Karol Xiaoyu Liu DRC

ECO-INCUBATION OF HUANGHUA PORT land reclamation + wetland+ fish farm

s3339932 Karol Xiaoyu Liu

1

ECO-INCUBATION OF HUANGHUA PORT land reclamation + wetland+ fish farm

A

s3339932 Karol Xiaoyu Liu Š Copyright 2013. RMIT University

Title:

Eco-incubation of Huanghua Port

Sub Title:

land reclamation + wetland+ fish farm

Research Question:

How to design landscape infrastructures in order to re-balance the damaged ecology?

Sub Questions:

How to design a new livable city topology that supports port development and simultaneously mitigates sea pollution using wetland plants and sea creatures at Huanghua Port?

How could coastal construction benefit people’s quality of life through an integrated system of urban ecology and government policy for Huanghua City?

Abstract Huanghua Port, located along the coast of Bohai Bay, China, is an important part of the Bohai economy rim. To accelerate development, the government has commenced a land reclamation project at the port. However, land reclamation has many negative effects on the eco-system, especially when there is a serious pollution problem. The proposed land reclamation plan of the port needs to be improved, and the sea pollution problem needs to be mitigated. Due to the widespread of the pollution source, mitigating the pollution problem at the source becomes impossible for just one project. Mitigating pollution only around the port area might become a start for the huge bay pollution mitigating task. The current situation in China is that government policy ( determined by political force) regulates all the ecological elements (i.e. nutrients, water and pollutants), people’s quality of life, and the economy (i.e. profit, labor, import and export). In this project, the integration of this government policy regulated system is considered as a criterion of the design tests.

This project aims to design infrastructures that could mitigate the pollution problem, re-balance the ecology and, at the same time, support the port development, benefit the economy, and improve people’s quality of life, which result in a new livable city typology. The method of this project analyses the government policy regulated system at Huanghua Port, designs a scenario to integrate it, uses the ‘system’ to critique the scenario, and then make other iterations. The project reveals that bio-filtration infrastructures could support wetland plants and sea creatures to mitigate the sea pollution problem at the site, reduce the negative effects of land reclamation, and support the port development to promote the economy developing. City scale bio-filter infrastructures provide the possibility of a port becoming a new type of city, which meets the government requirements and living requirements. It is anticipated that this project might be achieved through the design of a long-term staged master plan or ‘incubation plan’ for Huanghua Port. Such a plan could become a new dream city to live in and have real economical, ecological and social benefits for the old city.

Key words: bio-filter, incubation, government policy, land reclamation, wetland, fish farm

TITLE

balanced development of Bohai Bay

RESEARCH QUESTION

How to develop sea reclamation port for economical use at Huanghua Port, Bohai Bay?

page 11-13

1 PROJECT

sustainable development of Huanghua Port

page 14-23

How can ecological approach to the design of Huanghua Port produce economical benefits?

page 24-25

positioning within the discourse of LA

identifications government policy in China design research process

precedents in China precedents in other countries

page 36-37

2

INTRODUCTION

introduction

page 26-35

who am I & what I want to do & why am I doing this

passion aim significance

PROJECT FRAMEWO

site brief

position scale economical significance production

analysis of government policy regulated system

government economic requirements ecological requirements social requirements

PRECEDENTS

Land Reclamation Project at Tianjin Port ZEEKRACHT, Netherlands, the North Sea, 2008 Oyster Tecture

Auckland Waterfront

The Political Ecology of Ecological Urbanism, Paul Robbins

ORK

eco-political incubation of Huanghua Port

How to balance the flows of ecological elements and the flows of value and cost in political ecology of Huanghua Port?

page 42-55

page 56-59

page 60-61

How to consider the design of landscape infrastructure in order to simultaneously address the ecology, and the urban political ecology?

page 62-71

page 72-83

2`1

ecological infrastructures pollution problem

wetland plants

pollution source

trees

sediments

bushes

wind

emergent aquatic plants

ecological incubation

initial idea of stages

wetland park

shell filter basin

tests of river channel changing

bionics_ Ark shell water filtering principles filter basin structures water quality analysis

floating plants

Haixing wetland

Oyster Tecture

eco-incubation of Huanghua Port

TITLE

RESEARCH QUESTION

How to design landscape infrastructure in order to re-balance the damaged ecology?

page 88-95

page 96-97

page 98-101

2`2 port design scenario 1

area of different kinds of zones ship sizes & number of berth economic statistics

PRECEDENTS

initial idea of economy development

page 108-109

2`3

economic infrastructures PROJECT government requirements & economic incubation

page 104-107

programmatic infrastructure port life cycle after combining filter basin

port design scenario 2 port design scenario 3 analysis of life cycle & incubation

analysis of people’s needs

needs of local residents

programmatic incubation

initial idea of quality of life at port

page 110-125

page 126-129

page 130-131

page 132-133

3 4 CONCLUSION

es key moments experiences

basin side fish market basin side green corridor river side green corridor & wetland park

Auckland Waterfront

incubation system

time line of incubation 2014 - 2040 ...

conclusion/projection

bibliography

problems

government policy

regulates

ecology

economy

river-ocean water system

serious pollution

mitigate pollution problem

biodiversity

intertidal wetland disappeared

intertidal wetland recovery

habitats for water birds disappeared

water birds habitats recovery

habitats for sea creatures occupied

sea creatures habitats recovery

Huanghua Port

government land reclamation project (negative effects)

improve government plan

salt factory

affected by pollution problem

cleaner salt product

fish farm

quality of life

emotional needs

living needs

cleaner seafood products

no green space near by

green space at port

surrounding area polluted

cleaner surroundings

salt water seafood

clean salt clean water clean seafood

shelter

live near pollution area

transport

no passenger terminal at port

clean & beautiful place to live

clothing

shopping centre far away

food

passenger terminal

shopping centre at port

design approaches bio-filter infrastructure

ambitions _ criteria sea pollutants

sea water quality

shell filter basin

river pollutants (main source)

river water quality

river side filter wetland plants

ecological infrastructures

intertidal wetland vegetation plating

allow sea water flow through the port area

port basin

number of berth transport logistics area storage area

port function area

economic infrastructures

sea water pipe connecting filter basin & salt pan

walking jogging cycling

sea water quality river water quality

enlarge port more commercial land

in fresh air at beautiful place

basin side green corridor river side green corridor wetland park fish market

shell self picking fishing seafood restaurants

protection forests around port & factory area residential area near wetland park

programmatic infrastructures

INTRODUCTION positioning

1

INTRODUCTION

landscape infrastructure

a methodology that expands the performance parameters of a designed landscape to a multifunctional, high performance system, including those systems originally ascribed to traditional infrastructure

bio-filter infrastructure Biofiltration is a pollution control technique using living material to capture and biologically degrade process pollutants bio-filter infrastructure in this project refers to the landscape infrastructure that has the bio-filtering function

ecology

the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment, such as the interactions organisms have with each other and with their abiotic environment

economy

An economy or economic system consists of the production, distribution or trade, and consumption of limited goods and services by different agents in a given geographical location

quality of life references the general well-being of individuals and societies standard indicators of the quality of life include not only wealth and employment but also the built environment, physical and mental health, education, recreation and leisure time, and social belonging 11 Wikipedia. 2013. Main Page. [online] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki [Accessed: 24 Oct 2013]

INTRODUCTION

political force

government policy

ecology

economy

taxpayers

smaller

larger

citizen

large companies

problem_ pollution

need customers

people’s quality of life The government policy regulates all the components in Chinese society, e.g. the ecology, the economy and people’s quality of life. The government policy is decided by political force and the voice from taxpayers. The political force is the determinant. However, nowadays, the voice from taxpayers arouse more regards by the government, because of the growing influence of media. The government want to achieve the rapid development of economy and simultaneously get good evaluation from media.

12

INTRODUCTION

design research process

analyse

criteria

the government policy regulated system, including the ecological elements (i.e. nutrients, water and pollutants), people’s quality of life, and the economy (i.e. profit, labor, import and export)

criticise

design scenario for economy

criticise

design scenario for ecology

criticise

design scenario for quality of life

comprehensive scenario 1

analyse

comprehensive scenario 2

criticise

bionic principles water filtering function of ark shell

comprehensive scenario 3

sea water bio-filter scenario

criticise

river water bio-filter scenario

13

INTRODUCTION PRECEDENT_ Land Reclamation Project at Tianjin Port

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Tianjin 14

INTRODUCTION

port project in China

The Port of Tianjin, formerly known as the Port of Tanggu, is the largest port in Northern China and the main maritime gateway to Beijing.

The Port is located on the western shore of the Bohai Bay, centred on the estuary of the Haihe River, 170 km south east of Beijing and 60 km east of Tianjin city. It is the largest man-made port in mainland China, and one of the largest in the world. It covers 121 square kilometres of land surface, with over 31.9 km of quay shoreline and 151 production berths at the end of 2010.

Land reclamation project at Tianjin Port has been started since 1993. By 2010, the area of reclamated land had reached 312.78 square kilometres. The project is still continuing.

After land reclamation project, the speed of throughput growth is faster. However, the 20 years is too short for such a large area of new land. The pollution problem here is getting more and more serious.

15

INTRODUCTION PRECEDENT_ ZEEKRACHT, Netherlands, the North Sea, 2008

http://oma.eu/projects/2008/zeekracht

By OMA Š All rights reserved

16

INTRODUCTION

marine project in Netherlands

Primary components of the Zeekracht masterplan include an Energy Super-Ring of offshore wind farms - the main infrastructure for energy supply, efficient distribution, and strategic growth; the Production Belt - the on-land industrial and institutional infrastructure supporting manufacturing and research; the Reefs - integrating ecology and industry by stimulating existing marine life alongside wind turbines and other installations; and an International Research Centre - promoting cooperation, innovation and shared scientific development.

Unlike the usual planning methods based on least-conflict zoning, the masterplan suggests a multi-dimensional approach based on optimizing potential. The productivity and profitability of offshore wind farms can be enhanced if they synthesize with existing North Sea activities such as shipping and oil and gas extraction - and new programs such as eco stimulation and tourism.

The North Sea countries are uniquely positioned to pursue, promote and benefit from research and development in offshore renewable energies - from wind to wave to tidal to biomass.

By pooling resources and intelligence, the North Sea countries can advance these technologies far beyond today’s standards and create a renewable energy infrastructure that places Europe at the forefront of the 21st century’s most critical industry.

The comprehensive system in this project includes lots of conponents that all linked by the energy system. All the other elements in the system are supported by the energy ring. Wind energy is clean and does not need much maintenance, which makes the whole system quite sustainable. The idea of using new type of energy as the infrastructure of other landscape architecture designs is worth learning. The sea transport at Bohai Bay is very crowed, so there might not be enough space for wind energy farm.

However, many things could be used for energy if there is suitable technology. For example, the organs inside the ark shells could be used as biofuel.

17

INTRODUCTION

18

INTRODUCTION

SCAPE, http://www.scapestudio.com/projects/oyster-tecture

bio-filter project in USA The project Oyster Tecture uses oysters to clean up the polluted water in Brooklyn river. The project aims to mitigate the pollution, protect the city from sea level rising, and restore marine habitats. The idea of this project comes from the process within a oyster and the life circle of it.

The bionic idea is fantastic, though the project is ‘just the start of movement’ .

However, the project use all the organs of oyster as structures with bio-filter function. The real principle of what kind of structure achieves the filtering function is missing in this project. It the gill system that has the particle selection function. The gill system could choose the particles within water which are suitable for the oyster to eat, which could be understood as filtering process.

PRECEDENT_ Oyster Tecture

19

INTRODUCTION PRECEDENT_ Auckland waterfront

20

INTRODUCTION

T.C.L. http://www.tcl.net.au/projects/masterplans/auckland-waterfront-

port project in Auckland The Auckland waterfront project combines the experience of green space and the experience of a port. The project provides the opportunity for people to be close to the port, and allows port facilities to become part of landscape design. The way this project making a port become multifunctional is worth to learn. However, considering the situation in China, many parts of a port are dangerous for people to visit. Selecting which part of the port to become multifunctional needs to be considered very carefully.

21

INTRODUCTION PRECEDENT_ The Political Ecology of Ecological Urbanism, Paul Robbins

Political ecology is the study of the relationships between political, economic and social factors with environmental issues and changes. Political ecology differs from apolitical ecological studies by politicizing environmental issues and phenomena.

“Urban political ecology is essentially an empirical effort to assess the social and political forces that regulate and direct the simultaneous flows of ecological elements (i.e., nutrients, water, shade, pollutants, information) and the flows of value and cost (i.e., profit, labor, amenities, sufferings) that emanate from the changing configuration of cities.” (Robbins, 2004).

Political ecology’s broad scope and interdisciplinary nature lends itself to multiple definitions and understandings. However, common assumptions across the field give it relevance. Raymond L. Bryant and Sinéad Bailey have developed three fundamental assumptions in practicing political ecology: _First, costs and benefits associated with environmental change are distributed unequally. Changes in the environment do not affect society in a homogenous way: political, social, and economic differences account for uneven distribution of costs and benefits. _Second, this unequal distribution inevitably reinforces or reduces existing social and economic inequalities. In this assumption, political ecology runs into inherent political economies as “any change in environmental conditions must affect the political and economic status quo.” (Bryant and Bailey, 1997). _Third, the unequal distribution of costs and benefits and the reinforcing or reducing of pre-existing inequalities holds political implications in terms of the altered power relationships that now result.

In addition, political ecology attempts to provide critiques as well as alternatives in the interplay of the environment and political, economic and social factors. Robbins asserts that the discipline has a “normative understanding that there are very likely better, less coercive, less exploitative, and more sustainable ways of doing things” (2004).

22

INTRODUCTION

From these assumptions, political ecology can be used to: _inform policymakers and organizations of the complexities surrounding environment and development, thereby contributing to better environmental governance. _understand the decisions that communities make about the natural environment in the context of their political environment, economic pressure, and societal regulations. _look at how unequal relations in and among societies affect the natural environment, especially in context of government policy.

Before reading this essay, I considered ecology, economy and quality of life separately. Applying this theory to the current situation in China, I consider these three as components in one large system, the eco-political system. In this system, political force regulates all the other elements. Those elements, at the same time, relate to and affect each other. e.g. fish farm, wetland, salt pan and port all have economical, ecological and social benefits. Pollution problem has negative effects on all the elements.

Additionally, these are all regulated by political force.

23

INTRODUCTION PASSION, AIM, SIGNIFICANCE

I am a girl grown up at a place with high density, great pressure and serious pollution, that is China.

I want to make a difference by studying Landscape Architecture.

Due to political reasons, Chinese government consider economy above everything, which leads to the result that we always pay the price of high pollution and other damages to the environment.

The beautiful hometown and cheap fresh sea food in my childhood memory have already gone.

Being a local resident, I want to live a healthy life with no pollution, have fresh sea food, and have my beautiful hometown, Huanghua back.

As a landscape architect, I want to achieve a balance between appropriate rapid economy development and better quality of life .

24

INTRODUCTION

The current situation in China is that all the ports along east coastline are doing or planning to do land reclamation projects. The diagram above shows the general way of how these projects build an ecological port. The ideas are not showing how they really achieve port construction in an ecological way, but just talking about things generally.

In fact it contributes nothing to ecological port projects.

25

PROJECT FRAMEWORK

2

PROJECT FRAMEWORK

_comprehensive system on site analysis

chapter 1 _ ecology ecological infrastructures

chapter 2 _ economy economic infrastructures

chapter 3_ quality of life programmatic infrastructures

_ incubation system

27

SITE BRIEF

38°19’30“N / 117°52‘30”E

Huanghua Port

Bohai Bay Huanghua port is located in Cangzhou City, Hebei Province, about 90 km east of the coast of the Bohai area, also at the at junction of Hebei, Shanxi and Shandong as well as in the middle of the Bohai area circle ,position 38°19’30“N / 117°52‘30”E. The Bohai Bay is ringed by several major ports, the Port of Tianjin, the Port of Tangshan Caofeidian, the Port of Jingtang and the Port of Huanghua, making the Bay into a very crowded waterway.

Land reclamation in Tianjin and in Caofeidian have greatly changed the littoral zone, and destroyed much of the area’s wetlands.

China 28

SITE BRIEF

The Bohai Economic Rim (BER) or Bohai Bay Economic Rim is the economic hinterland surrounding Beijing and Tianjin. It also includes areas in Hebei, Liaoning and Shandong which surrounds the Bohai Sea. The Bohai Economic Rim has traditionally been involved in heavy industries and manufacturing. Tianjin’s strengths have always been in aviation, logistics and shipping. Beijing complements this with strong petrochemical, education and R&D industries. The area is becoming a significant growth cluster for the automobile, electronics, petrochemical sectors, especially with Shenyang’s automotive industry, software and aircraft, Dalian attracting foreign investments in manufacturing and Qingdao for its health services.

Bohai Economy Rim

The Chinese central government has made it a priority to integrate all the cities in the Bohai Bay rim and foster economic development. This includes building an advanced communications network, better highways, increased education and scientific resources as well as tapping natural resources off the Bohai rim.

In recent decades, petroleum and natural gas deposits have been discovered in Bo Hai.

jinzhou yingkou

huludao qinhuangdao

Beijing

tangshan tianjin huanghua

dalian

longkou

weihai

yantai

qingdao

29

SITE BRIEF

Current production & resources

Salt Pan & Salt Factory_ Changlu Salt Factory(national largest)

30

SITE BRIEF

Current production & resources

Habitats of near shore sea creatures & Famous Huanghua Sea food

31

SITE BRIEF

Current production & resources

Nandagang wetland

Huanghua Port

Haixing wetland

Reservoir side wetland (plants & birds)

32

ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED GOVERNMENT PLAN

Proposed Government Plan

area for possible future use north main road

shipside working area

logistics area shipside working area

coastal road

area for future development

port basin 3 port train station

middle main road

logistics area shipside working area port basin 2 shipside working area logistics area shipside working area port basin 1 shipside working area

south main road coal machining area

logistics&storage area

http://www.huanghua.gov.cn

logistics area coal port

Shenhua Group

33

ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED GOVERNMENT PLAN

Government plan

Area (km²)

Shipside working area Storage & logistics area Comprehensive service area Area for possible future use

Total reclamation land

17 8.55 2.34 35.75

63.64

Re-draw of Proposed Government Plan

anchorage area

axis of sea route shipping channel

salt pan

34

POSITIVE & NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF LAND RECLAMATION

_positive effects

_negative effects

_more land for economy development

_slow down the distribution of pollutants

_man made scenery

_occupy the habitats of near shore sea creatures _change the coastal drainage system _ damage ocean ecology _might cause decrease of nearby coastline

There are much more negative effects of land reclamation than positive ones.

However, unfortunately the decision of addressing land reclamation project at Huanghua Port is made by the government, which could not be changed.

35

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

government policy regulated system positive negative

fish farm

negative effect on seafood quality

problem _pollution

water clean sell seafood fishing tickets water clean

eco-tourism education

ecology

water clean water clean bird habitats micro climate

government policy

negative effect on plants growth

people’s quality of life wetland

eco-tourism education

slow down distribution of pollutants

36

sell plants tourism tickets

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

negative effect on salt quality

salt pan

possibility of wetland

sell salt

_success

economy

the relationship among all the elements in the system basic need

how could the elements produce economic, ecological and social benefits

improve port throughput negative effect on sea route

more working opportunities

_failure

port basin land reclamation

hierarchy unclear

37

chapter 1 ecology

ECOLOGY

ecological infrastructure

2.1

ecology

40

river-ocean water system

serious pollution

mitigate pollution problem

biodiversity

intertidal wetland disappeared

intertidal wetland recovery

habitats for water birds disappeared

water birds habitats recovery

habitats for sea creatures occupied

sea creatures habitats recovery

sea pollutants

sea water quality

shell filter basin

river pollutants (main source)

river water quality

river side filter wetland plants

ecological infrastructures

intertidal wetland vegetation plating

allow sea water flow through the port area

41

ECOLOGY

POLLUTION

current situation of pollution at Bohai Bay (22% by 2010)

C _ chemical N _ nitrogen P _ phosphorus O _ oil

NPC

NP

NP CN

NPO

pollutants at Huanghua Port (100% near shore)

N P C

42

ECOLOGY

Due to the widespread of the pollution source, mitigating the pollution problem at the source becomes impossible for just one project. Mitigating pollution only around the port area might become a start for the huge bay pollution mitigating task.

After comparing the positions of the main rivers running into Bohai Bay and the serious pollution areas, it could be known that the source of pollutants is from the catchment of main rivers.

Ocean current has the function of distributing near shore pollutants.

source of pollutants _ catchment of main rivers self cleaning distribution _ ocean current

Liao River

Luan River

coastline

Hai River

Daqing River

Yongding River

Zhangwei River

ocean current

Dakou River Luanwei River Yellow River

43

ECOLOGY

The force from ocean current and the force from wind will affect the movement of sediment and pollutants within sea water.

ocean current

winter & spring

summer & autumn

winter & spring

summer & autumn

wind

44

ECOLOGY

speed of polluting > speed of distributing

After further research about the distribution of pollutants at Bohai Bay, it is clear that the distribution of pollutants is affected by ocean current and wind, which are different in winter and summer.

Due to the speed of polluting is faster than the speed of distributing, the pollution problem at Bohai Bay is becoming more and more serious.

distribution of pollutants

winter & spring

summer & autumn

45

ECOLOGY

SEDIMENTS

The adjective “yellow� describes the perennial colour of the muddy water in the lower course of the river, which arises from soil (loess) being carried downstream. The middle stream of the Yellow River passes through the Loess Plateau, where substantial erosion takes place. The large amount of mud and sand discharged into the river makes the Yellow River the most sediment-laden river in the world. The highest recorded annual level of silts discharged into the Yellow River is 3.91 billion tons in 1933. sediments source _ Yellow River

46

ECOLOGY

Movement of sediments is affected by ocean current and wind, especially wind.

sediments motion analysis Haird, http://www.baird.com/what-we-do/ project/harbour-sedimentation

sediments movement at port

numerical analysis 47

ECOLOGY

possibility proportion of wind 38°19’30“N / 117°52‘30”E

NW

NNE

NNW

NE ENE

WNW W Strongest wind: E Second strongest wind: ENE

E

WSW

ESE SE

Most frequent wind: E Second most frequent wind: SW

SW

SSW S proportion

Wind 1-­‐3 l evel

level Number Frequency Wind of times (%) direction N 364 4.2 NNE 201 2.3 NE 389 4.4 ENE 238 2.7 E 429 0.9 ESE 255 2.9 SE 416 4.7 SSE 315 3.6 S 541 6.2 SSW 332 3.8 SW 525 6.0 WSW 263 3.0 W 331 3.8 WNW 148 1.7 NW 292 3.3 NNW 242 2.8 C

48 Total 5281 60.3

SSE

1-3 level 4-5 level ≥6 level

legend

4-­‐5 level

≥6 level

Total

Number Frequency Number Frequency Number Frequency of times (%) of times (%) of times (%) 154 139 221 269 390 181 150 181 223 168 304 87 109 111 188 128

3003

1.8 1.6 2.5 3.1 4.5 2.1 1.7 2.1 2.5 1.9 3.5 1.0 1.2 1.3 2.1 1.5

34.3

12 16 61 103 104 7 1 8 3 17 32 1 5 22 19 15

426

0.1 0.2 0.7 1.2 1.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2

4.9

530 356 671 610 923 443 567 504 767 517 861 351 445 281 499 385 50 8760

6.1 4.1 7.7 7.0 10.5 5.1 6.5 5.8 8.8 5.9 9.8 4.0 5.1 3.2 5.7 4.4 0.6 100

ECOLOGY

WIND more frequent strong wind in winter & spring

winter & spring

Month Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr Winter & Spring summary May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Summer & Autumn summary Total

summer & autumn Wind speed (1991-­‐2002)

≥6 level 25 9 11 12 43 50

≥7 level 22 5 8 10 30 38

≥8 level 7 0 1 2 6 15

≥9 level 2 0 0 0 3 0

38 16 6 10 14 18

26 12 4 8 10 15

10 3 0 3 2 6

3 0 1 0 0 1

150

102 252

113

75

188

31

22 55

5

5

10

49

ECOLOGY sediments movements are mostly influenced by strong wind E wind

sediments distribution line

2008.3.11 sediments distribution NE wind

sediments distribution line

2006.11.22-23 sediments distribution N wind

sediments distribution line

2008.2.22-23 sediments distribution 50

protection sea wall

protect from

ECOLOGY

The Western Coast of the Bohai Bay is typical muddy plain coast.

The sea water contains lots of sediments.

As a result, the protection sea wall is an important part of the port that could reduce the deposition of sediments or the mud filling up so as to accommodate large container shipments.

The existing protection sea walls have specific angle to the ocean current and wind, which has been used for more than 10 years.

It turned out to be suitable to the ocean current and wind at this area.

Consequently, new protection sea walls should follow this angle.

sediments (all season) sea ice (winter)

J.-M. Zhang , J.H.Zhang , G.Wang , Y.Chen, 2008. Stability of jetties for channel protection in soft soils at Huanghua Port. Ocean Engineering 35:1716–1726.

51

ECOLOGY

pollutants NPC

distribution of pollutants

52

ECOLOGY

movements of sediment and pollutants

sediments are the carriers & storages of pollutants

winter & spring

summer & autumn 53

ECOLOGY

Value of wetland

value type economical value ecological value

social value Local vegetation

animal products plant products agricultural products

Haixing is a small town next to Huanghua Port. There is a protected wetland area near the local reservoir, Yangcheng Reservoir.

Due to the distance, the local vegetation in Haixing is similar to that in Huanghua. The salt pan side wetland plants in this area are salt tolerant and could be used at the port.

According to Zhang Haiyan(2009), Haixing Wetland has economical, ecological and social benefits to the city.

water cleaning micro climate improving soil quality improving habitats of other creatures education tourism

bush

grass marsh plants

water plants Zhang Haiyan, 2009, Ecosystem function and evaluation of mixed coastal wetland _ A case study of Haixing Wetland

Haixing wetland protected area

Yangcheng Reservoir

200m

54

Haixing wetland

ECOLOGY

TREES local and salt tolerant trees

Robinia pseudoacacia

Amorpha fruticosa

Ailanthus altissima

Salix matsudana Koidz.

55

ECOLOGY

BUSHES local and salt tolerant bushes

Suaeda glauca

Salix inamoena Hand-Mazz.

Tamarix chinensis

56

Setaria viridis

ECOLOGY Cyperus orthoslachyus

potamogeton distinctus

EMERGENT AQUATIC PLANTS local and salt tolerant wetland plants

Phragmites australis

Potamogeton pusillus

Juncus effuses Lemna minor

Typha spp.

FLOATING PLANTS

57

ECOLOGY The initial idea of ecology

40km

0

stage 0_ current situation river

fish port reservoir and wetland

10km

Huanghua Port coastline

enlarge reservoir side wetland

linear river side wetland

58

stage 1_ 5 years after

0

10km

ECOLOGY

intertidal zone wetland

0

10km

stage 2_ 10 years after

fish farm

0

10km

stage 3_ 15 years after

59

ECOLOGY

intertidal zone vegetation root system & water levels

_the root system of wetland plants has the water filtration function _the root underground and the crown above ground have the same size

intertidal zone tide current coast

1

ocean high water

2

3

4

low water 1 2 3 4 are different levels of root system depth 60

ECOLOGY

The Western Coast of the Bohai Bay is typical muddy plain coast. The coastal zone is broad and flat and the morphology is single. The beach strand is situated the long and narrow intertidal zone between land and sea, which is the important component of the coastal zone. It is general recognized the beach area from the coastline to the theoretical bathy-metrical datum plane, which is located between zero contour lines and bared at low tide.

There used to be natural intertidal wetland before. Due to human activities, it disappeared. The recovery design of the intertidal wetland aims to use the water cleaning function of wetland plants to mitigate the pollution problem, and bring back the wetland in history.

1 2 3 4 are different levels of root system depth

ocean current & tide

low water

high water 1 1 3

2

4

1 3

2

4 road

1 3

4

2

1

4

61

ECOLOGY Re-think about riverine wetland plants and surface flow

Ailanthus altissima Robinia pseudoacacia Salix matsudana Koidz.

Amorpha fruticosa Tamarix chinensis Salix inamoena Hand-Mazz.

Suaeda glauca

Lemna minor Juncus effuses

Cyperus orthoslachyus Phragmites australis

up land forest 62

steep slope

ground water discharge

over-bank flooding

over-ba flood d

ECOLOGY

Imppeerata culindricvar Typha spp.

Setaria viridis

Potamogeton pusillus

Phragmites australis

Potamogeton distinctus Certophyllum demersum

ank deposit

stream channel

over-bank flood deposit

ground water discharge

gradual slope

63

ECOLOGY

try best to let the river water meet with wetland plants root system

wetland

surface flow area

embankment

existing condition

river 2 260m wide river 1 130m wide

64

ECOLOGY

determining ideal river batter balance between plant growth requirements & water flow requirements 0

20m

slope 1:1

0

20m

slope 1:2

20m

slope 1:7

0

0

20m

slope 1:14

option 1

option 2

option 7

option 14 0

20m

slope 1:15

option 15

65

ECOLOGY

determining ideal river channel try best to let the river water meet with wetland plants root system option 1

option 2

option 3

option 4

option 1 + 1:3

66

_the water in river 2 is three times of that in river 1

ECOLOGY

before

after

67

ECOLOGY scenario 1 0

1

2

3km

0

1

2

3km

_the water in river 2 might flood the wetland area

scenario 2

_design a new lake to store possible flood water 68

ECOLOGY

the process of change of river channel

existing condition

1st year

land reclamation

2nd year

dig river channel

3rd year

lead water into new river channel

4th year

block up the old estuaries

5th year

69

ECOLOGY

Ark Shell is one of the most famous sea food products at Huanghua Port.

It can live in the muddy water condition of Bohai Bay, and has the bio-filtration function.

These two are the main reasons that why Ark Shell has been chosen as the exampke of bionics.

Ark Shell Scapharca subcrenata

70

ECOLOGY

organs inside ark shell heart

skeleton

reproductive organs body cavity

kidney

liver stomach

muscles mouth

brain

anus

mouth lips gills mantle

intestine innervation foot

gill system and digestion system

gill section & gill system gill cavity

connection between gill plate connection between gill filament vessel

gill upper cavity

gill cavity opening

muscle anus water outlet water inlet

gill ostiole mantle cavity gill filament lips

mantle

71

ECOLOGY particle selection process

1 Ark shell

1 hour

1 day=24 hours

filter 2-3 litres of water

filter 48-72 litres of water

chemical nitrogen phosphorus oil water with pollutants

72

cleaner water

ECOLOGY existing condition

shell filter basin

0

1

scenario 1 2

3km

73

ECOLOGY A B

B A

structures with the same function of shell lips

A-A section 0

B-B section

0

A-zoom in section

B-zoom in section

0

_large stones & sediments stay outside _sea creatures swim through _water floats through

74

20m

8m

100m

ECOLOGY

structure for shell growth under water

diversion dam filter basin

shell harvest machine

C

C

fish market area

port for ferries & fishing ships

shell structures

0

1000m

75

ECOLOGY sections of shell filter basin

high water

low water shell structures structure for shell living in water structure for shell living in mud

in water in mud C-zoom in section

0

0

5

10m

200m

C-C section

0

200m

shell harvest machine

C-C section shell harvest time

shell harvest machines can pull the shell growth structures out of water

76

ECOLOGY

top view of shell growth structure (sticks) 0

40m

diversion dam

77

ECOLOGY

Bohai Bay contour map

Huanghua Port contour map a large area at sea level reason for existing of salt pan

78

ECOLOGY coastal drainage system

79

ECOLOGY

water quality poor

good water inlet for salt pan pipe

5th year

10th year

15th year

winter

winter

winter

summer

summer

summer

80

ECOLOGY

water quality analysis

Due to the directions of ocean current are different in winter and summer, the water quality is different at basin and bay area.

Each basin has a water inlet for the salt pan pipe. Every season open the water inlet that connecting to the basin with cleanest water.

port construction finish

water filtration continue

20th year

25th year

N th year

winter

winter

winter

summer

summer

summer

81

chapter 2 economy

economical infrastructure

2.2

economy

Huanghua Port

government land reclamation project (negative effects)

improve government plan

salt factory

affected by pollution problem

cleaner salt product

fish farm

84

cleaner seafood products

number of berth transport logistics area storage area

port basin port function area

economic infrastructures

sea water pipe connecting filter basin & salt pan

85

ECOLOGY

The proposed government plan considered the relationship with the nearby rivers, and the relationship between transport system inside the port and existing transport system near the port.

river

86

road

ECOLOGY angle with wind

angle with current

The proposed government plan failed to considered the angle between the protection jetty of the port and the ocean current, and the angle between the protection jetty of the port and the wind. As a result, the protection jetty would bare more force and might need maintenance more frequently.

87

ECONOMY

According to research, the existing protection sea wall has the ideal angle with the wind and ocean current.

New ones should be parallel with the old one.

Bay bottom topography determines the position of 14m depth port basin.

Protection sea wall angle and topography lines locate the important points for port design.

88

ECONOMY

Follow the angle of the existing protection sea walls to posit new ones, and consider the influence of topography.

existing sea wall

+

parallel ones

topography lines

coastline

= 89

ECONOMY

outline reclamation area

linking the main roads and transport within the port area

90

ECONOMY

outline zoning

zoning of port basin

91

ECONOMY

Government plan

Area (km²)

Shipside working area 17 Storage & logistics area 8.55 Comprehensive service area 2.34 Area for possible future use 35.75

Total reclamation land 63.64

Comprehensive service area- including area for workers working, living and resting at the port; ship maintenance area; water and energy supply area; sewage treatment area

detail zoning

logistics area

port basin

storage area trade area

92

ECONOMY

Design plan

Area (km²)

Shipside working area 17 Storage & logistics area 8.55 Comprehensive service area 2.34 Area for possible future use 29.33 Factory & biofuel area 1.45 Passenger terminal area 1.5

Total reclamation land 60.17

Filter basin area 25.33 Wetland park area 16 port design based on function_ scenario 1

port basin

protection jetty

different size of ships

railway & road

axis of sea route

turning radius

existing part of port 0

1

2

3km

93

ECONOMY

government requirements of growth of throughput

2015 start Annual throughput (million ton)

2020

2025

2030

2035

2040

117

155

190

213

228

Throughput- the amount of freight inputs and outputs at a port

government requirements of growth of ship sizes & berth number (168)

224-168=56 for passenger terminal berth Ship type

Ship size (m)

Length

Width

Height

5000 DWT ship 115 18.8 9.0 10000 DWT ship 135 20.5 11.4 20000 DWT ship 164 25.0 13.5 35000 DWT ship 190 30.4 15.8 50000 DWT ship 223 32.3 17.9

DWT- Deadweight tonnage, an expression of a ship’s carrying capacity

94

Possible number of berth (design) Laden draught 7.0 8.5 9.8 11.2 12.8

403 403 332 286 224

ECONOMY government requirements of economy statistics

Government proposed development from 2010 to 2015 (part of the ‘Key targets of China’s 12th five-year plan’ policy) Index

2010

2015

Annual growth (%)

Gross product Industry growth (100 million yuan) Total revenue (100 million yuan) General revenue (100 million yuan) Fixed assets investment (100 million yuan) Foreign capital investment (100 million dollars) Total foreign trade imports and exports (100 million dollars) Urbanization rate (%) Rural area income per person (yuan) Urban area income per person (yuan) Urban employment increase (10 thousand people) Rural labor transfer (10 thousand people)

2203 807.5

4000 1600

13 ≥15%

271

660

20

91.3

200

18

[4420]

[12000]

20

[8.5]

[17]

20

16.8

38

18

45

54

9

5528

9300

11

Rural area income per person

Urban employment increase

16116

27000

11

4.8

[22.5]

4.

[86.5]

[60]

12

Urban area income per person

Rural labor transfer the 4 closely relating to quality of life are considered in this project

Inside[ ]is the accumulative total number during 5 years 95

ECONOMY The initial idea of economy

450km

stage 0_ current situation

10km

0

Huanghua Port

coastline other city or port

railway(labor, freight, profit) sea route(sea freight, profit)

new railway and stations for salt factory & town centre protection sea wall

96

stage 1_ 5 years after

0

10km

ECONOMY

land reclamation port development

stage 2_ 15 years after 0

10km

fish farm

0

10km

stage 3_ 20 years after

97

ECONOMY scenario 2 combining the port function area and the filter basin

port basin depth_ 14m filter basin depth_ 14m bay average depth_ 15m

0

98

1

2

3km

ECONOMY scenario 3 applying the idea of ‘incubation’, the port ‘grows’ during a long term

port basin depth_ 14m filter basin depth_ 14m bay average depth_ 15m river depth_ 5m

0

1

2

3km

99

ECONOMY

life cycle of Ark Shell

trochophore egg sperm swimming veliger

spawning adult

under mud nursery

ocean nursery

swimming & crawling pediveliger

1.2-1.5 cm juvenile

metamorphosis spat settling

life cycle of Huanghua Port the port ‘grows’ as an Ark Shell

construction material reclamation material material factory

energy biofuel factory shell organs (with toxic) shell skeleton

100

more shells adult shell

ECONOMY stage 1

sediments movements help with the ‘growth’

5th year

winter

summer

winter

summer

winter

summer

winter

summer

winter

summer

sediments gathering area

stage 2

10th year

stage 3

15th year

stage 4

20th year

stage 5

25th year

101

chapter 3

quality of

life

programmatic infrastructure

2.3

quality of life

emotional needs

living needs

104

no green space near by

green space at port

surrounding area polluted

cleaner surroundings

salt water seafood

clean salt clean water clean seafood

shelter

live near pollution area

transport

no passenger terminal at port

clean & beautiful place to live

clothing

shopping centre far away

food

passenger terminal

shopping centre at port

walking jogging cycling

sea water quality river water quality

enlarge port more commercial land

in fresh air at beautiful place

basin side green corridor river side green corridor

programmatic infrastructures

wetland park fish market

shell self picking fishing seafood restaurants

protection forests around port & factory area residential area near wetland park

105

QUALITY OF LIFE

People’s “Flow” between different places village

salt factory Huanghua Port

town centre

port centre

city centre 40km 90km

106

town centre

QUALITY OF LIFE

Analysis of people’s different needs

village

visit relatives for scenery

visit relatives go shopping change for public transport to other cities salt factory

go to work visit relatives for fresh seafood for scenery city centre

go home

for fresh seafood go to work for scenery

town centre

visit relatives go shopping go to work change for public transport to other cities

port centre

visit relatives go shopping change for public transport to other cities

107

QUALITY OF LIFE The initial idea of quality of life

90km

0

stage 0_ current situation

salt factory village city centre

town centre

10km

Huanghua Port

port centre

Shenhua Group(company) school hospital

stage 1_ 5 years after

protection jetty

land reclamation starts, enlarge Shenhua Group, more companies

new railway and stations for salt factory & town centre 0

108

10km

QUALITY OF LIFE

fish farm

new residential area passenger terminal

enlarge port centre new shopping centre and other facilities

linear river side wetland

0

10km

stage 2_ 15 years after

stage 3_ 20 years after

educational wetland eco-park

enlarge reservoir side wetland for eco-park

0

10km

109

QUALITY OF LIFE

shell harvest stage 1 shell growth structures

level 1

shell harvest stage 2

level 2

shell harvest stage 3

level 3

0

110

4m

QUALITY OF LIFE

During shell harvest season, people can take a ship to get close to the shell growth structures, step onto the structure and pick up oyster and ark shell by themselves.

The shell harvest machines can pull the shell growth structure out of water. There are three levels on the structures. Each time one level will be at the ship height for people to get onto the structure.

structure that mud and water can go through people can stand on it

Dalian oyster living in water

ark shell living in mud

shell harvest plan

0

4

8m

111

QUALITY OF LIFE

ZOOM IN PLAN basin side fish market & port for ferries and fishing ships

road

shell harvest machine fish market dg

in e

s r ba filte

fish market

low water

e

dg in e

s

r ba

filte

high water

d ena

om e pr

de

ena

om e pr

fish port

0 112

20

40m

QUALITY OF LIFE

SECTION VIEW

section view of fish market at basin side

seafood restaurant

seafood restaurant

selling fish

underground car park

filter basin edge promenade

113

QUALITY OF LIFE

ZOOM IN PLAN

diversion dam green corridor (middle of filter basin)

bridge shell harvest machine

road

r

ido

bai

shell harvest machine

ree

eg

id sn s

rr n co

bridge

high water low water

0 114

20

40m

QUALITY OF LIFE

VIEWS

basin side green corridor

protection forest

buffer area between port area and other areas(protection forest) protecting from possible dust, toxic gas and wind 115

QUALITY OF LIFE 1

square shape section

protection forest

wind direction

2

3

4

116

right-angled triangle shape section

trapezoid shape section

trapezoid with a groove shape section

QUALITY OF LIFE protection forest

best wind protection function

could be used to protect the area from the cold strong wind in winter and spring

good for rise & distribution of toxic gas

could be used between factory area and residential area to protect from air pollution

function between 1 & 2

could be used to protect the area from the cold strong wind in winter and spring and at the same time protect from air pollution

dust block & settlement function

could be used between the coal port area( which might cause coal dust in the air) and other area 117

QUALITY OF LIFE basin side green corridor

cycling jogging

diversion dam green corridor (in the middle of filter basin)

shelter for shell harvest machine

118

walking

jogging cycling

QUALITY OF LIFE

SECTIONS

walking shelter for shell harvest machine

0

cycling jogging

walking

10m

shelter for shell harvest machine

0

10m 119

QUALITY OF LIFE

riverine wetland plants & river side green corridor

cycling

jogging

surface flow area

parkland 120

river side green corridor

walking

QUALITY OF LIFE

SECTION

10m

0

embankment

wetland

wetland for bio- filtration 121

QUALITY OF LIFE

ZOOM IN PLAN

riverine wetland plants & river side green corridor

road

bridge

river side green corridor

riverine wetland plants

river

122

QUALITY OF LIFE

road

basin side green corridor

filter basin

river side green corridor

basin side green corridor

0

20

40m 123

QUALITY OF LIFE

VIEWs

on the river at sunset

124

walking on the river bridge

QUALITY OF LIFE

walking through wetland

driving on the river bridge

125

incubation system

2014

2019

_river channel changing

_wetland park planting

_land reclamation _river channel digging _leading water into new channel _blocking up the old estuaries

_water quality improving

2020

_filter basin & port basin constructing stage 1

_sediments gathering _shell harvesting--shell skeleton--material _water quality improving

2025

_filter basin & port basin constructing stage 2

_sediments gathering _shell harvesting--shell skeleton--material

2030

_filter basin & port basin constructing stage 3

_sediments gathering _shell harvesting--shell skeleton--material _water quality improving

2035

_filter basin & port basin constructing stage 4

_sediments gathering _shell harvesting--shell skeleton--material _water quality improving

2040

_filter basin & port basin constructing stage 5

_sediments NOT gathering _shell harvesting--shell skeleton--material _water quality improving

_water quality improving

127

INCUBATION MASTER PLAN

reservoir

Zhongjie Town

factory area

Huanghua City

villages

Haixing Town

128

Melbourne CBD

village

town

city

area

1.2 km2

1.9 km2

8.9 km2

22 km2

population

28,371

39,000

73,000

180,000

protection sea wall

shell filter basin

axis of sea route

port basin salt pans wetland park Huanghua Port

salt factory port centre

0

1

2

3km

reservoir

Haixing wetland 129

CONCLUSION

projection

3

Huanghua Port, located at my hometown Huanghua City, China, is an important part of the Bohai economy rim. Damaging the environment and developing the economy at the same time is a huge problem in my hometown.

To accelerate development, the government has commenced a land reclamation project at the port, which is making the damaged ecology even worse.

Aiming to re-balance the ecology and meet the government requirements of port development, the project has been researching about landscape infrastructures design.

In China, there is a policy -- ‘Economy development is above everything.’ As a result, although people know the importance of sustainability, most less developed small cities always choose the fastest way of developing to make a huge progress. The ‘fastest’ way has caused serious pollution all round China, especially along the catchments of the rivers that running into the Bohai Bay, which is the main source of the bay pollution. Due to the widespread of the pollution source, mitigating the pollution problem at the source becomes impossible for just one project. This project has tried to mitigate pollution only around the port area, which might become a start for the huge bay pollution mitigating task.

During the design research process of this project, it was hard to define the complex government policy regulated system[1] (including ecology, economy and quality of life). At first, the theory of political ecology (Paul Robbins[2], 2004) was introduced to try to describe the system. However, it was difficult to provide a specificity to this theory in the context of the research, and it did not assist with the definition of the system. After rethinking about the situation in China, the word ‘politics’ was changed to ‘policy’, which helped a lot with keeping the project focusing on landscape architecture.

When analysing the government policy regulated system, the design scenarios were only operating at an extra large scale and were too diagrammatic.

After rethinking about the precedent Oyster Tecture, bionics became the zoom in point for the project. In Oyster Tecture, each part of the project represents one of the organs within an oyster, no matter whether it has a filtration function or not. In this project, the principle of how an ark shell filters water was analysed. The gill system and the digestion system have water filtering and particle selecting functions. It was the principle of the bionic process, not the literal anatomy of the ark shell, that was helpful.

The reality in China is that all the ports along east coastline are doing or planning to do land reclamation projects. Although these projects promise ecological ports, they still contribute little to the mitigation of pollution problem all around China.

City scale bio-filter infrastructures have not been used in port construction developments in China to date. If the body of design research of this project can be integrated with port construction development in the future, people will experience the benefits, and the government will be aware that mitigating pollution and protecting the environment do not slow down the economic developments. I hope that this will be a catalyst for China to start to find a rapid and more positive way of developing.

[1] government policy regulated system: 131 including the ecological elements (i.e. nutrients, water and pollutants), people’s quality of life, and the economy (i.e. profit, labor, import and export) [2] Paul Robbins 2004. The Political Ecology of Ecological Urbanism.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

4

FANG Yue, FANG Guo-hong, ZHANG Qing-hua, 2000. NUMERICAL SIMULATION AND DYNAMIC STUDY OF THE WINTERTIME CIRCULATION OF THE BOHAI SEA. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, Vol.18, No.l, P.1-9.

Hao Liu, 2011. Fate ofthreemajorriversintheBohaiSea:Amodelstudy, Continental Shelf Research 31:1490–1499.

Paul Robbins 2004. The Political Ecology of Ecological Urbanism.

Liancheng SUN & Hongbo ZHAO, 2003. STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF SEA RECLAMATION PROJECT IN TIANJIN ON THE SURROUNDING SEDIMENT ENVIRONMENT. International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts, November 9-11, Hangzhou, China.

Jinhua Wang & Yongming Shen & Yakun Guo, 2010. Seasonal circulation and influence factors of the Bohai Sea: a numerical study based on Lagrangian particle tracking method. Ocean Dynamics, 60:1581–1596.

Hong-yan YANG, et al, 2011. Impacts of tidal land reclamation in Bohai Bay, China: ongoing losses of critical Yellow Sea waterbird staging and wintering sites. Bird Conservation International, 21:241–259.

Yuzhen Yu, Bingyin Zhang, Jian-Min Zhang, 2005. Action mechanism of geotextile-reinforced cushion under breakwater on soft ground. Engineering 32:1679–1708.

J.-M. Zhang , J.H.Zhang , G.Wang , Y.Chen, 2008. Stability of jetties for channel protection in soft soils at Huanghua Port. Ocean Engineering 35:1716–1726.

ZHAO Jinping and SHI Maochong, 1993. NUMERICAL MODELLING OF THREE-DIMENSION CHARACTERISTICS OF WIND-DRIVEN CURRENT IN THE BOHAI SEA. CHIN. J. OCEANOL. LIMNOL, Vol.ll No.1.

Baird.com. 2013. Huanghua Harbour Sedimentation | Baird. [online] Available at: http:// www.baird.com/what-we-do/project Haixing Wetland, Zhang Haiyan, 2009, Ecosystem function and evaluation of mixed coastal wetland _ A case study of Haixing Wetland Huanghua.gov.cn. 2013. Proposed government plan. [online] Available at: http://www. huanghua.gov.cn Oma.eu. 2013. OMA- ZEEKRACHT. [online] Available at: http://oma.eu/projects/2008/ zeekracht Scapestudio.com. 2013. SCAPE: Oyster-tecture | MoMA Rising Currents. [online] Available at: http://www.scapestudio.com/projects/oyster-tecture Tcl.net.au. 2013. T.C.L - Taylor Cullity Lethlean : Projects. [online] Available at: http://www.tcl. net.au/projects/masterplans/auckland-waterfrontTianjin Port, Wikipedia. 2013. Port of Tianjin. [online] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Port_of_Tianjin Wetland photos, Hebei.sina.com.cn. 2013. [online] Available at: http://hebei.sina.com.cn/ travel/gl/2013-01-08/26929.html 133