S Meade DRC

the preemptive landscape. プリ先制風景

SIMON MEADE MLA 2013

Acknowledgements FOR RESEARCH + katie, mum, dad, ben, bridie + dr. marieluise jonas, dr. heike rahmann, miki, natasha morgan + cameron macdonald and charlie allen + yokoh and ryota + melbourne university travelling studio students

abstract

design diagram

systematic approach diagram layout_document chapters background

6 8

12 16 17 18

initial research title + question

research objective, research framework

design scenario approach, research approach

key definitions within research

definitions diagram disaster? kobe_earthquake

great eastern_earthquake

tokyo_megapolis: understanding tokyo

organic growth

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34 36 38 39 40 42 44 50 54 56

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initial precedents

site data

housing typologies liquefaction

types of mitigation

field trip_tokyo: understanding the problems find-ing(s) texts

positioning_within LA

in practice

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positioning_within context design time phases method of approach scenario grouping scenario evaluation diagram research questions

SMALL SCALE

design iteration 0.1

design iteration 0.6

design iteration 0.7 MEDIUM SCALE

design iteration 0.2+0.3

design iteration 0.4

design iteration 0.5 LARGE SCALE

design iteration 0.8

design iteration 0.9 X-LARGE SCALE

synthesis iteration

reflection: synthesis: system + individual parts

research conclusion references appendix

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abstract On 23rd January 2012, researchers at Tokyo University stated that “there was a 75% probability that a magnitude 7.0 earthquake would strike the (Kanto) region in the next 4 years.�1 Tokyo is the largest city within Japan and is incredibly densely built, supporting around 13.2 million people. This coupled with the countries geographical position between 4 tectonic plates poses very serious problems following a potential major earthquake within the city.

The research sets to act as an example for other disaster prone cities around the world as vulnerable settlements of people devise new/ old methods of dealing with inevitable, cyclic problems such as earthquakes. By questioning current practices of earthquake mitigation, the research sets to develop improved methods of mitigation that do not rely on architectural or engineered mono-function approaches (which is currently almost always the case).

By developing a multi-faceted system/design, the research aims to show that a problem such as Tokyo’s imminent earthquake cannot be solved with one standalone design. Rather it is a whole set of multiple interventions that can act accordingly at different time phases and scales, which will begin to interrogate how a city can function before, during and after a catastrophic earthquake event.

Questioning current practices in Japan will allow for an understanding of the issues faced following an earthquake and will allow for understanding of where changes can be developed from existing techniques. The research shows how landscapedriven design techniques can be considered as a valuable tool for earthquake mitigation, as well as the research functioning as potential tool for other vulnerable cities around the world facing similar issues.

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the pre-emptive landscape. altering urban fabric for earthquake mitigation. research question: How can an altering of the urban fabric of a city (through wayfinding and evacuation design) mitigate destruction within a city? sub-question(s): How does a combination of different interventions allow the site to function at a number of different scales and time phases, providing flexibility and functionality in the time before, during and following a major earthquake event?

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RESEARCH FRAME

problem

tsunami

objective: landscape as infrastructure infrastructure as landscape

after landscape previous studio work

interest: post-disaster design

research problem

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE + development of multi-programmed designs which contrast currently employed methods of mitigation + gain a rounded understanding of the complex issues facing the city through a range of differently situated (time phases) design scenarios + investigate current methods of mitigation through precedents already in place, responding through site specific interventions designs which are applied to mitigate disaster within the city

initial precedents theoretical framework

RESEARCH FRAMEWORK + + + + +

framing of problem through existing conditions process of iteration to develop design scenarios evaluation, selection then mutation of design scenarios categorization of scales of approach scenario evaluation diagram (SED) applied, understanding of success/failure of scenarios realized + 'stacking' of most successful scenarios + development of synthesis design through these mutated scenarios + evaluation through SED and projection/reflection made + evaluation made back against existing research problem and initial precedents

evaluation- critique

design scenario approach + understand a number of different associated time phases of the earthquake and develop designs that addressed issues surrounding these moments + attempt to solve these single time phase issues first, then develop a range of other approaches by applying single scenarios together, mutating ideas together

2OO M 2OO M

wayfinding

RESEARCH approach + development of the understanding of a 'stacked system', a series of designs which function within a system of integrations, rather than one particular design which is vulnerable to failure + diversification of risk

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process process diagram - detailed this categorization diagram shows the different design scenarios and the step by step nature in which each design was formulated. This diagram proved a valuable tool in understanding how each design scenario was quite independent in their outcomes, but also connected in a number of ways (through the categorization using the keywords). The diagram responds to the systematic approach that has been interrogated within this research and visualizes the connections occurring between the different tests. This diagram became an integral part of the research as it documented the notion ‘the sum of parts being greater than the whole’ ie. The research develops a systematic approach, with multiple designs.

These designs function together, to solve problems associated with Tokyo, not a single design which encompasses this.

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s m l xl s m l xl s m l xl s m l xl s m l xl s m l xl

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layout_document The following document is an accumulation of a range of scenariobased tests which function both independently from each other, yet also in conjunction at a series of different time scales. Scale of approach dictates the chapters within this document whilst each scenario attempts to independently tackle a particular issue(s) within its own associated time phase(s). The research suggests that a single-scale and single-solution design is not the answer. Rather, combined systems of approaches which function at different timescales and within different contexts are added together. Using this methodology, a 'stacked system' approach allows for a larger system to not be ruled exempt, when one or more scenario may fail.

The document is designed to be read in a non-linear fashion, where chapters and scenarios can be read independently and then interrogated against other scales of approach and scenarios. Although for reference, a plan is located at the start of every chapter and a combined plan, located on page 172 for reference. The research aims to document current earthquake practices within Tokyo, adapting them to better suit their environments and connect with the people who will use them in the event of a disaster. Although disaster function is a primary motive of the designs, it is critical that the designs function on a daily basis, not laying dormant like many of the other existing mitigation designs throughout the city.

The design scenarios have been developed within a particular method of approach and as a result, worked quite chronologically in their unpacking of the issues facing the research agenda.

The scale of approach changed with each new test and working within these particular scales provided a new method for categorization of chapters within the document. A further set of key terms categorize the scenarios, questioning key motives, issues and reasoning.

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chapters

REFERENCE NUMBER

BASIC LOCATION PLAN SCENARIO CATEGORIZATION TOOL

GENERAL DESIGN TYPE

disaster function social interaction

localize

follow

insert

site context

remove

connect

environmental benefit

SCENARIO EVALUATION DIAGRAM

cost

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Inherent risk/opportunity.

Mitigation strategies for the process of earthquake-related disaster in Tokyo.

How can landscape(s) mitigate, aid the evacuation process and act as a catalyst in the recovery process in susceptible wards of Tokyo? How can they function as multi-nodal spaces during normal times, yet provide specific systems/infrastructure in the event of a disaster?

RESEARCH QUESTION

How can landscape be considered a viable option in comparison to architectural/engineered typologies? How can the medium between hardware and software be considered when developing implemented designs or systems? How does inherent knowledge play a part in the evacuation process? What is the pre-emptive landscape? keywords: process, inherent, mitigate, multi-nodal, hardware vs. software.

RQ: what is the ......

START OF EACH CHAPTER

wayfinding device design.

Design Scenario 0.1 questions the need for escape and dispersal of large amounts of people following a major earthquake event within the Sumida site. This particular site is incredibly susceptible to damage due to the fire hazards from Edo Period housing typologies, as well as the fact that the area is built on reclaimed land and the chance of liquefaction within the site is incredibly high. The need to move people along designated route(s) to safer areas is key within an earthquake situation, as people need to move away from these effected areas into other less-effected areas.

BRIEF SUMMATION OF SCENARIO

0.1. Hanshin Expressway, Kobe.

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128

ITERATION NUMBER

KNOWLEDGE ACCUMILATION

REFERENCE DETAILS 0.1. Damaged Elektroprivreda Building, Sarajevo Under Seige, 1993 Ivan Strauss.

amass + at this point in time a clear understanding of the seriousness of the problem facing this site becomes clear.

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background The design research interests have originated from a previous studio (After-Landscape) run in second Semester, 2012 taken by Dr. Marieluise Jonas. The studios aim was to produce a handbook for developing resilient townships in tsunami prone areas of Japan, following the events of the 3/11 earthquake and tsunami. The trip encompassed study, undertaken at Tokyo University, as well as on-site evaluation and meetings with local villagers effected by the tsunami that struck their small fishing village of Shibitachi, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. Having witnessed first hand the destruction, which has shaped the coastlines of Japan, I was in awe of the resilience and acceptance for the inevitable that the local people had for withstanding such testing conditions. The intent for the research was to develop and build on the understanding of what was learnt from the time spent in Japan last year, now applying this to an urban context within the city of Tokyo.

The research aim at the beginning of the year was to develop new ways of disaster mitigation for dealing with an expected catastrophic earthquake within the next 4 years. The formulation of the research question came through initial investigations into current practices of disaster mitigation, mainly questioning how an implementation of green open space network could be considered a much more viable option for mitigation within the city, compared to currently employed singlefunction architectural or engineered solutions. The problem facing these single-solution designs occurs once they are implemented, laying dormant for many years in anticipation of a catastrophic event but left largely untouched or utilized. By cross-programming a landscape-centered design, the need for everyday usage could be addressed, not only providing action within a disaster event, but also within an everyday context also.

Some of the questions generated from this initial investigation included:

What are the real risks associated with the city?

Where is the most dangerous area?

Why is this area more susceptible than other areas?

What can help mitigate such problems?

What is currently in place/what is occurring?

How can the notion of plugging into the existing be utilized?

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initial research title + question

Inevitability-now Pre-emptive landscapes for changing spatial, environmental and economic conditions.

What is the pre-emptive landscape? How can methods of mitigation design, be adapted and tweaked to be applied elsewhere in less-equip cities? How does the landscape react to changing environmental, ecological and economical conditions? What is the role of the Landscape Architect in ‘crisis landscapes’? How can new application(s) of design intervention aid in the buffering of such disasters?

How has research question changed?

The initial research question was incredibly broad in its intent, questioning how currently employed techniques within Tokyo could be applied to other less well-equipped cities around the world. After partaking within initial research and understanding the very serious threat which stood in front of Tokyo, the intent of the research shifted from developing and adapting current strategies in Tokyo and Japan for other sites, instead focusing internally on the struggle to best prepare the city before an expected catastrophic event.

Initially the research questions were attempting to solve single weekly scenarios, it was not until these scenarios began to be questioned against each other and the broader framework of the research, that the research questions began to encapsulate the entire body of work and set a precedent for further development of the project.

The research question for each scenario can be located within the cover page of each scenario test and a timeline of the chronological order and time phases of each research question can be found in the appendix of this document.

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research OBJECTIVE The objective of the research is to develop a range of methods, which question current practices of earthquake mitigation within Tokyo.

Currently mitigation within the city relies heavily on architectural and engineered approaches to solving issues surrounding a disaster. The problem with these particular approaches is that they are designed to only function within the disaster event and are not programmed to function within an everyday setting, laying dormant for the majority of their lifespans.

The ambition of the project is to develop a range of differently situated designs, which tackle associated problems and issues at their respective scales and time phases. By understanding the different issues at these time phases, a rounded-approach to the overall problems facing the site can be interrogated. It is through this interrogation the real needs and

processes, which are vital before, during and following, an earthquake can be understood; and an appropriate design realized.

By investigating what is currently in place for mitigating such issues on site, designs that are developed can be critiqued against what is really occurring on site and currently in place.

These critiques can be investigated and understood; and positions regarding the success/failure of particular scenario realized, through either aligning, contrasting or disregarding the precedent. By evaluating different scenarios together, a larger synthesis scenario can be formulated, one which will attempt to engage a number of different complex issues facing the city in the event of an earthquake.

research FRAMEWORK The research framework is developed by initially using a series of different design iterations that locate themselves within a range of different time phases. Within each design scenario, precedents are recognized that help to frame the design. From these precedents, the design outcome can align, contrast or reflect on what the precedent offers, learning from what is already in place within the current design environment. After developing the scenarios, a quick evaluation of the design can be made (comparing back to the precedent) and the most successful designs can now be crossprogrammed together, mutating the designs to begin to solve a range of issues at a number of different timescales. After the new design has been developed the scenario evaluation diagram is applied which visualizes how each scenario solves a range of key issues surrounding the design. Given a rating of 1-5 (1 least successful, 5 most successful) an overall judgement of 20

the success/failure of these tests can be made. Again by selection, the most successful design scenarios can then be further mutated together, developing a final synthesis design that can begin to respond to a range of complex issues facing the site. Precedents and further evaluation are now implemented, whilst a projection for future endeavours can be made and reflection of the final outcome developed. This is again brought back to the initial design research problem and precedents, where an understanding of the process and development of the framework can be realized.

design scenario approach The design approach begun by looking at a number of different associated time phases of the earthquake and developing designs that addressed issues surrounding these moments.

For example: a wayfinding device was designed, situated in the period of time directly following the earthquake where people could move along designated routes out to the safety of lesser effected areas. This approach was valuable as it allowed for free form design that only attempted to solve particular issues at these times.

The design outcomes generated, only functioned within these phases and thus were functioning more or less in the same way that the current methods of mitigation worked.

The design approach then shifted its trajectory to then question these singlefunction designs against each other, developing a new series of scenarios that began to question a range of different issues and time phases

together into one design. Through the development of these scenarios a new layer of detail within the designs became apparent, successfully designing a range of different mitigation tools which could then be questioned against each other for further development.

research for successful mitigation devices. Not only does it fufil it's key role as a mitigation device but also will function as a successful design when this connection with users is established.

Early within the research, an underlying theme has involved the notion of hardware versus software.

Within Japan, the current mitigation techniques are now considering this theme as an understanding of the limitations of design interventions versus the potentials to train people for mitigation purposes. In terms of cost effectiveness, training people to understand risks associated with disaster remains an effective tool for mitigation within the city and when this can be coupled with design intervention it remains the best method for mitigation. Connecting people with the new design sites remains vital within the

RESEARCH APPROACH Through the process of the research, the understanding of a ‘stacked system’ became apparent as a means to tackle somewhat very different issues, yet maintain the ability to attempt to solve multiple problems facing the site. This notion of the stacked system came into realization through an understanding of the term fuzzy logic: a degree of truth rather than a simple yes or no solution.

When considered in this project, certain elements of the design may be more successful/appropriate at different times. Because of the uncertainty of the problem facing Tokyo, the ultimate reality is that no one exactly knows where the earthquake could hit and what exact damage it could cause. Thus, a range of solutions that could work more/less successfully at different timescales can be developed, understanding that there are differing degrees of implementation through different levels of destruction.

This method of approach can now contribute to my own design practice, by developing a range of different designs and then cross programming them I am able to produce a range of potential designs and select what I deem to be the most successful to be developed further. The notion of evaluation is something that is crucial within this approach and the scenario evaluation tool became a valuable tool for visualizing the success and failure of different design scenarios.

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key DEFINITIONS within research landscape_ all systems and surfaces associated within environments: both urban and undeveloped

mitigation_ deal with inevitable and to limit/buffer/minimize the effects

earthquake_ slip/crack/crush/open/ push/pull of techtonic plates resulting in energy release generally causing damage to ground surface

disaster_ event where lives/objects lost, scale dependent on people involved or injured, generally measured by economic, cultural or social loss fuzzy logic_ a degree of truth rather than a simple yes or no solution

plug-in_ insertion of object/system as a catalyst for change within existing object/system infrastructure_ basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a city

megalopolis_ city type of extensive metropolitan area wayfinding_ visual or audible cues used to convey location and directions to travelers along specific route(s). reclamation_ removal of existing condition to make way for insertion of new design(s).

tabula rasa_ latin term for blank slate, used when referring to removal of all existing context on site stacked system_ own term for understanding the multi-facet system of approach: if one part of the system fails, there is potentially others that can take its place.

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definitions + the work MEGAPOLIS -TOKYO

CONDITION

PROBLEM

REACTS TO

EARTHQUAKE

EFFECTS

INFRASTRUCTURE

EFFECTS

LANDSCAPE

REMOVE RECLAMATION

INSERT

REMEMBER LOCALISE

ESCAPE

STAY

PLUG-IN WAYFINDING

FOLLOW CONNECT

TECHNIQUES/TOOLS (unpacked through scenario tests) 0.1. Tokyo problem and mitigation techniques diagram

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disaster?

Disaster can be classified as event where lives/objects lost, scale dependent on people involved or injured, generally measured by economic, cultural or social loss. There is varying degrees of intensity of disaster and measurement can come from, (but is not limited to) people deemed missing, amount of injured, homeless as a result of, total evacuated, overall monetary loss and insured loss.

The effects of disaster vary greatly but the potential for disastrous effects within this site following a major earthquake are considerably high due to a number of different occurrences.

This research aims to investigate and understand the associated issues and develop a range of scenario-based tests which aim to give a priority towards landscape-based design efforts.

classification of disaster natural

vs.

man-made intentional non- intentional

measuring

effects economic

missing injured social homeless evacuated cultural overall loss ($) insured loss ($) what does disaster mean? diagram

major accident serious accident accident, wide consequences accident, local consequences serious incident incident anomaly

deviation

0.1. Christchurch Earthquake, 2012.

0.2. China Earthquake, 2013.

0.3. Haiti Earthquake, 2010.

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0.1. One of the many concrete drainage and stormwater channels located dangerously close to existing homes and shops

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1/5th 20 6, 434 1km

BUILDINGS LOST.

BUILDINGS IN WORST HIT AREAS LOST.

SECONDS, INITIAL QUAKE.

PEOPLE LOST.

DISTANCE OF HANSHIN EXPRESSWAY COLLAPSED.

0.1. Hanshin Expressway, Kobe.

kobe earthquake 17/1/95 magnitude 6.8

17.01.95 26

kobe _Earthquake

150,000

40.5m 18, 000 385, 425 20km 7 0.2. Washed Up Container Ship, Kessennuma.

STRONGEST EARTHQUAKE SINCE RECORDS (worldwide).

SIZE OF TSUNAMI WAVE IN MIYATO, IWATE PREFECTURE.

TOTAL PEOPLE LOST.

TOTAL BUILDINGS LOST.

EVACUATION RADIUS FROM FUKUSHIMA NUCLEAR PLANT.

NUMBER OF REACTOR MELT DOWNS AT NUCLEAR PLANTS NEARBY.

Great Eastern _Earthquake

5

th

great east japan earthquake 11/3/11 magnitude 9.0

3.11.11 27

tokyo_ megalopolis

UNDERSTANDING TOKYO

0.1. Tokyo perspective aerial with highlighted design site [Sumida].

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sumida-ku design site

“This city is a process not an 1 artefact.”

Tokyo is an overwhelming city of immense size and variation. Having been lucky enough to partake in a studio last year that travelled to Japan’s tsunami affected regions (Tohoku) if the opportunity presented itself I knew I would try to come back to further develop my interests within post-disaster design work. The following exert is from my sketchbook which I carried with me whilst travelling to Tokyo for the first time.

“The city is a buzz with electricity and in a place full of millions of people, creativity and ingenuity is all around. Everywhere I looked it was a feast for the eyes, bright colours everywhere, something interesting and different lurked around every corner. It is this with this intensity of population where new trends are born, new styles adapted and new inventions take flight.

The shear size of the population of the megalopolis is daunting, close to 3 times the population of Melbourne, the city is in a constant state of caution from natural disaster, mainly earthquakes in the cities. It is this common threat, which all Japanese are aware of; and generally speaking are perhaps the best prepared for any such disaster in the world. It is with that thought in the back of their mind that they go about their daily lives with such gusto. Precision and detail is everywhere, nothing matches yet somehow everything works.”

Having seen first hand the power and destruction that natural disasters such as a tsunami can cause; and inevitably shape Japan’s landscape, I was eager to tackle a complex urban issue associated with natural disaster(s) within Tokyo. The suceptibility of the city towards disaster was something that interested me and its ability to continue to rebuild time and time again following catastrophic events.

1

Metropolis NOW! Urban Cultures in Global Cities, Ramesh Biswas, p.29.

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“Roads and trainlines run over buildings, expressways wind themselves over rivers, cars can drive up ramps and onto the rooftop of a six-storey building, the huge volume of a golf practice net billows over a tiny residential district.

Most major cities in Europe are still using buildings from previous centuries, and are not modernized in terms of renewing actual building stock. By comparison, almost all buildings in Tokyo have been built within the last 30 or 40 years, utilizing contemporary technologies.� 2

Travelling with a Melbourne University design studio aided by Dr. Heike Rahmann and Dr. Marieluise Jonas, I visited Tokyo for a second time. I was well aware of what to expect when I finally touched down.

The city is chaotic, full with energy and excitement. There is a constant contrast between traditional Japanese values and a stark modern megapolis.

The entire city is stacked, layer upon layer going from the ground level up and the same again below. With the vast expansion of the city, planners were unable to cap growth in many areas of the city, thus huge areas are poorly planned with a mish mash of different styles and layouts. This coupled with the fact it is one of the most earthquake prone areas in the world leaves the city at a constant state of vulnerability.

One prominent occurrence within the city of Tokyo is the repetition of the 2

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Tokyo By-Product, Nigel Bertram page. 15

0.1. View from Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building.

0.2. Shibuya Overpass: stacking of infrastructure + systems.

0.3. Egg Shell neighbourhood diagram

EGG SHELL - LARGER SCALE BUILDINGS ALONG BLOCK EXTREMITIES

YOLK - INTERIOR SMALL SCALE NEIGHBOURHOODS

‘egg-shell’. Denoted by larger fire-proof commercial buildings on the extremities of a city block, enclosing a smaller, tightly formed single to double storey internal neighbourhoods. They serve as a rudimental defense against the spread of fires following an earthquake, due to the tightly packed wooden internal neighbourhoods which are spread throughout the city. Given the shear scale and number of poorly constructed homes within the city, new methods of mitigation need to be developed to mitigate disaster and ultimately limit lives lost following an event.

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aerial rail + road network liquefaction suceptibility 65+ year age densities existing evacuation zones + refuges connections between evacuation zones population density tremor suceptibility tokyo sprawl 1888 tokyo sprawl 1914 tokyo sprawl 1945 tokyo sprawl 1986

The Tokyo mappings (left) look at the context of the city and how it has exploded in size and has grown to engulf many smaller cities on the periphery. The series also shows us that large parts of the city on the Tokyo Bay are incredibly susceptible to liquefaction (mainly due to poor planning: building below sea level and land reclamation). This coupled with the fact that the city houses an ageing population (with negative growth) makes the whole situation of an earthquake within this city seem dire.

By using the existing chaotic network of infrastructure and plugging in new designs into the research, it aims to find new ways of dealing with the potential crisis that the city will eventually face.

organic growth “The city has been shaped very much by forces that are distinctively Japanese and very alien to the habits of other realms.� 3 3

Metropolis NOW! Urban Cultures in Global Cities, Ramesh Biswas, p.34 33

initial precedents 1

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Shanghai Disaster Parks, China.

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Higashi-Shirahige Development, Tokyo.

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13

Mutations of landscape/infrastructure/both.

textual Precedent played a large part in helping to understand current practices and occurrences in different disaster-prone regions around the world. This page documents different built precedents that act as both anti-precedent (inaccessible Chinese Evacuation Parks) – something that I did not want to pursue and documentation of landscape as infrastructure/ infrastructure as landscape (Higashi Shirahige Project) – on site occurrences, something that I was particularly interested in developing at the time. The second page documents a number of other precedents which begin to look at the methodology of different precedents such as ‘landscape considered as a dynamic system’, as well as previous student research from previous years.

The Higashi-Shirahige development has shaped the way in which the research has considered different programs and systems packaged into a particular site. The precedent, located at the North West end of the site is a huge infrastructure design that acts primarily as a firebreak in the event of an earthquake (stopping spread of fire from vulnerable Sumida-ku side of the river, spreading across into the rest of the city). The design also has an inbuilt hospital for 2,000 people as well as various fire fighting tools embedded into the design, something that has been consistently questioned throughout the design scenario tests.

Shanghai disaster parks have proved as anti-precedents for this research as they are virtually off limits to the residents who need to use them in the event of a disaster. The sites are locked to public, fenced off with barbed wire and are completely isolated from the rest of the city. This research develops designs which connect with the users of the site on an everyday basis, forming strong connections with site, thus when a disaster event may actually occur there is no doubt in the users mind where the safest local location is.

conceptual 14

15

16

17 Hardware vs. Software.

19

18

20

21

Landscape considered as a dynamic system.

22

23

24 Biomimicry.

25

27

26

28 Previous student work.

student

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Shanghai disaster park Shanghai disaster park Shanghai disaster park Shanghai disaster park H-S development, Tokyo H-S development, Tokyo H-S development, Tokyo HAT Kobe Project, Kobe street widening efforts, Sumida MADE IN TOKYO book

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

MADE IN TOKYO book MADE IN TOKYO book collect. housing, S.Fujimoto computer motherboard drawing temporary bridge, netherlands temporary city, Kenzo Tange earthquake modelling flood modelling tokyo underground sewers

21 22 23 24 26 27 28

NASA aerial imagery nature scientific interpret nature scientific interpret Paris city overlay S.Meade folio N.Schwabe folio B.Kronenberg folio

35

35°42’N 139°49’

site data

75% probability that a magnitude 7.0 earthquake would strike the "there is a

(Kanto) region in the next 4 years." 4

tokyo, jp.

tokyo_

curitiba, braSIL. 4

36

28.3 M2

GREENSPACE M2.

23.0 M2

rotterdam, denMARK.

melbourne, aus.

3M2

52.0 M2

2.18

MILLION.

TOTAL AREA_KM .

2

MILLION.

‘big earthquake due in next few years’, www.bbc.co.uk

japan_

sumida_[design site]

240,733 RESIDENTS.

126,974 HOUSEHOLDS.

17,507 PEOPLE PER_KM2.

13.75 TOTAL AREA_KM2.

CHILDREN (0-20) 11.4%

MIDDLE AGED (20-50) 68.2%

ELDERLY (50+) 20.4%

The design site of Sumida represents a very large problem for the city of Tokyo as it has been an area flagged as extremely susceptible to damage following an earthquake. Given the population of people living within the area, coupled with the housing typologies and urban fabric of the

neighbourhoods the government is scrambling to find ways to deal with the potential issues surrounding an earthquake within the city. It was for this reason that I chose this particular area of the city to develop the research and investigate how a design could plugin to the existing

infrastructure of the city and function within the earthquake time phase(s).

amass + at this point in time a clear understanding of the seriousness of the problem facing this site becomes clear.

37

housing typologies

pro: + potentially withstand earthquake + traditional + intimate (human) scale con: + does not allow for firetruck access + elderly population + fire hazard (materials used)

current change in housing condition on site

through street widening

A key issue with Sumida is the Edo Period housing typologies that are scattered throughout the ward.

These wooden, densely built, 2 storey dwellings are generally occupied by elderly people, who have lived in them for many years. The main reason that this particular area is so susceptible to earthquake damage is due to the location of the ward, but secondly the building materials and layout of these neighbourhoods and their susceptibility to fire. In some areas of Sumida, cars cannot pass the streets because they are built so closely together! Thus when fires break out following a major earthquake, fire trucks cannot get into these areas to help residents to

safety and stop fires spreading.

Currently the Tokyo Metropolitan Government has a program where it is buying up many of the properties within Sumida from elderly homeowners and widening streets and removing these Edo period typologies. The existing residents are then moved into earthquake-safe residential towers nearby, suddenly removing any close social interaction that would generally occur at street level. By shifting the interaction from the horizontal plane to a vertical one suddenly the social connections of the people who once lived in these existing typologies is no longer apparent.

0.1. Current Edo Period housing typologies within Sumida 0.2. Pre and post condition of street widening efforts

38

liquefaction

Soil liquefaction describes a phenomenon where by a saturated or partially saturated soil loses strength and stiffness in response to an applied force, usually earthquake shaking, causing it to behave like a liquid. The phenomenon is most often observed in saturated, loose (low density or uncompacted), sandy

soils. This remains a key issue with the site in the event of an earthquake as the entire site sits on reclaimed land sitting above underground water systems. This problem has been addressed in the research by questioning multiple sites as evacuation nodes, diversifying risk and not allowing for one central site, open

to failure. By doing this, the notion of the ‘stacked system’ is realize¬¬d.

stacked system_ own term for understanding the multi-facet system of approach: if one part of the system fails, there is potentially others that can take its place.

0.3. Liquefaction following Christchurch Earthquake, NZ. above Types of strain from earthquakes

39

types of mitigation

1

2

3

4

0.1. tsunami sea wall, 0.2. earthquake dampening system, 0.3. engineered structures, 0.4. training of people.

kobe earthquake:

destroyed city + housing crisis

40

3/11 earthquake:

tsunami + nuclear meltdown

41

field trip_tokyo!

0.1. Tanabata ‘Star’ Festival

42

understanding the problems limited LA projects/designed public space

complex urban growth

political unrest

space limitations

environmental crisis: fukushima

reluctance to speak out against

government poses too much power

tokyo: potential earthquake

cultural contrasts: modern v. traditional values

economic crisis: post bubble economy

ageing society: negative growth rate framing problems diagram

A very complex set of problems are engrained in both Japan and Tokyo when considering the underlying issues of the country. By beginning to understand the context for which the country and city is at present, it becomes a vital tool for designing a responsive system which connects with users within the city and in a larger context the country.

Many problems face the Japanese within this environment. Tokyo is a city is in a constant state of change and there are constant reminders of the struggle to find the balance between traditional and modern values. This research does not attempt to solve deeply engrained social issues facing the country, rather it takes particular aspects of underlying problems and attempts to solve smaller localized issues, which eventually begin to address larger problems associated with the city. The global financial crisis has hit Japan hard, meaning more people are earning less and more are working less. These somewhat negative occurrences actually provide larger opportunities for people to begin to interact with the urban environment they navigate within, making better use of green space and public services as people begin to slowly change the mentality of the 6 day working week.

43

find-ing (s) tokyo FINDINGS Key Finding

01 mixed urban form

02 traditional + modern

04

03 unmapped form

clear evacuation systems

06

05 multi-level rail stations

tunnels commonly used

08

large commutes into work

night v. day population

“people are working less so they have more time to visit parks on the weekend.”

44

07 warped sense of scale

09

10

General

poorly designed green space

“there are many vacant shops in this area (Sumida-ku).”

“I know this is a dangerous area. I don’t know where to go (questioned about earthquake)”

sumida-ku FINDINGS

01 vegetation has priority

04 garden plots common

02 egg-shell works

05 historical industries

07

14 food + drink in street

17 idea of green street

Evacuation

16

13 homeless in parks

Evacuation Parks

21

20 poor + modern mix

19 telephone box common

11 roll-out design of evac parks

12 evac park: not known

shrine: historical evacuation point

extinguishers in street

18 double frontage common

primary + secondary parks

09

06 Sumida-ku brand

15 navigation is dynamic

10

ignorance of disaster

Community

ageing population: gardening

08

03 koban are valuable

limitations of space

23 egg shell: closed?

22 egg shell is broken?

24 shrines dotted throughout city

25 vacant lot = car park

26 move to apartments

Streetscape

27 poor wayfinding

28 main road navigation

30 Sky Tree Tower = beacon

32 not always poor

38

29 signage overload

31

Wayfinding

change in sign spacing

33 train + car ownership

no connection to river

Urbanism

39 tradition/traditional?

34

bike use increase

35 huge infrastructure

mixed -use roads

40

36 ‘stacked city’

37 public + private = ?

General 45

Tokyo 1.

The city is an eclectic 5.

Rail Urbanism determined

mix of building typologies growth, thus priority

and layouts.

of infrastructure is centred There is a constant state around these hubs 2.

of contrast between

including shopping, hotels,

traditional and modern

attractions etc.

values in all aspects of 6.

Underground path networks linking rail life.

3.

Some areas of the city

infrastructure

still remain unmapped.

together leave a distinct 4.

There are clear systems sense of dislocation from

in place for evacuation

the ground plane location

and escape, yet many

and the perceived

people do not know about location, leaving

or connect with these

very few points of systems. reference.

7.

8.

9.

10.

With efficient and accessible transport options there is a warped sense of scale of closeness and proximity.

Most people travel between 1.5-2 hours via train everyday into work.

The night time population of the city is 1/3 of what it is during the day.

Green space within the city is generally of poor design, thus priority is not given to these types of spaces.

sumida-ku 1 Emphasis on green/

vegetation within the streetscape.

2 Egg Shell fosters strong

and 'safe' communities.

3 Koban are community

helpers and protection.

4 Community garden plots

are common.

5 Historical industries still

occur in these areas

(leather goods).

6 Sumida-ku brand: quality

and craftsmanship.

7 Ageing population:

gardening popular.

8 People understand they

are in a vulnerable area

but do not necessarily know where to go in the

event of a disaster.

9 Shrines: historical

evacuation points.

10 Primary + secondary evacuation parks are

present.

Set package for 11 46

evacuation parks.

12 Un prescribed nature of evacuation sites mean

people don’t know where

they are?

13 Many homeless scattered

throughout the park systems.

14 People connect with

street through eating and drinking.

15 Goat path navigation through neighbourhoods.

16 Fire extinguishers are dotted throughout the

larger streets and

common signage used.

17 Different idea of ‘green street’.

Double frontage on 18

most housing stock and

especially residential towers.

19 Telephone boxes dotted throughout larger streets/

roads: usage following disaster for

personal voicemail

messages to family.

Poor and modern housing 20

stock are contrasted together.

21 Limitations of space:

people build where ever they can/want to

(illegally sometimes).

22 Egg Shell Urbanism

still present but broken by

uncontrolled development.

Egg shell: closed 23

community – no connection to external

escape routes?

24 Shrines are dotted through

all neighbourhoods in

strange places.

25 Vacant lots can generate

income through car

parking (many).

26 Residential upheaval

into new apartment towers very common.

27 Poor usage of wayfinding markers + street signage.

28

29

30

31

32

Always make way to main roads if every lost : use signage + train stations as markers.

So much signage people don’t necessarily pay much attention to any of it.

Sky Tree Tower: biggest wayfinding device of all time.

Wayfinding Markers in different areas are different and have different spacing.

Sumida-ku not necessarily a poor area, some areas

are wealthy.

33 Car + Train rules the

city: bikes and people navigate streetscape

without rules.

34 Many areas within

neighbourhoods don’t have footpaths, must

navigate with caution.

35 Massive infrastructure

renewal constantly being undertaken.

36 Stacked City and infrastructure.

37 Strange blur between

public and private space

in many areas.

38

39

40

People don’t connect with the river in the same way Western People do.

Constant contrast in the city between traditional and modern.

Incredible increase in usage of bikes within the last year: struggling for storage and rules etc.

often sitting between large developments and residential towers.

Sky Tree Tower: Tokyo Skytree Tower, a 634m monument to the technological and engineering advancements of the country, located within the south of the site.

terms Rail Urbanism: following privatisation of rail networks, development began on areas surrounding stations.

Koban: Local police who watch over very select small neighbourhoods all throughout the city.

Shrines: Because of the way in which the city has expanded organically over its lifetime, traditional shrines are still dotted within neighbourhoods,

Egg Shell/Urbanism: A common technique for urban development within the city.

Blocks are surrounded by highrise style buildings, surrounding densely packed small scale residential homes protecting them from main road exposure and potential spread of fire following an earthquake.

Stacked City: Metaphor for understanding the layout of the city. Systems and programs of buildings and infrastructure is simply stacked above, below and between any existing condition, utilizing any possible potential space for expansion.

unpack Following the numerous site visits undertaken a list was developed which began to document key ideas and occurrences that happen within the daily lives of people within the site. These quite simplistic observations acted almost as a trajectory points for further scenarios within the research (following the trip) as actual conditions began to be proved/ disproved rather than guessed.

The highlighted symbols and examples were deemed to be the most important throughout these observations and were used to interrogate the previous work undertaken, as well as develop the new scenarios, which could respond to these observations.

47

“At the level of the home… talking to our hosts, the seeing of so much of life on the street was explained by the size of the houses – as they are so small and have such diminished sunlight as housing is so dense in parts of the city, people socialise out, to the extent that some houses are being built without kitchens as so little food is consumed in the house. So with bars, restaurants, shops and entertainments all around you, the house becomes now somewhere just to sleep.” 4 4

48

http://www.caracourage.net/info/?p=526.

0.1. incredibly small narrow laneways are wedged between buildings, largely unregulated by the local government.

49

texts 1

A

B

C

50

2

3

4

“Tokyo has already been edited to suit every possible 5 objective.”

MADE IN TOKYO, BOW WOW.

A1

PROJECT JAPAN, koolhaus.

A2

Made in Tokyo was used initially as a precedent for its analysis and drawing style, drawn in isometric line work.

It documents a vast matrix of different styles of buildings which have formed from Tokyo’s immense density and strain on land use. Upon reading, it was found that some of the documentation showed use of landscape as infrastructure/infrastructure as landscape, as well as cross-programming that occurred could also be used as a precedent when thinking about design tests. The gaps within their work that this research attempts to solve is exactly how to connect people with these particular sites and how disaster mitigation can be cross-programmed within these sites. The research critiques BOW WOW's lack of connection to context throughout the work and attempts to use the exisiting environment and conditions and begin to shape the built form accordingly.

The Metabolist movement in the 60’s and 70’s was at the forefront of progressive architectural thinking in Japan during the reconstruction phase of the nation following WW2. The book provided a great precedent for conceptualizing new ways of thinking about how the city could be re-thought and re-interpreted. What lacked within the movement was a sense of connection to context and a 'tabula rasa' approach to design outcomes. This research takes into account the surrounding context of design sites and connects users through clear and defined existing nodal points of reference.

The text gave insight into conceptual visions of a changed Tokyo, not limited to conventional ideas or understandings.

RECONSTRUCTING KOBE, edgington. A3

PHYLOGENESIS, FOA.

Reconstructing Kobe provided a fantastic insight into the post-earthquake conditions following the disaster in Kobe, 1995. Providing valuable data and analysis, coupled with first hand accounts and graphical representations this book provided a great deal of knowledge when considering the effects of such a disaster on a Japanese city. This text gave a level of understanding of associated problems to the research, where initially it was at times assumed conditions. It added a level of detail and problem solving to the design test scenarios that was not previously present.

Phylogenesis provided an understanding of a graphical representation to compile seemingly very different earlier design tests with one another.

Using a method of categorization and symbolism, the somewhat very different tests could then be read as a whole and the overarching issues/ideas can be drawn out from this process. The layout of the text provided the basis for the categorization diagram, incorporating all the design scenarios and separating them into a range of different sub categories including: time phase, scale, ¬outcome and condition.

5

A4

Metropolis NOW! Urban Cultures in Global Cities, Ramesh Biswas, p.42

51

THE FUTURE METRO. LANDSCAPE,

biswas.

B1

BY-PRODUCT TOKYO, bertram.

B2

Biswas, the author provides an insight of a foreigner looking into Tokyo and its surrounds. He gives accounts of how the city was formed and the forces that have shaped its landscape. This initial reading was the text which first began the interest in Tokyo and continued on through 2 previous studios. Written almost as a case study for future cities rather than an account of the existing. The text provided many of the quotations for this document and provides a great insight into the everyday occurrences of Tokyo.

By-Product Tokyo was a studio run by RMIT and the publication mimicked the analysis of atelier BOW WOW’s MADE IN TOKYO, and Pet Architecture.

It looked more in depth as to the anomalies that occur within Tokyo and where they are located. It was used heavily as a precedent when considering vending machines as a streetscape driver for design scenario 0.6. The method of representation between this text and BOW WOW’s example were also emulated throughout the process of the research.

PET ARCHITECTURE, bow wow.

POST-BUBBLE CITY, bow wow.

B3

B4

Pet Architecture explores Tokyo’s ad hoc architecture that occurs as people use every amount of space possible to squeeze into the left over urban condition. Much the same as MADE IN TOKYO, BOW WOW investigates how these buildings occur, what systems/forces shape these left over spaces and their locations. Again, used heavily as a drawing technique for vending machine design iterations and will continue through to documentation of site whilst in Tokyo.

A comprehensive survey of some 70 small-scale house designs and projects of atelier BOW WOW that deal predominantly with the complexities of dense urban environments. 12 different conversations on urban and architectural issues are developed in this text and various precedents shown. Ideas regarding connection of people back to street level stem from readings on BOW WOW’s white limousine project and temporary school. This example provided a real outcome for community engagement (white limousine project) and served as an initial precedent for the final synthesis design scenario, which looked at incorporating moveable market stalls into new reclaimed sites within the city.

DATA FLOW 2, gestalten.

DOGS+DEMONS, a.kerr.

C1

Dataflow 2 provided a visual precedent for many of the diagrams/infographic and layouts that have been used throughout the research. The text provides many examples of data visualization on seemingly complex data sets, representing them as legible, readable outcomes. This was something that was crucial within the entire period of the research.

C2

Kerr writes about Japan’s current crises and paints a very different picture to the other seemingly positive reviews of the city/wider context of the country. He emotively describes current issues faced within Japan and does not shy from many disheartening truths. It provided a unromantic summation of the city, giving the research the ability to step back from the city and question what is really important when considering disaster mitigation in Tokyo.

“Tokyo is an experimental field where every urban trend appears for the first time,to be copied years later in other world cities.” 6 6

52

Metropolis NOW! Urban Cultures in Global Cities, Ramesh Biswas, p.34

“the issues facing this city (following a disaster event) are so large and complex, that any design within this research needs to rely on the fact that it will only be mitigating the problem.

There is no solve-all answer to this problem.�

- Simon Meade.

positioning_within la.

This research uses the practice and work of ATELIER BOW WOW to theorize the research within the context of the city. The work of the firm interrogates the need for maximisation of limited space, cross-programming of design sites and the notion of "landscape as infrastructure/infrastructure as landscape". All which have been unpacked within the design research. A similar position has been questioned throughout the research, later adapted following the field trip to Tokyo in July.

The research situates itself alongside currently employed methods of disaster mitigation in place within the city, by using primary and secondary openspace networks to develop a system of mitigation. The research questions: how programs and systems can

then be incorporated with context to their surrounds to develop sites that actually connect with the users?

This trajectory is something that is not employed on site at present, where a roll-out approach has been developed with a standardized approach that does not take into account anything other than space limitations of these sites.

The research work of Atelier BOW WOW (through MADE IN TOKYO, PET ARCHITECTURE etc.) gives an understanding and appreciation to the complexities that occur, within this city amongst almost every neighbourhood. A strong interest of crossprogramming, especially of somewhat incompatible programs and systems is something particularly common within their texts. The changing of particular systems to suit their surrounds is another common trait within their practice and this mutation of individual programs has been developed throughout this body of research.

taken from textual analysis:

"Made in Tokyo was used initially as a precedent for its analysis and drawing style, drawn in isometric line work it documents a vast matrix of different styles of buildings which have formed from Tokyo’s immense density and strain on land use. Upon reading I found that some of the documentation showed use of landscape as infrastructure/infrastructure as landscape, as well as cross-programming that occurred could also be used as a precedent when thinking about my design tests. The gaps within their work that this research attempts to solve is exactly how to connect people with these particular sites and how disaster mitigation can be cross-programmed within these sites. The research critiques BOW WOW's lack of connection to context throughout the work and attempts to use the exisiting environment and conditions and begin to shape the built form accordingly. " 54

0.1. tennis court bridge + cemetery underpass, MADE IN TOKYO: Atelier BOW WOW

To date the work of Atelier BOW WOW has mainly focussed on small-medium scale residential and cultural sites, where they have developed a mentality of maximisation of site, something which is very necessary within Tokyo and Japan.

Their work develops from seemingly under utilized or challenging sites, maximising space and individualization thorough a range of different techniques. Their research is something which is of particular interest to this body of work, rather than the built form they design. ÂŹ In terms of discourse, it is their research, methodology and interests of which are most aligned to the discourse of Landscape Architecture.

Having great affection for the abnormal, home-made and mutated, their research documents what is of particular interest to the research within Tokyo.

Their mode of representation has also served as a precedent for this research, using complex linework, axonometric drawings and select colours to highlight key points throughout the work.

0.2. House & Atelier + Tower Machiya Atelier BOW WOW

55

in practice Currently in Tokyo mega structures and single-function designs are used to mitigate disasters within the city. An example of such over engineering, though not related entirely to earthquakes is the Sea Wall.

One aligned project is HAT Kobe development by Yoji Sasaki, developed after the Kobe earthquake in 1995. Using resident-driven designs, the development was shaped by the community needs and what was really wanted by the people living there, rather than the ideals of the designers.

This practice was developed after they realized that it was community engagement following the earthquake that was the biggest positive influence on people affected by the disaster 56

A

ba

ute

al br

initi

e tanc in) resis (taisdhby lawin+gs +g + ild in ire requ rise bud shak low staine t su e, no

forc

co vi b in mm r te e rn n c a al de ( o ti d d se n on am fo tr i r p h sh o n ig er h i l in ris n) si e d + e +

ake

hqu

art sic e

e/ sk sa sive ys fe + cr st ap + er +

ba se is (m ola en tio m sh n os hi te in gh xp ) ris en

re

Scattered along most of the coastline of Japan, Sea Walls are huge concrete walls that disconnect people with the ocean and have been proven to not be effective in reducing damage following a tsunami. Even after the 3/11 tsunami which ravaged the coastline of Miyagi prefecture, they are still constructed, in many cases smaller than the actual wave that occurred following the tsunami. In Tokyo, engineered and architectural designs are almost used exclusively, where strengthening and tolerance takes priority over function and useability. One example is the Higashi Shirahige development, located in the North East corner of the Sumida-Ku site.

Designed as a huge firewall, it limits the spread of fire from Sumida across the river by acting as a huge automated concrete barrier with huge closable entry gates and walls.The huge building only serves a residential and emergency function, nothing else. Not enough multi programming is involved within these designs and therefore many of the sites do not connect with people and are not understood as a mitigation tool within the city. This research aligns itself with the Tokyo Metropolitan Government’s current disaster mitigation system that establishes local primary evacuation sites, followed by secondary larger evacuation zones. These evacuation areas will be unpacked later in the document, though again, they are widely unused and many people do not even know they exist in their local neighbourhoods.

B

C

A

B

C

A: discipation of kinetic energy (shear) through frame of building

B:

discipation of kinetic energy (vibration) through dampening core of building

C: discipation of kinetic energy (shear) through moveable rubber pads

types of engineering mitigation diagram

Current Strengthening Practices

Destroyed Sea Wall, Miyagi prefecture, Japan.

own images

current practices

aligned project

aligned position

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

0.1 Asakusa station. 0.2 Tokyo Skytree + traditional home. 0.3 Poor quality building stock, Sumida-ku. 0.4 Televised warning system. 0.5 Structural bracing for building.

0.6 National Earthquake Training Day. 0.7 - 0.9 HAT Kobe Project. 10. Tennis Court Bridge, ATELIER BOW WOW. 11. Cemetery Underpass. 12. Train Line Homes.

57

thus it was used as a model for designing the spaces surrounding the buildings in the development.

My own images document some very common occurrences within Tokyo. Multi-layered infrastructure taking priority over the ground plane, a constant contrast between super modern and the traditional as well as extremely poor quality housing stock within Sumida-ku which creates a hazardous environment following a major disaster.

Common current practices used within the city include media and broadcasting transmitting warnings in the event of a disaster, building practices which have been brought into regulation to strengthen buildings as well as training systems.

Current mitigation technique employed in Tokyo.

58

Simple engagement catalysts such as market nights, playgrounds and seating help in engaging users with a space.

Seating is something that is widely overlooked within Tokyo, with many public areas not providing or actively preventing seating. By cross-programming seating with storage for evacuation or emergency equipment, these sites can remain functional in both disaster and normal phases.

before event - market

normal - PRE EVENT phase 59

positioning_within context.

Currently a number of practices are undertaken within Tokyo that act to mitigate a potential disaster within the city. Some of these include: usage of media, disaster drills and preparation, use of emergency phone system (711), computer modelling and disaster management, as well as primary and secondary evacuation sites.

Disaster drills and community engagement: every year on the 1st of

September it is evacuation training day in Japan. It serves as practice for thousands of people who take part in the drills and attempt to prepare themselves for a potential crisis in the city. The ideas surrounding drills have not been unpacked within this research, but the techniques of community engagement, through the use of public open space have in the final synthesis approach. Because of such space limitations which exist in the city, newly developed localized evacuation sites will establish a greater local community

engagement, creating stronger, more resilient communities through social interaction.

Local evacuation parks: below is an example of a common local evacuation park, tucked away within a small intersecting road within Sumida-ku.

Highlighted within the image is a tool kit of standardized objects, common within almost all local evacuation sites (space according). The problem with these particular spaces is that a roll-out approach has been employed across the city, these sites are poorly designed and upkeep is generally left to local residents. The spaces are incredibly un-prescribed, having little signage, connection to surrounding context or any cross programming. Thus the spaces are almost always unused, studies within the research, talking to local residents proved theories that people do not connect with these sites at all because they do not know they exist or what their primary function is.

“I know this is a dangerous area. I don’t know where to go (questioned about earthquake)”

signa evacuation shed solar powered clock + light gravel open space

0.1. Common local ‘Evacuation Area’, red highlights kit of parts which are applied to almost all sites across the city.

60

All designs developed throughout this research have questioned how context can shape a particular site. Without context, designs have no connection or grounding to the site which they are located within, meaning potentially the site could be anywhere else in the world and have the same effect on its surroundings. The research has strived to develop a range of tests that build on this notion of context, yet when dealing with a multi-faceted system which incorporates a range of different sites, it is unfeasible to completely redesign the fabric of the city through these designs.

The research has developed the design scenario tests as a method of testing for a particular exemplar, with the aim for the site to be used as a model for further application throughout the city with differing outcomes and results. The research has aligned with currently employed techniques within Tokyo, yet a further level of programming and context shapes the sites into something different to what currently occurring across the city, unsuccessful and underutilized sites.

fire extinguisher signage signage - evacuation site

open access to street

water storage

61

design time phases scenario 0.6 PAGE 82 VENDING MACHINE DESIGN

scenario 0.2+0.3 PAGE 102

EVACUATION PARK DESIGN

scenario 0.1 PAGE 70

WAYFINDING DEVICE DESIGN

scenario 0.5 PAGE 124

LAND RECLAMATION DESIGN

scenario 0.7 PAGE 92 WAYFINDING LIGHTING DESIGN

scenario 0.9 PAGE 148

STATION EXTENSION DESIGN

scenario 0.8 PAGE 140 GREEN FRAMEWORK DESIGN

scenario 0.4 PAGE 116 MEMORIAL DESIGN

synthesis scenario PAGE 154 MULTIPLE DESIGN STRATEGY

Design Time Phase diagram

62

63

Method of approach TIMEFRAME?

MOMENT IN TIME: -training -pre event -during event -post event -reflection

PRO’S: + + +

CON’S: + + +

LIMITATIONS/OPPORTUNITIES EVALUATION OF PERIOD (KEY IDEAS) + + +

DESIGN ITERATIONS (respond to components) PRO + + +

DESIGN 2 CON + + +

PRO + + +

DESIGN 3 CON + + +

PRO + + +

PRESENTATION FEEDBACK REFLECTION

POTENTIAL REWORKING

* The later scenarios do not include this design method of approach as they begun to use previous tests to inform their design outcomes.

Design Phase-Staging diagram

DESIGN PHASE

1 DESIGN _WORK UP.

CON + + +

ADAPTATION/REDESIGN PHASE

DESIGN 1

Design Method diagram

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DEFINING PHASE

A very clear moment within the disaster timeline is chosen and a series of pros and cons are developed to determine the key ideas at a particular point in time. Examples of these key ideas could be the primary need for access to water for drinking or fire fighting, or the key infrastructure of a toilet system.

A series of design ideas can be quickly produced which attempt to question these ideas and they are evaluated according to their effectiveness of answering the key issues associated in earlier development. From this, a design is chosen according to its effectiveness and then developed and presented for a weekly presentation. Feedback is then supplied and the design is reflected upon and can be potentially reworked or rethought to further suit the key ideas.

The diagram (below right) looks at the planned stages of the year, including a field trip to Tokyo in the mid-year holidays. The diagram looks at initial ideas formed, realizations made after being on site and then adaptation after coming back to Melbourne.

SETTING/FRAMING PHASE

A series of different design iterations were developed, which attempt to solve a number of different issues at a number of different time scales involved in the process of a earthquake disaster within Tokyo. The diagram (right) is a diagram for the development of each design iteration and looks at what decisions were made to produce a design.

scenario grouping These ÂŹkeywords are one method of categorization for each design scenario which has been undertaken as a way to simplify and combine seemingly different design tests. If a keyword is questioned or interrogated within a design scenario it will be highlighted in the start of the chapter.

Localize_ to distribute into smaller sectors ie. localized evacuation sites limit mass groupings of people at larger central sites. Interrogated through designed evacuation systems in final synthesis design test, scenario 0.7 etc.

Follow_ nodal points which are connected through a wayfinding device ie. the wayfinding device connects these local sites together, users follow this device to continue along the wayfinding route to safety.

localize

follow

stay

remember

insert

re-interpret

connect

escape

Stay_ camping following a disaster even. Following an

escape of site, many people will find their homes destroyed or damaged, it is very important that these sites can accommodate people to stay within them following a disaster event. Questioned through scenario 0.2 and 0.3 (evacuation park), final synthesis design.

Remember_ connection of past-event with current time.

How can remembering an event teach others about the need for earthquake mitigation within the city? Questioned through a memorial design test in scenario 0.4.

Insert_ application of new program, device or system to alter its surrounds.

Re-interpret_ changing of the make up of a space to provide a new unrealized outcome. ie. vending machines have been questioned within the research as a means as a post-disaster device, how can they be re-interpreted to do so?

Connect_connection of different nodal points.

Escape_following disaster event, evacuation is imminent;

residents escape from site or effected areas. Escape has been a constant within the research due to the sheer danger associated with this site.

remove

Remove_taking away particular existing element on site.

Removal of housing has been questioned in a number of different design scenario tests as a way of making the necessary space to implement localized evacuation sites.

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scenario evaluation diagram 1.

culture

The scenario evaluation diagram was a means of measuring the success of each design scenario. Based on a number scale of 0-5 (0 worst, 5 best rating it gives a personal opinion of the success/failure of a particular element of a design) the criteria diagram visualized independent aspects of the project and gave a whole perspective of how the scenario fared, not only against its self but also against other tests.

The diagram acts as a valuable tool for seeing the short falls and strengths of the entire body of work when single design scenarios evaluations are stacked on top of each other, framing the work within the criteria and visualizing the rating scale denoted on the diagram.

site context

Do all facets of the population ie. young – old have access to the design

3.

Are the 7 japanese design principles considered when developing the design?

nil

strongly agree

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

-3

-2

-1

0

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4.

To what degree does the design withstand earthquake events?

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

5.

How is design used following a disaster event?

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

Does technology plug into the design framework?

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

-3

-2

-1

0

1

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-3

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practical

7.

8.

Can the design be adapted following a disaster to provide other functions in an extended period of time following the event ie. months after?

Does the design function pre/during/ post disaster event?

9.

Does the design work with already existing disaster mitigation designs on site?

10.

Does the design add environmental benefit to the site?

environment

11.

12.

Are the processes involved within the design continual, adding benefit to the surrounding area ie. water filtration?

Does the design take findings from previous design exercises and apply them to the current design?

Is the design sympathetic to the surrounding context of the area?

14.

Does the design work at a number of different scales? S-XL?

context

13.

15.

Is the design something new within the city or an iteration of an existing condition?

16.

Does the design work across an extended time frame ie. months, years following?

disaster function social interaction

disaster function social interaction

2.

6.

Reference 0.1 documents an early attempt at a set of evaluation questions for critical evaluation of each scenario.

The question set did not appropriately reflect the success/failue of each scenario as the questions were so broad and a number rating at the end of the test didn't accurately portray the end result of each scenario. This was later refined to become the design criteria diagram, which visually represented the success/short comings of each sceneario and could easily be compared with other design tests.

strongly disagree

Does the design allow for various cultural occurrences ie. Festivals, markets, parades etc?

environmental benefit

environmental

1

cost

2 3

scale

4

5

technology

feasibility

BLUE: denotes existing example evaluation

site context

1

cost

2 3

scale

0.1. Previous attempt at criteria diagram 0.2. Stacked criteria diagram highlighing beginnings of successful system

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4

5

feasibility

technology

glossary of terms within the scenario evaluation diagram disaster function_ what type of role does the design play following disaster? Does it respond to what is occurring and help people/situation where people are in danger? Is it worthwhile following a disaster?

environmental benefit_ does the design have a positive impact on the environment of the city? Can the design contribute to an increase in accessible greenspace in Tokyo? cost_ how expensive is the design implementation? is it appropriate to be considered within a reasonable budget? technology_ is/or can technology be applied within the design? are there opportunities for technology to be plugged in and change the function of the design? Due to Japan's fascination with technological advancement this is a potential point to work with and connect users through.

feasibility_ is the design realistic? how applicable is it to the city? can it be considered as a viable option for mitigation? scale_ what is the size of the intervention(s)? Should be appropriate to the scale of the problem facing Tokyo. site context_ does the design take into account its surrounds and respond to them? social interaction_ does the design connect people by using it? disaster function social interaction

site context

disaster function environmental benefit

cost

1

social interaction

site context

2 4

5

cost

social interaction

site context

2 technology

scale

4

5

2 technology

scale

social interaction

5

technology

scenario 0.3 - EVACUATION PARK

disaster function environmental benefit

4

feasibility

scenario 0.2 - EVACUATION PARK

disaster function

cost

3

feasibility

scenario 0.1 - WAYFINDING DEVICE

environmental benefit

1

3

feasibility

social interaction

environmental benefit

1

3

scale

disaster function

disaster function environmental benefit

social interaction

environmental benefit

tal

st

site context

cost

1

site context

2 4

5

technology

scale

cost

1

social interaction

site context

scale

feasibility

scenario 0.7 - WAYFINDING LIGHTING

scale

environmental benefit

4

5

technology

disaster function

cost

social interaction

site context

environmental benefit

cost

1 2

3

technology

5

scenario 0.6 - VENDING MACHINE

2

3

4

feasibility

1

2

5

technology

disaster function environmental benefit

4

5

scenario 0.5 - LAND RECLAMATION

disaster function

scale

2 3

feasibility

scenario 0.4 - MEMORIAL DESIGN

site context

4

cost

1

3

feasibility

social interaction

site context

2

3

scale

cost

1

3

technology

feasibility

scenario 0.8 - GREEN FRAMEWORK

scale

4

5

technology

feasibility

scenario 0.9 - STATION EXTENSION 67

7/03/13

12/03/13

20/03/13

inevitability-now pre-emptive landscapes for changing spatial, environmental and economic conditions.

inevitability-now pre-emptive landscape(s) for inevitable outcomes.

Predicted/inevitable Strategies for earthquake mitigation and buffering, within susceptible wards of Tokyo.

What is the pre-emptive landscape? How can methods of mitigation design, be adapted and tweaked to be applied elsewhere in less-equip cities.

How does the landscape react to changing environmental, ecological and economical conditions? What is the role of the Landscape Architect in ‘crisis landscapes’? How can new application(s) of design intervention aid in the buffering of such disasters?

keywords: pre-emptive landscape, mitigation, ‘crisis landscapes’, design intervention

What is the pre-emptive landscape? What can be learnt from Tokyo as the ‘resilient city’? How can historical techniques be adapted and retro fitted across other less equipped wards of Tokyo?

How can reclaimed or redundant landscape(s) be used within specific wards of Tokyo as an effective mitigation technique against earthquakes which plague dense and under-equip areas of the city? How can these site(s) function as adaptive, multi-nodal infrastructures, yet maintain their function as key insertions in times of chaos and disaster?

What is the pre-emptive landscape?

How can landscape be viewed as a viable mitigation-system in comparison to architectural/ engineering typologies?

What can be learnt from Tokyo as the resilient city?

Keywords: Tokyo, multi-nodal infrastructure, earthquake mitigation, pre-emptive landscape.

key words: mitigataion, Tokyo, infrastructures, typologies, multi-nodal

11/04/13

22/04/13

29/04/13

Inherent risk/opportunity.

Mitigation strategies for the process of earthquake-related disaster in Tokyo.

Future Memorial(s) here.

Space(s) for remembering people effected by the future earthquake scenario in Tokyo.

Future in/opportunities.

Strategies for evacuation parks in Tokyo.

How can landscape(s) mitigate, aid the evacuation process and act as a catalyst in the recovery process in susceptible wards of Tokyo? How can they function as multi-nodal spaces during normal times, yet provide specific systems/infrastructure in the event of a disaster?

How does a designed insertion into the landscape influence the people visiting the site for memorial of people effected and lost within an earthquake?

How can landscape be considered a viable option in comparison to architectural/engineered typologies? How can the medium between hardware and software be considered when developing implemented designs or systems?

How does inherent knowledge play a part in the evacuation process? What is the pre-emptive landscape?

keywords: process, inherent, mitigate, multi-nodal, hardware vs. software.

iteration 0.1

How can this site primary function as a memorial site, yet still be able to teach, train and influence visitors of the risks associated with living within Tokyo. How does this site connect further within the wider context of the city? How can the 7 Japanese design principles inform the design outcome on site?

keywords: earthquake, Tokyo, memorial, teach, train, influence, wider context.

iteration 0.4

How can park react and be programmed to function to accommodate massive flux of people inundating it following a major earthquake in Tokyo? How can the landscape provide a safe refuge area for effected victims of an impending disaster?

How can a negotiation between hardware and software be considered when developing implemented designs/strategies or systems? How does this site adapt through specific timeframes as people move to and from it following the disaster?

Keywords: react, programmed, function, flux, earthquake in Tokyo, hardware and software.

iteration 0.2+0.3

6/05/13

15/05/13

10/06/13

Future in/opportunities Minimizing threat and multi-programming Tokyo’s urban landscape.

Future in/opportunity how can landscape be used as a tool for earthquake mitigation in Tokyo?

Urban plug-in(s) Pre-emptive landscapes within urban Tokyo.

How can a process of designed landscape insertions maximise earthquake mitigation in Tokyo?

mitigation: limit/buffer earthquake: slip/crack/crush/open techtonic plates disaster: event where lives/objects/etc. lost scale?

How can this set of systems/programs/designs limit lives lost following a disaster; and be considered as a viable tool against architectural or engineered mitigation typologies?

Keywords: minimize, threat, Tokyo, multi-program, earthquake, mitigation.

Research Question connection diagram

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How can the landscape within specific wards of Tokyo be used as an adaptive, multi-nodal infrastructure within the city, yet still function and act as a key earthquake mitigation space when the time is necessary?

What current systems can be plugged into and reappropriated to provide new design solutions?

How can designs be developed that act appropriately in a disaster timeframe but also function during normal times?

keywords: landscape, earthquake mitigation, reappropriated, design solutions.

iteration 0.5

How can a plugin within the urban context of Tokyo respond and have the ability to mitigate an impending earthquake within the city environment?

What urban elements can form the basis for these plug ins? How can these plug ins function not only within a normal context but also within a pre/ during/post disaster setting?

keywords: urban, plug-in, tokyo, earthquake, function.

iteration 0.6

The research question for this project has changed considerably over the space of the semester. With each initial design iteration the question adapted to suit each particular test. When the tests began to be cross-programed together, the research question changed and began to encapsulate the wider research into a particular trajectory of research. Looking at the diagram to the left of this page, you can see that there has been particular themes that have remained present within different weekly research questions as well as some which may have only been present for that particular weeks design test duration.

research_ questions

Providing new multi-programed modes of mitigation and idea of the pre-emptive landscape has remained present throughout the duration of the semester. Initially the research aimed to develop new ways of thinking about and adapting to earthquakes by using selective points in time to intervene with and mitigate.

The problem with this point was that there were so many related issues surrounding each moment that the only real way to tackle the problem was to pick one/two particular issues and maximise the effectiveness of a design in retaliation/alongside this. This approach became apparent in the later stages of the design iterations and once the notion of ‘picking your battles’ (only working with select issues) was realized, the trajectory shifted to:

how could these solutions could be mutated together to then eventually respond at a number of different time phases?

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SMALL

design iteration 0.1

70

wayfinding device design.

disaster function social interaction

localize

follow

insert

site context

remove

connect

environmental benefit

cost

1 2 3

4

scale

5

technology

feasibility

stay

remember

re-interpret

escape

s

M

L

XL

Inherent risk/opportunity.

Mitigation strategies for the process of earthquake-related disaster in Tokyo.

How can landscape(s) mitigate, aid the evacuation process and act as a catalyst in the recovery process in susceptible wards of Tokyo? How can they function as multi-nodal spaces during normal times, yet provide specific systems/infrastructure in the event of a disaster?

How can landscape be considered a viable option in comparison to architectural/engineered typologies? How can the medium between hardware and software be considered when developing implemented designs or systems? How does inherent knowledge play a part in the evacuation process? What is the pre-emptive landscape? keywords: process, inherent, mitigate, multi-nodal, hardware vs. software.

Design Scenario 0.1 questions the need for escape and dispersal of large amounts of people following a major earthquake event within the Sumida site. This particular site is incredibly susceptible to damage due to the fire hazards from Edo Period housing typologies, as well as the fact that the area is built on reclaimed land and the chance of liquefaction within the site is incredibly high. The need to move people along designated route(s) to safer areas is key within an earthquake situation, as people need to move away from these effected areas into other less-effected areas.

0.1. Hanshin Expressway, Kobe.

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- RESULT/EFFECT:

0-1 DAYS

+ RESULT/EFFECT:

+people moving away +people escaped initial damage +positive 3

unsafe conditions+ chaos following event+ fire, no drinking water etc.+

DEFINING PHASE

The development of this design iteration came from the selection of during-event time phase (between 1min1day). By using my design methodology diagram (right) I found that access to water, wayfinding through chaos and safety of survivors was paramount at this particular time. The diagram (bottom right) looked in further depth at the earthquake and the decisions, which would be made according to the situation a person, was in. The red circles indicate where potential design sites could be employed to help these journeys from point A to point B, escaping from such a disaster.

SETTING/FRAMING PHASE

method

MOMENT IN TIME: -training -pre event -during event -post event -reflection

LIMITATIONS/OPPORTUNITIES EVALUATION OF PERIOD (KEY IDEAS) + safety of survivors + water is key + way finding through chaos

DESIGN ITERATIONS (responds to components) WAY FINDING DEVICE PRO

+ GREEN SPACE + LAND. ARCH. + IDENTIFIABLE

+ SPACE NEEDED? + X-PROGRAM + INFRA. LIMIT.? + IDENTIFIABLE + KNOWLEDGE + PURIFY/ STORE WATER ASSOCIATED?

BUILDING TYPOLOGY

CON

PRO

CON

+ HOW WORK? + HOW PUMP WATER? + AMOUNT WATER?

+ IDENTIFIABLE + ENVELOPE (X-PROGRAM) + RULE SET (ASSOCIATED)

+ DAMAGE + ARCHITECTURE + SITE CONTEXT

1 DESIGN _work up.

PRESENTATION FEEDBACK REFLECTION

POTENTIAL REWORKING

Design Method diagram

Design Scenario basic diagram: node to node travel

MAJOR EARTHQUAKE + evacuation called + danger from fires

+ no damage from fire

+ temporary meeting place + assess conditions + closest place large group can evacuate

+ safe

+ too dangerous

+ no fire danger

+ home safe/ok

+ go home

+temporary refuge + protect yourself from fire(s) + wait

+ home too damaged

+ evacuate to shelters

process of events diagram

72

+ too dangerous to go to temporary meeting place

DESIGN PHASE

CON

ADAPTATION/REDESIGN PHASE

GREEN PARK NETWORK PRO

precedent

disaster function social interaction

site context

environmental

1

cost

2 3

scale

4

5

technology

This precedent was useful in thinking about how lighting systems could be integrated into a wayfinding device within the city. This scenario questioned was in which differences could catch the attention of users, although lighting is not a viable option in Tokyo (overused), a vegetation system potentially could be. Although it was not unpacked very much through this particular design scenario test, it was later developed through scenario 0.7 (lighting design) so it became useful when potentially it could have been left behind.

feasibility

critique

800

what is wrong with the current wayfinding markers? + too small, not seen + therefore not visible enough in street + markers change from ward to ward + there is no common spacing (changes) + people do not connect with them + do not give a clear sense of direction + useful in disaster setting? an evaluation of the effectiveness of these markers can be seen above (0.2).

0.1. Quartier des Spectacles by intĂŠgral, 0.2. Evaluation of existing conditon, 0.3. Existing Wayfinding devices on site.

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localization of services and defence diagram

Fire following disaster

Tokyo metro map

“about 100 fires broke out within minutes.

Many of these were in densely built two-storey wooden housing areas.� 7 Reading firstly, then understanding a landscape is key to being safe within an urban environment. The ability to follow designated routes from affected areas of the city out to safer areas is something that was a key driver for this iteration.

The task at hand was very difficult as the notion of route was interrogated. What was to happen if a particular route failed? How did people follow a route? What did they follow? Looking at currently used wayfinding showed that people had to connect with the route on some level. The route would potentially be iconic as intrinsically people would have to know they had to follow it to safety. Looking above at the example of the Tokyo Metro System, we can see that it is an incredibly overwhelming system. Yet, thorough colour coordination and a series of different line types the system works and is easily navigable (even for visitors). Looking into these principles I attempted to develop a navigable design for escape.

As well as firstly addressing this problem, the need for water for firefighting efforts and drinking was also paramount.

Through a series of filtrations and catchments water could be accessible at different points along the journey for people to access in times of emergency.

7

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Reconstructing Kobe, the geography of crisis and opportunity, David W. Edgington

existing_context LOCATION OF SITE.

combined mapping of potential new connections

existing evacuation parks, refuges + connections

potential new connections

Understanding existing evacuation sites and routes was key to this design iteration. Although the routes were mapped I was not able to find any solid evidence of connection between these different nodes within the city. This iteration would plugin to the existing infrastructure and link up vital evacuation spaces and shelters, making them more accessible for large amounts of people to travel along them.

assemble + at this point an understanding of the need for multiple routes that can potentially fail and have others to support it becomes apparent

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route a/b services/infrastructure to develop along designated evacuation route

Through development of the design iteration, using single determined routes was not feasible as it meant that if one were to suddenly become inaccessible for some reason during the earthquake it would render it unsuccessful. Using primary and secondary routes became key to developing back-up strategies following such a disaster within this area.

primary route plan

secondary route(s) plan potential water run-off from building(s) bio-filter. mechanical filter

potential water potential water run-off from run-off from building(s) building(s) bio-filter.

water catchment from nearby buildings

mechanical filter

water storage water storage + drinking water+ drinking wate + fire + fire fighting (run off) fighting (ru

planting as biofilter secondary mechanical filtration system existing buildings

water collection point for fire fighting

pre disaster function access to stored water (plant + filters removed)

water insertion point purification tank storage tank (fire fighting)

access to storedaccess to stored water (plant + filters water (plant + filters removed) removed)

pottable water

infrastructure 1 infrastructure 2 infrastructure 3

suction point

existing infrastructure

streetscape elevation

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water storage +bio-filter. drinking water + fire fighting (ru mechanical filter

post disaster function infrastructure 1 infrastructure 1 infrastructure 2 infrastructure 2 infrastructure 3 infrastructure 3

streetscape location of purifiers away from building destruction footprints

everyday function

storage of water for firefighting purposes

congregation of people around water purification points

cal

orage g water hting (run off)

mass movements of people following green pathway(s) : visual wayfinding

rubble + debris from buildings

disaster function

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The green insertion into the streetscape was a direct move to inject some form of greenery within the Tokyo streetscape condition.

Within the urban context, especially within Sumida green space and vegetation is almost unseen within the streets. It was from this occurrence that this insertion could start to engage with people who saw it and then connect with the wider evacuation routes. existing condition

Although the design outcome may have turned into a micro insertion outlaid onto a larger network the ideas generated from this design intervention developed through a number of other iterations later into the semester. The ideas surrounding the intrinsic nature of connection with people to particular insertions were something which played out further in later iterations.

street widening

pre-event

design insertion

post-event

disaster function

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5kg evacuation pack detail

CHILD, 5 years old, kindergarten.

- main earthquake tremor happens - teacher gathers students and escorts them to nearest park/public space (117m) - counts children, decides too dangerous to stay in area, travel away from effected area - moves with children off site to larger evacuation zone to meet up with parents later down track (1.1km) - total distance travelled: 1.21km

MAN, 35 years old, office building.

-

main earthquake tremor happens office is badly damaged and pulls himself from collapsed wall on bottom level of building begins to pull others to safety, scouring the site for his colleagues trapped under rubble travels to nearest park/public space (974m) meets his colleagues at evacuation zone, decides to go home to see if his family are safe in his home travels to his house (4km), family not there, collects belongings decides to travel along main arterial, following crowds (1km), rest at park/public space along the journey for water rests for little while, travels further off site to meet up with his family in larger evacuation zone (2km) total distance travelled: 7.97km

ELDERLY MAN, 77 years old, nursing home.

- main earthquake tremor happens - confused the man escapes his home, wrongly heads to worse effected area of the suburb (600m) - turned around by policeman coming opposite way, escorted to park/public space (760m) - rests there, told it is too dangerous to wait in space, continues onto next park, closer to water following crowds travelling along arterial road (700m) - goes with passerby to nearest accessible bridge still in use (660m) - travels across, off site (200m) - total distance travelled: 2.92km

Understanding the limitations of an earthquake actually occurring was something which was particularly hard to factor into the design iteration. This model looked at the previous Kobe Earthquake as a measuring device and helped to understand how different people would navigate the site and make their own varied way to safety. The large cracks which ran through the model are modelled on what occurred in some parts of Kobe as sections of the city were literally torn apart, exposing the fault lines beneath them. Understanding the limitations of different people on site was crucial for the different character journeys which mapped out with pins and transferred into an autoCAD trace following making the model. More model images are situated in the appendix section of this document.

site model and trace

3L per day

3 meals per day

4.0 km/ hour

3L per day

3 meals per day

3.0 km/ hour

3L per day

3 meals per day

3.5 km/ hour

20 KM TOTAL 18km limited by pack

5 KM TOTAL 3km limited by pack

3 KM TOTAL 2km limited by pack

walking limitations diagram

79

reflection The scale of approach let this scenario down, mainly due to the fact that it was smaller than the actual wayfinding beacons that it was critiquing. The ideas behind this scenario test were to bring vegetation into the streetscape, something which is relatively uncommon within many main roads in Tokyo.

The aim of having vegetation was to grab the attention of people walking past, then connecting with the wider evacuation routes they were mapping out. Being the first scenario, it still had a major role in development of the project.

Initially starting the move towards established and recognised wayfinding routes, carried on even through to the final scenario. Ideas regarding localization and self management in times following the disaster were also crucial in thinking about what people would need and what would help people to survive?

The questions which arose from this design were: would people fleeing the effected sites follow a water purification system to safety? Is the scale of approach in line with the problem?

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disaster function social interaction

site context

environmental benefit

1

cost

2 3

scale

4

5

feasibility

scenario evaluation diagram

technology

amass + at this an point an understanding of the scale of approach necessary in the design iterations is developed.

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design iteration 0.6

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wayfinding + temp. memorial site [mutation] design.

disaster function social interaction

localize

follow

insert

site context

remove

connect

environmental benefit

cost

1 2 3

4

scale

5

technology

feasibility

stay

remember

re-interpret

escape

s

M

L

XL

Urban plug-in(s) Pre-emptive landscapes within urban Tokyo.

How can a plug-in within the urban context of Tokyo respond and have the ability to mitigate an impending earthquake within the city environment?

What urban elements can form the basis for these plug-ins? How can these plug-ins function not only within a normal context but also within a pre/during/post disaster setting? keywords: urban, plug-in, tokyo, earthquake, function.

This scenario investigates a mutation of ideas of all previously undertaken exercises (1-5) into a new design, which can respond to different time phases and systems within the time period surrounding the disaster. The design questions a rethinking of common urban element within Tokyo, the vending machine and looks at how to reprogram it to suit a particular set of systems through plug-ins.

0.1. Harbour condition following Tsunami, Miyagi.

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Working with Tokyo’s already chaotic signage (for almost every single thing imaginable) the challenge was to develop a clear understanding of the evacuation route through using the vending machine and streetscape insertion.

Analysis of Melbourne’s CBD signage system proved chaotic in itself, yet Tokyo is in a league all of its own.

key ideas

movement identity

feedback

intrinsic why follow path? visitor to city?

tested enough? how change over time?

what happens to landscape? travel times

wayfinding v.1

evacuation park v.1

evacuation park v.2

place site

identity monument

single program function, time, scale

vending machine distances between diagramming

wayfinding v.2

memorial

how mutate?

how mutate? how mutate?

? wayfinding + evacuation park

A

memorial + wayfinding

B

wider design context with other tests

input conscious money

engagement

vending machine good(s)

change service

unconscious

engagement

wayfinding

sense of direction process/understanding

output design mutation diagram

scenario diagram

84

post disaster reflective

how respond to?

new designs

Design iteration 0.6, much alike Iteration 0.5 looked at how previous work could now be mutated together to respond to a number of different time scales and issues at the same time.

Mutating the designs produced in the wayfinding device (iteration 0.1) with the memorial site (iteration 0.4) developed a series of potential trajectories for this iteration yet the key principle has been to plug into existing infrastructure to develop new methods or modes of mitigation. After some investigation the notion of the vending machine as an iconic, very-Japanese streetscape insertion became apparent. By using this already incredibly common streetscape insertion and tweaking or adapting its initial use, potentially it could serve as a valuable tool within the disaster time phase. The ideas, feedback and key issues generated from the previous wayfinding and memorial iterations were paramount for this design test and they remained a constant when considering the potential designs for this iteration.

design

method

conscious

unconscious

engagement

acceptance

memorial

memory understanding knowledge

warning

melbourne signage

private: home

public message

business

safety

general: notify

total distance travelled: 22km _Hughesdale to RMIT building 100

tokyo signage

total distance travelled: 300m _Accomodation to train station

The above tests look at signage in both Melbourne and Tokyo and the advertising that is prevalent within the streetscapes of both cities. A contrast between the 2 tests is developed when you consider the Melbourne journey was a 20min train ride with walking either side of that, compared to a 300m walking journey in a reasonably quiet street in Tokyo. From these findings it is clear that any design that attempted to develop a signage/wayfinding system would have to be vastly different to the existing conditions on site at present.

85

precedents by-product tokyo

By-product Tokyo provided a valuable precedent study for this design iteration. A publication by a travelling RMIT Architecture studio, based on the Atelier BOW WOW’s Tokyo documentations, it documents the conditions of Tokyo in an almost scientific approach, the text helped understand the workings of Tokyo and form ideas on what should be documented and tested whilst visiting Tokyo.

the vending machine 17

18

19

21

20

22

23

24

25

16

26

A western B japanese C hindu D native american E chinese

27

15

28

14

32 33

9

34

8

35

7

36

6

04

05

37

5

38

4 39 3

40

2

41

1 A

B

C

D

F

E

G

J

J

I

H

I

H

G

E

F

D

B

C

A 42

84

43

83 44 82

45

81

46 80

47 79

48 78

49 77

06

07

08

09

10

50 76

51 75

52 74

53 73

54 72

1. fruit, 2. fish cakes, 3. fermented soy beans, 4. hair care products, 5.hamburgers, 6. hot/cold soups, 7. new generation touch screen, 8. shrine momentos, 9. t-shirts, 10. toys.

55 71

56

70

57 69 68

67

66

65

64

63

62

61

60

SELECTION

59

58

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

anger art/creativity authority bad luck balance beauty calm celebration children cold compassion courage cowardice cruelty danger death decadence deceit desire earthy energy erotic eternity evil excitement family femininity fertility flamboyance freedom friendly fun god gods good luck gratitude growth hapiness healing healthy heat heaven

cultural colour theory principles

Colour theory principles were investigated (above) as a tool for conveying ideas without relying on signage in multiple languages within the streetscape. This study lead to a selection in the colour light blue, which has followed through all the work as it has the same connotations in English and Japanese culture: meaning reliable, something which is incredibly necessary to convey in a post-disaster setting.

8

86

Tokyo By-Product, Nigel Bertram, page. 85.

holiness illness insight intelligence intuition religion jealousy joy learning life love loyalty luxury marriage modesty money mourning mystery nature passion peace penance power personal power purity radicalism reliable reliable repeat evil respect royalty self-cultivation strength style success trouble truce trust unhappiness virtue warmth wisdom

31

10

03

43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84

30

11

02

asian eastern european muslim african south american

29

13 12

01

F G H I J

Shinkoiwa Station

Hirai

4km journey

187 vending machines

28m (average)

Edogawa

Higashiojima

Funabori Station

“the overwhelming quantity of signage in the city is multiplied by an equally overwhelming variety of ways of attaching and relating to its building-support. When this is combined with different scales and distances of sign-audience and sign-content, it results in a complex set of permutations and arrangements.� 8

critique

what is wrong with signage in Tokyo?

- overwhelming amount of signage - each company/sign competes against its competitor to grab the attention of public - people don’t pay much attention because it turns into one mess of colour

- people therefore do not pay much attention to real signage such as wayfinding or street signs

- can vending machines be plugged into a new wayfinding device for times of disaster?

Shibuya at night.

0.1. Vending Machine typologies within Tokyo, 0.2. Car Park signage, 0.3. Vending Machine Analysis.

amass + at this point in time a shift towards using what is already in place within the streetscape becomes a tool for developing the final wayfinding device.

87

design matrix

pre-warning system

info centre

normal

wayfinding device

charging point

cooking facility

first aid deposit

meeting spot

phone/internet

shelter

toilet

alarm system

bus stop

fundraising point

gallery space

water storage

contact centre

light source

food voucher distribution

mourning space

post-disaster

aid distribution

design matrix for vending machine device

88

memorial store

during disaster

bed

info kiosk

pre-disaster

notice board

rule set

pre condition

The development of a matrix approach to design, was to consider designs which could act at 3 clear time phases (pre/during/post disaster). Because of the relative simple design of a vending machine, reprogramming and plugging in new designs into its original function was quite easy to achieve, thus an attempt at having the new design insertions to function at a variety of different time phases became apparent.

Using wayfinding routes determined in previous tests the vending machines are placed at 200m intervals along the wayfinding routes, acting as a point of reference for people travelling along them.

Developing a rule set for this iteration was also very important, as there are already so many vending machines within the streetscapes of Tokyo. Very clear definitions on how far apart along the existing evacuation routes they should occur, how they should function and what they should do following an earthquake were all considered when applying this rule set.

during condition

community meeting hub

rule set for design

post condition

89

zoom in section of site with reclaimed site (green)

detail of streetscape with new vending machine at visual beacon

evacuation route streetscape insertion reclaimed space proposed new vending machine existing vending machine

section of site

90

vending machine_wayfinding everyday function

2OO M 2OO M

vending machine_wayfinding disaster function

reflection This design scenario test questioned the streetscape and its role it could have in disaster mitigation. Using existing occurrences (vending machine) a re-design was imagined as a tool for mitigation. From this test a image style was developed (collage and 3d perspectives) and this carried through the rest of the work. Was it Landscape Architecture related? The colour blue has followed throughout the rest of scenarios also. For the criteria tool, it was effective at feasibility given there are so many vending machines in Tokyo but it did not have enough disaster function.

disaster function social interaction

site context

environmental benefit

1

cost

2 3

scale

4

5

technology

feasibility

91

design iteration 0.7

92

evacuation lighting design.

disaster function social interaction

localize

follow

insert

site context

remove

connect

environmental benefit

cost

1 2 3

4

scale

5

technology

feasibility

stay

remember

re-interpret

escape

s

M

L

XL

Inherent risk/opportunity.

Mitigation strategies for the process of earthquake-related disaster in Tokyo.

How can landscape(s) mitigate, aid the evacuation process and act as a catalyst in the recovery process in susceptible wards of Tokyo? How can they function as multi-nodal spaces during normal times, yet provide specific systems/infrastructure in the event of a disaster?

How can landscape be considered a viable option in comparison to architectural/engineered typologies? How can the medium between hardware and software be considered when developing implemented designs or systems? How does inherent knowledge play a part in the evacuation process? What is the pre-emptive landscape? keywords: process, inherent, mitigate, multi-nodal, hardware vs. software.

Scenario 0.7 investigates a re-evaluation of scenario 0.6 (vending machine), questioning how can a common object within the streetscape be re-programmed to function as a critical piece of infrastructure following a major earthquake event.

0.1. Aftermath of earthquake in Taiwan.

93

PRECEDENT Building on the previous chapters discussions on wayfinding within the streetscape this precedent in Chicago looks at an existing condition of ‘moonlight towers’ developed as the first streetlights, but used literally to light up entire blocks with their iridescent light.

The precedent was used as a means of questioning how an existing element within the streetscape could be reappropriated to function within a disaster setting. Given their clear height over their existing context of the streets below them, could these designs be reappropriated to form a wayfinding network, could this be applied within Tokyo?

A similar style trajectory was developed further into this document in scenario 0.9, utilizing the Tokyo Skytree as a massive wayfinding beacon for the Sumida-ku site.

Recognizing what is currently in place within the site is crucial within this research, as an already cluttered level of intensity occurs within the streetscape, so a design should generally work with existing conditions on site.

design diagram: focus on particular nodes along journey

streetscape section elevation 0.1: a huge range of opportunities for design lie within these streets

streetscape section elevation 0.2

0.1. Large street in Tokyo documenting usage of light systems 0.2 Moonlight Towers, Andy Mattern.

94

Critique An existing evaluation of the currently employed streetlighting within the streets of Tokyo was made, with little to no post-disaster function given the fact that many run on mains power.

Light posts were chosen from a list of the existing elements within the streetscape, seen in the section elevation below. On the next page, a matrix was developed which documented a range of different streetscape elements and their potential usage within a post disaster setting. This design test scenario was developed with the understanding of having to fulfil a particular issue tested in a previous design scenario test. In this case, wayfinding was chosen which seemed a logical step considering their frequency and nodal qualities.

disaster function social interaction

site context

environmental

1

cost

2 3

scale

4

5

technology

feasibility

evaluation of existing street ligting in streetscape.

POTENTIAL INTERVENTION DESIGN POINTS 95

quake proof? air conditioning unit

bicycle

rubbish

car

bar stool

clothes rack

combini - convenience store

witches hat

delivery van

road hoarding

kerb

lantern

street lighting

seat

loose pavers

telephone box

post box

pot plants

road

building scaffolding

shop banner

key signage point

small table

tactile marker

tree

vending machine

wayfinding device

elements within the streetscape and their potential disaster functions

96

ball joint for movement secondary light source main LED light source

The design was developed to function within all stages of the earthquake time phase. The light pole tracked the movement of the sun, charging through solar energy retention and providing clear and defined wayfinding routes. The design of the light pole was a failure as the scale and approach of the design scenario test were not appropriate for the scale of problems associated with Tokyo, as well as the fact that the wayfinding lighting would potentially be one of the first things to fall over given a strong enough earthquake or tremor. Although this particular element of the test was unsuccessful, the coloured wayfinding road that taped into the existing wayfinding routes was, progressing into the final synthesis design and acting as a clear and defined wayfinding beacon in the event of an earthquake.

main body + solar panel cladding

computer + engine

strengthened bracing

lighting detail

anchor point

lighting render

streetscape elevation

97

programming day

NIGHT

day

PRE-DISASTER PRE-DISASTER

NIGHT day

DURING-DISASTER DURING-DISASTER

POTENTIAL PLUG-IN FOR FESTIVAL ACTIVITIES + ENRICHMENT OF POTENTIAL PLUG-IN FOR CULTURAL ACTIVITIES FESTIVAL ACTIVITIES WITHIN THE AREA. + ENRICHMENT OF INCREASE SUMIDA-KU CULTURAL ACTIVITIES BRAND.

WITHIN THE AREA. INCREASE SUMIDA-KU BRAND.

during condition, using lighting system and wayfinding road

98

PRE-DISASTER

PLUG-IN LIGHTING POTENTIALUSING PLUG-IN FOR PROGRAM STORED FESTIVAL ACTIVITIES SOLAR ENERGY FOR PLUG-IN LIGHTING + ENRICHMENT OF + IMPORTANT SAFETY PROGRAM USING STORED CULTURAL ACTIVITIES EVACUATION MESSAGES. SOLAR ENERGY FORTHE AREA. WITHIN INCREASE IMPORTANT SAFETY + SUMIDA-KU BRAND. EVACUATION MESSAGES.

NIGHT

POST-DISASTER POST-DISASTER

DURING-DISASTER

LIGHTING PROVIDES PLUG-IN LIGHTING WAYFINDING PROGRAM USING STORED INFORMATION LIGHTING PROVIDES SOLAR ENERGY FOR OTHERWISE LOST FROM WAYFINDING IMPORTANT SAFETY + DEBRIS/RUBBISH ETC. INFORMATION EVACUATION MESSAGES.

OTHERWISE LOST FROM DEBRIS/RUBBISH ETC.

POST-

everyday

amass everyday usage wayfinding road

+ at this point in time another shift of the scale of the problems facing Tokyo was made, changing from single, small-medium scale approaches to a larger systematic design.

99

reflection disaster function

Using the light posts as a potential re-designed streetscape element was not a very successful design scenario test. Given the fact that in an actual earthquake it is generally light posts etc. that fall down first because of their narrow bases. That aside, this was the first design scenario to use the wayfinding road in the same way in which it was used in the final synthesis design scenario.

social interaction

site context

environmental benefit

1 2 3

scale

4

5

feasibility

scenario evaluation diagram

100

cost

technology

pre conditiont disaster)

101

medium

design iteration 0.2+0.3

102

evacuation park design.

disaster function social interaction

localize

follow

insert

site context

remove

connect

environmental benefit

cost

1 2 3

4

scale

5

technology

feasibility

stay

remember

re-interpret

escape

s

M

L

XL

Future in/opportunities.

Strategies for evacuation parks in Tokyo.

How can a park react and be programmed to function to accommodate the massive flux of people inundating it following a major earthquake in Tokyo? How can the landscape provide a safe refuge area for effected victims of an impending disaster?

How can a negotiation between hardware and software be considered when developing implemented designs/strategies or systems? How does this site adapt through specific time phases as people move to and from it following the disaster? keywords: react, programmed, function, flux, earthquake in Tokyo, hardware and software.

Design Scenario 0.2 and 0.3 looked at a designated evacuation site located on site and how it can be programmed to function better within the disaster time phase.

Using a framework of sizing for 1 person, this could be translated onto the site and calculations can then be made about the amount of people who could potentially occupy a site following an earthquake event. The tests then questioned what particular infrastructures and landforms were necessary at particular points in time to manage the inundation of people onto these sites. Due to the size of the population and the lack of accessible evacuation areas within the site this design was necessary to understand the potential problems facing the site following an earthquake event.

0.1. Building aftermath following earthquake, Kobe.

103

We can see from the process diagram again that a series of decisions had to be made within this particular time phase and the red highlights potential design areas (evacuation parks).

RESULT/EFFECT:

TIMEFRAME?

+people relatively safe

site for victims+ what space/infra. is necessary?+ +moving from effected areas what timeframe(s) are associated?+ +initial event finished aftershocks+

LIMITATIONS/OPPORTUNITIES EVALUATION OF PERIOD (KEY IDEAS) + water is crucial + flexibility of services - infrastructure + space necessary for amounts of people

DESIGN ITERATIONS (responds to components) SERIES OF BUILDINGS PRO + FLEXIBLE PLANNING + QUAKE RESISTANT + IDENTIFIABLE DESIGN

PARK + BUILDING(S)

CON + LA RELATED + OBJECT IN LANDSCAPE + SOLVE CAMPING ISSUES?

PRO + MIX OF IDEAS + FLEXIBLE + ATTACHED SERVICES/ INFRA

CON + HOW MUCH SPACE? + WHERE IS SPACE? + RULES FOR APPROACH?

1 DESIGN _work up.

PRESENTATION FEEDBACK REFLECTION

POTENTIAL REWORKING Design Method diagram

MAJOR EARTHQUAKE + evacuation called + danger from fires

+ no damage from fire

+ temporary meeting place + assess conditions + closest place large group can evacuate

+ safe

+ too dangerous

+ no fire danger

+ home safe/ok

+ too dangerous to go to temporary meeting place +temporary refuge + protect yourself from fire(s) + wait

+ home too damaged

Basic design diagram: inundation.

+ go home

Process of events diagram

104

+ evacuate to shelters

ADAPTATION/REDESIGN PHASE

PARK DESIGN PRO CON + GREEN SPACE + INFRA + LA RELATED PLUGIN? + ACCOMODATE + SERVICES LARGE NUMBERS PLUGIN?

DESIGN PHASE

We can see from the methodology diagram that again, water is crucial within this phase and in terms of a particular space for the people moving along these routes to come to, flexibility of infrastructure and understanding of limitations of space were crucial to the design. The design scenario test looked at how building and infrastructure could be considered either as independent infrastructure or to be crossprogrammed together. A mix between the 2, using existing infrastructure on site to plug into was favoured and this design was chosen to be further interrogated.

RESULT/EFFECT:

DEFINING PHASE

This design iteration focussed on a design solution post-event. By locating the time phase at such a point, was a direct move to act in a chronological order, moving on from the previous iteration 0.1 (wayfinding) that focussed on wayfinding device/route(s). Although the chronological order has been changed with the categorization of scenarios into scales, the methodology was to situate oneself within the disaster and develop scenarios as if passing through the site.

SETTING/FRAMING PHASE

method

MOMENT IN TIME: -training -pre event -during event -post event -reflection

tatami_framework Understanding how many people could fit on a particular site was key within this time phase as to work out the limitations of each site within the area.

Using the framework of the UNHCR handbook, the minimum amount of space for a refugee within a refugee camp was 30m2 (including infrastructure and living etc.). Using this framework I applied this to site and found that the site (at these limitations) could only facilitate around 150 people. Using the tatami mat as a new framework (still used to consider measurements in some architectural plans) I created my own new framework for a sleeping population that was limited to 4 tatami mats per person. Thus, the numbers applicable on site began to steadily increase and could begin to facilitate the 120,000 residents which reside in Sumida-ku.

0.161 km2

0.221 km2

0.483 km2

0.241 km2

0.093 km2

0.046 km2

total area of gr

F

site A site B site C site D site E site F

= 3,100 = 1,533 = 8,033 = 7,366 = 5,366 = 16,100 people (tatami sizing)

E C

D

A

B

1 person per 30m2 section *inc . land + infra.

UNHCR guidelines on refugee camp minimum space requirement (p.p)

100 people (sleeping) per 30m2 section *with excess space tatami = 4(0.95x1.91) *sleeping only Revised version of spatial guidelines

0.1 Japanese Evacuation Centre following 3/11 Tsunami.

105

precedent Beijing’s evacuation park implementation is a good step towards making the city a safer place in the event of a natural disaster or terrorist attack. Understanding the amounts of people available to fill these different sites is key when you consider the size of the cities involved in similar projects.

The precedent (right) looked at how precise planning of crowd movement and numbers is being investigated more and more to understand how infrastructure will cope following mass inundation by crowds. Although the Chinese example is a great step forward into rethinking how the city could be reconfigured, many argue though that these parks are off-limits and locked almost all the time with private businesses now encroaching onto these sites because of the strain of land usage within the city.

The aim of this design iteration was to primarily keep the main function of the park yet insert key infrastructure and systems into the existing condition so when the time came to be accessed it could switch to function within the disaster/evacuation time phase.

“Before the 2008 Beijing Olympics, the Beijing government set up 28 emergency zones and shelters around the city in case of natural disasters, mostly in parks and public spaces, and the number may expand to 300 in the next five years.” 9

“because of remoteness of locations and lack of accessible transport many disaster survivors opted to stay in city parks or emergency refuges” 10 0.1. Chinese Evacuation Parks, Shanghai. 0.2 Sean Penn’s Golf Course: Haiti.

106

Critique

UNPRESCRIBED OPEN SPACE

disaster function social interaction

site context

environmental

1

cost

2 3

scale

4

5

feasibility

existing evaluation for evacuation space

technology

Much like documentation in the earlier chapters of this document, the problems facing a roll-out approach to public open space within Tokyo have been critiqued. This chapter shifts its trajectory slightly, focussing on designated middlesized parks that are ‘equipped’ to facilitate inundation of people following a major earthquake as well as potential camping in the days following a major disaster. Much the same as the precedent study opposite, these sites are not suitably equipped to have people camping within the space due to the limitations of infrastructure and services which are not situated within the park system.

This design test builds on the shortcomings of some of these designated spaces, developing an understanding of a system which ebbs and flows with the changing populations within the space over the course of a month. Using an almost modular approach, the number of potential beds on site can be calculated using the standard size tatami mat.

From this, an understanding of the essential infrastructure necessary was devised, whilst documentation of what potential designs would need to be implemented within the design site made.

amass ‘Emergency gathering spots around town’ Beijing Today, Huang Daohen.

10 Reconstructing Kobe, the geography of crisis and opportunity, David W. Edgington 9

+ at this point in time an understanding of spatial dimensions regarding camping on particular sites becomes apparent.

107

1260m

138 people at UNHCR regulations

480m total people at UNHCR regulations= 168 people (left site) total people at tatami mat framework= 1680 people existing park site + sizing plan

108

69 p regu

system flux 0.1 LANDSCAPE

These diagrams develop an understanding of types of landscape necessary to facilitate certain evacuation park programs (right), whilst the other diagram below questions the timeframes of these programs in relation to the shifting populations that would occur over the space of a month within the camp. The data generated from these diagrams lead on to development of the final synthesis design which questioned how new reclaimed sites could also operate within the same setting.

FLAT

PUBLIC/ OPEN

SLOPED

PRIVATE/ CLOSED

CENTRAL

DECENTRALIZED

STORAGE

DELIVERY

LARGE

SMALL

WATER CAMPING FOOD AID TOILET

SYSTEM

DOCTOR ADMIN AID FOOD DROP SCHOOL GREEN SPACE MARKET WASTE PETS BUS STOP TELEPHONE/ INTERNET

system and landscape typology matrix diagram

29

2

WATER 3

28

WATER 3

CAMPING 4

27

FOOD AID

FOOD

5

27

2

28

CAMPING 4

1

30

29

26

1

30

AID 6

25

5

TOILET

7

6

24

DOCTOR

TOILET DOCTOR

23

AID 8

7

ADMINISTRATION

FOOD DROP 9

10

WASTE PETS

19 13

18

DAYS

BUS STOP

14

15

11

17

16

WASTE

MARKET

POPULATION

20

11

10

MARKET

12

9

SCHOOL GREEN SPACE

SCHOOL GREEN SPACE

21

8

22

AID

FOOD DROP

ADMINISTRAT

TELEPHONE/IN

12

PETS

19

13

BUS STOP

18 14

TELEPHONE/INTERNET

15

17

16

EVENT

7

10

30

services time phase diagram

7

10

30

109

CAMPING

WATER STORAGE + DISTRIBUTION

D

B CAMPING

MANAGEMENT/FACILITIES

CAMPING

A

AID + SERVICES

MANAGEMENT

WATER DISTRIBUTION

TOILETS

OVERFLOW SPACE

CAMPING CAMPING (OVERFLOW)

TOILETS

C

evacuation park spatiality plan

110

zooming in By developing smaller sets of strategies based within the park system the ability to facilitate large amounts of people becomes more and more apparent.

Simple design strategies such as water catchment and filtering can facilitate access to drinking water that may not be available immediately following an event. By using a series of smaller insertions plugged into the existing infrastructure of the park system, the smaller parts in the system add into the existing site. The ideas surrounding water catchment and storage within the final synthesis design have developed from these initial tests into storage and access played out in this design scenario test.

A 1-30 DAYS

B

plugin of existing infra

5-30 DAYS

C 1-5 DAYS

D 1-5 DAYS

TOILET SYSTEM CAMP SURFACE

The time phases documented on the next page-spread look at key moments in the disaster event, when through using the services and programs diagram (p.109) an understanding of key moments of changing spatiality and population size is realized. The 7 plans are based on these time periods, showing how the site could potentially be inundated by tents, when the program shifts from one of a park to a new camping program. The details document how key infrastructure can be utilized on site, providing essential services for people staying within the park. This understanding of inundation progressed through to the final synthesis design test, understanding the limitations of potential sites when the necessary shift from open space to camp site is made.

WATER COLLECTION SYSTEM

time phases

smaller design implementations

111

spatiality of site 0.1

0.2

0.3 PRE EVENT 112

DAY 1

DAY 2

DAY 4

0.1

0.2

0.3

900 people 3000 people 2000 people 380 people 700 people 400 people

DAY 10

DAY 14

DAY 22 113

system flux 0.2 St

Wc

-

B Wa

+

+

Wa

Po

+ St

T

Wa

-

F Wa

St

Ca

+ St

-

+ In

-

-

Ca

Po

In

Ca

Po

T

Wc

+ At

-

-

+

+

+

G

In

+ Po

St

T

+

-

-

T

Wa

At

+ Ca

+

Po

-

-

+ In

Ca

Po

St

-

-

D

N

+

+

-

+ T

+

In

T

C

E

-

+

+

A

+ N

In

system matrix diagram

These diagrams are a ÂŹdevelopment of the previous system and program diagrams produced within this scenario (p.107), this diagram adds another level of detail to very specific programs and how particular programs or services are not constantly engaged within the time phase (by changing with the camping population size). For instance, there is a need for storage of materials and other evacuation tools at point A: population 0, yet this is not necessary at point B: population 900, when the site begins to be filled with evacuees, the storage is cleared to begin to distribute the aid and other goods.

POPULATION

2000

D B

900

F

700 400 380

E A

population index diagram

114

water collection water attainment toilet storage population camping infrastructure moved infrastructure attached/developed normal function (infrastructure)

C

3000

0

Wc: Wa: T: St: Po: Ca: In: At: N:

event

7

DAYS

G

15

23

30

awaiting aid following 3.11 tsunami.

reflection A key question regarding this design scenario was how the site would change, not just spatially but visually when inundated by people wanting to camp? ÂŹTÂŹhe tests regarding potential systems and change in programs were successful in questioning how the site could change and this has followed thorough to the final synthesis approach also looking at a similar situation. Thinking about the gradual change in population on this site developed an understanding of the necessary infrastructure to support such amounts, understanding that an everyday use and feasibility of such interventions is crucial. An earthquake or disaster situation will only occur on an irregular basis, so having large scale infrastructure laying dormant on the site is not the answer to solving the problems facing this site (currently employed within Tokyo), rather it is about smaller scale interventions which can double with an everyday use.

disaster function social interaction

site context

environmental benefit

1

cost

2 3

scale

4

5

technology

feasibility

115

design iteration 0.4

116

memorial design.

disaster function social interaction

localize

follow

insert

site context

remove

connect

environmental benefit

cost

1 2 3

4

scale

5

technology

feasibility

stay

remember

re-interpret

escape

s

M

L

XL

Future Memorial(s) here.

Space(s) for remembering people effected by the future earthquake scenario in Tokyo.

How does a designed insertion into the landscape influence the people visiting the site for memorial of people effected and lost within an earthquake?

How can this site primarily function as a memorial site, yet still be able to teach, train and influence visitors of the risks associated with living within Tokyo. How does this site connect further within the wider context of the city? How can the 7 Japanese design principles inform the design outcome on site? keywords: earthquake, Tokyo, memorial, teach, train, influence, wider context.

This design scenario locates itself within the future and at the end of the disaster time phase. It looks at how a memorial to an earthquake event could be designed and how to firstly memorialize people affected by the disaster, but also to teach other people visiting the site and warn them of the potential problems associated with living in a disaster-susceptible city such as Tokyo.

0.1. Building conditions, Kobe.

117

0-1 DAYS

+ RESULT/EFFECT:

- RESULT/EFFECT:

COLLAPSE_

how to connection made? + difference from a cemetery? + how to predict numbers of people? +

+LARGE LEVEL CHANGE

CONFUSION_

+COMPLEX PARK NETWORK

LIMITATIONS/OPPORTUNITIES EVALUATION OF PERIOD (KEY IDEAS) + remember/teach/influence/train + connection with effected and visitors + maintain dignity of people who lost lives

FREQUENCY/AMASS_ +MATERIAL REPETITION

CRACK/VOID_ +CAVERN SPACE(S)

LIQUEFACTION_

+WETLAND RECLAMATION

keyword-concept phase

+ people are safe + ability to teach/remember/ influence visitors + adapt/strengthen tradition(s)

DEFINING PHASE

This scenario situates itself at the end of the disaster time phase (future) and looks at how to develop a memorial site or design to respond to the earthquake. The key ideas generated through the methodology diagram show that remembering, teaching and influencing visitors is vital, whilst establishing connection and maintaining dignity for people affected by the disaster are also key. This methodology diagram was a little different to previous iterations as it looked at keywords associated with an earthquake and then related these to existing design precedents. From these keywords 3 were chosen as having the most feasibility and then 2 were mutated together, resulting in crack and void being chosen as a design to work up as it responded to the key ideas the most successfully.

SETTING/FRAMING PHASE

method

MOMENT IN TIME: -training -pre event -during event -post event -reflection

FIRE_

+LIGHTING REPRESENTATION

DESIGN ITERATIONS (responds to components) FIRE

CON

CRACK VOID

PRO

CON

PRO

CON

+ VISUALS + EMOTIVE + SOLAR POWER + TOURISM

+ INTERPRETED RIGHT WAY + DESIGNED ENOUGH + PRIORITY ON NIGHT TIME?

+ VISUAL + EMOTIVE + TOURISM + MULTIFUNCTIONAL

+ OVERBEARING + INTERPRETED WRONG? + HOW TO TEACH

1 DESIGN _work up.

By using the 7 Japanese design principles as a framework for this iteration I was able to develop a design which would respond to the local context of the area but also maintain the ability of the space to teach people about the dangers of living within a city such as Tokyo. The diagram 0.2 interrogates how people would use this space primarily as a memorial site, coping with the issues surrounding such a disaster initially, then visiting the site and remembering the issues that arose during the event (teaching).

DESIGN PHASE

+ VISUALS + TOO LITERAL? + VICTIM + MULTI FUNCTION REPRESENTATION + HOW TO TEACH? + MOVEMENT OF MATERIAL(S)

PRESENTATION

ADAPTATION/REDESIGN PHASE

FREQUENCY/AMASS PRO

FEEDBACK REFLECTION

POTENTIAL REWORKING

coping

event

teaching

loss

memory

memorial

warning

japanese design principles Kanso (簡素)

Shizen (自然)

Simplicity or elimination of clutter. Things are expressed in a plain, simple, natural manner. Reminds us to think not in terms of decoration but in terms of clarity, a kind of clarity that may be achieved through omission or exclusion of the non-essential.

Naturalness. Absence of pretense or artificiality, full creative intent unforced. Ironically, the spontaneous nature of the Japanese garden that the viewer perceives is not accidental. This is a reminder that design is not an accident, even when we are trying to create a natural-feeling environment. It is not a raw nature as such but one with more purpose and intention.

Enso Fukinsei (不均整)

Yugen (幽玄)

Asymmetry or irregularity. The idea of controlling balance in a composition via irregularity and asymmetry is a central tenet of the Zen aesthetic. The enso (“Zen circle”) in brush painting, for example, is often drawn as an incomplete circle, symbolizing the imperfection that is part of existence. In graphic design too asymmetrical balance is a dynamic, beautiful thing. Try looking for (or creating) beauty in balanced asymmetry.

Nature itself is full of beauty and harmonious relationships that are asymmetrical yet balanced. This is a dynamic beauty that attracts and engages.

Shibui/Shibumi (渋味)

Beautiful by being understated, or by being precisely what it was meant to be and not elaborated upon. Direct and simple way, without being flashy. Elegant simplicity, articulate brevity. The term is sometimes used today to describe something cool but beautifully minimalist, including technology and some consumer products. (Shibui literally means bitter tasting).

Profundity or suggestion rather than revelation. A Japanese garden, for example, can be said to be a collection of subtleties and symbolic elements. Photographers and designers can surely think of many ways to visually imply more by not showing the whole, that is, showing more by showing less.

+

Datsuzoku (脱俗)

Freedom from habit or formula. Escape from daily routine or the ordinary. Unworldly. Transcending the conventional. This principles describes the feeling of surprise and a bit of amazement when one realizes they can have freedom from the conventional.

Professor Tierney says that the Japanese garden itself, “...made with the raw materials of nature and its success in revealing the essence of natural things to us is an ultimate surprise. Many surprises await at almost every turn in a Japanese Garden.”

Seijaku (静寂)

Tranquility or an energized calm (quite), stillness, solitude. This is related to the feeling you may have when in a Japanese garden. The opposite feeling to one expressed by seijaku would be noise and disturbance. How might we bring a feeling of “active calm” and stillness to ephemeral designs outside the Zen arts?

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precedent

By using the precedents above and below it gave an insight into what was the potential for this memorial design to become, using the method of working diagram, crack/void were chosen as the most suitable keywords to be interrogated, the precedents looked at a range of different examples from around the world questioned the keyword or related aspects to understand potentials of the design. The Shrine of Remembrance was a key precedent for this study due to its connection with people in Melbourne and the important role it plays within the city context (visible from the very top of Swanston Street). Using this example the intent of this design test was to develop the kinds of connection that aid in the teaching and understanding of the problems associated with earthquakes in not just Tokyo, but Japan also. ÂŹ

VOID_9.11 memorial space : peter handel arch. AMASS_AIDS memorial : veev design. TECHTONICS_grande cretto : alberto burri. OVER-SCALING (negative)_brasilia : marcel gautherot. LIGHT_trace heavens : james nizam.

MATERIALITY_nezu museum: kenzo tange. LIGHT+FORM_paichai university : iarc. TECHTONICS_seoul memorial park : haeahn architects. EXISTING (negative)_tokyo memorial hall. SCALE_hiroshima memorial : kenzo tange. (L-R)

0.1. Connection Diagram 0.2. Melbourne Shrine of Rememberence 119

Using a mapping of the tectonic plates that surround Japan, the ceiling of the memorial allows light to penetrate through the interior rooms giving a sense of division and direction of movement. Using precedents of many different memorial sites around the world I was able to develop a design, which learnt from these previous examples but also took into account the notion of the 7 Japanese design principles. (previous page)

okhotsk plate amurian plate

Looking again at the principle of the Shrine of Remembrance in Melbourne, I wanted to capture the connection and importance the precedent had, yet did not want to emulate the prescribed nature of this type of memorial.

Specifically using the principle of Yugen, I wanted visitors to develop their own ideas about remembering the people effected by the earthquake and be understated rather than over emphasised or prescribed.

phillipine sea tectonic plate plan

SECTION A

SECTION B series of sections documenting memorials interior and light shafts

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pacific plate

SECTION C

SECTION D

MOVING SPACE

ENTRY/EXIT POINT 1

D

D

ate

MOVING SPACE

CONGREGATION SPACE

WALL TO SHIFT TRAFFIC

C

C SEMI-PRIVATE MOURNING SPACE 1

ATRIUM + LIGHT WELL

B

B

SEMI-PRIVATE MOURNING SPACE 2

ENTRY/EXIT POINT 2

interior spaces plan and movement diagram

A A

existing condition on site

plan of memorial within surrounding context

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exterior view, memorial design iteration

interior space, memorial design iteration

122

reflection This design scenario test was the most unsuccessful out of the entire range undertaken within this research.

The design was functioning purely as a memorial and did not meet the key criteria of the body of work: to provide some sort of function within a disaster setting. The design was not unpacked enough, using the potential of this site and design, the scenario needed to be multi programmed, utilizing the potential for inhabitable space or storage of key material and infrastructure. It was after producing this scenario that the research shifted its trajectory and began to really question how the future scenarios could interrogate a range of time phases ie. how could a new scenario function in all 3 time phases: pre, during and post? As evident in the criteria diagram right, overall it was rated as very unsuccessful. This is due to the fact that the design didn’t work at multiple time phases, didn’t provide a disaster outcome and did not engage with the context of the surrounding area.

disaster function social interaction

site context

environmental benefit

1

cost

2 3

scale

4

5

technology

feasibility

scenario evaluation diagram

Although the design provided little progression or development for the future scenarios, the shift in now having to consider multiple time phases proved very beneficial for the research. Prior to this scenario (in chronological order) the 3 different design scenario tests did not question multi-programming or multiple time phases, situating themselves at each select time phase and attempting to solve associated issues, but not considering the wider implications in other phases. ÂŹ

amass + at this point in time an understanding for the need for design scenarios to be programmed at multiple time phases is realized.

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design iteration 0.5

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land reclamation design.

disaster function social interaction

localize

follow

insert

site context

remove

connect

environmental benefit

cost

1 2 3

4

scale

5

technology

feasibility

stay

remember

re-interpret

escape

s

M

L

XL

Inherent risk/opportunity.

Mitigation strategies for the process of earthquake-related disaster in Tokyo.

How can landscape(s) mitigate, aid the evacuation process and act as a catalyst in the recovery process in susceptible wards of Tokyo? How can they function as multi-nodal spaces during normal times, yet provide specific systems/infrastructure in the event of a disaster?

How can landscape be considered a viable option in comparison to architectural/engineered typologies? How can the medium between hardware and software be considered when developing implemented designs or systems? How does inherent knowledge play a part in the evacuation process? What is the pre-emptive landscape? keywords: process, inherent, mitigate, multi-nodal, hardware vs. software.

This design scenario builds on what was developed and learnt in previous scenarios 0.1-0.3 (wayfinding device and evacuation park) and now mutates these ideas together to develop a design, which can respond to an earthquake situation at a number of different time scales and systems. This design rethinks how the urban fabric of Sumida-ku can be re-adapted to form new localized evacuation/public space areas within the ward.

0.1. Road condition following Earthquake, Miyagi.

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method FEEDBACK:

- how to localize firefighting efforts?

- how much water is necessary for firefighting/safe drinking?

- how do you make the journey intrinsic/memory/nostalgic?

- how do visitors know where to go?

- why green space?

- why follow a particular route?

- how does time/distance fit into the journey?

- how do people know where to go?

FEEDBACK PHASE

smaller sites form larger network

ADAPTATION OF DESIGN (HOW CHANGE):

ADAPTATION PHASE

LIMITATIONS/OPPORTUNITIES EVALUATION OF PERIOD (KEY IDEAS)

space A + _ amount of people there + _ amount of shelter + _ amount of food

+ must be a identifiable place + flexibility of services - infrastructure + functionality at different times (show) + develop existing ideas of previous intervention

design iteration diagram: sum of parts greater than the whole

DESIGN ITERATIONS (responds to components) PARK DESIGN

MARKET/PUBLIC SPACE PRO + FLEXIBLE PLANNING + COMMUNITY DRIVEN + IDENTIFIABLE DESIGN

CON + IDEAL FOR CITY SCALE? + FUNCTION ALL TIME?

STREETSCAPE PRO + MIX OF IDEAS + FLEXIBLE + ATTACHED SERVICES/ INFRA

1 DESIGN _work up.

CON + HOW MUCH SPACE? + WHERE IS SPACE? + RULES FOR APPROACH?

REDESIGN PHASE

PRO CON + GREEN SPACE + SPACE + LA RELATED REQUIRED? + ACCOMODATE + INFRA. LARGE NUMBERS PLUGIN? (GARDEN CITY)

PRESENTATION FEEDBACK REFLECTION

POTENTIAL REWORKING design methodology diagram

The approach for iteration 0.5 and 0.6 was quite different to the previous design iterations as experimentation with cross-programming different design iterations began to respond to different issues and time scales at the same time.

Design iteration 0.5 looked at cross-programming the wayfinding device of iteration 0.1 and the evacuation park site of 0.2 and 0.3. The methodology diagram (above) used the feedback, which was received from the previous tests and looked at how these ideas could be mutated and joined together. When analysing the previous designs I wanted to move away from developing centralized evacuation parks/spaces because of the sheer limitations of space. By localizing evacuation spaces people could still use wayfinding to connect with this network of spaces but not necessarily have to all congregate in designated evacuation areas, limiting the usage of key infrastructure and services such as temporary water supply and tents for temporary housing. The diagram (above left) looks at this idea of smaller localized spaces plugging into the wider established evacuation routes from the city, limiting the need for mass congregation in the connected evacuation zones.

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ADAPTATION/REDESIGN PHASE

effected area

+ further altering of design + precedent as basis for design + work at both person and wider contextual scale in design + community engagement : knowledge + hardware vs. software

precedent

By giving people the opportunity to make the space into what they find most applicable (even if temporary), the sites will become far more successful because they engage the users with what is of particular interest and need. The HAT Kobe precedent is one of the only examples of modern developments in Japan at present that has been shaped by the residents who live within and around the site. Thorough analysis and engagement with residents has proven a design site that caters to the needs of people dealing with the site on a daily basis, something that has been developed through this scenario. In the same way, Atelier BOW WOW’s School Wheel and White Limousine project has interrogated similar issues. By developing a persons connection with the streetscape and neighbours, something that is lost more and more in Japan, a sense of community engagement and interaction is established through in this case a temporary school and dining table. Connection of people and community to these spaces and routes is key within the entire body of research by developing new public spaces that double as evacuation zones, the issues surrounding the older areas of Sumida (house removal) can begin to be tackled through the inception of these spaces.

0.1. HAT Kobe Project, Yoji Sasaki. 0.2. School Wheel Atelier BOW WOW. 0.3. White Limousine, Atelier BOW WOW. 127

existing conditons Similar issues regarding existing condition of playgrounds within Sumida-ku are aligned with already discussed problems of local evacuation parks such as: roll-out approaches and context-less designs which do not engage with the local residents surrounding these sites. Following bombings that occurred in Tokyo during World War 2, there was a push to instate many of these small park and playgrounds within the urban fabric of the city as a way of increasing public open space. Many of these sites, still have not changed since they were developed more than 70 years ago, thus the spaces are incredibly uninspiring and lack any clear design motives. What this design scenario test engages with is how could potential new sites, be designed with context as a priority, facilitating connection with its surrounds and maintaining a primary focus of being able to provide a crucial role within a major disaster in the city. A playground can play a vital role within neighbourhoods for both children and parents alike, in this research the potential usage for playgrounds as disaster mitigation devices has been investigated.

playground example 1

disaster function social interaction

site context

environmental

1 2 3

scale

4

5

playground example 2

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technology

feasibility

evaluation diagram for existing playgrounds

BASIC PLAY EQUIPMENT SIGNAGE: RULES

UNPRESCRIBED OPEN SPACE

cost

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multiplying scale original condition

2 34

pe

op

25

le

pe

rh ou se op ck ho le s ld pe pe r rl bl oc oc al k ‘su bu rb ’

blo

85

0

pe

pe

op

le

pe

r‘ su bu rb

’

scaling exploded axonometric

tokyo, jp.

Investigating a framework for the implementation of these new spaces, as well as having an understanding where these spaces would occur was vital for this iteration. By investigating the common household within the area and multiplying the scale up to block, wider block of city and eventually suburb, the amount of people within these areas could be determined. By understanding the amount of people within each area of the ward, assumptions could then be made about how many people each insertion could accommodate in a disaster event and the connection distances between each insertion also.

23.0 M2

rotterdam, denMARK.

melbourne, aus.

3M2 Tokyo

curitiba, braSIL.

28.3 M2

re-evaluation 52.0 M2

GREENSPACE M2.

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The re-introduction of green open space in Tokyo is essential if the city is to stand any chance of mitigating the potential crisis following a major earthquake within the city. Given the fact that per m2 Tokyo has one of the lowest greenspace indexes around the world, the urban environment proves very dangerous and susceptible to destruction in the event of a major earthquake. ¬

REMOVED HOUSING

land reclamation diagram

By working with the already existing building buy-up scheme from the Tokyo Metropolitan Government within Sumida, different sites around the ward can be reclaimed as public space rather than high-rise accommodation. The implementation of such a strategy would ultimately enhance and enrich the different neighbourhoods of the area by providing different types of public spaces, which would adapt and change to their surrounding context. These new public spaces would connect people back into the ground plane, establishing vibrant communities and interactions of people: much the same as to what was occurring before homes began to be brought up and developed into safer accommodation.

Using the principles of the HAT Kobe precedent mentioned earlier, these spaces would change according to the context of a number of factors surrounding these spaces. By connecting people with these spaces they then can connect with the evacuation routes which link these spaces, ultimately establishing clear understanding of the residents and visitors alike of where to go in the event of a major earthquake within the city.

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VEGETATION

PA RK

E ARD V.G

N

space categorization SEA TIN G

ILE TO

SCHOOL ( T )

STORAGE

Sml RKE MA

CA MP ING /SH

Lrg T

/G U IDE

WATER CATCHMENT

programs categories within each type of space

L RIA MO

ME

INF O

Med space categorization tool

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T

ELT ER

design matrix

seating

seating+school

toilet+seating

storage

toilet

info+camping

seating+toilet

market+park

vegetation+storage

park

playground

temporary school

water catchment

memorial

memorial+park

park+temporary school

seating+memorial

vegetation+information

vegetation+playground

vegetation

market+water catchment

toilet+market

memorial+storage

water catchment+memorial

market+school

toilet+seating

playground+storage

water+storage

seating+playground

toilet+school

seating+storage

mutated (aligned)

information+storage

market

mutated (undetermined)

camping+playground

info guide

single-use program

camping/shelter

design matrix for site

The design matrix has proved to be valuable throughout the body of this research as a tool to develop a entire range of fast, unrestricted design ideas and then evaluating them against each other. This process has worked much in the same way that the research body has been produced, developing a large range of potential designs, then having the ability to pick a particular iteration and develop further.

rule set: designed space =

existing condition S, M, L space

(context + proximity)

context: people demographic/existing condition proximity: other designed spaces

A rule set was developed which would determine the decision to choose particular designs for different neighbourhoods of the ward. The new public spaces would be determined by condition (size of the space being reclaimed), context (what was around this space) and proximity (how close was it to other existing spaces/services)?

- external factors convenience store police station school

amass + at this point in time, context of the sites is interrogated and begins to shift how different sites would be altered to suit their surrounds within a larger system.

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water storage

playground_camping shelter design plan

understanding limitations through spatial requirements

134

toilet infrastructure

For this particular design iteration the cross-programming of a playground and camping facility (during disaster event) was devised. The playground provided a valuable public space for children within this area (being a young neighbourhood with many children) but when the time was necessary the program of such a site could be adapted to sleep more than 1/3 of the surrounding neighbourhood.

playground_camping shelter disaster function

“Tokyo has never stayed still for long, but has changed with every need and opportunity.� 6

playground_camping shelter everyday function

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mutation_o.1

playground elevation

TARPS EASILY ATTACHED TO FORM TEMPORARY SHELTER/MEMORIAL

playground_camping shelter design elevation (everyday timeframe)

playground_camping shelter section (disaster time phase)

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time phase diagram

The population diagram above is a further development of the previous diagrams in design scenarios ÂŹ0.2 and 0.3 (evacuation park design) for this scenario, the number of potential plug-in programs were limited to water storage/access and waste storage. This particular site provided some very particular functions during the disaster time phase, mainly sleeping facilities and a localized meeting point which connected in with the existing wayfinding routes.

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reflection This ÂŹdesign scenario was successful in beginning to develop ideas that later facilitated the advancement of the final synthesis design scenario. ÂŹIt was through this design that ideas regarding a larger system of mitigation became apparent. The ideas regarding context are very important within the research, through this scenario ideas regarding changes to different sites and how potential changes in site could also effect program and system outcomes. The design outcome of this scenario was potentially not unpacked enough, where more design could have been implemented within the reclaimed site. This has been consolidated through the final synthesis design which looks at a range of different design elements used within the sites, progressing on what was developed and learnt within these initial tests.

The scenario evaluation diagram (right) suggests that technology could be paired with the site, connecting users in some way or developing new techniques for mitigation using technology.

Social interaction within this site is something, which was also lacking, which has arisen through not crossprogramming enough designs or insertions within the space. Having multiple uses would increase numbers to the site, engaging with more users not just the users looking for a park or playground.

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disaster function social interaction

environmental benefit

site context

cost

1 2 3

scale

4

5

technology

feasibility

scenario evaluation diagram for playground test

typical neighbourhood playground: very outdated and leaving little to the imagination

139

large

design iteration 0.8

140

green framework design.

disaster function social interaction

localize

follow

insert

site context

remove

connect

environmental benefit

cost

1 2 3

4

scale

5

technology

feasibility

stay

remember

re-interpret

escape

s

M

L

XL

the pre-emptive landscape.

Altering urban fabric for earthquake mitigation.

How can a green open space network be designed to rethink the urban fabric of a city and function as an earthquake mitigation device when the time is necessary?

How does a combination of different plug-in designs allow the network to function at a number of different scales and timeframes, providing flexibility and functionality in the time before, during and following a major earthquake event? keywords: altering, green open space network, plug-in, functionality.

This scenario began to consolidate previous scenarios into a synthesis of designs, which could respond at a number of time phases and scales. The green framework links the existing major evacuation areas on site together through a linear park system, inserting green space within the dense site, acting not only as a critical wayfinding device but also a firebreak for the surrounding areas.

141

background This image documents the interest of people within Tokyo to use vegetation or greenery to limit the constant grey of buildings, roads and footpaths.

Throughout the narrow sheltered streets there is a blurred edge between public and private, as people within their homes move things like pot plants, veggie patches and other greenery into the street in an attempt to liven the streets surrounding them. This design scenario test builds on this appreciation, developing a connection between existing evacuation zones and sites through a green framework.

green wall analysis

diagram By connecting existing evacuation sites together, the scenario creates a linear connection between the sites. This provides a key wayfinding route through the site, but also providing usage as a huge fire break, if the site was to be burning following a major earthquake.

Having a large green conduit within the site allows for a huge amount of new open space, programmed with a range of different facilities for visitors to make use of during normal times.

simple design diagram: connection of seperate sites

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precedent

frederick law olmstead_emerald necklace

Frederick Law Olmstead’s Emerald Necklace in an example of a linear park system that was intended to connect the downtown of the city with the harbour in Boston, America. The design links many important sites together, using a linear path with ponds and a river to connect these sites together. This idea of connection was developed from this precedent, with the importance of connecting people with these already in place evacuation centres with the newly realized wayfinding routes. Because of the Tokyo's incredible density of housing and buildings, an instatement of such a design move would mean a radical shift in the way in which the site and potentially city operated. Because of the size of such a design, there was the potential to design a whole range of different spaces. Using principles developed in the previous design scenarios, the context rules can be used as a tool to begin designing such spaces. By developing a connection between existing evacuation spaces, a new design can develop the users connection with larger evacuation sites, ultimately aiding in mitigation in the event of a disaster within the city.

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green framework design with journey mapping

144

scale 0.2

potential further design scenario

design scenario testing fire station hospital wayfinding route existing evacuation park

scale 0.1

existing park water new vegetation

green framework design larger panel

145

journey

journey mapping in section with material changes

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MIXED-U

WAYFINDING SE GREE

NSPACE

FILTRAT

ION

ETSC STRE

pre-condition park environment

APE EV SPACEACUATION

H OVEROSPITAL FLOW FIR

EB

REA

K

D

TE

C

FE

EF A

RE

A during/post-condition park environment

reflection This design scenario test was unsuccessful in questioning serious issues facing the instatement of a green framework within the site, mainly thorough not considering the wider implications of such large housing removals within the site.

The scale of approach was successful in dealing with such problems but given more time, further interrogation of detailed design areas would have been beneficial. ÂŹThis scenario began to zoom out in scale, something that was very necessary within the research, as a wider system of mitigation was designed and developed through the scenarios. Working with such a large site, the connection of the existing scattered evacuation sites was crucial to developing a clear system of wayfinding and mitigation for people fleeing the site.

Re-evaluation of the precedent builds on what Olmstead proposed as a simple park system, but this scenario developed a connection between a range of very important sites to ultimately facilitate mitigation within the site.

disaster function social interaction

site context

environmental benefit

1

cost

2 3

scale

4

5

technology

feasibility

scenario evaluation diagram

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design iteration 0.9

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station extension design.

disaster function social interaction

localize

follow

insert

site context

remove

connect

environmental benefit

cost

1 2 3

4

scale

5

technology

feasibility

stay

remember

re-interpret

escape

s

M

L

XL

the pre-emptive landscape Altering urban fabric for earthquake mitigation.

How can an altering of the urban fabric of a city, through wayfinding and evacuation design mitigate destruction within a city?

How does a combination of different plug-in designs allow the site to function at a range of different scales and time phases, providing flexibility and functionality in the time before, during and following a major earthquake event?

Scenario 0.9 utilizes the primary wayfinding device on site: the Tokyo Skytree Tower and develops a central meeting point for people fleeing the site. It is built on design work from scenario 0.8 (green framework design) and questioned how multiple designs could begin to work together in synthesis to develop a system for mitigation.

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condition The Tokyo Skytree Tower is located at the South West end of the Sumida-ku site. It serves as a visual beacon for the local area as it extends well above existing infrastructure in the skyline. Working with the existing, by utilizing this feature within the landscape, an iconic beacon can be re-designed as a now crucial piece of disaster mitigation hardware.

The research has consistently raised the argument for use of existing infrastructure, already put in place as a means of not making the site more dense. By utilizing such an iconic piece of infrastructure within the site, users can have an immediate connection with the space and clearly understand the mitigation techniques employed within the design.

Tokyo Skytree Tower context.

diagram

visual emphasis within the streetscape (Tokyo) diagram

simple design diagram: conduit

Utilizing an incredible vertical wayfinding beacon is one aspect of this design scenario, another involves the development of the Skytree station which sits at the bottom of the tower. Rail infrastructure within Tokyo plays a pivotal role in how the city functions, without it the city stops. By layering the 2 beacons together, this scenario begins to act the way in which the final synthesis design scenario does, using multiple designs or occurrences to provide a ‘stacked system’: one which is not ruled obsolete if one particular element of the system fails.

The site opposite is divided into 3 clear separate areas: the tower and its buildings, the existing neighbourhood below the tower and the station which sits in the middle of the site. The intent of the design is to link these 3 separate areas together, utilizing the Skytree’s wayfinding potential but also developing a key meeting area for people to congregate following an evacuation.

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Tower detail

151

tokyo skytree tower - 634 meters tall

initial Skytree Station plan

initial Skytree Station section

Rail Infrastructure on site

continuation of Skytree station

directs flow from station-design

banded vegetation to viewing area

no altering of train tracks or earthworks

initial Skytree Station elevation

By utilizing the rail infrastructure, the idea of using the tracks as potential space for people to use as wayfinding devices (following a shut down of the rail system) was considered.

By developing emergency routes along the track, a defined and relatively safe site could inform the way in which people moved on site in the event of a major disaster. The station extension could then not only serve as a connection back to the ground plane for people walking towards the Skytree but also serve as a valuable connection between the local neighbourhood and the Tokyo Skytree development.

projection At this point in time the accumulation of a number of different design scenario tests being combined together as one synthesis scenario was recognized as an achievable outcome for the final design scenario test. As such, this design scenario merged into the final synthesis approach, shown in this chapter is a range of initial drawings and ideas before the synthesis design was formulated. After realizing the potential for the synthesis, this scenario was left undeveloped and redefined within the synthesis to be combined with a range of other select designs.

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EVACUATION SPACE TOKYO SKYTREE STATION

TOKYO SKYTREE DEVELOPMENT

developed Skytree Station extension plan

disaster function social interaction

reflection By itself, this design does function within a disaster setting, it also provides an everyday use, yet it was not considered (initially) within a larger system of mitigation. It was to be unpacked through the larger system in the next chapter, leaving this work aside as the basic concepts of what was to be further developed in the synthesis approach. To be continued.

site context

environmental benefit

1

cost

2 3

scale

4

5

technology

feasibility

scenario evaluation diagram

amass + at this point in time this design scenario is stopped to be requestioned within the synthesis design approach.

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x.large

synthesis design

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synthesis design.

disaster function social interaction

localize

follow

insert

site context

remove

connect

environmental benefit

cost

1 2 3

4

scale

5

technology

feasibility

stay

remember

re-interpret

escape

s

M

L

XL

The Pre-emptive Landscape.

Altering urban fabric for earthquake mitigation.

How can an altering the urban fabric of a city through wayfinding and evacuation design, mitigate destruction within a city?

How does a combination of different plug-in designs allow the site to function at a number of different scales and timeframes, providing flexibility and functionality in the time before, during and following a major earthquake event?

This is the final design scenario test within the research body, which looks at developing a synthesis of 3 correlated designs and how they can function within the site. The systematic approach develops a range of sites and routes. Developing the idea of the ‘stacked system’ and questioning how such a design could mitigate disaster within the city, but also change the fabric by increasing green open space within the site.

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As mentioned, this design scenario test looks at how a synthesis of ideas can contribute to a system of mitigation on site. 3 designs are involved within the synthesis; reclaimed local evacuation sites (developed from scenario 0.6), a wayfinding route, connecting these sites with the existing evacuation zones on site (developed from scenario 0.1) and finally the design of an evacuation area, through the use of a station extension (developed from scenario 0.9). That is the chronological order in which this system is applied; yet the layout of this document altered the order to be read as station extension design, wayfinding route and finally reclaimed site design.

N

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TOKYO SKYTREE + STATION EXTENSION

WAYFINDING ROUTE

RECLAIMED SITE + TOWER

amass + at this point in time seperate design iterations from wayfinding, land reclamation and station extension tests are combined and questioned now as a system rather than seperate tests.

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station extension contd.

The Tokyo Skytree Tower is visible from the majority of the entire site and thus acts as a wayfinding beacon for the local area. With this in mind, the ability to link new reclaimed evacuation sites (within this synthesis approach) with this site became crucial in developing a site for people to flee to, providing it was not safe to stay within and around their local evacuation sites. The design uses the existing infrastructure of the Tokyo Skytree station and creates a link between the surrounding neighbourhoods, the Tokyo Skytree and surrounding development, as well as the newly established wayfinding routes.

The site aims to act as a final port of destination for effected people travelling along these designated routes, where they can congregate and meet with friends and family, deciding if it is safe to return back to their homes or to continue to flee over the river and to escape off the site.

Going back to one of the initial design diagrams (right), the Tokyo Skytree is set to act as a one of the larger nodal points connected within the system. The effected area within the middle of the diagram is the point of escape, where people would travel along wayfinding routes to smaller nodal points along their journey. Eventually they will congregate at a larger site, which is where they can re-evaluate their situation and make a decision to either stay or go from the site. ÂŹ

smaller sites form larger network

effected area

re-evaluation

space A + _ amount of people there + _ amount of shelter + _ amount of food

0.1. Tokyo Skytree Train Station, 0.2. Early design diagram depicting multiple nodal points connected through device 158

location of skytree site

N

over-flow plan for station and streets using wayfinding routes + skytree tower

As mentioned earlier, the station extension creates a valuable connection between the somewhat isolated sites of the existing neighbourhoods, Tokyo Skytree station and Tokyo Skytree Tower and development. Acting as a conduit, it has the ability to connect people with the somewhat isolated neighbourhoods below. The design of the extension took a step back after the realization was made that the design was more about bringing people travelling along the wayfinding routes to filter through to the surrounding streets, not just the station. Thus, extremely large numbers of people can occupy the site in the event of an earthquake, yet it also has the ability to facilitate an everyday use through a connection between the 3 sites.

tokyo skytree station

design intervention

housing

skytree_exit

aquarium

skytree_entry

restaurant

planetarium

shopping

offices

existing neighbourhoods

tokyo skytree development

program alignments section

159

contours

normal movement

pathways

support beams

program alignments railway escape connection traffic leisure/viewing platform commuter access

emergency movement

pre Station section with attached extension.

160

during

pre

The utilization of rail track infrastructure is crucial in developing enough space for the site to function to cope with the shear amount of people who could potentially inundate the site. The extension is engineered to withstand the stresses associated with earthquakes and crowd numbers, whilst sitting atop of a somewhat unutilized space of above-ground rail tracks (something very uncommon within Tokyo). If necessary it is possible for people to travel along the existing rail tracks and meet up with the station extension, making their way back down to ground level.

initial station extension collage

Station entry/exit point with extension connecting

plan

sectional perspective

during

pre

during

161

POTENTIAL outcome

before event potential outcome of a changed city focussing on centralized towers like Tokyo Skytree which act as multiple meeting points across the city

162

ÂŹOne key problem with this aspect of the synthesis design was that it regressed back into the earlier design scenario test outcomes and did not look at how the design fitted within the larger system.

This design fits within the synthesis approach, yet it works against what the body of research has been directed towards: a system that does not rely on one sole design/site to facilitate disaster mitigation. Thus, this design, if it were to be feasible would need to locate itself within a wider system of large centralized wayfinding towers, potentially changing the way in which Tokyo’s skyline is currently developed.

400m

8:00AM 163

wayfinding routes re-evaluation

800

Wayfinding has been a common theme within the research as a tool for mitigation of such complex problems facing the city. This wayfinding design acts to connect initial primary evacuation sites (final phase of synthesis) together through a streetscape insertion, directing people along a designated route to travel along is during/following the event. This design connects the evacuation sites together through a usage of existing main roads and implicently highlights where the route lies, something which is not present on site at the moment (referenced through figure 0.1). One of the biggest problems that is present on site currently, is a lack of clear direction and signage stating where these already in place routes occur. In many wards throughout the city there is no clear common signage that is present, rather an eclectic mix of wayfinding beacons that do attract the attention of passers-by (within an everyday setting, let alone a disaster setting). Through multiple discussions I had with people living within Sumida-ku whilst on site, I was shocked to find that almost all did not know what procedures and services were available in the event of an earthquake, yet all were well aware of the inherent risks associated with living in the area. This design aims to connect users with these routes and establish a greater understanding of the connected system which links existing and newly reclaimed evacuation sites together.

re-evaluation A re-evaluation of the wayfinding markers documented in design scenario 0.1 (wayfinding) is necessary to build on what was learnt in the previous tests. These markers do not establish a connection with the users due to their lack of heirachy within the streetscape.

This design uses the streetscape as the wayfinding marker, clearly showing through a blue line what is the route to follow in the event of a major disaster.

0.1. Typical Wayfinding Markers, 0.2. Signage/Advertising tests, 0.3 Scenario 0.1 section.

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TESTING RE-EVALUATION

tokyo

melbourne

water catchment from nearby buildings

planting as biofilter secondary mechanical filtration system existing buildings

water collection point for fire fighting water insertion point purification tank

The hierarchy within the streetscapes of Tokyo is a challenge for this wayfinding device as the environment is so cluttered and intense, many elements blend into their surrounds or become paired back because of the shear amount of advertising, building densities, heights, narrowness etc. Building on the previous examples in figure 0.2, signage is not a feasible option within Tokyo, as it must compete with the advertising and other signage which already sits around it. Rather, a material change on the road can grab the attention of people, as such large gestures do not occur within the streetscape. Figure 0.3 attempted to work with the idea of difference to grab the attention of users, through a vegetation system, the scale was what let this test down in design scenario 0.1, as it would not make enough of an impression in the event of an earthquake. ie. if buildings were falling down around you, would you follow a small scale water purification tool to safety?

This design uses heirachy and scale to grab the attention of users, connecting the existing evacuation sites and parks together with a new range of reclaimed sites.

storage tank (fire fighting) pottable water

re-evaluation

suction point

existing infrastructure

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N

movement mapping of wayfinding route following event

movement mappings of wayfinding route and connection to movement within street

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normal

disaster 167

wayfinding route from above

wayfinding route following disaster event

168

wayfinding route normal time

Designating evacuation routes through the use of this wayfinding device will connect people with the synthesis design, developing clear understanding of where to flee in the event of a major disaster.

The road will provide a clear point of reference, even when potentially broken or covered by rubble, due to the fact that there is currently nothing like it within the streetscape of Tokyo.

rubble detail: wayfinding route

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Once a connection is made with this wayfinding device the route can be followed to a designated local evacuation park.

following wayfinding route to the local tower beacon down the road

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171

masterplan fire

flood

reclaimed sites

400m radius wayfinding existing sites

BUILT

ROADS

water

total greenspace + school sites on site: all sites

= 1, 090, 369m2 = 4.52m2 per person following disaster event

minus NE evacuation zone = 673, 859m2 total greenspace = 2.8m2 per person + 60% accessible evacuation space following major event = 404, 315m2 total evacuation space = 1.68m2 per person evacuation space following catastrophic disaster event wayfinding route (design) existing housing reclaimed site (design) existing school site existing refuge centre existing green space

+

existing evacuation site 400m design radius 400m escape journey

total reclaimed sites

detailed 400m section highlighting wayfinding route, distance travelled in 400m and effected areas

sections STORAGE POINT

REMOVAL

REMOVAL

REMOVAL

REMOVAL

The axonometric sections represent the spatial outcomes of the reclaimed sites, the offset images document how the site would change in the event of a major disaster. It looks at how the programs that occur on a normal event will be removed to make way for disaster relief programs such as a large tarpaulin to double the lighting system as a frame for temporary shelter underneath, as well as the playground providing a similar opportunity. At a later stage temporary infrastructure such as market stalls and moveable planters can be removed, making way for tents to be erected and facilitate a temporary camping site in the time following the disaster.

REMOVAL

REMOVAL

REMOVAL

REMOVAL

REMOVAL

REMOVAL

EVACUATION STORAGE POINT

section A

section B

reclaimed sites REMOVED HOUSING

This is the final element of the synthesis design, linking in together the station extension, wayfinding route and reclaimed sites. The chronological order of the synthesis should be read in an opposite fashion to the way it has been layed out within this document ie. local reclaimed site, wayfinding device and finally the station yet because of the way in which the 9th scenario was developed, it was the most clear way to lay out the entire synthesis. The reclaimed sites are a development from the initial design scenario tests undertaken in scenario ¬0.2, 0.3 (evacuation parks) and 0.5 (land reclamation test). The evidence which I gathered through these tests will be developed through this final stage of the synthesis design. ¬

land reclamation diagram

diagrams ­ igure 0.1 represents the research F theory within this project, such that 'the sum of the parts is greater than the whole'. As well as the theory that beginning to solve a problem so complex like this one is not a single solution, rather a range of connected solutions contributing to the notion of the ‘stacked system’. Figure 0.2 represents the synthesis of the 3 developed design scenario tests (land reclamation, evacuation design and wayfinding). 3 elements which have been a regular themes throughout the research.

research theory diagram: sum of parts is greater than the whole

land reclamation

evacuation design

wayfinding

synthesis approach through key words

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precedents Within this research examples of the Tokyo government’s roll-out of local parks and larger evacuation sites has been discussed and analysis of these sites undertaken. These serve as an anti-precedent for this research, including for this final design of the synthesis scenario. There are many problems associated with these sites and by beginning to question their function(s), form and locations, new development of similar sites can be undertaken through the design work; learning from what is already in place and establishing new functional spaces which respond their surrounds and the people who use them.

x-small

x-large 246 Common is a program which is pushing the boundaries of what can occur in vacant lots within Tokyo. The mixed use space is similar to the Collingwood Peoples Market in Melbourne, having temporary food stalls, bars and shops occupy space which would almost always be turned into a carpark within Tokyo. The relatively new occurrence is something very foreign to Japan and has had great success in engaging people with these under utilized spaces. This precedent has been used within this final scenario as a reference of how a potential market and mixed use space can occur within Tokyo. The scenario looks at occupying the newly reclaimed sites with food carts and stalls on a temporary basis, engaging the local community with these newly formed local evacuation sites.

246 - common fire extinguisher signage signage - evacuation site

open access to street

evacuation shed solar powered clock + light gravel open space

water storage

re-evaluation

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mori corporation

Mori Corporation sectional perspective for shopping centre

The Mori Building Corporation is a large Japanese company which is developing the cities in Japan by building large shopping and apartment complexes. The company has plans for a similar style approach to that of this final scenario: by building vertically, you can keep a small footprint. Thus, with a small footprint there is the opportunity to develop open space around the footprint. This is a key idea within this synthesis test, as local wayfinding beacons are established through the removal of some particular blocks and the instatement of towers, which then form smaller localized wayfinding beacons. The precedent is a much larger scale solution to the issues tackled within this research, yet the key principles are of a similar trajectory.

The parks which are developed by the Mori Corporation lack context and any real functionality, much the same as the other park systems which are dotted around Tokyo. Through this scenario the similar application of ideas is evident, yet it does not forgo context or connection with the people who will use the space.

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perspective aerial collage showing escape along wayfinding route to reclaimed evacuation site

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context Within this site it is common to see historical leather and craft industries still dotted throughout the neighbourhoods. The small-scale factories usually are double storey, with the working area on the ground level, whilst the living quarters are above.

This occurrence was something to consider through this design, giving the potential for these small-scale factories and shops to develop weekly markets within the new sites, utilizing the common space and enriching the surrounding areas.

Going back to some of the findings made on site following the visit to Japan (page 44), provided an insight into what potentially could work within these spaces and also what was not worth investing the time into. Local industries play a large role within these communities and establishing pride within the area will only be beneficial to these new public open spaces. By enriching the community, resilience is formed, creating stronger communities which are better equipped to deal with volatile situations such as earthquakes within this city.

localized industry detail

small scale leather making shop and factory

unregulated urban growth

division between public and private evident around every corner

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plan The sites location is determined by points of interest within local neighbourhoods. The towers are determined by a 400m radius, this radius is determined by a reasonable walking distance covered by an elderly person who lives within the area.

These points of interest within the blocks are maintained and the rest the block removed. By maintaining these community nodal points, everyday connections can continue to be made with the sites; when dealing with these sites on an everyday or regular basis, a clear understanding of the sites importance within the city as an local evacuation site is registered.

Establishing these connections will aid in saving lives in the event of an earthquake as those who have established these connections with the sites will know exactly where to go.

The footprints of these buildings will remain and an extrusion made vertically to gain the height necessary to be seen within each 400m radius. It is essential that points of interest are maintained within the buildings, cross programmed with the site and the residential tower which will now sit above it. On this site, a post office is a clear nodal point within the community, thus the footprint will remain and a tower extruded from this.

detailed 400m section highlighting wayfinding route, distance travelled in 400m and effected areas

By having new visual beacon towers in place within each 400m radius this will form a vertical wayfinding device along the evacuation routes. Once a point to point rhythm can be established along these routes to each local park, the connection can be made onwards to the Tokyo Skytree or other central vertical wayfinding beacons around the city.

points of interest on site convenience store ‘combini’ 翻訳原稿

train station 駅という建物

police station ‘koban’ 警察署

shrine 祠

ATM machine 翻訳原稿

park 公園

building typologies analysis within design area

post office は

food store 食物の備え

potential sites for reclamation

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initial condition

CENTRED

stage 01

ALIGNED

DISTANT

DIVIDED (2)

ENCLOSED (EGG)

DIVIDED (1)

HIDDEN

potential arrangements on new reclaimed sites

stage 02

stage 03

rule set for new sites stage 04

stage 05

stage 06

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-

-

- - - - -

- - - - -

spaces should be within 6min walk from each other (400m) use of evacuation routes as guide for reclaimed areas each site must include key equipment site must provide everyday function respond to context of area it is in reclaiming of 1 block to new park removal of existing housing stock on site, people are rehoused on site in high density style building with visual cues (for recognition of evacuation area) works according to block size must account for all people effected should account for expansion act as a visual beacon for local area local context taken into account (sizing) and form of open space

sections of site - pre+post pre-buy up condition

existing ground condition

post-buy up condition

The removal of particular blocks on site will be a questionable task for anyone who may have to have their homes removed in the process of forming these spaces. All people moved on from their homes will have the opportunity to live within the residential towers on site and the height of these buildings will be determined by the height of the surrounding context. The building must be able to be seen within the 400m radius as this will form a crucial vertical wayfinding beacon within every part of the site.

2 storey

5 storey

3 storey

6 storey

4 storey

10 storey

building heights within area

2 storey

2 storey 3 storey

2 storey 2 storey

20 people total

block analysis

egg-shell analysis

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2 people per household 25 people per block 34 blocks per larger block 850 people.

unit sizing within site

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engineered buildings

building movement in Shinjuku

reference point sway

computer modelling

Above are stills from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sn4t13uxJFQ which documents the huge movement of buildings as a result of the 3/11 earthquake which hit Tokyo. Although the city was left relatively intact, the video documents the strength which can lie in well-engineered buildings, serving as a reference for the new towers which will act as local visual beacons. Employing such tehcnologies within the new reclaimed site towers will not guarantee their survival, yet will provide some amount of strengthening and accountability.

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A

B

A

200m

spaced 200m apart along designated evacuation routes, linking existing evacuation zones together change streetscape with visual and material cues (notification)

before event - market

normal - PRE EVENT phase

sites These newly formed sites will use existing context to shape the designs of each open space, determined by elements such as existing footprints, proximities, roof lines, materiality, services, vegetation and commercial enterprises. The sites primary function is that of an emergency use which can facilitate a shift in program and system to help people escape from effected areas. It is also crucial that these sites do have an everyday use, which engages users and connects them with their local evacuation site.

Previous work undertaken in scenario 0.2, 0.3 and 0.6 developed to the final sites by questioning the potential numbers and sizes necessary to facilitate camping on site, what essential infrastructure is needed as well as what timeframes and crossprogrammed designs could contribute to these sites.

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maintain normal function of vending machine and provide evacuation data.

B

plugged into existing infrastructure (road and existing vending machine network)

0-4 days after event

ESCAPE - DURING DISASTER phase

14+ DAYS AFTER EVENT

CAMPING - POST phase

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perspective collage of market function during tanabata festival, normal time.

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8:15PM 189

1-4 days after event inundation phase of evacuation site, setting up on infrastructure for camping phase

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5:00PM 191

reflection system - synthesis A systematic approach is by far the best way to begin to address complex issues such as the ones faced within this research. The synthesis approach looked at a range of different designs developed from previous design scenarios; question how they could work together as a system and begin to solve some crucial problems facing this site.

Initially at the start of the research the design scenarios were quite independent and very distant from one another.

It was only after selection and cross-programming results that it became apparent that a range of scenarios working together could begin to address these points. The synthesis approach solves some issues facing the site but many still remain. There is no solve-all solution for a complex problem such as this one.

Looking back at the synthesis precedent (currently employed methods in Tokyo) the research has proven that there are better ways to design potential spaces and have greater effect on the people around them. The feasibility of the entire design approach may have been problematic, yet the ideas surrounding them are valuable when critiquing current techniques and refinement of employed ideas.

disaster function social interaction

environmental

site context

2 3

4

scale

technology

5

feasibility disaster function

disaster function social interaction

site context

environmental benefit

1

cost

2 3

scale

4

5

technology

+

social interaction

site context

cost

1 2 scale

4

5

technology

feasibility

disaster function

disaster function

environmental benefit

3

feasibility

Using the criteria evaluation tool; it is evident that as independent scenarios, each has particular flaws and successes. Through the use of the synthesis and ‘stacked system’ approach, a more successful outcome can be achieved by using these methods.

cost

1

+

social interaction

site context

environmental benefit

1

cost

2 3

scale

4

5

feasibility

technology

=

social interaction

site context

environmental

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cost

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feasibility

scenario evaluation diagrams for synthesis scenario

individual parts - synthesis Wayfinding Device The wayfinding device as a design from scenario 0.1 (wayfinding) and 0.6 (vending machine) was a progression that didn’t change in terms of application or aesthetics. Rather it connected and changed considerably to relate 2 other phases of the synthesis together. Developing a defined and clear route is vital within this situation. An everyday usage for the routes has been unpacked through the conclusion yet projection for the project could be development of such areas.

192

Station Extension Utilization of such iconic infrastructure in the context of the research is a completely viable option for mitigation, the problem lies in the fact that it is one single tower. By utilizing this sole piece of infrastructure there is too much emphasis on the one site, not diversifying risk and contributing to a ‘stacked system’. What is necessary to be unpacked in the projection is how a whole series of different Tokyo Skytree Towers would need to be designed if this scenario was to be completely aligned with the overall research framework. This was the least successful element of the synthesis because of the need for multiple versions around the city, potential issues surrounding visibility and connection on the ground plane.¬¬

Land Reclamation The design interrogates difficult situations within the city, occurring already in some parts of the site and wider city (government reclamation).

The scenario is aligned with current practices; mainly the Mori Corporation but attempts to provide another level of detail with the sites, as well as providing an important disaster function. The scenario questions different phases of a potential event, also developing everyday programs and systems which can enrich the spaces. This was the most successful of the 3 tests and development element of the synthesis. ¬

RESEARCH conclusion Answers to the questions asked in the introduction of this document:

Tokyo is potentially going to be hit by a major earthquake within the next 4 years. This is a massive problem, as the city is largely unprepared to deal with such events and the scale of the city makes the prospect of a major earthquake a frightening though.

The site chosen, Sumida-ku is the most dangerous area in terms of earthquake damage in Tokyo.

Sumida-ku is the most vulnerable area in Tokyo, because of the density, susceptibility of the area (liquefaction), housing stock and shear size of population who live within this site.

A range of different scenario-based mitigation designs have been developed within this research, providing techniques that could be employed at different times and scales.

Currently a system is put in place that relies on local evacuation parks and larger secondary sites for people to flee to in the event of a disaster.

The scenarios have widely developed designs based on current conditions on site, understanding then re-designing what is employed, rather than designing something completely new to the site and adding to the already chaotic nature of the streetscapes. By ‘plugging-in’ to the existing conditions you can work with the current conditions and create successful outcomes easier.

The research undertaken in this document has been developed as range of different scenario-based designs, that set to mitigate the effects of a potential earthquake within the city of Tokyo. The scenario-based designs, critique currently employed methods of mitigation within the city, developing new, altered and redesigned methods/ designs, building on these examples and attempting to better mitigate potential problems faced within an earthquake time phase. The role of these designs is to primarily function within a disaster setting, but it is crucial that they also provide a day-to-day use, adding to the everyday life of the users who live within the city.

After visiting Tokyo last year, the energy and shear number of people, the potential issues surrounding the city and the embedded resilience of the population, provided an inspiration for development of previous work undertaken in tsunami effected areas of Tohoku.

This coupled with a new found interest in post-disaster design, provided a stepping-stone to develop my interests further and begin to question future potential disasters within a country that has been frequently affected by disasters throughout history. With an opportunity to visit Tokyo again with a travelling studio from Melbourne 193

University, the decision was made to begin working on this research for the Masters of Landscape Architecture 2013.

The research is an accumulation of scenarios undertaken both before and after visiting the site, with successful iterations being chosen and developed into the final synthesis scenario.

The research has developed a number of individual scenario-based designs that respond to the changing conditions of an earthquake within a pre, during or post phase of a potential disaster. A process of iteration was employed, developing a wide range of scenario-based designs. Through the production and evaluation of the iterations, an understanding of the notion of the ‘stacked system’ became apparent. That being: the sum of the parts is greater than the whole. By utilizing these ideals and applying the methodology of numerous designs, working together, the complex issues facing the city can begin to be interrogated properly, which sets to frame the scenario and research approach of the project.

Through this approach the final synthesis design was realized after an evaluation of the previous design test scenarios was undertaken.

Current practices of disaster mitigation in Tokyo rely on small-scale local evacuation sites, followed by secondary larger evacuation zones to flee to. The problem facing many of these sites within the city is that people largely do not know or acknowledge the location of these local and larger sites, creating potential problems in the event of an earthquake.

Zooming out, larger problems exist within the city that has one of the smallest amounts of green space per person, anywhere in the world. This fact, along with current trends where by people widely do not engage with green space that is within the city, due to working. Investing time in developing your career is considered much more valuable than engaging with this type of space. This research body aims to limit these occurrences, instating new urban green spaces and frameworks and connecting users with these sites, through everyday interaction and connection. Once a connection is made with these sites, an understanding of the importance of them within a disaster becomes apparent. These sites can limit lives lost following an event, as people recognize they are comparatively safer points of evacuation than the buildings they occupy. Tokyo is within a constant state of contrast. Be it traditional versus modern or that it is considered one of the safest cities in the world, yet lays at the potential peril of an earthquake.

The objective of this research was to develop a range of methods, questioning current practices of mitigation and developing multi-programmed sites. Through the design scenario iterations this has been unpacked, evaluated and developed further. The framework set in place for this research uses the iterations as location points with the site, situating themselves either at pre, during or post phases of the disaster. The success is determined by the criteria evaluation diagram and selected iterations chosen to be developed further through cross-programming or synthesis.

The approach of tackling multiple designs at multiple scales is something, which is currently undertaken as a mitigation method within the city, although not as successful as potentially necessary.

The final synthesis scenario attempts to address these issues by using previously developed methods and scenarios and pairing them together to work within a system of mitigation. By instilling everyday connections with newly formed local evacuation sites, followed by a 400m connection to further sites (wayfinding device) and finally on to a final-stage central meeting point, the synthesis now sets to act as the ‘stacked system’.

One key gap that has emerged from this research is how you could justify the removal of resident’s homes to be turned into newly formed localized evacuation zones? The design was developed through a series of different iterations that began to respond to the existing conditions of the urban fabric surrounding the site, as well as drawing out specific references from the removed fabric, which could then be reimagined on a new evacuation site. By referencing what was once on site, users to these new sites can begin to make connections with the space, ultimately understanding the valuable role these new spaces perform within the city, as well as altering the urban fabric within the wider context of the city towards a higher green-space density.

Another key problem faced within the research was how do you begin to establish connection or knowledge of the designs with users? How do you get people to use them? Within the different design tests key references have been made to these existing conditions on their respective sites. By developing or re-designing what is already in place, you are not adding another level of intensity to the already chaotic streets of the city. Rather, a refinement of what is already in place and potentially already understood by the wider public. It is only through regular interaction(s) that users will begin to acknowledge and understand the system of mitigation that this research proposes. Much of the current state of parks and open space within Tokyo is in a poor state, thus people do not use the sites as would be the case if they were in Australia or Europe. Creating functional spaces with a range of different programs will bring people to use them (see 246 COMMON example on page 175). Another key issue facing these sites, is the instatement of new towers which are set to act as local wayfinding beacons.

Due to the incredible density of Tokyo, especially within the site of Sumida-ku, the density of buildings may be so great, that in certain areas the tower is not visible within the 400m radius. By using already established sites such as post offices, shrines, police boxes etc. there is a greater chance of a clear understanding of where people are able to flee to, through remembering connections with these spaces/programs.

Failures of this research are centred around the final synthesis design of the final evacuation site, developed at the 194

base of the Tokyo Skytree Tower. This is due to the fact that throughout the research the general trajectory of the work has been developed around the multi-site/design system. As compared to current practices which rely on single-use, final-solution approaches which are very common within the city at the moment. This design acts as one single solution, designing for one site that acts as a final destination for thousands of people. By establishing these single-entity designs, the opportunity for these sites to fail becomes apparent, without other potential solutions been evaluated. The design scenario was then altered slightly to begin to question the surrounding streets and buildings as overflow space, as well as questioning how different sites could be imagined, changing the skyline of Tokyo drastically.

This research does not set out to solve all issues surrounding the complex problems potentially faced by the city of Tokyo in the near future. The research has been developed as a tool for rethinking and redesigning what is already in place, aiming to not solve the problems, rather mitigate or limit some of the problems. Going to Japan on a field trip was a turning point for the research when suddenly site specificity became apparent as ideas formed in Melbourne were quickly quashed with true understandings of site. This changed the trajectory of the research to now consider a range of time phases together, forcing multi programming into the designs and everyday outcomes of the scenarios. One crucial discovery within the research, was the use of the criteria evaluation diagram. The diagram was developed as a tool for judging the success and failure of each design scenario. In trying to formulate a criteria for evaluation, different questions were asked attributing to different points. This gave a numerical result, but had no real meaning with such a value. After the diagram was developed further, different criteria points could be judged visually against each other, giving a representation to the overall rating of a particular scenario. The criteria evaluation tool proved to be a valuable diagram in explaining many of the decisions made within the research and could be developed further into my own personal evaluation tool within my career. Many problems and gaps have emerged from the scenarios but the opportunity for different ideas and ways of thinking about such complex issues, far outweighs the feasibility or actual potential of some of the design scenarios.

Tokyo is always within a constant state of change. Constantly demolishing, rebuilding then demolishing again. This cultural practice comes from the ideas regarding disaster and resilience, something that is inherently Japanese. The research acts on this and develops a wide range of potential scenarios to addressing select issues on site. The scenarios do not aim to solve every issue faced within a major disaster in Tokyo, rather a selection of critical needs.

Acting on these issues is a matter of priority for the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, as the potential destruction of this amazing city could be a very real situation. Lessons can be learnt from Kobe, Christchurch and Haiti must be addressed on this site, if it stands any chance of pre-empting a major earthquake within the city.

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references page 2. own photo 7. http://www.flickr.com/photos/mah_japan/4478765389/sizes/o/in/photostream/ 17. lebbebus wood sarejeb 18. own photo 24. unknown 25. own photo 26. http://www.flickr.com/photos/mah_japan/4478765389/sizes/o/in/photostream/ 27. http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/jpq041511/j01_RTR2L80T.jpg 30. own photo 31. own photo 39. unknown 40. http://marineinsight.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/SeaWall_Japan.jpg

http://www.popularmechanics.com/cm/popularmechanics/images/gI/earthquake-proof-building-de.jpg

http://web-japan.org/kidsweb/cool/10-07/images/001.jpg 41. unknown 42. own photo 49. own photo 53. http://www.geekosystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/japan-quake-road-550x339.jpg 55. http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_7Vt66UxO7os/TRjVfFbboKI/AAAAAAAAAcQ/X1w24y2UJ8E/s640/TowerMachiya01.jpg 70. http://www.ce.washington.edu/~liquefaction/selectpiclique/kobe95/expressway.jpg 73. http://landscapeandurbanism.blogspot.com.au/search?q=wayfinding 74. http://www.bento.com/pix/subway/subway5.gif 81. own image 82. http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lqZqkuy8PJo/TvCdQSdwBiI/AAAAAAAAOWQ/U5NV23hBekc/s1600/japan-tsunami-2011-8.jpg 85. own images 87. http://www.sonyinsider.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/07/shinjuku_at_night_tokyo_japan.jpg

http://cdn.twentytwowords.com/wp-content/uploads/Signs-at-the-Carpark-01-634x645.jpg 88. http://sathiyam.tv/english/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/EARTHQUAKE-AFTERMATH.jpg 94. http://www.shorpy.com/Moonlight-Tower 105. http://img.ibtimes.com/www/data/images/full/2011/04/08/85418-glimpses-of-despair-at-japan-s-evacuation-centres-following-the- earthq.jpg 106. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/photo/images/attachement/jpg/site1/20130816/002564bc67451378170318.jpg

http://nikischwabe.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/sean-penns-golf-course-refugee-camp-in-haiti.jpg 115. http://www.whatsonningbo.com/news_images/e283a1d3f6d2b762_7.jpg 116. http://www.coolgeography.co.uk/GCSE/Year11/Managing%20Hazards/Earthquakes/070531_kobe_earthquake.jpg 117. http://www.rmitcatalyst.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/in-text-2.jpg 124. http://cdn.thejournal.ie/media/2011/03/road.jpg 127. http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2551/4073974973_3a5c8c2a7e.jpg

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_7Vt66UxO7os/TLb-c9mbETI/AAAAAAAAAP4/LByjny-IvIE/s1600/WhiteLimousine01.jpeg 128. own image 139. own image 140. http://www.japanfinds.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/great-hanshin-earthquake-recovery.jpg 142. own image 143. http://cs-people.bu.edu/alasser/images/charlesgate/emerald-necklace.png http://www.ce.washington.edu/~liquefaction/selectpiclique/kobe95/nishibridge1.jpg 148.

150. own image 151. http://www.designboom.com/weblog/images/images_2/andrea/architecture/tokyoskytree04.jpg 154. http://cdn.sheknows.com/articles/Haiti_earthquake%281%29.jpg 158. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/%E6 http://www.mori.co.jp/company/img/ph_index_01_2.jpg 178.

180. own images 183. google earth images http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sn4t13uxJFQ 185.

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appendix

liquefaction diagram

land reclamation diagram

modelling disaster

EXISTING BUILDING(S) COMPLETELY LOST TO VIOLENT MOVEMENTS.

ACCESS CUT-OFF THROUGH BRIDGE FAILURE CREVACE CREATES NEW WATER COURSE THROUGH SITE.

EXISTING BUILDING BADLY DAMAGED

FIRE DAMAGE APPARENT TO EXISTING BUILDINGS

PUBLIC OPEN SPACE NETWORK (BEHIND)

SPLIT WITHIN SITE TEARS INFRASTRUCTURE+ EXISTING CONDITIONS APART.

earthquake model sections 197

scenario evaluation positives + -

implementation of green identification localization: 72 hour timeframe before been rescued timeframes + distances: walking city

-

how to make intrin how does it reshap perspective + doc street widening oc how does it play o what does it contr everyday life?

landscape matrix: appropriate conditions system + service matrix size limitations: how many people (tatami)

-

limitation of site (f will this area be sa masterplan of park how does it feel af people? how function follow testing of systems smaller tests/desig worthwhile?

0.1 -

negativ

0.2

-

-

masterplan iconography of tectonic plates collage + emotion attached movement (considered) principles of Japanese design

-

mono function: how during disaster/nor How does it teach

-

matrix + moulding of programs 3D linework effective style exploded axonometric hand drawn overlayed with vectors

-

rule set: how actua need stronger pers section: more time number crunching: how does it shape how does streetsc masterplan

-

use of existing: ‘tapping in’ 3D linework perspective collage framework + concept

-

is it considered lan architecture? signage tests: japa what is the everyd design will really help duri scenario? how does it actual

0.3 0.4 2OO M

0.5 198

2OO M

-

gatives -

what to take

ake intrinsic it reshape the city/area? ve + documentation of design ening occurring? it play out following disaster? s it contribute to streetscape/ life?

-

connection + intrinsic: how to establish? overall outcome in city/area: zoom out contribution to streetscape: how alter?

72h timeframe is vital distance + walkability: older generations in area consider the route(s), what happens if effected?

of site (fieldtrip) rea be safe? an of park system it feel after inundated by

-

number crunching: limitations functionality: before and after don’t try to solve everything learn from existing parks there, why have select typologies/designs?

ction: how change function aster/normal? s it teach people?

-

always think about multi program + multi time frame of each iteration use of rhino within design memorial: too many stigmas attached with designs, not worth pursuing

ow actually works? nger perspective more time runching: how many people? it shape the city/area streetscape change? an

-

exploded axonometric: effective at showing complexity always question the streetscape + daily life within it masterplan ideas: prove on site

dered landscape ure? ests: japan e everyday usage of the

-

existing + tweaking: good concept make sure it is about LA use evidence from field trip to support ideas don’t forget about key concept: disaster mitigation.

ion following disaster: more systems + requirements ests/designs jammed in? e?

-

help during a disaster it actually work?

199

2

evacuation park design

streetscape design

memorial design

2

reclaimed spaces design

2

2

200

design follies

follie 0.1: forces on landscape These initial follies explored a very basic way of thinking of the landscape (paper) and applying a particular force on it (folding) and seeing how the surface would react to the fold/pull/stretch/compress that was applied to it. The outcome inturn was simple and predictable. Going back to the initial set of tests, a fixed weight was then added into the test and the reactions of the folds and material documented.

201

follie 0.2: forces on landscape This follie explored the idea that a particular site or landscape could adapt to a series of forces, which were imparted on it. The model was made such that the wooden skewers were connected to the stocking (landscape/site) as well as been connected at the base of the model via some wire. The wire could be manipulated and this in turn would make a magnified manipulation on the unfixed skewers and stocking above it. These changes were documented on film and the stills collected showing some of the adaptations for which the site/landscape could go through.

202

o.2

o.3

o.4

o.1 landscape + infrastructure (entangled growth)

landscape + infrastructure (infra. enveloping landscape)

combined.

landscape + infrastructure (seperated)

o.5

landscape + infrastructure (combined, infra. dominant)

o.7

o.6

landscape + infrastructure (combined + parallel)

o.9

o.8 landscape + infrastructure (infra. with meshed land.)

follie 0.3: landscape/infrastrucuture This follie explored the concept of landscape and infrastructure and the outcomes, which could be produced given a certain element, was given priority over the other.

The expandable foam represented the landscape whilst other elements represented infrastructure. This follie was one of the more successful given the unknown nature of the outcome when using the expandable foam. The diagram above attempts to show the particular outcomes given the priorities given to each element and the connections which were a result of the tests.

203