE
FENCE
FIRE BREAK
11 GUIDING SETTLEMENT GROWTH
ROADS
114
115
03 0 3 TH HE IN NFRAS FR RASTR AS STR TRU U UCTURE 03 IN 03 I FR RAS ASTR TRUC TR TRUC UCTU CTTU URAL U TES STS ST TS
116
117
118
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119
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APPROACH
08/07/2013
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APPROACH
HOW CAN YOU JUSTIFY SIPHONING MONEY AWAY FROM MEDICAL ASSISTANCE FOR LANDSCAPE WORKS?
HOW CAN SOIL CONDITIONING THROUGH ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND REFUGEE CAMP INFRASTRUCTURAL BYPRODUCTS BE RESTRUCTURED AND HARNESSED TO PROVIDE FOOD AND SAFETY FOR REFUGEES?
EMPLOY AND FACILITATE ECOLOGICAL DRIVERS TO GUIDE REFUGEE SETTELEMENTS INTO PERMANANCY.
APPROACH 01
APPROACH 01.1
APPROACH 02
APPROACH 03
HOW CAN SOIL CONDITIONING THROUGH ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND REFUGEE CAMP INFRASTRUCTURAL BY-PRODUCTS BE RESTRUCTURED AND HARNESSED TO PROVIDE FOOD AND SAFETY FOR REFUGEES?
HOW CAN THE TEST RESULTS BE APPLIED TO SITE?
HOW CAN REFUGEE SETTLEMENTS GENERATE A GREATER LOCAL ECONOMY THROUGH ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES FACILITATED BY THE LANDACPE?
HOW CAN AN ECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO DESIGNING REFUGEE SETTLEMENT ARMATURES GENERATE A GREATER LOCAL ECONOMY?
SPATIAL TESTING DESIGN STRATEGIES
DESIGN STRATEGIES DESIGN APPLICATIONS
PRECEDENTS DESIGN STRATEGIES
MAAI MAHIU DESIGN STRATEGIES
TESTING THE UNHCR RULES TO DEVELOP THE NEW STANDARDS AND TO INFORM THE FORMATION OF NEW RULES.
ANALYZING AND IMPLEMENTING DESIGN STRATEGIES AT MAAI MAHIU IDP PRIMARY SCHOOL GROUNDS.
GENERATING NEW ECONOMIES THROUGH THE LANDSCAPE IN DIFFERENT SPATIAL AND CONTEXTUAL ENVIRONMENTS.
CONSOLIDATION OF STRATEGIES TO GENERATE AN ECONOMY.
LATRINES_
RULE
CONTEXT
FOOD_
FARMING
DADAAB_
TEMPRARILY URBAN
SLAUGHTER SLAB DESIGN_
LIVE FENCE_
RULE
CONTEXT
SECURITY_
EROSION
EASTLEIGH_
URBAN
NEW SITE COMPOSITION_
20-25% OF ENTIRE SITE
TAP STANDS_
RULE
CONTEXT
ECONOMY_
FARMING
KIBERA_
DENSE URBAN SLUM
Open Space
FIREBREAK_
EDUCATION_
CLASS ROOM
MAAI MAHU_
PERI-URBAN
LODUNGORU_
RURAL
RULES Land
30M2 - 45M2 PER PERSON Sheltered Space 3.5 M2 PER PERSON (TENTS, OR OTHER STRUCTURES)
TIMELINE
Environmental Sanitation 1 LATRINE SEAT PER 20 PEOPLE OR IDEALLY 1 PER FAMILY
Refuse Bin
PIT (2 M X 5 M X 2 M) PER 500 PEOPLE Roads and Walkways
CONTEXT
WASTE DISPOSAL_ RULE
CONTEXT
50 M WIDE PROVIDED FOR EVERY 300 M OF BUILT-UP AREA
ROADS_
RULE
CONTEXT
TOPOGRAPHY_
RULE
CONTEXT
Wheelbarrow
1
ES
80 CO 1 P M 1 6 FAM EO MU 2 WA ILI PLE NIT RE TE ES Y M FU R OD SE TA UL DR P P E E UM R S 1C PE OM R 1 MU CO N M ITY M UN 1 IT Y 1 BLO 2 16 5 C CO 0 P K M M E M O OD UN PL U IT E L E I
1
1 4- FAM 6 LA PEO ILY TR PL MO IN E DU E LE PE R 1 FA M ILY
SITUATION
RESOURCES
1 PER 500 PEOPLE
CONNECTIONS
RULE
Fire Break Space
15-20% OF ENTIRE SITE AND PUBLIC FACILITIES
OUTCOMES
Communal Refuse Pit
O L E DU TR OL LE IB BL UT O C IO K N PE PO R IN 1 TS SE PE CTO R R 1 SE CT 1 C OR 20 A M 4 0 SE 0 P CT 0 P M OR E OD S OP U LE L E
1 X 100 LITER BIN PER 50 PEOPLE
IS
1 PER 200 PERSONS
1 5 SE 0 C
Tap Stands
1 BL 00 TOR 4 SCHOCKS PEO M D P O
15 - 20 LITERS PER PERSON PER DAY OF CLEAN WATER
4
Water
INTERVENTIONS SCHOOL GROUNDS
2. ECONOMY
3. SECURITY
4. EDUCATION 03 TTHE HEE INFRASTRUCTURE A R R 04 ON SITE S E ENGAGEMENT N G M T
1. FOOD
121
ELDORET
MAAI MAHIU IDP SETTLEMENT MAAI MAHIU
08 0 8 APP PPLI PLI LC CA ATI T ON ON
1KM 1KM
122
NAIROBI
HOW CAN THE TEST RESULTS BE APPLIED TO SITE? The grounds for action were facilitated by the Marafiki Community Organisation an NGO that allowed me the opportunity to stay near by with a host family. The ability to work with the community through an organisation gave me a direct connection to the settlement. Over the period of two weeks I was able to assess the situation and address the issues faced by the Southern Star School at the IDP settlement. The problems faced were of nutrition, erosion and occupation. They were addressed through the principles generated in the earlier infrastructural tests, the landscape, available resources on site and a donation on my behalf.
DESIGN STRATEGIES DESIGN APPLICATIONS ANALYZING AND IMPLEMENTING DESIGN STRATEGIES AT MAAI MAHIU IDP PRIMARY SCHOOL GROUNDS. FOOD_
FARMING
ECONOMY_
FARMING
SECURITY_
EROSION
EDUCATION_
CLASS ROOM
03 0 3 TH HE IN INFR F AS A TR TRUC UCTU TURE RE 04 ON SI 04 S TTEE ENG NGAG AGEM EMEN ENTT
-0.953549
123
36.545840
INTERVENTIONS The school grounds produce food for the children. This is attended to by two female staff who are paid by the Marafiki Community to maintain the grounds and produce the food. When I arrived there was a dilapidated greenhouse that was deteriorating due to incorrect orientation and a prevailing wind causing the plastic sheeting to tear. The first intervention was re-conditioning the incorrectly oriented greenhouse that was wasting a large amount of vertical space and material. This was refashioned into two greenhouses one that addressed the soil erosion issues of the area through an educational space as a classroom and propagation facility. This was placed near a water tank and tap to consolidate on run off. The slope of the site informed the planting of fruit trees at the lowest point on site. The second greenhouse was a more specified greenhouse for growing tomatoes and it only lost 3m2 of surface area from the original but it is now flanked with structures for climbing plants particularly passion fruit. 20 fruit trees were planted systematically as windbreaks and to provide alternate nutrition for the children The third intervention was the creation habitat for reptiles and insects for biological control of disease spreading insects and to help stop the soil erosion issues through rockeries. This was placed as near the water taps and worked its way to the lowest point of the water run off from the immediate school grounds.
0 APP 08 PLLIICA CATI T ON 124
50M
20M
0
10M
To facilitate this work I employed four residents of the camp to help with the construction and manual labour. Through the process I Learnt a lot about their stories and their issues behind the surfaces.
125
0 TH 03 THE INFR IN NFR F A AS STR TRUC UCTURE TU UREE 04 0 4 ON S SIITE TE ENG NGAG GAG AGEM MEN ENTT
100M
FARM LAND The interventions addressed the farm land component of the school through water consolidation, on site resourcing, connecting the camp and its resources with the school, providing windbreaks and planting alternate food sources.
CUSTODIANS
INCRAMENTAL WORK
SOURCING
SOURCING
MANURE FROM WITHIN CAMP
FRUIT TREES
RECONDITIOING
08 APPLI PP PL CA CATI T ON TI N
SOIL BEDS
126
WATER RUN OFF
PLANTINGS AT WATER POOLING POINT
SEED BEDS
SEEDS DONATED BY ME
FRUIT PLANTS
PASSION FRUIT VINE AND AVOCADO
PLANT MATERIAL
SOURCING SEEDS & CUTTINGS
03 3 TH T E INFR NFR RAS ASTR TRUC TR U TU TURE REE R 0 ON SI 04 S TEE ENG N AG GEM MEN E T
GRASS FOR MULCH
EVAPORATION CONTROL
SLASHED GRASS FOR MULCH
WIND BREAK
TREE PLANTING NEXT TO STRUCTURE
127
WATER CONSOLIDATION
100M
40M
20M
0
TREE PLANTING IN WATERSHED
PROCESS During the construction process I employed some of the residents at the camp. I paid them a standard Kenyan wage and then bought them large gifts in the form of a solar panel, bed, water tank, mobile phone and clothing. The tools I purchased to facilitate the project were dispersed accordingly to the people with the applicable skills to repay them for their help. The ability for people like myself to go into these situations and work with the people as part of the foreign aid process and help donate more than a finished product needs to be consolidated. The consolidation of the donation or charitable act is used in the research as a guiding principle for developing the settlement.
REVEGETATION GREENHOUSE NETTING
TOMATO GREENHOUSE
BUILDING RELATIONSHIPS
REVEGETATION GREENHOUSE
INTERIOR
TOMATO GREENHOUSE
REVEGETATION GREENHOUSE WATER CONSOLIDATION
TOMATO GREENHOUSE
PREPERATION
FRAME CONSTRUCTION
08 0 8 AP PP PLI L CA C TI T ON ON
WOOD CLEAN UP AND SEALING
THE TEAM
128
TOMATO GREENHOUSE
ATTACHING PLASTIC SHEETING
TOMATO GREENHOUSE
STRUCTURAL SUPPORTS AND WIND BREAKS
ORIGINAL GREENHOUSE
CONSOLIDATING & UP-CYCLING MATERIALS
TOMATO GREENHOUSE
GROWING ARMATURES BUILT INTO STRUCTURE
WATER CONSOLIDATION
TREE PLANTING IN WATERSHED
RESOURCE CONSOLIDATION
BUILIDING ABORTED DUE TO EROSION. BUILDING FOUNDATION MATERIALS REUSED FOR GREENHOUSE
REVEGETATION GREENHOUSE
03 3 TH T E INFR NFR RAS ASTR STR RUC UCTU TURE UR REE 0 ON SI 04 S TEE ENG N AGEM AG GEM MEN ENT
WATER CONSOLIDATION
TOMATO GREENHOUSE
COMPANION PLANTING
100M
40M
20M
0
129
RE-VEGETATION
PLANT FORAGING
RE-VEGETATION SINAGE
ROCKERY AND PATH
RE-VEGETATION
SIMPLE MESSAGE BY THE CHILDREN
RE-VEGETATION
FOR THE CHILDREN
ROCKERY AND PATH
FREE DRAINING PATH
08 APP PLI L CA ATI TION O
BEFORE
RE-VEGETATION
PROPAGATION VIA SEED AND CUTTINGS
130
ROCKERY AND PATH
AFTER
EROSION
RE-VEGETATE EDGE CONDITION THROUGH PLANTS PROPAGATED IN GREENHOUSE
PLANT MATERIAL
SOURCING SEEDS & CUTTINGS
REVEGETATION GREENHOUSE EDUCATION DEVICE
RESOURCE CONSOLIDATION
03 3 TH T E INFR NFR RAS ASTR TRUC TR U TU TURE REE R 0 ON SI 04 S TEE ENG N AG GEM MEN E T
MATERIALS REUSED FOR ROCKERY
100M
40M
20M
0
131
132
ECONOMY INVESTIGATE SPECULATE CONSOLIDATE
133
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JOURNALISTIC APPROACH
APPROACH
HOW CAN YOU JUSTIFY SIPHONING MONEY AWAY FROM MEDICAL ASSISTANCE FOR LANDSCAPE WORKS?
APPROACH
EMPLOY AND FACILITATE ECOLOGICAL DRIVERS TO GUIDE REFUGEE SETTELEMENTS INTO PERMANANCY.
APPROACH 01
APPROACH 01.1
APPROACH 02
APPROACH 03
HOW CAN SOIL CONDITIONING THROUGH ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND REFUGEE CAMP INFRASTRUCTURAL BY-PRODUCTS BE RESTRUCTURED AND HARNESSED TO PROVIDE FOOD AND SAFETY FOR REFUGEES?
HOW CAN THE TEST RESULTS BE APPLIED TO SITE?
HOW CAN REFUGEE SETTLEMENTS GENERATE A GREATER LOCAL ECONOMY THROUGH ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES FACILITATED BY THE LANDACPE?
HOW CAN AN ECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO DESIGNING REFUGEE SETTLEMENT ARMATURES GENERATE A GREATER LOCAL ECONOMY?
SPATIAL TESTING DESIGN STRATEGIES
DESIGN STRATEGIES DESIGN APPLICATIONS
PRECEDENTS DESIGN STRATEGIES
MAAI MAHIU DESIGN STRATEGIES
TESTING THE UNHCR RULES TO DEVELOP THE NEW STANDARDS AND TO INFORM THE FORMATION OF NEW RULES.
ANALYZING AND IMPLEMENTING DESIGN STRATEGIES AT MAAI MAHIU IDP PRIMARY SCHOOL GROUNDS.
GENERATING NEW ECONOMIES THROUGH THE LANDSCAPE IN DIFFERENT SPATIAL AND CONTEXTUAL ENVIRONMENTS.
CONSOLIDATION OF STRATEGIES TO GENERATE AN ECONOMY.
LATRINES_
RULE
CONTEXT
FOOD_
FARMING
DADAAB_
TEMPRARILY URBAN
SLAUGHTER SLAB DESIGN_
LIVE FENCE_
RULE
CONTEXT
SECURITY_
EROSION
EASTLEIGH_
URBAN
NEW SITE COMPOSITION_
20-25% OF ENTIRE SITE
TAP STANDS_
RULE
CONTEXT
ECONOMY_
FARMING
KIBERA_
DENSE URBAN SLUM
Open Space
FIREBREAK_
EDUCATION_
CLASS ROOM
MAAI MAHU_
PERI-URBAN
LODUNGORU_
RURAL
RULES Land
30M2 - 45M2 PER PERSON Sheltered Space 3.5 M2 PER PERSON (TENTS, OR OTHER STRUCTURES)
TIMELINE
Environmental Sanitation 1 LATRINE SEAT PER 20 PEOPLE OR IDEALLY 1 PER FAMILY Water 15 - 20 LITERS PER PERSON PER DAY OF CLEAN WATER Tap Stands 1 PER 200 PERSONS Refuse Bin 1 X 100 LITER BIN PER 50 PEOPLE Communal Refuse Pit PIT (2 M X 5 M X 2 M) PER 500 PEOPLE Roads and Walkways
RULE
CONTEXT
Fire Break Space
WASTE DISPOSAL_ RULE
CONTEXT
50 M WIDE PROVIDED FOR EVERY 300 M OF BUILT-UP AREA
ROADS_
RULE
CONTEXT
TOPOGRAPHY_
RULE
CONTEXT
15-20% OF ENTIRE SITE AND PUBLIC FACILITIES
Wheelbarrow
RU
REFUSE CONSOLIDATION
L RU ODU RA NG L O
REFUSE CONSOLIDATION
WASTE MANAGEMENT
WASTE MANAGEMENT
CONSOLIDATE M PE AA RI I M -U A RB HIU AN
SPECULATE N K DE IBE NS RA E UR BA
H
CONTEXTUAL INVESTIGATION
04 TTHE HE ECONOMY O O Y 05 CONTEXTUAL CON X A TESTING T T G
ECONOMIES
E UR AST BA LE N IG
D TE ADA M A PO B RA R
ILY
UR BA
SL UM
N
CORRELATE
INVESTIGATE
DA
DA
AB
FO R
EI GN
AI D
1 PER 500 PEOPLE
135
ECONOMIC GENESIS
DADAAB TEMPORARILY URBAN
After the initial stages of resettlement the campâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economic condition is a mixture of entrepreneurship, preexisting wealth/ business, and skill set. The market place is stocked with Somali goods imported in to the camps by traders with existing connections. The establishment of new connections to areas around the camp complex have also allowed for new trade deals that have benefitted both the economy of the nearby towns and the camps as well. The production of housing, services of maintenance and collection of wood from the surrounding landscape for establishment and economic benefit have impacted the landform greatly with erosion, flooding and dust storms a constant problem.
WHO_
SOMALIS
WHAT_
REFUGEE CAMP COMPLEX
This phase of the research required an approach that would allow me to gain an insight and understanding of the contextual conditions of Kenya. I explored areas of rural urban migration, urban areas of refugee assimilation, urban slums and pastoralist people and areas. The insight gained allowed the research to be considered within the greater context of Kenya due to a comparable quality of life in some cases and similar issues across the country.
JOURNALISTIC APPROACH
REFUGEE SETTLEMENT
WHERE_ NORTH EASTERN KENYA WHY_
SOMALIAN CIVIL WAR ECOLOGICAL DISASTER
ECONOMIC CATEGORIZATION: PRIMARY SECTOR Retrieval and production of raw materials
PUBLIC SECTOR Providing basic government services
SECONDARY SECTOR Transformation of raw or intermediate materials into goods
PRIVATE SECTOR A means of enterprise for profit SOCIAL SECTOR/VOLUNTARY SECTOR The sphere of social activity undertaken by organizations that are not for profit
TERTIARY SECTOR: Supplying of services to consumers and businesses
136
IU AH IM AA RU
M GO UN LO D
09 ECONOMIES ACROSS KENYA
KI BE RA
EA
ST
LE
IG
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DA
DA
AB
E C M LEA AI N NT IN EN G AN C
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TR LO AN G I SP ST O IC RT S
RE LT U CU RI AG
TR NS CO
FO
RE
IG
N
UC
AI
D
TIO
N
ECONOMIES
EASTLEIGH URBAN
REFUGEE ASSIMILATION
RURAL - URBAN MIGRATION
KIBERA DENSE URBAN
WHO_
SOMALIS
WHO_
LUO, LUYIA, NUBIAN
WHAT_
URBAN REFUGEE RESETTLEMENT DISTRICT
WHAT_
URBAN SLUM
WHERE_ NIAROBI
WHERE_ NIAROBI WHY_
WHY_
SOMALI CIVIL WAR AND ECOLOGICAL DISASTER
REFUGEE SETTLEMENT
MAAI MAHIU PERI-URBAN
URBAN MIGRATION
PASTORALISTS
LODUNGORU RURAL
WHO_
KIKUYU, KENYANS
WHO_
MAASAI, KENYAS
WHAT_
INTERNALLY DISPLACED REFUGEE SETTLEMENT
WHAT_
RURAL PASTORALISTS
WHERE_ NIAROBI
WHERE_ RIFT VALLEY WHY_
WHY_
POST ELECTION VIOLENCE 2007
400 YEAR OLD PASTORALIST TRIBAL COMMUNITY
M IS UR TO
C M LEA AI N NT IN EN G AN C
N RE ATU SO RA UR L CE S
OR T SP TR AN
T EN SI TR AN
TY RI CU SE
E
04 THE ECONOMY 05 CONTEXTUAL TESTING
LO D
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M
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DA
DA
AB
AG
RI
CU
LT U
RE
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ECOLOGICALLY GENERATED ECONOMIES
137
DADAAB SITE SURVEY_ WHO_
SOMALIS
WHAT_
REFUGEE CAMP COMPLEX
WHERE_ DADAAB WHY_
PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION POINT_
FOREIGN AID SUPPLIED SUSTENANCE OF IMPORTED PRODUCTS.
SECOND STAGE DISTRIBUTION_
09 ECONOMIES ACROSS KENYA
REDISTRIBUTION OF SUSTENANCE, POSSIBILITY FOR CORRUPTION.
138
SOMALI CIVIL WAR AND ECOLOGICAL DISASTER
The resettling process is heavily reliant upon the foreign aid support, the commodities apparent in the surrounding environment and any pre-existing capital, education and skills. The economy is based on staple foods, animals, wood and supplies. The ability of the landscape to provide some of these commodities is paramount in aiding the resettlement of the refugees and establishing an economy. After the initial stages of resettlement the campâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economic condition is a mixture of entrepreneurship, preexisting wealth/business, and skill set. The market place is stocked with Somali goods imported in to the camps by traders with existing connections. The establishment of new connections to areas around the camp complex have also allowed for new trade deals that have benefitted both the economy of the nearby towns and the camps as well. The production of housing, services of maintenance and collection of wood from the surrounding landscape for establishment and economic benefit have impacted the landform greatly with erosion, flooding and dust storms a constant problem.
DISTRIBUTION POINT_
AID SUPPLIED WOOD FROM UNKNOWN SOURCE.
SELF SOURCED_
BUILDING MATERIALS SOURCED FORM SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT OR PURCHASED FROM WOOD GATHERERS.
MARKET PLACE
SELF INITIATED ECONOMY 05 GENERATED THROUGH PRE-EXISTING CAPITAL.
ESSENTIAL RETAIL
BASIC STAPLE FOODS AND 05 SUPPLIES GROWN IN THE CAMP AND IMPORTED INTO THE CAMP.
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RE
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WASTE MANAGEMENT
09 ECONOMIES ACROSS KENYA WIND FARMS RECYCLING PLANT PLANTATION
DA
AB
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04 THE ECONOMY 05 CONTEXTUAL TESTING
DA
PLANTATIONS
ENERGY: SOLAR, WIND
WASTE MANAGEMENT
141
EASTLEIGH SITE SURVEY_ WHO_
SOMALIS
WHAT_
URBAN REFUGEE RESETTLEMENT DISTRICT
WHERE_ NIAROBI WHY_
SOMALI CIVIL WAR AND ECOLOGICAL DISASTER
The Somaliâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s are resettled in the urban environment of Eastleigh a large Somali community in Nairobi, Kenya. The site is defined by its dense busy retail strips and well used changes in level to negate the heavy rains and muddy conditions. The area enjoys a strong local economy and is buoyed by its strong religious community. Using the changes in levels as the catalyst the walkways and roadside vendors are also elevated to allow for safer and cleaner conditions. The ability for the roadside areas to cleanly and safely facilitate the selling of services and goods becomes the next progression.
ROADSIDE RETAIL
FREE SPACES OCCUPIED FOR ECONOMIC GAIN THROUGH RETAIL TRADE.
ROADSIDE SERVICES
09 ECONOMIES ACROSS KENYA
FREE SPACES OCCUPIED TO SERIVCE ROAD BASED SYSTEMS AND PARAMETERS.
142
EASTLEIGH
MOBILE RETAIL
SELF ENTERPRIZE USING STREET AS SALE ARENA.
ROADSIDE SERVICES
04 THE ECONOMY 05 CONTEXTUAL TESTING
CAPITALIZING ON EXPOSURE OF ROAD AND AVAILABLE SPACE.
143
144
H
LE IG
ST
EA
Y
E
LIT
C M LEA AI N NT IN EN G AN C
ITA
SP
WASTE MANAGEMENT
WASTE MANAGEMENT
HO
E
N
TRANSIENT SERVICES
TR AD
TR LO AN G I SP ST O IC RT S
RE
IO
D
CT
AI
LT U
CU
RI
N
RU
NS T
AG
CO
IG
FO RE
09 ECONOMIES ACROSS KENYA
PERMANENT RETAIL (GR0CERY) TRANSPORT
T
E
M
UR IS
C M LEA AI N NT IN EN G AN C
TO
TR AD
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EN
SP
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N RE ATU SO RA UR L CE S
TR AN
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RI
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AG
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04 THE ECONOMY 05 CONTEXTUAL TESTING
H
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ST
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PLUG-IN INFRASTRUCTURE
TRANSIENT SERVICES RETAIL
145
KIBERA SITE SURVEY_ WHO_
LUO, LUYIA, NUBIAN
WHAT_
URBAN SLUM
WHERE_ NIAROBI WHY_
URBAN MIGRATION
The dense slums are as oppressive as they are inspirational, the living conditions inspire entrepreneurial pursuits through the lack of mainstream opportunity and education but they provide opportunity for the rural villagers that have migrated there in pursuit of financial gain. With a lot of money coming into the slum through the work conducted by its residents from outside the slum in Nairobi the ability of its workforce to pay for essential amenities and products allows for a greater local economy. The next step for Kibera is to produce its own products and services that are then consumed by the greater population of Nairobi, Africa and the world. The Landscape can become the platform for generating hybrid spaces that provide programs with specific requirements to utilize natural landforms and energy availabilities, whilst generating and creating goods and services using refuse products.
WATER RESOURCE
09 EC 09 E O ON NOM OMIES AC AC R RO OSS S KENYA NY YA
POSSIBLE ENERGY CONSOLIDATION FROM WATER.
146
WASTE DISPOSAL
BASIC HUMAN SERVICES BECOME ECONOMICAL GENERATORS
WASTE RESOURCE
POVERTY STRICKEN FILTER THROUGH WASTE
KIBERA
BUTCHERS & HAIR SALON
HOSPITALITY
EVERYONE NEEDS TO EAT.
ENERGY
ENERGY SUPPLY AN ECONOMIC SECTOR AT A SMALL SCALE
04 4 THE ECO ON NO OMY MY 05 5 CON ONTE TEXT XTUA UAL TE TEST STIN ING
RETAIL AND SERVICES
147
148
KI BE RA
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LIT
C M LEA AI N NT IN EN G AN C
ITA
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SP
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TR AD
TR LO AN G I SP ST O IC RT S
RE
IO
D
CT
AI
LT U
CU
RI
N
RU
NS T
AG
CO
IG
FO RE
N
REFUSE CONSOLIDATION
HOUSING UPGRADE AND INCREASE
09 ECONOMIES AC CROSS KENYA
MAINTENANCE WASTE MANAGEMENT
T
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M
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C M LEA AI N NT IN EN G AN C
TO
TR AD
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EN
SP
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N RE ATU SO RA UR L CE S
TR AN
TR AN
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RI
CU
SE
RE
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RI C
AG
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MULTI-PURPOSE PLUG-IN WORK SPACES
CONSTRUCTION MANUFACTURING
04 THE ECONOMY 05 CONTEXTUAL TEESTING
KI BE RA
VERTICAL SPACE CONSOLIDATION WORSHIP
149
MAAI MAHIU SITE SURVEY_ WHO_
KIKUYU, KENYANS
WHAT_
INTERNALLY DISPLACED REFUGEE SETTLEMENT
WHERE_ RIFT VALLEY WHY_
POST ELECTION VIOLENCE 2007
The relocation to the IDP camps have been less severe to the people who have pre-existing skills, education and businesses. Those suffering the most are the unskilled, uneducated and the children who have now reached high school but their families or they themselves cannot afford to pay for the tuition fees. The relative isolation of the camps located in an agricultural area has narrowed the scope of jobs available. The result is a large amount of people conducting seasonal work for farmers, sporadic labour work in nearby quarries and people working in the near by townships of Maai Mahiu and Naivasha. The residents have a small local economy that is contributed to through visiting aid organizations facilitated by a small high street. The aim is to generate a manufacturing sector that can capably support the children through high school whilst providing opportunity to the unskilled and or uneducated. The production of goods from the area is limited by the initial capital and skill base. The identification and genesis of a zero or low cost primary resource is the key to unlocking the potential human resources that are ample in the area.
MAIN STREET
OPPORTUNISTIC RETAIL AND SERVICES ON ROAD SIDE.
SHOPPING AREA
09 ECONOMIES ACROSS KENYA
MAAI MAHIU TOWN MARKET AND SHOPS
150
AGRICULTURE HARVESTING
TRANSPORT LOCAL
RESOURCES
HARVESTING
TRANSPORT
REGIONAL
AGRICULTURE
CULTIVATION
TRANSPORT
NATIONAL
AGRICULTURE
naomisvillage.org
naomisvillage.org
habitat.org
RAIN FED LAND BASED ECONOMY
04 THE ECONOMY 05 CONTEXTUAL TEES STTIIN NG
VOLUNTOURISM
AID BASED ECONOMY
151
152
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REFUSE CONSOLIDATION
09 ECONOMIES ACROSS KENYA
VOLUNTOURISM ACCOMODATION SALUGHTER SLAB
AA
IM
AH
IU
T
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M
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C M LEA AI N NT IN EN G AN C
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VOLUNTOURISM PROGRAMS AND AMMENTIES
MULTI-PURPOSE PLUG-IN WORK SPACES
RETAIL
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04 THE ECONOMY 05 CONTEXTUAL TESTING
M
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153
LODUNGORU SITE SURVEY_ WHO_
MAASAI, KENYAS
The pastoralist lifestyle affords the people of Lodungoru a healthy and relatively wealthy life. WHAT_ RURAL PASTORALISTS Their main income source is livestock. The well managed life stock is seasonally effected throigh WHERE_ RIFT VALLEY rainfall and drought variables. The livestock is fed off the rain fed land and then supplemented with WHY_ 400 YEAR OLD PASTORALIST nutrients through specialized feed. The TRIBAL COMMUNITY
LIVESTOCK
MEAT, MILK & MANURE
MANURE
09 ECONOMIES ACROSS KENYA
CONSOLIDATION
154
MANURE
CONSOLIDATION
FORESTRY
NOMADIC ENTERPRIZE
TOURISM
CULTURE, HISTORY, NATURE, ANIMALS
LIVESTOCK
TRANSPORT LOCAL
TRANSPORT
REGIONAL
DISTRIBUTION
WEEKLY MARKET
04 THE ECONOMY Y 05 CONTEXTUAL TTEEST STIIN NG
PASTORAL LIFESTYLE
155
ECONOMIC GENESIS
DADAAB_ TEMPORARILY URBAN
EASTLEIGH_ URBAN
CURRENT CONDITION The process of investigation and responding with conceptual ideas quickly manifest the need for formalising the already existing programs and avenues to economic growth. The key ideas of waste management and a plug-in system emerged as the catalyst for the next phase of design research. The journalistic approach was necessary for the understanding of the live condition. The ability to generate solutions from the live condition was very important to me. I did not want to propose a strategy that was exclusive of the people it was trying to help.
INFRASTRUCTURES: DISTRIBUTION
INFRASTRUCTURES: PUBLIC SPACE, ROAD NETWORK, DEN
ECONOMIES: TRADE, DISTRIBUTION, CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE
ECONOMIES: RETAIL, SERVICES, DISTRIBUTION, TR
ADJACENCIES: FOREIGN AID>INFRASTRUCTURES>DISTRIBUTION RESOURCES>CONSTRUCTION>MAINTENANCE
ADJACENCIES: ROAD>TRANSPORT>RETAIL>SERVI
DESIGN SCENARIO CATALYST: FOREIGN AID>ENERGY GENERATION
CATALYST: GOVERNMENT/PRIVATE>STREET DEV
INFRASTRUCTURES: ENERGY GENERATION, WASTE MANAGEMENT, PLANTATIONS
INFRASTRUCTURES: PLUG-IN ENERGIES & STRUCTURES, W
ECONOMIES: ECONOMIES: WASTE MANAGEMENT, TIMBER INDUSTRY, MANUFACTURING TRANSIENT SERVICES, REFINEMENT O FREE FROM ENERGY BURDEN, FOREIGN AID ADJACENCIES: ROAD>TRANSPORT>RETAIL>SERVI
ADJACENCIES: ENERGY>WASTE MANAGEMENT>MANUFACTURING
STRATEGY S TRA RAT ATEG EGY GY PR PRIN PRINCIPLES INC IN CIPLES CIP CI S ENERGY:
STREET PLUG-IN:
EMPOWERING DEVELOPMENT OF MANUFACTURING SECTOR AND WASTE MANAGEMENT THROUGH POWER SUPPLY WITHOUT IMMEDIATE FINANCIAL COST.
USING THE EXISTING ROAD CALIBRAT ADDITION OF PLUGS TO ALLOW FOR T WHERE TO SUPPLY THE AREA AND FO OPERATIONS TO GENERATE
REFUSE CONSOLIDATION
WASTE MANAGEMENT
REFUSE CONSOLIDATION
WASTE MANAGEMENT
COMMUNITY/GOVERNMENT>STREET
WASTE MANAGEMENT
HOUSING UPGRADE AND INCREASE
156
DIVERSIFY STRUCTURES AND SPACES
FOREIGN AID>ENERGY GENERATION
KIBERA_ DENSE URBAN
MAAI MAHIU_ PERI-URBAN
INFRASTRUCTURES: HOUSING, DISTRIBUTION, TRANSPORT
INFRASTRUCTURES: TRANSPORT, AGRICULTURE
ECONOMIES: PROPERTY, MANUFACTURING, WORSHIP, FOREIGN AID, RETAIL, SERVICES
ECONOMIES: VOLUN-TOURISM, FOREIGN AID, AGRICULTURE
ADJACENCIES: PROPERTY>MANUFACTURING>HOUSING>WORSHIP> RETAIL>SERVICES
ADJACENCIES: AGRICULTURE>SERVICES>RETAIL FOREIGN AID>TOURISM>RETIAL>SERVICES>
VELOPMENT
CATALYST: COMMUNITY TRUST/PRIVATE>CONSTRUCTION
CATALYST: FOREIGN AID>PUBLIC PLUG-IN INFRASTRUCTURE
WASTE MANAGEMENT
INFRASTRUCTURES: INFRASTRUCTURES: ACCOMODATION, VOLUN-TOURISM, MULTI-PURPOSE PUBLIC HOUSING, WASTE MANAGEMET, MANUFACTURING, WORSHIP SPACE, WASTE MANAGEMENT
NSE VERTICAL HOUSING
RANSPORT,
CES
ECONOMIES: VOLUN-TOURISM, FOREIGN AID, WASTE MANAGEMENT, MARKET TRADE, ANIMAL PRODUCTS
OF CURRENT CONDITION
ECONOMIES: CONSTRUCTION, PROPERTY, WASTE MANAGEMENT, MANUFACTURING, WORSHIP, FOREIGN AID
CES
ADJACENCIES: CONSTRUCTION>WASTE MANAGEMENT>MANUFACTURING >HOUSING>WORSHIP>RETAIL>SERVICES
DIVERSIFY WORSHIP SPACES:
ADJACENCIES: WASTE MANAGEMENT>ANIMAL TRADE & PRODUCTS> RETAIL>SERVICES>TOURISM>ACCOMODATION>
VOLUN-TOURISM:
TOURISM
04 THE ECONOMY 05 CONTEXTUAL TESTING
FOREIGN AID/TOURISM>ACCOMMODATION AND SERVICES
VOLUNTOURISM PROGRAMS AND AMMENTIES
ENERGY
PLANTATIONS
ENERGY: SOLAR, WIND
PLUG-IN
USING THE FUNDS AND THE SPACES ALLOCATED FOR CONSOLIDATING ON THE LOCATION AND SITUATION PLACES OF WORSHIP TO BECOME MORE ACCOUNTABLE FOR FOR THE TOURISM, VOLUN-TOURISM AND FOREIGN AID THIE INVESTMENT FOR CIVIC DUTY. PATRONAGE AS A CATALYST FOR FURTHER DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICALLY AND SOCIALLY.
MULTI-PURPOSE PLUG-IN WORK SPACES
TION WITH THE TRADERS FROM EVERY OR SMALL SCALE
MULTI-PURPOSE PLUG-IN WORK SPACES
RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATION/PRIVATE>DIVERSIFY SPACE
PLUG-IN INFRASTRUCTURE
T DEVELOPMENT
157
158
159
160
GUIDING SETTLEMENT IDENTIFY CONSTRUCT CONNECT
161
162
10 SLAUGHTER A G E SLAB S B
APPROACH
08/08/2013
RQ>
APPROACH
HOW CAN YOU JUSTIFY SIPHONING MONEY AWAY FROM MEDICAL ASSISTANCE FOR LANDSCAPE WORKS?
HOW CAN AN ECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO DESIGNING REFUGEE SETTLEMENT ARMATURES GENERATE A GREATER LOCAL ECONOMY?
EMPLOY AND FACILITATE ECOLOGICAL DRIVERS TO GUIDE REFUGEE SETTELEMENTS INTO PERMANANCY.
APPROACH 01
APPROACH 01.1
APPROACH 02
APPROACH 03
HOW CAN SOIL CONDITIONING THROUGH ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND REFUGEE CAMP INFRASTRUCTURAL BY-PRODUCTS BE RESTRUCTURED AND HARNESSED TO PROVIDE FOOD AND SAFETY FOR REFUGEES?
HOW CAN THE TEST RESULTS BE APPLIED TO SITE?
HOW CAN REFUGEE SETTLEMENTS GENERATE A GREATER LOCAL ECONOMY THROUGH ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES FACILITATED BY THE LANDACPE?
HOW CAN AN ECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO DESIGNING REFUGEE SETTLEMENT ARMATURES GENERATE A GREATER LOCAL ECONOMY?
SPATIAL TESTING DESIGN STRATEGIES
DESIGN STRATEGIES DESIGN APPLICATIONS
PRECEDENTS DESIGN STRATEGIES
MAAI MAHIU DESIGN STRATEGIES
TESTING THE UNHCR RULES TO DEVELOP THE NEW STANDARDS AND TO INFORM THE FORMATION OF NEW RULES.
ANALYZING AND IMPLEMENTING DESIGN STRATEGIES AT MAAI MAHIU IDP PRIMARY SCHOOL GROUNDS.
GENERATING NEW ECONOMIES THROUGH THE LANDSCAPE IN DIFFERENT SPATIAL AND CONTEXTUAL ENVIRONMENTS.
CONSOLIDATION OF STRATEGIES TO GENERATE AN ECONOMY.
LATRINES_
RULE
CONTEXT
FOOD_
FARMING
DADAAB_
TEMPRARILY URBAN
SLAUGHTER SLAB DESIGN_
LIVE FENCE_
RULE
CONTEXT
SECURITY_
EROSION
EASTLEIGH_
URBAN
NEW SITE COMPOSITION_
20-25% OF ENTIRE SITE
TAP STANDS_
RULE
CONTEXT
ECONOMY_
FARMING
KIBERA_
DENSE URBAN SLUM
Open Space
FIREBREAK_
EDUCATION_
CLASS ROOM
MAAI MAHU_
PERI-URBAN
LODUNGORU_
RURAL
RULES Land
30M2 - 45M2 PER PERSON Sheltered Space 3.5 M2 PER PERSON (TENTS, OR OTHER STRUCTURES)
TIMELINE
Environmental Sanitation Water 15 - 20 LITERS PER PERSON PER DAY OF CLEAN WATER Tap Stands 1 PER 200 PERSONS Refuse Bin 1 X 100 LITER BIN PER 50 PEOPLE Communal Refuse Pit PIT (2 M X 5 M X 2 M) PER 500 PEOPLE Roads and Walkways
RULE
CONTEXT
Fire Break Space
WASTE DISPOSAL_ RULE
CONTEXT
50 M WIDE PROVIDED FOR EVERY 300 M OF BUILT-UP AREA
ROADS_
RULE
CONTEXT
TOPOGRAPHY_
RULE
CONTEXT
15-20% OF ENTIRE SITE AND PUBLIC FACILITIES
Wheelbarrow
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1 LATRINE SEAT PER 20 PEOPLE OR IDEALLY 1 PER FAMILY
FOREIGN AID CONSOLIDATION SLAUGHTER SLAB
2. ECOLOGY
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ECONOMIC STRATEGY
10 SLAUGHTER A G E SLAB S AB B
FOREIGN AID CONSOLIDATION
164
165
05 LLANDSCAPE LAN ANDSCAPE C ARMATURE ARM RMATURE MA ATURE RE 06 CONSOLIDATING CON L A N FFOREIGN FOREIG E GN N AID D
T ELDOREET ELDORET
NP LAKE NA LAKE N NAKURU KURU UR
NP LAKE NAIVASHA NAIV NAI VAS ASH HA LAKE
NP HE S GA GAT ATE HELLS GATE
10 SL 10 S AU A GH HTE TER S SLLAB A
MAAI MA MAH HIU IDP SE SETTL TTLEME EMEN NT MAAI MAHIU SETTLEMENT
100KM
50KM
25KM
0
166
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NAIV NAI NAIVASHA VAS A HA
NP
LONG LO NGO ONO LONGONO
LIVESTOCK // LAND CAPITAL Maai Mahiu lies within a basin found between the Kijabe Hills to the northeast and the Longonot Hill to the southwest. The manily andosols (young volcanic soils) are typically very fertile. The area is an agro-pastoral landscape shaped by a rain fed agricultural sector and a mobile pastoral sector. IDP settlement Is located 48km north west of Nairobi and 25km south east of Naivasha along Old Naivasha Road, an arterial road for logistics and transport. The ability of the IDP settlement to capitalize on the fertile soils and its geographical position is paramount to lifinting its people out of poverty and into a self financed life. The proposition is to capitalize on the pre-existing livestock at the settlement and strategically grow incramentally. Through the installation of an armature that will provide a formalised interface for the processing and trading of livestock and livestock by-products the existing and emergent primary, secondary and tertiary sectors can be formalised through the private sector. This can allow for the wealth of nearby Naivasha and Nairobi to be traded into the settlement not donated.
NP ABER ARE ABERDARE
A
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OT
T
T
KIJABE KIJABE
05 LAN A DS DSCA C PEE ARM R ATTUR U E 06 6 CON O SO SOLI L DA DATI TIING G FOR O EEIIGN AIID D
MAAI MA AHIU MAAI MAHIU
C NAIR NAI NAIROBI ROB OBII
200KM
167
10 SLAUGHTER SLAB
EDIBLE MEATS AND BYPRODUCTS
168
- BLOOD - BRAINS - CASINGS (FOR SAUSAGES) - FATS - GELATIN - HEARTS - KIDNEYS - LIVER - TAILS - OX JOINTS - SWEETBREADS (PANCREATIC AND THYMUS GLANDS) - TONGUES - TRIPE (PICKLED RUMEN OF CATTLE AND SHEEP) - CANDIES - CANNED MEAT - MARSHMALLOWS - OLEO OIL - OLEO STOCK - CHEEK MEAT
INTESTINES AND BLADDERS - SAUSAGE - LARD - CHEESE - SNUFF - PUTTY CONTAINERS - SURGICAL SUTURES - STRINGS FOR VARIOUS MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS - STRINGS FOR TENNIS RACKETS
6 MONTHS
FUR FU R BONE BO NES NE S BONES O FFA FF AL OFFAL
RABBIT RABB RA BBIIT BB
MEAT MEA ME AT
CHICKEN C HIC ICK KEN
MEAT MEA ME AT
OFFAL O FFA FF AL FEATHERS FEA FE ATHER RS
EGGS EG GS
BO B ONE ONE NES S BONES
12 CHICKENS 21 DAYS
6 MONTHS THS 240 P YR.
AVAILABLE LIVESTOCK
ENTRY LEVEL
7 RABBITS 28 DAY A S DAYS
SECONDARY R LEVEL LEVEL
LIVESTOCK // PRODUCTS The livestock production and by-products are explored to understand their viability. The requirements of the animals to be fed needs to sit in a local and regional context. With dynamic feed programs already in place but not yet formalised the ability of the people to organically grow their own systems allows for a bottom up approach. The requirements of the raw materials to become refined needs to addressed through the donation/investment process.
CONTENTS OF THE STOMACH - FERTILIZER - FEED
FATS - MANUFACTURE OF OLEOMARGERINE - SOAPS - ANIMAL FEEDS - INDUSTRIAL OILS - LUBRICANTS - LEATHER DRESSING - CANDLES - FERTILIZER - COSMETICS (LIPSTICK, FACECREAM, HAND CREAM)
BONES AND CARTILAG
- BONE CHINA - JEWELLERY - STOCK FEED - FERTILIZER - GLUE - CROCHET NEEDLES - KNIFE HANDLES - BUTTONS - TEETHING RINGS - TOOTHBRUSH HANDLES - OTHER ARTICLES
BLOOD - REFINING OF SUGAR - BLOOD SAUSAGE - STOCK FEEDS - MAKING BUTTONS - MAKING SHOE POLISH - OTHER THINGS
6 MONTHS
MILK
SKIN GOAT
MEAT
THRID LEVEL
BONES OFFAL
CATTLE
OFFAL SKIN
MEAT
BONES 6 MONTHS
1 COW 1 YEAR
HORNS AND HOOVES - NAPKIN RINGS - GOBLETS - TOBACCO BOXES - KNIFE AND UMBRELLA HANDLES - COMBS - BUTTONS - OTHER PRODUCTS
S
HIDE - SHOES - WALLETS - PURSES - BELTS & BELTING - JACKETS/COATS - HARNESSES - SADDLES - RAZOR STROPS - TRAVELING BAGS - FOOTBALLS - “SHEEPSKINS” FOR DIPLOMAS - SWEAT BANDS FOR HATS - GLOVES - OTHER LEATHER GOODS
MILK 6 L. 365 DAYS
HAIR - AIR FILTERS - BRUSHES - FELT - INSULATION - PLASTER - TEXTILES
EAT REFINE/CONSOLIDATE
BONE REFINING WORKSHOP KIBERA
REQUIREMENTS - WORKSHOP - HOOKS - SAW HORSE - ELEVATION FOR HANGING - DRYING RACKS - WATER DRUMS - MODIFIED CEMENT MIXER - WATER - ENERGY
06 CONSOLIDATING FOREIGN AID
SECONDARY R LEVEL LEVEL
GE
2 GOATS 150 DAYS
2.7 L. 305 DAYS
169
6 MONTHS
7 RABBITS 28 DAYS
RABBIT
MEAT
CHICKEN
MEAT
10 SLAUGHTER SLAB 170
IMG: IFAD.ORG
REQUIREMENTS: CAGE/HUTCH/COUP ORGANIC PLANT MATERIAL FOOD SCRAPS GRASS GRAIN WATER
BONES
6 MONTHS 240 P YR.
12 CHICKENS 21 DAYS
HOUSE PLOT - STRUCTURAL CONSOLIDATION
BONES
FEATHERS EGGS
ANIMAL KEEPING - MAAI MAHIU IDP
FUR
SECONDARY LEVEL
AVAILABLE LIVESTOCK
ENTRY LEVEL
LIVESTOCK // REQUIREMENTS Livestock is being kept already on site, the sustenance of the livestock is being provided through forage and scraps. With the growth of livestock numbers the requirements for food, water and shelter according increase too. The ability to keep healthy animals on site requires a strategy of feeding and keeping. The feeding process is explored in the regional context section (p162). The physical requirements for shelter and security are provided and crafted by the residents from up cycled materials and resources. The shelter and keeping of the animals is a division of the strategy that is being left to the residents. The production of a slaughtering, refining and trading platform is the principle requirement. The categorization of the refinement processes informs the development of a multipurpose slaughter slab. The slab is identified for its sanitation and its form aspect, this allows for a better level of transparency when trading the meat and or by-products and can lead to a greater interest in trading. The slab then has to provide an armature for the refining processes of the animal products.
REFINE THROUGH: SALTING TANNING BOILING CRAFTING
MILK
SKIN BONES GOAT
MEAT
THRID LEVEL
6 MONTHS
The use of livestock as a currency allows the residents to capitalise on their plot. Spatially the use of scrap materials and organic materials can become shelters and pens for the livestock. With the growth of capital the animals being kept can also grow in variety and allow for the residents to access milk, eggs and meat easily. The access to the slaughter slab and refining facilities will allow for the animals to be traded or sold. The spatial sequence below displays the ability of the residents to keep animals on site and for their personal dwellings to grow accordingly too.
CATTLE
MEAT SKIN BONES
REQUIREMENTS: CONTAINED PEN ORGANIC PLANT MATERIAL FOOD SCRAPS GRASS GRAIN WATER
REFINE THROUGH: SALTING TANNING BOILING CRAFTING
REQUIREMENTS: CONTAINED PEN HAY SILAGE GRASS GRAIN WATER
MILK 6 L. 365 DAYS
REFINE THROUGH: SALTING TANNING BOILING CRAFTING
05 LANDSCAPE SC ARMATURE 06 CONSOLIDATING FOREIGN AID
1 COW 1 YEAR
6 MONTHS
SECONDARY LEVEL
2 GOATS 150 DAYS
2.7 L. 305 DAYS
171
172
173
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
NUTRIENT CYCLING
INTEGRATED CROP-LIVESTOCK FARMING SYSTEM CROP RESIDUES
FORAGE CROPS
The ability of the livestock to become maintainor and generator of the ecologies of soil and vegetation through their consumption, defecation and physical activity allows for the cultivation of soil and land if well managed. Outlined in the integrated crop-livestock farming system by Antonio Rota (2010): Senior Technical Advisor for Livestock and Farming Systems Technical Advisory Division: International Fund for Agricultural Development.
The settlement can employ these two methods in conjunction with the methodology of the live fence strategy to generate a woodland and orchard to preserve the soil and organically arrive at a sustainable number of livestock to grazing land ratio whilst re-vegetating the grassland, increasing pasture/grazing land incrementally and divesrifying the resources produced by the land.
INTEGRATED SYSTEM HOLSITIC SYSTEM LIVE FENCE STRATEGY
An integrated farming system consists of a range of resource-saving practices that aim to achieve acceptable profits and high and sustained production levels, while minimizing the negative effects of intensive farming and preserving the environment. Based on the principle of enhancing natural biological processes above and below the ground, the integrated system represents a winning combination that (a) reduces erosion; (b) increases crop yields, soil biological activity and nutrient recycling; (c) intensifies land use, improving profits; and (d) can therefore help reduce poverty and malnutrition and strengthen environmental sustainability. Rota (2010)
LT UR A CU
LA S
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EXISTING LAND USE
HOLISTIC PLANNED GRAZING IS BASED ON MINIMIZING OVERGRAZING THROUGH MAINTAINING A HIGH GRAZE/ TRAMPLE:RECOVERY RATIO (GENERALLY NO MORE THAN 3 DAYS GRAZING ALWAYS FOLLOWED BY 3 TO 9 MONTHS OF RECOVERY) ON THE LAND AT ALL TIMES. SAVORY 2013
100KM
0
174
HOLISTIC MANAGEMENT AND HOLISTIC PLANNED GRAZING
50KM
ALLAN SAVORY:
25KM
10 0 SL S AU A GHTE GH HT R SL SLAB B
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//
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ND
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The livestock feed can then also be supplemented by grassland forage through a holistic management and holistic planned grazing system explored and refined by Allan Savory. This system perpetuates and activates the natural cycles of the ecosystem through a holistic methodology.
YEAR 5
MAAI MAHIU AGRO-PASTORAL SCHEME
GRASSLAND RECLAMATION LIVE FENCE DEVELOPING
YEAR 10
05 5 LA AN NDS SC CA AP PEE AR RM MAT ATU UR RE 06 0 6 CON ON S SO OLI LIDA ATI TING N FOR OREI EIGN G AID
LT UR A CU RI AG
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LA ND
GE
L
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GRASSLAND RECLAMATION WOODLAND // ORCHARDS DEVELOPING
175
200KM
YEAR 15
GRASSLAND RECLAMATION WOODLAND // ORCHARDS ESTABLISHED
176
177
178
10 SLAUGHTER A G E SLAB S AB B
179
05 LLANDSCAPE LAN ANDSCAPE C ARMATURE ARM RMATURE MA ATURE RE 06 CONSOLIDATING CON L A N FFOREIGN FOREIG E GN N AID D
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ANIMALS
$
SECTION
ANIMALS
WATER HEATING
10 0 SL S AU AUGH GHTTEER S SLLAB AB
WASTE CONSOLIDATION
180
$
SECTION
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The slab consolidates on the livestock already owned by the people and proliferates the ease of cultivating entry level animals like chickens and rabbits and building up to goats and cows. The slab becomes a mechanism of formalising the existing programs through an armature that guides the growth of the settlement through the provision of a clean elevated ground plane and work spaces. The commercial application of the slab is part of an integrated crop-livestock management strategy that holistically applies nutrients through faeces to harvested crops and it begins to alter the state of the unconditioned pastoral land. The slab structurally facilitates numerous programs throughout the duration of a day. In the morning the directly associated programs of slaughter, bleeding, skinning, butchering succeeded by secondary refinement and distribution programs followed by a cleaning stage. The next sequence of programs includes markets, hospitality, further refinement of animal products, work spaces and small scale local enterprises. The structure allows for passive occupation as well. At night the ability to use the electricity from the IT centre allows for the emergence of a safe community space that can facilitate a cinema, celebrations, performance and social groups. In light of the lack of refrigeration the ability of the community to develop a community food share program to come together and eat a whole animal together allows for the proliferation of greater nutrition and livestock production whilst cutting down the total amount of fuel required to cook for a large group of people.
1$,9$6+$
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1$,52%,
$
The plan, section and diagram series represent the adjacent economies associated with the slaughter slab. Further iterations reduce total material consumption and place the slab inside the camp.
05 5 LA AN NDS D CA C PEE ARM R ATTUR UREE 06 6 CON ONSO SOLI SO LD LI DA ATI T NG NG FO OR REEIIG GN N AID D
.0 +,8 0$ .0 $, 0$ 2%, 5 1,$
181
$
BUTCHERS BLOCK RESERVOIR
LEVEL CHANGE
SLAUGHTER SLAB OPTION ITERATION 4 4 SLAB AS AN ARMATURE
PULLEY SYSTEM
SHELTER
BLOOD RESERVOIR SLAUGHTER SLAB OPTION ITERATION 1 1
SLAUGHTER SLAB OPTION ITERATION 3 3 SLAB AS A MARKET PLACE
modakeke.info
PRECED PRE PRECEDENTS CEDEN ENTTS
LEVEL CHANGE
PURELY SLAUGHTER FUNCTION
fao.org
10 SLAUGHTER SLAB imgalse.com
182
BUTCHERS BLOCK SLAUGHTER SLAB OPTION ITERATION 2 2
PURELY SLAUGHTER FUNCTION
SLAU SLAUGHTER AUG GHT HTER ER S SLAB LA B
SEATING
ESSENTIAL STRUCTURE
SEATING
The slab design process used the current standard of the slaughter slabs as seen in the context of rural and poor Kenya. This was then overlaid with the requirements of adjacent programs. The slab construction needed to be consolidated so that minimal waste was produced. The appllication on an interlocking brick press that allows for the soil to become a considerable componment of the structure reduces the amount of materials required. The brick press then becomes an asset to the communit and allows for further construction works.
WORK BENCH SALT RESERVOIR
SLAUGHTER SLAB OPTION ITERATION 5 5
MATERIAL & STRUCTURAL CONSOLIDATION
The sub soil required for the bricks is to be excavated from the designated areas that are to collect rain water.
SLAUGHTER SLAB OPTIONS ITERATION 1 MATERIAL REGISTER OPTION 1
OPTION 2
1.2M3
MATERIALS CONCRETE GRAVEL METAL RODS FORMWORK STEEL FRAME METAL RINGS TILES GROUT PULLEY ROPE
MATERIALS
1.4M3
CONCRETE GRAVEL METAL RODS FORMWORK METAL RINGS ROPE
1.8M3
0.5M3 1.4M3 CONCRETE
CONCRETE
0.5M3
TOOLS PERSPECTIVE
CONCRETE MIXER TROWEL SHOVEL LEVEL SAW HAMMER
PERSPECTIVE
TOOLS CONCRETE MIXER TROWEL SHOVEL LEVEL SAW HAMMER
D
B
C
D
SKILLS CONCRETE MIX AND POUR FORMEWORK CONSTRUCTION WELDING
B
OPTION 1
A
FORMWORK
SKILLS CONCRETE MIX AND POUR FORMEWORK CONSTRUCTION
D
B
D PLAN
CONCRETE
A C
OPTION 2
AXONOMETRIC
POSITIVES
C
AXONOMETRIC
SKINNING CRADEL ELEVATION EFFECIENT BLEEDING HYGIENIC BUTCHERS BLOCK POINT OF SALE SECTION AA
SECTION BB
SECTION CC
PLAN
SECTION AA
SECTION CC
SECTION BB
SECTION DD
B
C A
POSITIVES
REBAR
AUTONOMUS BLOOD COLLECTION 4 ANIMALS BUTCHERED PER SESSION CONCRETE PORUING RELATED SKILLS ONLY FOR CONSTRUCTION NEGATIVES
REBAR
NEGATIVES ONE DIMENSIONAL SLOWER BUTCHERING PROCESS NON-INFRASTRUCTURAL BLOOD COLLECTION SPECIALIZED CONSTRUCTION NO ARMATURE FOR FEEDER PROGRAMS
A
FORMWORK
ONE DIMENSIONAL LESS HYGENIC NO BUTCHERS BLOCK NO SKINNING CRADEL NO ARMATURE FOR FEEDER PROGRAMS
SECTION DD
METAL WORK
MATERIALS
MATERIALS CONCRETE
FORMWORK
REBAR
FORMWORK
FORMWORK
6.8M3
PLY VERTICAL STUDS 20 X [50MM X 100MM X 850MM] 38 X [50MM X 100MM X 600MM] 50 X [50MM X 100MM X 400MM] 46 X [50MM X 100MM X 200MM]
70 X [8MM X 8MM X 7550MM] 100 X [8MM X 8MM X 7550MM] 16 X [8MM X 8MM X 750MM] 38 X [8MM X 8MM X 600MM] 35 X [8MM X 8MM X 7550MM] 04X [8MM X 8MM X 360MM] 1480 X [8MM X 8MM X 100MM]
PLY VERTICAL STUDS 38 X [50MM X 100MM X 200MM]
VERTICAL STUDS 30 X [50MM X 100MM X 790MM] 18 X [50MM X 100MM X 500MM] 04 X [50MM X 100MM X 715MM] 04 X [50MM X 100MM X 650MM] 04 X [50MM X 100MM X 591MM] 02 X [50MM X 100MM X 570MM] 04 X [50MM X 100MM X 536MM] 18 X [50MM X 100MM X 500MM] 08 X [50MM X 100MM X 470MM] 02 X [50MM X 100MM X 380MM] 02 X [50MM X 100MM X 200MM]
CONCRETE 7.5M3
SAND 3.75M
3
DIAGONAL SUPPORTS 15 X [50MM X 100MM X 850MM] BASE SLATS 04 X [20MM X 20MM X 1000MM] 04 X [20MM X 20MM X 650MM] 02 X [20MM X 20MM X 3600MM] 02 X [20MM X 20MM X 840MM] 01 X [20MM X 20MM X 4810MM] 02 X [20MM X 20MM X 6950MM]
STEEL WORK 7.5M3 6 X [ 10MM X 10MM X 4500MM] 3 X [ 10MM X 10MM X 3000MM] CONCRETE 0.162M3
DIAGONAL SUPPORTS 20 X [50MM X 100MM X 285MM] BASE SLATS 02 X [20MM X 20MM X 5950MM] 02 X [20MM X 20MM X 7550MM]
SAND
REBAR DIAGONAL SUPPORTS 14 X [50MM X 100MM X 790MM] 10 X [50MM X 100MM X 710MM] 02 X [50MM X 100MM X 380MM] BASE SLATS 02 X [20MM X 02 X [20MM X 02 X [20MM X 03 X [20MM X 02 X [20MM X
20MM X 8075MM] 20MM X 3350MM] 20MM X 2650MM] 20MM X 1240MM] 20MM X 500MM]
185 X [8MM X 8MM X 7800MM] 40 X [8MM X 8MM X 6800MM] 09 X [8MM X 8MM X 1400MM] 09 X [8MM X 8MM X 1100MM] 09 X [8MM X 8MM X 630MM] 341 X [8MM X 8MM X 200MM]
CONCRETE 42M3 FORMWORK
183
PLY 30 X [50MM X 100MM X 790MM]
WELDER
BRICK PRESS
EDUCATED
BUILDER
CEMENT MIXER SKILLED
DIGGING
MACHINE OPERATOR
TRANSPORT
ENTRY LEVEL
SLAB CONSTRUCTION EMPLOYEMENT & EDUCATION
SLAB CONSTRUCTION
CONCRETER
SURVEYOR
LABOUR EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT
B
The initial donation of a cement mixer , manual brick press and supplementary tools along with the materials required to build the facility are to be handed over with a deployment package. The ability of the multi- purpose facility to be constructed well requires the employment of a few key staff that can educate others through the building process. The use of the tools after the construction process can help build more specialized infrastructures and facilities after the people start to build their economy/wealth.
A
A
B A
A B
B
CONCRETE B
A
A
B
B
A
A
A
B A
A
B
B
10 SLAUGHTER SLAB
SAND BASE
184
B
A
A
B
B
B A
A
A B
B
EXCAVATION
A
A
B
B
EXCAVATION
B
SAND BASE
B B B
A
A
A
A
B
METAL WORK INSTALLATION B B B
A
A
A
A B
BRICK PLACEMENT
B
A
A
A 22 0M
B
B
B
CONCRETE
BRICK MANUFACTURING
kawelle.org
A
kawelle.org
A
kawelle.org
A
05 LANDSCAPE SC ARMATURE 06 CONSOLIDATING FOREIGN AID
110MM
14
0M
M
M
B
185
186
10 0 SLAUGHTER U T R SLAB AB
187
05 5 LANDSCAPE LAN ANDSCAPE A ARM ARMATURE M T E MATURE 06 6 CONSOLIDATING CONS ONSOLIDATING T G FOREIGN O N AID
ADJACENT PROGRAMS
SLAUGHTER SLAB ADJACENCIES
1 SL 10 SLAUGH AU UGH GHTE TER SL SLAB AB
MORNING
188
SLAUGHTER SLAB ADJACENCIES AFTERNOON
IT CENTER // SOLAR BANK
EXISTING ARMATURE
kawelle.org 0 LAN 05 A DS DSCA CAPE AP PEE ARM RMAT ATURE 06 0 6 CON ONSO SOLLIID DA ATI TING NG FOR O EI EIG GN N AIID D
SLAUGHTER SLAB ADJACENCIES
NIGHT
189
39
34
35
40
1:10 000
RA L
UL TU
IC
AG R
SO
IL
CORE PRODUCTS
IL
28
SO
14
D
27
40
2KM
33 05
39
AR I
13
38
U AG NCO RI ND CU IT LT IO UR NE AL D SO IL
26 37
DISTRIBUTE
04 36
40
1KM
IL
21 17
39
SO
12
38
BRING IN
03 16
STEEL RINGS
C
STEEL POSTS
25KM
37
500M
38 KIJABE
36
LEVEL
11 T
30
100M
32 T
18
AR ID
25 Q
GRINDER
24 NP
HACKSAW
20 HELLS GATE LONGONOT
FAECES
17 NAIVASHA 16
WHEEL BARROW
02
SHOVEL
10 19
SALT
19
NAILS
NP
RABBIT
NP
JEWELLERY
37 TIMBER
MAAI MAHIU IDP SETTLEMENT
PICKAXE
LAKE NAIVASHA
CUTLERY
31 WELDER
SAND
CEMENT
LAKE NAKURU
HOOVES
23
BONES AND HORNS
19
REPURPOSED CONCRETE MIXER
16 TROWEL
STRING LINE
HAMMER
SAW
TAPE MEASURE
08
CHICKEN
INTERLOCKING BRICK PRESS
CONCRETE MIXER
08
METAL DRUM
GOAT
COW 01 40
LEATHER CLOTHES
36 39
LEATHER SHOES
190 38
HIDE
30
KNIFE
SLAUGHTER SLAB 07
BLOOD
MEAT
T
FERTILIZER
PROCESSED MEAT
ELDORET
41
NP
ABERDARE
NP
T
02
41
MAAI MAHIU 19
19
NAIROBI 41
MATERIALS
06
DIRECTION
TOOLS
15
SPECIALIST TOOLS
18
LIVESTOCK
22
REFINING EQUIPMENT
29
REFINED PRODUCTS
41
CONNECTIONS MAP The possible connections of the camp SOURCING & DISTRIBUTION settlement are displayed in this map. The connections are based on the construction of the facility, processes of the facility and the products produced by the facility.
27
KIJABE 19
IDP SITE
20
21
22
37
38
39
30 36
MAAI MAHIU 01
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
19
20
21
22
24
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
36
37
38
39
40
12
13
14
15
41
UNCONDITIONED AGRICULTURAL LAND
191
ARID LAND
DEVELOPED LAND NATURAL LAND
KEY
AGRICULTURAL LAND
8KM
41
IL
40
SO
39
L
38
UL TU RA
36
41
IC
36
40
AG R
35
IL
34
SO
33
L
32
NA TU RA
31
U AG NCO RI ND CU IT LT IO UR NE AL D SO IL
26
30
5KM
23
SLAUGHTER SLAB MORNING SLAUGHTER AND BUTCHERY
SLAUGHTER SLAB MORNING SKINNING AND TANNING
SLAUGHTER SLAB MORNING
10 SL S AUGHTER SLAB L
ANIMAL TRADE // SALE
192
SLAUGHTER SLAB MORNING BLEEDING
SLAUGHTER SLAB MORNING BONE REFINING
SLAUGHTER SLAB MORNING
05 5 LAN ANDS DSCA DS C PE ARMATURE CA 06 6 CON ONSO SOLI LIDA ATI TIN NG G FOR OREIGN N AID
CLEANING
193
SLAUGHTER SLAB AFTERNOON HOSPITALITY
SLAUGHTER SLAB AFTERNOON MARKET
SLAUGHTER SLAB AFTERNOON
10 0 SL SLAUGHTER SLAB L
PASSIVE
194
SLAUGHTER SLAB AFTERNOON SHOE REPAIR
SLAUGHTER SLAB AFTERNOON WASHING
SLAUGHTER SLAB AFTERNOON
05 5 LAN NDS DSCA CA APE P ARMATURE 06 CO 06 ON NS SO OLLIIDA D TI TING N FOR O EIGN AID OR D
BASKETBALL
195
SLAUGHTER SLAB NIGHT COMMUNITY SPACE
SLAUGHTER SLAB NIGHT
10 SLAUGHTER SLAB
CINEMA
196
SLAUGHTER SLAB NIGHT HOSPITALITY
SLAUGHTER NIGHT
05 LANDSCAPE ARMATURE 06 CONSOLIDATING FOREIGN AID D
ENTERTAINMENT // PERFORMANCE
197
GROUND CONDITION
GROUND CONDITION MORNING
GROUND CONDITION AFTERNOON
10 SLAUGHTER SLAB
-0.954228, 36.546577
198
GROUND CONDITION EXISTING
1.0KM
0.5KM
0.1KM
05 LANDSCAPE ARMATURE 06 CONSOLIDATING FOREIGN AID
NIGHT
0
GROUND CONDITION
MERGE
GROUND CONDITION
199
GUIDING GROWTH
IT CENTRE AND CONSOLIDATED SLAB INITAL BUILT CONDITION
SITE CONDITION
10 SLAUGHTER SLAB
INITAL BUILT CONDITION
200
IT CENTRE AND CONSOLIDATED SLAB 5 YEARS SPECULATIVE GROWTH
The growth of the slaughter and adjacent industries is forecast as a product of the instalment of the facility. The application of guy anchors and footings help to facilitate their growth. These footings are placed to correlate with the alignment of the existing and built structures to allow retro fitting new elements the core structure to create new workplaces. The initial use of tarpaulins are catered for through guy anchors and the eventual application of fixed structures can be implemented through the footings.
footing concrete
IT CENTRE AND CONSOLIDATED SLAB SPECULATIVE GROWTH
With the growth of the workplaces (at this stage sheltered by tarps) the boundaries of the adjacent IT centre are reappropriated to create a new slaughter facility. This allows for the separation of the slaughter process to be contained in a enclosed planted area. This process only requires plants to be propagated and the reappropriation of the IT centreâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fence. The removal of the fence employs people as security of the building. As the centre caters for paid computer courses and has an income the application of security staff is a viable option.
IT CENTRE AND CONSOLIDATED SLAB 2 YEARS SPECULATIVE GROWTH
The workplaces become formalized and the application of a specialized slab is constructed. The reason for this is to allow the slaughter of animals all day if the industry demands it. With the use of the solar energy to facilitate refrigeration the possibility of all day slaughter and adjacent programs can become specialized and operate daily as apposed to sporadically.
IT CENTRE AND CONSOLIDATED SLAB 5 YEARS SPECULATIVE GROWTH
05 LANDSCAPE ARMATURE 06 CONSOLIDATING FOREIGN AID
guy anchor
201
202
NEW SITE COMPOSITION PLANT GROW
203
THEORETICAL APPROACH DAVID GOUVERNEUR_GUIDING SETTLEMENT GROWTH IAN MCHARG_ECOLOGICAL PLANNING
APPROACH
HOW CAN YOU JUSTIFY SIPHONING MONEY AWAY FROM MEDICAL ASSISTANCE FOR LANDSCAPE WORKS?
APPROACH
EMPLOY AND FACILITATE ECOLOGICAL DRIVERS TO GUIDE REFUGEE SETTELEMENTS INTO PERMANANCY.
WANGARI MAATHAI_ENVIRONMENTAL EMPOWERMENT JEFFREY SACHS_ECONOMICAL GROWTH FROM EXTREME POVERTY
SITE : DADAAB, KENYA
SITE THE PROBLEM
APPROACH A APPR P PPROAC A H 011
RULES
TEMPORARY SETTLEMENTS NOT PLANNED FOR PERMANENCE ARE BECOMING PERMANENT. GUIDING PRINCIPLE IS A SINGLE CONCEPT STANDARD.
HOW O CAN SOIL CONDITIONING CO ONDITIO ONING THROUGH TH HROUGH H ECOLOGICAL ECOLO OGICAL PR P PROCESSES OCESSES S AND REFUGEE CAMP INFRASTRUCTURAL BY-PRODUCTS BE RESTRUCTURED AND HARNESSED TO PROVIDE FOOD AND SAFETY FOR REFUGEES?
Land
30M2 - 45M2 PER PERSON Sheltered Space 3.5 M2 PER PERSON (TENTS, OR OTHER STRUCTURES)
TIMELINE
Environmental Sanitation 1 LATRINE SEAT PER 20 PEOPLE OR IDEALLY 1 PER FAMILY
SPATIAL TESTING DESIGN STRATEGIES
Water 15 - 20 LITERS PER PERSON PER DAY OF CLEAN WATER Tap Stands
TESTING THE UNHCR RULES TO DEVELOP THE NEW STANDARDS AND TO INFORM THE FORMATION OF NEW RULES.
1 PER 200 PERSONS Refuse Bin 1 X 100 LITER BIN PER 50 PEOPLE
APPROACH
NO ECOLOGICAL RECOGNITION IN GUIDLINE.
LATRINES_
RULE
CONTEXT
LIVE FENCE_
RULE
CONTEXT
20-25% OF ENTIRE SITE
TAP STANDS_
RULE
CONTEXT
Open Space
FIREBREAK_
RULE
CONTEXT
Fire Break Space
WASTE DISPOSAL_ RULE
CONTEXT
50 M WIDE PROVIDED FOR EVERY 300 M OF BUILT-UP AREA
ROADS_
RULE
CONTEXT
TOPOGRAPHY_
RULE
CONTEXT
Communal Refuse Pit PIT (2 M X 5 M X 2 M) PER 500 PEOPLE Roads and Walkways
15-20% OF ENTIRE SITE AND PUBLIC FACILITIES
Wheelbarrow 1 PER 500 PEOPLE
INFRASTRUCTURAL BY-PRODUCTS
STRATEGIES
1 5 SE 4 0 C 1 BLO 00 P TOR S C E M DI CHO KS OP OD LE U ST O LE RI L B BU LO TI CK ON P PO ER IN 1 TS SE PE CTO R R 1 SE CT 1 OR 20 CA M 4 SE 00 P CT 0 P M OR E OD S OP U LE LE
1 80 CO 1 P M 1 6 FAM EO MU P N W RE ATE ILIES LE ITY M FU R OD SE TA UL DR P P E UM ER S 1C PE OM R M 1 CO UN M ITY M UN 1 IT Y 1 BL 16 25 OC CO 0 P K M M E M O OD UN PL U IT E LE I 2
4
ES
1 4- FAM 6 LA PEO ILY TR PL MO IN E DU E LE PE R 1 FA M ILY 1
4
2
1
ES
1 4- FAM 6 LA PEO ILY TR PL MO IN E DU E LE PE R 1 FA M ILY
1 80 CO 1 P M 1 6 FAM EO MU P N W RE ATE ILIES LE ITY M FU R OD SE TA UL DR P P E UM ER S 1C PE OM R 1 MU CO N M ITY M UN 1 IT Y 1 BL 16 25 OC CO 0 P K M M E M O OD UN PL U IT E LE I
1 5 SE 4 0 C 1 BLO 00 P TOR S C E M DI CHO KS OP OD LE U ST O LE RI L B BU LO TI CK ON P PO ER IN 1 TS SE PE CTO R R 1 SE CT 1 C OR 20 A M 4 0 SE 0 P CT 0 P M O OR E S OP DU LE LE
ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
BOTTOM UP
INTERVENTIONS
MODULAR APPROACH
SCHOOL GROUNDS
1. LATRINE
2. FENCE
3. TAPSTANDS
4. FIREBREAKS
5. REFUSE BINS
6. ROADS
7. TOPOGRAPHY
1. FOOD
2. ECONOMY
3. SECURITY
4. EDUCATION
PRINCIPLES
BY-PRODUCTS
ECONOMIES
LATRINE
11 1 GUIDING U I SETTLEMENT T E E GROWTH O T
SANITATION
2044
FERTILIZER
AGRICULTURE
NUTRIENTS
AGRICULTURE
CONSOLIDATION
AGRICULTURE
HYDRATION
COMMUNITY SPACE
AGRICULTURE
WASTE SANITATION
ORGANIC MATTER
MANUFACTURING
HUMAN TRANSPORT
AGRICULTURE
WATER BODY
AGRICULTURE
ROADS
TOPOGRAPHY CONSOLIDATION
SELF SUFFICIENCY
OUTCOMES
CONNECTIONS
OFFSETS
AGRICULTURE
SELF EMPOWERMENT
AGRICULTURE
SAFETY
EDUCATION
AGRICULTURE
EDUCATION ADVOCACY
REVEGETATION
EDUCATION
ECOLOGICALLY DRIVEN SECURITY
WATER
APPLICATION
ECONOMIES
ECONOMY
FIRE BREAK SAFETY
BY-PRODUCTS
FOOD
FENCE SECURITY
PRINCIPLES
RESOURCES
SITUATION
CONTEXT
1:2000
RULE
PRESCRIPTION
12m
DESIGN OUTCOME
100m
HOW DO YO JOBS, EDUCATI ECO
JOURNALISTIC APPROACH
METHODOLGY ABSTRACTION
PRECEDENT
SEQUENCE PLACEMENT PLANNING
CURRENT RESPONSE CURRENT APPROACH MY POSITION
29/09/2013
RQ>
HOW CAN ECOLOGICAL DRIVERS INFORM REFUGEE SETTLEMENTS TO GENERATE A GREATER LOCAL ECONOMY?
STRATEGY
SITE : MMAI MAHIU, KENYA
VISIT APPROACH 03 HOW CAN AN ECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO DESIGNING REFUGEE SETTLEMENT ARMATURES GENERATE A GREATER LOCAL ECONOMY?
DESIGN STRATEGIES DESIGN APPLICATIONS
PRECEDENTS DESIGN STRATEGIES
MAAI MAHIU DESIGN STRATEGIES
ANALYZING AND IMPLEMENTING DESIGN STRATEGIES AT MAAI MAHIU IDP PRIMARY SCHOOL GROUNDS.
GENERATING NEW ECONOMIES THROUGH THE LANDSCAPE IN DIFFERENT SPATIAL AND CONTEXTUAL ENVIRONMENTS.
CONSOLIDATION OF STRATEGIES TO GENERATE AN ECONOMY.
FOOD_
FARMING
DADAAB_
TEMPRARILY URBAN
SLAUGHTER SLAB DESIGN_
SECURITY_
EROSION
EASTLEIGH_
URBAN
NEW SITE COMPOSITION_
ECONOMY_
FARMING
KIBERA_
DENSE URBAN SLUM
EDUCATION_
CLASS ROOM
MAAI MAHU_
PERI-URBAN
LODUNGORU_
RURAL
MANUFACTURING KNOWLEDGE
LANDSCAPE KNOWLEDGE
LANDSCAPE ECONOMY
WASTE MANAGEMENT HUMAN RESOURCES
RECYCLING UPCYCLING EDUCATION
RESETTLING
SUSTAINABILITY
THE PROBLEM
BOTTOM UP ETHICAL ECOLOGICALLY MINDED ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE
HOW DO YOU GENERATE JOBS, INCOME AND ECONOMY, SO THE PEOPLE CAN ADDRESS THEIR OWN PROBLEMS?
L RU ODU RA NG L OR U
M PE AA RI I M -U A RB HIU AN
E UR AST BA LE N IGH
K DE IBE NS RA E UR BA N
UR LY D T E ADA M A PO B RA RI
FOREIGN AID CONSOLIDATION
SL UM
BA N
2
1
ES
1 4- FAM 6 LA PEO ILY TR PL MO IN E DU E LE PE R 1 FA M ILY
REFUSE CONSOLIDATION
NEW LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURAL FOREIGN AID APPROACH
1 5 SE 4 0 C 1 BLO 00 P TOR S C E M DI CHO KS OP OD LE U ST O LE RI L B BU LO TI CK ON P P O ER IN 1 TS SE PE CTO R R 1 SE CT 1 OR 20 CA M 4 SE 00 P 0 M CT OR PE OD S OP U LE L E
APPROACH 02 HOW CAN REFUGEE SETTLEMENTS GENERATE A GREATER LOCAL ECONOMY THROUGH ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES FACILITATED BY THE LANDACPE?
4
APPROACH 01.1 HOW CAN THE TEST RESULTS BE APPLIED TO SITE?
1 80 CO 1 P M 1 6 FAM EO MU P N W RE ATE ILIES LE ITY M FU R OD SE TA UL DR P P E UM ER S 1C PE OM R M 1 CO UN I M TY M UN 1 IT Y 1 BL 16 25 OC CO 0 P K M M E M O OD UN PL U I T E LE I
OU GENERATE INCOME, ION AND AN NOMY?
SLAUGHTER SLAB
1. ECONOMY
2. ECOLOGY
ECONOMIES
WHO
WHAT
OUTCOMES
CONNECTIONS
RESOURCES
SITUATION
REFUSE CONSOLIDATION
REFUSE CONSOLIDATION
WASTE MANAGEMENT
WASTE MANAGEMENT
CONSOLIDATE
SPECULATE
CORRELATE
INVESTIGATE
DA
DA
AB
FO
RE
IG
N
AID
CONTEXTUAL INVESTIGATION
HOW
DADAAB FOREIGN AID
ENERGY
WIND POWER
FOMRALIZE
STREET PLUG-IN
RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATION
DIVERSIFY
UPGRADE // SEQUENCING
MAAI MAHIU VOLUNTOURISM
CONSOLIDATE
ACCOMODATION
GOVERNMENT KIBERA
00 0 THE HE RESEA S RCH 06 6 CONSOLIDATING CONS ONSOLIDATING T G FO FOR OREIGN N AID
EASTLEIGH
205 205
USE DONATED TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
WORK PLACES ANNEXES INSTALL FACILITY DEPLOY STRATEGY
ARMATURES
ANIMAL SHELTER
RE VEGETATION
GULLY ROAD
PRINCIPLES
FENCE AGRICULTURE
S5
11 1 GUIDING SETTLEMENT GROWTH
S4
206
The donation of the facility is applied in conjunction with the principles derived from the earlier testing of the rules prescribed by the UNHCR. The deployment of the construction and eventual daily operation of the facility needs guidance for further growth. Through the landscape architectural principles generated the strategy is speculatively applied to site to visualize the possible outcome.
IT CENTRE AND CONSOLIDATED SLAB 5 YEARS SPECULATIVE GROWTH
S2
S6
AGRICULTURE
HARNESS GUIDE
WATER BODIES
EXTRACT SUB SOIL
SPECIALZE FACILITIES
USE DONATED TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
S1
WATER CATCHMENT
S2
WATER HARNESSING
S3
WATER MITIGATION
S4
ROAD COMPOSITION
S5
STRUCTURAL ARMATURE
S6
REVEGETATION
SLAUGHTER SLAB LIVESTOCK
HOUSE CULTIVATE
WORK SPACES
S3
05 LAN ANDS DSCA SC CAPE PE ARM RMAT ATUR UREE 07 NEW SITE COMPOSITION
S1
207
S5
11 GU 11 UIID DIIN NG G SEETTTTLLEM EMEN E TG GR RO OW WTH TH
S4
208
S2
IT CENTRE AND CONSOLIDATED SLAB 5 YEARS SPECULATIVE GROWTH
S6
S1
WATER CATCHMENT
S2
WATER HARNESSING
S3
WATER MITIGATION
S4
ROAD COMPOSITION
S5
STRUCTURAL ARMATURE
S6
REVEGETATION
S3
05 LAN 05 AN D DS SC CAPE CA APE P AR RM MA ATTURE UR RE 07 NEEW 07 W SIITTE C CO OM MP PO OS SIITTIIO ON
S1
209
210
11 1 GUI UIDI DIING N SET E TLEMEN NT GR RO OW WTH T
NEW SITE COMPOSITION
GUIDING GROWTH
05 5 LAN A DS D CA CAPE PE A R RM MAT ATUR UR E 07 NEEW 07 W SIT ITE CO COMP MP O OS SIT ITIO IO N
NEW SITE COMPOSITION
SOUTHERN STAR SCHOOL
NEW SITE COMPOSITION ECONOMIC HUB
211
SETTLEMENT STRATEGY
NEW SITE COMPOSITION
11 GUIDING SETTLEMENT GROWTH
SUB SOIL EXTRACTION POINTS NEW WATER BODIES
212
NEW SITE COMPOSITION GUIDING GROWTH
NEW SITE COMPOSITION PLANTING STRATEGY SOIL EROSION CONTROL
NEW SITE COMPOSITION
05 5 LANDSCA APE A ARMATURE 07 NEW SIT 07 ITTE COMPOSITION
CROP LIVESTOCK INTEGRATED PASTURE
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11 1 1 GUI UIDIING SETTLEMEENT GROWTH
REGIONAL LAND CONDITIONING
214
NEW SITE COMPOSITION EROSION CONTROL
NEW SITE COMPOSITION
REVGETATION & EROSION CONTORL
NEW SITE COMPOSITION
REVGETATION & EROSION CONTORL + 5YR
NEW SITE COMPOSITION
05 LAN NDS SCA CAPE ARM R ATTURE 07 7 NEW E SIT ITE CO COMP M OSIITION
REVGETATION & EROSION CONTORL + 10YR
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216
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11 1 GUI UD DIIN NG G SETTL TLEM LEM EMEN E T GR ROWTH H
FURTHER WORK PROJECT 01
CONCLUSION // PROJECTION REGENRATE PRINCPLES AND GUIDELINES
CONSOLIDATE CONTINUAL APPROACH AND OUTCOMES PROJECT 02 DEPLOY STRATEGY PROJECT 03
DEPLOY
REFINE
ISOLATE AND INVESTIGATE
DEVELOP A LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURAL FOREIGN AID STRATEGY. APPLY AN ECOLOGICAL LENS TO REFUGEE CAMP DESIGN. TO JUSTIFY SIPHONING MONEY AWAY FROM MEDICAL ASSISTANCE FOR LANDSCAPE WORKS
I WANT TO PROVIDE PEOPLE WITH THE ABILITY TO SOLVE THEIR OWN PROBLEMS.
The aims of the project were to reappraise the UNHCR standards and create a new landscape architectural approach. What emerged through my journey from a remote access appraisal and think tank of conceptual ideas was a project firmly imbedded in the reality of the situation. Through the research and my experiences the approach and deployment of foreign aid design became the bigger question. The research displays the role that a landscape architectural approach can have in guiding temporary settlements into permanency. As a discipline the lack of built projects reflects the inability for landscape strategies to be realized in built forms. Ultimately considering the total approach to the situation of refugee camp design there is a reason for an ambiguous one size fits all approach in terms of bias when applying resources to perform specialized strategies for each situation. What emerged through the application of the principles generated from the initial design investigations, was the inability to ground the design work. Through the parametric black and white world documented in the UNHCR Guide Book I became trapped in the ambiguous nature of principles versus application. The application process became an integral component of my research. Working with the community I became privy to the hidden problems that cannot be seen through a web search or a site visit. The approach to the research morphed to become a project that had to consider the connections and parallels in the peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lives, environmentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and opportunities. The principles generated in the earlier work had to employ ecological drivers as a generative device not only for the sustainability of the natural environment but as an alternate economic driver for the empowering of the community. The ability to identify key programs and processes as drivers for the settlement to rise from poverty was the quintessential component of the research. The application of the facility to guide the settlement out of poverty is the true test of the research. Although I understand the sentiments and apparent insensitivity of using a community as a testing ground, I aim to self fund and deploy the strategy into the community and will continue to document the work. The application of the strategy will only be done with the complete consent of the community . Considerations for further work in the field requires a systematic break down of each component that I have generated a base for. Ultimately the research follows the project in developing a multifaceted body of work to launch off from into eventually specialized areas of research. The further study through design investigations exploring particular components of the work I have initiated becomes my challenge as a designer. I have set about generating the knowledge base and an initial understanding of the situation as a whole. My practice as a designer, landscape architect and humanitarian is to continually generate and regenerate new approaches to foreign aid design.
00 THE RESEARCH 08 PROJECTION
FOREIGN AID DESIGN AIMS
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
7(;76 Architecture for Humanity. (2006) Design Like You Give a Damn. Thames & Hudson, London Architecture for Humanity. (2012) Design Like You Give a Damn 2. Abrams, New York Caprez, A. Schuler, C. (2012) Out of Somalia, Dagahely - a refugee camp in Kenya. Medecins Sans Frontieres, Geneva Kennedy, J. (2007). Structures for the Displaced: Service and Identity in Refugee Settlements. International Forum on Urbanism, Holland Hailey, C. (2009) Camps, A Guide to 21st Century Spac. MIT, Massachusetts Maathai, W. (2009) The Challenge for Africa. Arrow Books, London McHarg, I (1969) Design With Nature. Natural History Press, New York Sipus, M. (2010) An Assessment of Sphere Humanitarian Standards for Shelter and Settlement Planning in Kenya’s Dadaab Refugee Camps. University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati UNHCR. (2007) Handbook for Emergencies, Second Edition. UNHCR INTERVIEWS: Gouverneur, D. (2013, Jul). A Q&A: David Gouverneur, Leo Robleto Costante. Retrieved from http://www. metropolismag.com/Point-of-View/July-2013/Q-A-DavidGouverneur/
DATA SOURCED FROM: East Africa refugee data : data.unhcr.org AGRICULTURAL RESOUCES AND PLANT DATA BASE Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations: fao.org Rota, A. (2010) Integrated Crop-livestock Farming Systems. International Fund for Agricultural Development, Rome Savory, A. (2013) Response to request for information on the “science” and “methodology” underpinning Holistic Management and holistic planned grazing. Savory Institute
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APPENDIX
SHELTER TYPOLOGIES LATRINE TYPOLOGIES AGRO-ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTRE LANDSCAPE TYPOLOGIES PLANT REGISTER PLANT // ANIMAL // CLIMATE CALENDAR
221
SHELTER TYPOLOGIES Stick Frame KENYAN ELEVATED STICK FRAME HOUSE
Natural Shelter LANDSCAPE COMPONENT AS SHELTER
Immediate Relief EXTERIOR, UN LIGHTWEIGHT EMERGENCY TENT
Traditional Somali House SOMALI URQAAL
Kenyan Elevated Stick Frame House Mitchell Sipus 2007
Informal Shelter Mitchell Sipus 2007
Traditional Somali House BTP Arms 2013
Traditional Somali House Mitchell Sipus 2007
Pros: Pros: Longevity, Environmentally sound, Ease of construction, Low demand of resources, Flexibility, partitioned Affordability rooms Cons: Labour intensive, Resource intensive Cons: Cons: Resource intensive, not immediate Highly flammable, Flood prone, Nonbiodegradable materials, Lack of ownership, Pros: Longevity, Cleanliness, Elevation
Stick Frame SOMALI REFUGEE STICK FRAME HOUSE
Wattle and Daub SOMALI REFUGEE WATTLE AND DAUB HOUSE
Somali Refugee Wattle and Daub House Mitchell Sipus 2007 Pros: Longevity, Durability
http://digproj.libraries. uc.edu:8180/luna/servlet/detail/uni Somali Refugee Wattle and Daub House Mitchell Sipus 2007 Pros: Longevity, Cleanliness, Flexibility
Cons: Highly flammable, Requires extensive access to resources for construction, Weak roof,
222
Pros: Ease of construction, Low demand of resources, Flexibility Cons: Low degree of personal security, Constant up keep, Small structure requiring multiple to be built
Mud Brick House GAMBELLA REFUGEE HOUSE
Mud Brick House SUDANESE REFUGEE SHELTER
Gambella Refugee House Mitchell Sipus 2007
Sudanese Refugee Shelter Mitchell Sipus 2007
Pros: Longevity, Cleanliness, Reduced impact on natural environment, Personal security, Privacy
Pros: Longevity, Cleanliness, Reduced impact on natural environment, Personal security, Privacy
Cons: Highly flammable, Resource intensive, Prone to insects and pests, Cons: Labour intensive, Expensive May require skilled labour construct, Water intensive
Cons: to Labour intensive, Expensive construct, Water intensive
to
LATRINE TYPOLOGIES
223
AGRO-ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTRE
224
Water Management BUNDS
Water Management TERRACES
Water Management MULCHING OR TRASH LINES
Water Management RIDGE AND FURROW
Higher yields due to increased soil moisture; potentially lower yields during periods of high rainfall.
Higher yields due to increased soil moisture and reduced erosion; potential to displace some cropland.
Increased yields due to greater water Increased yields due to greater soil retention in soils, retention of bio moisture mass.
Water Management DIVERSION DITCHES
Water Management DIVERSION DITCHES
Water Management HUSBANDRY
Increased yields due to drainage of agricultural lands in areas where flooding is problematic.
Increased yields of water in areas where flooding is problematic. Possibilty of aquaculture.
Management of water use allows crops to survive in low rain fall periods. Increased diversity helps against pests and diseases.
Water Management GRASS STRIPS
Water Management WATER PAN
Living Structures FENCING
Increased yields due to reduced runoff and soil erosion.
Storage of water. Creates a habitat for predators of disease carrying insects.
Commiphora, used as a timber, building material, and natural fencing. Drough tolerant and easily propgted it is ideal for the ardid region.
LANDSCAPE TYPOLOGIES The landscape displays definite ablity of generating Settlement a holistic dry farming and pastoral production REFUGEE CAMP system. The density of the settlements must be Settlement broken up and will be explored through a range of actions to benefit the refugees and surrounding REFUGEE CAMP AREA townships. Settlement
DADAAB TOWNSHIP The ability to generate an lifestyle integrated into the landscape and not just on its surface within Natural Landscape the camps will help benefit the Somali peri-urban PERI-URBAN SOMALIA condition to become more integrated into the pastoral condition if and when repatriation occurs.
GRID FORM
MAZE FORM
NEW SETTLEMENTS
FIRE BLOCK
PASTORAL SETTLEMENT
AGRICULTURE
BURIAL GROUND
AUTHORITY SETTLEMENT
WATCH TOWER
BARREN TREE LAND
RURAL SETTLEMENT ROADS
TREE AND GRASS LAND
TOWN SETTLEMENT
PASTORAL SETTLEMENT
WATER BODY
LUSH GRASS LAND
TOWN SETTLEMENT
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PLANT REGISTER Semi-Arid Agroforestry ADANSONIA DIGITATA
Semi-Arid Agroforestry BALANITES AEGYPTIACA
Semi-Arid Agroforestry CAPPARIS DECIDUA
Semi-Arid Agroforestry CAPPARIS DECIDUA
USES: - African natives are able to utilize almost every part of the tree for food or other commodities - Used as a structural element for housing different programs - The tree fixes nitrogen.
USES: - It is planted along irrigation canals and it is used to attract insects for trapping. - The wood is used to make furniture and tools, and it is a low-smoke firewood and good charcoal. - The tree fixes nitrogen.
USES: - Provides fruit and fodder. - Stops soil erosion. - Coppices well. - Live fencing
USES: - Provides fruit and fodder. - Stops soil erosion. - Coppices well. - Live fencing
LIFESPAN: - Live up to 40 years.
LIFESPAN: - Live up to 40 years.
BAOBAB
LIFESPAN: - Live up to 2000 years.
DESERT DATE
MERINGA
LIFESPAN: - Fruits from 5 years increasing yield until 25 years. - Live up to 100 years.
Semi-Arid Agroforestry ERAGROSTIS TEF
Semi-Arid Agroforestry PENNISETUM GLAUCUM
Semi-Arid Agroforestry SORGHUM BICOLOR
Semi-Arid Agroforestry ZEA MAYS
USES: - The whole plant is used for forage, hay or silage - Stops soil erosion. - Cover crop for moisture conservation
USES: - The whole plant is used for forage, hay or silage - Stops soil erosion. - Adapted to low fertility soils.
USES: - The whole plant is used for forage, hay or silage - High metabolisable energy concentration. - Excellent for silage production.
LIFESPAN: - Rotate crops every 4 years.
LIFESPAN: - Rotate crops every 4 years.
USES: - The whole plant is used for forage, hay or silage - Stops soil erosion. - It is quite a useful crop for standover and deferred feed, especially in frost-free areas, as it will continue to tiller and give a new green leaf for grazing while there is any moisture available in the soil.
TEFF
MWERE
DURRA
LIFESPAN: - Rotate crops every 4 years.
226
GOMBOR LIK
MAIZE
LIFESPAN: - Rotate crops every 4 years.
Semi-Arid Grassses ARISTIDA ADSCENSIONIS
Semi-Arid Grassses BOTHRIOCHLOA INSCULPTA
Semi-Arid Grassses CENCHRUS CILIARIS
GROWTH SEASON: Summer
GROWTH SEASON: Summer
GROWTH SEASON: Summer
MAIN ATTRIBUTES: A common pioneering species on disturbed soil, waste land, rocky places and fallows.
MAIN ATTRIBUTES: Value for erosion control and crop rotation
NEEDLE GRASS
NATURAL HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION: Occurs in any disturbed poor soils in grassland and open bush throughout tropical Africa.
PINHOLE GRASS
AFRICAN FOXTAIL
MAIN ATTRIBUTES: Its hardiness, deep-rooting, ability to grow in semi-arid conditions, and generally NATURAL HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION: free-seeding habit. Its persistence and Open bush and grassland, mainly in heavy resistance to trampling (e.g. around stocktextured black soils. watering points), and drought tolerance.
Semi-Arid Grassses ARISTIDA ADSCENSIONIS
NEEDLE GRASS
GROWTH SEASON: Summer MAIN ATTRIBUTES: A common pioneering species on disturbed soil, waste land, rocky places and fallows. NATURAL HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION: Occurs in any disturbed poor soils in grassland and open bush throughout tropical Africa.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION: Graze when the runners are well developed. Trampling by stock will develop the ground cover. Graze well during summer to prevent if from becoming stemmy.
NATURAL HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION: Open bush and grassland.
VALUE FOR EROSION CONTROL: It is useful for erosion control on selfmulching black clay slopes. It is one of the few suitable grasses as it establishes quickly and forms a good ground cover.
VALUE FOR EROSION CONTROL: Valuable in that it is one of the best adapted grasses to semi-arid conditions.
Semi-Arid Grassses BOTHRIOCHLOA INSCULPTA
Semi-Arid Grassses CENCHRUS CILIARIS
Semi-Arid Grassses ERAGROSTIS CILIANENSIS
Semi-Arid Grassses ERAGROSTIS SUPERBA
GROWTH SEASON: Summer
GROWTH SEASON: Summer
GROWTH SEASON: Summer
GROWTH SEASON: Grows and flowers from early in spring untill late autumn.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION: It is used for semi-arid cattle ranching. VALUE FOR EROSION CONTROL: It easily colonizes bare ground.
PINHOLE GRASS
AFRICAN FOXTAIL
MAIN ATTRIBUTES: Value for erosion control and crop rotation
MAIN ATTRIBUTES: Its hardiness, deep-rooting, ability to grow in semi-arid conditions, and generally NATURAL HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION: free-seeding habit. Its persistence and Open bush and grassland, mainly in heavy resistance to trampling (e.g. around stocktextured black soils. watering points), and drought tolerance.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION: Rotate stock frequently after growing season.
GREY LOVE GRASS
MAIN ATTRIBUTES: Drought tolerant efficient seeder NATURAL HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION: Widespread as a weed, especially on poor soils.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION: Graze when the runners are well developed. Trampling by stock will develop the ground cover. Graze well during summer to prevent if from becoming stemmy.
NATURAL HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION: Open bush and grassland.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION: Short grazing period
ANIMAL PRODUCTION: Rotate stock frequently after growing season.
VALUE FOR EROSION CONTROL: Dominant annual that can be managed
VALUE FOR EROSION CONTROL: It is useful for erosion control on selfmulching black clay slopes. It is one of the few suitable grasses as it establishes quickly and forms a good ground cover.
VALUE FOR EROSION CONTROL: Valuable in that it is one of the best adapted grasses to semi-arid conditions.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION: It is used for semi-arid cattle ranching. VALUE FOR EROSION CONTROL: It easily colonizes bare ground.
MASAI LOVE GRASS
MAIN ATTRIBUTES: It is quick growing, shows green vegetative growth throughout the year and is very valuable in spring. NATURAL HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION: A subclimax grass. Grows in sandy and stony soils in disturbed places or drainage areas. Also grows in loam and sometimes clay soil, and can be found on termite mounds. Grows well in arid or semi-arid areas. ANIMAL PRODUCTION: It is used in moderately dry areas VALUE FOR EROSION CONTROL: Useful in erosion control
227
PLANT REGISTER Semi-Arid Grassses EUSTACHYUS PASPALOIDES
Semi-Arid Grassses HETEROPOGON CONTORTUS
Semi-Arid Grassses PANICUM COLORATUM
Semi-Arid Grassses PANICUM MAXIMUM
GROWTH SEASON: Summer to autumn
GROWTH SEASON: Summer
GROWTH SEASON: Summer
GROWTH SEASON: Summer
MAIN ATTRIBUTES: The ability of the cultivars to grow on heavy, self-mulching, black clay soils.
MAIN ATTRIBUTES: Its wide adaptation, quick growth and palatability, ease of establishment from seed and good response to fertilizers.
BROWN RHODES GRASS
ASSEGAI GRASS
MAIN ATTRIBUTES: MAIN ATTRIBUTES: Value for erosion control and crop rotation Its hardiness, perenniality, tolerance of fire and its early palatability. Its ability to grow NATURAL HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION: on poor soils.. . It is often found in undisturbed places NATURAL HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION: and occurs as a climax species Open forest and woodland, grassland. ANIMAL PRODUCTION: ANIMAL PRODUCTION: Use as an alternate autumn pasture It is used for semi-arid cattle ranching. VALUE FOR EROSION CONTROL: VALUE FOR EROSION CONTROL: Rhizomes withstand heavy grazing and It has proved useful in soil erosion control hold soil together. on 20째 slopes
NATURAL HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION: Occurs in warm, dry bushveld in Africa
GUINEA GRASS
NATURAL HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION: Grassland and open woodland and shady places.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION: It should be grazed lightly in its first year, but when established can withstand heavy ANIMAL PRODUCTION: stocking. Spell during the summer and Provides strong weight gain in cattle autumn if possible to preserve green leaf for the winter. VALUE FOR EROSION CONTROL: Its great bulk aids in erosion control, but its generally tussocky growth makes it VALUE FOR EROSION CONTROL: less valuable than other species. Its great bulk aids in erosion control, but its generally tussocky growth makes it less valuable than other species.
Semi-Arid Grassses SPOROBOLUS FIMBRIATUS
Semi-Arid Grassses THEMEDA TRIANDRA
Semi-Arid Legumes ACACIA ALBIDA
Semi-Arid Legumes ACACIA NILOTICA
GROWTH SEASON: Summer
GROWTH SEASON: Summer
GROWTH SEASON: Summer
GROWTH SEASON: Summer
MAIN ATTRIBUTES: Provides relief crops and responds well to grazing.
MAIN ATTRIBUTES: Its recovery after fire.
MAIN ATTRIBUTES: Fast growing and increases land fertility and produces fodder for cattle and game.
MAIN ATTRIBUTES: Drought tolerant and adaptable to many soil types.
NATURAL HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION: Commonly distributed on flood plains and banks of large rivers on alluvial soil, where it may occur in pure stands or as a constituent of riparian woodland. In Africa, it is widely distributed from the dry valleys of the Sahara, the Negev and the Namib, throughout West, East and South Africa.
NATURAL HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in Kenya in acacia bushland and wooded grassland common in both dry lowlands and highlands. Soils variable from sandy to black clay.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION: It produces a large number of twisted pods which are relished by camels, cattle and game animals.
VALUE FOR EROSION CONTROL: Hold soils well once established.
DROPSEED GRASS
NATURAL HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION: Open woodland and grassland, often in shallow rainwater pans, sometimes on rocky hillsides, also in disturbed or shady locations.
228
MAKARIKARI PANICUM
RED OAT GRASS
NATURAL HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION: Widespread as grassland and in open woodlands on clay.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION: Good pasture grass.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION: Graze when 70 percent of the grass is green, that is, for a period of four weeks during the short rains and six weeks during the long rains
VALUE FOR EROSION CONTROL: It has been planted for soil stabilization.
VALUE FOR EROSION CONTROL: Can adapt to a variety of soils.
KAD
VALUE FOR EROSION CONTROL: Increases land fertility.
EGYPTIAN THORN
ANIMAL PRODUCTION: Fodder for all livestock
Semi-Arid Legumes ACACIA SENEGAL
Semi-Arid Legumes ACACIA SEYAL
Semi-Arid Legumes ACACIA TORTILIS
Semi-Arid Legumes LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA
GROWTH SEASON: Summer
GROWTH SEASON: Summer
GROWTH SEASON: Summer
GROWTH SEASON: Summer
MAIN ATTRIBUTES: The wood is a good fuel and leaves and pods are eaten by herbivores. The leaf fall is mineralized to build up the fertility of sandy soils for ensuing crops of groundnuts, sorghum, bulrush millet and sesame.
MAIN ATTRIBUTES: The bark is the most valuable part, used for feeding cattle, goats and sheep during the dry season. often coppiced.
MAIN ATTRIBUTES: Leaves of young trees feed goats and sheep, but the main value of this species is in its pods, which can be very numerous and are picked up from the ground and eaten by all African livestock.
MAIN ATTRIBUTES: As well as forage, leucaena can provide firewood, timber, human food, green manure, shade and erosion control.
GUM-ARABIC TREE
NATURAL HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION: Sensitive to frost but is very heat and drought tolerant ANIMAL PRODUCTION: Leaves, twigs and pods all valuable fodder.
SHITTAH TREE
NATURAL HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION: It is a gregarious species, occasionally forming impenetrable thickets of almost pure stands. ANIMAL PRODUCTION: Animals will eat up to 5.5 kg. of bark a day, sufficient for maintenance and the production of 4.5 litres of milk.
UMBRELLA THORN
NATURAL HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION: In Kenya it occupies the desert grassbush zones at altitudes of 1200 m ANIMAL PRODUCTION: At the time when pods are mature (usually in January-February in Kenya) food for cattle, sheep and goats.
LEUCAENA
NATURAL HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION: Used as a shade plant for plantation crops. ANIMAL PRODUCTION: Cattle graze lower branches and newly emerging seedlings and the upper canopy is kept as a drought reserve. VALUE FOR EROSION CONTROL: Hold soils well once established.
VALUE FOR EROSION CONTROL: Hold soils well once established.
VALUE FOR EROSION CONTROL: Grows on fine-textured soils, it may tolerate periodical floodings.
Semi-Arid Legumes MACROTYLOMA AXILLARE
Semi-Arid Legumes PHASEOLUS ACUTIFOLIU
Semi-Arid Legumes STYLOSANTHES SCABRA
Semi-Arid Legumes COMMIPHORA WIGHTII
GROWTH SEASON: Summer
GROWTH SEASON: Summer
GROWTH SEASON: Summer
GROWTH SEASON: Summer
MAIN ATTRIBUTES: Drought and disease resistance and its vigorous growth in summer. Valuable grazing in early winter and early spring.
MAIN ATTRIBUTES: This bean is adapted to arid and semi-arid climates.
MAIN ATTRIBUTES: Widely adapted and hardy, well suited to low-fertility soils and extensive stockraising conditions, and possesses good drought, adequate fire and some frost resistance
MAIN ATTRIBUTES: Widely adapted and hardy, well suited to low-fertility soils and extensive stockraising conditions, and possesses good drought, adequate fire and some frost resistance
NATURAL HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION: Widespread as grassland and in open woodlands on clay.
NATURAL HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION: Widespread as grassland and in open woodlands on clay.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION: Continuously but lightly grazed. Under extensive conditions, animals tend to ignore the shrubby stylos until late in the growing season
ANIMAL PRODUCTION: Continuously but lightly grazed. Under extensive conditions, animals tend to ignore the shrubby stylos until late in the growing season
VALUE FOR EROSION CONTROL: Establishes well in infertile soils.
VALUE FOR EROSION CONTROL: Establishes well in infertile soils.
ARCHER AXILLARIS
NATURAL HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in tropical Africa, reaching Natal in the south.
TEPARY BEAN
NATURAL HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION: arid zones of Central America, Mexico and South USA.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION: Leaves, stems and green pods are grazed ANIMAL PRODUCTION: Rotational grazing to a height of 15 cm will by livestock. maintain its productivity. VALUE FOR EROSION CONTROL: Nitrogen fixing and very tolerant to aridity. VALUE FOR EROSION CONTROL: Can adapt to a variety of soils and holds well once established.
VALUE FOR EROSION CONTROL: Hold soils well once established.
SHRUBBY STYLO
MUKUL MYRRH TREE
229
ANIMAL REGISTER Semi-Arid Livestock BOS PRIMIGENIUS INDICUS
Semi-Arid Livestock CAPRA AEGAGRUS HIRCUS
Semi-Arid Livestock OVIS ARIES
Semi-Arid Livestock GALLUS GALLUS DOMESTICUS
USES: - Dairy - Meat - Textile - Fertilizer - Kindling
USES: - Dairy - Meat - Textile - Fertilizer - Kindling
USES: - Dairy - Meat - Textile - Fertilizer - Kindling
USES: - Meat - Fertilizer
LIFESPAN: - Live up to 25 years.
LIFESPAN: - Live up to 25 years.
LIFESPAN: - Live up to 12 years.
ZEBU
Semi-Arid Livestock CAMELUS DROMEDARIUS
CAMEL
USES: - Transport - Dairy - Meat - Textile - Fertilizer - Kindling LIFESPAN: - Live up to 50 years.
230
SOMALI GOAT
SOMALI SHEEP
CHICKEN
LIFESPAN: - Live up to 10 years.
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